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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq_Alawsat | Asharq Al-Awsat | ["1 History","1.1 Founding","1.2 Controversy over the Camp David Accords","1.3 Debated reporting 2004-08","1.4 Prominent editors","1.5 Notable columns","2 Reputation and competition","3 Editorial stances","3.1 Alleged banning of critical writers 2006-2010","4 References","5 External links"] | International Arabic-language newspaper
This article is about the Arabic language newspaper. For the geopolitical region, see Middle East.
Asharq al-AwsatThe official logo of Asharq Al-AwsatFront page of Asharq Al-AwsatTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Saudi Research and Media GroupEditor-in-chiefGhassan CharbelFounded1978LanguageArabicHeadquartersLondonCirculation234,561 (as of 2004)ISSN0265-5772Websiteaawsat.com(Arabic) / english.aawsat.com(English)
Asharq Al-Awsat (Arabic: الشرق الأوسط, romanized: Aš-Šarq al-ʾAwsaṭ, meaning "The Middle East") is an Arabic international newspaper headquartered in London. A pioneer of the "off-shore" model in the Arabic press, the paper is often noted for its distinctive green-tinted pages.
Although published under the name of a private company, Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), the paper was founded with the approval of the Saudi royal family and government ministers, and is noted for its support of the Saudi government. The newspaper is owned by Faisal bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, a member of the Saudi royal family.
Asharq Al-Awsat covers events through a network of bureaus and correspondents throughout the Arab world, Europe, the United States, and Asia. The paper also has copyright syndications with The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, and Global Viewpoint, permitting it to publish Arabic translations of columnists like Thomas Friedman and David Ignatius.
History
Founding
Launched in London in 1978, and printed on four continents in 14 cities, the paper is often billed as "the leading Arab daily newspaper," and calls itself "the premier pan-Arab daily newspaper" based on the fact that past estimates of its circulation have given it the largest circulation of the off-shore pan-Arab dailies, a category including its chief competitor Al-Hayat. However, reliable estimates are available only from the early 2000s, before rival Al-Hayat launched a massive effort to increase circulation in Saudi Arabia.
The paper's first editor-in-chief Jihad Khazen, now a columnist and editor emeritus for the rival pan-Arab daily Al-Hayat, gave credit to Hisham Hafiz, with the subsequent support of his brother Mohammed Ali Hafez, for the initial idea of establishing an Arabic-language newspaper in London. Then the daily was launched in 1978. Former editor-in-chief Othman Al Omeir has likewise given credit to the brothers, Hisham and Mohammad Hafiz, for founding and then overseeing the paper. Together with El Khazen, the brothers set out to prove the value of the idea through a number of trial issues to the then-Crown Prince and later king Fahd, who had initially warmed to the thought but then lost his enthusiasm. Khazen also gave credit to the then-Saudi ambassador to London and then-deputy minister of information in helping gain Fahd's verbal approval for issuing the newspaper while the prince was on an official visit to England.
Controversy over the Camp David Accords
After the news of the paper's first big scoop (regarding the formation of the U.S. Central Command for the Middle East), the still new newspaper made its name through the controversy surrounding the Egypt–Israel peace treaty.
In the face of widespread criticism from contributors and staff toward the Camp David Accords and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, Cairo bureau chief Salah al Din Hafez resigned. Then, Sadat held a press conference with the new Asharq Al Awsat bureau chief by his side in which the Egyptian president attacked the newspaper and its stance toward the peace process in general, citing his suspicions of the bureau chief's "high" salary, and accusing Prince Fahd of using the newspaper as a weapon against Egypt and the Egyptian president personally.
Khazen later reminisced about the events, saying: "I think that this press conference was worth a million dollars (in its value at the time) of free publicity for the newspaper, which since became the subject of interest for many foreign governments and the foreign media."
Debated reporting 2004-08
Ex-editor Alhomayed is widely criticised for publishing a series of vindictive articles about the State of Qatar between 2004 and 2008, a period that witnessed a disturbance in Saudi/Qatari official relations. The highlight of that phase was when the paper published three reports about the Qatari Prime Minister Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani's trip to an Arab foreign ministers' conference in Beirut during the Lebanon conflict in August 2006. Asharq Al Awsat claimed in August 2006 that he had held discussions with Israeli ministers en route to the conference, briefing them on the Arab position. Sheikh Hamad denied the allegations and Asharq Al Awsat printed a second article, accusing him of lying. A third piece in March 2007, an opinion piece written by Alhomayed himself, repeated the claims.
However, in July 2008, Alhomayed stated that the allegations were untrue and apologized at the High Court in London "for any embarrassment" caused. In its apology, which the newspaper also published in its print and web edition, Alhomayed said that "Sheikh Hamad did not hold secret discussions with the Israeli government en route to the Beirut Conference". Sheikh Hamad's solicitor, Cameron Doley, said: "It is an unequivocal victory. Allegations of that nature at that time could have been damaging to him and Qatar. The paper has accepted that it got it wrong. My client is happy with that—there was never anything more in it for him than getting that admission." This story was confirmed in Asharq Al Awsat's sister publication, Arab News, which reported that the settlement had been reached amicably out of court without any payment for damages.
However, on another occasion Asharq Al Awsat was accused of publishing a false interview regarding football club Portsmouth. The following day The Guardian mentioned that the interview was actually true.
Prominent editors
In addition to Jihad Khazen, other well-known past editors include Erfan Nizameddine, Othman Al Omeir (founder of Elaph), and Abdul Rahman Al Rashed (general manager of Al Arabiya between April 2004 and November 2014).
Former editor was Tariq Alhomayed whose leadership earned mixed reviews as it was associated with much criticism of Asharq Al-Awsat. In July 2012, Adel Al Toraifi, chief editor of The Majalla, was appointed deputy chief editor of Asharq Al Awsat. On 1 January 2013, Al Toraifi replaced Alhomayed as editor of the paper. Al Toraifi's term ended in July 2014.
Notable columns
In 2016, Asharq al-Awsat published a report accusing Iranian pilgrims taking part in the Shiite Muslim commemoration of Arbaeen in Iraq of sexually harassing women, which was proven to be false, according to Agence France-Presse; the paper sacked its Baghdad correspondent over a report. The article had said that a World Health Organization report had described "unplanned pregnancies and disease" seen "following the arrival of scores of unregulated Iranians to take part in the annual Shia pilgrimage to Karbala." According to the article, 169 unmarried women had become pregnant from the Iranian pilgrims. The UN's health agency said no such report had been published by WHO, and condemned mentioning its name in what it called "unfounded" news. According to Rana Sidani, spokeswoman for the WHO, the organization was "shocked" by the report. She said that they were "consulting with the Iraqi ministry of health on possible legal action against the paper." Haider al-Abadi, Iraqi Prime Minister, and "several other leading Shiite figures" condemned the Asharq al-Awsat's report and demanded an "apology".
In April 2019, Saudi journalist businessman Hussein Shobakshi published a column in Asharq Al-Awsat in which he condemned the prevalence of anti-Semitism in Islamic culture. He claimed that this anti-Semitism had led to the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries. "The intensity of the Jew-hatred," he wrote, "disseminated by the media and art, literature, and political cartoons has reached a degree that cannot be ignored." He continued: "antisemitism in the Arab world is the product of loathsome, racist education that is rooted in the Arab mentality that is used to labeling people according to tribal, family, and racial affiliation, and according to the religious school which they belong. It is this education that prompted thousands of Jews were citizens of Arab countries to emigrate after the establishment of the State of Israel."
Reputation and competition
Though the newspaper is owned by Faisal bin Salman, and is considered more pro-Saudi than its rival Al-Hayat was, Asharq Al-Awsat has billed itself as the "leading international Arabic paper," as it was the first Arabic daily to use satellite transmission for simultaneous printing in a number of sites across the world. Media scholar Marc Lynch has called Asharq al-Awsat "the most conservative" of the major pan-Arab papers.
The New York Times in 2005 called Asharq Al-Awsat "one of the oldest and most influential in the region."
The paper's chief competitors in Saudi Arabia are Al Hayat and Okaz; globally, its chief competitor is Al Hayat, though it is often paired with Al-Quds Al-Arabi which is considered to be its polar opposite. According to this dichotomy, Asharq Al Awsat represents the "moderate camp" when compared to the "rejection camp" of Al-Quds Al-Arabi.
Editorial stances
Alleged banning of critical writers 2006-2010
One example is Mona Eltahawy, who wrote for the paper from January 2004 to early 2006, focusing on protests against the Mubarak government in Egypt. She wrote that its new English-language website, designed to present a liberal face to the world, was far more critical of Arab governments than its Arabic editions: The trouble with Asharq al-Awsat, beyond its disturbing acquiescence to Arab regimes, is that it claimed a liberalism that was patently false... the newspaper in Arabic would abide by the red lines that govern criticism of Arab leaders while in English it ran roughshod over those very same lines. A column I wrote tearing into the Egyptian regime for allowing its security forces to beat peaceful protesters and to sexually assault female journalists and demonstrators was spiked from the Arabic newspaper and web site but appeared in its entirety on the English web site... The major red lines at Asharq al-Awsat could be quite simple —in descending order they were the Saudi royal family, Saudi Arabia's allies in the Gulf (Qatar, a rival, was considered fair game) and then Saudi Arabia's other Arab allies. Within such a hierarchy of red lines, the Egyptian regime can indeed pull rank and demand that Asharq al- Awsat silence a critic.
Alhomayed responded to Eltahawy in both the English and Arabic version of Asharq Al Awsat. Eltahawy noted that in the majority of cases the writer was left to discover on their own that he or she was banned rather than receiving a reason or justification from Alhomayed.
Nothing official was reported about the matter until 16 September 2010 when the paper quoted Al Rashed saying that he voluntarily stopped writing for them. On 18 September 2010, Al Rashed returned to writing in Asharq Al Awsat. As of 2021, he remains a regular contributor.
References
^ "Statistics on the Arab Media" (PDF). Arab Reform Bulletin.
^ Fattah, Hassan, M., "Spreading the Word: Who's Who in the Arab Media", 6 February 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2008
^ a b Hassan M. Fattah. (6 February 2005). "Spreading the Word: Who's Who in the Arab Media". Retrieved 26 March 2008
^ "Saudi Research & Marketing Group: Media and Publishing Sector". Mubasher. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
^ a b c d "About Us". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 22 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
^ "al Sharq al Awsat". Retrieved 25 April 2011.
^ "Statistics on the Arab Media" (PDF). Arab Reform Bulletin. Carnegie Endowment. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
^ "Al-Hayat readership & circulation of local Saudi edition". Archived from the original on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
^ Alterman, Jon B. (1998). "New Media New Politics?" (PDF). The Washington Institute. 48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
^ a b c d e f Jihad Khazen (9 January 2011). "Ayoon Wa Azan: The First "Scoop"". Al Hayat. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
^ William A. Rugh (2004). The Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-275-98212-6.
^ a b Paula Mejia (21 May 2010). "The Murdoch of the Middle East". The Majalla. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
^ a b Dysch, Marcus (24 July 2008). "Apology to Qatar PM for 'Israel visit' claims". The Jewish Chronicle Online, accessed 16 November 2011.
^ a b "Qatari premier and Asharq Al Awsat reach amicable settlement" Archived 1 July 2012 at archive.today. Arab News (4 August 2008), Retrieved 16 November 2011.
^ Greg Barker (27 March 2007). "Interview With Abdul Rahman al-Rashed, General Manager, Al Arabiya". PBS Frontline. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
^ "Adel Al-Toraifi appointed Deputy Editor-in-Chief of Asharq Al Awsat". The Majalla. 4 July 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
^ "Appointment of Dr. Adel Al-Toraifi editor-in-chief of Asharq Al-Awsat". The Majalla. 10 December 2012. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
^ "Adel Al Toraifi". Arabian Business. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
^ a b c "Saudi paper sacks Iraq correspondent over 'fake' report". NST Online. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
^ "Are scores of Iraqi women being impregnated by Iranian pilgrims?". Al Bawaba. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
^ "بيان إعلامي: منظمة الصحة العالمية تنفي خبراً كاذباً عن العراق". WHOofficial website. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
^ "WHO: Saudi Media Claims on Iraq Report "Unfounded"". Al manar. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
^ Zack Evans (13 April 2019). "Saudi Journalist Condemns Arab Anti-Semitism". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
^ Hassan, M. Fattah. (6 February 2005). "Spreading the Word: Who's Who in the Arab Media". Retrieved 26 March 2008
^ a b c Marc Lynch (10 February 2009). "Arabs watching the Israeli elections". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 8 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
^ Mona Eltahawy. (19 June 2006). "A perilous dance with the Arab press". The New York Times, Retrieved 16 November 2011.
^ "بين الطحاوي و"الهيرالد تريبيون".. الإعلام أيضا ضحية – طارق الحميد". Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
^ Eltahawy, Mona (21 June 2006). "A perilous dance with the Arab Press". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
^ "عبد الرحمن الراشد يعتبر ما قيل في حق "العربية" و"الشرق الأوسط" ملفقا جملة وتفصيلا". Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
^ "Abdulrahman Al-Rashed". Asharq AL-awsat. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
External links
Official website (in Arabic)
Official website (in English)
Authority control databases: National
Germany
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Then, Sadat held a press conference with the new Asharq Al Awsat bureau chief by his side in which the Egyptian president attacked the newspaper and its stance toward the peace process in general, citing his suspicions of the bureau chief's \"high\" salary, and accusing Prince Fahd of using the newspaper as a weapon against Egypt and the Egyptian president personally.[10]Khazen later reminisced about the events, saying: \"I think that this press conference was worth a million dollars (in its value at the time) of free publicity for the newspaper, which since became the subject of interest for many foreign governments and the foreign media.\"[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"State of Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Qatar"},{"link_name":"Qatari Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hamad_bin_Jassim_al-Thani"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Lebanon conflict in August 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dysch-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arab_News_amicable-14"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"High Court in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_in_London"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dysch-13"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Arab News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_News"},{"link_name":"settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)"},{"link_name":"damages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damages"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arab_News_amicable-14"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Debated reporting 2004-08","text":"Ex-editor Alhomayed is widely criticised[by whom?] for publishing a series of vindictive articles about the State of Qatar between 2004 and 2008, a period that witnessed a disturbance in Saudi/Qatari official relations. The highlight of that phase was when the paper published three reports about the Qatari Prime Minister Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani's trip to an Arab foreign ministers' conference in Beirut during the Lebanon conflict in August 2006.[13] Asharq Al Awsat claimed in August 2006 that he had held discussions with Israeli ministers en route to the conference, briefing them on the Arab position. Sheikh Hamad denied the allegations and Asharq Al Awsat printed a second article, accusing him of lying. A third piece in March 2007, an opinion piece written by Alhomayed himself, repeated the claims.[14][better source needed]However, in July 2008, Alhomayed stated that the allegations were untrue and apologized at the High Court in London \"for any embarrassment\" caused.[13][dead link] In its apology, which the newspaper also published in its print and web edition, Alhomayed said that \"Sheikh Hamad did not hold secret discussions with the Israeli government en route to the Beirut Conference\". Sheikh Hamad's solicitor, Cameron Doley, said: \"It is an unequivocal victory. Allegations of that nature at that time could have been damaging to him and Qatar. The paper has accepted that it got it wrong. My client is happy with that—there was never anything more in it for him than getting that admission.\" This story was confirmed in Asharq Al Awsat's sister publication, Arab News, which reported that the settlement had been reached amicably out of court without any payment for damages.[14]However, on another occasion Asharq Al Awsat was accused[by whom?] of publishing a false interview regarding football club Portsmouth. The following day The Guardian mentioned that the interview was actually true.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Othman Al Omeir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othman_Al_Omeir"},{"link_name":"Elaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaph"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al-omeir-12"},{"link_name":"Al Arabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tariq Alhomayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Alhomayed"},{"link_name":"Adel Al Toraifi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel_Al_Toraifi"},{"link_name":"The Majalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Majalla"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Prominent editors","text":"In addition to Jihad Khazen, other well-known past editors include Erfan Nizameddine, Othman Al Omeir (founder of Elaph),[12] and Abdul Rahman Al Rashed (general manager of Al Arabiya between April 2004 and November 2014).[15]Former editor was Tariq Alhomayed whose leadership earned mixed reviews as it was associated with much criticism of Asharq Al-Awsat. In July 2012, Adel Al Toraifi, chief editor of The Majalla, was appointed deputy chief editor of Asharq Al Awsat.[16] On 1 January 2013, Al Toraifi replaced Alhomayed as editor of the paper.[17] Al Toraifi's term ended in July 2014.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shiite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiite"},{"link_name":"commemoration of Arbaeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba%27een_pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Agence France-Presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nst-19"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"UN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nst-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rana Sidani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rana_Sidani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"spokeswoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokeswoman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Haider al-Abadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nst-19"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Notable columns","text":"In 2016, Asharq al-Awsat published a report accusing Iranian pilgrims taking part in the Shiite Muslim commemoration of Arbaeen in Iraq of sexually harassing women, which was proven to be false, according to Agence France-Presse; the paper sacked its Baghdad correspondent over a report.[19] The article had said that a World Health Organization report had described \"unplanned pregnancies and [...] disease\" seen \"following the arrival of scores of unregulated Iranians to take part in the annual Shia pilgrimage to Karbala.\" According to the article, 169 unmarried women had become pregnant from the Iranian pilgrims.[20] The UN's health agency said no such report had been published by WHO, and condemned mentioning its name in what it called \"unfounded\" news.[19][21] According to Rana Sidani, spokeswoman for the WHO, the organization was \"shocked\" by the report. She said that they were \"consulting with the Iraqi ministry of health on possible legal action against the paper.\"[22] Haider al-Abadi, Iraqi Prime Minister, and \"several other leading Shiite figures\" condemned the Asharq al-Awsat's report and demanded an \"apology\".[19]In April 2019, Saudi journalist businessman Hussein Shobakshi published a column in Asharq Al-Awsat in which he condemned the prevalence of anti-Semitism in Islamic culture. He claimed that this anti-Semitism had led to the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries. \"The intensity of the Jew-hatred,\" he wrote, \"disseminated by the media and art, literature, and political cartoons has reached a degree that cannot be ignored.\" He continued: \"antisemitism in the Arab world is the product of loathsome, racist education that is rooted in the Arab mentality that is used to labeling people according to tribal, family, and racial affiliation, and according to the religious school which they belong. It is this education that prompted thousands of Jews were citizens of Arab countries to emigrate after the establishment of the State of Israel.\"[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faisal bin Salman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_bin_Salman"},{"link_name":"Al-Hayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hayat"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-5"},{"link_name":"Marc Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch-25"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"Okaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okaz"},{"link_name":"Al-Quds Al-Arabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Quds_Al-Arabi"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch-25"}],"text":"Though the newspaper is owned by Faisal bin Salman, and is considered more pro-Saudi than its rival Al-Hayat was,[24] Asharq Al-Awsat has billed itself as the \"leading international Arabic paper,\" as it was the first Arabic daily to use satellite transmission for simultaneous printing in a number of sites across the world.[5] Media scholar Marc Lynch has called Asharq al-Awsat \"the most conservative\" of the major pan-Arab papers.[25]The New York Times in 2005 called Asharq Al-Awsat \"one of the oldest and most influential in the region.\"[3]The paper's chief competitors in Saudi Arabia are Al Hayat and Okaz; globally, its chief competitor is Al Hayat, though it is often paired with Al-Quds Al-Arabi which is considered to be its polar opposite.[25] According to this dichotomy, Asharq Al Awsat represents the \"moderate camp\" when compared to the \"rejection camp\" of Al-Quds Al-Arabi.[25]","title":"Reputation and competition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Editorial stances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mona Eltahawy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Eltahawy"},{"link_name":"Mubarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eltahawy_2006-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asharq_AL-awsat-30"}],"sub_title":"Alleged banning of critical writers 2006-2010","text":"One example is Mona Eltahawy, who wrote for the paper from January 2004 to early 2006, focusing on protests against the Mubarak government in Egypt. She wrote that its new English-language website, designed to present a liberal face to the world, was far more critical of Arab governments than its Arabic editions:The trouble with Asharq al-Awsat, beyond its disturbing acquiescence to Arab regimes, is that it claimed a liberalism that was patently false... the newspaper in Arabic would abide by the red lines that govern criticism of Arab leaders while in English it ran roughshod over those very same lines. A column I wrote tearing into the Egyptian regime for allowing its security forces to beat peaceful protesters and to sexually assault female journalists and demonstrators was spiked from the Arabic newspaper and web site but appeared in its entirety on the English web site... The major red lines at Asharq al-Awsat could be quite simple —in descending order they were the Saudi royal family, Saudi Arabia's allies in the Gulf (Qatar, a rival, was considered fair game) and then Saudi Arabia's other Arab allies. Within such a hierarchy of red lines, the Egyptian regime can indeed pull rank and demand that Asharq al- Awsat silence a critic.[26]Alhomayed responded to Eltahawy in both the English and Arabic version of Asharq Al Awsat.[27] Eltahawy noted that in the majority of cases the writer was left to discover on their own that he or she was banned rather than receiving a reason or justification from Alhomayed.[28]Nothing official was reported about the matter until 16 September 2010 when the paper quoted Al Rashed saying that he voluntarily stopped writing for them.[29] On 18 September 2010, Al Rashed returned to writing in Asharq Al Awsat.[citation needed] As of 2021, he remains a regular contributor.[30]","title":"Editorial stances"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Statistics on the Arab Media\" (PDF). Arab Reform Bulletin.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/New_Chart.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistics on the Arab Media\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Research & Marketing Group: Media and Publishing Sector\". Mubasher. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120525180346/http://english.mubasher.info/TDWL/Companies/ComDetails.aspx?Comid=2466","url_text":"\"Saudi Research & Marketing Group: Media and Publishing Sector\""},{"url":"http://english.mubasher.info/TDWL/Companies/ComDetails.aspx?Comid=2466","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 22 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aawsat.net/about-us","url_text":"\"About Us\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110422010142/http://asharq-e.com/AboutUs.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"al Sharq al Awsat\". 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130513133813/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyPaper48.pdf","url_text":"\"New Media New Politics?\""},{"url":"http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyPaper48.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jihad Khazen (9 January 2011). \"Ayoon Wa Azan: The First \"Scoop\"\". Al Hayat. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211520/http://www.daralhayat.com/portalarticlendah/221500","url_text":"\"Ayoon Wa Azan: The First \"Scoop\"\""},{"url":"http://www.daralhayat.com/portalarticlendah/221500","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"William A. Rugh (2004). The Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 169. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyagak_III_Hydroelectric_Power_Station | Nyagak III Hydroelectric Power Station | ["1 Location","2 Overview","3 Construction timetable","4 Construction costs","5 Recent developments","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 02°25′41″N 30°58′24″E / 2.42806°N 30.97333°E / 2.42806; 30.97333Hydroelectric Power Station in Uganda
Dam in PaidhaNyagak III Power StationMap of Uganda showing the location ofNyagak III Power StationCountryUgandaLocationPaidhaCoordinates02°25′41″N 30°58′24″E / 2.42806°N 30.97333°E / 2.42806; 30.97333PurposeElectricity generationStatusUnder constructionConstruction beganMay 2019Opening date2023 (Expected)Construction costUS$19.4 millionOwner(s)Genmax NyagakOperator(s)Uganda Electricity Generation Company LimitedDam and spillwaysImpoundsNyagak RiverReservoirNormal elevation1,380 m (4,530 ft)Nyagak III Hydroelectric Power StationCoordinates02°25′41″N 30°58′24″E / 2.42806°N 30.97333°E / 2.42806; 30.97333Commission date2022 (Expected)TypeRun-of-the-riverTurbines2 x 3.3 MWInstalled capacity(planned) 6.6 MW (8,900 hp)Annual generation36.27 GWh
Nyagak III Power Station is a 6.6 megawatts (8,900 hp) mini hydroelectric power project, under construction in Uganda.
Location
The power station is located across the Nyagak River in Nyapea Sub County, Okoro County, Zombo District, in the West Nile sub-region of the Northern Region of Uganda. This is approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north of the town of Paidha, close to the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in close proximity to, but downstream of, the existing Nyagak I Power Station.
Overview
In September 2010, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was concluded by Lahmeyer International GmbH, a German consulting engineering firm. The Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL) would develop Nyagak III through a Public Private Partnership (PPP). In 2013, the International Finance Corporation assisted UEGCL to identify and select an investor from the private sector, who would invest equity and arrange further debt and equity financing for the project. That investor would then design, develop, and operate the development under a PPP agreement with UEGCL. This selection process was expected to last approximately one year, beginning in July 2013. The selected private investor is a consortium consisting of Hydromax Limited and Dott Services Limited. UEGCL and the consortium then formed a special purpose vehicle, Genmax Nyagak Limited, that would build, operate, and manage the power station.
Construction timetable
It was anticipated that the selection process for the core investor would last until 2014. Construction would then begin in 2015 and last three years, with commissioning anticipated in 2018.
Construction costs
In 2011, the construction of Nyagak III Power Station was anticipated to cost approximately US$14 million. The power generated would be evacuated via the existing 33 kilovolt transmission power lines linking the towns of Paidha, Nebbi, Bondo, Okollo, and Arua, constructed at an estimated cost of UGX:44.2 billion (€13 million) between 2013 and 2015 following the development of the Nyagak Power Station. In March 2018, the Daily Monitor reported that KfW had withdrawn a grant of Shs36 billion (€8 million), towards completion of this project, due to extended delay in reaching financial close. The Uganda government will have to source new funding to bridge he gap.
As of March 2019, the construction costs are reported to be US$19.4 million. Loans are being sought from (a) Trade Development Bank (TDB) (b) African Development Bank and (c) Exim Bank of China. TDB is looking at the project with a view of funding it.
In November 2020, the African Export–Import Bank agreed to lend US$10 million towards the completion of this power station, replacing KfW, which withdrew €8 million funding in 2018, due to delays in land acquisition. At the time Afrexim Bank came on board, work progress was estimated at 22 percent completion. Commercial commissioning is anticipated in the fourth quarter of 2022.
Recent developments
In March 2019, the Ugandan Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, asked UEGCL, expedite the resumption of work on this power station. The new dam capacity is now increased to 6.6 megawatts (8,851 hp). The SPV company is now called GenVax Nyagak. It is jointly owned by the Ugandan government (30 percent) and a consortium (70 percent) comprising (a) Tata Consulting Engineers (b) Dott Services Limited and (c) Hydromax Limited. The table below illustrates the shareholding in GenVax Nyagak.
GenVax Nyagak Stock Ownership
Rank
Name of Owner
Country
Percentage Ownership
1
Government of Uganda
Uganda
30.0
2
Tata Consulting Engineers
India
3
Dott Services Limited
Uganda
4
Hydromax Limited
Uganda
Total
100.00
As of January 2022 construction was ongoing, with completion anticipated in the second half of 2022. After many delays, as of July 2023, the completion of the project was premised on the Uganda government availing funding of approximately UGX:28 billion (US$7.5 million) to the contractor.
See also
Uganda portalWater portalRenewable energy portal
List of hydropower stations in Africa
List of power stations in Uganda
Nyapea
References
^ a b c Jean Marie Takouleu (25 March 2019). "Uganda: To Relaunch 6.6 MW Nyagak III Hydroelectric Project". Paris, France: Afrik21. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
^ a b UEGCL (4 August 2015). "Uganda Electricity Generation Company: Nyagak III Small Hydro Power Plant (5.5MW)". Kampala: Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL). Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
^ Herter, Marco (21 June 2010). "Impact of Climate Change On Small Hydropower Plants In The West Nile Region, Uganda" (PDF). Hs-Rottenburg.net. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
^ UEGCL) (18 June 2013). "Selection of A Private Investor for Development of Nyagak III Hydro Power Plant Under A Public Private Partnership Arrangement" (PDF). Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL). Retrieved 11 July 2014.
^ John Odyek (2 November 2015). "Construction agreement for Nyagak III Hydro Power signed". New Vision. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
^ CRO (9 November 2015). "Nyagak III Small Hydro Power Project in Uganda to be constructed". Construction Review Online.com (CRO). Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
^ DEVEX (June 2011). "Legal Consultants for Nyagak III Uganda Small Hydro (Firm)". Devex.com (DEVEX). Retrieved 11 July 2014.
^ Ondoga, Ayiga (15 November 2013). "West Nile power line extension begins". New Vision. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
^ Wesonga, Nelson (8 March 2018). "Germany withholds Nyagak power project cash". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ Samuel Sanya (19 November 2020). "Afreximbank entry makes Nyagak III financially viable". New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
^ Tobbias Jolly Owiny, Marko Taibot and Rashul Adidi (11 January 2022). "Nyagak dam works: Contractor blames delay on govt funding". Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
^ Clement Aluma (3 July 2023). "Govt pushes completion of Nyagak III Dam for 3rd time". Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
External links
First solar hydro hybrid plant paused As of 28 January 2020.
Construction agreement for Nyagak III Hydro Power signed
West Nile to get 5 megawatts dam
vte Zombo DistrictCapital: ZomboCounties andsub-counties
Okoro County
Abanga Sub-county
Atyak Sub-county
Jangokoro Sub-county
Kango Sub-county
Nyapea Sub-county
Paidha Sub-county
Paidha Town
Warr Sub-county
Zeu Sub-county
Zombo Town
Towns and villages
Atyenda
Gamba
Nyapea
Paidha
Pakadha
Zeu
Zombo
Economy
Nyagak Power Station
Nyagak II Power Station
Nyagak III Power Station
District Farm Insitute Zeu
Education
St. Aloysius College Nyapea
Warr Girls Secondary School
Health
Holy Family Hospital Nyapea
Security
Zombo UPDF Detach
Notable people
Simon D'Ujanga
Dick Olum | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RestR-1"}],"text":"Hydroelectric Power Station in UgandaDam in PaidhaNyagak III Power Station is a 6.6 megawatts (8,900 hp) mini hydroelectric power project, under construction in Uganda.[1]","title":"Nyagak III Hydroelectric Power Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nyagak River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyagak_River"},{"link_name":"Zombo District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombo_District"},{"link_name":"West Nile sub-region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_sub-region"},{"link_name":"Northern Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Region,_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Paidha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paidha"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Nyagak I Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyagak_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-General-2"}],"text":"The power station is located across the Nyagak River in Nyapea Sub County, Okoro County, Zombo District, in the West Nile sub-region of the Northern Region of Uganda. 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Retrieved 8 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Germany-withholds-Nyagak-power-project-cash/688334-4332876-fdfeo5/index.html","url_text":"\"Germany withholds Nyagak power project cash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Monitor","url_text":"Daily Monitor"}]},{"reference":"Samuel Sanya (19 November 2020). \"Afreximbank entry makes Nyagak III financially viable\". New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 20 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1532762/afreximbank-entry-makes-nyagak-iii-financially-viable","url_text":"\"Afreximbank entry makes Nyagak III financially viable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Vision","url_text":"New Vision"}]},{"reference":"Tobbias Jolly Owiny, Marko Taibot and Rashul Adidi (11 January 2022). \"Nyagak dam works: Contractor blames delay on govt funding\". Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 14 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nyagak-dam-works-contractor-blames-delay-on-govt-funding-3678556?view=htmlamp","url_text":"\"Nyagak dam works: Contractor blames delay on govt funding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Monitor","url_text":"Daily Monitor"}]},{"reference":"Clement Aluma (3 July 2023). \"Govt pushes completion of Nyagak III Dam for 3rd time\". Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 2 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-pushes-completion-of-nyagak-iii-dam-for-3rd-time-4291214","url_text":"\"Govt pushes completion of Nyagak III Dam for 3rd time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Monitor","url_text":"Daily Monitor"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nyagak_III_Hydroelectric_Power_Station¶ms=02_25_41_N_30_58_24_E_region:UG_type:landmark","external_links_name":"02°25′41″N 30°58′24″E / 2.42806°N 30.97333°E / 2.42806; 30.97333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nyagak_III_Hydroelectric_Power_Station¶ms=02_25_41_N_30_58_24_E_region:UG_type:landmark","external_links_name":"02°25′41″N 30°58′24″E / 2.42806°N 30.97333°E / 2.42806; 30.97333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nyagak_III_Hydroelectric_Power_Station¶ms=02_25_41_N_30_58_24_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"02°25′41″N 30°58′24″E / 2.42806°N 30.97333°E / 2.42806; 30.97333"},{"Link":"https://www.afrik21.africa/en/uganda-to-relaunch-6-6-mw-nyagak-hydroelectric-project/","external_links_name":"\"Uganda: To Relaunch 6.6 MW Nyagak III Hydroelectric Project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161107050848/http://uegcl.com/Projects/nyagak-iii-small-hydro-power-plant-4-4mw/","external_links_name":"\"Uganda Electricity Generation Company: Nyagak III Small Hydro Power Plant (5.5MW)\""},{"Link":"http://uegcl.com/Projects/nyagak-iii-small-hydro-power-plant-4-4mw","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hs-rottenburg.net/fileadmin/data/Hochschule/Forschung_Projekte/SENCE_Projekte/2010/projekt1/P1_2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Impact of Climate Change On Small Hydropower Plants In The West Nile Region, Uganda\""},{"Link":"http://uegcl.com/NyagakIII%20RFQ%20Advert%2029May2013%20UPDATED.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Selection of A Private Investor for Development of Nyagak III Hydro Power Plant Under A Public Private Partnership Arrangement\""},{"Link":"http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1411151/construction-agreement-nyagak-iii-hydro-power-signed","external_links_name":"\"Construction agreement for Nyagak III Hydro Power signed\""},{"Link":"http://constructionreviewonline.com/2015/11/nyagak-iii-small-hydro-power-project-uganda-constructed","external_links_name":"\"Nyagak III Small Hydro Power Project in Uganda to be constructed\""},{"Link":"https://www.devex.com/projects/tenders/legal-consultants-for-nyagak-iii-uganda-small-hydro-firm/73783","external_links_name":"\"Legal Consultants for Nyagak III Uganda Small Hydro (Firm)\""},{"Link":"http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649445-west-nile-power-line-extension-begins.html","external_links_name":"\"West Nile power line extension begins\""},{"Link":"http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Germany-withholds-Nyagak-power-project-cash/688334-4332876-fdfeo5/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Germany withholds Nyagak power project cash\""},{"Link":"https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1532762/afreximbank-entry-makes-nyagak-iii-financially-viable","external_links_name":"\"Afreximbank entry makes Nyagak III financially viable\""},{"Link":"https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nyagak-dam-works-contractor-blames-delay-on-govt-funding-3678556?view=htmlamp","external_links_name":"\"Nyagak dam works: Contractor blames delay on govt funding\""},{"Link":"https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-pushes-completion-of-nyagak-iii-dam-for-3rd-time-4291214","external_links_name":"\"Govt pushes completion of Nyagak III Dam for 3rd time\""},{"Link":"https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Prosper/First-solar-hydro-hybrid-plant-paused-/688616-5435008-9l5s7bz/index.html","external_links_name":"First solar hydro hybrid plant paused"},{"Link":"http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/675154-construction-agreement-for-nyagak-iii-hydro-power-signed.html","external_links_name":"Construction agreement for Nyagak III Hydro Power signed"},{"Link":"http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/633559-west-nile-to-get-5-megawatts-dam.html","external_links_name":"West Nile to get 5 megawatts dam"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_Bears_football | Mercer Bears football | ["1 History","2 Conference affiliations","3 Notable former players","4 Year-by-year results","5 Playoff appearances","5.1 NCAA Division I-AA/FCS","6 Notes and references","7 External links"] | Football program representing Mercer University
For information on all Mercer University sports, see Mercer Bears.
Mercer Bears2024 Mercer Bears football team First season1891; 133 years ago (1891)Athletic directorJim ColeHead coachMike Jacobs 1st season, 0–0 (–)StadiumFive Star Stadium(capacity: 10,200)Field surfaceFieldTurfLocationMacon, GeorgiaNCAA divisionDivision I FCSConferenceSouthern ConferencePast conferencesSouthern Intercollegiate Athletic AssociationAll-time record683–651–24 (.512)RivalriesFurmanSamfordColors MascotTobyWebsiteMercerBears.com
The Mercer Bears football program is the intercollegiate football team of Mercer University located in Macon, Georgia, United States. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and is a member of the Southern Conference. The team plays its home games at the 10,200-seat Five Star Stadium on the university's Macon campus.
History
See also: List of Mercer Bears football seasons
Mercer's first football team was fielded in 1891, but the school did not consistently field teams until 1906. The sport was dropped in 1917 and 1918 during U.S. involvement in World War I, but returned after the war. Until 1924, the Mercer Bears were known as the Mercer Baptists. After the 1941 season, with the beginning of U.S. involvement in World War II, Mercer dropped football again, but did not resume the sport after the war. The program was reinstated after a 72-year hiatus in 2013; the first game was on August 31, 2013, when Mercer defeated (40–37) Reinhardt University in front of an overflow crowd of 12,172 at the Moye Complex.
Mercer football became nationally ranked in the FCS Coaches Poll in 2022. The Bears stayed within the FCS Coaches Poll rankings through the entire 2022 season, and reached as high as 11th in both the FCS Coaches Poll and FCS STATS Perform Poll.
The rankings streak continued through the first four games of 2023. Mercer fell outside of the rankings after losing to Furman, but would eventually join back in after an upset win at Western Carolina. Mercer finished 8–3 in 2023 and obtained a program-high eight wins against Division I opponents in their 2023 campaign, helping pave the way to the Bears' first-ever FCS playoff berth.
Conference affiliations
Independent (1891–1895)
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (1896–1937)
Dixie Conference (1931–1941)
No program (1942–2012)
Pioneer Football League (2013)
Southern Conference (2014–present)
Notable former players
The first secretary of the Vacation Bible School Department of Nashville's Baptist Sunday School Department (now Lifeway) was Homer Grice, a prominent Mercer player. Georgia Tech player and later Hall of Fame coach Bill Alexander called Grice "the meanest and toughest guy I ever ran across on a gridiron."
Brothers Crook Smith and Phoney Smith were both stars for Mercer.
Famous University of Georgia football coach Wally Butts, who led UGA to four Southeastern Conference titles and two National Championships, played end for Mercer from 1925 to 1928.
Les Olsson, known around Mercer as "Swede," was the only Mercer player from the pre-World War II era to go pro, playing for the Washington Redskins from 1934 to 1938. He was part of the 1937 championship squad.
Year-by-year results
Main article: List of Mercer Bears football seasons
On August 31, 2013, Mercer played its first game since 1941 before an overflow crowd of 12,172 spectators. The Bears' opponent, Reinhardt University, also revived its football program, having last played in 1920. In a thrilling game that saw multiple lead changes, Josh Shutter helped Mercer clinch the victory with a 31-yard field goal with three seconds left in the game. Mercer won 40–37.
Playoff appearances
NCAA Division I-AA/FCS
The Bears have appeared in the I-AA/FCS playoffs one time, with a combined record of 1–1.
Year
Round
Opponent
Result
2023
First RoundSecond Round
Gardner–WebbSouth Dakota State
W, 17–7L, 0–41
Notes and references
^ The first fielded team played from 1891 to 1941, then folded. Program was relaunched in the 2013 season; 11 years ago.
^ "News from Macon and Warner Robins, GA, and beyond | The Telegraph". Macon.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
^ Morgan Blake (1952). A Sports Editor Finds Christ. p. 95.
^ Constantine, Tim. "Communities — Voices and Insights – Washington Times". Communities.washingtontimes.com. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
External links
Official website
vteMercer Bears footballVenues
Central City Park (1891–1920)
Alumni Field (1921–1924)
Centennial Stadium (1925–1941)
Moye Complex (2013–present)
Bowls & rivalries
Furman
Samford
People
Head coaches
Seasons
1891
1892
1893
1894–1895
1896
1897
1898–1902
1903
1904–1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917–1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942–2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
vteMercer UniversityAcademics
Engineering
Law
Medicine
Facilities
American Baptist Historical Society
Claude Smith Field
Cowles–Woodruff House
Grand Opera House
Hawkins Arena
Macon Coliseum
Monroe F. Swilley Jr. Library
Moye Complex
Tift College
Athletics
Baseball
Basketball
Men
Women
Football
Lacrosse
Men
Soccer
Men
Media
The Mercer Cluster
Mercer University Press
WMUM-FM
WMUM-TV
Related
List of Mercer University people
vteSouthern Conference footballTeams
Chattanooga Mocs
The Citadel Bulldogs
East Tennessee State Buccaneers
Furman Paladins
Mercer Bears
Samford Bulldogs
VMI Keydets
Western Carolina Catamounts
Wofford Terriers
Former teams
Former Southern Conference teams
Championships & awards
Conference champions
All-time standings (1921–1971), (1972–present)
All-Southern team
Champ Pickens Trophy
Seasons
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercer Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_Bears"},{"link_name":"intercollegiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Mercer University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_University"},{"link_name":"Macon, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_FCS"},{"link_name":"Southern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Five Star Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moye_Complex"}],"text":"For information on all Mercer University sports, see Mercer Bears.The Mercer Bears football program is the intercollegiate football team of Mercer University located in Macon, Georgia, United States. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and is a member of the Southern Conference. The team plays its home games at the 10,200-seat Five Star Stadium on the university's Macon campus.","title":"Mercer Bears football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Mercer Bears football seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mercer_Bears_football_seasons"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"the beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Reinhardt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhardt_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Furman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furman_Paladins_football"},{"link_name":"Western Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Carolina_Catamounts_football"},{"link_name":"FCS playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_season#Postseason"}],"text":"See also: List of Mercer Bears football seasonsMercer's first football team was fielded in 1891, but the school did not consistently field teams until 1906. 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Georgia Tech player and later Hall of Fame coach Bill Alexander called Grice \"the meanest and toughest guy I ever ran across on a gridiron.\"[2]Brothers Crook Smith and Phoney Smith were both stars for Mercer.Famous University of Georgia football coach Wally Butts, who led UGA to four Southeastern Conference titles and two National Championships, played end for Mercer from 1925 to 1928.Les Olsson, known around Mercer as \"Swede,\" was the only Mercer player from the pre-World War II era to go pro, playing for the Washington Redskins from 1934 to 1938. He was part of the 1937 championship squad.","title":"Notable former players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reinhardt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhardt_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On August 31, 2013, Mercer played its first game since 1941 before an overflow crowd of 12,172 spectators. The Bears' opponent, Reinhardt University, also revived its football program, having last played in 1920.[3] In a thrilling game that saw multiple lead changes, Josh Shutter helped Mercer clinch the victory with a 31-yard field goal with three seconds left in the game. Mercer won 40–37.","title":"Year-by-year results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playoff appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NCAA Division I-AA/FCS","text":"The Bears have appeared in the I-AA/FCS playoffs one time, with a combined record of 1–1.","title":"Playoff appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Mercer_Bears_football_team"},{"link_name":"2013 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Mercer_Bears_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"News from Macon and Warner Robins, GA, and beyond | The Telegraph\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130909162300/http://www.macon.com/2013/09/01/2639498/mercer-makes-history-with-first.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.macon.com/2013/09/01/2639498/mercer-makes-history-with-first.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Morgan Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Blake"},{"link_name":"A Sports Editor Finds Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6pBUAAAAYAAJ&q=grice"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Communities — Voices and Insights – Washington Times\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/sports-around/2013/aug/29/georgia-colleges-field-three-new-football-teams/"}],"text":"^ The first fielded team played from 1891 to 1941, then folded. Program was relaunched in the 2013 season; 11 years ago.^ \"News from Macon and Warner Robins, GA, and beyond | The Telegraph\". Macon.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2015.\n\n^ Morgan Blake (1952). A Sports Editor Finds Christ. p. 95.\n\n^ Constantine, Tim. \"Communities — Voices and Insights – Washington Times\". Communities.washingtontimes.com. Retrieved July 18, 2015.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"News from Macon and Warner Robins, GA, and beyond | The Telegraph\". Macon.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130909162300/http://www.macon.com/2013/09/01/2639498/mercer-makes-history-with-first.html","url_text":"\"News from Macon and Warner Robins, GA, and beyond | The Telegraph\""},{"url":"http://www.macon.com/2013/09/01/2639498/mercer-makes-history-with-first.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morgan Blake (1952). A Sports Editor Finds Christ. p. 95.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Blake","url_text":"Morgan Blake"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6pBUAAAAYAAJ&q=grice","url_text":"A Sports Editor Finds Christ"}]},{"reference":"Constantine, Tim. \"Communities — Voices and Insights – Washington Times\". Communities.washingtontimes.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_St._Louis_Bombers_season | 1948–49 St. Louis Bombers season | ["1 Draft","2 Roster","3 Regular season","3.1 Season standings","3.2 Record vs. opponents","3.3 Game log","4 Playoffs","4.1 West Division Semifinals","5 Awards and records","6 References"] | NBA professional basketball team season
1948–49 St. Louis Bombers seasonHead coachGrady LewisArenaSt. Louis ArenaResultsRecord29–31 (.483)PlaceDivision: 4th (Western)Playoff finishWest Division Semifinals(eliminated 0-2)Stats at Basketball-Reference.comRadioKMOX
< 1947–48
1949–50 >
The 1948–49 BAA season was the Bombers' 3rd season in the NBA/BAA.
Draft
Main article: 1948 NBA draft
Round
Pick
Player
Position
Nationality
College
1
7
Bob Gale
–
United States
Cornell
–
–
Jack Burmaster
G
United States
Illinois
–
–
Gordon Flick
–
United States
Drake
–
–
John Hoppin
–
United States
Dickinson
–
–
Dan London
–
United States
Washington
–
–
D. Miller
–
United States
Saint Louis
–
–
Easy Parham
G/F
United States
Texas Wesleyan
–
–
D. C. Wilcutt
G
United States
Saint Louis
Roster
1948–49 St. Louis Bombers rostervte
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB
From
G
5
Eggleston, Lonnie
6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)
170 lb (77 kg)
1918-06-08
Oklahoma State
F
12
Gunther, Coulby
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
190 lb (86 kg)
1923-02-05
Boston College
F/C
13
Lewis, Grady
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
215 lb (98 kg)
1917-03-25
Oklahoma
G
7
Logan, Johnny
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
175 lb (79 kg)
1921-01-01
Indiana
F/C
14
Martin, Don
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
210 lb (95 kg)
1920-02-07
Central Missouri
F
11
Maughan, Ariel
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
190 lb (86 kg)
1923-04-26
Utah State
F
13
Miller, Bill
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
190 lb (86 kg)
1924-11-24
North Carolina
F
3
O'Brien, Bob
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
190 lb (86 kg)
1927-01-26
Pepperdine
G
9
O'Grady, Buddy
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
160 lb (73 kg)
1920-01-19
Georgetown
G/F
6
Parham, Easy
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
200 lb (91 kg)
1921-12-27
Texas Wesleyan
G
8
Putman, Don
6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
170 lb (77 kg)
1922-11-13
Denver
C
3
Roberts, Bill
6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
210 lb (95 kg)
1926-03-29
Wyoming
C
4
Rocha, Red
6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
185 lb (84 kg)
1923-09-18
Oregon State
F/C
12
Roux, Giff
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
195 lb (88 kg)
1923-06-28
Kansas
G/F
9
Schnellbacher, Otto
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
185 lb (84 kg)
1923-04-15
Kansas
SG
10
Smawley, Belus
6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
195 lb (88 kg)
1918-03-20
Appalachian State
G
3
Wilcutt, D. C.
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
165 lb (75 kg)
1928-01-30
Saint Louis
Head coach
Grady Lewis
Legend
(DP) Unsigned draft pick(FA) Free agent(S) Suspended Injured
Roster Last transaction: {{{access-date}}}
Regular season
Season standings
#
Western Divisionvte
Team
W
L
PCT
GB
1
x-Rochester Royals
45
15
.750
–
2
x-Minneapolis Lakers
44
16
.733
1
3
x-Chicago Stags
38
22
.633
7
4
x-St. Louis Bombers
29
31
.483
16
5
Fort Wayne Pistons
22
38
.367
23
6
Indianapolis Jets
18
42
.300
27
Record vs. opponents
1948–49 BAA records
Team
BAL
BOS
CHI
FWP
IND
MIN
NYK
PHI
PRO
ROC
STL
WAS
Baltimore
—
4–2
1–4
4–1
5–0
1–4
2–4
4–2
2–4
1–4
2–3
3–3
Boston
2–4
—
0–5
4–1
3–2
2–3
3–3
3–3
3–3
1–4
3–2
1–5
Chicago
4–1
5–0
—
4–2
5–1
2–4
3–2
2–3
5–0
2–4
3–3
3–2
Fort Wayne
1–4
1–4
2–4
—
3–3
2–4
1–4
5–0
4–1
0–6
1–4
2–3
Indianapolis
0–5
2–3
1-5
3–3
—
0–6
1–4
1–4
4–1
1–5
3–3
2–3
Minneapolis
4–1
3–2
4–2
4–2
6–0
—
4–1
4–1
5–0
4–2
4–2
2–3
New York
4–2
3–3
2–3
4–1
4–1
1–4
—
2–4
5–1
1–4
3–2
2–3
Philadelphia
2–4
3–3
3–2
0–5
4–1
1–4
4–2
—
6–0
0–5
3–2
2–4
Providence
4–2
3–3
0–5
1–4
1–4
0–5
1–5
0–6
—
2–3
0–5
0–6
Rochester
4–1
4–1
4–2
6–0
5–1
2–4
4–1
5–0
3–2
—
6–0
2–3
St. Louis
3–2
2–3
3–3
4–1
3–3
2–4
2–3
2–3
5–0
0–6
—
2–3
Washington
3–3
5–1
2–3
3–2
3–2
3–2
3–2
4–2
6–0
3–2
3–2
—
Game log
#
Date
Opponent
Score
High points
Record
1
November 1
@ Indianapolis
80–84
Logan, Parham (18)
0–1
2
November 6
Fort Wayne
65–55
Easy Parham (15)
1–1
3
November 9
New York
60–56
Ariel Maughan (13)
2–1
4
November 13
Philadelphia
76–75
Red Rocha (18)
3–1
5
November 16
Boston
79–74 (OT)
Maughan, Rocha (15)
4–1
6
November 19
vs Baltimore
82–72
Ariel Maughan (18)
5–1
7
November 20
Baltimore
64–85
Red Rocha (14)
5–2
8
November 25
Providence
84–82
Red Rocha (22)
6–2
9
November 27
Minneapolis
71–87
Belus Smawley (20)
6–3
10
December 1
Chicago
72–61
Belus Smawley (17)
7–3
11
December 4
Fort Wayne
76–62
Johnny Logan (21)
8–3
12
December 5
@ Minneapolis
68–78
Buddy O'Grady (18)
8–4
13
December 8
@ Fort Wayne
60–70
Johnny Logan (16)
8–5
14
December 10
vs Washington
88–83 (OT)
Belus Smawley (24)
9–5
15
December 11
@ Washington
63–87
Johnny Logan (15)
9–6
16
December 13
@ Boston
79–83 (OT)
Belus Smawley (22)
9–7
17
December 14
@ Philadelphia
61–74
Ariel Maughan (15)
9–8
18
December 16
@ Baltimore
85–82 (OT)
Johnny Logan (28)
10–8
19
December 18
@ New York
79–88
Logan, Maughan (18)
10–9
20
December 23
@ Providence
109–99
Belus Smawley (30)
11–9
21
December 25
@ Rochester
82–90
Johnny Logan (16)
11–10
22
December 26
Indianapolis
75–65
Belus Smawley (28)
12–10
23
December 30
Washington
68–81
Johnny Logan (17)
12–11
24
January 1
@ Rochester
83–106
Maughan, Smawley (17)
12–12
25
January 2
Rochester
64–89
Belus Smawley (15)
12–13
26
January 5
@ Minneapolis
76–101
Ariel Maughan (18)
12–14
27
January 8
Minneapolis
64–59
Maughan, Rocha (17)
13–14
28
January 9
@ Minneapolis
58–74
Belus Smawley (16)
13–15
29
January 12
Chicago
66–75
Ariel Maughan (16)
13–16
30
January 15
Providence
79–76
Ariel Maughan (22)
14–16
31
January 17
@ New York
79–71
Belus Smawley (26)
15–16
32
January 18
@ Boston
89–83
Belus Smawley (25)
16–16
33
January 20
Rochester
74–84
Red Rocha (16)
16–17
34
January 23
Indianapolis
73–91
Belus Smawley (19)
16–18
35
January 25
@ Indianapolis
53–65
Easy Parham (13)
16–19
36
January 28
@ Chicago
65–83
Johnny Logan (17)
16–20
37
January 29
Fort Wayne
86–73
Ariel Maughan (21)
17–20
38
February 3
Washington
65–74
Ariel Maughan (16)
17–21
39
February 6
Philadelphia
74–77 (OT)
Belus Smawley (28)
17–22
40
February 8
@ Chicago
75–73
Belus Smawley (22)
18–22
41
February 9
New York
83–95
Belus Smawley (18)
18–23
42
February 12
Baltimore
74–73
Belus Smawley (19)
19–23
43
February 15
vs New York
75–79 (OT)
Red Rocha (20)
19–24
44
February 17
Rochester
63–68
Belus Smawley (21)
19–25
45
February 19
Chicago
63–59
Belus Smawley (18)
20–25
46
February 20
@ Fort Wayne
70–64
Red Rocha (20)
21–25
47
February 23
Boston
77–83
Johnny Logan (19)
21–26
48
February 25
@ Boston
83–102
Belus Smawley (27)
21–27
49
February 26
@ Providence
93–90
Ariel Maughan (19)
22–27
50
March 1
@ Philadelphia
83–89
Logan, Smawley (18)
22–28
51
March 2
@ Washington
82–75
Rocha, Smawley (18)
23–28
52
March 3
@ Baltimore
66–94
Belus Smawley (22)
23–29
53
March 9
@ Indianapolis
81–80
Belus Smawley (21)
24–29
54
March 10
Minneapolis
88–71
Belus Smawley (25)
25–29
55
March 12
@ Rochester
74–104
Johnny Logan (15)
25–30
56
March 13
Indianapolis
87–86
Belus Smawley (23)
26–30
57
March 16
Providence
81–59
Belus Smawley (18)
27–30
58
March 17
@ Chicago
79–85
Johnny Logan (18)
27–31
59
March 19
Philadelphia
109–100
Bill Roberts (30)
28–31
60
March 20
@ Fort Wayne
87–82
Bill Roberts (22)
29–31
Playoffs
West Division Semifinals
(1) Rochester Royals vs. (4) St. Louis Bombers: Royals win series 2-0
Game 1 @ Rochester: Rochester 93, St. Louis 64
Game 2 @ St. Louis: Rochester 66, St. Louis 64
Last Playoff Meeting: This is the first meeting between the Royals and Bombers.
Awards and records
Johnny Logan, All-NBA Second Team
References
^ 1948-49 St. Louis Bombers
vte1948–49 BAA season by team
1948 BAA draft
Playoffs
Finals
Transactions
Eastern
Baltimore
Boston
New York
Philadelphia
Providence
Washington
Western
Chicago
Fort Wayne
Indianapolis
Minneapolis
Rochester
St. Louis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1948–49 BAA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_BAA_season"},{"link_name":"NBA/BAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"NBA professional basketball team seasonThe 1948–49 BAA season was the Bombers' 3rd season in the NBA/BAA.[1]","title":"1948–49 St. Louis Bombers season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Draft"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Division_(NBA)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1948%E2%80%9349_BAA_Western_Division_standings"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1948%E2%80%9349_BAA_Western_Division_standings"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1948%E2%80%9349_BAA_Western_Division_standings"},{"link_name":"Rochester Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Rochester_Royals_season"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Minneapolis_Lakers_season"},{"link_name":"Chicago Stags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Chicago_Stags_season"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne Pistons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Fort_Wayne_Pistons_season"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Indianapolis_Jets_season"}],"sub_title":"Season standings","text":"#\n\nWestern Divisionvte\n\n\nTeam\n\n W \n\n L \n\n PCT \n\n GB \n\n\n1\n\nx-Rochester Royals\n45\n15\n.750\n–\n\n\n2\n\nx-Minneapolis Lakers\n44\n16\n.733\n1\n\n\n3\n\nx-Chicago Stags\n38\n22\n.633\n7\n\n\n4\n\nx-St. Louis Bombers\n29\n31\n.483\n16\n\n\n5\n\nFort Wayne Pistons\n22\n38\n.367\n23\n\n\n6\n\nIndianapolis Jets\n18\n42\n.300\n27","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Record vs. opponents","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Game log","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rochester Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Royals"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Bombers_(NBA)"}],"sub_title":"West Division Semifinals","text":"(1) Rochester Royals vs. (4) St. Louis Bombers: Royals win series 2-0Game 1 @ Rochester: Rochester 93, St. Louis 64\nGame 2 @ St. Louis: Rochester 66, St. Louis 64Last Playoff Meeting: This is the first meeting between the Royals and Bombers.","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Logan_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"All-NBA Second Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-NBA_Second_Team"}],"text":"Johnny Logan, All-NBA Second Team","title":"Awards and records"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/STB/1949.html","external_links_name":"Basketball-Reference.com"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/STB/1949.html","external_links_name":"Roster"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/STB/1949.html","external_links_name":"1948-49 St. Louis Bombers"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Teeling | William Teeling | ["1 Background","2 Journalistic and literary career","3 Parliamentary career","4 Later life","5 References","6 External links"] | Irish writer, traveller and Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom
Sir Luke William Burke Teeling (5 February 1903 – 26 October 1975) was an Irish writer, traveller and a Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom. He was known for his enthusiasm for a Channel Tunnel.
Background
Born in Dublin to a prominent Roman Catholic family, he was the son of the Accountant-General of the Irish Supreme Court. One of his great-granduncles, Bartholomew Teeling, was hanged by the British for taking part in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. He attended the London Oratory School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied history.
Journalistic and literary career
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On leaving university, Teeling became a journalist and travelled widely both at home and abroad, especially in the United States where he described himself as an "amateur tramp". He lived among the homeless and hitched lifts on freight trains, reporting back to The Times about his adventures.
In the early 1930s he studied the youth movements in Nazi Germany. In winter 1933 Teeling had walked all the way from London to Newcastle upon Tyne, sleeping in hostels and examining the efforts of local councils to tackle unemployment.
Another preoccupation when Teeling was travelling abroad was the treatment given to Irish immigrants and to the Catholic Church. In 1937, he wrote The Pope in Politics (expressively dedicated "to those Catholics who have faith in the future of democracy"), which suggested that Pope Pius XI was opposed to the new forms of Catholicism developing in the Americas and also pointed out the Pope's autocratic views and his complicity with Fascist Italy.
He followed this in 1939 with Crisis for Christianity, a book which dealt with the relations between the Catholic Church and Nazism.
Parliamentary career
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When the Second World War broke out, Teeling joined the Royal Air Force. Having already fought the safe Labour seat of West Ham Silvertown in the 1929 general election, Teeling was elected to Parliament as a Conservative for Brighton in the 1944 Brighton by-election. This was a two-member seat, and Teeling was re-elected in the 1945 general election. The seat was divided into two individual constituencies thereafter, and Teeling was chosen for Brighton Pavilion.
Throughout his Parliamentary career Teeling remained on the backbenches and maintained a close comradery relationship with Sir Winston Churchill.
A keen Orientalist and collector, his expertise on foreign affairs was well acknowledged amongst his peers, (he was a Freeman of Seoul in Korea). He was also a strong supporter of The Republic of China (Taiwan) and a friend of Madame Chiang Kai-Shek. The President of The Republic, Chiang Kai-Shek, presented Dr. Teeling with the Gin-Shin Medal (Order of the Brilliant Star) on 29 November 1959 for his "Achievements and Contributions" to the Republic of China. He maintained a residence near Keelung on the Island of Taiwan and received many gifts from Madame Chang Kai-Shek, including many modest Chinese and Japanese works of art, as she and her friends decorated his home there.
Together with his private secretary, Vera Kaspar, he was a long time supporter of the attempts to build a tunnel under the English Channel, and chaired an all-party committee which campaigned for it. He was also Secretary of the All-Party committee on holiday resorts.
He was knighted in 1962. By 9 July 1968, he was a Member of the Conservative Monday Club and is mentioned as one of the MPs who signed a House of Commons Order Paper (no.151) calling for the government to "exclude all questions of sovereignty over the Falkland Islands from any talks they are having with the Argentine Government".
Later life
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Teeling resigned in February 1969, owing to ill health. He maintained a Grace and Favour residence in St James', London, and travelled to Africa to help his recovery. He became secretary of the Irish Peers Association in June 1970, whose cause he had often promoted. He bequeathed much of his collection of oriental objects d'art to his private secretary, Vera Kaspar.
References
^ Teeling, William (1938). The Pope In Politics: The Life And Work Of Pope Pius XI. London: Lovat Dickson Limited Publishers. p. 1.
^ Monday Club Newsletter July 1968.
Obituary, The Times, 28 October 1975
M. Stenton and S. Lees, Who's Who of British MPs, Harvester Press, 1981
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Teeling
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded bySir Cooper Rawson
Member of Parliament for Brighton 1944–1950 With: Anthony Marlowe
Constituency divided
New constituency
Member of Parliament for Brighton Pavilion 1950–1969
Succeeded byJulian Amery
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Channel Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnel"}],"text":"Sir Luke William Burke Teeling (5 February 1903 – 26 October 1975) was an Irish writer, traveller and a Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom. He was known for his enthusiasm for a Channel Tunnel.","title":"William Teeling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Bartholomew Teeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_Teeling"},{"link_name":"Irish Rebellion of 1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"London Oratory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Oratory_School"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"}],"text":"Born in Dublin to a prominent Roman Catholic family, he was the son of the Accountant-General of the Irish Supreme Court. One of his great-granduncles, Bartholomew Teeling, was hanged by the British for taking part in the Irish Rebellion of 1798.[citation needed] He attended the London Oratory School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied history.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Americas"},{"link_name":"Fascist Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On leaving university, Teeling became a journalist and travelled widely both at home and abroad, especially in the United States where he described himself as an \"amateur tramp\". He lived among the homeless and hitched lifts on freight trains, reporting back to The Times about his adventures.In the early 1930s he studied the youth movements in Nazi Germany. In winter 1933 Teeling had walked all the way from London to Newcastle upon Tyne, sleeping in hostels and examining the efforts of local councils to tackle unemployment.Another preoccupation when Teeling was travelling abroad was the treatment given to Irish immigrants and to the Catholic Church. In 1937, he wrote The Pope in Politics (expressively dedicated \"to those Catholics who have faith in the future of democracy\"), which suggested that Pope Pius XI was opposed to the new forms of Catholicism developing in the Americas and also pointed out the Pope's autocratic views and his complicity with Fascist Italy.[1]He followed this in 1939 with Crisis for Christianity, a book which dealt with the relations between the Catholic Church and Nazism.","title":"Journalistic and literary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"West Ham Silvertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_Silvertown_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1929 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1944 Brighton by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Brighton_by-election"},{"link_name":"1945 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Brighton Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Pavilion_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Keelung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"Conservative Monday Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"When the Second World War broke out, Teeling joined the Royal Air Force. Having already fought the safe Labour seat of West Ham Silvertown in the 1929 general election, Teeling was elected to Parliament as a Conservative for Brighton in the 1944 Brighton by-election. This was a two-member seat, and Teeling was re-elected in the 1945 general election. The seat was divided into two individual constituencies thereafter, and Teeling was chosen for Brighton Pavilion.Throughout his Parliamentary career Teeling remained on the backbenches and maintained a close comradery relationship with Sir Winston Churchill.A keen Orientalist and collector, his expertise on foreign affairs was well acknowledged amongst his peers, (he was a Freeman of Seoul in Korea). He was also a strong supporter of The Republic of China (Taiwan) and a friend of Madame Chiang Kai-Shek. The President of The Republic, Chiang Kai-Shek, presented Dr. Teeling with the Gin-Shin Medal (Order of the Brilliant Star) on 29 November 1959 for his \"Achievements and Contributions\" to the Republic of China. He maintained a residence near Keelung on the Island of Taiwan and received many gifts from Madame Chang Kai-Shek, including many modest Chinese and Japanese works of art, as she and her friends decorated his home there.Together with his private secretary, Vera Kaspar, he was a long time supporter of the attempts to build a tunnel under the English Channel, and chaired an all-party committee which campaigned for it. He was also Secretary of the All-Party committee on holiday resorts.He was knighted in 1962. By 9 July 1968, he was a Member of the Conservative Monday Club and is mentioned as one of the MPs who signed a House of Commons Order Paper (no.151) calling for the government to \"exclude all questions of sovereignty over the Falkland Islands from any talks they are having with the Argentine Government\".[2]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grace and Favour residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_and_Favour_residence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Irish Peers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Peers_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Teeling resigned in February 1969, owing to ill health. He maintained a Grace and Favour residence in St James', London, and travelled to Africa to help his recovery. He became secretary of the Irish Peers Association in June 1970, whose cause he had often promoted. He bequeathed much of his collection of oriental objects d'art to his private secretary, Vera Kaspar.","title":"Later life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Teeling, William (1938). The Pope In Politics: The Life And Work Of Pope Pius XI. London: Lovat Dickson Limited Publishers. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176454","url_text":"The Pope In Politics: The Life And Work Of Pope Pius XI"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22William+Teeling%22","external_links_name":"\"William Teeling\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22William+Teeling%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22William+Teeling%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22William+Teeling%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22William+Teeling%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22William+Teeling%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22William+Teeling%22","external_links_name":"\"William Teeling\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22William+Teeling%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22William+Teeling%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22William+Teeling%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22William+Teeling%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22William+Teeling%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22William+Teeling%22","external_links_name":"\"William Teeling\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22William+Teeling%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22William+Teeling%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22William+Teeling%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22William+Teeling%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22William+Teeling%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176454","external_links_name":"The Pope In Politics: The Life And Work Of Pope Pius XI"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-luke-teeling","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by William Teeling"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000084074322","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/110154888","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJckQc64FJYbftppXwtVG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/127973931","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463048105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb98005050","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2015874812&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p15874487X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608402205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/105982539","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._1_(Mendelssohn) | Piano Quartet No. 1 (Mendelssohn) | ["1 Structure","2 References","3 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Piano Quartet No. 1" Mendelssohn – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Quartet No. 1 in C minor, Op. 1 (MWV Q 11), for piano, violin, viola and cello was completed on 18 October 1822 and dedicated to Polish Prince Antoni Radziwiłł. Mendelssohn's three numbered piano quartets were the first works of his to be published, hence their opus numbers. The piece was published in 1823, when Mendelssohn was fourteen years old.
Structure
The work has four movements:
Allegro vivace (C minor)
Adagio (A-flat major)
Scherzo: Presto (C minor)
Allegro moderato (C minor)
A typical performance lasts just under half an hour.
References
^ Cooper, John Michael. Historical Dictionary of Romantic Music. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, (n.d.). p.412.
^ "Piano Quartet No.1, Op.1 (Mendelssohn, Felix) - IMSLP". imslp.org. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
External links
Piano Quartet No. 1 (Mendelssohn): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
vteFelix Mendelssohn
Mendelssohn-Werkverzeichnis
List of compositions
VocalStage
A Midsummer Night's Dream
"Wedding March"
Antigone
Oedipus at Colonus
Die beiden Neffen
Die Heimkehr aus der Fremde
Die Hochzeit des Camacho
Sacred
Oratorio: St. Paul / Paulus
Elijah / Elias
Denn er hat seinen Engeln befohlen
Wer bis an das Ende beharrt
Christus
Other: "Psalm 42"
Vom Himmel hoch (chorale cantata)
Drei Motetten
Lobgesang (Symphony No. 2)
Verleih uns Frieden
"Hear my prayer"
Lord, have mercy upon us
Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt (Psalm 100)
Mitten wir im Leben sind
Other
Die erste Walpurgisnacht
"On Wings of Song"
Festgesang
Festgesang an die Künstler
OrchestralSymphony
13 String Symphonies
No. 1
No. 2 (symphony-cantata Lobgesang)
No. 3 (Scottish)
No. 4 (Italian)
No. 5 (Reformation)
Concerto
Violin and Strings
Violin
Piano, Violin and Strings
Piano: No. 1 – No. 2
Two Pianos: in E major – in A♭ major
Other
Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage
The Hebrides
Die schöne Melusine
ChamberString quartet
String Quartet in E♭ major
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
Four pieces for string quartet
Other
Violin Sonata: No. 1 – No. 2 – No. 3
Viola Sonata
Cello Sonata: No. 1 – No. 2
Assai tranquillo for cello and piano
Clarinet Sonata
Piano Trio: in C minor – No. 1 – No. 2
Piano Quartet: No. 1 – No. 2 – No. 3
String Quintet: No. 1 – No. 2
Piano Sextet
String Octet
Solo
Piano: Lieder ohne Worte (Songs Without Words) – Variations sérieuses – Fantasie, Op. 28 – Preludes and Fugues, Op. 35
Organ: Six Organ Sonatas
People
Daniel Itzig (mother's side great-grandfather)
Moses (father's side grandfather)
Abraham (father)
Fanny and Rebecka (sisters)
Paul (son)
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Category
Audio
Portal: Classical Music
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
This article about a composition for a chamber music group is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felix Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn"},{"link_name":"Piano Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Quartet"},{"link_name":"C minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_minor"},{"link_name":"Op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_number"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"Antoni Radziwiłł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82"},{"link_name":"quartets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartets"},{"link_name":"opus numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_numbers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Quartet No. 1 in C minor, Op. 1 (MWV Q 11), for piano, violin, viola and cello was completed on 18 October 1822 and dedicated to Polish Prince Antoni Radziwiłł. Mendelssohn's three numbered piano quartets were the first works of his to be published, hence their opus numbers. The piece was published in 1823, when Mendelssohn was fourteen years old.[1]","title":"Piano Quartet No. 1 (Mendelssohn)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_(music)"},{"link_name":"Allegro vivace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_musical_terminology"},{"link_name":"C minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_minor"},{"link_name":"A-flat major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-flat_major"},{"link_name":"Scherzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherzo"},{"link_name":"C minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_minor"},{"link_name":"C minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_minor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The work has four movements:Allegro vivace (C minor)\nAdagio (A-flat major)\nScherzo: Presto (C minor)\nAllegro moderato (C minor)A typical performance lasts just under half an hour.[2]","title":"Structure"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Piano Quartet No.1, Op.1 (Mendelssohn, Felix) - IMSLP\". imslp.org. Retrieved 2024-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No.1,_Op.1_(Mendelssohn,_Felix)","url_text":"\"Piano Quartet No.1, Op.1 (Mendelssohn, Felix) - IMSLP\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Piano+Quartet+No.+1%22+Mendelssohn","external_links_name":"\"Piano Quartet No. 1\" Mendelssohn"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Piano+Quartet+No.+1%22+Mendelssohn+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Piano+Quartet+No.+1%22+Mendelssohn&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Piano+Quartet+No.+1%22+Mendelssohn+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Piano+Quartet+No.+1%22+Mendelssohn","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Piano+Quartet+No.+1%22+Mendelssohn&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No.1,_Op.1_(Mendelssohn,_Felix)","external_links_name":"\"Piano Quartet No.1, Op.1 (Mendelssohn, Felix) - IMSLP\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/851d354c-fab6-4843-825e-f4282406e9d1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piano_Quartet_No._1_(Mendelssohn)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1855_in_Australia | 1855 in Australia | ["1 Incumbents","1.1 Governors","2 Events","3 Arts and literature","4 Births","5 Deaths","6 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1855 in Australia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
List of events
←
1854
1853
1852
1855 in Australia
→
1856
1857
1858
Decades:
1830s
1840s
1850s
1860s
1870s
See also:
Other events of 1855
Timeline of Australian history
The following lists events that happened during 1855 in Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch - Victoria
Governors
Governors of the Australian colonies:
Governor of New South Wales – Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy
Governor of South Australia – Sir Richard MacDonnell (from 8 June)
Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land – Henry Young (from 8 January)
Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria (Governor of Victoria from 22 May) – Sir Charles Hotham (until 10 November)
Governor of Western Australia as a Crown Colony – Captain Charles Fitzgerald, then Sir Arthur Kennedy.
Events
5 January – The War of Southern Queensland ends with the hanging of Dundalli.
12 June – the Victorian parliament passed the Chinese Restriction Act in an effort to restrict Chinese immigration. These restrictions, including a £10 poll tax on Chinese and a limit to Chinese passengers per tonnage of shipping.
8 September – Queen Victoria signs an Order in Council to change the name of Van Diemen's Land to Tasmania.
26 September – Sydney to Parramatta railway opened
Arts and literature
Main article: 1855 in Australian literature
Births
30 January – George Edwards, New South Wales politician (d. 1911)
16 February – Henry Saunders, Western Australian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (d. 1919)
28 May – Sir William Portus Cullen, New South Wales politician and 7th Chief Justice of New South Wales (d. 1935)
18 June – George Lewis Becke, trader and writer (d. 1913)
6 August – Sir Isaac Isaacs, 9th Governor-General of Australia and 3rd Chief Justice of Australia (d. 1948)
13 August – William Astley, short story writer (born in the United Kingdom) (d. 1911)
25 August – Paddy Glynn, South Australian politician (born in Ireland) (d. 1931)
28 October – Francis James Gillen, anthropologist and ethnologist (d. 1912)
22 November – Pharez Phillips, Victorian politician (d. 1914)
Deaths
5 January – Dundalli, Aboriginal lawman, murderer and resistance fighter (c. 1820)
23 January – John Burdett Wittenoom, clergyman (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1788)
19 March – Thomas Bock, artist (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1790)
3 April – John Bateman, merchant and whaler (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1789)
31 December – Sir Charles Hotham, 1st Governor of Victoria (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1806)
References
^ "Brief History of the Chinese in Australia". Asian Studies Program. La Trobe University. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
^ "Opening of the Sydney and Parramatta Railway". Freeman's Journal. Vol. VI, no. 275. New South Wales, Australia. 29 September 1855. p. 10. Retrieved 2 February 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
vte Years in Australia (1788–present)18th century
1788
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21st century
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Timeline of Australian history
vte1855 in OceaniaSovereign states
Australia
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
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Associated statesof New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List of eventsThe following lists events that happened during 1855 in Australia.","title":"1855 in Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"}],"text":"Monarch - Victoria","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governors of the Australian colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states"},{"link_name":"Governor of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Augustus_FitzRoy"},{"link_name":"Governor of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard MacDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Graves_MacDonnell"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Governor of Van 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Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919"},{"link_name":"28 May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_May"},{"link_name":"Sir William Portus Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Portus_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935"},{"link_name":"18 June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_June"},{"link_name":"George Lewis Becke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lewis_Becke"},{"link_name":"1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913"},{"link_name":"6 August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_August"},{"link_name":"Sir Isaac Isaacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Isaacs"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948"},{"link_name":"13 August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_August"},{"link_name":"William Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Astley"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911"},{"link_name":"25 August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_August"},{"link_name":"Paddy Glynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Glynn"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931"},{"link_name":"28 October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_October"},{"link_name":"Francis James Gillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_James_Gillen"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912"},{"link_name":"22 November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_November"},{"link_name":"Pharez Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharez_Phillips"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914"}],"text":"30 January – George Edwards, New South Wales politician (d. 1911)\n16 February – Henry Saunders, Western Australian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (d. 1919)\n28 May – Sir William Portus Cullen, New South Wales politician and 7th Chief Justice of New South Wales (d. 1935)\n18 June – George Lewis Becke, trader and writer (d. 1913)\n6 August – Sir Isaac Isaacs, 9th Governor-General of Australia and 3rd Chief Justice of Australia (d. 1948)\n13 August – William Astley, short story writer (born in the United Kingdom) (d. 1911)\n25 August – Paddy Glynn, South Australian politician (born in Ireland) (d. 1931)\n28 October – Francis James Gillen, anthropologist and ethnologist (d. 1912)\n22 November – Pharez Phillips, Victorian politician (d. 1914)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5 January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_5"},{"link_name":"Dundalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalli"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal lawman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"1820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820"},{"link_name":"23 January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_January"},{"link_name":"John Burdett Wittenoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burdett_Wittenoom"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788"},{"link_name":"19 March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_March"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bock"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790"},{"link_name":"3 April","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_April"},{"link_name":"John Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bateman_(Australian_settler)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1789"},{"link_name":"31 December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_December"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Hotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hotham"},{"link_name":"Governor of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1806"}],"text":"5 January – Dundalli, Aboriginal lawman, murderer and resistance fighter (c. 1820)\n23 January – John Burdett Wittenoom, clergyman (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1788)\n19 March – Thomas Bock, artist (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1790)\n3 April – John Bateman, merchant and whaler (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1789)\n31 December – Sir Charles Hotham, 1st Governor of Victoria (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1806)","title":"Deaths"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Brief History of the Chinese in Australia\". Asian Studies Program. La Trobe University. Retrieved 25 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au/store/3/4/5/5/1/public/education/history.htm","url_text":"\"Brief History of the Chinese in Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opening of the Sydney and Parramatta Railway\". Freeman's Journal. Vol. VI, no. 275. New South Wales, Australia. 29 September 1855. p. 10. Retrieved 2 February 2023 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article115555689","url_text":"\"Opening of the Sydney and Parramatta Railway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freeman%27s_Journal_(Sydney)","url_text":"Freeman's Journal"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221855+in+Australia%22","external_links_name":"\"1855 in Australia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221855+in+Australia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221855+in+Australia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221855+in+Australia%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221855+in+Australia%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221855+in+Australia%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au/store/3/4/5/5/1/public/education/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"Brief History of the Chinese in Australia\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article115555689","external_links_name":"\"Opening of the Sydney and Parramatta Railway\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UltraVNC | UltraVNC | ["1 Features","2 History","3 Reverse control","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Remote desktop software
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "UltraVNC" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
UltraVNCScreenshot of UltraVNC Viewer connection dialog.Developer(s)Rudi De Vos, UltraSam, Martin Scharpf, Oliver SchneiderInitial release24 June 2005; 18 years ago (2005-06-24)Stable release1.4.3
/ 27 June 2023; 11 months ago (2023-06-27)
Repositorygithub.com/ultravnc
Written inC, C++ and JavaOperating systemServer: Microsoft Windows; Client: Microsoft Windows and LinuxSizeAbout 5 MBAvailable inBrazilian Portuguese, Catalan, French, German, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, EnglishTypeRemote administrationLicenseGPL-2.0-or-laterWebsiteuvnc.com
UltraVNC (sometimes written uVNC) is an open-source remote-administration/remote-desktop-software utility. The client supports Microsoft Windows and Linux but the server only supports Windows. It uses the VNC protocol to allow a computer to access and control another one remotely over a network connection.
Features
UltraVNC allows the use of a remote computer as if the user were in front of it. This is achieved by sending mouse movements and key-presses to the remote computer, and replicating the remote computer's display (subject to differences in resolution) locally in real time. UltraVNC bears a strong resemblance to RealVNC Free Edition. However, in addition to remote control, it adds various features, such as an encryption plugin to secure the client/server connection. It also supports file transfers, chat functionality and various authentication methods. The two computers must be able to communicate across a network, such as a local subnet, internal network, or the Internet. The software is free and distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
It can use an optional mirror driver installed on the remotely controlled computer for fast and efficient notification of screen changes with very low CPU load, although this is not needed since later versions of Windows 10.
History
UltraVNC is developed in the C, C++, and Java programming languages.
Since release 1.0.6.4 UltraVNC server can work as a Windows service under User Account Control (UAC).
Reverse control
UltraVNC is notable as the base for free no-install remote help desk options including UltraVNC Single Click ("SC") and PCHelpWare. These operate by generating pre-configured executables that can be downloaded and run on systems needing support; these applications then connect back to server software running on the system providing support.
See also
Free and open-source software portal
RFB protocol
Comparison of remote desktop software
References
^ a b "Latest version". UltraVNC. Updated as required.
^ "UltrVNC server for Linux. - UltraVNC". February 2006.
^ Mirror driver on UltraVNC Website
^ uVNC Mirror Driver for Windows 10 / 2012, UltraVNC Forum
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to UltraVNC.
Official website
vteRemote administration softwareGeneral
Remote desktop software
Comparison of remote desktop software
Implementations
Absolute Manage
AetherPal
AnyDesk
Apple Remote Desktop
Chrome Remote Desktop
Citrix Virtual Apps
ConnectWise Control
Crossloop
IBM BigFix
LogMeIn
Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager
NetSupport Manager
NinjaOne
pcAnywhere
RealVNC
Remote Desktop Services
Remote Utilities
RescueAssist
scrcpy
Secure Shell
Splashtop
TeamViewer
ThinLinc
TightVNC
Timbuktu
UltraVNC
Virtual Network Computing
NX technology
Controversial Implementations
Back Orifice
Back Orifice 2000
NetBus
Sub7
This network-related software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"remote-administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_administration"},{"link_name":"remote-desktop-software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_desktop_software"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"VNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing"},{"link_name":"network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"}],"text":"UltraVNC (sometimes written uVNC) is an open-source remote-administration/remote-desktop-software utility. The client supports Microsoft Windows and Linux but the server only supports Windows.[2] It uses the VNC protocol to allow a computer to access and control another one remotely over a network connection.","title":"UltraVNC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RealVNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealVNC"},{"link_name":"encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption"},{"link_name":"client/server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client/server"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"GNU General Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"mirror driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_driver"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"UltraVNC allows the use of a remote computer as if the user were in front of it. This is achieved by sending mouse movements and key-presses to the remote computer, and replicating the remote computer's display (subject to differences in resolution) locally in real time. UltraVNC bears a strong resemblance to RealVNC Free Edition. However, in addition to remote control, it adds various features, such as an encryption plugin to secure the client/server connection. It also supports file transfers, chat functionality and various authentication methods. The two computers must be able to communicate across a network, such as a local subnet, internal network, or the Internet. The software is free and distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.It can use an optional mirror driver installed on the remotely controlled computer for fast and efficient notification of screen changes with very low CPU load,[3] although this is not needed since later versions of Windows 10.[4]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Windows service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_service"},{"link_name":"User Account Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Account_Control"}],"text":"UltraVNC is developed in the C, C++, and Java programming languages.Since release 1.0.6.4 UltraVNC server can work as a Windows service under User Account Control (UAC).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"help desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_desk"}],"text":"UltraVNC is notable as the base for free no-install remote help desk options including UltraVNC Single Click (\"SC\") and PCHelpWare. These operate by generating pre-configured executables that can be downloaded and run on systems needing support; these applications then connect back to server software running on the system providing support.","title":"Reverse control"}] | [] | [{"title":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"},{"title":"RFB protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol"},{"title":"Comparison of remote desktop software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_remote_desktop_software"}] | [{"reference":"\"Latest version\". UltraVNC.","urls":[{"url":"https://uvnc.com/downloads/ultravnc.html","url_text":"\"Latest version\""}]},{"reference":"\"UltrVNC server for Linux. - UltraVNC\". February 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://forum.ultravnc.net/viewtopic.php?t=5699","url_text":"\"UltrVNC server for Linux. - UltraVNC\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22UltraVNC%22","external_links_name":"\"UltraVNC\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22UltraVNC%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22UltraVNC%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22UltraVNC%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22UltraVNC%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22UltraVNC%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://github.com/ultravnc","external_links_name":"github.com/ultravnc"},{"Link":"https://uvnc.com/","external_links_name":"uvnc.com"},{"Link":"https://uvnc.com/downloads/ultravnc.html","external_links_name":"\"Latest version\""},{"Link":"https://forum.ultravnc.net/viewtopic.php?t=5699","external_links_name":"\"UltrVNC server for Linux. - UltraVNC\""},{"Link":"https://uvnc.com/products/mirror-driver.html","external_links_name":"Mirror driver"},{"Link":"https://forum.ultravnc.net/viewtopic.php?t=32094#wrap","external_links_name":"uVNC Mirror Driver for Windows 10 / 2012"},{"Link":"https://uvnc.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UltraVNC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_Village | Seaport Village | ["1 History","2 Shops","3 Restaurants","4 Carousel","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°42′32.43″N 117°10′15.97″W / 32.7090083°N 117.1711028°W / 32.7090083; -117.1711028Waterfront shopping complex in San Diego
For the San Diego Trolley station, see Seaport Village station.
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
32°42′32.43″N 117°10′15.97″W / 32.7090083°N 117.1711028°W / 32.7090083; -117.1711028
A storefront in Seaport Village, with a downtown hotel in the background
Seaport Village is a waterfront shopping and dining complex adjacent to San Diego Bay in downtown San Diego, California. It is located at 849 West Harbor Drive, at the intersection of Harbor Drive and Kettner.
It houses more than 70 shops, galleries, and eateries on 90,000 square feet (8,000 m2) of waterfront property. The Village contains several freestanding buildings in an assortment of architectural styles, from Victorian to traditional Mexican. It is designed to be a car-free environment, with four miles (6 km) of winding paths rather than streets connecting the various buildings. It is located in walking distance from the San Diego Convention Center and the cruise ship terminal. It is currently under redevelopment planning, with construction to begin approximately 2025. It will remain operational until construction begins, according to the Port District.
Seaport Village, San Diego, USA
History
Seaport Village was built on landfill over Punta de los Muertos (Spanish for Point of the Dead), where the Spanish expedition of 1782 buried those who had died of scurvy. In later years it was a railroad yard where goods and other materials used to come through the area.
Seaport Village was developed by Morris Taubman. The center broke ground in 1978 and opened in 1980. It is owned by the Port of San Diego and is under the management of Protea Management Properties.
Seaport Village
View of San Diego Bay and Coronado Bridge from Seaport Village
Shops
More than 50 shops line the walkways. The shops are geared toward tourists, with merchandise ranging from cruise-ware and San Diego souvenirs to specialty vendors.
Restaurants
Seaport Village is home to several bay-view restaurants. In addition, a food court and many snack stands are available. There is also a cafe aboard the adjacent, unrelated U.S.S. Midway aircraft carrier museum.
Carousel
The center features a working carousel with hand-carved animals, built in 1895. It replaces a slightly smaller original carousel, which was sold in 2004 by the trust that owned it.
See also
Old Police Headquarters
References
^ a b "Frommer's Review: Seaport Village". New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
^ "WORLD CLASS WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT - Port of San Diego" (PDF).
^ a b "Seaport Village to get new carousel". San Diego Union Tribune. June 16, 2004. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
^ https://www.seaportsandiegoca.com/
^ Wood, Beth (March 7, 2011). "Seaport Village boasts more than 50 shops, a century-old carousel and stunning views of the bay". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
External links
Seaport Village website
Old version of Seaport Village website (since 1997)
vteShopping malls in CaliforniaNorthern CaliforniaAlameda
Bay Street Emeryville
Bayfair Center
Eastmont Town Center
Fremont Hub
NewPark Mall
Oakland City Center
Pacific Commons
Rockridge Market Hall
Southland Mall
Stoneridge Shopping Center
Union Landing Shopping Center
Contra Costa
Abella Center
Broadway Plaza
El Cerrito Plaza
Hilltop Horizon
Macdonald 80 Shopping Center
Pacific East Mall
Somersville Towne Center
Sunvalley Shopping Center
Willows Shopping Center
Fresno
Fashion Fair
River Park
Marin
Northgate Mall
Town Center at Corte Madera
Village at Corte Madera
Monterey
Carmel Plaza
Del Monte Center
Northridge Mall
Sacramento
Arden Fair
Country Club Centre
Downtown Commons
Florin Towne Centre
Sunrise Mall
Town & Country Village
San Francisco
Emporium Centre San Francisco
Metreon
Stonestown Galleria
Union Square
Union Street Stores
San Mateo
Bridgepointe Shopping Center
Hillsdale Shopping Center
Serramonte Center
Shops at Tanforan
Westlake Shopping Center
San Joaquin
Sherwood Place
Weberstown Mall
West Valley Mall
Santa Clara
Eastridge
Great Mall of the Bay Area
Mayfield Mall
Pruneyard Shopping Center
San Antonio Shopping Center
Santana Row
Stanford Shopping Center
Sunnyvale Town Center
Vallco Shopping Mall
Westfield Oakridge
Westfield Valley Fair
Westgate Center
Sonoma
Coddingtown Mall
Montgomery Village
Santa Rosa Plaza
Elsewhere
Bayshore Mall
Capitola Mall
Chico Marketplace
Solano Town Center
Vintage Faire Mall
Visalia Mall
Westfield Galleria at Roseville
Yuba Sutter Marketplace
Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesL.A. Central Area
ARCO Plaza*
Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza
Beverly Center
Beverly Connection
The Bloc Los Angeles
Broadway & 87th Street*
Crossroads of the World
Eagle Rock Plaza
El Mercado de Los Angeles
Farmers Market
FIGat7th
Grove at Farmers Market
Japanese Village Plaza
Los Angeles Mall
Midtown Crossing & Sears-Pico
Ovation Hollywood
Town & Country Market*
Weller Court
West Hollywood Gateway
Westside
Airport Marina Hotel*
Brentwood Country Mart
Edgemar
Malibu Country Mart
Palisades Village
Platform, Culver City
Promenade at Howard Hughes Center
Santa Monica Place
Third Street Promenade
Westfield Century City
Westfield Culver City
San Fernando Valley
Americana at Brand
Burbank Town Center
Commons at Calabasas
Fallbrook Center
Glendale Fashion Center
Glendale Galleria
NoHo West
Northridge Fashion Center
Panorama Mall
Promenade (Woodland Hills)*
Sherman Oaks Galleria*
Universal CityWalk
Valley Plaza*
Westfield Fashion Square
Westfield Topanga
San Gabriel Valley
Eastland Center
El Monte Shopping Center*
El Rancho Santa Anita
Indian Hill Mall*
Paseo Colorado
Plaza West Covina
Pomona Mall*
Puente Hills Mall
Shops at Santa Anita
South Bay
Del Amo Fashion Center
Fisherman's Village
Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center
Old Towne Mall*
Peninsula Center
Promenade on the Peninsula
South Bay Galleria
SouthBay Pavilion
Southeast L.A. Co.
Los Cerritos Center
Cerritos Towne Center
Citadel Outlets
Lakewood Center
La Mirada Mall*
Plaza México
Promenade at Downey
Quad at Whittier
Santa Fe Springs Mall*
Santa Fe Springs Shopping Center*
Shops at Montebello
Stonewood Center
Uptown Whittier
Whittier Downs*
Whittwood Town Center*
Long Beach
Long Beach Plaza
Long Beach Towne Center
Los Altos Center
Marina Pacifica Mall
Northern L.A. Co.
Antelope Valley Mall
Valencia Town Center
Orange
Anaheim GardenWalk
Anaheim Plaza
Anaheim Town Square
Anaheim Towne Center
Asian Garden Mall
Bella Terra
Brea Mall
Buena Park Downtown
Downtown Disney
Fashion Island
Honer Plaza*
Irvine Spectrum
La Habra Fashion Square*
Laguna Hills Mall
MainPlace Mall
The Market Place
Orange County Plaza*
Orangefair Mall*
Outlets at Orange
Shops at Mission Viejo
South Coast Plaza
Village at Orange
Westminster Mall
Riverside
Desert Fashion Plaza
Galleria at Tyler
Hemet Valley Mall
Indio Fashion Mall*
Main St. pedestrian mall, Riverside
Moreno Valley Mall
La Plaza (Palm Springs)
Promenade In Temecula
Riverside Plaza
Shops at Palm Desert
San Bernardino
Barstow Mall
Carousel Mall
Citrus Plaza
Citrus Village
Inland Center
Mall of Victor Valley
Montclair Plaza
Ontario Mills
Redlands Mall
Victoria Gardens
San Diego
Chula Vista Center
College Grove
Escondido Village*
Fashion Valley
Grossmont Center
Horton Plaza
La Jolla Village Square
Las Americas Premium Outlets
Linda Vista Shopping Center (demolished)
Mission Valley
North County Mall
One Paseo
Otay Ranch Town Center
Parkway Plaza
Seaport Village
Shoppes at Carlsbad
South Bay Plaza
Westfield Plaza Bonita
Westfield UTC
Santa Barbara
La Cumbre Plaza
Paseo Nuevo
Santa Maria Town Center
Ventura
Collection at RiverPark
Esplanade
The Oaks
Pacific View Mall
Simi Valley Town Center
Elsewhere
Imperial Valley Mall, El Centro
Valley Plaza Mall, Bakersfield
See also: History of retail in Southern California – History of retail in Palm Springs — Note: starred (*) listings indicate former regional mall now site of strip-style community center with new name | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seaport Village station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_Village_station"},{"link_name":"32°42′32.43″N 117°10′15.97″W / 32.7090083°N 117.1711028°W / 32.7090083; -117.1711028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seaport_Village¶ms=32_42_32.43_N_117_10_15.97_W_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SeaportVillage.jpg"},{"link_name":"downtown hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Grand_Hyatt_Hotel"},{"link_name":"San Diego Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Bay"},{"link_name":"downtown San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frommer-1"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"San Diego Convention Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_fountain_in_Seaport_Village.jpg"}],"text":"Waterfront shopping complex in San DiegoFor the San Diego Trolley station, see Seaport Village station.32°42′32.43″N 117°10′15.97″W / 32.7090083°N 117.1711028°W / 32.7090083; -117.1711028A storefront in Seaport Village, with a downtown hotel in the backgroundSeaport Village is a waterfront shopping and dining complex adjacent to San Diego Bay in downtown San Diego, California. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunzio_Prata | Ranunzio Prata | ["1 References"] | Italian painter
Ranunzio Prata was an Italian painter. He was born in Milan, and painted in Pavia around 1635. He may be the author of an altarpiece at San Francesco, Brescia.
References
^ The History of Painting in Italy from the Period of the Revival of the Fine Arts, By Luigi Lanzi, page 421.
Bryan, Michael (1889). Walter Armstrong; Robert Edmund Graves (eds.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical. Vol. II L-Z. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 319.
This article about an Italian painter born in the 17th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"San Francesco, Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francesco,_Brescia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ranunzio Prata was an Italian painter. He was born in Milan, and painted in Pavia around 1635. He may be the author of an altarpiece at San Francesco, Brescia.[1]","title":"Ranunzio Prata"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bryan, Michael (1889). Walter Armstrong; Robert Edmund Graves (eds.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical. Vol. II L-Z. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 319.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K2cCAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historypainting00lanzgoog","external_links_name":"The History of Painting in Italy from the Period of the Revival of the Fine Arts"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K2cCAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranunzio_Prata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Spleen_de_Paris | Le Spleen de Paris | ["1 Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris","1.1 Pleasure","1.2 Sobriety and intoxication","1.3 The artist/poet","1.4 Women","1.5 Mortality and the passage of time","1.6 The city","1.7 Poverty/class","1.8 Religion/good vs. evil","2 Poet/reader relationship","3 Style","4 Publication history, influences, and critical reception","5 Notable quotations","6 Table of contents (Mackenzie 2008)","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | 1869 collection of short prose poems by Charles Baudelaire
Spleen et idéal, by Carlos Schwabe, 1907
Le Spleen de Paris, also known as Paris Spleen or Petits Poèmes en prose, is a collection of 50 short prose poems by Charles Baudelaire. The collection was published posthumously in 1869 and is associated with literary modernism.
Baudelaire mentions he had read Aloysius Bertrand's Gaspard de la nuit (considered the first example of prose poetry) at least twenty times before starting this work. Though inspired by Bertrand, Baudelaire's prose poems were based on Parisian contemporary life instead of the medieval background which Bertrand employed. He said of his work: "These are the flowers of evil again, but with more freedom, much more detail, and much more mockery." Indeed, many of the themes and even titles from Baudelaire's earlier collection Les Fleurs du mal are revisited in this work.
These poems have no particular order, have no beginning and no end, and can be read like thoughts or short stories in a stream of consciousness style. The point of the poems is "to capture the beauty of life in the modern city," using what Jean-Paul Sartre has labeled his existential outlook on his surroundings.
Published twenty years after the fratricidal June Days that ended the ideal or "brotherly" revolution of 1848, Baudelaire makes no attempts at trying to reform society he has grown up in but realizes the inequities of the progressing modernization of Paris. In poems such as "The Eyes of the Poor" where he writes (after witnessing an impoverished family looking in on a new cafe): "Not only was I moved by that family of eyes, but I felt a little ashamed of our glasses and decanters, larger than our thirst ...", showing his feelings of despair and class guilt.
The title of the work refers not to the abdominal organ (the spleen) but rather to the second, more literary meaning of the word, "melancholy with no apparent cause, characterised by a disgust with everything".
Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris
Pleasure
Le Spleen de Paris explores the idea of pleasure as a vehicle for expressing emotion. Many of the poems refer to sex or sin explicitly (i.e. "Double Bedroom," "A Hemisphere in a Head of Hair", "Temptations"); others use subtle language and imagery to evoke sensuality (i.e. "the Artist's Confiteor"). In both cases, the diction is undeniably sexual; for example, in "Double Bedroom", "Muslin rains abundantly over the windows and around the bed in a snowy cascade. Within this bed is ensconced the Idol, queen of dreams." Baudelaire's obsession with pleasure reflects his love for scandal and wickedness, as well as his philosophy that by seeking pleasure, man taps into his authentic "evil" self.
Sobriety and intoxication
Many of Baudelaire's prose poems, such as "Be Drunk", openly advocate drinking and intoxication. Intoxication (or any equal pleasure such as creative work, sex, virtue, etc.) creates a euphoria and timelessness that allows you to transcend the limitations of time and truly live "in the moment". In "Be Drunk", the speaker commands the reader to engage in something intoxicating: "You must be drunk always ... Time crushes your shoulders and bends you earthward, you must be drunk without respite." Sobriety, in contrast, forces you to address the harsh realities of the world around you. However, this interpretation has recently been challenged by some critics, who claim that Baudelaire was actually being ironic in his advocacy for drunkenness. Maria Scott, a literary scholar, claims that Baudelaire believed "artificial toxication was ... far inferior to 'successive work' and the 'regular exercise of will', that artificial stimulants ... actually amplify time." Thus, it is debatable whether intoxication refers to literal drunkenness as an escape or if it symbolizes the pleasure found in writing and expressing oneself.
The artist/poet
In Le Spleen de Paris, the concept of artist and poet intermingle. Baudelaire saw poetry as a form of art, and thus in many of the prose poems the artist is a substitute for a traditional poet or speaker. In "The Desire to Paint", the artist attempts to depict his beautiful muse with images, just as the poet attempts to express his emotions with language. The relationship between the artist and poet reflects the need to evoke a particular feeling or idea, and this thread is carried through almost every single poem in the text. Ultimately, the artist and the poet become one, since they share the same purpose – to describe beauty. In this sense, the work itself (and every individual poem within) is beautiful, a "work of art" due to its innovative, interesting form. Thus, the poem, according to Baudelaire, is as much an "aesthetic experience" as it is a literary one.
Women
Women are both admired and ridiculed in Le Spleen de Paris. Some poems, such as "The Desire to Paint", reflect female power and sexuality in a somewhat positive manner. However, a larger portion of the poems in Baudelaire's work debase women as evil, gaudy, and cold. Many are represented as prostitutes, and according to scholars, "the courtesan would seem to be a virtual incarnation, for Baudelaire, of all that is artificial and misleading." In "The Rope", the speaker's apprentice hangs himself, and his mother comes to collect the rope. The speaker is shocked to discover that she did so not to "preserve them as horrible and precious relics", but to sell them for a morbid profit. Baudelaire rejects the concept of maternal love and replaces it with a cold economic reality. Still, women are inherently sexual, and in some regards, Baudelaire admires their sensual beauty (connects back to themes of intoxication, pleasure).
Mortality and the passage of time
Many of Baudelaire's prose poems are dominated by the concept of time, usually negatively. The speaker in Le Spleen de Paris fears the passage of time and his/her own mortality. As a result, intoxication, women, pleasure, and writing are all forms of escape from this unavoidable hell. "Be Drunk" and "Already!" exemplify Baudelaire's infatuation with the idea of time. In "Already!" the speaker is incapable of matching the infiniteness and simplicity of nature, and at the end, comes face to face with his own death: "I felt pulled down deathwards; which is why, when companions said, 'At last!' I could only cry, 'Already!" Also, this theme supports Baudelaire's admiration of art and poetry because although man cannot defeat time and death, a work of art can. Art, poetry, life, and death are inextricably linked within Baudelaire's poems, and perhaps reflect a personal obsession with mortality.
The city
For Baudelaire, the setting of most poems within Le Spleen de Paris is the Parisian metropolis, specifically the poorer areas within the city. Notable poems within Le Spleen de Paris whose urban setting is important include “Crowds” and “The Old Mountebank.” Within his writing about city life, Baudelaire seems to stress the relationship between individual and society, frequently placing the speaker in a reflective role looking out at the city. It is also important to note that Baudelaire's Paris is not one of nice shops and beautiful streets. Instead, Baudelaire focuses on dirty, poverty-stricken areas of Paris with social problems rather than the Paris of the upper class.
Poverty/class
In connection with the theme of the Parisian metropolis, Baudelaire focuses heavily on the theme of poverty and social class within Le Spleen de Paris. Important poems from the collection which embody these themes include "The Toy of the Poor", "The Eyes of the Poor", "Counterfeit Money", and "Let's Beat Up the Poor". In these poems Baudelaire introduces slightly differing views of the urban poor. In "The Toy of the Poor" Baudelaire heavily stresses the need for equality between social classes in Paris. In comparison, "Counterfeit Money" and "Let's Beat Up the Poor" seem to use a sarcastic tone to instil empathy in the reader for those people in poverty. In Michael Hamburger's introduction to his translation, Twenty Prose Poems of Baudelaire, the scholar notes a highly sympathetic view of the poor in Le Spleen de Paris; Baudelaire seems to relate to the poor and becomes an advocate for them in his poetry.
Religion/good vs. evil
Many poems in Le Spleen de Paris incorporate a central theme of religion or the relationship between good and evil in human nature. "Cake", which centers on a moral battle addressing the question of whether humans are inherently good or evil stands out as an especially important poem within the collection. "Loss of a Halo" also incorporates similar themes, literally discussing the role of angels as well as the relationship between mankind and religious ideology, questioning the goodness of Christian ideals. Along these lines, Baudelaire repeatedly addresses the theme of sin within his poetry as well as questioning how the hierarchy of class could affect the hierarchy of goodness, implying that those of higher social class tend not to be morally superior to those of lower classes. Many critics of Baudelaire address the prominent role of religion in the poet's life and how that might have affected his writing.
Poet/reader relationship
The following passage is taken from the preface to the 2008 Mackenzie translation of Le Spleen de Paris, entitled "To Arsène Houssaye":
My dear friend, I send you here a little work of which no one could say that it has neither head nor tail, because, on the contrary, everything in it is both head and tail, alternately and reciprocally. Please consider what fine advantages this combination offers to all of us, to you, to me, and to the reader. We can cut whatever we like—me, my reverie, you, the manuscript, and the reader, his reading; for I don't tie the impatient reader up in the endless thread of a superfluous plot. Pull out one of the vertebrae, and the two halves of this tortuous fantasy will rejoin themselves painlessly. Chop it up into numerous fragments, and you'll find that each one can live on its own. In the hopes that some of these stumps will be lively enough to please and amuse you, I dedicate the entire serpent to you.
While writing Le Spleen de Paris, Baudelaire made very conscious decisions regarding his relationship with his readers. As seen in the preface to the collection, addressed to his publisher, Arsène Houssaye, Baudelaire attempted to write a text that was very accessible to a reader while pulling the most appealing aspects of both prose and poetry and combining them into the revolutionary genre of prose poetry. For Baudelaire, the accessibility of the text and ability for a reader to set down the book and pick it up much later was crucial, especially considering his implied opinions of his readers. Baudelaire's tone throughout the preface, "The Dog and the Vial" as well as other poems throughout Le Spleen de Paris seem to illustrate Baudelaire's opinions of superiority over his readers. In "The Dog and the Vial", a man offers his dog a vial of fancy perfume to smell and the dog reacts in horror, instead wishing to sniff more seemingly unappealing smells, specifically excrement. The poem concludes with the frustration of the speaker with his dog, expressed as the speaker states: "In this respect you, unworthy companion of my sad life, resemble the public, to whom one must never present the delicate scents that only exasperate them, but instead give them only dung, chosen with care". One can extrapolate this poem to apply more figuratively to the larger themes of the poet-reader relationship, in which Baudelaire deprecates his readers, viewing them as unintelligent and incapable of appreciating his work.
Style
Le Spleen de Paris represents a definitive break from traditional poetic forms. The text is composed of "prose poems" which span the continuum between "prosaic" and "poetic" works. The new, unconventional form of poetry was characteristic of the modernist movement occurring throughout Europe (and particularly in Paris) at the time. In the preface to Le Spleen de Paris, Baudelaire describes that modernity requires a new language, "a miracle of a poetic prose, musical without rhythm or rhyme, supple enough and striking enough to suit lyrical movements of the soul, undulations of reverie, the flip-flops of consciousness", and in this sense, Le Spleen de Paris gives life to modern language. Baudelaire's prose poetry tends to be more poetic in comparison to later works such as Ponge's Le parti pris des choses, but each poem varies. For an example of a more poetic poem, see "Evening Twilight"; for a prosaic example, see "The Bad Glazier".
Publication history, influences, and critical reception
Baudelaire's Le Spleen de Paris is unique in that it was published posthumously by his sister in 1869, two years after Baudelaire died. In fact, it was not until his waning years, plagued by physical ailments and the contraction of syphilis that he created a table of contents for the book. Baudelaire spent years 1857 to 1867 working on his book of poems that chronicled daily life in the city of Paris. These poems aimed at capturing the times in which they were written, from the brutally repressed upheavals of 1848 (after which the government censored literature more than ever), the 1851 coup d'état of Louis Bonaparte and generally Paris of the 1850s, demolished and renovated by Napoleon III's prefect, Baron Haussman. In displaying the social antagonisms of the age, Baudelaire drew influence from many great artists of the time. In fact, an active critical essayist himself, his critical reviews of other poets "elucidate the recesses of the mind that created Les Fleurs du Mal and Le Spleen de Paris."
Influence: While there is much speculation regarding direct influence and inspiration in the creation of Le Spleen de Paris, the following colleagues seem to have clearly influenced the book of small poems:
Edgar Allan Poe: "Indeed, Poe illustrates his claim with several examples which seem to summarize with uncanny precision the temperament of Baudelaire himself (Poe 273–4). The affinity between the two writers in this regard seems beyond dispute ... Moreover, 'The Imp of the Perverse (short story)' is less a tale than a prose poem, and both its subject-matter and its movement from general considerations to specific examples leading to an unexpected conclusion may have influenced Baudelaire in his creation of Le Spleen de Paris."
Aloysius Betrand's Gaspard de la nuit: Baudelaire himself is quoted as citing this work as an inspiration for Paris Spleen.
Gustave Flaubert: Magazine article "No ideas but in Crowds: Baudelaire's Paris Spleen" cites similarities between the writers in that like Baudelaire, Flaubert held the same motives and intentions in that he too wanted "to write the moral history of the men of my generation – or, more accurately, the history of their feelings."
Critical reception: The way in which the poem was received certainly lends to understanding the climate in which Baudelaire created Le Spleen de Paris, in that "It appears to be almost a diary entry, an explicit rundown of the day's events; those events seem to be precisely the kind that Charles Baudelaire would have experienced in the hectic and hypocritical world of the literary marketplace of his day."
Notable critical reception: In order to truly understand how Le Spleen de Paris was received, one must first be acquainted with Baudelaire's earlier works. The repressions and upheavals of 1848 resulted in massive censorship of literature, which did not bode well for Baudelaire's perhaps most famous work, Les Fleurs du Mal. Society was so shocked by the satanic references and sexual perversion in the book that at the time it was a critical and popular failure. This put the anticipated reception of Le Spleen de Paris at a disadvantage. Like Flowers of Evil, it wasn't until much later that Paris Spleen was fully appreciated for what it was, a masterpiece that "brought the style of the prose poem to the broader republics of the people". That being said, just four years after Arthur Rimbaud used Baudelaire's work as a foundation for his poems, as he considered Baudelaire a great poet and pioneer of prose.
Appearance in Media: A 2006 film Spleen, written by Eric Bomba-Ire, borrowed its title from Baudelaire's book of prose poems. Baudelaire expressed a particular feeling that he called 'Spleen' which is a mixture of melancholy, rage, eros, and resignation, which ties in well with the movie's darkly woven tale of love, betrayal and passion.
Notable quotations
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In "Let us beat up the poor", Baudelaire makes up a parable about economic and social equality: no one is entitled to it; it belongs to those who can win it and keep it. And he taunts the social reformer: "What do you think of that, Proudhon?"
"At One in the Morning" is like a diary entry, a rundown of the day's events. In it, Baudelaire recognizes that he is part of a society full of hypocrites. His individual self becomes "blurred ... by a hypocrisy and perverseness which progressively undermine the difference between the self and others." This is at least partly what Baudelaire meant by "a modern and more abstract life."
"The Thyrsus" is a piece addressed to composer Franz Liszt. The ancient Greek thyrsus had connotations of "unleashed sexuality and violence, of the profound power of the irrational." Baudelaire believed the thyrsus to be an acceptable object of representation for Liszt's music.
In "The Bad Windowpane Maker" Baudelaire speaks of a "kind of energy that springs from ennui and reverie" that manifests itself in a particularly unexpected way in the most inactive dreamers. Doctors and moralists alike are at a loss to explain where such mad energy so suddenly comes from to these lazy people, why they suddenly feel the need to perform such absurd and dangerous deeds.
The prefatory letter Baudelaire wrote to Arsene Houssaye, the editor of La Presse, was not necessarily intended to be included in the publication. When Baudelaire drew up his table of contents for the projected book form, he did not include the letter. It is possible, then, that the letter only appeared in La Presse as a means of flattery to ensure that Houssaye would publish the poems. Nevertheless, it allows us to understand Baudelaire's thinking about the genre of prose poetry:
Who among us has not dreamed, in his ambitious days, of the miracle of a poetic prose, musical without rhythm or rhyme, supple enough and jarring enough to be adapted to the soul's lyrical movements, the undulations of reverie, to the twists and turns that consciousness takes?
Table of contents (Mackenzie 2008)
To Arsène Houssaye
The Foreigner
The Old Woman's Despair
The Artist's Confession
A Joker
The Double Room
To Each His Chimera
The Fool and Venus
The Dog and the Vial
The Bad Glazier
At One in the Morning
The Wild Woman and the Little Mistress
Crowds
The Widows
The Old Mountebank
Cake
The Clock
A Hemisphere in Her Hair
Invitation to the Voyage
The Toy of the Poor
The Fairies' Gifts
The Temptations: Or, Eros, Plutus, and Fame
Evening Twilight
Solitude
Plans
Beautiful Dorothy
The Eyes of the Poor
A Heroic Death
Counterfeit Money
The Generous Gambler
The Rope
Vocations
The Thyrsus
Get Yourself Drunk
Already!
Windows
The Desire to Paint
The Favors of the Moon
Which is the Real One?
A Thoroughbred
The Mirror
The Port
Portraits of Mistresses
The Gallant Marksman
The Soup and the Clouds
The Firing Range and the Graveyard
Loss of a Halo
Mademoiselle Bistouri
Any Where Out of the World
Let's Beat Up the Poor!
Good Dogs
See also
Melancholia
Spleen#Society and culture
References
^ Definition from Le Nouveau Petit Robert 2009
^ Waldrop 2009, p. 9.
^ Richardson, Joanna. Baudelaire. St. Martin's Press: New York, 1994. 50.
^ Waldrop 2009, p. 71.
^ Scott 2005, pp. 196–197.
^ Hiddleston, J. A. Baudelaire and Le Spleen de Paris. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. 10–11.
^ Scott 2005, p. 54.
^ Waldrop 2009, pp. 62–64.
^ Waldrop 2009, p. 73.
^ Hamburger 1946, pp. vii–xii.
^ Mackenzie 2008, p. 3.
^ Mackenzie 2008, p. 14.
^ Berman, Marshall. "Baudelaire: Modernism in the Streets." All that is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Penguin Group Inc., 1988. 148. Google Books. 2009. 21 May 2009, books.google.com
^ Waldrop 2009, p. 3.
^ Spleen (2006) at IMDb
^ Hill 2006, p. 36.
^ Hill 2006.
^ Hill 2006, p. 56.
^ Mackenzie 2008, p. xiii.
Sources
Hamburger, Michael (1946). "Introduction". Twenty Prose Poems of Baudelaire. London: Poetry London.
Hill, Claire Ortiz (2006). Roots and Flowers of Evil in Baudelaire, Nietzsche, and Hitler. Chicago: Open Court.
Baudelaire, Charles. Paris Spleen and La Fanfarlo. Translated by Raymond N. Mackenzie. Indianapolis: Hackett. 2008.
Scott, Maria C. (2005). Baudelaire's Le Spleen de Paris: Shifting Perspectives. Burlington: Ashgate.
Baudelaire, Charles. Paris Spleen. Translated by Keith Waldrop. Middleton: Wesleyan University Press. 2009.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Le Spleen de Paris.
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Petits Poèmes en prose
Charles Baudelaire, site dedicated to Baudelaire's poems and prose, containing Fleurs du mal, Petit poemes et prose, Fanfarlo and more, in French.
Le Spleen de Paris: Full online downloadable text
Lo Spleen di Parigi: Italian translation online
Baudelaire, Charles (1970) . Paris Spleen. Translated by Varèse, Louise. New Directions Publishing. ISBN 9780811200073.
vteCharles BaudelairePoems
"L'albatros"
"Le Désir de peindre"
"Les Litanies de Satan"
"The Swan"
Poetry collections
Les Fleurs du mal (1857)
Le Spleen de Paris (1869)
Other works
La Fanfarlo (1847)
"The Pagan School" (1852)
Les Paradis artificiels (1860)
"The Painter of Modern Life" (1863)
Depictions
Portrait of Charles Baudelaire (painting)
Les Derniers Jours de Charles Baudelaire (1988 novel)
The Baudelaire Fractal (2020 novel)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
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France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spleen_et_ideal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlos Schwabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Schwabe"},{"link_name":"prose poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_poetry"},{"link_name":"Charles Baudelaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire"},{"link_name":"literary modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_modernism"},{"link_name":"Aloysius Bertrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand"},{"link_name":"Gaspard de la nuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_la_Nuit_(book)"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"the flowers of evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Fleurs_du_mal"},{"link_name":"Les Fleurs du mal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Fleurs_du_mal"},{"link_name":"stream of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_writing"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre"},{"link_name":"existential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism"},{"link_name":"June Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Days_uprising"},{"link_name":"revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"spleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Spleen et idéal, by Carlos Schwabe, 1907Le Spleen de Paris, also known as Paris Spleen or Petits Poèmes en prose, is a collection of 50 short prose poems by Charles Baudelaire. The collection was published posthumously in 1869 and is associated with literary modernism.Baudelaire mentions he had read Aloysius Bertrand's Gaspard de la nuit (considered the first example of prose poetry) at least twenty times before starting this work. Though inspired by Bertrand, Baudelaire's prose poems were based on Parisian contemporary life instead of the medieval background which Bertrand employed. He said of his work: \"These are the flowers of evil again, but with more freedom, much more detail, and much more mockery.\" Indeed, many of the themes and even titles from Baudelaire's earlier collection Les Fleurs du mal are revisited in this work.These poems have no particular order, have no beginning and no end, and can be read like thoughts or short stories in a stream of consciousness style. The point of the poems is \"to capture the beauty of life in the modern city,\" using what Jean-Paul Sartre has labeled his existential outlook on his surroundings.Published twenty years after the fratricidal June Days that ended the ideal or \"brotherly\" revolution of 1848, Baudelaire makes no attempts at trying to reform society he has grown up in but realizes the inequities of the progressing modernization of Paris. In poems such as \"The Eyes of the Poor\" where he writes (after witnessing an impoverished family looking in on a new cafe): \"Not only was I moved by that family of eyes, but I felt a little ashamed of our glasses and decanters, larger than our thirst ...\", showing his feelings of despair and class guilt.The title of the work refers not to the abdominal organ (the spleen) but rather to the second, more literary meaning of the word, \"melancholy with no apparent cause, characterised by a disgust with everything\".[1]","title":"Le Spleen de Paris"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldrop20099-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Pleasure","text":"Le Spleen de Paris explores the idea of pleasure as a vehicle for expressing emotion. Many of the poems refer to sex or sin explicitly (i.e. \"Double Bedroom,\" \"A Hemisphere in a Head of Hair\", \"Temptations\"); others use subtle language and imagery to evoke sensuality (i.e. \"the Artist's Confiteor\"). In both cases, the diction is undeniably sexual; for example, in \"Double Bedroom\", \"Muslin rains abundantly over the windows and around the bed in a snowy cascade. Within this bed is ensconced the Idol, queen of dreams.\"[2] Baudelaire's obsession with pleasure reflects his love for scandal and wickedness, as well as his philosophy that by seeking pleasure, man taps into his authentic \"evil\" self.[3]","title":"Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldrop200971-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2005196%E2%80%93197-5"}],"sub_title":"Sobriety and intoxication","text":"Many of Baudelaire's prose poems, such as \"Be Drunk\", openly advocate drinking and intoxication. Intoxication (or any equal pleasure such as creative work, sex, virtue, etc.) creates a euphoria and timelessness that allows you to transcend the limitations of time and truly live \"in the moment\". In \"Be Drunk\", the speaker commands the reader to engage in something intoxicating: \"You must be drunk always ... Time crushes your shoulders and bends you earthward, you must be drunk without respite.\"[4] Sobriety, in contrast, forces you to address the harsh realities of the world around you. However, this interpretation has recently been challenged by some critics, who claim that Baudelaire was actually being ironic in his advocacy for drunkenness. Maria Scott, a literary scholar, claims that Baudelaire believed \"artificial toxication was ... far inferior to 'successive work' and the 'regular exercise of will', that artificial stimulants ... actually amplify time.\"[5] Thus, it is debatable whether intoxication refers to literal drunkenness as an escape or if it symbolizes the pleasure found in writing and expressing oneself.","title":"Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"The artist/poet","text":"In Le Spleen de Paris, the concept of artist and poet intermingle. Baudelaire saw poetry as a form of art, and thus in many of the prose poems the artist is a substitute for a traditional poet or speaker. In \"The Desire to Paint\", the artist attempts to depict his beautiful muse with images, just as the poet attempts to express his emotions with language. The relationship between the artist and poet reflects the need to evoke a particular feeling or idea, and this thread is carried through almost every single poem in the text. Ultimately, the artist and the poet become one, since they share the same purpose – to describe beauty. In this sense, the work itself (and every individual poem within) is beautiful, a \"work of art\" due to its innovative, interesting form. Thus, the poem, according to Baudelaire, is as much an \"aesthetic experience\" as it is a literary one.[6]","title":"Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200554-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldrop200962%E2%80%9364-8"}],"sub_title":"Women","text":"Women are both admired and ridiculed in Le Spleen de Paris. Some poems, such as \"The Desire to Paint\", reflect female power and sexuality in a somewhat positive manner. However, a larger portion of the poems in Baudelaire's work debase women as evil, gaudy, and cold. Many are represented as prostitutes, and according to scholars, \"the courtesan would seem to be a virtual incarnation, for Baudelaire, of all that is artificial and misleading.\"[7] In \"The Rope\", the speaker's apprentice hangs himself, and his mother comes to collect the rope. The speaker is shocked to discover that she did so not to \"preserve them as horrible and precious relics\", but to sell them for a morbid profit.[8] Baudelaire rejects the concept of maternal love and replaces it with a cold economic reality. Still, women are inherently sexual, and in some regards, Baudelaire admires their sensual beauty (connects back to themes of intoxication, pleasure).","title":"Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldrop200973-9"}],"sub_title":"Mortality and the passage of time","text":"Many of Baudelaire's prose poems are dominated by the concept of time, usually negatively. The speaker in Le Spleen de Paris fears the passage of time and his/her own mortality. As a result, intoxication, women, pleasure, and writing are all forms of escape from this unavoidable hell. \"Be Drunk\" and \"Already!\" exemplify Baudelaire's infatuation with the idea of time. In \"Already!\" the speaker is incapable of matching the infiniteness and simplicity of nature, and at the end, comes face to face with his own death: \"I felt pulled down deathwards; which is why, when companions said, 'At last!' I could only cry, 'Already!\"[9] Also, this theme supports Baudelaire's admiration of art and poetry because although man cannot defeat time and death, a work of art can. Art, poetry, life, and death are inextricably linked within Baudelaire's poems, and perhaps reflect a personal obsession with mortality.","title":"Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The city","text":"For Baudelaire, the setting of most poems within Le Spleen de Paris is the Parisian metropolis, specifically the poorer areas within the city. Notable poems within Le Spleen de Paris whose urban setting is important include “Crowds” and “The Old Mountebank.” Within his writing about city life, Baudelaire seems to stress the relationship between individual and society, frequently placing the speaker in a reflective role looking out at the city. It is also important to note that Baudelaire's Paris is not one of nice shops and beautiful streets. Instead, Baudelaire focuses on dirty, poverty-stricken areas of Paris with social problems rather than the Paris of the upper class.","title":"Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Hamburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hamburger"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamburger1946vii%E2%80%93xii-10"}],"sub_title":"Poverty/class","text":"In connection with the theme of the Parisian metropolis, Baudelaire focuses heavily on the theme of poverty and social class within Le Spleen de Paris. Important poems from the collection which embody these themes include \"The Toy of the Poor\", \"The Eyes of the Poor\", \"Counterfeit Money\", and \"Let's Beat Up the Poor\". In these poems Baudelaire introduces slightly differing views of the urban poor. In \"The Toy of the Poor\" Baudelaire heavily stresses the need for equality between social classes in Paris. In comparison, \"Counterfeit Money\" and \"Let's Beat Up the Poor\" seem to use a sarcastic tone to instil empathy in the reader for those people in poverty. In Michael Hamburger's introduction to his translation, Twenty Prose Poems of Baudelaire, the scholar notes a highly sympathetic view of the poor in Le Spleen de Paris; Baudelaire seems to relate to the poor and becomes an advocate for them in his poetry.[10]","title":"Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Religion/good vs. evil","text":"Many poems in Le Spleen de Paris incorporate a central theme of religion or the relationship between good and evil in human nature. \"Cake\", which centers on a moral battle addressing the question of whether humans are inherently good or evil stands out as an especially important poem within the collection. \"Loss of a Halo\" also incorporates similar themes, literally discussing the role of angels as well as the relationship between mankind and religious ideology, questioning the goodness of Christian ideals. Along these lines, Baudelaire repeatedly addresses the theme of sin within his poetry as well as questioning how the hierarchy of class could affect the hierarchy of goodness, implying that those of higher social class tend not to be morally superior to those of lower classes. Many critics of Baudelaire address the prominent role of religion in the poet's life and how that might have affected his writing.","title":"Major themes in Le Spleen de Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie20083-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie200814-12"}],"text":"The following passage is taken from the preface to the 2008 Mackenzie translation of Le Spleen de Paris, entitled \"To Arsène Houssaye\":My dear friend, I send you here a little work of which no one could say that it has neither head nor tail, because, on the contrary, everything in it is both head and tail, alternately and reciprocally. Please consider what fine advantages this combination offers to all of us, to you, to me, and to the reader. We can cut whatever we like—me, my reverie, you, the manuscript, and the reader, his reading; for I don't tie the impatient reader up in the endless thread of a superfluous plot. Pull out one of the vertebrae, and the two halves of this tortuous fantasy will rejoin themselves painlessly. Chop it up into numerous fragments, and you'll find that each one can live on its own. In the hopes that some of these stumps will be lively enough to please and amuse you, I dedicate the entire serpent to you.[11]While writing Le Spleen de Paris, Baudelaire made very conscious decisions regarding his relationship with his readers. As seen in the preface to the collection, addressed to his publisher, Arsène Houssaye, Baudelaire attempted to write a text that was very accessible to a reader while pulling the most appealing aspects of both prose and poetry and combining them into the revolutionary genre of prose poetry. For Baudelaire, the accessibility of the text and ability for a reader to set down the book and pick it up much later was crucial, especially considering his implied opinions of his readers. Baudelaire's tone throughout the preface, \"The Dog and the Vial\" as well as other poems throughout Le Spleen de Paris seem to illustrate Baudelaire's opinions of superiority over his readers. In \"The Dog and the Vial\", a man offers his dog a vial of fancy perfume to smell and the dog reacts in horror, instead wishing to sniff more seemingly unappealing smells, specifically excrement. The poem concludes with the frustration of the speaker with his dog, expressed as the speaker states: \"In this respect you, unworthy companion of my sad life, resemble the public, to whom one must never present the delicate scents that only exasperate them, but instead give them only dung, chosen with care\".[12] One can extrapolate this poem to apply more figuratively to the larger themes of the poet-reader relationship, in which Baudelaire deprecates his readers, viewing them as unintelligent and incapable of appreciating his work.","title":"Poet/reader relationship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldrop20093-14"},{"link_name":"Le parti pris des choses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_parti_pris_des_choses"}],"text":"Le Spleen de Paris represents a definitive break from traditional poetic forms. The text is composed of \"prose poems\" which span the continuum between \"prosaic\" and \"poetic\" works. The new, unconventional form of poetry was characteristic of the modernist movement occurring throughout Europe (and particularly in Paris) at the time.[13] In the preface to Le Spleen de Paris, Baudelaire describes that modernity requires a new language, \"a miracle of a poetic prose, musical without rhythm or rhyme, supple enough and striking enough to suit lyrical movements of the soul, undulations of reverie, the flip-flops of consciousness\", and in this sense, Le Spleen de Paris gives life to modern language.[14] Baudelaire's prose poetry tends to be more poetic in comparison to later works such as Ponge's Le parti pris des choses, but each poem varies. For an example of a more poetic poem, see \"Evening Twilight\"; for a prosaic example, see \"The Bad Glazier\".","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"incomplete short citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT"},{"link_name":"The Imp of the Perverse (short story)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imp_of_the_Perverse_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Baudelaire's Le Spleen de Paris is unique in that it was published posthumously by his sister in 1869, two years after Baudelaire died. In fact, it was not until his waning years, plagued by physical ailments and the contraction of syphilis that he created a table of contents for the book. Baudelaire spent years 1857 to 1867 working on his book of poems that chronicled daily life in the city of Paris. These poems aimed at capturing the times in which they were written, from the brutally repressed upheavals of 1848 (after which the government censored literature more than ever), the 1851 coup d'état of Louis Bonaparte and generally Paris of the 1850s, demolished and renovated by Napoleon III's prefect, Baron Haussman. In displaying the social antagonisms of the age, Baudelaire drew influence from many great artists of the time. In fact, an active critical essayist himself, his critical reviews of other poets \"elucidate the recesses of the mind that created Les Fleurs du Mal and Le Spleen de Paris.\"Influence: While there is much speculation regarding direct influence and inspiration in the creation of Le Spleen de Paris, the following colleagues seem to have clearly influenced the book of small poems:Edgar Allan Poe: \"Indeed, Poe illustrates his claim with several examples which seem to summarize with uncanny precision the temperament of Baudelaire himself (Poe 273–4).[incomplete short citation] The affinity between the two writers in this regard seems beyond dispute ... Moreover, 'The Imp of the Perverse (short story)' is less a tale than a prose poem, and both its subject-matter and its movement from general considerations to specific examples leading to an unexpected conclusion may have influenced Baudelaire in his creation of Le Spleen de Paris.\"Aloysius Betrand's Gaspard de la nuit: Baudelaire himself is quoted as citing this work as an inspiration for Paris Spleen.Gustave Flaubert: Magazine article \"No ideas but in Crowds: Baudelaire's Paris Spleen\" cites similarities between the writers in that like Baudelaire, Flaubert held the same motives and intentions in that he too wanted \"to write the moral history of the men of my generation – or, more accurately, the history of their feelings.\"Critical reception: The way in which the poem was received certainly lends to understanding the climate in which Baudelaire created Le Spleen de Paris, in that \"It appears to be almost a diary entry, an explicit rundown of the day's events; those events seem to be precisely the kind that Charles Baudelaire would have experienced in the hectic and hypocritical world of the literary marketplace of his day.\"Notable critical reception: In order to truly understand how Le Spleen de Paris was received, one must first be acquainted with Baudelaire's earlier works. The repressions and upheavals of 1848 resulted in massive censorship of literature, which did not bode well for Baudelaire's perhaps most famous work, Les Fleurs du Mal. Society was so shocked by the satanic references and sexual perversion in the book that at the time it was a critical and popular failure. This put the anticipated reception of Le Spleen de Paris at a disadvantage. Like Flowers of Evil, it wasn't until much later that Paris Spleen was fully appreciated for what it was, a masterpiece that \"brought the style of the prose poem to the broader republics of the people\". That being said, just four years after Arthur Rimbaud used Baudelaire's work as a foundation for his poems, as he considered Baudelaire a great poet and pioneer of prose.Appearance in Media: A 2006 film Spleen, written by Eric Bomba-Ire, borrowed its title from Baudelaire's book of prose poems. Baudelaire expressed a particular feeling that he called 'Spleen' which is a mixture of melancholy, rage, eros, and resignation, which ties in well with the movie's darkly woven tale of love, betrayal and passion.[15]","title":"Publication history, influences, and critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200636-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2006-17"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200656-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2008xiii-19"}],"text":"In \"Let us beat up the poor\", Baudelaire makes up a parable about economic and social equality: no one is entitled to it; it belongs to those who can win it and keep it. And he taunts the social reformer: \"What do you think of that, Proudhon?\"[16]\"At One in the Morning\" is like a diary entry, a rundown of the day's events. In it, Baudelaire recognizes that he is part of a society full of hypocrites. His individual self becomes \"blurred ... by a hypocrisy and perverseness which progressively undermine the difference between the self and others.\" This is at least partly what Baudelaire meant by \"a modern and more abstract life.\"[17][page needed]\"The Thyrsus\" is a piece addressed to composer Franz Liszt. The ancient Greek thyrsus had connotations of \"unleashed sexuality and violence, of the profound power of the irrational.\" Baudelaire believed the thyrsus to be an acceptable object of representation for Liszt's music.In \"The Bad Windowpane Maker\" Baudelaire speaks of a \"kind of energy that springs from ennui and reverie\" that manifests itself in a particularly unexpected way in the most inactive dreamers. Doctors and moralists alike are at a loss to explain where such mad energy so suddenly comes from to these lazy people, why they suddenly feel the need to perform such absurd and dangerous deeds.[18]The prefatory letter Baudelaire wrote to Arsene Houssaye, the editor of La Presse, was not necessarily intended to be included in the publication. When Baudelaire drew up his table of contents for the projected book form, he did not include the letter. It is possible, then, that the letter only appeared in La Presse as a means of flattery to ensure that Houssaye would publish the poems.[19] Nevertheless, it allows us to understand Baudelaire's thinking about the genre of prose poetry:Who among us has not dreamed, in his ambitious days, of the miracle of a poetic prose, musical without rhythm or rhyme, supple enough and jarring enough to be adapted to the soul's lyrical movements, the undulations of reverie, to the twists and turns that consciousness takes?","title":"Notable quotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsène Houssaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Houssaye"},{"link_name":"The Desire to Paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_d%C3%A9sir_de_peindre"}],"text":"To Arsène HoussayeThe Foreigner\nThe Old Woman's Despair\nThe Artist's Confession\nA Joker\nThe Double Room\nTo Each His Chimera\nThe Fool and Venus\nThe Dog and the Vial\nThe Bad Glazier\nAt One in the Morning\nThe Wild Woman and the Little Mistress\nCrowds\nThe Widows\nThe Old Mountebank\nCake\nThe Clock\nA Hemisphere in Her Hair\nInvitation to the Voyage\nThe Toy of the Poor\nThe Fairies' Gifts\nThe Temptations: Or, Eros, Plutus, and Fame\nEvening Twilight\nSolitude\nPlans\nBeautiful Dorothy\nThe Eyes of the Poor\nA Heroic Death\nCounterfeit Money\nThe Generous Gambler\nThe Rope\nVocations\nThe Thyrsus\nGet Yourself Drunk\nAlready!\nWindows\nThe Desire to Paint\nThe Favors of the Moon\nWhich is the Real One?\nA Thoroughbred\nThe Mirror\nThe Port\nPortraits of Mistresses\nThe Gallant Marksman\nThe Soup and the Clouds\nThe Firing Range and the Graveyard\nLoss of a Halo\nMademoiselle Bistouri\nAny Where Out of the World\nLet's Beat Up the Poor!\nGood Dogs","title":"Table of contents (Mackenzie 2008)"}] | [{"image_text":"Spleen et idéal, by Carlos Schwabe, 1907","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Spleen_et_ideal.jpg/260px-Spleen_et_ideal.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Melancholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia"},{"title":"Spleen#Society and culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen#Society_and_culture"}] | [{"reference":"Hamburger, Michael (1946). \"Introduction\". Twenty Prose Poems of Baudelaire. London: Poetry London.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hamburger","url_text":"Hamburger, Michael"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Claire Ortiz (2006). Roots and Flowers of Evil in Baudelaire, Nietzsche, and Hitler. Chicago: Open Court.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baudelaire, Charles. Paris Spleen and La Fanfarlo. Translated by Raymond N. Mackenzie. Indianapolis: Hackett. 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scott, Maria C. (2005). Baudelaire's Le Spleen de Paris: Shifting Perspectives. Burlington: Ashgate.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baudelaire, Charles. Paris Spleen. Translated by Keith Waldrop. Middleton: Wesleyan University Press. 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Waldrop","url_text":"Keith Waldrop"}]},{"reference":"Baudelaire, Charles (1970) [1869]. Paris Spleen. Translated by Varèse, Louise. New Directions Publishing. ISBN 9780811200073.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=15craP5h4O4C&pg=PR5","url_text":"Paris Spleen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Var%C3%A8se","url_text":"Varèse, Louise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Directions_Publishing","url_text":"New Directions Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811200073","url_text":"9780811200073"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Spleen_de_Paris&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mox1ywiyhtgC","external_links_name":"books.google.com"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0816659/","external_links_name":"Spleen (2006)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040404234050/http://baudelaire.litteratura.com/","external_links_name":"Charles Baudelaire"},{"Link":"http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013055241/http://baudelaire.litteratura.com/le_spleen_de_paris.php","external_links_name":"Le Spleen de Paris: Full online downloadable text"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070721180037/http://www.biblio-net.com/lett_stra/testi/baudelaire-lo_spleen_di_parigi.htm","external_links_name":"Lo Spleen di Parigi: Italian translation online"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=15craP5h4O4C&pg=PR5","external_links_name":"Paris Spleen"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/210795930","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120434510","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120434510","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585866405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91007318","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2014823675&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028640454","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_T40_T55 | Nike (rocket stage) | ["1 Sounding rockets based on Nike Booster","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Books","4 External links"] | American solid fuel rocket stage
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Early Booster Missile Nike I (three fin model).
The Nike stage or Nike booster, a solid fuel rocket motor, was created by Hercules Aerospace for the Nike Ajax (M5) Nike Hercules (M5E1) (and M88 late in Hercules career). It was developed for use as the first stage of the Nike Ajax and Nike Hercules missiles as part of Project Nike.
It was subsequently employed in a variety of missiles and multi-stage sounding rockets, becoming one of the most popular and reliable rocket stages, not only in the United States, but also in several other countries around the world.
Sounding rockets based on Nike Booster
A Nike Orion rocket in flight
The Nike Deacon has a ceiling of 189 km, a takeoff thrust of 217 kN, a takeoff weight of 710 kg, a diameter of 0.42 m and a length of 7.74 m.
The Nike Javelin was launched 34 times between 1964 and 1978. The maximum flight altitude of the Nike Javelin was 130 km, the takeoff thrust 217 kN, takeoff weight 900 kg, 0.42 m and length 8.20 m.
The Nike Malemute consists of a Nike starting stage and a Malemute upper stage. It has a ceiling of 500 km (310 mi), a takeoff thrust of 48,800 lbf (217 kN), a takeoff weight of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), a diameter of 0.42 m (17 in) and a length of 8.60 metres (28 feet 3 inches).
The Nike Orion has a Nike base stage, taken from U.S. Army surplus stocks, and an Orion upper stage. The Nike Orion is 9.01 metres (29 feet 7 inches) long. There are two stages of boosters; the first is 41.9 cm (16.5), and the second is 35.6 cm (14.0 in). It has a launch weight of 1,100 kilograms (2,400 pounds), a launch thrust of 217 kN (48,800 lbf) and a ceiling of 140 km (460,000 ft). The first Nike-Orion rocket was launched on February 26, 1977, and had more than 175 launches through the 2000s.
A Nike Tomahawk photographed at Wallops Flight Facility.
The Nike Recruit has an apogee of 5 km, a liftoff thrust of 217 kN, a total mass of 1100 kg and a total length of 8.00 m.
The Nike Tomahawk has a Nike rocket as the first stage, and a Tomahawk rocket as the second. The Nike Tomahawk has a ceiling of 230 statute miles (370 km), a payload capacity of 100 pounds (45 kg), a launch thrust of 49,000 pounds of force (217 kN), a launch weight of 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg), a diameter of 17 inches (0.43 m) and a length of 35 feet 5 inches (10.80 m). The Nike Tomahawk was launched 395 times between June 25, 1963, and November 27, 1995. One of its launches was in 1966 on the beach in Cassino, Rio Grande, Brazil.
The Nike Viper consists of a Nike starting stage and a Viper upper stage. The Nike Viper has a ceiling of 80 km, a takeoff thrust of 217 kN (48,800 lbf), a takeoff weight of 600 kg and a length of 8.00 m.
See also
Nike Smoke rocket
References
^ "Nike M5 (and M5E1, M88) Scale Data". 28 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
^ a b Parsch, Andreas. "Miscellaneous Nike-Boosted Rockets". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. pp. Appendix 4. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
^ "Ed Thelen's Nike Missile Web Site". Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
^ a b Corliss 1972 p. 24
^ Nike-Deacon at Encyclopedia Astronautica
^ Corliss 1972 p. 82
^ Nike Javelin at Encyclopedia Astronautica
^ Encyclopedia Astronautica Nike Malamute Info
^ "Nike Orion". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
^ Article title
^ Corliss 1972 p. 63-64
^ Nike Tomahawk
^ Nike Viper I
^ Krebs, Gunter. "Nike With Upper Stage". Gunter's Space Page. pp. Nike With Upper Stage. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
Books
Corliss, William R. (1971). NASA Sounding Rockets, 1958-1968. Washington D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA-SP-4401.
External links
U.S. Naval Research Lab. - Nike Booster Archived 2013-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum - Fins, Set of Four, Rocket, Nike Booster, Nike-Cajun
Encyclopedia Astronautica - Nike
vteThe Nike family of rocketsProject Nike
Nike Ajax
Nike Hercules
Nike J
Nike Zeus
Nike-X
Spartan
Sounding rockets
Nike-Apache
Nike-Asp
Nike-Black Brant
Nike-Cajun
Nike-Deacon
Nike-Hawk
Nike-Hydac
Nike-Iroquois
Nike-Javelin
Nike-Malemute
Nike-Nike
Nike-Orion
Nike-Recruit
Nike Smoke
Nike T40 T55
Nike-Tomahawk
Nike-Viper
Nike-Yardbird
Taurus Nike Tomahawk
Authority control databases
NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early-NikeI.jpg"},{"link_name":"booster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booster_(rocketry)"},{"link_name":"solid fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket"},{"link_name":"Hercules Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parsch_Appendix_4-2"},{"link_name":"Nike Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Nike Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Project Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETNM-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corliss_1972_p._24-4"}],"text":"Early Booster Missile Nike I (three fin model).The Nike stage or Nike booster, a solid fuel rocket motor, was created by Hercules Aerospace for the Nike Ajax (M5) Nike Hercules (M5E1) (and M88 late in Hercules career).[1][2] It was developed for use as the first stage of the Nike Ajax and Nike Hercules missiles as part of Project Nike.[3]It was subsequently employed in a variety of missiles and multi-stage sounding rockets, becoming one of the most popular and reliable rocket stages, not only in the United States, but also in several other countries around the world.[4]","title":"Nike (rocket stage)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nike-orion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nike Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Deacon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corliss_1972_p._24-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nike Javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Javelin"},{"link_name":"flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nike Malemute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Malemute"},{"link_name":"Malemute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malemute"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nike Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Orion"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parsch_Appendix_4-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nike_tomahawk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wallops Flight Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility"},{"link_name":"Nike Recruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Recruit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nike Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Tomahawk"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TE-416_Tomahawk"},{"link_name":"statute miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"pounds of force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound-force"},{"link_name":"kN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia_do_Cassino"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Nike Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Viper"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"A Nike Orion rocket in flightThe Nike Deacon has a ceiling of 189 km, a takeoff thrust of 217 kN, a takeoff weight of 710 kg, a diameter of 0.42 m and a length of 7.74 m.[4][5]\nThe Nike Javelin was launched 34 times between 1964 and 1978. The maximum flight altitude of the Nike Javelin was 130 km, the takeoff thrust 217 kN, takeoff weight 900 kg, 0.42 m and length 8.20 m.[6][7]\nThe Nike Malemute consists of a Nike starting stage and a Malemute upper stage. It has a ceiling of 500 km (310 mi), a takeoff thrust of 48,800 lbf (217 kN), a takeoff weight of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), a diameter of 0.42 m (17 in) and a length of 8.60 metres (28 feet 3 inches).[8]\nThe Nike Orion has a Nike base stage, taken from U.S. Army surplus stocks, and an Orion upper stage. The Nike Orion is 9.01 metres (29 feet 7 inches) long. There are two stages of boosters; the first is 41.9 cm (16.5), and the second is 35.6 cm (14.0 in). It has a launch weight of 1,100 kilograms (2,400 pounds), a launch thrust of 217 kN (48,800 lbf) and a ceiling of 140 km (460,000 ft).[9][2] The first Nike-Orion rocket was launched on February 26, 1977, and had more than 175 launches through the 2000s.A Nike Tomahawk photographed at Wallops Flight Facility.The Nike Recruit has an apogee of 5 km, a liftoff thrust of 217 kN, a total mass of 1100 kg and a total length of 8.00 m.[10]\nThe Nike Tomahawk has a Nike rocket as the first stage, and a Tomahawk rocket as the second. The Nike Tomahawk has a ceiling of 230 statute miles (370 km), a payload capacity of 100 pounds (45 kg), a launch thrust of 49,000 pounds of force (217 kN), a launch weight of 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg), a diameter of 17 inches (0.43 m) and a length of 35 feet 5 inches (10.80 m). The Nike Tomahawk was launched 395 times between June 25, 1963, and November 27, 1995.[11][12] One of its launches was in 1966 on the beach in Cassino, Rio Grande, Brazil.\nThe Nike Viper consists of a Nike starting stage and a Viper upper stage. The Nike Viper has a ceiling of 80 km, a takeoff thrust of 217 kN (48,800 lbf), a takeoff weight of 600 kg and a length of 8.00 m.[13][14]","title":"Sounding rockets based on Nike Booster"}] | [{"image_text":"Early Booster Missile Nike I (three fin model).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Early-NikeI.jpg/350px-Early-NikeI.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Nike Orion rocket in flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Nike-orion.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Nike Tomahawk photographed at Wallops Flight Facility.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nike_tomahawk.jpg/220px-Nike_tomahawk.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Nike Smoke rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Smoke_rocket"}] | [{"reference":"\"Nike M5 (and M5E1, M88) Scale Data\". 28 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. 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Retrieved 2013-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://ed-thelen.org/missiles.html#booster","url_text":"\"Ed Thelen's Nike Missile Web Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130411072407/http://ed-thelen.org/missiles.html#booster","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nike Orion\". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161228012820/http://astronautix.com/n/nikeorion.html","url_text":"\"Nike Orion\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/n/nikeorion.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krebs, Gunter. \"Nike With Upper Stage\". Gunter's Space Page. pp. Nike With Upper Stage. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/nike_su.htm","url_text":"\"Nike With Upper Stage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073549/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/nike_su.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Corliss, William R. (1971). NASA Sounding Rockets, 1958-1968. Washington D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics | Jamaica at the 1968 Summer Olympics | ["1 Medalists","2 References"] | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sporting event delegationJamaica at the1968 Summer OlympicsIOC codeJAMNOCJamaica Olympic AssociationWebsitewww.joa.org.jmin Mexico CityMedalsRanked 39th
Gold
0
Silver
1
Bronze
0
Total
1
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Other related appearances British West Indies (1960 S)
Jamaica competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico.
Medalists
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date
Silver
Lennox Miller
Athletics
Men's 100 metres
October 14
References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
vte National Olympic Committees at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, MexicoAfrica
Algeria
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo-Kinshasa
Ethiopia
Ghana
Guinea
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Libya
Madagascar
Mali
Morocco
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Sudan
Tanzania
Tunisia
Uganda
United Arab Republic
Zambia
America
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Honduras
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
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This Jamaica-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 1968 Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationJamaica competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico.","title":"Jamaica at the 1968 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.joa.org.jm/","external_links_name":"www.joa.org.jm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Reports"},{"Link":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp","external_links_name":"International Olympic Committee results database"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Dahomey | King of Dahomey | ["1 The first king","2 List of kings","3 See also","4 References"] | Tapestry depicting several kings of Dahomey and their regnal years.
The King of Dahomey (Ahosu in the Fon language) was the ruler of Dahomey, an African kingdom in the southern part of present-day Benin, which lasted from 1600 until 1900 when the French Third Republic abolished the political authority of the Kingdom. The rulers served a prominent position in Fon ancestor worship leading the Annual Customs and this important position caused the French to bring back the exiled king of Dahomey for ceremonial purposes in 1910. Since 2000, there have been rival claimants as king and there has so far been no political solution. The Palace and seat of government were in the town of Abomey. Early historiography of the King of Dahomey presented them as absolute rulers who formally owned all property and people of the kingdom. However, recent histories have emphasized that there was significant political contestation limiting the power of the king and that there was a female ruler of Dahomey, Hangbe, who was largely written out of early histories.
The first king
Multiple lists of the kings of Dahomey have been put together and many of them start at different points for the first King of Dahomey. In various sources, Do-Aklin, Dakodonu, or Houegbadja are all considered the first king of Dahomey. Oral tradition contends that Do-Aklin moved from Allada to the Abomey plateau, Dakodonu created the first settlement and founded the kingdom (but is often considered a "mere chief"), and Houegbadja who settled the kingdom, built the palace and created much of the structure is often considered the first king of Dahomey. Oral tradition contends that the kings were all of the Aladaxonou dynasty, a name claiming descent from the city of Allada which Dahomey conquered in the 1700s. Historians largely believe now that this connection was created to legitimate rule over the city of Allada and that connections to the royal family in Allada were likely of a limited nature. In oral tradition of most accounts, Houegbadja is considered the first king and recognition of him happened first in the Annual Customs of Dahomey.
List of kings
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
Reign
Portrait
King
Notes
Kingdom of Abomey
c. 1600
Do-Aklin or Gangnihessou
Leader of Fon settlement on Abomey Plateau.
c. 1625 to 1645
Dakodonou, Ahosu
Founder of the Kingdom of Abomey and builder of the palace.
Kingdom of Dahomey
1645 to 1685
Houegbadja, Ahosu
In most accounts the first King of Dahomey.
1685 to 1716
Akaba, Ahosu
1716 to 1718
Hangbe, Regent
Hangbe was ruler of Dahomey for a short period of time between the death of Akaba and the rule of Agaja. Bay argues that there is clear evidence that suggests Hangbe did rule for a period, but it is unclear whether it was for three months or three years. She is not included in any lists of Kings of Dahomey.
1718 to 1740
Agaja, Ahosu
1740 to 1774
Tegbesu, Ahosu
1774 to 1789
Kpengla, Ahosu
1789 to 1797
Agonglo, Ahosu
1797 to 1818
Adandozan, Regent
Excluded in some lists.
1818 to 1858
Ghezo, Ahosu
1858 to 1889
Glele, Ahosu
1889 to 1894
Béhanzin, Ahosu
Final independent King of Dahomey, reigned during the First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) and the Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892 to 1894).
1894 to 1900
Agoli-agbo, Ahosu
Appointed to the position when the French conquered Abomey.
Ceremonial rulers
1900 to 1940
Agoli-agbo, Ahosu
In exile and reigned with French restrictions.
1940 to 1948
Aidododo, Ahosu
1948 to 1983
Togni-Ahoussou, Ahosu
1986 to 1989
Joseph Langanfin, Ahosu
30 September 1989 to July 2018
Agoli Agbo Dedjalagni, Ahosu
Since 2000, Houédogni Béhanzin had made a rival claim to the position of king. Following the death of Agoli Agbo Dedjalagni, there was no titular King of Dahomey for 8 months.
22 January 2000 to 30 December 2012
Houédogni Béhanzin, Ahosu
Rival to Agoli Agbo Dedjalagni for the position of king.
12 January 2019 to 17 December 2021
Dah Sagbadjou Glele, Ahosu
Elected by Dahomeyan nobles.
22 January 2022 to present
Georges Collinet Béhanzin
Sources:
See also
History of the Kingdom of Dahomey
Royal Palaces of Abomey
Benin
Fon
Fon states
Rulers of the Fon state of Alada (Allada)
Rulers of the Fon state of Savi Hweda
Lists of office-holders
References
^ Araujo, Ana Lucia (2010). Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-714-1.
^ Yoder, John C. (1974). "Fly and Elephant Parties: Political Polarization in Dahomey, 1840-1870". The Journal of African History. 15 (3): 417–432. doi:10.1017/s0021853700013566.
^ Alpern, Stanley B. (1998). "On the Origins of the Amazons of Dahomey". History in Africa. 25: 9–25. doi:10.2307/3172178.
^ a b c d Bay, Edna (1998). Wives of the Leopard: Gender, Politics, and Culture in the Kingdom of Dahomey. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-1792-4.
^ "Rulers of Benin". Rulers.org. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
^ "New monarch appointed to ancestral kingdom of Dahomey". Modernghana.com.
vteKings of DahomeyRulers of Abomey
Do-Aklin (c. 1600)
Dakodonou (c. 1625 to 1645)
Dahomey Empire
Houegbadja (1645 to 1685)
Akaba (1685 to 1716)
Hangbe (1716 to 1718)
Agaja (1718 to 1740)
Tegbesu (April 1740 to 1774)
Kpengla (1774 to 1789)
Agonglo (1789 to 1797)
Adandozan (1797 to 1818)
Ghezo (1818 to 1858)
Glele (1858 to 1889)
Béhanzin (1889 to 1894)
Agoli-agbo (15 January 1894 to 1900)
Ceremonial throne
Agoli-agbo (1900 to 1940)
Aidododo (1940 to 1948)
Togni-Ahoussou (1948 to 1983)
Joseph Langanfin (1986 to 1989)
Agoli Agbo Dedjalagni (1989 to 2018; rival claim)
Houédogni Béhanzin (2000 to 2012; rival claim)
Dah Sagbadjou Glele (2018 to 2021)
vteHeads of state and government of AfricaHeads of stateUN member states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other states
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Heads of governmentUN member states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other states
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Defunct statesand governments
Ashanti Empire
Monarch
Benin
Prime Minister
Burundi
King
Central African Empire
Emperor
Dahomey
King
Egypt
Muhammad Ali dynasty
Monarch
Ethiopia
Emperor
list
The Gambia
Prime Minister
Ghana
Prime Minister
Kenya
Prime Minister
Kingdom of Kongo
Monarch
list
Malawi
Prime Minister
Merina Kingdom
Monarch
Nigeria
Prime Minister
Orange Free State
State President
Rwanda
King
South African Republic
State President
South Africa
Governor-General
State President
Prime Minister
Tunisia
Bey
Zanzibar
Sultan
Prime Minister
Zambia
Prime Minister
Zimbabwe
Prime Minister
Zulu Kingdom
King | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afri%C4%8Dka_kraljevska_tkanina_naroda_Fon_(Benin).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fon language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_language"},{"link_name":"Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey"},{"link_name":"African kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"French Third Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Annual Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Customs_of_Dahomey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Araujo-1"},{"link_name":"Abomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abomey"},{"link_name":"absolute rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yoder-2"},{"link_name":"Hangbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangbe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alpern-3"}],"text":"Tapestry depicting several kings of Dahomey and their regnal years.The King of Dahomey (Ahosu in the Fon language) was the ruler of Dahomey, an African kingdom in the southern part of present-day Benin, which lasted from 1600 until 1900 when the French Third Republic abolished the political authority of the Kingdom. The rulers served a prominent position in Fon ancestor worship leading the Annual Customs and this important position caused the French to bring back the exiled king of Dahomey for ceremonial purposes in 1910. Since 2000, there have been rival claimants as king and there has so far been no political solution.[1] The Palace and seat of government were in the town of Abomey. Early historiography of the King of Dahomey presented them as absolute rulers who formally owned all property and people of the kingdom. However, recent histories have emphasized that there was significant political contestation limiting the power of the king[2] and that there was a female ruler of Dahomey, Hangbe, who was largely written out of early histories.[3]","title":"King of Dahomey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Do-Aklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-Aklin"},{"link_name":"Dakodonu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakodonu"},{"link_name":"Houegbadja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houegbadja"},{"link_name":"Allada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bay-1998-4"},{"link_name":"Allada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bay-1998-4"},{"link_name":"Annual Customs of Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Customs_of_Dahomey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bay-1998-4"}],"text":"Multiple lists of the kings of Dahomey have been put together and many of them start at different points for the first King of Dahomey. In various sources, Do-Aklin, Dakodonu, or Houegbadja are all considered the first king of Dahomey. Oral tradition contends that Do-Aklin moved from Allada to the Abomey plateau, Dakodonu created the first settlement and founded the kingdom (but is often considered a \"mere chief\"), and Houegbadja who settled the kingdom, built the palace and created much of the structure is often considered the first king of Dahomey.[4] Oral tradition contends that the kings were all of the Aladaxonou dynasty, a name claiming descent from the city of Allada which Dahomey conquered in the 1700s. Historians largely believe now that this connection was created to legitimate rule over the city of Allada and that connections to the royal family in Allada were likely of a limited nature.[4] In oral tradition of most accounts, Houegbadja is considered the first king and recognition of him happened first in the Annual Customs of Dahomey.[4]","title":"The first king"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bay-1998-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)Sources:[4][5][6]","title":"List of kings"}] | [{"image_text":"Tapestry depicting several kings of Dahomey and their regnal years.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Afri%C4%8Dka_kraljevska_tkanina_naroda_Fon_%28Benin%29.jpg/300px-Afri%C4%8Dka_kraljevska_tkanina_naroda_Fon_%28Benin%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"History of the Kingdom of Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Dahomey"},{"title":"Royal Palaces of Abomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palaces_of_Abomey"},{"title":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"title":"Fon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_(people)"},{"title":"Fon states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_states"},{"title":"Rulers of the Fon state of Alada (Allada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_the_Fon_state_of_Alada"},{"title":"Rulers of the Fon state of Savi Hweda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_the_Fon_state_of_Savi_Hweda"},{"title":"Lists of office-holders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_office-holders"}] | [{"reference":"Araujo, Ana Lucia (2010). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudairi_brothers | Sudairi Seven | ["1 Origins and composition","2 The Seven","2.1 Their sisters","3 Rise to power","4 Reign of King Abdullah (2005–2015)","5 Reign of King Salman (2015–present)","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Alliance of seven Saudi royal siblings
The eldest of the Sudairi Seven, Fahd (left), and the sixth, Salman, served as King of Saudi Arabia.
The Sudairi Seven (Arabic: السديريون السبعة, As Sudayriyyūn as Sabʿah), also spelled Sudairy or Sudayri, is the commonly used name for a powerful alliance of seven full brothers within the Saudi royal family. They are also sometimes referred to as the Sudairi clan (Arabic: عائلة السديري ʿĀʾilat as-Sudayrī) or the Sudairi faction. They are among the forty-five sons of the country's founder, King Abdulaziz. The King had more sons with their mother, Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, than he did with any of his other wives.
The oldest of the Sudairi Seven (Fahd) served as King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005; the second- and fourth-oldest (Sultan and Nayef) served as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, but predeceased King Abdullah; and the sixth-oldest (Salman) succeeded Abdullah as king in 2015. One of the Sudairi Seven, Prince Turki, had broken off with his brothers in 1978. Following the death of Prince Abdul Rahman in 2017 only the two youngest of the Seven (Salman and Ahmed) survive, with the youngest brother, Prince Ahmed under house arrest by order of King Salman.
Origins and composition
In the early twentieth century, King Abdulaziz rapidly expanded his power base in Nejd to establish the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, and became its first king. As part of this process of expansion, he married women from powerful Nejdi and other Arabian families to cement his control over all parts of his new domain. It is believed he married as many as 22 women as a result. One of these marriages was to Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, a member of the powerful Al Sudairi clan to which King Abdulaziz's mother, Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, belonged.
The number of children that King Abdulaziz fathered in total, with all his wives, is unknown. One source indicates that he had 37 sons. The Sudairi Seven – the seven sons of King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed – were the largest bloc of full brothers and as a consequence, were able to wield a degree of coordinated influence and power. King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed married twice; their first marriage started in 1913 and may have produced a son, Prince Sa'ad (1914–19). Hassa then married Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman, the half-brother of King Abdulaziz, with whom she had a son, Prince Abdullah, the father of Fahd bin Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Saud. Hassa and King Abdulaziz married again in 1920, and their second marriage produced seven sons and four daughters.
The Seven
Fahd (1921–2005) King of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005)Crown Prince (1975–82)2nd Deputy Prime Minister (1967–75)Minister of the Interior (1963–75)
Sultan (1925–2011) Crown Prince (2005–2011)2nd Deputy Prime Minister (1982–2005)Defense Minister (1962–2011)
Abdul Rahman (1931–2017) Removed from successionDeputy Defense Minister (1978–2011)
Nayef (1934–2012) Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister (2011–2012)Interior Minister (1975–2012)
Turki II (1934–2016) Removed from successionDeputy Defense Minister (1968–78)
Salman (born 1935) King of Saudi Arabia (2015–present)Crown Prince (2012–2015)Minister of Defense (2011–2015)Governor of Riyadh (1963–2011)
Ahmed (born 1942) Removed from successionInterior Minister (2012–2012)Deputy Interior Minister (1975–2012)
Their sisters
Princess Luluwah (1928–2008) was married to Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud
Princess Latifa (deceased)
Princess Al Jawhara (died 2019) was married to Prince Khalid bin Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud
Princess Jawahir (died June 2015)
Rise to power
The influence of the Sudairi Seven, which can be termed as asabiyya (group spirit) following the Khaldûnian terminology, grew constantly after the accession of its leader, Prince Fahd, to crown prince in 1975 and then king in 1982. They represented one out of five of King Abdulaziz’s sons. However, they gained influence and power not solely because of their number. Unlike many of King Abdulaziz's other sons who dealt much more with business activities, the Sudairi Seven tended to be interested in politics.
The Sudairi Seven's rise to power can be traced back to the accession of King Faisal and his earlier struggle with King Saud. Although not a Sudairi himself, Faisal, in his struggle to overthrow Saud, relied heavily upon the seven Sudairi brothers. One of the earliest significant roles played by the Sudairi Seven was in March 1962 when they collaborated with Crown Prince Faisal. They threatened five members of King Saud's cabinet to submit their resignations following the announcement of the constitution by the king which had been drafted by the members of the Free Princes movement with the help of Egyptian lawyers. The ministers, including Oil Minister Abdullah Tariki, resigned from the office as a result of their extensive campaign against them. Then in 1962, as prime minister and heir apparent, Prince Faisal appointed Prince Fahd as interior minister, Prince Sultan as defense minister, and Prince Salman as governor of Riyadh. All were key posts. Following his accession to the throne after King Saud's deposition in 1964, King Faisal continued to favor the Sudairi Seven as his allies.
In 1975, following the death of King Faisal and the accession of King Khalid, Prince Fahd became Crown Prince and Prince Nayef succeeded him at the ministry of interior. King Khalid reduced Sudairi Seven's power concerning succession in 1977 when he was in London for treatment. Following their unsuccessful attempt to overthrow King Khalid and to install Prince Sultan as crown prince instead of Prince Abdullah King Khalid asked Crown Prince Fahd and Prince Abdullah to fully obey the existing succession plan without any change.
The Sudairis consolidated their hold over these fiefs by appointing their brothers and sons to their own ministries and other key positions. Prince Sultan appointed one of his younger Sudairi brothers – Prince Abdul Rahman – and one of his own sons – Prince Khalid – as his deputies. Another of Prince Sultan’s sons, Prince Bandar, served for two decades as Saudi ambassador in Washington and then head of the Saudi National Security Council. His other son Prince Khalid, the co-commander with U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf in the Gulf War (1991), became vice defence minister. Prince Nayef also appointed one of his sons – Muhammad – as his deputy at the ministry of the interior.
The Sudairis’ rise to power and hold over government brought continuity to the system. It also prompted other princes to align quietly against them. The main opposition to the Sudairis came from Prince Abdullah prior to his accession to the throne. He cultivated allies among his other brothers and with King Faisal’s sons. Upon Prince Abdullah's accession to the throne, he created a new family council, the Allegiance Commission, to determine the future succession. The Sudairis filled a fifth of the council’s seats which is seen as a dilution of Sudairi power since their overall control over the state is perceived as proportionately greater than this.
Reign of King Abdullah (2005–2015)
Mai Yamani argues that the Sudairi brothers, previously known as the Sudairi seven, since King Fahd’s death in August 2005 reduced to al-Thaluth (‘the trio’), referring only to Prince Sultan, Prince Nayef and Prince Salman. Prince Sultan became the leader of the group after King Fahd's demise.
On 28 October 2011, Prince Nayef became the Crown Prince after the death of Prince Sultan, and his other full brother Prince Salman, who had been long-term Riyadh governor, was appointed the minister of defence. However, the eldest surviving member of the Sudairi brothers, Prince Abdul Rahman, was replaced by Prince Sultan's son Prince Khalid as deputy minister of defence.
Prince Abdul Rahman was reported to argue that he should have been promoted instead of Prince Salman. On the other hand, the youngest of the Sudairi brothers, Ahmed, who was Prince Nayef's deputy at the ministry of interior since 1975, was reported to complain about that Prince Nayef was actively promoting the interest of his own son, Prince Mohammed. Lastly, another Sudairi Prince Turki, who returned to Riyadh in early 2011 after a long and at least partly voluntary exile in Cairo, was said to agitate for a more senior position. On the other hand, Prince Turki fully supported the appointment of Prince Nayef as Crown Prince, indicating that the decision was completely right and that Prince Nayef had wisdom, sound management and long history in serving the country. However, although Sudairi brothers support each other against other princes, each attempts to form, with his sons, another power group.
On 16 June 2012, Crown Prince Nayef died in Geneva. His posts were filled by his younger full-brothers. Prince Salman was named as the Crown Prince and deputy prime minister, and Prince Ahmed as the minister of interior on 18 June 2012. Prince Salman and Prince Ahmed became the only politically active members of the group. However, on 5 November 2012, Prince Ahmed resigned from his post and was succeeded by Mohammed bin Nayef, son of Prince Nayef. On 23 January 2015, King Abdullah died at the age of 90 and he was succeeded by Prince Salman.
Reign of King Salman (2015–present)
King Salman immediately began to consolidate power on behalf of the clan. His son Mohammad bin Salman became both minister of defense and secretary general of the Court, combining two of the most powerful offices in the government, and Mohammed bin Nayef bypassed hundreds of senior princes to become the first of the third generation to be officially placed in the line of succession.
On 28 April 2015, Mohammed bin Nayef was named crown prince, replacing Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz, the younger half-brother of the Sudairi Seven. Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud was named as deputy crown prince by his father, thus effectively putting the future of the throne in the Sudairi Seven clan's firm grip.
On 21 June 2017 Mohammad bin Salman was made crown prince, and Mohammed bin Nayef was removed from his posts and stripped of his titles. The interior minister was succeeded by Abdulaziz bin Saud, the grandson of Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz. Thus the lines of Nayef and Salman, if not those of the other Sudairi brothers, maintain strong influence.
See also
Descendants of Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia
Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne
References
^ a b Simon Henderson (25 October 2006). "New Saudi Rules on Succession: Will They Fix the Problem?". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
^ Irfan Al Alawi (24 October 2011). "Saudi Arabia – The Shadow of Prince Nayef". Center for Islamic Pluralism. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
^ Mordechai Abir (April 1987). "The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia". Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (2): 150–171. doi:10.1080/00263208708700697. JSTOR 4283169.
^ "Saudi Succession Crisis". The National Security Council. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
^ James Reginato. "The Saudi Princess and the Multi-Million Dollar Shopping Spree". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
^ a b c d e f "The Saudi succession: When kings and princes grow old"Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 15 July 2010.
^ a b c d Mark Weston (2008). Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present. John Wiley & Sons. p. 129. ISBN 9780470182574.
^ a b Robert Lacey (1982). The Kingdom. Fontana. p. 526. ISBN 9780006365099.
^ Stig Stenslie (2011). "Power Behind the Veil: Princesses of House of Saud". Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea. 1 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1080/21534764.2011.576050. S2CID 153320942.
^ Abdulateef Al Mulhim (24 April 2013). "Prince Fahd bin Abdullah: An admiral and a desert lover". Arab News. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ Sabri Sharaf (2001). The House of Saud in Commerce: A Study of Royal Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia. New Delhi: Sharaf Sabri. p. 301. ISBN 978-81-901254-0-6.
^ "Prince Fahd bin Abdullah appointment". Gulf States Newsletter. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ Matthew Gray (7 October 2014). Global Security Watch—Saudi Arabia. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. ISBN 9780313387005.
^ a b "Saudi Arabia's king appoints new interior minister". BBC. 5 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
^ "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Performs Funeral Prayer on Soul of Princess Jawaher bint Abdulaziz". States News Service. Riyadh. 7 June 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^ Mordechai Abir (1987). "The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia". Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (2): 150–171. doi:10.1080/00263208708700697. JSTOR 4283169.
^ a b Amir Taheri (2012). "Saudi Arabia: Change Begins within the Family". The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy. 34 (3): 138–143. doi:10.1080/10803920.2012.686725. S2CID 154850947.
^ a b c Rosie Bsheer (February 2018). "A Counter-Revolutionary State: Popular Movements and the Making of Saudi Arabia". Past & Present. 238 (1): 247. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtx057.
^ a b David Rundell (17 September 2020). Vision or Mirage: Saudi Arabia at the Crossroads. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-83860-595-7.
^ Staci Strobl (2016). "Policing in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: understanding the role of sectarian history and politics". Policing and Society. 26 (5): 553. doi:10.1080/10439463.2014.989153. S2CID 145290774.
^ Neil MacFarquhar. (23 October 2011). "Prince Sultan bin Abdel Aziz of Saudi Arabia Dies" Archived 23 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, Retrieved 23 October 2011
^ Mai Yamani (2008). "The two faces of Saudi Arabia". Survival. 50 (1): 143–156. doi:10.1080/00396330801899488.
^ William Safire (12 September 2002). "The Split in the Saudi Royal Family". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
^ Nathaniel Kern; Matthew M. Reed (15 November 2011). "Change and succession in Saudi Arabia". Foreign Reports Bulletin. Archived from the original on 16 November 2011.
^ Ian Bremmer (2 March 2012). "The next generation of Saudi royals is being groomed". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
^ "Saudis swear allegiance to Crown Prince". Zawya. 30 October 2011. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
^ Joshua Teitelbaum (8 December 2010). "King Abdullah's Illness and the Saudi Succession". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
^ Neil MacFarquhar (18 June 2012). "Defense Minister New Heir to Throne in Saudi Arabia". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
^ Abdullah Al Shihri; Brian Murphy (18 June 2012). "Salman bin Abdulaziz, Saudi Arabia's Defense Minister, Named Crown Prince". Huffington Post. AP. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^ Ian Black (23 January 2015). "Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies at 90". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ Saudi king appoints nephew as crown prince Archived 30 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Al Jazeera. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ "Mohammad bin Salman named new Saudi Crown Prince". TASS. Beirut. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ "Profile: New Saudi Interior Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Nayef". Al Arabiya. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
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Italics indicates Crown Princes of Saudi Arabia. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_of_King_Fahd_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salman_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fahd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fahd"},{"link_name":"Salman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Salman"},{"link_name":"King of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Saudi royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_royal_family"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"King Abdulaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdulaziz"},{"link_name":"Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussa_bint_Ahmed_Al_Sudairi"},{"link_name":"Fahd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"King of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Nayef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayef_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"King Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Salman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Prince Turki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki_II_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Prince Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"}],"text":"The eldest of the Sudairi Seven, Fahd (left), and the sixth, Salman, served as King of Saudi Arabia.The Sudairi Seven (Arabic: السديريون السبعة, As Sudayriyyūn as Sabʿah), also spelled Sudairy or Sudayri, is the commonly used name for a powerful alliance of seven full brothers within the Saudi royal family. They are also sometimes referred to as the Sudairi clan (Arabic: عائلة السديري ʿĀʾilat as-Sudayrī) or the Sudairi faction. They are among the forty-five sons of the country's founder, King Abdulaziz. The King had more sons with their mother, Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, than he did with any of his other wives.The oldest of the Sudairi Seven (Fahd) served as King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005; the second- and fourth-oldest (Sultan and Nayef) served as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, but predeceased King Abdullah; and the sixth-oldest (Salman) succeeded Abdullah as king in 2015. One of the Sudairi Seven, Prince Turki, had broken off with his brothers in 1978. Following the death of Prince Abdul Rahman in 2017 only the two youngest of the Seven (Salman and Ahmed) survive, with the youngest brother, Prince Ahmed under house arrest by order of King Salman.","title":"Sudairi Seven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nejd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washington-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_bint_Ahmed_Al_Sudairi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washington-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist.com-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weston-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lacey-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weston-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lacey-8"},{"link_name":"Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weston-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fahd bin Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_bin_Abdullah_bin_Mohammed_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weston-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the early twentieth century, King Abdulaziz rapidly expanded his power base in Nejd to establish the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, and became its first king. As part of this process of expansion, he married women from powerful Nejdi and other Arabian families to cement his control over all parts of his new domain. It is believed he married as many as 22 women as a result.[1] One of these marriages was to Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, a member of the powerful Al Sudairi clan[2] to which King Abdulaziz's mother, Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, belonged.[3]The number of children that King Abdulaziz fathered in total, with all his wives, is unknown. One source indicates that he had 37 sons.[1] The Sudairi Seven – the seven sons of King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed – were the largest bloc of full brothers[4][5] and as a consequence, were able to wield a degree of coordinated influence and power.[6] King Abdulaziz and Hassa bint Ahmed married twice;[7][8] their first marriage started in 1913[7] and may have produced a son, Prince Sa'ad (1914–19).[8] Hassa then married Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman, the half-brother of King Abdulaziz,[7][9] with whom she had a son, Prince Abdullah, the father of Fahd bin Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Saud.[10][11][12] Hassa and King Abdulaziz married again in 1920,[7] and their second marriage produced seven sons and four daughters.[13]","title":"Origins and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fahd_bin_Abdul_Aziz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fahd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"King of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prince_Sultan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg"},{"link_name":"Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Rahman_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nayef_bin_AbdulAziz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nayef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayef_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg"},{"link_name":"Turki II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki_II_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salman_bin_Abdull_aziz_December_9,_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg"},{"link_name":"Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc51112-14"}],"text":"Fahd (1921–2005) King of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005)Crown Prince (1975–82)2nd Deputy Prime Minister (1967–75)Minister of the Interior (1963–75)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSultan (1925–2011) Crown Prince (2005–2011)2nd Deputy Prime Minister (1982–2005)Defense Minister (1962–2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAbdul Rahman (1931–2017) Removed from successionDeputy Defense Minister (1978–2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNayef (1934–2012) Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister (2011–2012)Interior Minister (1975–2012)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTurki II (1934–2016) Removed from successionDeputy Defense Minister (1968–78)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSalman (born 1935) King of Saudi Arabia (2015–present)Crown Prince (2012–2015)Minister of Defense (2011–2015)Governor of Riyadh (1963–2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAhmed (born 1942) Removed from successionInterior Minister (2012–2012)[14]Deputy Interior Minister (1975–2012)","title":"The Seven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princess Luluwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luluwah_bint_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Princess Latifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latifa_bint_Abdulaziz"},{"link_name":"Princess Al Jawhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jawhara_bint_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Khalid bin Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_bin_Abdullah_bin_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Princess Jawahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Jawahir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Their sisters","text":"Princess Luluwah (1928–2008) was married to Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud\nPrincess Latifa (deceased)\nPrincess Al Jawhara (died 2019) was married to Prince Khalid bin Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud\nPrincess Jawahir (died June 2015)[15]","title":"The Seven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asabiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asabiyya"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ata-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ata-17"},{"link_name":"King Faisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"King Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosb-18"},{"link_name":"Free Princes movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Princes_Movement"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosb-18"},{"link_name":"Oil Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_(Saudi_Arabia)"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Tariki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Tariki"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rosb-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist.com-6"},{"link_name":"King Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist.com-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davr-19"},{"link_name":"Prince Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davr-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Prince Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_bin_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Prince Bandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_bin_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Saudi National Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_National_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist.com-6"},{"link_name":"Norman Schwarzkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Nayef"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist.com-6"},{"link_name":"Allegiance Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegiance_Commission"},{"link_name":"future succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_Saudi_throne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist.com-6"}],"text":"The influence of the Sudairi Seven, which can be termed as asabiyya (group spirit) following the Khaldûnian terminology, grew constantly after the accession of its leader, Prince Fahd, to crown prince in 1975 and then king in 1982.[16] They represented one out of five of King Abdulaziz’s sons. However, they gained influence and power not solely because of their number.[17] Unlike many of King Abdulaziz's other sons who dealt much more with business activities, the Sudairi Seven tended to be interested in politics.[17]The Sudairi Seven's rise to power can be traced back to the accession of King Faisal and his earlier struggle with King Saud. Although not a Sudairi himself, Faisal, in his struggle to overthrow Saud, relied heavily upon the seven Sudairi brothers. One of the earliest significant roles played by the Sudairi Seven was in March 1962 when they collaborated with Crown Prince Faisal.[18] They threatened five members of King Saud's cabinet to submit their resignations following the announcement of the constitution by the king which had been drafted by the members of the Free Princes movement with the help of Egyptian lawyers.[18] The ministers, including Oil Minister Abdullah Tariki, resigned from the office as a result of their extensive campaign against them.[18] Then in 1962, as prime minister and heir apparent, Prince Faisal appointed Prince Fahd as interior minister, Prince Sultan as defense minister, and Prince Salman as governor of Riyadh. All were key posts. Following his accession to the throne after King Saud's deposition in 1964, King Faisal continued to favor the Sudairi Seven as his allies.[6]In 1975, following the death of King Faisal and the accession of King Khalid, Prince Fahd became Crown Prince and Prince Nayef succeeded him at the ministry of interior.[6] King Khalid reduced Sudairi Seven's power concerning succession in 1977 when he was in London for treatment.[19] Following their unsuccessful attempt to overthrow King Khalid and to install Prince Sultan as crown prince instead of Prince Abdullah King Khalid asked Crown Prince Fahd and Prince Abdullah to fully obey the existing succession plan without any change.[19][20]The Sudairis consolidated their hold over these fiefs by appointing their brothers and sons to their own ministries and other key positions. Prince Sultan appointed one of his younger Sudairi brothers – Prince Abdul Rahman – and one of his own sons – Prince Khalid – as his deputies. Another of Prince Sultan’s sons, Prince Bandar, served for two decades as Saudi ambassador in Washington and then head of the Saudi National Security Council.[6] His other son Prince Khalid, the co-commander with U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf in the Gulf War (1991), became vice defence minister.[21] Prince Nayef also appointed one of his sons – Muhammad – as his deputy at the ministry of the interior.[6]The Sudairis’ rise to power and hold over government brought continuity to the system. It also prompted other princes to align quietly against them. The main opposition to the Sudairis came from Prince Abdullah prior to his accession to the throne. He cultivated allies among his other brothers and with King Faisal’s sons. Upon Prince Abdullah's accession to the throne, he created a new family council, the Allegiance Commission, to determine the future succession. The Sudairis filled a fifth of the council’s seats which is seen as a dilution of Sudairi power since their overall control over the state is perceived as proportionately greater than this.[6]","title":"Rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mai Yamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Yamani"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc51112-14"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Mai Yamani argues that the Sudairi brothers, previously known as the Sudairi seven, since King Fahd’s death in August 2005 reduced to al-Thaluth (‘the trio’), referring only to Prince Sultan, Prince Nayef and Prince Salman.[22] Prince Sultan became the leader of the group after King Fahd's demise.[23]On 28 October 2011, Prince Nayef became the Crown Prince after the death of Prince Sultan, and his other full brother Prince Salman, who had been long-term Riyadh governor, was appointed the minister of defence. However, the eldest surviving member of the Sudairi brothers, Prince Abdul Rahman, was replaced by Prince Sultan's son Prince Khalid as deputy minister of defence.[24]Prince Abdul Rahman was reported to argue that he should have been promoted instead of Prince Salman. On the other hand, the youngest of the Sudairi brothers, Ahmed, who was Prince Nayef's deputy at the ministry of interior since 1975, was reported to complain about that Prince Nayef was actively promoting the interest of his own son, Prince Mohammed. Lastly, another Sudairi Prince Turki, who returned to Riyadh in early 2011 after a long and at least partly voluntary exile in Cairo, was said to agitate for a more senior position.[25] On the other hand, Prince Turki fully supported the appointment of Prince Nayef as Crown Prince, indicating that the decision was completely right and that Prince Nayef had wisdom, sound management and long history in serving the country.[26] However, although Sudairi brothers support each other against other princes, each attempts to form, with his sons, another power group.[27]On 16 June 2012, Crown Prince Nayef died in Geneva. His posts were filled by his younger full-brothers. Prince Salman was named as the Crown Prince and deputy prime minister, and Prince Ahmed as the minister of interior on 18 June 2012.[28] Prince Salman and Prince Ahmed became the only politically active members of the group.[29] However, on 5 November 2012, Prince Ahmed resigned from his post and was succeeded by Mohammed bin Nayef, son of Prince Nayef.[14] On 23 January 2015, King Abdullah died at the age of 90 and he was succeeded by Prince Salman.[30]","title":"Reign of King Abdullah (2005–2015)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammad bin Salman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Muqrin bin Abdulaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqrin_bin_Abdulaziz"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Abdulaziz bin Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Saud_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"King Salman immediately began to consolidate power on behalf of the clan. His son Mohammad bin Salman became both minister of defense and secretary general of the Court, combining two of the most powerful offices in the government, and Mohammed bin Nayef bypassed hundreds of senior princes to become the first of the third generation to be officially placed in the line of succession.On 28 April 2015, Mohammed bin Nayef was named crown prince, replacing Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz, the younger half-brother of the Sudairi Seven. Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud was named as deputy crown prince by his father, thus effectively putting the future of the throne in the Sudairi Seven clan's firm grip.[31]On 21 June 2017 Mohammad bin Salman was made crown prince, and Mohammed bin Nayef was removed from his posts and stripped of his titles.[32] The interior minister was succeeded by Abdulaziz bin Saud, the grandson of Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz.[33] Thus the lines of Nayef and Salman, if not those of the other Sudairi brothers, maintain strong influence.","title":"Reign of King Salman (2015–present)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Descendants of Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_Abdulaziz_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_Saudi_Arabian_throne"}] | [{"reference":"Simon Henderson (25 October 2006). \"New Saudi Rules on Succession: Will They Fix the Problem?\". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-saudi-rules-succession-will-they-fix-problem","url_text":"\"New Saudi Rules on Succession: Will They Fix the Problem?\""}]},{"reference":"Irfan Al Alawi (24 October 2011). \"Saudi Arabia – The Shadow of Prince Nayef\". Center for Islamic Pluralism. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121211014028/http://www.islamicpluralism.eu/WP/?p=2202#more-2202","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia – The Shadow of Prince Nayef\""},{"url":"http://www.islamicpluralism.eu/WP/?p=2202#more-2202","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mordechai Abir (April 1987). \"The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia\". Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (2): 150–171. doi:10.1080/00263208708700697. JSTOR 4283169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263208708700697","url_text":"10.1080/00263208708700697"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283169","url_text":"4283169"}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Succession Crisis\". The National Security Council. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181225093427/https://www.keepandshare.com/doc/3533564/usnsc-pdf-february-9-2012-1-47-am-1-7-meg?da=y","url_text":"\"Saudi Succession Crisis\""},{"url":"http://www.keepandshare.com/doc/3533564/usnsc-pdf-february-9-2012-1-47-am-1-7-meg?da=y","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James Reginato. \"The Saudi Princess and the Multi-Million Dollar Shopping Spree\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 16 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2015/04/saudi-princess-maha-paris-shopping-scandal","url_text":"\"The Saudi Princess and the Multi-Million Dollar Shopping Spree\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Weston (2008). Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present. John Wiley & Sons. p. 129. ISBN 9780470182574.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C","url_text":"Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470182574","url_text":"9780470182574"}]},{"reference":"Robert Lacey (1982). The Kingdom. Fontana. p. 526. ISBN 9780006365099.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lacey","url_text":"Robert Lacey"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uOmePwAACAAJ","url_text":"The Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780006365099","url_text":"9780006365099"}]},{"reference":"Stig Stenslie (2011). \"Power Behind the Veil: Princesses of House of Saud\". Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea. 1 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1080/21534764.2011.576050. S2CID 153320942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21534764.2011.576050","url_text":"10.1080/21534764.2011.576050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153320942","url_text":"153320942"}]},{"reference":"Abdulateef Al Mulhim (24 April 2013). \"Prince Fahd bin Abdullah: An admiral and a desert lover\". Arab News. Retrieved 24 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arabnews.com/news/449196","url_text":"\"Prince Fahd bin Abdullah: An admiral and a desert lover\""}]},{"reference":"Sabri Sharaf (2001). The House of Saud in Commerce: A Study of Royal Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia. New Delhi: Sharaf Sabri. p. 301. ISBN 978-81-901254-0-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=51Bb8Ix7xw8C&pg=PA301","url_text":"The House of Saud in Commerce: A Study of Royal Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-901254-0-6","url_text":"978-81-901254-0-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Fahd bin Abdullah appointment\". Gulf States Newsletter. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.crossborderinformation.com/Article/%EF%BB%BFPrince+Fahd+Bin+Abdullah+appointment.aspx?date=20130425","url_text":"\"Prince Fahd bin Abdullah appointment\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew Gray (7 October 2014). Global Security Watch—Saudi Arabia. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. ISBN 9780313387005.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dxvFBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Global Security Watch—Saudi Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313387005","url_text":"9780313387005"}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia's king appoints new interior minister\". BBC. 5 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20209276","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia's king appoints new interior minister\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106024007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20209276","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Performs Funeral Prayer on Soul of Princess Jawaher bint Abdulaziz\". States News Service. Riyadh. 7 June 2015. 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JSTOR 4283169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263208708700697","url_text":"10.1080/00263208708700697"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283169","url_text":"4283169"}]},{"reference":"Amir Taheri (2012). \"Saudi Arabia: Change Begins within the Family\". The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy. 34 (3): 138–143. doi:10.1080/10803920.2012.686725. 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Zawya. 30 October 2011. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zawya.com/story/ZAWYA20111030043232/","url_text":"\"Saudis swear allegiance to Crown Prince\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151911/http://www.zawya.com/story/ZAWYA20111030043232/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joshua Teitelbaum (8 December 2010). \"King Abdullah's Illness and the Saudi Succession\". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 26 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://jcpa.org/article/king-abdullah%E2%80%99s-illness-and-the-saudi-succession/","url_text":"\"King Abdullah's Illness and the Saudi Succession\""}]},{"reference":"Neil MacFarquhar (18 June 2012). \"Defense Minister New Heir to Throne in Saudi Arabia\". The New York Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(disambiguation) | Principality of Serbia (disambiguation) | ["1 See also"] | Principality of Serbia was the official name of Serbia from 1815 to 1882.
Principality of Serbia may also refer to:
Principality of Serbia (early medieval), early medieval Serbian principality, during the 8th to 10th centuries
Grand Principality of Serbia, medieval Serbian principality, from the 11th to the beginning of the 13th century
Principality of Serbia (late medieval), late medieval Serbian principality, also known as Moravian Serbia (1371–1402)
See also
Serbia (disambiguation)
Kingdom of Serbia (disambiguation)
Serbian Kingdom (disambiguation)
Republic of Serbia (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Principality of Serbia.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principality of Serbia (early medieval)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)"},{"link_name":"Grand Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Principality of Serbia (late medieval)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(late_medieval)"}],"text":"Principality of Serbia may also refer to:Principality of Serbia (early medieval), early medieval Serbian principality, during the 8th to 10th centuries\nGrand Principality of Serbia, medieval Serbian principality, from the 11th to the beginning of the 13th century\nPrincipality of Serbia (late medieval), late medieval Serbian principality, also known as Moravian Serbia (1371–1402)","title":"Principality of Serbia (disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Serbia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Kingdom of Serbia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Serbian Kingdom (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Kingdom_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Republic of Serbia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Principality_of_Serbia_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Principality_of_Serbia_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Soucheray | Joe Soucheray | ["1 Early life","2 Newspaper career","3 Early radio career","4 Garage Logic","5 References"] | American journalist
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Joe Soucheray" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Joe Soucheray is a radio talk-show host and newspaper columnist. He produces his podcast Garage Logic from studios in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Early life
Soucheray was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1949. He attended St. Luke's as a grade schooler, Hill High School (now Hill-Murray School), and went to college at University of St. Thomas in the Twin Cities.
Newspaper career
Soucheray entered the media as a sports journalist, beginning work as a sports reporter for the Minneapolis Tribune in 1973. He joined the Saint Paul Pioneer Press in the mid-1980s and served for many years as a sports reporter and columnist, before becoming a general columnist in the mid-1990s.
Early radio career
In 1980, Soucheray entered the radio business, co-hosting Monday Night Sports Talk on KSTP radio with then-St. Paul Pioneer Press sports columnist Patrick Reusse. The show was known for its cast of callers doing impressions of various celebrities, in and out of the sports world, of widely varying quality - and, very occasionally, discussion about sports. The lack of actual sports content on "MNST" was a running gag between Soucheray, Reusse and the audience.
The show aired until the early nineties, until Soucheray began his daily "Garage Logic" program. The "Sports Talk" brand lived on in the duo's weekend show, "Saturday Morning Sports Talk" and has continued with the weekday version of "Sports Talk" which began airing on Monday, February 15, 2010. The pair claim it is the "longest-running sports talk show in history."
Garage Logic
Soucheray began hosting his daily Garage Logic drive-time radio show on KSTP on April 29, 1993. In it, Soucheray acts as the mayor of a mythical town bearing the same name as the radio show: Garage Logic, county seat of Gumption County. The motivating idea is to promote traditional values and is a sort of criticism of modern American pop culture and Minnesota's dominant liberal culture. Soucheray prefers to stick with the less philosophical slogan "Anything that needs to be figured out can be figured out in the garage."
Soucheray has been joined on the air by producer Matt "The Rookie" Michalski since the late 1990s. Rookie is the voice behind many skits and imitations on "Garage Logic" and "Saturday Morning Sports Talk". Rookie was often held to mythical 6:00 pm meetings with Soucheray, after the conclusion of the show, if he angered Soucheray's character by not paying attention. More often, Soucheray could be heard asking Rookie if he actually listens to the show that he is producing.
The program has occupied several time slots during its run as the station's other programming has shifted, but for over a decade it, along with Rush Limbaugh's program, was part of a combination that made KSTP the dominant talk station in the market. With Limbaugh's departure from the station in 2006, Soucheray became KSTP's sole marquee talent.
After twenty-five years on the air, KSTP officially canceled Garage Logic on August 10, 2018. The final broadcast was aired on September 7, 2018. Joe signed off by thanking all the many fans saying, "You have all been heaven sent from above." Soucheray continued to produce Garage Logic as a podcast, with the first episode coming three days later. The podcast is also financed by Hubbard Broadcasting, the owners of KSTP. The Garage Logic Podcast can be found by downloading the PodMN app, on Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. It can also be found on www.GarageLogic.com
References
^ "Joe Soucheray on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
^ a b "Patrick Reusse and Joe Soucheray end their KSTP radio show with a few last insults". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
^ "KSTP radio axes Joe Soucheray and Patrick Reusse after 35 years on the air". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
^ "Joe Soucheray's 'Garage Logic' radio show will end in September". Twin Cities. 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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More often, Soucheray could be heard asking Rookie if he actually listens to the show that he is producing.[citation needed]The program has occupied several time slots during its run as the station's other programming has shifted, but for over a decade it, along with Rush Limbaugh's program, was part of a combination that made KSTP the dominant talk station in the market. With Limbaugh's departure from the station in 2006, Soucheray became KSTP's sole marquee talent.[citation needed]After twenty-five years on the air, KSTP officially canceled Garage Logic on August 10, 2018. The final broadcast was aired on September 7, 2018.[2][3][4] Joe signed off by thanking all the many fans saying, \"You have all been heaven sent from above.\"[citation needed] Soucheray continued to produce Garage Logic as a podcast, with the first episode coming three days later. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Fagan | Brian M. Fagan | ["1 Biography","1.1 Academic career","1.2 Personal life","2 Bibliography","3 Further reading","4 External links","5 References"] | British scholar of archaeology
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Brian M. FaganBornBrian Murray Fagan (1936-08-01) 1 August 1936 (age 87)NationalityBritishAcademic backgroundEducationRugby SchoolAlma materPembroke College, CambridgeAcademic workDisciplineArchaeologySub-disciplinePrehistoryhistory of archaeologyInstitutions
Livingstone Museum
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
University of California, Santa Barbara
Websitebrianfagan.com
Brian Murray Fagan (born 1 August 1936) is a British author of popular archaeology books and a professor emeritus of Anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Biography
Fagan was born in England where he received his childhood education at Rugby School. He attended Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he studied archaeology and anthropology (BA 1959, MA 1962, PhD 1965). His doctoral thesis was titled "Some Iron Age cultures of the Southern Province, Northern Rhodesia, with special reference to the Kalomo Culture". He spent six years as Keeper of Prehistory at the Livingstone Museum in Zambia, Central Africa, and moved to the USA in 1966.
Academic career
Fagan was Visiting Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, in 1966/67, and was appointed Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1967.
Fagan is an archaeological generalist, with expertise in the broad issues of human prehistory. He is the author or editor of 46 books, including seven widely used undergraduate college texts. Fagan has contributed over 100 specialist papers to many national and international journals. He is a Contributing Editor to Archaeology Worldwide, American Archaeology and Discover Archaeology magazines, and formerly wrote a regular column for Archaeology Magazine. He serves on the Editorial Boards of six academic and general periodicals and has many popular magazine credits, including Scientific American and Gentleman's Quarterly.
Unlike most scholars at research universities, Fagan chose to regularly teach large introductory archaeology classes to undergraduates at Santa Barbara. Avoiding traditional lecture formats, he experimented with technology to provide basic information as early as the 1970s, leaving his class periods for wide ranging discussions of interest to students.
In conjunction with this interest in college teaching, Fagan began writing an extensive series of archaeology textbooks beginning in 1972 that are still in print in recent editions decades after their initial publication. These include In the Beginning (13th edition, 2013, with Nadia Durrani), People of the Earth (15th edition, 2018, with Nadia Durrani), Ancient North America (5th edition, 2019), Ancient Lives (7th edition, 2020, with Nadia Durrani), World Prehistory (9th edition, 2016, with Nadia Durrani), Ancient Civilizations (4th edition, 2016, with Chris Scarre), and Archaeology: A Brief Introduction (12th edition, 2016, with Nadia Durrani).
Fagan has been an archaeological consultant for many organisations, including National Geographic Society, Time-Life, Encyclopædia Britannica, and Microsoft Encarta. He has lectured extensively about archaeology and other subjects throughout the world at many venues, including the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, the National Geographic Society, the San Francisco City Lecture Program, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Getty Conservation Institute.
In addition to extensive experience with the development of Public Television programs, Fagan was the developer/writer of Patterns of the Past, an NPR series in 1984–86. He has worked as a consultant for the BBC, RKO, and many Hollywood production companies on documentaries. In 1995 he was Senior Series Consultant for Time-Life Television's "Lost Civilizations" series. Fagan was awarded the 1996 Society of Professional Archaeologists' Distinguished Service Award for his "untiring efforts to bring archaeology in front of the public." He also received a Presidential Citation Award from the Society for American Archaeology in 1996 for his work in textbook, general writing and media activities. He received the Society's first Public Education Award in 1997.
Over the years, Fagan has written a series of well-known textbooks that provide accurate summaries of the latest advances in archaeological method and theory and world prehistory. These are designed for beginners and avoid both confusing jargon and major theoretical discussion, which is inappropriate at this basic level. His approach melds traditional cultural history with more recent approaches, with a major emphasis on writing historical narrative using archaeological data and sources from other disciplines.
Fagan is also well known for his public lectures on a wide variety of archaeological and historical topics, delivered to a broad range of archaeological and non-archaeological audiences. He has written many critiques of contemporary archaeology and has advocated non-traditional approaches, as well as writing extensively on the role of archaeology in contemporary society. His approach is a melding of different theoretical approaches, which focuses on the broad issues of human prehistory and the past. He is a strong advocate of multidisciplinary approaches to such issues as climate change in the past.
Personal life
An avid sailor since childhood, Fagan wrote sailing guides to many locations on the Pacific coast of the United States and published them under his own imprint. Now retired from UC Santa Barbara, he lives in the Santa Barbara area with his wife, one of his two daughters, and numerous cats and rabbits.
Bibliography
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2011)
Southern Africa during the Iron Age. London: Thames and Hudson, 1965.
The Rape of the Nile: Tomb Robbers, Tourists, and Archaeologists in Egypt. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975 (hardcover, ISBN 0-684-14235-X); Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004 (revised and updated ed., paperback, ISBN 0-8133-4061-6).
Quest for the Past: Great Discoveries in Archaeology. Boston: Addison Wesley, 1978 (paperback, ISBN 0-201-03111-6). (Second Edition published Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 1994)
The Aztecs. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1984 (paperback, ISBN 0-7167-1585-6).
Clash of Cultures. New York: W.H. Freeman & Company, 1984 (paperback, ISBN 0-7167-1622-4); Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 1997 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7619-9146-8; paperback, ISBN 0-7619-9145-X).
The Adventure of Archaeology. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1985 (hardcover, ISBN 0-87044-603-7)
The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America. London: Thames & Hudson, 1987 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-05045-7); 1989 (paperback, ISBN 0-500-27515-7); Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2004 (updated ed., paperback, ISBN 0-8130-2756-X).
Cruising Guide to California Channel Islands, Western Marine Enterprises, 1989 (paperback, ISBN 978-0930030322).
Journey from Eden: The Peopling of Our World. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-05057-0).
Ancient North America: The Archeology of a Continent. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991 (softcover, ISBN 0-500-27606-4).
Kingdoms of Gold, Kingdoms of Jade: The Americas Before Columbus. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-05062-7).
Snapshots of the Past. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 1995 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7619-9109-3; paperback, ISBN 0-7619-9108-5).
Time Detectives: How Scientists Use Technology to Recapture the Past. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995 (hardcover, ISBN 0-671-79385-3; paperback, ISBN 0-684-81828-0).
(editor) The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 1996 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-507618-4).
(editor) Eyewitness to Discovery: First-Person Accounts of More Than Fifty of the World's Greatest Archaeological Discoveries. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 1997 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-508141-2); 1999 (paperback, ISBN 0-19-512651-3).
Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations. New York: Basic Books, 1999 (hardcover, ISBN 0-465-01120-9); 2000 (paperback, ISBN 0-465-01121-7); London: Pimlico, 2001 (new ed., paperback, ISBN 0-7126-6478-5)
(editor) The Seventy Great Mysteries of the Ancient World: Unlocking the Secrets of Past Civilizations. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 0-500-51050-4).
The Cruising Guide to Central and Southern California: Golden Gate to Ensenada, Mexico, Including the Offshore Islands International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 978-0071374644).
The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850. New York: Basic Books, 2000 (hardcover, ISBN 0-465-02271-5); 2001 (paperback, ISBN 0-465-02272-3).
Stonehenge. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2002 (ISBN 0-19-514314-0).
Archaeologists: Explorers of the Human Past. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-511946-0).
Before California: An Archaeologist Looks at Our Earliest Inhabitants. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-7425-2794-8); AltaMira Press, 2004 (new ed., paperback, ISBN 0-7591-0374-7).
Grahame Clark: An Intellectual Biography of an Archaeologist. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8133-3602-3); 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-8133-4113-2).
Human Prehistory and the First Civilizations (2003) The Great Courses.
The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization. New York: Basic Books, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-465-02281-2); 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-465-02282-0).
A Brief History of Archaeology: Classical Times to the Twenty-First Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-13-177698-3).
(editor) The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-05130-5).
Chaco Canyon: Archaeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-517043-1).
Writing Archaeology: Telling Stories About the Past. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 1-59874-004-0; paperback ISBN 1-59874-005-9).
From Stonehenge to Samarkand: An Anthology of Archaeological Travel Writing. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-516091-6).
Fish on Friday: Feasting, Fasting, And Discovery of the New World. New York: Basic Books, 2007 (hardcover, ISBN 0-465-02284-7; paperback, ISBN 0-465-02285-5).
The Great Warming: Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008 (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-59691-392-9).
Cro-Magnon: How the Ice Age Gave Birth to the First Modern Humans. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010 (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-59691-582-4).
Elixir: A Human History of Water. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2011 (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-4088-1573-1).
The Attacking Ocean: The Past, Present, and Future of Rising Sea Levels. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013 ISBN 978-1-60819-692-0.
A Brief History of Archaeology: Classical Times to the Twenty-First Century (2017, with Nadia Durrani) Routledge
In the Beginning (14th edition, 2020, with Nadia Durrani), Routledge
People of the Earth (15th edition, 2018, with Nadia Durrani), Routledge
Ancient North America (5th edition, 2019), Thames & Hudson
Ancient Lives (7th edition, 2020, with Nadia Durrani), Routledge
World Prehistory (9th edition, 2019, with Nadia Durrani), Routledge
Ancient Civilizations (4th edition, 2016, with Chris Scarre), Routledge
Archaeology: A Brief Introduction (12th edition, 2016, with Nadia Durrani), Routledge
What We Did in Bed: A Horizontal History (2019, with Nadia Durrani) Yale University Press
Bigger Than History: Why Archaeology Matters (2019, with Nadia Durrani) Thames and Hudson
Climate Chaos: Lessons on Survival from our Ancestors (2021, with Nadia Durrani) Hachette
World Prehistory: The Basics (2021, with Nadia Durrani) Routledge
Archaeology: The Basics (2022, with Nadia Durrani) Routledge
Further reading
Fagan, Brian. "Retrospect (But certainly not a necrology!)", Antiquity, Vol. 78, Issue 299. (2004), pp. 173–183.
External links
"Brian Murray Fagan". Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2006. at the EMuseum of the Minnesota State University, Mankato
"Interview". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) with Brian Fagan at the Society for California Archaeology
Audio interview with National Review Online
Brian Fagan books online
Cro-Magnon: How the Ice Age Gave Birth to the First Modern Humans lecture at the Linda Hall Library, 29 March 2012
References
^ "Brian M. Fagan". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
^ "Some Iron Age cultures of the Southern Province, Northern Rhodesia, with special reference to the Kalomo Culture / Brian Murray Fagan". idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "About Brian Fagan". Brian Fagan. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
^ "Archaeology Worldwide | Home". ArchaeologyWorldwide. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"professor emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_emeritus"},{"link_name":"Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"}],"text":"Brian Murray Fagan (born 1 August 1936[1]) is a British author of popular archaeology books and a professor emeritus of Anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara.","title":"Brian M. Fagan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_M._Fagan#endnote_SCA"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"doctoral thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_thesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Livingstone Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_Museum"}],"text":"Fagan was born in England where he received his childhood education at Rugby School[1]. He attended Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he studied archaeology and anthropology (BA 1959, MA 1962, PhD 1965). His doctoral thesis was titled \"Some Iron Age cultures of the Southern Province, Northern Rhodesia, with special reference to the Kalomo Culture\".[2] He spent six years as Keeper of Prehistory at the Livingstone Museum in Zambia, Central Africa, and moved to the USA in 1966.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Archaeology Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Gentleman's Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"National Geographic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society"},{"link_name":"Time-Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-Life"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Encarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Encarta"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Getty Conservation Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Conservation_Institute"},{"link_name":"Public Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Television"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"RKO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO"},{"link_name":"Time-Life Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-Life_Television"},{"link_name":"Society for American Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"climate change in the past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change#Past_events"}],"sub_title":"Academic career","text":"Fagan was Visiting Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, in 1966/67, and was appointed Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1967.[3]Fagan is an archaeological generalist, with expertise in the broad issues of human prehistory. He is the author or editor of 46 books, including seven widely used undergraduate college texts. Fagan has contributed over 100 specialist papers to many national and international journals. He is a Contributing Editor to Archaeology Worldwide,[4] American Archaeology and Discover Archaeology magazines, and formerly wrote a regular column for Archaeology Magazine. He serves on the Editorial Boards of six academic and general periodicals and has many popular magazine credits, including Scientific American and Gentleman's Quarterly.Unlike most scholars at research universities, Fagan chose to regularly teach large introductory archaeology classes to undergraduates at Santa Barbara. Avoiding traditional lecture formats, he experimented with technology to provide basic information as early as the 1970s, leaving his class periods for wide ranging discussions of interest to students.In conjunction with this interest in college teaching, Fagan began writing an extensive series of archaeology textbooks beginning in 1972 that are still in print in recent editions decades after their initial publication. These include In the Beginning (13th edition, 2013, with Nadia Durrani), People of the Earth (15th edition, 2018, with Nadia Durrani), Ancient North America (5th edition, 2019), Ancient Lives (7th edition, 2020, with Nadia Durrani), World Prehistory (9th edition, 2016, with Nadia Durrani), Ancient Civilizations (4th edition, 2016, with Chris Scarre), and Archaeology: A Brief Introduction (12th edition, 2016, with Nadia Durrani).Fagan has been an archaeological consultant for many organisations, including National Geographic Society, Time-Life, Encyclopædia Britannica, and Microsoft Encarta. He has lectured extensively about archaeology and other subjects throughout the world at many venues, including the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, the National Geographic Society, the San Francisco City Lecture Program, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Getty Conservation Institute.In addition to extensive experience with the development of Public Television programs, Fagan was the developer/writer of Patterns of the Past, an NPR series in 1984–86. He has worked as a consultant for the BBC, RKO, and many Hollywood production companies on documentaries. In 1995 he was Senior Series Consultant for Time-Life Television's \"Lost Civilizations\" series. Fagan was awarded the 1996 Society of Professional Archaeologists' Distinguished Service Award for his \"untiring efforts to bring archaeology in front of the public.\" He also received a Presidential Citation Award from the Society for American Archaeology in 1996 for his work in textbook, general writing and media activities. He received the Society's first Public Education Award in 1997.Over the years, Fagan has written a series of well-known textbooks that provide accurate summaries of the latest advances in archaeological method and theory and world prehistory. These are designed for beginners and avoid both confusing jargon and major theoretical discussion, which is inappropriate at this basic level. His approach melds traditional cultural history with more recent approaches, with a major emphasis on writing historical narrative using archaeological data and sources from other disciplines.Fagan is also well known for his public lectures on a wide variety of archaeological and historical topics, delivered to a broad range of archaeological and non-archaeological audiences. He has written many critiques of contemporary archaeology and has advocated non-traditional approaches, as well as writing extensively on the role of archaeology in contemporary society. His approach is a melding of different theoretical approaches, which focuses on the broad issues of human prehistory and the past. He is a strong advocate of multidisciplinary approaches to such issues as climate change in the past.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"An avid sailor since childhood, Fagan wrote sailing guides to many locations on the Pacific coast of the United States and published them under his own imprint. Now retired from UC Santa Barbara, he lives in the Santa Barbara area with his wife, one of his two daughters, and numerous cats and rabbits.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Scribner's Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-14235-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-14235-X"},{"link_name":"Westview Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8133-4061-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4061-6"},{"link_name":"Addison Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Wesley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-201-03111-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-03111-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7167-1585-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1585-6"},{"link_name":"W.H. 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Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59691-392-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-392-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59691-582-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-582-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4088-1573-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-1573-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60819-692-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-692-0"}],"text":"Southern Africa during the Iron Age. London: Thames and Hudson, 1965.\nThe Rape of the Nile: Tomb Robbers, Tourists, and Archaeologists in Egypt. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975 (hardcover, ISBN 0-684-14235-X); Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004 (revised and updated ed., paperback, ISBN 0-8133-4061-6).\nQuest for the Past: Great Discoveries in Archaeology. Boston: Addison Wesley, 1978 (paperback, ISBN 0-201-03111-6). (Second Edition published Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 1994)\nThe Aztecs. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1984 (paperback, ISBN 0-7167-1585-6).\nClash of Cultures. New York: W.H. Freeman & Company, 1984 (paperback, ISBN 0-7167-1622-4); Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 1997 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7619-9146-8; paperback, ISBN 0-7619-9145-X).\nThe Adventure of Archaeology. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1985 (hardcover, ISBN 0-87044-603-7)\nThe Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America. London: Thames & Hudson, 1987 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-05045-7); 1989 (paperback, ISBN 0-500-27515-7); Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2004 (updated ed., paperback, ISBN 0-8130-2756-X).\nCruising Guide to California Channel Islands, Western Marine Enterprises, 1989 (paperback, ISBN 978-0930030322).\nJourney from Eden: The Peopling of Our World. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-05057-0).\nAncient North America: The Archeology of a Continent. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991 (softcover, ISBN 0-500-27606-4).\nKingdoms of Gold, Kingdoms of Jade: The Americas Before Columbus. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-05062-7).\nSnapshots of the Past. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 1995 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7619-9109-3; paperback, ISBN 0-7619-9108-5).\nTime Detectives: How Scientists Use Technology to Recapture the Past. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995 (hardcover, ISBN 0-671-79385-3; paperback, ISBN 0-684-81828-0).\n(editor) The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 1996 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-507618-4).\n(editor) Eyewitness to Discovery: First-Person Accounts of More Than Fifty of the World's Greatest Archaeological Discoveries. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 1997 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-508141-2); 1999 (paperback, ISBN 0-19-512651-3).\nFloods, Famines, and Emperors: El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations. New York: Basic Books, 1999 (hardcover, ISBN 0-465-01120-9); 2000 (paperback, ISBN 0-465-01121-7); London: Pimlico, 2001 (new ed., paperback, ISBN 0-7126-6478-5)\n(editor) The Seventy Great Mysteries of the Ancient World: Unlocking the Secrets of Past Civilizations. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 0-500-51050-4).\nThe Cruising Guide to Central and Southern California: Golden Gate to Ensenada, Mexico, Including the Offshore Islands International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 978-0071374644).\nThe Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850. New York: Basic Books, 2000 (hardcover, ISBN 0-465-02271-5); 2001 (paperback, ISBN 0-465-02272-3).\nStonehenge. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2002 (ISBN 0-19-514314-0).\nArchaeologists: Explorers of the Human Past. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-511946-0).\nBefore California: An Archaeologist Looks at Our Earliest Inhabitants. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-7425-2794-8); AltaMira Press, 2004 (new ed., paperback, ISBN 0-7591-0374-7).\nGrahame Clark: An Intellectual Biography of an Archaeologist. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8133-3602-3); 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-8133-4113-2).\nHuman Prehistory and the First Civilizations (2003) The Great Courses.\nThe Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization. New York: Basic Books, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-465-02281-2); 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-465-02282-0).\nA Brief History of Archaeology: Classical Times to the Twenty-First Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-13-177698-3).\n(editor) The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-05130-5).\nChaco Canyon: Archaeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-517043-1).\nWriting Archaeology: Telling Stories About the Past. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 1-59874-004-0; paperback ISBN 1-59874-005-9).\nFrom Stonehenge to Samarkand: An Anthology of Archaeological Travel Writing. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-19-516091-6).\nFish on Friday: Feasting, Fasting, And Discovery of the New World. New York: Basic Books, 2007 (hardcover, ISBN 0-465-02284-7; paperback, ISBN 0-465-02285-5).\nThe Great Warming: Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008 (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-59691-392-9).\nCro-Magnon: How the Ice Age Gave Birth to the First Modern Humans. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010 (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-59691-582-4).\nElixir: A Human History of Water. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2011 (hardcover, ISBN 978-1-4088-1573-1).\nThe Attacking Ocean: The Past, Present, and Future of Rising Sea Levels. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013 ISBN 978-1-60819-692-0.\nA Brief History of Archaeology: Classical Times to the Twenty-First Century (2017, with Nadia Durrani) Routledge\nIn the Beginning (14th edition, 2020, with Nadia Durrani), Routledge\nPeople of the Earth (15th edition, 2018, with Nadia Durrani), Routledge\nAncient North America (5th edition, 2019), Thames & Hudson\nAncient Lives (7th edition, 2020, with Nadia Durrani), Routledge\nWorld Prehistory (9th edition, 2019, with Nadia Durrani), Routledge\nAncient Civilizations (4th edition, 2016, with Chris Scarre), Routledge\nArchaeology: A Brief Introduction (12th edition, 2016, with Nadia Durrani), Routledge\nWhat We Did in Bed: A Horizontal History (2019, with Nadia Durrani) Yale University Press\nBigger Than History: Why Archaeology Matters (2019, with Nadia Durrani) Thames and Hudson\nClimate Chaos: Lessons on Survival from our Ancestors (2021, with Nadia Durrani) Hachette\nWorld Prehistory: The Basics (2021, with Nadia Durrani) Routledge\nArchaeology: The Basics (2022, with Nadia Durrani) Routledge","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Retrospect (But certainly not a necrology!)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100528221809/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/fghij/fagan_brian.html"},{"link_name":"Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)"}],"text":"Fagan, Brian. \"Retrospect (But certainly not a necrology!)\", Antiquity, Vol. 78, Issue 299. (2004), pp. 173–183.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Brian Murray Fagan\". Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100528221809/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/fghij/fagan_brian.html","url_text":"\"Brian Murray Fagan\""},{"url":"http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/fghij/fagan_brian.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview\". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020141028/http://www.scahome.org/educational_resources/2002_Fagan.html","url_text":"\"Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian M. Fagan\". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222117/http://www.buchpreis-suche.de/autoren/brian-m-fagan-1388636.htm","url_text":"\"Brian M. 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Retrieved 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archaeologyworldwide.com/","url_text":"\"Archaeology Worldwide | Home\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Brian+M.+Fagan%22","external_links_name":"\"Brian M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55_Public_Square | 55 Public Square | ["1 Design and history","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°30′01″N 81°41′46″W / 41.500263°N 81.696039°W / 41.500263; -81.69603922-story skyscraper in Cleveland Ohio
55 Public Square55 Public SquareGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeofficeLocationCleveland, OhioCoordinates41°30′01″N 81°41′46″W / 41.500263°N 81.696039°W / 41.500263; -81.696039Estimated completion1958OwnerOptima International LLC.HeightTop floor300 feet (91 m)Technical detailsFloor count22Floor area430,000 square feet (40,000 m2)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Carson & LundinMain contractorGeorge A. Fuller Company
55 Public Square (formerly known as the Illuminating Building, after the Illuminating Company, the building's primary tenant) is a 22-story skyscraper located at number 55 Public Square, the town square of downtown Cleveland, Ohio. Designed by Carson & Lundin, it is 300 feet (91 m) tall, was completed in 1958, and was the first new skyscraper built in Cleveland since the Terminal Tower complex was completed in 1930. It was also the first tall International Style building in the city and the first to use a reinforced concrete frame.
Design and history
Like other modernist office towers of its time (including the Seagram Building, built in the same year), it is set back from the street by a small pedestrian plaza, which is interrupted only by a single-story restaurant at one end. The tower was initially intended to employ a steel frame, but reinforced concrete was used for the upper 12 floors because of a steel shortage. A seven-story parking garage adjoins it on the north side. The building was built at a cost of $17 million, and was first owned by Vincent Astor and the Brooks-Harvey Co. of New York City. Willett Properties LLC. of Rye, New York purchased the building in late 2003, and owned it until July 2008 when it was sold to Optima International LLC for $34 million, a Miami-based real estate investment firm led by Chaim Schochet and 2/3rd owned by the Privat Group, one of Ukraine's largest business and banking groups. It is classified as class B office space.
55 Public Square is reminiscent of New York City's Lever House which was designed by Gordon Bunshaft. The Lever House and 55 Public Square are almost identical looking with its curtain wall. A main difference is that Lever House has 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) while 55 Public Square has 430,000 square feet (40,000 m2).
The structure was built on the site of Charles F. Brush's first arc lamp, which in 1879 was the world's first electric street light, and a replica of the lamp hangs outside the restaurant. Also previously on the site were the third and fourth Cuyahoga County courthouses. The third was built in 1860, and was replaced by the fourth in 1875, which in turn was replaced by the current Cuyahoga County Courthouse on Lakeside Avenue in 1912. Courthouse number four was demolished in 1931 for a parking lot.
In 2005, there was small fire on the building's 18th floor which according to the Cleveland Fire Department was caused by a piece of overheated office equipment. The Cleveland Fire Department had contained the fire to the 18th floor, the only thing lost was a piece of glass window and a few smoke covered panels. The office was renovated and cleaned up.
In 2013, First National Bank of Pennsylvania acquired Cleveland's Parkview Federal and moved Parkview Federal from its Solon Headquarters to the Illuminating building. The bank put new signage and modernized the 55 on the building.
The building was sold in 2018 to The K&D Group, a properties company with significant holdings in Cleveland. At the time of sale the building was partially vacant, with the First National Bank and Law Offices of Cleveland as the largest tenants. K&D turned much of the space into apartments, moving offices to the top floors.
From 1959 to 2013, John Q's Steakhouse was located just outside the base of the building, with outdoor seating on the plaza in front of the building during summer months. Originally owned by Stouffer's, John Q's was sold in the 1980s but retained its name. The restaurant was highly popular with residents and celebrities for a number of years and was slated to be replaced by another steakhouse. A restaurant called Fahrenheit is expected to occupy the space starting in July 2023.
See also
List of tallest buildings in Cleveland
References
^ Emporis.com: 55 Public Square. Accessed October 9, 2006.
^ a b Johannesen, Eric. Cleveland Architecture 1876-1976, Western Reserve Historical Society, 1979. ISBN 0-911704-21-3
^ a b Herrick, Clay Jr. Cleveland Landmarks, Landmarks Publishing Company, 1986. ISBN 0-9646459-0-4
^ Jarboe, Michelle (2008-07-10). "55 Public Square sells to buyer bullish on Cleveland". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
^ a b Jarboe, Michelle (May 30, 2018). "K&D strikes deal to buy 55 Public Square office tower, with mixed-use renovation plans". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
^ Cleveland Plain Dealer: "The most important guy you've never heard of: Chaim Schochet, 25, builds downtown Cleveland empire" By Michelle Jarboe McFee February 04, 2012
^ Cleveland Plain Dealer: "55 Public Square sells to buyer bullish on Cleveland" By Michelle Jarboe McFee July 10, 2008
^ 55 Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio Archived 2006-05-06 at the Wayback Machine, Willet Companies LLC. Accessed October 12, 2006.
^ a b LePard, Clay (June 22, 2023). "More than $80 million worth of renovations wrapping up at 55 Public Square". WEWS-TV. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 55 Public Square (Cleveland).
Entry in Cleveland Skyscrapers | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illuminating Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Electric_Illuminating_Company"},{"link_name":"skyscraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper"},{"link_name":"Public Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Square,_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"town square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Carson & Lundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_%26_Lundin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Terminal Tower complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_City_Center"},{"link_name":"International Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_style_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johannesen-2"}],"text":"22-story skyscraper in Cleveland Ohio55 Public Square (formerly known as the Illuminating Building, after the Illuminating Company, the building's primary tenant) is a 22-story skyscraper located at number 55 Public Square, the town square of downtown Cleveland, Ohio. Designed by Carson & Lundin, it is 300 feet (91 m) tall, was completed in 1958,[1] and was the first new skyscraper built in Cleveland since the Terminal Tower complex was completed in 1930. It was also the first tall International Style building in the city and the first to use a reinforced concrete frame.[2]","title":"55 Public Square"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"Seagram Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagram_Building"},{"link_name":"set back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setback_(land_use)"},{"link_name":"plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza"},{"link_name":"steel frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_frame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johannesen-2"},{"link_name":"parking garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_garage"},{"link_name":"Vincent Astor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Astor"},{"link_name":"Brooks-Harvey Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooks-Harvey_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herrick-3"},{"link_name":"Rye, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpd530-5"},{"link_name":"Chaim Schochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Schochet"},{"link_name":"Privat Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privat_Group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ClevelandImportant-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"class B office space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_office_space"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Lever House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever_House"},{"link_name":"Gordon Bunshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"curtain wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_wall_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Brush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Brush"},{"link_name":"arc lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lamp"},{"link_name":"street light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_light"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"courthouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"parking lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herrick-3"},{"link_name":"K&D Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_%26_D_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpd530-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wews2023-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wews2023-9"}],"text":"Like other modernist office towers of its time (including the Seagram Building, built in the same year), it is set back from the street by a small pedestrian plaza, which is interrupted only by a single-story restaurant at one end. The tower was initially intended to employ a steel frame, but reinforced concrete was used for the upper 12 floors because of a steel shortage.[2] A seven-story parking garage adjoins it on the north side. The building was built at a cost of $17 million, and was first owned by Vincent Astor and the Brooks-Harvey Co. of New York City.[3] Willett Properties LLC. of Rye, New York purchased the building in late 2003, and owned it until July 2008 when it was sold to Optima International LLC for $34 million,[4][5] a Miami-based real estate investment firm led by Chaim Schochet and 2/3rd owned by the Privat Group, one of Ukraine's largest business and banking groups.[6][7] It is classified as class B office space.[8]55 Public Square is reminiscent of New York City's Lever House which was designed by Gordon Bunshaft.[citation needed] The Lever House and 55 Public Square are almost identical looking with its curtain wall. A main difference is that Lever House has 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) while 55 Public Square has 430,000 square feet (40,000 m2).The structure was built on the site of Charles F. Brush's first arc lamp, which in 1879 was the world's first electric street light, and a replica of the lamp hangs outside the restaurant. Also previously on the site were the third and fourth Cuyahoga County courthouses. The third was built in 1860, and was replaced by the fourth in 1875, which in turn was replaced by the current Cuyahoga County Courthouse on Lakeside Avenue in 1912. Courthouse number four was demolished in 1931 for a parking lot.[3]In 2005, there was small fire on the building's 18th floor which according to the Cleveland Fire Department was caused by a piece of overheated office equipment. The Cleveland Fire Department had contained the fire to the 18th floor, the only thing lost was a piece of glass window and a few smoke covered panels. The office was renovated and cleaned up.In 2013, First National Bank of Pennsylvania acquired Cleveland's Parkview Federal and moved Parkview Federal from its Solon Headquarters to the Illuminating building. The bank put new signage and modernized the 55 on the building.The building was sold in 2018 to The K&D Group, a properties company with significant holdings in Cleveland. At the time of sale the building was partially vacant, with the First National Bank and Law Offices of Cleveland as the largest tenants.[5] K&D turned much of the space into apartments, moving offices to the top floors.[9]From 1959 to 2013, John Q's Steakhouse was located just outside the base of the building, with outdoor seating on the plaza in front of the building during summer months. Originally owned by Stouffer's, John Q's was sold in the 1980s but retained its name. The restaurant was highly popular with residents and celebrities for a number of years and was slated to be replaced by another steakhouse.[citation needed] A restaurant called Fahrenheit is expected to occupy the space starting in July 2023.[9]","title":"Design and history"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of tallest buildings in Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Cleveland"}] | [{"reference":"Jarboe, Michelle (2008-07-10). \"55 Public Square sells to buyer bullish on Cleveland\". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2008-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.cleveland.com/business/2008/07/55_public_square_sells_to_buye.html","url_text":"\"55 Public Square sells to buyer bullish on Cleveland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"Jarboe, Michelle (May 30, 2018). \"K&D strikes deal to buy 55 Public Square office tower, with mixed-use renovation plans\". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved May 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://realestate.cleveland.com/realestate-news/2018/05/kd_strikes_deal_to_buy_55_publ.html","url_text":"\"K&D strikes deal to buy 55 Public Square office tower, with mixed-use renovation plans\""}]},{"reference":"LePard, Clay (June 22, 2023). \"More than $80 million worth of renovations wrapping up at 55 Public Square\". WEWS-TV. Retrieved June 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/we-follow-through/more-than-80-million-worth-of-renovations-wrapping-up-at-55-public-square","url_text":"\"More than $80 million worth of renovations wrapping up at 55 Public Square\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEWS-TV","url_text":"WEWS-TV"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=55_Public_Square¶ms=41.500263_N_81.696039_W_region:US-OH_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°30′01″N 81°41′46″W / 41.500263°N 81.696039°W / 41.500263; -81.696039"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=55_Public_Square¶ms=41.500263_N_81.696039_W_region:US-OH_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°30′01″N 81°41′46″W / 41.500263°N 81.696039°W / 41.500263; -81.696039"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040707175020/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=121726","external_links_name":"Emporis.com: 55 Public Square"},{"Link":"http://blog.cleveland.com/business/2008/07/55_public_square_sells_to_buye.html","external_links_name":"\"55 Public Square sells to buyer bullish on Cleveland\""},{"Link":"http://realestate.cleveland.com/realestate-news/2018/05/kd_strikes_deal_to_buy_55_publ.html","external_links_name":"\"K&D strikes deal to buy 55 Public Square office tower, with mixed-use renovation plans\""},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2012/02/the_most_important_guy_youve_n.html","external_links_name":"Cleveland Plain Dealer: \"The most important guy you've never heard of: Chaim Schochet, 25, builds downtown Cleveland empire\" By Michelle Jarboe McFee"},{"Link":"http://blog.cleveland.com/business/2008/07/55_public_square_sells_to_buye.html","external_links_name":"Cleveland Plain Dealer: \"55 Public Square sells to buyer bullish on Cleveland\" By Michelle Jarboe McFee"},{"Link":"http://www.willettcompaniesllc.com/55-public-square.html","external_links_name":"55 Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060506140907/http://www.willettcompaniesllc.com/55-public-square.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/we-follow-through/more-than-80-million-worth-of-renovations-wrapping-up-at-55-public-square","external_links_name":"\"More than $80 million worth of renovations wrapping up at 55 Public Square\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080102050039/http://www.clevelandskyscrapers.com/cleveland/clesky200.html","external_links_name":"Entry in Cleveland Skyscrapers"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Grigorian | Sabrina Grigorian | ["1 Life and career","2 References","3 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sabrina Grigorian" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sabrina GrigorianՍաբրինա Մարկոսի ԳրիգորյանBornJuly 28, 1956Rome, Lazio, ItalyDiedJune 10, 1986(1986-06-10) (aged 29)New York City, New YorkOccupationActressParentMarcos Grigorian (father)
Sabrina Grigorian (Armenian: Սաբրինա Մարկոսի Գրիգորյան; 1956–1986) was an Italian-born Armenian actress.
Life and career
Sabrina Grigorian was born in Rome, Italy, on July 28, 1956, to artist Marcos Grigorian and Flora Adamian. After the divorce of her parents, Sabrina was brought up by her father and Sabrina acquired primary schooling in Tehran at a special school for talented children. She then later attended high school at New York City. Coming back to Tehran she met Patricia Zich, theater director at the Community School, and also director of The Masquers, an international theater organization of young adults in Tehran. Zich recognized Sabrina's extraordinary artistic talent.
After graduating from high school Sabrina went to London, auditioned and was admitted to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama to study acting. During those years Sabrina traveled extensively. She went to United States, to Switzerland, Spain, Italy and many other places absorbing all the knowledge she could. She was fluent in Armenian, English, French, was familiar with Persian, Italian, Spanish. As a student Sabrina played a dozen different roles ranging from supporting to Leading ones in Tehran and at Guildhall. During her training as an actress in Tehran and later at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, Sabrina played Rosa Gonzalez in Tennessee Williams "Summer and Smoke", Hippolyta in Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and Emilia in "Othello", Masha in Anton Chekhov's "The Three Sisters", Dina in Ibsen's "The Pillar of the Community", Belvidera in Thomas Ottoway's "Venice Preserved", the Dark Lady in George Bernard Shaw's "The Dark Lady of the Sonnets", Margot in Frances H. Goodrich's "Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl", Corie in Neil Simon's "Barefoot in the Park", Mrs. Martin in Eugene Ionesco's "The Bald Soprano" and Medea in Robinson Jeffers' Adaptation of the Euripides' play.
During her short lifetime on the stage Sabrina portrayed, created such impressive characters that her audience and her teachers and directors were filled with admiration.
For three years, Sabrina was editorial and research assistant to Gene Shalit, the director of the "Today" show at NBC. While working at New York City, she wrote several theatrical and musical commentaries and articles which were published in Delta Sky Magazine, Ladies Home Journal, Diversion Magazine and other periodicals. She also prepared scripts for "on-air" viewing.
She died on July 10, 1986, of a heart attack, and is buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery in Flushing, Queens, New York City.
References
^ Zirin, Mary; Livezeanu, Irina; Worobec, Christine D.; Farris, June Pachuta (2015-03-26). Women and Gender in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Eurasia: A Comprehensive Bibliography Volume I: Southeastern and East Central Europe (Edited by Irina Livezeanu with June Pachuta Farris) Volume II: Russia, the Non-Russian Peoples of the Russian. Routledge. p. 1882. ISBN 978-1-317-45197-6.
^ Fouladvand, Hengameh (January 1, 2000). "Grigorian, Marco". Encyclopædia Iranica.
^ A. Bakhchinyan, "Armenian Figures"
^ The late actress. Sabrina Gregorian
^ "Sabrina Grigorian / ՍԱԲՐԻՆԱ ԳՐԻԳՈՐՅԱՆ". www.anunner.com (in Amharic). Retrieved 2022-12-16.
^ Brown, David (2001-04-01). Let Me Entertain You: Quick Cuts and Slow Fades From a Life Among the Stars. Phoenix Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-893224-27-8.
^ "Death of Marcos Grigorian (August 27, 2007)". Armenian Prelacy. Eastern Prelacy of the Armenian Apostolic Church. 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
External links
Gevorg Abajyan "Sabrina Grigorian", Publisher: Yerevan, Armenia : Near East Museum, 2000
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sabrina Grigorian (Armenian: Սաբրինա Մարկոսի Գրիգորյան; 1956–1986) was an Italian-born Armenian actress.[1]","title":"Sabrina Grigorian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Marcos Grigorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Grigorian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Guildhall School of Music and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"supporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_role"},{"link_name":"Leading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_role"},{"link_name":"Guildhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"Summer and Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke_(film)"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello"},{"link_name":"Anton Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov"},{"link_name":"The Three Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Sisters_(play)"},{"link_name":"Venice Preserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Preserved"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"The Dark Lady of the Sonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Lady_of_the_Sonnets"},{"link_name":"Frances H. Goodrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Goodrich"},{"link_name":"Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Frank:_The_Diary_of_a_Young_Girl"},{"link_name":"Neil Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Simon"},{"link_name":"Barefoot in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot_in_the_Park"},{"link_name":"Eugene Ionesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Ionesco"},{"link_name":"The Bald Soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bald_Soprano"},{"link_name":"Robinson Jeffers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Jeffers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gene Shalit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Shalit"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Delta Sky Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Sky_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Ladies Home Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_Home_Journal"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cedar Grove Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Grove_Cemetery_(Queens)"},{"link_name":"Flushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing,_Queens"}],"text":"Sabrina Grigorian was born in Rome, Italy, on July 28, 1956, to artist Marcos Grigorian and Flora Adamian.[2] After the divorce of her parents, Sabrina was brought up by her father and Sabrina acquired primary schooling in Tehran at a special school for talented children. She then later attended high school at New York City. Coming back to Tehran she met Patricia Zich, theater director at the Community School, and also director of The Masquers, an international theater organization of young adults in Tehran. Zich recognized Sabrina's extraordinary artistic talent.[3]After graduating from high school Sabrina went to London, auditioned and was admitted to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama to study acting. During those years Sabrina traveled extensively. She went to United States, to Switzerland, Spain, Italy and many other places absorbing all the knowledge she could. She was fluent in Armenian, English, French, was familiar with Persian, Italian, Spanish. As a student Sabrina played a dozen different roles ranging from supporting to Leading ones in Tehran and at Guildhall. During her training as an actress in Tehran and later at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, Sabrina played Rosa Gonzalez in Tennessee Williams \"Summer and Smoke\", Hippolyta in Shakespeare's \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" and Emilia in \"Othello\", Masha in Anton Chekhov's \"The Three Sisters\", Dina in Ibsen's \"The Pillar of the Community\", Belvidera in Thomas Ottoway's \"Venice Preserved\", the Dark Lady in George Bernard Shaw's \"The Dark Lady of the Sonnets\", Margot in Frances H. Goodrich's \"Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl\", Corie in Neil Simon's \"Barefoot in the Park\", Mrs. Martin in Eugene Ionesco's \"The Bald Soprano\" and Medea in Robinson Jeffers' Adaptation of the Euripides' play.[4][5]During her short lifetime on the stage Sabrina portrayed, created such impressive characters that her audience and her teachers and directors were filled with admiration.For three years, Sabrina was editorial and research assistant to Gene Shalit, the director of the \"Today\" show at NBC.[6] While working at New York City, she wrote several theatrical and musical commentaries and articles which were published in Delta Sky Magazine, Ladies Home Journal, Diversion Magazine and other periodicals. She also prepared scripts for \"on-air\" viewing.She died on July 10, 1986, of a heart attack,[7] and is buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery in Flushing, Queens, New York City.","title":"Life and career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zirin, Mary; Livezeanu, Irina; Worobec, Christine D.; Farris, June Pachuta (2015-03-26). Women and Gender in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Eurasia: A Comprehensive Bibliography Volume I: Southeastern and East Central Europe (Edited by Irina Livezeanu with June Pachuta Farris) Volume II: Russia, the Non-Russian Peoples of the Russian. Routledge. p. 1882. ISBN 978-1-317-45197-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=imisBwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Women and Gender in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Eurasia: A Comprehensive Bibliography Volume I: Southeastern and East Central Europe (Edited by Irina Livezeanu with June Pachuta Farris) Volume II: Russia, the Non-Russian Peoples of the Russian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45197-6","url_text":"978-1-317-45197-6"}]},{"reference":"Fouladvand, Hengameh (January 1, 2000). \"Grigorian, Marco\". Encyclopædia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/grigorian","url_text":"\"Grigorian, Marco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"\"Sabrina Grigorian / ՍԱԲՐԻՆԱ ԳՐԻԳՈՐՅԱՆ\". www.anunner.com (in Amharic). Retrieved 2022-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anunner.com/name/biography/%D5%8D%D4%B1%D4%B2%D5%90%D4%BB%D5%86%D4%B1_%D4%B3%D5%90%D4%BB%D4%B3%D5%88%D5%90%D5%85%D4%B1%D5%86?lang=en","url_text":"\"Sabrina Grigorian / ՍԱԲՐԻՆԱ ԳՐԻԳՈՐՅԱՆ\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, David (2001-04-01). Let Me Entertain You: Quick Cuts and Slow Fades From a Life Among the Stars. Phoenix Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-893224-27-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YlzuDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Let Me Entertain You: Quick Cuts and Slow Fades From a Life Among the Stars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893224-27-8","url_text":"978-1-893224-27-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Marcos Grigorian (August 27, 2007)\". Armenian Prelacy. Eastern Prelacy of the Armenian Apostolic Church. 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2022-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://armenianprelacy.org/2021/08/26/death-of-marcos-grigorian-august-27-2007/","url_text":"\"Death of Marcos Grigorian (August 27, 2007)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sabrina+Grigorian%22","external_links_name":"\"Sabrina Grigorian\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sabrina+Grigorian%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sabrina+Grigorian%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sabrina+Grigorian%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sabrina+Grigorian%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sabrina+Grigorian%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=imisBwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Women and Gender in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Eurasia: A Comprehensive Bibliography Volume I: Southeastern and East Central Europe (Edited by Irina Livezeanu with June Pachuta Farris) Volume II: Russia, the Non-Russian Peoples of the Russian"},{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/grigorian","external_links_name":"\"Grigorian, Marco\""},{"Link":"http://168.am/2013/02/21/185599.html","external_links_name":"The late actress. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIKY-FM | WIKY-FM | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°59′20″N 87°35′49″W / 37.989°N 87.597°W / 37.989; -87.597For the defunct low-power television translator station (channel 5) licensed to Evansville, Indiana, United States, see WIKY-LP.
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "WIKY-FM" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Radio station in Evansville, IndianaWIKY-FMEvansville, IndianaBroadcast areaEvansville, IndianaFrequency104.1 MHzBranding104.1 WIKYProgrammingFormatAdult contemporaryAffiliationsPremiere NetworksOwnershipOwnerDuey Wright(Midwest Communications, Inc.)Sister stationsWABX, WLYD, WSTOHistoryFirst air dateAugust 4, 1948; 75 years ago (1948-08-04)Call sign meaningIndiana, KentuckyTechnical informationFacility ID61014ClassBERP39,000 wattsHAAT174 meters (571 ft)LinksWebcastListen liveWebsitewiky.com
WIKY-FM (104.1 MHz) is a full-service/adult contemporary music radio station serving the Evansville, Indiana radio market.
History
The call letters WIKY debuted in 1948, when John A. Engelbrecht gained the FCC license for 820 AM.: 93 WIKY-FM signed on August 4, 1948. The studios were on the west side of Evansville, in a unique building with the studios in the basement and the Engelbrecht residence upstairs. In 1953, Engelbrecht obtained one of the first FM licenses available, at 104.1 MHz. The 820 AM frequency was sold to the University of Southern Indiana in 1981, and continues operation as WSWI. Over the past 60 years, the Engelbrecht family maintained ownership of WIKY through their company South Central Communications, which owns 5 stations in Evansville, as well as radio stations in Nashville and Knoxville and a Muzak provider (South Central Sound).
In the most recent Arbitron ratings report, WIKY is the most-listened-to radio station in the Evansville metro survey area. WIKY has been named "Best Radio Station" by the Evansville Courier Press "Reader's Choice" Awards the past two years, and was named "AC Station of the Year" (2008 - Markets 101+) by Radio and Records magazine.
It was announced on May 28, 2014, that Midwest Communications would purchase 9 of the 10 Stations owned by South Central Communications. (This includes the Evansville Cluster which include WIKY-FM along with sister stations WABX, WLFW & WSTO.) With this purchase, Midwest Communications expanded its portfolio of stations to Evansville, Knoxville and Nashville. The sale was finalized on September 2, 2014, at a price of $72 million.
References
^ a b Nash, Francis M. (1995). Towers Over Kentucky: A History of Radio and TV in the Bluegrass State (PDF). HOST Communications. ISBN 9781879688933 – via World Radio History.
^ http://www.radioandrecords.com/RRRatings/DefaultSearch.aspx?MarketName=&MarketRank=161
^ Midwest Communications Acquires South Central Communications
^ "South Central Radio Group". Archived from the original on 2015-10-11. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
External links
WIKY in the FCC FM station database
WIKY in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in the Evansville, Indiana, metropolitan areaBy AM frequency
730
820
860
1180
1250
1280
1330
1400
1540
1550
1590
By FM frequency
88.3
88.7
89.1
89.5
90.1
90.7
91.5
92.5
93.5
93.9
94.9
95.3
96.1
96.5
97.3
98.1
98.5
99.5
100.5
101.3
101.5
101.9
103.1
104.1
105.3
106.1
106.7
107.1
107.5
LPFM
96.9
98.9
99.1
103.5
Translators
91.9
93.1
95.7
96.5
98.5
99.9
100.1
100.7
102.5
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.550
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
88.3-1
90.7-1
90.7-2
103.1-1
106.1-1
106.1-2
By call sign
KIG76
W220DV
W226CB
W239CI
W243CU
W249BP
W253BF
W261CW
W264DM
W273DY
WABX
WBGW
WBGW-FM
WBKR
WBNL
WCFY-LP
WDKS
HD2
WDXM-LP
WEKV
WEOA
WEUC
WFMW
WGAB
WGBF
WGBF-FM
WIAH-LP
WIKY-FM
WJLT
WJPS
WJWA
WKDQ
WKPB
WKTG
WKVN
WLYD
WMSK-FM
WMVI
WNIN-FM
WPIW
WPSR
HD2
WRAY
WRAY-FM
WRUL
WSDM
WSJD
WSON
WSON-FM
WSTO
WSWI
WUCO
WVJC
WYIR-LP
WYNG
Defunct
W45V/WMLL
Nearby regions
Bloomington
Clarksville-Hopkinsville
Louisville
Marion–Carbondale
Mount Vernon
Owensboro
Paducah-Mayfield
Terre Haute
See also
List of radio stations in Indiana
List of radio stations in Kentucky
vteAdult contemporary radio stations in the state of IndianaStations
WAJI – Fort Wayne
WAMB - Brazil
WAOR – Ligonier
WAXL – Santa Claus
WEFM - Michigan City
WFMG - Richmond
WIKY-FM – Evansville
WITZ-FM – Jasper
WJLT - Evansville
WLBC-FM - Muncie
WLKI - Angola
WLQQ - West Lafayette
WMEE - Fort Wayne
WMRS – Monticello
WMVI - Mount Vernon
WNSN – South Bend
WNTR - Indianapolis
WORX-FM – Madison
WPGW – Portland
WPHZ – Orleans
WROI – Rochester
WRZQ-FM – Greensburg
WTCA - Plymouth
WUME-FM – Paoli
WXXC – Marion
WYXB – Indianapolis
WZBD - Berne
WZDM – Vincennes
WZVN - Lowell
WZWZ - Kokomo
WZZY – Winchester
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Indiana
vteMidwest CommunicationsIllinois
Peoria
WIRL
WKZF
WMBD
WSWT
WPBG
WXCL
Indiana
Evansville
WABX
WIKY-FM
WLYD
WSTO
Terre Haute
WBOW
WIBQ
WIBU (defunct)
WMGI
WTHI-FM
WWVR
Michigan
Battle Creek
WFAT
WNWN
Coldwater
WTVB
Holland
WHTC
WYVN
Kalamazoo
WKZO
WTOU
WVFM
WZOX
Lansing
WJXQ
WLMI
WQTX
WWDK
Minnesota
Duluth
KDAL
KDAL-FM
KDKE
KQDS-FM
KTCO
WDSM
WDUL
Hibbing
WEVE-FM
WDKE
WMFG
WMFG-FM
WNMT
WTBX
WUSZ
North Dakota
Fargo
KFGO
KFGO-FM
KNFL
KOYY
KRWK
KVOX-FM
South Dakota
Sioux Falls
KELO
KELO-FM
KELQ
KQSF
KRRO
KTWB
KWSN
Tennessee
Knoxville
WDKW
WIMZ-FM
WJXB-FM
WNFZ
Nashville
WCJK
WJXA
WNFN
Wisconsin
Appleton
WGEE
WYDR
Green Bay
WDKF
WIXX
WNCY-FM
WNFL
WTAQ/WTAQ-FM
Wausau
WDEZ
WIFC
WOZZ
WRIG
WSAU
WSAU-FM
Sheboygan
WBFM
WHBL
WHBZ
WXER
Website
mwcradio.com
37°59′20″N 87°35′49″W / 37.989°N 87.597°W / 37.989; -87.597
This article about a radio station in Indiana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WIKY-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIKY-LP"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Evansville, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"}],"text":"For the defunct low-power television translator station (channel 5) licensed to Evansville, Indiana, United States, see WIKY-LP.Radio station in Evansville, IndianaWIKY-FM (104.1 MHz) is a full-service/adult contemporary music radio station serving the Evansville, Indiana radio market.","title":"WIKY-FM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nash-1"},{"link_name":"University of Southern Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_Indiana"},{"link_name":"WSWI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSWI"},{"link_name":"South Central Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Communications"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Midwest Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Communications"},{"link_name":"WABX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABX"},{"link_name":"WLFW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLYD"},{"link_name":"WSTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSTO"},{"link_name":"Evansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The call letters WIKY debuted in 1948, when John A. Engelbrecht gained the FCC license for 820 AM.[1]: 93 WIKY-FM signed on August 4, 1948. The studios were on the west side of Evansville, in a unique building with the studios in the basement and the Engelbrecht residence upstairs. In 1953, Engelbrecht obtained one of the first FM licenses available, at 104.1 MHz. The 820 AM frequency was sold to the University of Southern Indiana in 1981, and continues operation as WSWI. Over the past 60 years, the Engelbrecht family maintained ownership of WIKY through their company South Central Communications, which owns 5 stations in Evansville, as well as radio stations in Nashville and Knoxville and a Muzak provider (South Central Sound).In the most recent Arbitron ratings report, WIKY is the most-listened-to radio station in the Evansville metro survey area.[2] WIKY has been named \"Best Radio Station\" by the Evansville Courier Press \"Reader's Choice\" Awards the past two years, and was named \"AC Station of the Year\" (2008 - Markets 101+) by Radio and Records magazine.It was announced on May 28, 2014, that Midwest Communications would purchase 9 of the 10 Stations owned by South Central Communications. (This includes the Evansville Cluster which include WIKY-FM along with sister stations WABX, WLFW & WSTO.) With this purchase, Midwest Communications expanded its portfolio of stations to Evansville, Knoxville and Nashville.[3] The sale was finalized on September 2, 2014, at a price of $72 million.[4]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Nash, Francis M. (1995). Towers Over Kentucky: A History of Radio and TV in the Bluegrass State (PDF). HOST Communications. ISBN 9781879688933 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/History/Towers-Over-Kentucky-Nash-1995.pdf","url_text":"Towers Over Kentucky: A History of Radio and TV in the Bluegrass State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781879688933","url_text":"9781879688933"}]},{"reference":"\"South Central Radio Group\". Archived from the original on 2015-10-11. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Rubensson | Elin Rubensson | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 International","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"] | Swedish footballer
Elin Rubensson
Rubensson at the 2016 OlympicsPersonal informationFull name
Elin Ingrid Johanna RubenssonDate of birth
(1993-05-11) 11 May 1993 (age 31)Place of birth
Ystad, SwedenHeight
1.66 m (5 ft 5 in)Position(s)
Central Midfielder, Right-backTeam informationCurrent team
Houston DashNumber
31Youth career
Marieholms IS2008–2009
Stehags IFSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2010–2013
LdB FC Malmö
52
(11)2014
FC Rosengård
15
(2)2015–2019
Kopparbergs Göteborg
97
(27)2020–2024
BK Häcken
60
(12)2024–
Houston Dash
7
(0)International career‡2008–2010
Sweden U17
22
(24)2011–2012
Sweden U19
26
(24)2011–2013
Sweden U23
5
(0)2012–
Sweden
81
(4)
Medal record
Women's soccer
Representing Sweden
Olympic Games
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Team
FIFA Women's World Cup
2019 France
Team
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14:55, 17 June 2024 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 17:57, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
Elin Ingrid Johanna Rubensson (born 11 May 1993) is a Swedish football midfielder currently playing in the National Women's Soccer League for Houston Dash and the Swedish National Team. She was part of and played an important role for Sweden at the Under 19 Championship in 2012. Between 2008 and 2012, Rubensson scored nearly 50 goals for the Sweden U17 and U19 youth national teams.
Club career
Rubensson started playing football at Marieholms IS. From 2010 she played for Malmö FF in the Damallsvenskan, with which she became champion in 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2014 and won the 2012 Supercup. She also took the team to the Champions League four times, with the best showing being reaching the quarter-finals in 2011/12 and 2012/13. In May 2013 Malmö converted Rubensson from a forward to a left back.
She left champions Malmö (who had become known as FC Rosengård) in December 2014, to sign a two-year contract with Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC. They finished second in the 2018 season, meaning the team qualified for the 2019–20 Champions League. After a 1–2 home defeat against Bayern Munich, in which she scored the goal for her team, they won 1–0 in Munich, but the away goals rule was against the Swedes.
On 4 August 2018 she signed a 5-year contract extension with Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC.
On May 1, 2019, she won the cup with Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC, scoring the 2–1 winning goal from a penalty in the first minute of stoppage time. On September 29, 2019, she suffered a head injury during the league game against Vittsjö GIK.
She played at the start of the 2021 season, also due to the subsequent pregnancy and parental leave. By then she was a regular player again at the club, which is now named BK Häcken.
In the 2021–22 Champions League, she reached the group stage for the first time after two wins in the qualifying final against Vålerenga Oslo. Here they won the away game against Benfica Lisbon 1–0. The other games were lost, so they were eliminated as bottom of the group. Rubensson played in all games and also scored the goal for her team from a penalty in the 1–2 home defeat against Benfica. She and her club failed to qualify for the group stage of the 2022–23 Champions League against Paris Saint-Germain.
In 2024, Rubensson signed with the Houston Dash in the NWSL.
International career
She scored 24 goals in 22 games for the Sweden U17 team. She achieved the same number for the U19 team, with whom she won the 2012 U19 European Championship, where she was top scorer with five goals and was voted "Golden Player" by UEFA.
Rubensson made her debut for the Swedish national team in October 2012. She was named to Sweden's squad for the 2015 World Cup and appeared in all four matches. Rubensson appeared in all six matches for Sweden at the 2016 Summer Olympics and won the Silver Medal.
In July 2017 Rubensson was named to the Sweden roster for the Euro 2017, she appeared in two matches as Sweden lost to the Netherlands in the Quarterfinals.
She won the 2019 Algarve Cup with her team. As part of qualifying for the 2019 World Cup, she scored her first international goal in a 4–0 win against Croatia, making it 2–0. She scored in the 5–1 win over Thailand at the 2019 World Cup. She was used in five World Cup games, in the starting line-up each time.
In Sweden's successful qualification for the 2022 European Championship, she played once in the first game. Due to injury and the subsequent pregnancy and birth of her son, she was nominated again for the World Cup qualification in September 2021, but was not used. She was used again in the friendly match against Scotland on October 26, 2021, 784 days after her last international match.
At the 2022 Euro, she played in the 5–0 win in the final group game against Portugal. With a 4–0 defeat against hosts England, the Swedes were eliminated in the semi-finals.
After the Euro, she was used in the last game of qualifying for the World Cup 2023. The Swedes were the first European team to qualify in April 2022.
On 13 June 2023, Rubensson was included in the 23-player squad for the World Cup. She played in all seven of her team's games and was defeated 1–2 in the semi-finals against Spain. She won the bronze medal with a 2–0 victory in the game for third place over Australia. She scored one goal during the tournament from a penalty to make it 2–0 in the final group game against Argentina.
Personal life
Rubensson has two siblings, Jacob and Cajsa. Cajsa is also a footballer and plays for the youth teams of Sweden and FC Rosengård. In 2018, Rubensson married fellow footballer Filip Stenström, who took her surname afterwards. The couple have a son, Frans, born in 2020. Rubensson is also a certified interior designer.
Career statistics
International
Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Rubensson goal.
List of international goals scored by Elin Rubensson
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
Ref.
1
June 7, 2018
Gothenburg, Sweden
Croatia
2–0
4–0
2019 World Cup qualification
2
August 30, 2018
Gothenburg, Sweden
Ukraine
1–0
3–0
2019 World Cup qualification
3
June 16, 2019
Nice, France
Thailand
5–1
5–1
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup
4
August 2, 2023
Hamilton, New Zealand
Argentina
2–0
2–0
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup
Honours
LdB FC Malmö / FC Rosengård
Damallsvenskan: 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014
Svenska Supercupen: 2011, 2012
Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC
Damallsvenskan: 2020
Sweden U19
UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: 2012
Sweden
FIFA Women's World Cup third place: 2019, 2023
Summer Olympic Games Silver Medal: 2016
Algarve Cup: 2018
Individual
Fotbollsgalan Diamantbollen: 2023
References
^ a b c "List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
^ "Elin Rubensson – Spelarstatistik" (in Swedish). Swedish Football Association. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ Profile in the Swedish Football Association's website
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Elin Rubensson — svenskfotboll.se". svenskfotboll.se. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
^ Lindbäck, Elisabeth (20 May 2013). "Efter succén: Rubensson EM-aktuell" (in Swedish). Expressen. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^ "Elin Rubensson klar för Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC" (in Swedish). Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC. 1 December 2014. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
^ "Landslagsstjärnan förlänger med GFC". August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
^ "Göteborg vs. Kristianstad – 1 Mai 2019 – Soccerway". de.soccerway.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ "2–1 mot Vittsjö – nu har KGFC allt i egna händer- Kopparbergs Göteborg FC". Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ "Rubensson missar EM-kvalet mot Ungern- Kopparbergs Göteborg FC". Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ "Rubensson spelar inte mot Nordsjälland – och missar Algarve Cup- Kopparbergs Göteborg FC". Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ https://www.houstondynamofc.com/houstondash/news/houston-dash-sign-swedish-international-elin-rubensson-from-bk-hacken
^ "Beijing 2022 Olympics – News, Schedule & Videos".
^ "Profile". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
^ "Damlandslaget – Svensk fotboll". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). 2023-12-01. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ "E.Rubensson". Retrieved August 4, 2018.
^ "Sweden – Women's". Retrieved August 4, 2018.
^ a b "Rubensson tillbaka efter 784 dagar". www.svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ Sport, Telegraph (16 June 2019). "Sweden book place in last 16 of World Cup as Thailand endure another rout". Telegraph. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "Elin Rubensson har blivit mamma". www.aftonbladet.se (in Swedish). 2020-12-22. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ "Sweden veteran Seger to play at fifth World Cup". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
^ www.fifa.com https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/scores-fixtures?intcmp=(p_fifaplus)_(d_)_(c_webheader-fwwc2023)_(sc_scoresandfixtures)_(ssc_)_(da_07072023)_(l_de)&country=DE&wtw-filter=ALL&stage=none&team=Schweden. Retrieved 2023-11-10. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ www.fifa.com https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/match-centre/match/103/285026/285029/400258555?competitionEntryId=103. Retrieved 2023-11-10. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "F2004-landslaget – Svensk fotboll". Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
^ Rubensson, Filip (15 July 2018), I am now a proud Rubensson, archived from the original on 2021-12-25, retrieved 1 November 2021
^ "Babylycka: Elin Rubensson har blivit mamma". 22 December 2020.
^ "HEMMA HOS... Elin Rubensson: "Jag är perfektionist – klarar inte av när något ligger fel"". 30 March 2017.
^ "Diamantbollen till Rubenssons" . Swedish Football Association (in Swedish). 4 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ Moa Berander (4 January 2024). "Elin Rubensson får Diamantbollen 2023" (in Swedish). SVT Sport. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
Match reports
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elin Rubensson.
Elin Rubensson – FIFA competition record (archived)
Elin Rubensson – UEFA competition record (archive)
Elin Rubensson at the Swedish Football Association (in Swedish)
Elin Rubensson at Soccerway
vteHouston Dash – current squad
1 Campbell
2 Chapman
3 Tarciane
4 Jacobs
5 Kizer
6 Solaun
7 Nielsen
8 Petersen
9 Ordóñez
10 Andressa
11 Alozie
12 Van Zanten
13 Schmidt
14 Nagasato
15 Olivieri
16 West
17 Puntigam
18 Hinz
19 Briede
20 Hirst
21 Gareis
22 Soto
25 Lind
28 Bachmann
30 Patterson
31 Rubensson
33 Harris
Ayson
Head coach: Alonso
Sweden squads
vteSweden squad – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup
1 Lindahl
2 Rohlin
3 Sembrant
4 Berglund
5 Fischer
6 Thunebro
7 Dahlkvist
8 Schelin (c)
9 Asllani
10 Jakobsson
11 Hjohlman
12 Carlén
13 Diaz
14 Ilestedt
15 Sjögran
16 Nilsson
17 Seger (c)
18 Samuelsson
19 Lundh
20 Appelqvist
21 Söberg
22 Schough
23 Rubensson
Coach: Sundhage
vteSweden women's football squad – 2016 Summer Olympics – Silver medalists
1 Lindahl
2 Andersson
3 Sembrant
4 Berglund
5 Fischer
6 Eriksson
7 Dahlkvist
8 Schelin (c)
9 Asllani
10 Jakobsson
11 Blackstenius
12 Schough
13 Rolfö
14 Appelqvist
15 Samuelsson
16 Rubensson
17 Seger
18 Carlén
19 Hammarlund
Coach: Sundhage
vteSweden squad – UEFA Women's Euro 2017
1 Lindahl
2 Andersson
3 Sembrant
4 Berglund
5 Fischer
6 Eriksson
7 Dahlkvist
8 Schelin
9 Asllani
10 Spetsmark
11 Blackstenius
12 Carlén
13 Johansson
14 Folkesson
15 Samuelsson
16 Glas
17 Seger (c)
18 Rolfö
19 Hammarlund
20 Larsson
21 Lundberg
22 Schough
23 Rubensson
Coach: Sundhage
vteSweden squad – 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup third place
1 Lindahl
2 Andersson
3 Sembrant
4 Glas
5 Fischer
6 Eriksson
7 Janogy
8 Hurtig
9 Asllani
10 Jakobsson
11 Blackstenius
12 Falk
13 Ilestedt
14 Roddar
15 Björn
16 Zigiotti Olme
17 Seger (c)
18 Rolfö
19 Anvegård
20 Larsson
21 Mušović
22 Schough
23 Rubensson
Coach: Gerhardsson
vteSweden squad – UEFA Women's Euro 2022 semi-finalists
1 Lindahl
2 Andersson
3 Sembrant
4 Glas
5 Nildén
6 Eriksson
7 Kullberg
8 Hurtig
9 Asllani
10 Jakobsson
11 Blackstenius
12 Falk
13 Ilestedt
14 Björn
15 Blomqvist
16 Angeldahl
17 Seger (c)
18 Rolfö
19 Rytting Kaneryd
20 Bennison
21 Mušović
22 Schough
23 Rubensson
Coach: Gerhardsson
vteSweden squad – 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup third place
1 Mušović
2 Andersson
3 Sembrant
4 Lennartsson
5 Sandberg
6 Eriksson
7 Janogy
8 Hurtig
9 Asllani
10 Jakobsson
11 Blackstenius
12 Falk
13 Ilestedt
14 Björn
15 Blomqvist
16 Angeldahl
17 Seger (c)
18 Rolfö
19 Rytting Kaneryd
20 Bennison
21 Enblom
22 Schough
23 Rubensson
Coach: Gerhardsson
vteSwedish Women's Footballer of the YearÅrets fotbollstjej award
1980: Svenjeby
1981: Sundhage
1982: Börjesson
1983: Leidinge
1984: Videkull
1985: Andersson
1986: Axén
1987: Hultin
1988: Videkull
1989: Hultin
Diamantbollen
1990: Zeikfalvy
1991: Leidinge
1992: Andelén
1993: Videkull
1994: Bengtsson
1995: Andersson
1996: Swedberg
1997: Karlsson
1998: Svensson
1999: Sandell
2000: Nordlund
2001: Moström
2002: Ljungberg
2003: Svensson
2004: Bengtsson
2005: Marklund
2006: Schelin
2007: Sjögran
2008: Östberg
2009: Seger
2010: Sjögran
2011: Schelin
2012: Schelin
2013: Schelin
2014: Schelin
2015: Lindahl
2016: Lindahl
2017: Asllani
2018: Fischer
2019: Seger
2020: Eriksson
2021: Rolfö
2022: Rolfö
2023: Rubensson | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"National Women's Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Houston Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Dash"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Swedish National Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Under 19 Championship in 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Women%27s_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"U17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"U19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Elin Ingrid Johanna Rubensson (born 11 May 1993) is a Swedish football midfielder currently playing in the National Women's Soccer League for Houston Dash[3] and the Swedish National Team. She was part of and played an important role[4] for Sweden at the Under 19 Championship in 2012. Between 2008 and 2012, Rubensson scored nearly 50 goals for the Sweden U17 and U19 youth national teams.[5]","title":"Elin Rubensson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF_(women)"},{"link_name":"Damallsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2011/12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2012/13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"left back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopparbergs/G%C3%B6teborg_FC"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2018 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2019–20 Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(women)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vittsjö GIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittsj%C3%B6_GIK"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2021–22 Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Vålerenga Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5lerenga_Fotball_Damer"},{"link_name":"Benfica Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica_(women)"},{"link_name":"2022–23 Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"Houston Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Dash"},{"link_name":"NWSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWSL"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Rubensson started playing football at Marieholms IS. From 2010 she played for Malmö FF in the Damallsvenskan, with which she became champion in 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2014 and won the 2012 Supercup. She also took the team to the Champions League four times, with the best showing being reaching the quarter-finals in 2011/12 and 2012/13. In May 2013 Malmö converted Rubensson from a forward to a left back.[6]She left champions Malmö (who had become known as FC Rosengård) in December 2014, to sign a two-year contract with Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC.[7] They finished second in the 2018 season, meaning the team qualified for the 2019–20 Champions League. After a 1–2 home defeat against Bayern Munich, in which she scored the goal for her team, they won 1–0 in Munich, but the away goals rule was against the Swedes.On 4 August 2018 she signed a 5-year contract extension with Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC.[8]On May 1, 2019, she won the cup with Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC, scoring the 2–1 winning goal from a penalty in the first minute of stoppage time.[9] On September 29, 2019, she suffered a head injury during the league game against Vittsjö GIK.[10][11][12]She played at the start of the 2021 season, also due to the subsequent pregnancy and parental leave. By then she was a regular player again at the club, which is now named BK Häcken.In the 2021–22 Champions League, she reached the group stage for the first time after two wins in the qualifying final against Vålerenga Oslo. Here they won the away game against Benfica Lisbon 1–0. The other games were lost, so they were eliminated as bottom of the group. Rubensson played in all games and also scored the goal for her team from a penalty in the 1–2 home defeat against Benfica. She and her club failed to qualify for the group stage of the 2022–23 Champions League against Paris Saint-Germain.In 2024, Rubensson signed with the Houston Dash in the NWSL.[13]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden U17 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_women%27s_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"2012 U19 European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Women%27s_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2015 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Euro 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2017"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2019 Algarve Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Algarve_Cup"},{"link_name":"qualifying for the 2019 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubensson_tillbaka_efter_784_dagar-19"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2019 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2022_qualifying"},{"link_name":"2022 European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2022"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rubensson_tillbaka_efter_784_dagar-19"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"World Cup 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_2023"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_women%27s_national_football_team"}],"text":"She scored 24 goals in 22 games for the Sweden U17 team. She achieved the same number for the U19 team, with whom she won the 2012 U19 European Championship, where she was top scorer with five goals and was voted \"Golden Player\" by UEFA.Rubensson made her debut for the Swedish national team in October 2012.[14][15] She was named to Sweden's squad for the 2015 World Cup and appeared in all four matches.[16] Rubensson appeared in all six matches for Sweden at the 2016 Summer Olympics and won the Silver Medal.[17]In July 2017 Rubensson was named to the Sweden roster for the Euro 2017, she appeared in two matches as Sweden lost to the Netherlands in the Quarterfinals.[18]She won the 2019 Algarve Cup with her team. As part of qualifying for the 2019 World Cup, she scored her first international goal in a 4–0 win against Croatia, making it 2–0.[19] She scored in the 5–1 win over Thailand at the 2019 World Cup.[20] She was used in five World Cup games, in the starting line-up each time.In Sweden's successful qualification for the 2022 European Championship, she played once in the first game. Due to injury and the subsequent pregnancy and birth of her son,[21] she was nominated again for the World Cup qualification in September 2021, but was not used. She was used again in the friendly match against Scotland on October 26, 2021, 784 days after her last international match.[19]At the 2022 Euro, she played in the 5–0 win in the final group game against Portugal. With a 4–0 defeat against hosts England, the Swedes were eliminated in the semi-finals.After the Euro, she was used in the last game of qualifying for the World Cup 2023. The Swedes were the first European team to qualify in April 2022.On 13 June 2023, Rubensson was included in the 23-player squad for the World Cup.[22] She played in all seven of her team's games and was defeated 1–2 in the semi-finals against Spain.[23] She won the bronze medal with a 2–0 victory in the game for third place over Australia.[24] She scored one goal during the tournament from a penalty to make it 2–0 in the final group game against Argentina.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Rosengård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Roseng%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Filip Stenström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Stenstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Rubensson has two siblings, Jacob and Cajsa. Cajsa is also a footballer and plays for the youth teams of Sweden and FC Rosengård.[25] In 2018, Rubensson married fellow footballer Filip Stenström, who took her surname afterwards.[26] The couple have a son, Frans, born in 2020.[27] Rubensson is also a certified interior designer.[28]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Rubensson goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damallsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Svenska Supercupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Supercupen_(women)"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Svenska_Supercupen_(women)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Svenska_Supercupen_(women)"},{"link_name":"Damallsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Damallsvenskan"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_Women%27s_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Algarve Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Algarve_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fotbollsgalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotbollsgalan"},{"link_name":"Diamantbollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamantbollen"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"LdB FC Malmö / FC RosengårdDamallsvenskan: 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014\nSvenska Supercupen: 2011, 2012Kopparbergs/Göteborg FCDamallsvenskan: 2020Sweden U19UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: 2012SwedenFIFA Women's World Cup third place: 2019, 2023\nSummer Olympic Games Silver Medal: 2016\nAlgarve Cup: 2018IndividualFotbollsgalan Diamantbollen: 2023[29][30]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup\" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150528143625/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA","url_text":"Fédération Internationale de Football Association"},{"url":"http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elin Rubensson – Spelarstatistik\" (in Swedish). Swedish Football Association. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/elin-rubensson/73bf4f66-fad7-4889-8662-a96aaaec67a0/","url_text":"\"Elin Rubensson – Spelarstatistik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Football_Association","url_text":"Swedish Football Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202828/https://www.uefa.com/womensunder19/history/season=2012/goldenplayer/index.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/womensunder19/history/season=2012/goldenplayer/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elin Rubensson — svenskfotboll.se\". svenskfotboll.se. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141025045406/http://svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/person/?playerid=6654","url_text":"\"Elin Rubensson — svenskfotboll.se\""},{"url":"http://svenskfotboll.se/damallsvenskan/person/?playerid=6654","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lindbäck, Elisabeth (20 May 2013). \"Efter succén: Rubensson EM-aktuell\" (in Swedish). Expressen. Retrieved 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.expressen.se/kvp/sport/efter-succen-rubensson-em-aktuell/","url_text":"\"Efter succén: Rubensson EM-aktuell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressen","url_text":"Expressen"}]},{"reference":"\"Elin Rubensson klar för Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC\" (in Swedish). Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC. 1 December 2014. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140229/http://www.goteborgfc.se/2014/12/01/elin-rubensson-klar-f%C3%B6r-kopparbergs-g%C3%B6teborg-fc-24403949","url_text":"\"Elin Rubensson klar för Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopparbergs/G%C3%B6teborg_FC","url_text":"Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC"},{"url":"http://www.goteborgfc.se/2014/12/01/elin-rubensson-klar-f%C3%B6r-kopparbergs-g%C3%B6teborg-fc-24403949","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Landslagsstjärnan förlänger med GFC\". August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressen.se/gt/sport/fotboll/landslagsstjarnan-forlanger-med-gfc/","url_text":"\"Landslagsstjärnan förlänger med GFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Göteborg vs. Kristianstad – 1 Mai 2019 – Soccerway\". de.soccerway.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://de.soccerway.com/matches/2019/05/01/sweden/svenska-cupen-women/kopparbergs-goteborg-football-club/kristianstad-damfotbollsforening/2999573/","url_text":"\"Göteborg vs. Kristianstad – 1 Mai 2019 – Soccerway\""}]},{"reference":"\"2–1 mot Vittsjö – nu har KGFC allt i egna händer- Kopparbergs Göteborg FC\". Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goteborgfc.se/nyheter/2-1-mot-vittsjoe-nu-har-kgfc-allt-i-egna-haender/","url_text":"\"2–1 mot Vittsjö – nu har KGFC allt i egna händer- Kopparbergs Göteborg FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rubensson missar EM-kvalet mot Ungern- Kopparbergs Göteborg FC\". Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goteborgfc.se/nyheter/rubensson-missar-em-kvalet-mot-ungern/","url_text":"\"Rubensson missar EM-kvalet mot Ungern- Kopparbergs Göteborg FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rubensson spelar inte mot Nordsjälland – och missar Algarve Cup- Kopparbergs Göteborg FC\". Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goteborgfc.se/nyheter/rubensson-spelar-inte-mot-nordsjaelland-och-missar-algarve-cup/","url_text":"\"Rubensson spelar inte mot Nordsjälland – och missar Algarve Cup- Kopparbergs Göteborg FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beijing 2022 Olympics – News, Schedule & Videos\".","urls":[{"url":"http://m.eurosport.se/fotboll/malmo-forlanger-med-em-hjalten-elin-rubensson_sto3475747/story.shtml","url_text":"\"Beijing 2022 Olympics – News, Schedule & Videos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile\". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. 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Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/nyheter/landslag/2021/10/rubensson-comeback/","url_text":"\"Rubensson tillbaka efter 784 dagar\""}]},{"reference":"Sport, Telegraph (16 June 2019). \"Sweden book place in last 16 of World Cup as Thailand endure another rout\". Telegraph. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-cup/2019/06/16/sweden-book-place-last-16-world-cup-asthailand-endure-another/","url_text":"\"Sweden book place in last 16 of World Cup as Thailand endure another rout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elin Rubensson har blivit mamma\". www.aftonbladet.se (in Swedish). 2020-12-22. Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/6zPrqz","url_text":"\"Elin Rubensson har blivit mamma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sweden veteran Seger to play at fifth World Cup\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2023-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65902530","url_text":"\"Sweden veteran Seger to play at fifth World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"www.fifa.com https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/scores-fixtures?intcmp=(p_fifaplus)_(d_)_(c_webheader-fwwc2023)_(sc_scoresandfixtures)_(ssc_)_(da_07072023)_(l_de)&country=DE&wtw-filter=ALL&stage=none&team=Schweden. Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/scores-fixtures?intcmp=(p_fifaplus)_(d_)_(c_webheader-fwwc2023)_(sc_scoresandfixtures)_(ssc_)_(da_07072023)_(l_de)&country=DE&wtw-filter=ALL&stage=none&team=Schweden","url_text":"https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/scores-fixtures?intcmp=(p_fifaplus)_(d_)_(c_webheader-fwwc2023)_(sc_scoresandfixtures)_(ssc_)_(da_07072023)_(l_de)&country=DE&wtw-filter=ALL&stage=none&team=Schweden"}]},{"reference":"www.fifa.com https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/match-centre/match/103/285026/285029/400258555?competitionEntryId=103. Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/match-centre/match/103/285026/285029/400258555?competitionEntryId=103","url_text":"https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/match-centre/match/103/285026/285029/400258555?competitionEntryId=103"}]},{"reference":"\"F2004-landslaget – Svensk fotboll\". Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2021-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220705150618/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/f04/","url_text":"\"F2004-landslaget – Svensk fotboll\""},{"url":"https://www.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/f04/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rubensson, Filip (15 July 2018), I am now a proud Rubensson, archived from the original on 2021-12-25, retrieved 1 November 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/rubenfille/1824237093715667604_1824157833961427629","url_text":"I am now a proud Rubensson"},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BlQ_fi1A2qU/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Babylycka: Elin Rubensson har blivit mamma\". 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/a/6zPrqz/elin-rubensson-har-blivit-mamma","url_text":"\"Babylycka: Elin Rubensson har blivit mamma\""}]},{"reference":"\"HEMMA HOS... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA/Ontario_International_Airport | Ontario International Airport | ["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Ontario International Airport","1.3 Ontario International Airport Authority","2 Facilities","2.1 Terminals","2.2 Noise restrictions","3 Ground transportation","4 Airlines and destinations","4.1 Passenger","4.2 Cargo","5 Statistics","5.1 Top destinations","5.2 Airline market share","5.3 Annual traffic","6 Accidents and incidents","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°03′22″N 117°36′04″W / 34.05611°N 117.60111°W / 34.05611; -117.60111International airport in Ontario, California, United States
This article is about the airport in the U.S. state of California. For airports in Ontario, Canada, see List of airports in Ontario. For the airport in the U.S. state of Oregon, see Ontario Municipal Airport.
"KONT" redirects here. For other topics, see Kont (disambiguation).
Ontario International AirportTerminal entranceIATA: ONTICAO: KONTFAA LID: ONTSummaryAirport typePublicOwner/OperatorOntario International Airport AuthorityServesInland Empire and Greater Los Angeles metro areasLocationOntario, CaliforniaHub forFedEx ExpressUPS AirlinesAmeriflightFocus city forAmazon AirElevation AMSL944 ft / 288 mCoordinates34°03′22″N 117°36′04″W / 34.05611°N 117.60111°W / 34.05611; -117.60111Websiteflyontario.comMapsFAA airport diagramRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
08L/26R
12,198
3,718
Concrete
08R/26L
10,200
3,109
Concrete
Statistics (2023)Total Passengers6,430,033Aircraft operations104,923Total cargo (tons)752,199Source: Federal Aviation Administration
Ontario International Airport (IATA: ONT, ICAO: KONT, FAA LID: ONT) is an international airport two miles east of downtown Ontario, in San Bernardino County, California, United States, about 38 mi (61 km) east of downtown Los Angeles and 18 mi (29 km) west of downtown San Bernardino. It is owned and operated under a joint-powers agreement with the city of Ontario and San Bernardino County.
The airport covers 1,741 acres (705 ha) and has two parallel runways. It is the West Coast air and truck hub for UPS Airlines and is a major distribution point for FedEx Express. As of September 2018, ONT has more than 64 daily departures and arrivals. Since Ontario's longest runway (runway 8L/26R) is longer than three of the four runways at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), it is an alternate landing site for large aircraft destined for LAX.
History
Origins
In 1923, a landing field was established east of Central Avenue (3 mi (4.8 km) west of the current airport) on land leased from the Union Pacific Railroad. The airfield was named Latimer Field after an orange-packing company next to the airstrip. An airport was built there by one of the first flying clubs in Southern California, the Friends of Ontario Airport. In 1929, the city of Ontario purchased 30 acres (12 ha), now in the southwest corner of the airport, for $12,000 (equivalent to $213,000 in 2023), and established the Ontario Municipal Airport.
In 1941, the city bought 470 acres (190 ha) around the airport and approved construction of new runways, which were completed by 1942, with funds from the Works Progress Administration. The 6,200 ft (1,900 m) east–west runway and the 4,700 ft (1,400 m) northeast–southwest runway cost $350,000 (equivalent to $6,530,000 in 2023). On 27 February 1942, an Army Air Corps plane made the first landing at the new airport. By 1943, the airport was an Army Air Corps Lockheed P-38 Lightning training base and North American P-51 Mustang operating base.
After the war, it was one of the five large storage, sales, and scrapping centers for Army Air Forces aircraft established by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation; others were at Albuquerque AAF, New Mexico; Altus AAF, Oklahoma; Kingman AAF, Arizona; and Walnut Ridge AAF, Arkansas.
Ontario International Airport
Aerial view of Ontario International Airport
In 1946, Ontario Municipal Airport was renamed "Ontario International Airport" because of the trans-Pacific cargo flights originating there. On 17 May 1946, two Army surplus steel hangars arrived at the airport, which the Ontario city council had authorized the $50,000 purchase of just the previous week. City officials were pleased to have secured a bargain. Thought to be the only pair available in the U.S., City Manager Harold J. Martin observed that even if they could be acquired at a later date, the cost would be several times that afforded by prompt action. A Pacific Overseas Airlines flight from Shanghai arrived at Ontario on 18 May 1946, "which inaugurated regular round-trip air passenger service between the United States and the Orient." In 1949, Western Airlines began scheduled flights; in 1955, Bonanza Air Lines flights started. Western and Bonanza nonstops did not reach beyond Las Vegas. In 1962, Western began nonstop flights to San Francisco (one Electra daily). In 1967, Bonanza began nonstop F27 flights to Phoenix.
Ontario and Los Angeles entered into a joint-powers agreement, making Ontario International Airport part of the Los Angeles regional airports system in 1967. In 1968, the airport had its first scheduled jet flights. In 1969, Continental Airlines started Boeing 720B nonstops to Denver and Chicago; Air California started Boeing 737 flights to San Jose; Pacific Southwest Airlines started San Francisco flights; and Western began 737 nonstops to Sacramento and Salt Lake City. In 1970, United Airlines started a nonstop to Chicago and American started flights to Dallas (and Chicago, for a short time). In September 1986, Ontario hosted the Concorde supersonic airliner during a promotional round-the-world flight.
In 1981, a second east–west runway, 26L/8R, was built, necessitating the removal of the old NE-SW runway 3/21. Remnants of the 3/21 runway are visible in the present-day taxiways. With the completion of the new runway, the existing runway 25/7 became 26R/8L. In 1985, the city of Los Angeles acquired Ontario International Airport outright from the city of Ontario. In 1987, Runway 26R/8L was extended to the east to bring the two runway thresholds side by side, so aircraft would be higher over neighborhoods. 26R/8L became the main departing runway and 26L/8R the main arrival runway.
For a number of years, the airport operated alongside Ontario Air National Guard Station, which was closed as a result of the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission.
In 1998, the new and larger airport terminal opened, designed by DMJM Aviation. Two older terminals, west of the current terminal, the main terminal and a small terminal were discontinued when the new Terminal 2 and Terminal 4 facilities were opened. The old terminals currently house the administration and the USO.
In 2005 and 2006, runway 26R/8L was repaved and strengthened, and received storm drains and better runway lighting, and additional improvements to taxiway intersections were made.
In 2006, Ontario International Airport became "LA/Ontario International Airport." The "LA" portion was added to remind fliers of Los Angeles and to avoid confusion with the province of Ontario in Canada.
The airport's traffic peaked in 2005 with 7.2 million passengers, and remained steady through 2007. Around the time of the 2008 financial crisis, JetBlue suspended service to ONT, and major legacy carriers significantly decreased their passenger volume at the airport. Southwest Airlines transferred a significant portion of its Ontario capacity to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), making LAX fares more competitive with ONT, while being coupled with more attractive frequencies and a wider range of destinations. The surrounding Inland Empire region was hit hard by the financial crisis, with the nearby city of San Bernardino declaring bankruptcy. The airport suffered a 40% decline in traffic between 2007 and 2012, during which time traffic at LAX recovered to surpass prerecession levels.
Ontario International Airport Authority
Ownership and control of the airport became an issue in late 2010, when the city of Ontario, supported by the Southern California Association of Governments, criticized and questioned LAWA's operation of the airport. A group of local government officials, led by Ontario city council member Alan Wapner, began a campaign to transfer control of the airport away from Los Angeles World Airports. Wapner argued that the City of Los Angeles had no interest in maintaining service at an airport well beyond its borders. In 2013, LAWA offered to return the airport to local control for a purchase price of $474M, which was rejected. Local groups then sued the city of Los Angeles, a suit that was temporarily suspended when both sides agreed to attempt to work together.
In 2015, Los Angeles World Airports agreed to turn over ownership of Ontario Airport to the city of Ontario. LAWA was "to be reimbursed for its investments in the facility, job protection for the facility's 182 employees and the settlement of a lawsuit in which Ontario sought to regain control of the airport. Upon transfer of ownership, the airport would be operated by the Ontario International Airport Authority, formed under a joint-powers agreement between the city of Ontario and San Bernardino County". The Ontario International Airport Authority took over control of operations in November 2016, and the airport's operating name was reverted to Ontario International Airport, since the City of Los Angeles no longer oversaw operations of the airport.
The airport's continuing traffic decline reversed in early 2017, when the airport experienced faster growth than LAX for the first time since 2007. On September 30, 2017, it was announced that China Airlines would begin nonstop flights from Ontario to Taipei, which started in spring 2018.
On July 14, 2023, New Pacific Airlines (formerly known as Northern Pacific Airways) commenced operations and made its first flight to Harry Reid International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada, and started flights to Reno–Tahoe International Airport, also in Nevada, and Nashville International Airport in Tennessee. Also on that day, Volaris added flights to El Salvador. On January 1, 2024, they ended flights to Las Vegas and subsequently discontinued all scheduled service altogether.
Facilities
International Arrivals Facility
Terminal 2
Terminals
Ontario International Airport has two terminals with 26 gates and a separate adjacent international arrivals facility with 2 arrival-only gates, totaling 28 gates.
Terminal 2 has 265,000 sq ft (24,600 m2) and 12 gates. Alaska Airlines, Avianca El Salvador, China Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Frontier Airlines, JetBlue, United Airlines, and Volaris are located in Terminal 2.
Terminal 4 has 265,000 sq ft (24,600 m2) and 14 gates. American Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, and Southwest Airlines are located in Terminal 4.
The international arrivals facility has two gates for arrivals only, containing the airport's U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility. International flights depart from the main terminals. Avianca, China Airlines, and Volaris are the only airlines with international arrivals that operate this terminal.
A USO is housed in the old terminal complex near the international arrivals facility.
Remote parking is located on the east end of the airport (moved from its former location at the west end). On the east end is a ground transportation center that consolidates the rental car companies in one central location. The Omnitrans 61 bus traverses the airport, providing connections to each of the terminals, rental car and remote parking lots, and public transit stops.
General aviation is located at the south side of the airport, although most general-aviation pilots tend to use a number of nearby airports: Redlands Airport, Chino Airport, Brackett Field in La Verne, Cable Airport in Upland, or San Bernardino International Airport.
Noise restrictions
Ontario has few noise restrictions/abatement rules, unlike other Southern California airports, such as John Wayne Airport, Hollywood Burbank Airport (Bob Hope), Long Beach Airport, and San Diego International Airport, which all have very strict policies. The airport is allowed to operate 24/7, but during the hours of 10 pm to 7 am, all aircraft must arrive from the east on runway 26L or 26R and take off to the east on runway 8R or 8L, depending on ATC instruction. This procedure is known as "Contra-Flow" operations and applies to turbojet or turbofan aircraft. This procedure is similar to the one employed by LAX, where all landings are conducted from the east and all takeoffs are to the west (known as "over-ocean" operations) between midnight and 6:30 am. Both of these procedures are employed as long as weather and/or construction activity permits. This is done in an effort to be better neighbors and minimize the noise impact to the surrounding communities as much as possible. Residents of cities west of the airport have complained of increased noise as a result of the airport's refusal to abide by noise abatement rules.
Ground transportation
Ground entrance
The airport is located about 38 miles (61 km) east of downtown Los Angeles, 18 miles (29 km) west of downtown San Bernardino, and 14 miles (23 km) northwest of downtown Riverside. Motorists can use the San Bernardino Freeway (Interstate 10), Ontario Freeway (Interstate 15), or the Pomona Freeway (State Route 60).
Omnitrans, San Bernardino County's main public transportation agency, operates three routes near the airport. Route 380, also called ONT Connect, provides non-stop daily service every 35 to 60 minutes between the airport and Rancho Cucamonga station, where passengers can connect to Metrolink's San Bernardino Line, which operates daily with service to Los Angeles Union Station. Route 61 operates daily between Pomona–Downtown station, Ontario station, the airport, and Fontana station. Both routes 61 and 380 operate from stops located east of baggage claim at terminals 2 and 4. Route 81 operates Monday through Saturday on Haven Avenue which runs along the eastern edge of the airport between Chaffey College and Ontario–East station, where passengers can connect to Metrolink's Riverside Line, which operates during weekday peak periods.
This section is an excerpt from San Bernardino County Transportation Authority § Ontario Connector Project.
The SBCTA is currently in the process of implementing a 4-mile tunnel (6.4 km) from Metrolink’s Rancho Cucamonga station to Ontario International Airport as a cost-effective solution compared to the Foothill Extension project of the Los Angeles Metro Rail’s A Line. The Ontario Airport Loop was expected to cost around $75 million compared to the Foothill Extension at around $1.5 billion.
The current project planning is being developed by HNTB after The Boring Company dropped out due to their refusal to submit another refined proposal. The estimated costs are around $492 million under the current expanded proposal.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
AirlinesDestinationsRefs Alaska Airlines Portland (OR), Seattle/Tacoma
American Airlines Charlotte, Dallas/Fort Worth, Phoenix–Sky Harbor
American Eagle Phoenix–Sky Harbor
Avianca El Salvador San Salvador
China Airlines Taipei–Taoyuan
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Salt Lake City, Seattle/Tacoma
Delta Connection Salt Lake City
Frontier Airlines Denver, El Paso, Houston–Intercontinental, Las Vegas, Portland (OR), Sacramento (resumes July 11, 2024), Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma Seasonal: Dallas/Fort Worth, Phoenix–Sky Harbor
Hawaiian Airlines Honolulu
JetBlue New York–JFK (ends October 27, 2024)
Southwest Airlines Austin, Chicago–Midway, Dallas–Love, Denver, Houston–Hobby, Las Vegas, Nashville, Oakland, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Portland (OR), Sacramento, San Jose (CA)
United Airlines Denver, San Francisco Seasonal: Houston–Intercontinental
United Express Denver, Houston–Intercontinental, San Francisco
Volaris Guadalajara
Volaris El Salvador San Salvador
Cargo
AirlinesDestinations Alpine Air ExpressSeasonal: Oxnard
Amazon Air Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago/Rockford, Cincinnati, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Fort Worth/Alliance, Hartford, Honolulu, Kailua–Kona, Lakeland, Lihue, Miami, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Portland (OR), Seattle/Tacoma, St. Louis, Wilmington (OH)
Ameriflight Bakersfield, Blythe, Burbank, El Centro, Fresno, Lancaster, Mojave, Oxnard, Palm Springs, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Tijuana, Visalia
Amerijet International Miami, Philadelphia, San Juan
Asia Pacific Airlines Greensboro Seasonal: Portland (OR), Seattle–Boeing
Atlas Air Baltimore, Cincinnati, Fort Worth/Alliance, Kahului, Kailua-Kona
FedEx Express El Paso, Fort Worth/Alliance, Honolulu, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Memphis, Newark, Oakland, Portland (OR), Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Diego, Seattle/Tacoma
FedEx Feeder Bakersfield, Bishop, El Centro, Inyokern, Palmdale, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Maria
Kalitta Air Seasonal: Honolulu, Philadelphia, Sacramento–Mather
UPS Airlines Albuquerque, Anchorage, Billings, Boise, Chicago/Rockford, Columbia (SC), Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Des Moines, El Paso, Fargo, Fort Lauderdale, Fresno, Hartford, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Houston–Intercontinental, Kahului, Kailua–Kona, Los Angeles, Louisville, Miami, New York–JFK, Newark, Oakland, Omaha, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Portland (OR), Providence, Raleigh/Durham, Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento–Mather, Salt Lake City, San Bernardino, San Diego, Seattle–Boeing, Sioux Falls, Spokane, Tokyo–NaritaSeasonal: Lansing, Manchester (NH), Minneapolis/St. Paul
Statistics
Terminal 4.Check-in counters at Terminal 2.
Escape Lounge at the airport.
Amazon Prime Air Boeing 767-300F at the airport.
UPS Airlines airplanes at the airport's cargo terminal.
Top destinations
Busiest domestic routes (April 2023 – March 2024)
Rank
Airport
Passengers
Carriers
1
Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas
387,000
American, Frontier
2
Denver, Colorado
359,000
Frontier, Southwest, United
3
Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Arizona
313,000
American, Frontier, Southwest
4
Las Vegas, Nevada
286,000
Frontier, New Pacific, Southwest
5
Seattle/Tacoma, Washington
276,000
Alaska, Delta
6
Sacramento, California
203,000
Frontier, Southwest
7
Atlanta, Georgia
178,000
Delta, Frontier
8
Oakland, California
154,000
Southwest
9
San Jose, California
144,000
Southwest
10
San Francisco, California
130,000
Frontier, United
Busiest international routes (2023)
Rank
Airport
Passengers
Carriers
1
Taipei–Taoyuan, Taiwan
184,413
China Airlines
2
Guadalajara, Mexico
154,821
Volaris
3
San Salvador, El Salvador
78,256
Avianca, Volaris
Airline market share
Largest airlines by passengers (April 2023 – March 2024)
Rank
Airline
Passengers
Share
1
Southwest Airlines
2,441,000
40.57%
2
American Airlines
987,000
16.40%
3
Frontier Airlines
741,000
12.32%
4
Delta Airlines
612,000
10.18%
5
Alaska Airlines
447,000
7.42%
Annual traffic
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Annual passenger traffic at ONT airport.
See Wikidata query.
Annual passenger traffic (enplaned + deplaned) at ONT, 1992 through 2022
Year
Passengers
Year
Passengers
Year
Passengers
Year
Passengers
1992
6,121,623
2002
6,516,858
2012
4,318,994
2022
5,740,593
1993
6,192,035
2003
6,547,877
2013
3,969,974
2023
6,430,033
1994
6,386,000
2004
6,937,337
2014
4,127,278
1995
6,405,097
2005
7,213,528
2015
4,209,311
1996
6,252,838
2006
7,049,904
2016
4,217,366
1997
6,300,862
2007
7,207,150
2017
4,552,225
1998
6,434,858
2008
6,232,761
2018
5,115,894
1999
6,578,005
2009
4,886,695
2019
5,583,732
2000
6,756,086
2010
4,808,241
2020
2,538,482
2001
6,702,400
2011
4,551,875
2021
4,496,592
Accidents and incidents
On December 25, 1945, a USAAF Douglas C-47 was stolen by two non-pilot ground members. It crashed four miles east of the airport, killing both occupants.
On January 15, 1969, a Pacific Southwest Airlines Boeing 727-100, N973PS, collided with Cessna 182 N42242 while it was climbing to its cruising altitude. Both aircraft were in controlled airspace on the same frequency. The 727 continued on to Ontario, CA and made a safe landing. The right wing of the Cessna was damaged, so it returned to San Francisco. There were no fatalities on either aircraft.
On March 31, 1971, Western Airlines Flight 366, a Boeing 720 on a training flight, crashed on approach to Ontario during a three-engine ILS approach in limited visibility due to a loss of left rudder control. All five occupants on board were killed.
On January 9, 1975, Golden West Airlines Flight 261, a De Havilland Twin Otter DHC-6 en route to Los Angeles collided with a Cessna 150 near Whittier. Four crew and twelve passengers on the two aircraft were killed.
On January 21, 2001, jetBlue Flight 88 from Ontario to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York veered off runway 4L at JFK during landing. No one was injured during landing
References
^ a b "About | Ontario International Airport Authority". Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
^ a b FAA Airport Form 5010 for ONT PDF, effective December 30, 2021
^ "Airport Operations". U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
^ a b "Statistics". Ontario International Airport. January 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
^ "ONT airport data at skyvector.com". skyvector.com. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
^ a b "Airport Information - Ontario International Airport". Flyontario.com. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ "Overseas flights diverted to Ontario Airport due to fog". February 5, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ "Ontario Air National Guard Station". California State Military Museum. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
^ "Ontario Acquires Plane Hangars", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Saturday 18 May 1946, Volume 52, page 3.
^ Associated Press, The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Sunday 19 May 1946, page 8.
^ Q&A LA/Ontario International Airport (PDF) (Report). Los Angeles World Airports. July 1, 2015. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
^ "Concorde Arrives at Ontario--5 Hours Late". Los Angeles Times. September 22, 1986. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
^ "Architectural Glass Design". Aecinfo.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ "Ontario International Airport Runway Construction Project To Begin" (Press release). April 26, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
^ "Passenger growth at Ontario airport stagnant - Business - PE.com - Southern California News - News for Inland Southern California". Pe.com. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ a b "Inland Empire Outlook: Challenges Remain for ONT | The Rose Institute of State and Local Government". Roseinstitute.org. March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
^ a b Witz, Billy (September 2, 2013). "Recession Reverses California Airport's Growth". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
^ "Report Warns of Steep Traffic Decline at Ontario Airport". KTLA. August 5, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
^ "Locals Want to Run Ontario Airport". Nbclosangeles.com. September 15, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ "Ontario: L.A. should relinquish control of Ontario Airport, Daily Breeze". Dailybreeze.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ "Regional support for Inland control of Ontario airport, The BizPress". Inlandsocal.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ "Ontario rejects $474 million offer for airport". Dailybulletin.com. April 11, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ "Los Angeles should work with Ontario on L.A./Ontario International Airport, Sen. Dianne Feinstein says". Dailybreeze.com. December 19, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ Weikel, Dan (November 2, 2016). "Ontario officials get ownership of international airport and pledge more flights and services - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ "What the latest passenger numbers at Ontario airport did in March that they haven't done in a decade". Daily Bulletin. April 28, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
^ Scauzillo, Steve (November 9, 2019). "After 3 years of local control, Ontario airport has more passengers but transit options remain iffy". Daily Bulletin. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
^ "China Airlines announces nonstop weekly flights to Ontario airport in Spring 2018". Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ "New Pacific Airlines to Suspend All Scheduled Flights". March 25, 2024.
^ "Airport Overview - Ontario International Airport". Flyontario.com. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ "Terminal 2 Map". Retrieved August 8, 2020.
^ "Terminal 4 Map". Retrieved August 8, 2020.
^ "ONTARIO AIRPORT INTERNATIONAL ARRIVALS FACILITY". Retrieved August 8, 2020.
^ "Bob Hope USO Ontario - The Bob Hope USO". Bobhopeuso.org. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ "Noise Management - Ontario International Airport". Flyontario.com. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ Dunkle, Brenda (August 17, 2019). "Meeting Sunday on Ontario International Airport noise". Champion Newspapers. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
^ "Omnitrans" (PDF) (Map). Omnitrans. August 8, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
^ "ONT Connect, Route 380". Omnitrans. August 8, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
^ "Ontario airport tunnel project by Elon Musk moves to next phase". February 5, 2021.
^ "SBCTA Board accepts Boring Co.'s qualifications, authorizes next steps in the development of the Ontario Loop project". February 3, 2021.
^ "SBCTA Board accepts Boring Co.'s qualifications, authorizes next steps in the development of the Ontario Loop project". February 3, 2021.
^ "Elon Musk-backed tunnel to California airport gets go-ahead". June 4, 2020.
^ "selected by SBCTA for Ontario Airport tunnel project". HNTB. January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ John, Darryn (July 20, 2022). "The Boring Company abandons plans for Ontario Airport loop in California". Drive Tesla. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Nonstop Destinations". flyontario.com. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
^ "Delta Adds A220 Seattle – Ontario Service From Nov 2022". Aeroroutes. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
^ a b c "Frontier Airlines Announces 17 New Routes Across Multiple Airports, Spanning the U.S. and Caribbean".
^ "Frontier Airlines Announces New Routes, Expanding Operations Across 12 Airports".
^ "JetBlue 2024 Suspended Routes Summary – 21JAN24". Aeroroutes. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
^ "Southwest Airlines Extends Flight Schedule With New International Options And Most-Ever Departures". Southwest.com. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
^ "Sun Country Airlines 3041 ✈ FlightAware". Flightaware.com. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
^ "Atlas Air 3527 ✈ FlightAware". Flightaware.com. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
^ "ABX Air 3407 ✈ FlightAware". Flightaware.com. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
^ "Atlas Air Schedule". Atlas Air. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
^ "Kalitta Air 2014 ✈ FlightAware". Flightaware.com. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
^ "United Parcel Service 2770 ✈ FlightAware". Flightaware.com. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
^ "United Parcel Service 2274 ✈ FlightAware". Flightaware.com. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
^ a b "RITA | BTS | Transtats". Transtats.bts.gov. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
^ "Ontario International Airport Calendar December and YTD" (PDF). flyontario.com. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
^ "Estadística operacional por origen-destino / Traffic Statistics by City Pairs". gob.mx. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
^ "Ontario International Airport PAX and Cargo Statistics". flyontario.com. October 27, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
^ "ONTARIO: Airport passenger, cargo volumes climbed in 2015". Pe.com. January 26, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
^ Accident description for 43-48315 at the Aviation Safety Network
^ "N973PS". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
^ Accident description for N3166 at the Aviation Safety Network
^ Accident description for N6383 at the Aviation Safety Network
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LA/Ontario International Airport.
Official Ontario International Airport website
Ontario International Airport Master Plan
openNav: ONT / KONT charts
Weikel, Dan. "Los Angeles Times: "As use dwindles, calls grow for local control of Ontario airport" — 31 October 2011 article
FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective June 13, 2024
Resources for this airport:
AirNav airport information for KONT
ASN accident history for ONT
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart for KONT
FAA current ONT delay information
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Structurae | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of airports in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kont (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kont_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"international airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario,_California"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County"},{"link_name":"downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"downtown San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ontariooiaa.com-1"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"UPS Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service"},{"link_name":"FedEx Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Express"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontario_International_Airport&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flyontario.com-6"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"International airport in Ontario, California, United StatesThis article is about the airport in the U.S. state of California. For airports in Ontario, Canada, see List of airports in Ontario. For the airport in the U.S. state of Oregon, see Ontario Municipal Airport.\"KONT\" redirects here. For other topics, see Kont (disambiguation).Ontario International Airport (IATA: ONT, ICAO: KONT, FAA LID: ONT) is an international airport two miles east of downtown Ontario, in San Bernardino County, California, United States, about 38 mi (61 km) east of downtown Los Angeles and 18 mi (29 km) west of downtown San Bernardino. It is owned and operated under a joint-powers agreement with the city of Ontario and San Bernardino County.[1]The airport covers 1,741 acres (705 ha) and has two parallel runways.[2][5] It is the West Coast air and truck hub for UPS Airlines and is a major distribution point for FedEx Express. As of September 2018[update], ONT has more than 64 daily departures and arrivals.[6] Since Ontario's longest runway (runway 8L/26R) is longer than three of the four runways at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), it is an alternate landing site for large aircraft destined for LAX.[7]","title":"Ontario International Airport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-8"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"Lockheed P-38 Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning"},{"link_name":"North American P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction Finance Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque AAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque_Army_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Altus AAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altus_AFB"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Kingman AAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman_Airport_(Arizona)#World_War_II_aircraft_disposal"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Walnut Ridge AAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Facility_Walnut_Ridge#RFC_Walnut_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"In 1923, a landing field was established east of Central Avenue (3 mi (4.8 km) west of the current airport) on land leased from the Union Pacific Railroad. The airfield was named Latimer Field after an orange-packing company next to the airstrip. An airport was built there by one of the first flying clubs in Southern California, the Friends of Ontario Airport. In 1929, the city of Ontario purchased 30 acres (12 ha), now in the southwest corner of the airport, for $12,000 (equivalent to $213,000 in 2023),[8] and established the Ontario Municipal Airport.In 1941, the city bought 470 acres (190 ha) around the airport and approved construction of new runways, which were completed by 1942, with funds from the Works Progress Administration. The 6,200 ft (1,900 m) east–west runway and the 4,700 ft (1,400 m) northeast–southwest runway cost $350,000 (equivalent to $6,530,000 in 2023).[9] On 27 February 1942, an Army Air Corps plane made the first landing at the new airport. By 1943, the airport was an Army Air Corps Lockheed P-38 Lightning training base and North American P-51 Mustang operating base.After the war, it was one of the five large storage, sales, and scrapping centers for Army Air Forces aircraft established by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation; others were at Albuquerque AAF, New Mexico; Altus AAF, Oklahoma; Kingman AAF, Arizona; and Walnut Ridge AAF, Arkansas.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Ontario_International_Airport_(Quintin_Soloviev).jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pacific Overseas Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Airways_Company"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Western Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Bonanza Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Electra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra"},{"link_name":"F27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F27_Friendship"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAWA_PDF-12"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Boeing 720B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_720B"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Air California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_California"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Pacific Southwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Southwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ontario Air National Guard Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Air_National_Guard_Station"},{"link_name":"1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission"},{"link_name":"airport terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_terminal"},{"link_name":"DMJM Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AECOM"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-runway-15"},{"link_name":"province of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2008 financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008"},{"link_name":"JetBlue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBlue"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Southwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Inland Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"}],"sub_title":"Ontario International Airport","text":"Aerial view of Ontario International AirportIn 1946, Ontario Municipal Airport was renamed \"Ontario International Airport\" because of the trans-Pacific cargo flights originating there. On 17 May 1946, two Army surplus steel hangars arrived at the airport, which the Ontario city council had authorized the $50,000 purchase of just the previous week. City officials were pleased to have secured a bargain. Thought to be the only pair available in the U.S., City Manager Harold J. Martin observed that even if they could be acquired at a later date, the cost would be several times that afforded by prompt action.[10] A Pacific Overseas Airlines flight from Shanghai arrived at Ontario on 18 May 1946, \"which inaugurated regular round-trip air passenger service between the United States and the Orient.\"[11] In 1949, Western Airlines began scheduled flights; in 1955, Bonanza Air Lines flights started. Western and Bonanza nonstops did not reach beyond Las Vegas. In 1962, Western began nonstop flights to San Francisco (one Electra daily). In 1967, Bonanza began nonstop F27 flights to Phoenix.Ontario and Los Angeles entered into a joint-powers agreement, making Ontario International Airport part of the Los Angeles regional airports system in 1967.[12] In 1968, the airport had its first scheduled jet flights. In 1969, Continental Airlines started Boeing 720B nonstops to Denver and Chicago; Air California started Boeing 737 flights to San Jose; Pacific Southwest Airlines started San Francisco flights; and Western began 737 nonstops to Sacramento and Salt Lake City. In 1970, United Airlines started a nonstop to Chicago and American started flights to Dallas (and Chicago, for a short time). In September 1986, Ontario hosted the Concorde supersonic airliner during a promotional round-the-world flight.[13]In 1981, a second east–west runway, 26L/8R, was built, necessitating the removal of the old NE-SW runway 3/21. Remnants of the 3/21 runway are visible in the present-day taxiways. With the completion of the new runway, the existing runway 25/7 became 26R/8L. In 1985, the city of Los Angeles acquired Ontario International Airport outright from the city of Ontario. In 1987, Runway 26R/8L was extended to the east to bring the two runway thresholds side by side, so aircraft would be higher over neighborhoods. 26R/8L became the main departing runway and 26L/8R the main arrival runway.For a number of years, the airport operated alongside Ontario Air National Guard Station, which was closed as a result of the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission.In 1998, the new and larger airport terminal opened, designed by DMJM Aviation.[14] Two older terminals, west of the current terminal, the main terminal and a small terminal were discontinued when the new Terminal 2 and Terminal 4 facilities were opened. The old terminals currently house the administration and the USO.In 2005 and 2006, runway 26R/8L was repaved and strengthened, and received storm drains and better runway lighting, and additional improvements to taxiway intersections were made.[15]In 2006, Ontario International Airport became \"LA/Ontario International Airport.\" The \"LA\" portion was added to remind fliers of Los Angeles and to avoid confusion with the province of Ontario in Canada.[16]The airport's traffic peaked in 2005 with 7.2 million passengers, and remained steady through 2007. Around the time of the 2008 financial crisis, JetBlue suspended service to ONT, and major legacy carriers significantly decreased their passenger volume at the airport.[17] Southwest Airlines transferred a significant portion of its Ontario capacity to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), making LAX fares more competitive with ONT, while being coupled with more attractive frequencies and a wider range of destinations. The surrounding Inland Empire region was hit hard by the financial crisis, with the nearby city of San Bernardino declaring bankruptcy.[18] The airport suffered a 40% decline in traffic between 2007 and 2012,[19] during which time traffic at LAX recovered to surpass prerecession levels.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern California Association of Governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_Association_of_Governments"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles World Airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_World_Airports"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-18"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"joint-powers agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-powers_agreement"},{"link_name":"Ontario International Airport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_International_Airport_Authority"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flyontario.com-6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"China Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB_2019/11/09-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"New Pacific Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Pacific_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Harry Reid International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Reid_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Reno–Tahoe International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno%E2%80%93Tahoe_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Nashville International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Pacific-29"}],"sub_title":"Ontario International Airport Authority","text":"Ownership and control of the airport became an issue in late 2010, when the city of Ontario, supported by the Southern California Association of Governments, criticized and questioned LAWA's operation of the airport.[20][21][22] A group of local government officials, led by Ontario city council member Alan Wapner, began a campaign to transfer control of the airport away from Los Angeles World Airports. Wapner argued that the City of Los Angeles had no interest in maintaining service at an airport well beyond its borders.[18] In 2013, LAWA offered to return the airport to local control for a purchase price of $474M, which was rejected.[23] Local groups then sued the city of Los Angeles, a suit that was temporarily suspended when both sides agreed to attempt to work together.[24]In 2015, Los Angeles World Airports agreed to turn over ownership of Ontario Airport to the city of Ontario. LAWA was \"to be reimbursed for its investments in the facility, job protection for the facility's 182 employees and the settlement of a lawsuit in which Ontario sought to regain control of the airport. Upon transfer of ownership, the airport would be operated by the Ontario International Airport Authority, formed under a joint-powers agreement between the city of Ontario and San Bernardino County\". The Ontario International Airport Authority took over control of operations in November 2016, and the airport's operating name was reverted to Ontario International Airport, since the City of Los Angeles no longer oversaw operations of the airport.[6][25]The airport's continuing traffic decline reversed in early 2017, when the airport experienced faster growth than LAX for the first time since 2007.[26] On September 30, 2017, it was announced that China Airlines would begin nonstop flights from Ontario to Taipei, which started in spring 2018.[27][28]On July 14, 2023, New Pacific Airlines (formerly known as Northern Pacific Airways) commenced operations and made its first flight to Harry Reid International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada, and started flights to Reno–Tahoe International Airport, also in Nevada, and Nashville International Airport in Tennessee. Also on that day, Volaris added flights to El Salvador. On January 1, 2024, they ended flights to Las Vegas and subsequently discontinued all scheduled service altogether.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KONT10.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KONT11.jpg"}],"text":"International Arrivals FacilityTerminal 2","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Alaska Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Avianca El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avianca_El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"China Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Delta Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Frontier Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Airlines"},{"link_name":"JetBlue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBlue"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Volaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volaris"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Southwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Avianca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avianca"},{"link_name":"China Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Volaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volaris"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Omnitrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnitrans"},{"link_name":"Redlands Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlands_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Chino Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_Airport"},{"link_name":"Brackett Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackett_Field"},{"link_name":"La Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Verne,_California"},{"link_name":"Cable Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Airport"},{"link_name":"Upland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland,_California"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_International_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Terminals","text":"Ontario International Airport has two terminals with 26 gates and a separate adjacent international arrivals facility with 2 arrival-only gates, totaling 28 gates.[30]Terminal 2 has 265,000 sq ft (24,600 m2) and 12 gates.[31] Alaska Airlines, Avianca El Salvador, China Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Frontier Airlines, JetBlue, United Airlines, and Volaris are located in Terminal 2.Terminal 4 has 265,000 sq ft (24,600 m2) and 14 gates.[32] American Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, and Southwest Airlines are located in Terminal 4.The international arrivals facility has two gates for arrivals only, containing the airport's U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility.[33] International flights depart from the main terminals. Avianca, China Airlines, and Volaris are the only airlines with international arrivals that operate this terminal.A USO is housed in the old terminal complex near the international arrivals facility.[34]Remote parking is located on the east end of the airport (moved from its former location at the west end). On the east end is a ground transportation center that consolidates the rental car companies in one central location. The Omnitrans 61 bus traverses the airport, providing connections to each of the terminals, rental car and remote parking lots, and public transit stops.General aviation is located at the south side of the airport, although most general-aviation pilots tend to use a number of nearby airports: Redlands Airport, Chino Airport, Brackett Field in La Verne, Cable Airport in Upland, or San Bernardino International Airport.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"noise restrictions/abatement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_noise"},{"link_name":"John Wayne Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Burbank Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Burbank_Airport"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Diego International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Noise restrictions","text":"Ontario has few noise restrictions/abatement rules, unlike other Southern California airports, such as John Wayne Airport, Hollywood Burbank Airport (Bob Hope), Long Beach Airport, and San Diego International Airport, which all have very strict policies.[35] The airport is allowed to operate 24/7, but during the hours of 10 pm to 7 am, all aircraft must arrive from the east on runway 26L or 26R and take off to the east on runway 8R or 8L, depending on ATC instruction. This procedure is known as \"Contra-Flow\" operations and applies to turbojet or turbofan aircraft. This procedure is similar to the one employed by LAX, where all landings are conducted from the east and all takeoffs are to the west (known as \"over-ocean\" operations) between midnight and 6:30 am. Both of these procedures are employed as long as weather and/or construction activity permits. This is done in an effort to be better neighbors and minimize the noise impact to the surrounding communities as much as possible. Residents of cities west of the airport have complained of increased noise as a result of the airport's refusal to abide by noise abatement rules.[36]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Welcome_to_Ontario_International_Airport_(ONT).jpg"},{"link_name":"downtown San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"downtown Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Riverside"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_California"},{"link_name":"Ontario Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Interstate 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15_in_California"},{"link_name":"Pomona Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_Freeway"},{"link_name":"State Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_60"},{"link_name":"Omnitrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnitrans"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Rancho Cucamonga station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Cucamonga_station"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Line"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Pomona–Downtown station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona%E2%80%93Downtown_station"},{"link_name":"Ontario station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_station_(Amtrak)"},{"link_name":"Fontana station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_station_(California)"},{"link_name":"Chaffey College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaffey_College"},{"link_name":"Ontario–East station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%E2%80%93East_station"},{"link_name":"Riverside Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Line"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County Transportation Authority § Ontario Connector Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County_Transportation_Authority#Ontario_Connector_Project"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Bernardino_County_Transportation_Authority&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Foothill Extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_Extension"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"A Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"HNTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNTB"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"The Boring Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boring_Company"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Ground entranceThe airport is located about 38 miles (61 km) east of downtown Los Angeles, 18 miles (29 km) west of downtown San Bernardino, and 14 miles (23 km) northwest of downtown Riverside. Motorists can use the San Bernardino Freeway (Interstate 10), Ontario Freeway (Interstate 15), or the Pomona Freeway (State Route 60).Omnitrans, San Bernardino County's main public transportation agency, operates three routes near the airport.[37] Route 380, also called ONT Connect, provides non-stop daily service every 35 to 60 minutes between the airport and Rancho Cucamonga station,[38] where passengers can connect to Metrolink's San Bernardino Line, which operates daily with service to Los Angeles Union Station. Route 61 operates daily between Pomona–Downtown station, Ontario station, the airport, and Fontana station. Both routes 61 and 380 operate from stops located east of baggage claim at terminals 2 and 4. Route 81 operates Monday through Saturday on Haven Avenue which runs along the eastern edge of the airport between Chaffey College and Ontario–East station, where passengers can connect to Metrolink's Riverside Line, which operates during weekday peak periods.This section is an excerpt from San Bernardino County Transportation Authority § Ontario Connector Project.[edit]\nThe SBCTA is currently in the process of implementing a 4-mile tunnel (6.4 km) from Metrolink’s Rancho Cucamonga station to Ontario International Airport as a cost-effective solution compared to the Foothill Extension project of the Los Angeles Metro Rail’s A Line.[39][40][41] The Ontario Airport Loop was expected to cost around $75 million compared to the Foothill Extension at around $1.5 billion.[42]\n\nThe current project planning is being developed by HNTB[43] after The Boring Company dropped out due to their refusal to submit another refined proposal. The estimated costs are around $492 million under the current expanded proposal.[44]","title":"Ground transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passenger","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cargo","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KONT12.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KONT2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KONT15.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KONT13.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KONT14.jpg"}],"text":"Terminal 4.Check-in counters at Terminal 2.Escape Lounge at the airport.Amazon Prime Air Boeing 767-300F at the airport.UPS Airlines airplanes at the airport's cargo terminal.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top destinations","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Airline market share","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Wikidata query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23%20Scroll%20down%20and%20hit%20blue%20arrow%20down%20to%20run%20and%20see%20the%20results%20%2B%20the%20sources%0ASELECT%20%3Fyear%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumber%29%20AS%20%3Fpassengers%29%20%20%20%28SAMPLE%28COALESCE%28%3Freference_URL%2C%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0AWITH%0A%7B%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fstatement%20%3Fdate%20%3Fyear%20%3Ftimevalue%20%3Fnumberperperiod%20%3Freference_URL%0A%20%20WHERE%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP238%20%3Fairport_code%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fairport_code%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%22ONT%22%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3872%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20pqv%3AP585%20%3Ftimevalue%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP3872%20%3Fnumberperperiod.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimeValue%20%3Fdate.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP518%20%3Fapplies.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%2F%20%28pr%3AP854%7Cpr%3AP4656%29%20%3Freference_URL.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28BOUND%28%3Fapplies%29%3Dfalse%20%7C%7C%20%3Fapplies%20%3D%20wd%3AQ2165236%20%29%0A%20%20%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fdate%29%20AS%20%3Fyear%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3E1949%29.%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3C%20YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25airport%0AWHERE%0A%7B%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20sum%20of%20monthly%20values%20within%20a%20year%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28SUM%28%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%0A%20%20%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20maximal%20value%20and%20a%20sample%20reference%20URL%20for%20each%20unique%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Freference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHERE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecmonth.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecmonth%20%20%3D10%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%3Fdate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%0A%20%20%7D%20%20UNION%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecyear.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecyear%20%20%3D9%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20year%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fnumberperperiod%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Freference_URL%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1813%20%3Fthis.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20has%20shortname%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3Fthis%29%3D%22en%22%29%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%7D%0ABIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fthis%2C%3FitemLabel%29%20as%20%3Fshortname%29%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%3Fyear%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fitem%20DESC%20%28%3Fyear%29"}],"sub_title":"Annual traffic","text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\n\nAnnual passenger traffic at ONT airport.\nSee Wikidata query.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAAF"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Pacific Southwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Southwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727-100"},{"link_name":"Cessna 182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_182"},{"link_name":"Ontario, CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario,_California"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Western Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Boeing 720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_720"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Golden West Airlines Flight 261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_West_Airlines_Flight_261"},{"link_name":"De Havilland Twin Otter DHC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Cessna 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_150"},{"link_name":"Whittier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier,_California"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"jetBlue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JetBlue"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport"}],"text":"On December 25, 1945, a USAAF Douglas C-47 was stolen by two non-pilot ground members. It crashed four miles east of the airport, killing both occupants.[63]On January 15, 1969, a Pacific Southwest Airlines Boeing 727-100, N973PS, collided with Cessna 182 N42242 while it was climbing to its cruising altitude. Both aircraft were in controlled airspace on the same frequency. The 727 continued on to Ontario, CA and made a safe landing. The right wing of the Cessna was damaged, so it returned to San Francisco. There were no fatalities on either aircraft.[64]On March 31, 1971, Western Airlines Flight 366, a Boeing 720 on a training flight, crashed on approach to Ontario during a three-engine ILS approach in limited visibility due to a loss of left rudder control. All five occupants on board were killed.[65]On January 9, 1975, Golden West Airlines Flight 261, a De Havilland Twin Otter DHC-6 en route to Los Angeles collided with a Cessna 150 near Whittier. Four crew and twelve passengers on the two aircraft were killed.[66]On January 21, 2001, jetBlue Flight 88 from Ontario to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York veered off runway 4L at JFK during landing. No one was injured during landing","title":"Accidents and incidents"}] | [{"image_text":"Aerial view of Ontario International Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Aerial_view_of_Ontario_International_Airport_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Ontario_International_Airport_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"International Arrivals Facility","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/KONT10.jpg/220px-KONT10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terminal 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/KONT11.jpg/220px-KONT11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ground entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Welcome_to_Ontario_International_Airport_%28ONT%29.jpg/220px-Welcome_to_Ontario_International_Airport_%28ONT%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terminal 4.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KONT12.jpg/220px-KONT12.jpg"},{"image_text":"Check-in counters at Terminal 2.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/KONT2.jpg/220px-KONT2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Escape Lounge at the airport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/KONT15.jpg/220px-KONT15.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amazon Prime Air Boeing 767-300F at the airport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/KONT13.jpg/220px-KONT13.jpg"},{"image_text":"UPS Airlines airplanes at the airport's cargo terminal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/KONT14.jpg/220px-KONT14.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"About | Ontario International Airport Authority\". Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011173954/http://ontariooiaa.com/about/","url_text":"\"About | Ontario International Airport Authority\""},{"url":"http://ontariooiaa.com/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Airport Operations\". U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://aspm.faa.gov/opsnet/sys/Airport.asp","url_text":"\"Airport Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics\". Ontario International Airport. January 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flyontario.com/corporate/statistics","url_text":"\"Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"ONT airport data at skyvector.com\". skyvector.com. Retrieved August 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://skyvector.com/airport/ONT/Ontario-International-Airport","url_text":"\"ONT airport data at skyvector.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Airport Information - Ontario International Airport\". Flyontario.com. Retrieved September 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flyontario.com/airport-information","url_text":"\"Airport Information - Ontario International Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overseas flights diverted to Ontario Airport due to fog\". February 5, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailybulletin.com/2015/02/05/overseas-flights-diverted-to-ontario-airport-due-to-fog/","url_text":"\"Overseas flights diverted to Ontario Airport due to fog\""}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ontario Air National Guard Station\". California State Military Museum. Retrieved February 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.militarymuseum.org/OntarioANGS.html","url_text":"\"Ontario Air National Guard Station\""}]},{"reference":"Q&A LA/Ontario International Airport (PDF) (Report). Los Angeles World Airports. July 1, 2015. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002902/https://www.lawa.org/uploadedFiles/ONT/pdf/ONT%20Q%20AND%20A%20REVISIONS.pdf","url_text":"Q&A LA/Ontario International Airport"},{"url":"https://www.lawa.org/uploadedFiles/ONT/pdf/ONT%20Q%20AND%20A%20REVISIONS.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Concorde Arrives at Ontario--5 Hours Late\". Los Angeles Times. September 22, 1986. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved January 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1986-09-22/news/mn-8649_1_supersonic-transport","url_text":"\"Concorde Arrives at Ontario--5 Hours Late\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]},{"reference":"\"Architectural Glass Design\". Aecinfo.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_J._Mitofsky | Warren Mitofsky | ["1 Mitofsky International","2 References","3 External links"] | American political pollster
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Warren J. Mitofsky (September 17, 1934 – September 1, 2006) was an American political pollster.
Mitofsky graduated in 1957 from Guilford College and was executive director of the CBS News election and survey unit from 1967 to 1990. He also previously served as an executive producer of CBS election night broadcasts.
Prior to CBS, Mitofsky worked with the Census Bureau where he designed a number of surveys. Along with Joseph Waksberg, Mitofsky is credited with developing an efficient method of sampling telephone numbers using random digit dialing, which has since been widely adopted as a sampling method. In 1999, the American Association for Public Opinion Research presented him with its lifetime achievement award for his "continuing concern for survey quality".
Mitofsky is credited with having invented the exit poll.
Warren Mitofsky is listed among the United States Census Bureau's Notable Alumni In 1989 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.
In November 2004, Mitofsky was interviewed by PBS NewsHour regarding what went wrong with the accuracy of his exit polls for the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Early poll results were leaked which showed John Kerry leading George W. Bush, conflicting with the final official outcome. Mitofsky said he suspected that the difference arose because "the Kerry voters were more anxious to participate in our exit polls than the Bush voters." He refused, consistently, to release precinct-level polling data from Ohio to researchers who maintained that the election results were fraudulent, and his own exit polls were a more accurate picture of the vote.
He died on September 1, 2006, in New York City of an aortic aneurysm, aged 71.
The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research awards an annual Warren J. Mitofsky Award for Excellence in Public Opinion Research.
Mitofsky International
In 1993 Mitofsky founded Mitofsky International, a survey research company. Its primary business is conducting exit polls for major elections around the world. It does this work exclusively for news organizations. Mitofsky has directed exit polls and quick counts since 1967 for almost 3,000 electoral contests. He has the distinction of conducting the first national presidential exit polls in the United States, Russia, Mexico and the Philippines.
Along with CESSI, Ltd., Mitofsky International were the only exit polls for the Russian presidential elections in 1996 and 2000 as well as all other Russian elections since 1993. It was the only provider of exit polling and quick counts reported by the Mexican broadcast industry for its 1994 presidential election.
References
^ David W. Moore, Senior Gallup Poll Editor, “New Exit Poll Consortium Vindication for Exit Poll Inventor,” Gallup News Service, October 11, 2003
^ U.S. Census Bureau
- Notable Alumni, April 28, 2014 https://www.census.gov/history/www/census_then_now/notable_alumni/warren_mitofsky.html
^ View/Search Fellows of the ASA Archived 2016-06-16 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 2016-11-19.
^ Clymer, Adam (2006-09-04). "Warren J. Mitofsky, 71, Innovator Who Devised Exit Poll, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-05.
^ "Mitofsky Award Recipients - Roper Center". Roper Center. 2015-01-16. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
External links
Mitofsky International at the Wayback Machine (archived April 26, 2006)
"WHAT WENT WRONG?" (with 2004 polling), PBS Newshour, November 5, 2004
"Mitofsky,'father of exit polling', dies at 72" , CNN, September 3, 2006
Mitofsky Remembered As Exit Poll Pioneer, by Mike Mokrzycki, Associated Press, September 4, 2006
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_Down_Low_(disambiguation) | Lights Down Low | ["1 See also"] | Lights Down Low, or variants, may refer to:
"Lights Down Low" (Bei Major song), 2012
"Lights Down Low" (Jessie James Decker song), 2015
"Lights Down Low" (Max song), 2016
"Lights Down Low" (2 Pistols song), 2009
"Lights Down Low", song from Come Out and Play
See also
"Turn the Lights Down Low", a 1965 album and single by Marty Robbins
"Turn the Lights Down Low", a song by Sarah McLachlan from Shine On
"Turn Your Lights Down Low", a 1977 song by Bob Marley and the Wailers
"After the Lights Go Down Low", a song popularized by Al Hibbler
After the Lights Go Down Low (album), Al Hibbler 1957
After the Lights Go Down Low and Much More!!!, an album by Freda Payne 1964
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lights Down Low.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Lights Down Low\" (Bei Major song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_Down_Low_(Bei_Maejor_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Lights Down Low\" (Jessie James Decker song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_Down_Low_(Jessie_James_Decker_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Lights Down Low\" (Max song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_Down_Low_(Max_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Lights Down Low\" (2 Pistols song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_Down_Low_(2_Pistols_song)"},{"link_name":"Come Out and Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Out_and_Play_(Kim_Wilde_album)"}],"text":"\"Lights Down Low\" (Bei Major song), 2012\n\"Lights Down Low\" (Jessie James Decker song), 2015\n\"Lights Down Low\" (Max song), 2016\n\"Lights Down Low\" (2 Pistols song), 2009\n\"Lights Down Low\", song from Come Out and Play","title":"Lights Down Low"}] | [] | [{"title":"album and single by Marty Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Robbins_discography"},{"title":"Shine On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_On_(Sarah_McLachlan_album)"},{"title":"Turn Your Lights Down Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_Your_Lights_Down_Low"},{"title":"After the Lights Go Down Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Lights_Go_Down_Low"},{"title":"After the Lights Go Down Low (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Lights_Go_Down_Low_(album)"},{"title":"After the Lights Go Down Low and Much More!!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Lights_Go_Down_Low_and_Much_More!!!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Lights_Down_Low&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Lights_Down_Low&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Negra_Tiene_Tumbao | La Negra Tiene Tumbao | ["1 Recording and production","2 Release and promotion","3 Musical composition","4 Chart performance","5 Critical reception","6 Track listing","6.1 Notes","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Sales and certifications","9 References"] | 2001 studio album by Celia CruzLa Negra Tiene TumbaoStudio album by Celia CruzReleased2 October 2001GenreSalsa · Latin popLength44:03LabelSony DiscosProducerSergio George · Isidro Infante · Johnny Pacheco · Oscar Gomez · Angel CarrascoCelia Cruz chronology
Siempre Viviré(2000)
La Negra Tiene Tumbao(2001)
Hits Mix(2002)
Singles from La Negra Tiene Tumbao
"La Negra Tiene Tumbao"Released: 2001
"Hay Que Empezar Otra Vez"Released: 2002
"Pa' Arriba No Va"Released: 2002
La Negra Tiene Tumbao (English: The Black Woman's Got Style) is the 59th album recorded by Cuban salsa recording artist Celia Cruz. It was released by Sony Music on 2 October 2001. It featured musical collaborations with Mikey Perfecto and Johnny Pacheco and was produced by Sergio George, Isidro Infante, Pacheco, Oscar Gomez, and Angel Carrasco.
Upon release, the album debuted at number five on the Billboard Latin Albums chart and number two on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart. It also managed to debut at number thirty-eight on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums. At the third Latin Grammy Awards, the album won Best Salsa Album and was nominated for Album of the Year. The lead single off the album and title track, "La Negra Tiene Tumbao", was nominated for Song of the Year, Record of the Year and Best Music Video. It featured two other singles, "Hay Que Empezar Otra Vez" and "Pa' Arriba No Va".
Recording and production
Producer Sergio George was hired to produce more traditional tracks for the album. However, George wanted to try something different. According to George, he played a demo version of "La Negra Tiene Tumbao" for Cruz, "not knowing how she would respond, and that was the song that she most reacted to". "La Negra Tiene Tumbao" was the last song completed for the album.
Release and promotion
The album was released on 2 October 2001 by Sony Discos. Sony Discos rereleased the album on 30 October 2001. On 23 July 2002, the album was rereleased with a bonus track remix of "La Negra Tiene Tumbao".
Musical composition
The lead single, first track, and title track, "La Negra Tiene Tumbao" combines elements of salsa music, reggae music and hip hop music. The song's title translates (from Cuban slang Spanish, as in music of Afro-Cuban origin, tumbao is the basic rhythm played on the bass) to "The Black Woman has Style" or "The Black Woman has Attitude". The song was composed in minor key and incorporates the use of vocal call and response.
Chart performance
After her 2002 tour of Europe, the album re-entered the Billboard Latin Albums chart at number thirty-seven for the week of 3 August 2002. It also reentered the Billboard Tropical Albums chart at number six.
Following Cruz's death in July 2003, La Negra Tiene Tumbao reentered the Billboard Latin Albums chart at number eight, for the week of 2 August 2003. It also reentered the Billboard Tropical Albums chart at number two, behind Cruz's own Hits Mix (2002).
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Allmusic's Sharon Witmer awarded the album four out of five stars, providing a positive review of the album. She claimed the recording to have "mesmerzing" rhythms as well as "warm and zesty" music. Witmer complimented "La Negra Tiene Tumbao", calling it the "CD's biggest draw". She ended her review by stating "From start to finish, the CD swings, as the electrifying and indefatigable Celia Cruz proves once again that being young is a state of mind." According to Billboard magazine's Leila Cobo, "La Negra Tiene Tumbao", "with its mid-section rap became the blueprint—to this day—for a bust of recordings featuring much younger acts." The song has been considered one of Cruz's last hits before her death in July 2003.
The song received nominations for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Music Video of the Year at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2002. The parent album won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album. It was nominated for Album of the Year. The album won the Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical Album of the Year at the 2003 Lo Nuestro Awards The song was also nominated Tropical Song of the Year, eventually losing to Cruz's own "La Vida Es Un Carnaval". It received a nomination for Best "Party Starter" at the 2004 Premios Juventud. "La Vida Es Un Carnaval" was also nominated in the same category. In 2016, the song was awarded Television Theme Song of the Year, for the television program Celia, at the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Awards.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."La Negra Tiene Tumbao"Sergio George, Fernando Osorio04:162."Pa' Arriba No Va"Jorge Piloto04:253."Hay Que Empezar Otra Vez"Victor Daniel04:414."Tararea Kumbayea"Johnny Pacheco03:525."Corazón De Rumba"Mario Diaz04:216."Déjenme Vivir"Juliana Serra04:157."Qué Culpa Tengo Yo"George04:328."Mi Mercancía"Federico Llado, Rafael Lugo04:399."Taita Bilongo"Gradelio Perez, Alain Perez04:2610."Sin Clave No Hay Son"Marisela Verena04:46
Notes
"La Negra Tiene Tumbao", "Pa' Arriba No Va", "Corazón de Rumba", "Qué Culpa Tengo Yo", "Mi Mercancía" and "Taita Bilongo" were produced by Sergio George.
"Hay Que Empezar Otra Vez" and "Sin Clave No Hay Son" were produced by Isidro Infante.
"Tararea Kumbayea" and "Déjenme Vivir" were produced by Johnny Pacheco.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2003)
Peak Position
US Heatseekers Albums
38
US Latin Albums (Billboard)
5
US Tropical Albums (Billboard)
2
Year-end charts
Chart (2002)
Position
US Tropical Albums (Billboard)
6
Chart (2003)
Position
US Tropical Albums (Billboard)
7
Sales and certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Platinum (Latin)
100,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Dominguez, Marcela (1 January 2010). Fuentes: Conversacion y gramática. Cengage Learning. p. 126. ISBN 978-1439082904. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Cobo, Leila (7 December 2002). "Latin Notas: Still Cruzin". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ "La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Releases: Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ "La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Release Info: Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ "La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Release Info: Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Mendible, Myra (3 June 2010). From Bananas to Buttocks: The Latina Body in Popular Film and Culture. University of Texas Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780292778498. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Gardner, Abigail (16 March 2016). Rock On": Women, Ageing, and Popular Music. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 9781317189107. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ "La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz on Pandora Internet Radio". Pandora Radio. Pandora Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Cobo, Leila (3 August 2002). "Latin Notas: Chart News". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ "August 3, 2002: Tropical/Salsa Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 3 August 2002. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Pearlman, Ellen (1 April 2008). "Azucar! Celia: The Life and Music of Celia Cruz at the New World Theater". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ Townsend, Rosa; Vicent, Manuel (18 July 2003). "La muerte de Celia Cruz consterna al exilio cubano y a los artistas de la isla". El Pais (in Spanish). Ediciones El Pais, S.L. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ "¡Azúcar en el cielo!". El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). 17 July 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ a b Cobo, Leila (2 August 2003). "Remembering Celia Cruz: Latin's Tireless Advocate". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ "August 2, 2003: Billboard - Top Tropical Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2 August 2003. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ a b "La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Songs, Reviews, Credits: Allmusic". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ Hertz, Erich (2014). Write in Tune: Contemporary Music in Fiction. Bloomsbury Publishing, USA. p. 185. ISBN 9781623564223.
^ Gardner, Abigail (2016). 'Rock On': Women, Ageing and Popular Music. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 9781317189107.
^ a b "Selected Nominees For The Third Latin Grammy Awards". AllBusiness.com. 3 August 2002. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ Susman, Gary (24 July 2002). "Trophy Time". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ "3rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards – Winners". Latin Grammy Awards. Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences. 18 September 2002. Archived from the original on 1 December 2002. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ a b "Thalia, Alejandro Sanz, Paulina Rubio, Enrique Iglesias, Lupillo Rivera, Carlos Vives, Celia Cruz, Juanes and a Host of Hispanic Artists Compete for the Latin Music Awards, Premio Lo Nuestro". Univision. Business Wire. November 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
^ "Lo Nuestro 2003 – Historia". Univision (in Spanish). Univision Communications. 2003. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
^ "Así fue la primera alfombra de Premios Juventud". Univision. Univision Communications Inc. 5 June 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^ "2016 El Premio ASCAP". ASCAP Latin Awards. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Awards. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ a b c "La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Awards: Allmusic". Allmusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
^ "The Year in Music 2002: Tropical/Salsa". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 28 December 2002. p. 40. Retrieved 12 August 2016. celia cruz.
^ "Year in Music 2003: Top Tropical Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 27 December 2003. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
^ "American album certifications – Celia Cruz – La Negra Tiene Tumbao". Recording Industry Association of America.
vteCelia CruzStudio albums
Celia & Johnny (1974)
Azúcar Negra (1993)
La Negra Tiene Tumbao (2001)
Regalo del Alma (2003)
Live albums
Celia Cruz and Friends: A Night of Salsa (2000)
Remix albums
Hits Mix (2002)
Songs
"Quizás, Quizás, Quizás"
"Guantanamera"
"Quimbara"
"Isadora Duncan"
"La Vida Es Un Carnaval"
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
"En Mi Viejo San Juan"
"Oye Como Va"
"Tres Gotas De Agua Bendita"
"Yo Vivire"
"La Negra Tiene Tumbao"
"Gotta Get Down"
"Ríe y Llora"
"El Año Viejo"
"Ella Tiene Fuego"
Related articles
¡Celia Cruz: Azúcar!
Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music
Celia
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_people"},{"link_name":"Celia Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Mikey Perfecto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Perfecto"},{"link_name":"Johnny Pacheco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Pacheco"},{"link_name":"Sergio George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_George"},{"link_name":"Billboard Latin Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard Tropical Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard Heatseekers Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatseekers_Albums"},{"link_name":"third Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2002"},{"link_name":"Best Salsa Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Salsa_Album"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Record of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year"}],"text":"La Negra Tiene Tumbao (English: The Black Woman's Got Style)[1] is the 59th album recorded by Cuban salsa recording artist Celia Cruz. It was released by Sony Music on 2 October 2001. It featured musical collaborations with Mikey Perfecto and Johnny Pacheco and was produced by Sergio George, Isidro Infante, Pacheco, Oscar Gomez, and Angel Carrasco.Upon release, the album debuted at number five on the Billboard Latin Albums chart and number two on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart. It also managed to debut at number thirty-eight on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums. At the third Latin Grammy Awards, the album won Best Salsa Album and was nominated for Album of the Year. The lead single off the album and title track, \"La Negra Tiene Tumbao\", was nominated for Song of the Year, Record of the Year and Best Music Video. It featured two other singles, \"Hay Que Empezar Otra Vez\" and \"Pa' Arriba No Va\".","title":"La Negra Tiene Tumbao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergio George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_George"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Producer Sergio George was hired to produce more traditional tracks for the album. However, George wanted to try something different. According to George, he played a demo version of \"La Negra Tiene Tumbao\" for Cruz, \"not knowing how she would respond, and that was the song that she most reacted to\". \"La Negra Tiene Tumbao\" was the last song completed for the album.[2]","title":"Recording and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Discos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Discos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The album was released on 2 October 2001 by Sony Discos.[3] Sony Discos rereleased the album on 30 October 2001.[4] On 23 July 2002, the album was rereleased with a bonus track remix of \"La Negra Tiene Tumbao\".[5]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"tumbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbao"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The lead single, first track, and title track, \"La Negra Tiene Tumbao\" combines elements of salsa music, reggae music and hip hop music.[6] The song's title translates (from Cuban slang Spanish, as in music of Afro-Cuban origin, tumbao is the basic rhythm played on the bass) to \"The Black Woman has Style\" or \"The Black Woman has Attitude\".[7] The song was composed in minor key and incorporates the use of vocal call and response.[8]","title":"Musical composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Latin Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Albums"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Billboard Tropical Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Albums"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-14"},{"link_name":"Hits Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hits_Mix"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"After her 2002 tour of Europe, the album re-entered the Billboard Latin Albums chart at number thirty-seven for the week of 3 August 2002.[9] It also reentered the Billboard Tropical Albums chart at number six.[10]Following Cruz's death in July 2003,[11][12][13] La Negra Tiene Tumbao reentered the Billboard Latin Albums chart at number eight, for the week of 2 August 2003.[14] It also reentered the Billboard Tropical Albums chart at number two, behind Cruz's own Hits Mix (2002).[15]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-16"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Record of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Music Video of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Short_Form_Music_Video"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Awards of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards_of_2002"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LatinGrammy2002-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LatinGrammy20023-20"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Salsa_Album"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LatinGrammy20022-21"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LatinGrammy2002-19"},{"link_name":"Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Nuestro_Award_for_Tropical_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2003 Lo Nuestro Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Lo_Nuestro_2003"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-univision-lonuestro-2003-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winners-2003-23"},{"link_name":"Tropical Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Nuestro_Award_for_Tropical_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"La Vida Es Un Carnaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vida_Es_Un_Carnaval"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-univision-lonuestro-2003-22"},{"link_name":"2004 Premios Juventud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Premios_Juventud"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Celia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_(telenovela)"},{"link_name":"American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCAP"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Allmusic's Sharon Witmer awarded the album four out of five stars, providing a positive review of the album. She claimed the recording to have \"mesmerzing\" rhythms as well as \"warm and zesty\" music. Witmer complimented \"La Negra Tiene Tumbao\", calling it the \"CD's biggest draw\". She ended her review by stating \"From start to finish, the CD swings, as the electrifying and indefatigable Celia Cruz proves once again that being young is a state of mind.\"[16] According to Billboard magazine's Leila Cobo, \"La Negra Tiene Tumbao\", \"with its mid-section rap became the blueprint—to this day—for a bust of recordings featuring much younger acts.\"[14] The song has been considered one of Cruz's last hits before her death in July 2003.[17][18]The song received nominations for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Music Video of the Year at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2002.[19][20] The parent album won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album.[21] It was nominated for Album of the Year.[19] The album won the Lo Nuestro Award for Tropical Album of the Year at the 2003 Lo Nuestro Awards[22][23] The song was also nominated Tropical Song of the Year, eventually losing to Cruz's own \"La Vida Es Un Carnaval\".[22] It received a nomination for Best \"Party Starter\" at the 2004 Premios Juventud. \"La Vida Es Un Carnaval\" was also nominated in the same category.[24] In 2016, the song was awarded Television Theme Song of the Year, for the television program Celia, at the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Awards.[25]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Negra Tiene Tumbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Negra_Tiene_Tumbao_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sergio George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_George"},{"link_name":"Fernando Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Osorio"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao\"Sergio George, Fernando Osorio04:162.\"Pa' Arriba No Va\"Jorge Piloto04:253.\"Hay Que Empezar Otra Vez\"Victor Daniel04:414.\"Tararea Kumbayea\"Johnny Pacheco03:525.\"Corazón De Rumba\"Mario Diaz04:216.\"Déjenme Vivir\"Juliana Serra04:157.\"Qué Culpa Tengo Yo\"George04:328.\"Mi Mercancía\"Federico Llado, Rafael Lugo04:399.\"Taita Bilongo\"Gradelio Perez, Alain Perez04:2610.\"Sin Clave No Hay Son\"Marisela Verena04:46","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnny Pacheco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Pacheco"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao\", \"Pa' Arriba No Va\", \"Corazón de Rumba\", \"Qué Culpa Tengo Yo\", \"Mi Mercancía\" and \"Taita Bilongo\" were produced by Sergio George.\n\"Hay Que Empezar Otra Vez\" and \"Sin Clave No Hay Son\" were produced by Isidro Infante.\n\"Tararea Kumbayea\" and \"Déjenme Vivir\" were produced by Johnny Pacheco.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Negra_Tiene_Tumbao&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"Heatseekers Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatseekers_Albums"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards1-26"},{"link_name":"Latin Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards1-26"},{"link_name":"Tropical Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards1-26"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Negra_Tiene_Tumbao&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tropical_Year_end_2002-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tropical_Year_end_2003-28"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2003)\n\nPeak Position\n\n\nUS Heatseekers Albums[26]\n\n38\n\n\nUS Latin Albums (Billboard)[26]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Tropical Albums (Billboard)[26]\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2002)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Tropical Albums (Billboard)[27]\n\n6\n\n\n\n\nChart (2003)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Tropical Albums (Billboard)[28]\n\n7","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sales and certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dominguez, Marcela (1 January 2010). Fuentes: Conversacion y gramática. Cengage Learning. p. 126. ISBN 978-1439082904. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5KemTpJYwK8C&q=La+Negra+Tiene+Tumbao&pg=PA126","url_text":"Fuentes: Conversacion y gramática"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439082904","url_text":"978-1439082904"}]},{"reference":"Cobo, Leila (7 December 2002). \"Latin Notas: Still Cruzin\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Og0EAAAAMBAJ&q=La+Negra+Tiene+Tumbao&pg=PA57","url_text":"\"Latin Notas: Still Cruzin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Releases: Allmusic\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/la-negra-tiene-tumbao-mw0000016831/releases","url_text":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Releases: Allmusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao [CD] - Celia Cruz: Release Info: Allmusic\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/la-negra-tiene-tumbao-mr0000290491","url_text":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao [CD] - Celia Cruz: Release Info: Allmusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao [Bonus Track] - Celia Cruz: Release Info: Allmusic\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/la-negra-tiene-tumbao-bonus-track-mr0000309257","url_text":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao [Bonus Track] - Celia Cruz: Release Info: Allmusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Mendible, Myra (3 June 2010). From Bananas to Buttocks: The Latina Body in Popular Film and Culture. University of Texas Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780292778498. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KEmXDrBNL6QC&q=La+Negra+Tiene+Tumbao&pg=PA97","url_text":"From Bananas to Buttocks: The Latina Body in Popular Film and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292778498","url_text":"9780292778498"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Abigail (16 March 2016). Rock On\": Women, Ageing, and Popular Music. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 9781317189107. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oPO_CwAAQBAJ&q=La+Negra+Tiene+Tumbao&pg=PA61","url_text":"Rock On\": Women, Ageing, and Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317189107","url_text":"9781317189107"}]},{"reference":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz on Pandora Internet Radio\". Pandora Radio. Pandora Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118095114/http://www.pandora.com/celia-cruz/exitos-eternos/la-negra-tiene-tumbao","url_text":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz on Pandora Internet Radio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_Radio","url_text":"Pandora Radio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_Radio","url_text":"Pandora Media, Inc"},{"url":"http://www.pandora.com/celia-cruz/exitos-eternos/la-negra-tiene-tumbao","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cobo, Leila (3 August 2002). \"Latin Notas: Chart News\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwEAAAAMBAJ&q=La+Negra+Tiene+Tumbao&pg=PA31","url_text":"\"Latin Notas: Chart News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"August 3, 2002: Tropical/Salsa Albums\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 3 August 2002. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwEAAAAMBAJ&q=La+Negra+Tiene+Tumbao&pg=PA31","url_text":"\"August 3, 2002: Tropical/Salsa Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"Pearlman, Ellen (1 April 2008). \"Azucar! Celia: The Life and Music of Celia Cruz at the New World Theater\". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://brooklynrail.org/2008/03/music/azcar-celia-the-life-and-music-of-celia-cruz-at-the-new-world-theater","url_text":"\"Azucar! Celia: The Life and Music of Celia Cruz at the New World Theater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Rail","url_text":"The Brooklyn Rail"}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Rosa; Vicent, Manuel (18 July 2003). \"La muerte de Celia Cruz consterna al exilio cubano y a los artistas de la isla\". El Pais (in Spanish). Ediciones El Pais, S.L. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://elpais.com/diario/2003/07/18/espectaculos/1058479203_850215.html","url_text":"\"La muerte de Celia Cruz consterna al exilio cubano y a los artistas de la isla\""}]},{"reference":"\"¡Azúcar en el cielo!\". El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). 17 July 2003. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021071617/http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/2003/07/17/escenarios/escen7.html","url_text":"\"¡Azúcar en el cielo!\""},{"url":"http://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/2003/07/17/escenarios/escen7.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cobo, Leila (2 August 2003). \"Remembering Celia Cruz: Latin's Tireless Advocate\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MhEEAAAAMBAJ&q=la+negra+tiene+tumbao&pg=PA30","url_text":"\"Remembering Celia Cruz: Latin's Tireless Advocate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"August 2, 2003: Billboard - Top Tropical Albums\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2 August 2003. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MhEEAAAAMBAJ&q=La+Negra+Tiene+Tumbao&pg=PA30","url_text":"\"August 2, 2003: Billboard - Top Tropical Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Songs, Reviews, Credits: Allmusic\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 14 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/la-negra-tiene-tumbao-mw0000016831","url_text":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Songs, Reviews, Credits: Allmusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Hertz, Erich (2014). Write in Tune: Contemporary Music in Fiction. Bloomsbury Publishing, USA. p. 185. ISBN 9781623564223.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i2v4BgAAQBAJ&q=la+negra+tiene+tumbao&pg=PA185","url_text":"Write in Tune: Contemporary Music in Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623564223","url_text":"9781623564223"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Abigail (2016). 'Rock On': Women, Ageing and Popular Music. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 9781317189107.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oPO_CwAAQBAJ&q=la+negra+tiene+tumbao&pg=PA61","url_text":"'Rock On': Women, Ageing and Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317189107","url_text":"9781317189107"}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Nominees For The Third Latin Grammy Awards\". AllBusiness.com. 3 August 2002. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4655325-1.html","url_text":"\"Selected Nominees For The Third Latin Grammy Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllBusiness.com","url_text":"AllBusiness.com"}]},{"reference":"Susman, Gary (24 July 2002). \"Trophy Time\". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140727000518/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,321587,00.html","url_text":"\"Trophy Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc","url_text":"Time Inc"},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,321587,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"3rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards – Winners\". Latin Grammy Awards. Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences. 18 September 2002. Archived from the original on 1 December 2002. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021201110540/http://www.grammy.com/awards/latin_grammy/winners_2002.html","url_text":"\"3rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards – Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards","url_text":"Latin Grammy Awards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences"},{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/awards/latin_grammy/winners_2002.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thalia, Alejandro Sanz, Paulina Rubio, Enrique Iglesias, Lupillo Rivera, Carlos Vives, Celia Cruz, Juanes and a Host of Hispanic Artists Compete for the Latin Music Awards, Premio Lo Nuestro\". Univision. Business Wire. November 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013074847/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Thalia,+Alejandro+Sanz,+Paulina+Rubio,+Enrique+Iglesias,+Lupillo...-a094388051","url_text":"\"Thalia, Alejandro Sanz, Paulina Rubio, Enrique Iglesias, Lupillo Rivera, Carlos Vives, Celia Cruz, Juanes and a Host of Hispanic Artists Compete for the Latin Music Awards, Premio Lo Nuestro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision","url_text":"Univision"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"},{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Thalia,+Alejandro+Sanz,+Paulina+Rubio,+Enrique+Iglesias,+Lupillo...-a094388051","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lo Nuestro 2003 – Historia\". Univision (in Spanish). Univision Communications. 2003. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013091955/http://archivo.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=490990","url_text":"\"Lo Nuestro 2003 – Historia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision","url_text":"Univision"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision_Communications","url_text":"Univision Communications"},{"url":"http://archivo.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=490990","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Así fue la primera alfombra de Premios Juventud\". Univision. Univision Communications Inc. 5 June 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.univision.com/especiales/premios-juventud/asi-fue-la-primera-alfombra-de-premios-juventud-fotos","url_text":"\"Así fue la primera alfombra de Premios Juventud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision","url_text":"Univision"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision","url_text":"Univision Communications Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 El Premio ASCAP\". ASCAP Latin Awards. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Awards. Retrieved 14 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ascap.com/news-events/awards/2016/latin-awards","url_text":"\"2016 El Premio ASCAP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCAP","url_text":"American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Awards: Allmusic\". Allmusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/la-negra-tiene-tumbao-mw0000016831/awards","url_text":"\"La Negra Tiene Tumbao - Celia Cruz: Awards: Allmusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"}]},{"reference":"\"The Year in Music 2002: Tropical/Salsa\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 28 December 2002. p. 40. Retrieved 12 August 2016. celia cruz.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RA0EAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"The Year in Music 2002: Tropical/Salsa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RA0EAAAAMBAJ/page/n140","url_text":"40"}]},{"reference":"\"Year in Music 2003: Top Tropical Albums\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 27 December 2003. Retrieved 12 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bA8EAAAAMBAJ&q=la+negra+tiene+tumbao&pg=PA64","url_text":"\"Year in Music 2003: Top Tropical Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Celia Cruz – La Negra Tiene Tumbao\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_fire | USS Enterprise fire | ["1 Background","2 Fire","3 Aftermath","4 Investigation","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 20°27′7″N 158°27′5″W / 20.45194°N 158.45139°W / 20.45194; -158.451391969 fire on a US aircraft carrier
USS Enterprise fireFire on the stern of USS EnterpriseDateJanuary 14, 1969TimeAbout 8:18 a.m. local timeLocationPacific Ocean, about 70 miles southwest of Pearl Harbor, near HawaiiCoordinates20°27′7″N 158°27′5″W / 20.45194°N 158.45139°W / 20.45194; -158.45139Casualties28 dead, 314 injured15 aircraft destroyedcost to USN over US$126 million
The 1969 USS Enterprise fire was a major fire and series of explosions that broke out aboard USS Enterprise on January 14, 1969, off the coast of Oahu, Hawaii. After a Zuni rocket detonated under a plane's wing, the ensuing fire touched off more munitions, blowing holes in the flight deck that allowed burning jet fuel to enter the ship. The blaze killed 28 sailors, injured 314, and destroyed 15 aircraft. The cost of replacing the aircraft and repairing the ship topped $126 million (roughly $1 billion adjusted for inflation in 2022). Even graver damage was likely prevented by improvements made after the similar 1967 USS Forrestal fire.
Background
USS Enterprise (CVN-65), built between 1958 and 1961, was the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. Her enormous construction cost caused the cancellation of the five other carriers planned for the class.
Enterprise departed Alameda, California, on January 6, 1969, for her fourth deployment to Vietnam and her eighth deployment overall. On January 14, the ship was off the coast of Hawaii conducting a final battle drill and Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) before steaming for Vietnam. Additional personnel were aboard Enterprise to observe the ORI.
Fire
Sailors from the destroyer Rogers use their hoses to help fight fires aboard Enterprise.
About 8:18 a.m., Enterprise was turning to port to conduct flight operations. On the stern sat a McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II armed with Zuni rockets. The exhaust from an MD-3A "Huffer", a tractor-mounted unit used to start aircraft, heated one of the Zunis until it exploded, detonating its 15-pound (6.8 kg) warhead of Composition B explosive. The explosion perforated the aircraft's fuel cells and ignited the leaking JP-5 jet fuel. About one minute later, three more Zuni rockets exploded; these blasts blew holes into the flight deck, allowing the burning jet fuel to pour into the level below. Captain Kent Lee, commanding officer of Enterprise, directed the port turn to continue after the first explosion, steering the ship into the wind to blow smoke away from the ship.
About three minutes after the initial explosion, a bomb exploded on the burning Phantom, blowing a hole in the flight deck that measured about 8 by 7 feet (2.4 by 2.1 m). The heat ignited additional fires on the lower level, and debris caused holes in the deck which allowed burning fuel to spread farther, entering the two lower levels and eventually the first deck. This explosion also severed nearby firehoses and damaged and rendered inoperable the twin-agent units that provided firefighting foam to the area. Two 500 lb (227 kg) Mark 82 bombs soon detonated in succession. Several minutes after those detonations, a bomb rack exploded with three Mark 82 bombs. This blast tore a hole into the flight deck about 18 by 22 feet (5.5 by 6.7 m) in diameter and ruptured a 6,000-US-gallon (23 m3) fuel tank mounted on a KA-3B tanker aircraft; the ensuing fireball spread the fire farther. A total of 18 explosions occurred, blowing eight holes into the flight deck and beyond.
The nuclear-powered cruiser Bainbridge and destroyer Rogers came to the stricken carrier's aid. It took the combined crews of the three ships about four hours to extinguish the fires.
Aftermath
Bainbridge escorted Enterprise to Pearl Harbor that afternoon. After 51 days of repairs, Enterprise continued her regularly scheduled deployment.
This was the last of three major fires to befall U.S. aircraft carriers in the 1960s. It followed a fire aboard USS Oriskany on October 26, 1966, that killed 44 sailors and injured 156 more; and a fire aboard USS Forrestal on July 29, 1967, that killed 134 sailors and injured 161. The Forrestal fire was also started by a Zuni rocket which was accidentally launched into parked aircraft by a power surge, igniting a fuel fire that began to "cook off" 1,000-pound (454 kg) bombs. Procedural improvements after the Forrestal fire helped reduce damage and casualties in the Enterprise fire.
Investigation
A JAG Manual investigation began immediately after the fire, in accordance with Navy policy. The investigation determined that the initial explosion was caused by the MD-3A "Huffer" exhaust overheating the Zuni rocket. Investigators also determined that an airman had observed the exhaust and had raised concerns about the placement of the huffer, but personnel were involved in other tasks and may not have completely understood what was being said due to the ambient noise on the flight deck. However, the investigators also noted that moving the unit might not have prevented the initial explosion due to the estimated temperature of the rocket by that time.
The Forrestal investigation revealed that only half of the ship's crew and none of the air wing had attended firefighting school. When the Enterprise fire erupted, 96 percent of the ship's crew had attended firefighting training, along with 86 percent of the air wing. Lack of redundancies in communication systems and firefighting components were deemed to have hurt firefighting operations. Further factors included a lack of communication between the Air Boss (who was responsible for flight and hangar deck firefighting) and the Damage Control Assistant (who was responsible for all other firefighting operations), and overloading the firefighting system by activating multiple systems at once.
Investigators generally praised the firefighting operation aboard Enterprise. Specific praise was given to the medical department, who were credited with saving countless lives, and to the establishment of a damage-control training team that helped with damage-control training. Enterprise had also established a competitive program between its repair parties to increase effectiveness. Praise was also directed to the captain of USS Rogers, who navigated his ship within feet of Enterprise to aid firefighting efforts.
The investigators recommended a redesign of the air-start unit to vent the exhaust upward instead of to the side. They also recommended educating flight deck personnel on ordnance cook-off temperatures and times, and increasing the length of the hose that delivers the air from the huffer to the aircraft. Other recommendations included: install redundant communication and control systems, improve communication between key senior personnel, and redesign the head covering worn by flight deck firefighters. Investigators also recommended cross-training shipboard dentists as anesthetists, as one had been assigned to Enterprise which allowed the medical department to perform additional emergency surgery during the fire.
References
^ "$126,000,000 in 1969 → 2022 | Inflation Calculator". Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ a b c d "The USS Enterprise (CVAN-65) fire and munition explosions". insensitivemunitions.org. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ USS Enterprise Turns 49 Years Old Thanksgiving Day, US: Navy, archived from the original on November 14, 2011, retrieved January 14, 2019
^ Jane's American fighting ships of the 20th century, p. 89. New York: Mallard Press, 1991. ISBN 0-7924-5626-2.
^ Martin, David. "Tragedy remembered as USS Enterprise is retired". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h "USS Enterprise fire" (PDF). JAG Manual Investigations. United States Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 2, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
^ a b "Explosions Rocks USS Enterprise". This Day in History. History Channel. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ a b c Galito, Jacob. "Enterprise Remembers 1969 Fire". United States Navy. USS Enterprise Public Affairs. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ a b "Fire on the Flightdeck". ewind.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ a b The Impact of the USS Forrestal's 1967 fire on United States Navy Shipboard Damage Control, Thesis, Henry P. Stewart, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1992.
External links
Media related to 1969 USS Enterprise (CVA(N)-65) fire at Wikimedia Commons
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1969Shipwrecks
31 Jan: USS Sterlet
6 Feb: USS Redfish
13 Feb: HMAS Arunta
1 Mar: USS Day
17 Mar: Longhope Lifeboat
21 Mar: Cody Victory
26 Mar: USS Charles F. Hughes
March (unknown date): Poseidon, USS M 111-1
3 Apr: USS Tills
15 May: USCGC Casco, USS Guitarro
3 Jun: USS Frank E. Evans
24 Jun: USS Beale, USS Richard S. Bull
27 Jun: USS Snowden
29 Jun: Sincere
4 Jul: USS Witek
16 Jul: USS Manta, USS Tullibee
July (unknown date): USS Richey
16 Sep: USS Trepang
23 Sep: Tufts Victory
8 Oct: USS Barton
10 Oct: USS Frank E. Evans
14 Oct: USS Madison
28 Oct: USS Vincennes
October (unknown date): USCGC Matagorda
4 Nov: USS Bailey
7 Nov: USS Bream
19 Nov: USS Burrfish
Unknown date: USS Heyliger, USS Pandemus, Lalor
Other incidents
12 Jan: Carmania
14 Jan: USS Enterprise
10 Feb: Lukia M
11 Feb: USS Chopper
25 Jun: Andromachi
20 Oct: USC&GS McArthur
23 Oct: HMCS Kootenay
15 Nov: USS Gato, K19
19 Dec: USS Iredell County
Unknown date: ARA Bahía Buen Suceso, ROCS Hsien Yang
1968 1970 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Zuni rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_rocket"},{"link_name":"flight deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_deck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_III-2"},{"link_name":"1967 USS Forrestal fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_USS_Forrestal_fire"}],"text":"1969 fire on a US aircraft carrierThe 1969 USS Enterprise fire was a major fire and series of explosions that broke out aboard USS Enterprise on January 14, 1969, off the coast of Oahu, Hawaii. After a Zuni rocket detonated under a plane's wing, the ensuing fire touched off more munitions, blowing holes in the flight deck that allowed burning jet fuel to enter the ship. The blaze killed 28 sailors, injured 314, and destroyed 15 aircraft. The cost of replacing the aircraft and repairing the ship topped $126 million (roughly $1 billion adjusted for inflation in 2022).[1][2] Even graver damage was likely prevented by improvements made after the similar 1967 USS Forrestal fire.","title":"USS Enterprise fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Enterprise (CVN-65)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)"},{"link_name":"nuclear-powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alameda, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda,_California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_II-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_JAGMAN-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_JAGMAN-6"}],"text":"USS Enterprise (CVN-65), built between 1958 and 1961, was the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.[3] Her enormous construction cost caused the cancellation of the five other carriers planned for the class.[4]Enterprise departed Alameda, California, on January 6, 1969, for her fourth deployment to Vietnam and her eighth deployment overall.[citation needed] On January 14, the ship was off the coast of Hawaii conducting a final battle drill and Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) before steaming for Vietnam.[5][6] Additional personnel were aboard Enterprise to observe the ORI.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Rogers_(DD-876)_alongside_burning_USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rogers_(DD-876)"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"Zuni rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"\"Huffer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-start_system"},{"link_name":"Composition B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_III-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_V-7"},{"link_name":"flight deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_deck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_III-2"},{"link_name":"Kent Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Lee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_IV-8"},{"link_name":"twin-agent units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-agent_fire_extinguishing_system"},{"link_name":"Mark 82 bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_82_bomb"},{"link_name":"KA-3B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-3_Skywarrior"},{"link_name":"tanker aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_III-2"},{"link_name":"Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bainbridge_(CGN-25)"},{"link_name":"Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rogers_(DD-876)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_VI-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_IV-8"}],"text":"Sailors from the destroyer Rogers use their hoses to help fight fires aboard Enterprise.About 8:18 a.m., Enterprise was turning to port to conduct flight operations. On the stern sat a McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II armed with Zuni rockets. The exhaust from an MD-3A \"Huffer\", a tractor-mounted unit used to start aircraft, heated one of the Zunis until it exploded, detonating its 15-pound (6.8 kg) warhead of Composition B explosive.[2][7] The explosion perforated the aircraft's fuel cells and ignited the leaking JP-5 jet fuel. About one minute later, three more Zuni rockets exploded; these blasts blew holes into the flight deck, allowing the burning jet fuel to pour into the level below.[2] Captain Kent Lee, commanding officer of Enterprise, directed the port turn to continue after the first explosion, steering the ship into the wind to blow smoke away from the ship.[8]About three minutes after the initial explosion, a bomb exploded on the burning Phantom, blowing a hole in the flight deck that measured about 8 by 7 feet (2.4 by 2.1 m). The heat ignited additional fires on the lower level, and debris caused holes in the deck which allowed burning fuel to spread farther, entering the two lower levels and eventually the first deck. This explosion also severed nearby firehoses and damaged and rendered inoperable the twin-agent units that provided firefighting foam to the area. Two 500 lb (227 kg) Mark 82 bombs soon detonated in succession. Several minutes after those detonations, a bomb rack exploded with three Mark 82 bombs. This blast tore a hole into the flight deck about 18 by 22 feet (5.5 by 6.7 m) in diameter and ruptured a 6,000-US-gallon (23 m3) fuel tank mounted on a KA-3B tanker aircraft; the ensuing fireball spread the fire farther. A total of 18 explosions occurred, blowing eight holes into the flight deck and beyond.[2]The nuclear-powered cruiser Bainbridge and destroyer Rogers came to the stricken carrier's aid.[9] It took the combined crews of the three ships about four hours to extinguish the fires.[8]","title":"Fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_VI-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_V-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_IV-8"},{"link_name":"fire aboard USS Oriskany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Oriskany_fire"},{"link_name":"a fire aboard USS Forrestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_USS_Forrestal_fire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bainbridge escorted Enterprise to Pearl Harbor that afternoon. After 51 days of repairs,[9] Enterprise continued her regularly scheduled deployment.[7][8]This was the last of three major fires to befall U.S. aircraft carriers in the 1960s. It followed a fire aboard USS Oriskany on October 26, 1966, that killed 44 sailors and injured 156 more; and a fire aboard USS Forrestal on July 29, 1967, that killed 134 sailors and injured 161. The Forrestal fire was also started by a Zuni rocket which was accidentally launched into parked aircraft by a power surge, igniting a fuel fire that began to \"cook off\" 1,000-pound (454 kg) bombs. Procedural improvements after the Forrestal fire helped reduce damage and casualties in the Enterprise fire.[citation needed]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_JAGMAN-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_JAGMAN-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-impact-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_JAGMAN-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-impact-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_JAGMAN-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_JAGMAN-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enterprise_JAGMAN-6"}],"text":"A JAG Manual investigation began immediately after the fire, in accordance with Navy policy. The investigation determined that the initial explosion was caused by the MD-3A \"Huffer\" exhaust overheating the Zuni rocket.[6] Investigators also determined that an airman had observed the exhaust and had raised concerns about the placement of the huffer, but personnel were involved in other tasks and may not have completely understood what was being said due to the ambient noise on the flight deck. However, the investigators also noted that moving the unit might not have prevented the initial explosion due to the estimated temperature of the rocket by that time.[6]The Forrestal investigation revealed that only half of the ship's crew and none of the air wing had attended firefighting school. When the Enterprise fire erupted, 96 percent of the ship's crew had attended firefighting training, along with 86 percent of the air wing.[10] Lack of redundancies in communication systems and firefighting components were deemed to have hurt firefighting operations. Further factors included a lack of communication between the Air Boss (who was responsible for flight and hangar deck firefighting) and the Damage Control Assistant (who was responsible for all other firefighting operations), and overloading the firefighting system by activating multiple systems at once.[6]Investigators generally praised the firefighting operation aboard Enterprise. Specific praise was given to the medical department, who were credited with saving countless lives, and to the establishment of a damage-control training team that helped with damage-control training. Enterprise had also established a competitive program between its repair parties to increase effectiveness.[10] Praise was also directed to the captain of USS Rogers, who navigated his ship within feet of Enterprise to aid firefighting efforts.[6]The investigators recommended a redesign of the air-start unit to vent the exhaust upward instead of to the side. They also recommended educating flight deck personnel on ordnance cook-off temperatures and times, and increasing the length of the hose that delivers the air from the huffer to the aircraft.[6] Other recommendations included: install redundant communication and control systems, improve communication between key senior personnel, and redesign the head covering worn by flight deck firefighters. Investigators also recommended cross-training shipboard dentists as anesthetists, as one had been assigned to Enterprise which allowed the medical department to perform additional emergency surgery during the fire.[6]","title":"Investigation"}] | [{"image_text":"Sailors from the destroyer Rogers use their hoses to help fight fires aboard Enterprise.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/USS_Rogers_%28DD-876%29_alongside_burning_USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29.jpg/220px-USS_Rogers_%28DD-876%29_alongside_burning_USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"$126,000,000 in 1969 → 2022 | Inflation Calculator\". Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1969?amount=126000000","url_text":"\"$126,000,000 in 1969 → 2022 | Inflation Calculator\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905094300/https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1969?amount=126000000","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The USS Enterprise (CVAN-65) fire and munition explosions\". insensitivemunitions.org. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insensitivemunitions.org/history/the-uss-enterprise-cvan-65-fire-and-munition-explosions/","url_text":"\"The USS Enterprise (CVAN-65) fire and munition explosions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210201204927/https://www.insensitivemunitions.org/history/the-uss-enterprise-cvan-65-fire-and-munition-explosions/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"USS Enterprise Turns 49 Years Old Thanksgiving Day, US: Navy, archived from the original on November 14, 2011, retrieved January 14, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114142434/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=57357","url_text":"USS Enterprise Turns 49 Years Old Thanksgiving Day"},{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=57357","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, David. \"Tragedy remembered as USS Enterprise is retired\". CBS News. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tragedy-remembered-as-uss-enterprise-is-retired/","url_text":"\"Tragedy remembered as USS Enterprise is retired\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090331/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tragedy-remembered-as-uss-enterprise-is-retired/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"USS Enterprise fire\" (PDF). JAG Manual Investigations. United States Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 2, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102080312/http://www.jag.navy.mil/library/investigations/BASIC%20FIRE%20ON%20USS%20ENTERPRISE%2014%20JAN%201969.pdf","url_text":"\"USS Enterprise fire\""},{"url":"http://www.jag.navy.mil/library/investigations/BASIC%20FIRE%20ON%20USS%20ENTERPRISE%2014%20JAN%201969.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Explosions Rocks USS Enterprise\". This Day in History. History Channel. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/explosion-rocks-uss-enterprise","url_text":"\"Explosions Rocks USS Enterprise\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307190728/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/explosion-rocks-uss-enterprise","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Galito, Jacob. \"Enterprise Remembers 1969 Fire\". United States Navy. USS Enterprise Public Affairs. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150206080313/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=64783","url_text":"\"Enterprise Remembers 1969 Fire\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=64783","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fire on the Flightdeck\". ewind.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110109042626/http://www.ewind.com/~sayc/cvan65-fire.html","url_text":"\"Fire on the Flightdeck\""},{"url":"http://www.ewind.com/~sayc/cvan65-fire.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Enterprise_fire¶ms=20_27_7_N_158_27_5_W_","external_links_name":"20°27′7″N 158°27′5″W / 20.45194°N 158.45139°W / 20.45194; -158.45139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=USS_Enterprise_fire¶ms=20_27_7_N_158_27_5_W_","external_links_name":"20°27′7″N 158°27′5″W / 20.45194°N 158.45139°W / 20.45194; -158.45139"},{"Link":"https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1969?amount=126000000","external_links_name":"\"$126,000,000 in 1969 → 2022 | Inflation Calculator\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220905094300/https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1969?amount=126000000","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.insensitivemunitions.org/history/the-uss-enterprise-cvan-65-fire-and-munition-explosions/","external_links_name":"\"The USS Enterprise (CVAN-65) fire and munition explosions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210201204927/https://www.insensitivemunitions.org/history/the-uss-enterprise-cvan-65-fire-and-munition-explosions/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114142434/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=57357","external_links_name":"USS Enterprise Turns 49 Years Old Thanksgiving Day"},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=57357","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tragedy-remembered-as-uss-enterprise-is-retired/","external_links_name":"\"Tragedy remembered as USS Enterprise is retired\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090331/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tragedy-remembered-as-uss-enterprise-is-retired/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102080312/http://www.jag.navy.mil/library/investigations/BASIC%20FIRE%20ON%20USS%20ENTERPRISE%2014%20JAN%201969.pdf","external_links_name":"\"USS Enterprise fire\""},{"Link":"http://www.jag.navy.mil/library/investigations/BASIC%20FIRE%20ON%20USS%20ENTERPRISE%2014%20JAN%201969.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/explosion-rocks-uss-enterprise","external_links_name":"\"Explosions Rocks USS Enterprise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307190728/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/explosion-rocks-uss-enterprise","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150206080313/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=64783","external_links_name":"\"Enterprise Remembers 1969 Fire\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=64783","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110109042626/http://www.ewind.com/~sayc/cvan65-fire.html","external_links_name":"\"Fire on the Flightdeck\""},{"Link":"http://www.ewind.com/~sayc/cvan65-fire.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Model | Top Model | ["1 Format description","1.1 Contestants","1.2 Challenges","1.3 Photo shoots","1.4 Judging","1.5 International destinations","1.6 Live shows","1.7 All-Stars","1.8 Social media voting, Scoring and Comeback series","2 International Top Model series","2.1 Winners over time","3 Current and upcoming cycles","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Fashion-themed reality television show
For other uses, see Top Model (disambiguation).
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Top ModelCreated byTyra BanksOriginal workAmerica's Next Top ModelYears2003–presentFilms and televisionTelevision seriesInternational versions, see belowMiscellaneousGenreReality televisionFirst airedMay 20, 2003 (2003-05-20)DistributorCBS Media Ventures
Top Model, also called Next Top Model, is a fashion-themed reality television show format produced in many countries throughout the world and seen in over 120 countries producing over 200 seasons (referred to as "cycles"). The show takes the form of a modeling competition whose winners typically receive a contract with a major modeling agency and a cover shoot and fashion photo spread in a fashion magazine. The format was created by Tyra Banks for the original series, America's Next Top Model, which first aired in 2003 and was produced by Ken Mok's 10 by 10 Entertainment.
Format description
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Contestants
Each cycle of the show consists of 6–40 episodes and begins with 9–40 contestants. In each episode one contestant is eliminated, though in some cases there may be double eliminations, multiple eliminations, or no elimination at all, based on the consensus of the judging panel. Makeovers are administered to contestants early in the cycle, usually before the first elimination or after the first or second elimination.
Challenges
Each episode usually begins with the contestants receiving training in an area concurrent with the week's theme. For example, contestants may get coached in runway walking, improvisational acting, and clothing to suit various occasions. A related challenge soon follows, such as a mock (or real) runway show or interview, where one of the models is chosen as the winner (sometimes more than 1 models win the challenge).
The winner of the challenge receives some prizes, such as a contract, a night out, or an advantage at the next photo shoot. The winning contestant is sometimes permitted to share their reward with other contestants of their choosing and on some occasions, may gain immunity from elimination at the next judging. Losing the challenge can result in some minor punishment, like losing frames for the next photo shoot. It can also end in the immediate elimination of the contestant.
Each episode, which covers the events of roughly one week of real time, is usually associated with a theme in the world of modeling, such as dealing with the press in interviews, selling a commercial product, appearing in a runway show, or visiting prospective employers in "go-sees".
In some franchises, the contestants will go to real-life castings. The model who is chosen will complete what is required for the casting, resulting in a leave of absence within the episode – sometimes skipping the photo shoot and other challenges – but is rewarded with immunity for booking the job.
Photo shoots
The next segment is usually a photo shoot, which may involve beauty shots (closeup photos emphasizing the face), posing in swimwear, lingerie or other clothing, posing nude or semi-nude, posing with a male model, or posing with animals among other themes. Usually, one photo shoot per cycle is replaced with a television commercial or music video shoot.
Performance in each week's photo or video shoot weighs heavily in the final judging.
Judging
The final segment of each episode involves judging by a panel of fashion industry experts. In addition to the regular judges, usually, there is a special guest judge related to that week's theme. Contestants are sometimes given a final challenge in some area of modeling such as posing, runway walking, selling a product, or choosing an appropriate outfit or makeup to satisfy a given situation. Each contestant's photo or video performance is then shown and evaluated by the panel. After all the content has been evaluated, the contestants leave the room and the judges deliberate. Germany, Austria, and Indonesia (cycle 2 - present) feature a themed runway segment in addition to the judging of the photos or videos.
The elimination process follows a rigid format, as the host reveals, one by one and in order of merit, the photos of the contestants who have not been eliminated. Each photo is given to the corresponding contestant, who is told by the host something similar to, "Congratulations. You are still in the running towards becoming Next Top Model." The first-called contestant may receive additional benefits, such as having their photo displayed prominently in the contestants' living quarters or being allowed to share in the following week's challenge winnings, regardless of their performance in the challenge. The last two contestants who have not received their photos are brought forward for special critiques by the host before the final photo is revealed. The contestant who does not receive a photo is thus eliminated from the competition. Sometimes the last two contestants are both eliminated; rarely, neither is eliminated. Multiple eliminations can also take place.
In some versions of the show, contestants find out whether or not they will continue on in the competition in a completely random fashion. The contestants may be called forward in random order to find out whether or not they performed best during the week. The last two contestants are usually the worst performers. This format is followed by Denmark (cycle 4), the Netherlands (cycles 6–9) and Peru.
In other cases, the models are each called back into the elimination room after deliberation. Upon being called back, they are either eliminated on the spot, declared safe, or they are asked to wait for their results. If the latter happens, the process is repeated with the remaining pool of contestants in danger. This elimination format has been followed by several versions of the show, most notably Austria (cycles 2–9), Germany and Denmark (cycles 2–3,5–6) along with two former versions; Croatia and Serbia.
Episodes typically end with the image of the eliminated models fading away from a group shot of the remaining contestants.
International destinations
A trip to an international destination is typically scheduled at about two-thirds of the way through the competition, usually with five or six contestants remaining. While overseas, each episode covers roughly three to four days, totaling two weeks of filming abroad. In some international versions, contestants have traveled from two to six different countries.
Live shows
In some versions of the show, the winner is determined during a live broadcast. This has been done in Germany, Russia, Croatia, Israel, Belgium, the Netherlands (cycles 2-10), Benelux (a combination of the former two), Austria, Serbia, New Zealand (cycle 3), Australia (cycles 3–8), Britain (cycle 6), Poland, Vietnam and Greece (cycle 3). Votes are usually submitted via SMS or on any other given website. In cycle 17 of America's Next Top Model the first panel was presented in front of a live crowd, but this wasn't broadcast until the cycle premiere some months later. Also, the elimination process was shot privately during the production.
All-Stars
Cycle 17 of America's Next Top Model featured returning models from previous cycles with an All-Stars competition. In cycle 18 of the same version, seven British models from Britain's Next Top Model competed along with new American contestants. The eighth cycle of Vietnam's Next Top Model also featured returning models from previous cycles. The seventh cycle of Top Model po-ukrainsky also featured returning models from previous cycles.
Social media voting, Scoring and Comeback series
Through cycles 19-21, America's Next Top Model enabled social media fans to vote for each contestant's photos online based on a scale ranging from 1 (being the worst) to 10 (being the best). Voting took place as filming progressed, so that the results could be seen when the show began to air on television. Each judge also scored each picture based on the same scale, with the total fan vote weighing the same as the vote of a judge. Furthermore, one or more eliminated contestants received the opportunity to re-enter the competition if they earned the highest overall score average over a certain period of time. The social media voting was removed beginning with cycle 22.
The social media scoring system was also implemented in the sixth and seventh cycles of Austria's Next Topmodel. In contrast to the American adaptation, each voter is required to cast their votes on the show's website with accounts that link with Facebook. Furthermore, there is no grading scale. Each Facebook account is allotted three votes, which can be spent on any combination of contestants. The contestant with the highest number of votes each round is granted immunity, while the contestant with the lowest amount is automatically nominated for elimination along with three other contestants chosen by the judges. A comeback round also takes place about two thirds into the competition.
A separate scoring system, without social media voting, was introduced in the ninth cycle of Australia's Next Top Model. The combined challenge and judge scores are used to determine who will be eliminated each week. It was also the system used in the twenty-second cycle of America's Next Top Model, and adapted by other versions of the show.
International Top Model series
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The Top Model format has been adapted for numerous national and regional versions around the world.
Currently in production
Currently not in production
Region/country
Name(s) of series
Network(s)
Cycle(s) & winner(s)
Host(s)
Africa
Africa's Next Top Model
M-net Africa Magic
Cycle 1, 2013–2014: Aamito Lagum
Oluchi Onweagba
Albania
Albania's Next Top Model
Top Channel (cycle 1) Supersonic TV (cycle 2)
Cycle 1, 2010–2011: Erida LamaCycle 2, 2011: Greis Drenn
Aurela Hoxha
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Fox8
Cycle 1, 2005: Gemma Sanderson
Cycle 2, 2006: Eboni Stocks
Cycle 3, 2007: Alice Burdeu
Cycle 4, 2008: Demelza Reveley
Cycle 5, 2009: Tahnee Atkinson
Cycle 6, 2010: Amanda Ware
Cycle 7, 2011: Montana Cox
Cycle 8, 2013: Melissa Juratowitch
Cycle 9, 2015: Brittany Beattie
Cycle 10, 2016: Aleyna FitzGerald
Erika Heynatz (cycles 1–2)Jodhi Meares (cycles 3–4)Sarah Murdoch (cycles 5–7)Jennifer Hawkins (cycles 8-10)
Austria
Austria's Next Topmodel
Puls 4 (cycles 1–7, 9) ATV (cycle 8)
Cycle 1, 2009: Larissa Marolt
Cycle 2, 2009–2010: Aylin Kösetürk
Cycle 3, 2011: Lydia Obute
Cycle 4, 2012: Antonia Hausmair
Cycle 5, 2013: Greta Uszkai
Cycle 6, 2014: Oliver Stummvoll
Cycle 7, 2015–2016: Fabian Herzgsell
Cycle 8, 2017: Isak Omorodion
Cycle 9, 2019: Taibeh Ahmadi
Lena Gercke (cycles 1–4)Melanie Scheriau (cycles 5–7)Eveline Hall (cycle 8) Franziska Knuppe (cycle 9)
Belgium
Topmodel
2BE
Cycle 1, 2007: Hanne BaekelandtCycle 2, 2008: Virginie Bleyaert
Ingrid Seynhaeve (cycle 1) An Lemmens (cycle 2)
Belgium's Next Top Model
Streamz
Cycle 1, 2023: Gilles Verbruggen
Cycle 2, 2024: Upcoming cycle
Hannelore Knuts
Benelux
Benelux' Next Top Model
2BE RTL 5
Cycle 1, 2009: Rosalinde Kikstra Cycle 2, 2010: Melissa Baas
Daphne Deckers
Brazil
Brazil's Next Top Model
Sony Entertainment Television
Cycle 1, 2007: Mariana Velho
Cycle 2, 2008: Maíra Vieira
Cycle 3, 2009: Camila Trindade
Fernanda Motta
Cambodia
Cambodia's Next Top Model
MYTV
Cycle 1, 2014–2015: Chan Kong Kar
Yok Chenda
Canada
Canada's Next Top Model
City (cycles 1–2)
CTV (cycle 3)
Cycle 1, 2006: Andrea Muizelaar
Cycle 2, 2007: Rebecca Hardy
Cycle 3, 2009: Meaghan Waller
Tricia Helfer (cycle 1)
Jay Manuel (cycles 2–3)
Caribbean
Caribbean's Next Top Model
CaribVision (cycle 1) Flow TV (cycle 2–4)
Cycle 1, 2013: Treveen Stewart
Cycle 2, 2015: Kittisha Doyle
Cycle 3, 2017: Shamique Simms
Cycle 4, 2018: Le Shae Riley
Wendy Fitzwilliam
China
China's Next Top Model
Sichuan TV (cycles 1–3)
Travel Channel (cycle 4)
Chongqing TV (cycle 5)
Cycle 1, 2008: Yin Ge
Cycle 2, 2009: Meng Yao
Cycle 3, 2010: Mao Chu Yu
Cycle 4, 2013: Wang Xiao Qian
Cycle 5, 2015: Li Si Jia
Li Ai (cycles 1–3)
Shang Wenjie (cycle 4)
Lynn Hung & Zhang Liang (cycle 5)
Colombia
Colombia's Next Top Model
Caracol Televisión
Cycle 1, 2013: Mónica Castaño
Cycle 2, 2014: Yuriko Londoño
Cycle 3, 2017: Alejandra Merlano
Carolina Guerra (cycle 1)
Carolina Cruz (cycles 2–3)
Croatia
Hrvatski Top Model
RTL
Cycle 1, 2008: Sabina Behlić
Cycle 2, 2010: Rafaela Franić
Tatjana Jurić (cycle 1)Vanja Rupena (cycle 2)
Denmark
Danmarks Næste Topmodel
Kanal 4
Cycle 1, 2010: Caroline Bader
Cycle 2, 2011: Julie Hasselby
Cycle 3, 2012: Line Rehkopff
Cycle 4, 2013: Louise Mørck Mikkelsen
Cycle 5, 2014: Sarah Kildevæld Madsen
Cycle 6, 2015: Daniel Kildevæld Madsen
Caroline Fleming (cycles 1–5)
Cecilie Lassen (cycle 6)
Estonia
Eesti tippmodell
Kanal 2
Cycle 1, 2012: Helina Metsik
Cycle 2, 2013–2014: Sandra Ude
Cycle 3, 2014–2015: Aule Õun
Cycle 4, 2015–2016: Kätlin Hallik
Kaja Wunder (cycle 1) Liisi Eesmaa (cycle 2–4)
Far East
Asia's Next Top Model
Star World (cycles 1–5)Fox Life (cycle 6)
Cycle 1, 2012–2013: Jessica Amornkuldilok
Cycle 2, 2014: Sheena Liam
Cycle 3, 2015: Ayu Gani
Cycle 4, 2016: Tawan Kedkong
Cycle 5, 2017: Maureen Wroblewitz
Cycle 6, 2018: Dana Slosar
Nadya Hutagalung (cycles 1–2)
Georgina Wilson (cycle 3)
Cindy Bishop (cycles 4–6)
Finland
Suomen huippumalli haussa
Nelonen (cycles 1–6)MTV3 (cycle 7)
Cycle 1, 2008: Ani Alitalo
Cycle 2, 2009: Nanna Grundfeldt
Cycle 3, 2010: Jenna Kuokkanen
Cycle 4, 2011: Anna-Sofia Ali-Sisto
Cycle 5, 2012: Meri Ikonen
Cycle 6, 2017: Jerry Koivisto
Cycle 7, 2022: Jarrah Kollei
Anne Kukkohovi (cycles 1–5)
Maryam Razavin (cycle 6)
Veronica Verho (cycle 7)
France
Top Model
M6
Cycle 1, 2005: Alizée Gaillard
Cycle 2, 2007: Karen Pillet
Odile Sarron (cycle 1)
Adriana Karembeu (cycle 2)
Georgia
TOP gogo
Rustavi 2
Cycle 1, 2012: Tako Mandaria
Cycle 2, 2013: Alisa Kuzmina
Salome Gviniashvili (cycle 1)Nino Tskitishvili (cycle 2)
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
ProSieben
Cycle 1, 2006: Lena Gercke
Cycle 2, 2007: Barbara Meier
Cycle 3, 2008: Jennifer Hof
Cycle 4, 2009: Sara Nuru
Cycle 5, 2010: Alisar Ailabouni
Cycle 6, 2011: Jana Beller
Cycle 7, 2012: Luisa Hartema
Cycle 8, 2013: Lovelyn Enebechi
Cycle 9, 2014: Stefanie Giesinger
Cycle 10, 2015: Vanessa Fuchs
Cycle 11, 2016: Kim Hnizdo
Cycle 12, 2017: Céline Bethmann
Cycle 13, 2018: Toni Dreher-Adenuga
Cycle 14, 2019: Simone Kowalski
Cycle 15, 2020: Jacky Wruck
Cycle 16, 2021: Alex-Mariah Peter
Cycle 17, 2022: Lou-Anne Gleißenebner-Teskey
Cycle 18, 2023: Vivien Blotzki
Cycle 19, 2024: Jermaine Kokoú Kothé & Lea Oude Engberink
Heidi Klum
Greece
Greece's Next Top Model Next Top Model (cycles 1–2)
ANT1 (cycles 1–2) Star Channel (cycles 3-present)
Cycle 1, 2009–2010: Seraina Kazamia
Cycle 2, 2010–2011: Cindy Toli
Cycle 3, 2018: Noune Kazaryan
Cycle 4, 2019: Anna-Maria Iliadou & Katia Tarabanko
Cycle 5, 2020: Hercules Chuzinov
Cycle 6, 2021: Kyvéli Hatziefstratiou
Cycle 7, 2022: Aléksia Trajko
Vicky Kaya (cycles 1–2)No Host (cycles 3- present)
Hungary
Topmodell
Viasat 3
Cycle 1, 2006: Réka Nagy
Viktória Vámosi (episodes 1–11)
Panni Epres (finale)
Next Top Model Hungary
TV2
Cycle 1, 2024: Lili Mészáros
Nóra Ördög
India
India's Next Top Model
MTV India
Cycle 1, 2015: Danielle Canute
Cycle 2, 2016: Pranati Prakash
Cycle 3, 2017: Riya Subodh
Cycle 4, 2018: Urvi Shetty
Lisa Haydon (cycles 1–2)Malaika Arora (cycles 3–4)
Top Model India
Colors Infinity
Cycle 1, 2018: Mahir Pandhi
Lisa Haydon
Indonesia
Indonesia's Next Top Model
NET.
Cycle 1, 2020–2021: Ilene Kurniawan Cycle 2, 2021-2022: Sarah Tumiwa Cycle 3, 2022-2023: Iko Bustomi
Luna Maya
Israel
הדוגמניות
Channel 10
Cycle 1, 2005: Victoria Katzman
Cycle 2, 2006: Niral Karantinji
Cycle 3, 2008: Ella Mashkautzen
Galit Gutmann
Italy
Italia's Next Top Model
Sky Uno
Cycle 1, 2007–2008: Gilda Sansone
Cycle 2, 2008: Michela Maggioni
Cycle 3, 2009: Anastasia Silveri
Cycle 4, 2011: Alice Taticchi
Natasha Stefanenko
Kazakhstan
Ya krasivaya
HiT TV
Cycle 1, 2005: Altyn Baekenova
Ilya Urazakov
Malta
Malta's Top Model
Favourite Channel
Cycle 1, 2009: Audrienne Debono
Claire Amato
Mexico
Mexico's Next Top Model
Sony Entertainment Television
Cycle 1, 2009: Mariana Bayón
Cycle 2, 2011: Tracy Reuss
Cycle 3, 2012: Sahily Córdova
Cycle 4, 2013: Paloma Aguilar
Cycle 5, 2014: Vanessa Ponce
Elsa Benítez (cycles 1–3)Jaydy Michel (cycles 4–5)
Mongolia
The Models Mongolia's Next Top Model (cycles 1-2)
EduTV
Cycle 1, 2017: Tserendolgor Battsengel
Cycle 2, 2018-2019: Anujin BaynerdeneCycle 3, 2021-2022: Hanna Buyankhishig
Nora Dagva (cycles 1-2)Urantsetseg Ganbold (cycle 3)
The Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
RTL 5 (cycles 1-12) Videoland (cycle 13)
Cycle 1, 2006: Sanne Nijhof
Cycle 2, 2007: Kim Feenstra
Cycle 3, 2007: Cecile Sinclair
Cycle 4, 2008: Ananda Lândertine
Cycle 5, 2011: Tamara Weijenberg
Cycle 6, 2013: Nikki Steigenga
Cycle 7, 2014: Nicky Opheij
Cycle 8, 2015: Loiza Lamers
Cycle 9, 2016: Akke Marije Marinus
Cycle 10, 2017: Montell van Leijen
Cycle 11, 2018: Soufyan Gnini
Cycle 12, 2019: Marcus Hansma
Cycle 13, 2022: Lando van der Schee
Yfke Sturm (cycles 1–2)
Daphne Deckers (cycles 3–5)
Anouk Smulders (cycle 6–9)
Anna Nooshin (cycle 10-12)
Loiza Lamers (cycle 13-)
New Zealand
New Zealand's Next Top Model
TV3
Cycle 1, 2009: Christobelle Grierson-Ryrie
Cycle 2, 2010: Danielle Hayes
Cycle 3, 2011: Brigette Thomas
Sara Tetro
Norway
Top Model NorgeTop Model (cycles 1–4)
TV3
Cycle 1, 2006: Maria Eilertsen
Cycle 2, 2007: Kamilla Alnes
Cycle 3, 2008: Martine Lervik
Cycle 4, 2011: Claudia Alette Bull
Cycle 5, 2013: Frida Børli Solaker
Kathrine Sørland (cycle 1)
Vendela Kirsebom (cycles 2–3)
Mona Grudt (cycle 4)
Siri Tollerød (cycle 5)
Peru
Peru's Next Top Model
Andina de Televisión
Cycle 1, 2013: Danea Panta
Valeria De Santis
Philippines
Philippines' Next Top Model
RPN (cycle 1)TV5 (cycle 2)
Cycle 1, 2007: Grendel Alvarado
Cycle 2, 2017: Angela Lehmann
Ruffa Gutierrez (cycle 1)Maggie Wilson (cycle 2)
Poland
Top ModelTop Model. Zostań modelką (cycles 1–3)
TVN
Cycle 1, 2010: Paulina Papierska
Cycle 2, 2011: Olga Kaczyńska
Cycle 3, 2013: Zuzanna Kołodziejczyk
Cycle 4, 2014: Osuenhe Ugonoh
Cycle 5, 2015: Radosław Pestka
Cycle 6, 2016: Patryk Grudowicz
Cycle 7, 2018: Katarzyna Szklarczyk
Cycle 8, 2019: Dawid Woskanian
Cycle 9, 2020: Mikołaj Śmieszek
Cycle 10, 2021: Dominika Wysocka
Cycle 11, 2022: Klaudia Nieścior
Cycle 12, 2023: Dominik Szymański
Joanna Krupa
Romania
Next Top Model
Antena 1
Cycle 1, 2011: Emma Dumitrescu
Cycle 2, 2011: Laura Giurcanu
Cycle 3, 2012: Ramona Popescu
Cătălin Botezatu
Russia
Ty - supermodel
STS
Cycle 1, 2004: Ksenia Kahnovich
Cycle 2, 2005: Svetlana Sergienko
Cycle 3, 2006: Tatyana Pekurovskaya
Cycle 4, 2007: Tatyana Krokhina
Fedor Bondarchuk (cycles 1–2)
Alexander Tsekalo (cycle 3)
Svetlana Bondarchuk (cycle 4)
Top Model po-russki
Muz-TV (cycles 1–3)
You-TV (cycles 4–5)
Cycle 1, 2011: Mariya Lesovaya
Cycle 2, 2011: Katya Bagrova
Cycle 3, 2012: Tatyana Kozuto
Cycle 4, 2012: Yulya Farkhutdinova
Cycle 5, 2014: Evgeniya Nekrasova
Ksenia Sobchak (cycles 1–3)
Irina Shayk (cycle 4)
Natasha Stefanenko (cycle 5)
Ty - Topmodel
TNT
Cycle 1, 2021: Tina Tova
Anastasia Reshetova
Scandinavia
Top Model
TV3
Cycle 1, 2005: Kine Bakke
Cycle 2, 2005: Frøydis Elvenes
Cycle 3, 2006: Freja Kjellberg Borchies
Georgianna Robertson (cycle 1)
Cynthia Garrett (cycles 2–3)
Anne Pedersen
Mini Andén (cycles 1–2)
Malin Persson (cycle 3)
Kathrine Sørland
Top Model Curves
Cycle 1, 2016: Ronja Manfredsson
Lina Rafn Janka PollianiJonas Hallberg
Serbia
Srpski Top Model
Prva
Cycle 1, 2011: Neda Stojanović
Ivana Stanković
Slovakia
Hľadá sa Supermodelka
TV JOJ
Cycle 1, 2007: Ivana Honzová
Michal Hudák & Simona Krainova
Slovenia
Slovenski Top Model
TV3 Slovenia
Cycle 1, 2010: Maja Fučak
Nuša Šenk
South Korea
Korea's Next Top Model
On Style Media
Cycle 1, 2010: Lee Jimin
Cycle 2, 2011: Jin Jung-sun
Cycle 3, 2012: Choi So-ra
Cycle 4, 2013: Shin Hyun-ji
Cycle 5, 2014: Hwang Kibbeum
Jang Yoon-ju
Sweden
Top Model SverigeTop Model (cycle 1)
TV3
Cycle 1, 2007: Hawa Ahmed
Cycle 2, 2012: Alice Herbst
Cycle 3, 2013: Josefin Gustafsson
Cycle 4, 2014: Feben Negash
Vendela Kirsebom (cycle 1)
Izabella Scorupco (cycle 2)
Caroline Winberg (cycles 3–4)
Switzerland
Switzerland's Next Topmodel
Puls 8ProSieben Schweiz
Cycle 1, 2018: Saviour Chibueze Anosike
Cycle 2, 2019: Gabriela Gisler
Cycle 3, 2021: Dennis de Vree
Manuela Frey
Taiwan
Taiwan Supermodel No. 1
TVBS Entertainment Channel
Cycle 1, 2007: He Wan Ting
Cycle 2, 2008: Chen Chu Xiang
Bianca Bai
Kevin Tsai
Thailand
Thailand's Next Top Model
Channel 3
Cycle 1, 2005: You Kheawchaum
Sonia Couling
Turkey
Top Model Türkiye
Star TV
Cycle 1, 2006: Selda Car
Deniz Akkaya
Ukraine
Top Model po-ukrainsky Supermodel po-ukrainsky (cycles 1–3)
Novy TV
Cycle 1, 2014: Alena Ruban
Cycle 2, 2015: Alina Panyuta
Cycle 3, 2016: Masha Hrebenyuk
Cycle 4, 2017: Samvel Tumanyan
Cycle 5, 2018: Yana Kutishevskaya
Cycle 6, 2019: Malvina Chuklya
Cycle 7, 2020: Tanya Bryk
Alla Kostromichova
United Kingdom & Ireland
Britain's Next Top ModelBritain & Ireland's Next Top Model (cycles 7–9)
Sky Living (cycles 1–9)
Lifetime (cycles 10–12)
Cycle 1, 2005: Lucy Ratcliffe
Cycle 2, 2006: Lianna Fowler
Cycle 3, 2007: Lauren McAvoy
Cycle 4, 2008: Alex Evans
Cycle 5, 2009: Mecia Simson
Cycle 6, 2010: Tiffany Pisani
Cycle 7, 2011: Jade Thompson
Cycle 8, 2012: Letitia Herod
Cycle 9, 2013: Lauren Lambert
Cycle 10, 2016: Chloe Keenan
Cycle 11, 2017: Olivia Wardell
Cycle 12, 2017: Ivy Watson
Lisa Butcher (cycle 1)
Lisa Snowdon (cycles 2–5)
Elle Macpherson (cycles 6–9)
Abbey Clancy (cycles 10–12)
United States
America's Next Top Model
UPN (cycles 1–6)The CW (cycles 7–22)VH1 (cycles 23–24)
Cycle 1, 2003: Adrianne Curry
Cycle 2, 2004: Yoanna House
Cycle 3, 2004: Eva Pigford
Cycle 4, 2005: Naima Mora
Cycle 5, 2005: Nicole Linkletter
Cycle 6, 2006: Danielle Evans
Cycle 7, 2006: CariDee English
Cycle 8, 2007: Jaslene Gonzalez
Cycle 9, 2007: Saleisha Stowers
Cycle 10, 2008: Whitney Thompson
Cycle 11, 2008: McKey Sullivan
Cycle 12, 2009: Teyona Anderson
Cycle 13, 2009: Nicole Fox
Cycle 14, 2010: Krista White
Cycle 15, 2010: Ann Ward
Cycle 16, 2011: Brittani Kline
Cycle 17, 2011: Lisa D'Amato
Cycle 18, 2012: Sophie Sumner
Cycle 19, 2012: Laura James
Cycle 20, 2013: Jourdan Miller
Cycle 21, 2014: Keith Carlos
Cycle 22, 2015: Nyle DiMarco
Cycle 23, 2016–2017: India Gants
Cycle 24, 2018: Kyla Coleman
Tyra Banks (cycles 1–22, 24)Rita Ora (cycle 23)
Vietnam
Vietnam's Next Top Model
VTV3
Cycle 1, 2010–2011: Khiếu Thị Huyền Trang
Cycle 2, 2011–2012: Hoàng Thùy
Cycle 3, 2012: Mai Thị Giang
Cycle 4, 2013: Mâu Thị Thanh Thủy
Cycle 5, 2014–2015: Tạ Quang Hùng & Nguyễn Thị Oanh
Cycle 6, 2015: Nguyễn Thị Hương Ly
Cycle 7, 2016: Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Châu
Cycle 8, 2017: Lê Thị Kim Dung
Vũ Nguyễn Hà Anh (cycle 1)
Nguyễn Xuân Lan (cycles 2–3, 5)Phạm Thị Thanh Hằng (cycles 4, 6–7)Trương Ngọc Ánh (cycle 8)Võ Hoàng Yến (cycle 9)
Table notes:
^ Charlotte Dawson was hosting the live final of cycle 4 while Jodhi Meares was not present at that event.
^ Christian Anwander was hosting the live final of Cycle 15 while Heidi Klum couldn't be there at the live event due to COVID-19 pandemic. Klum appeared remotely from her Los Angeles home.
^ Since the third cycle there is no hosts. The four judges are the hosts.
^ Panni Epres replaced Viktória Vámosi for hosting duties at the final of Cycle 1. Eventually, Vámosi was fired before the final.
^ Dave Berry was hosting the live final of Cycle 6 while Elle Macpherson was leading the judging panel.
^ Cindy Bishop took over the shows hosting duties during the last three episodes of cycle 12, which were filmed overseas in Thailand. Abbey Clancy took a leave of absence from the series after learning she was pregnant.
^ The series kicked off with an unclear host/head judge position at which Elizabeth Thủy Tiên was initially offered the ultimate power in judges' table and then Nathan Lee fought against her to become another male host of the worldwide Top Model franchise. They were both fired and Vũ Nguyễn Hà Anh was chosen as a replacement. Vũ Anh Tuấn was hosting the live final while the head judge was leading the panel.
Winners over time
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2011)
Please note: This is a collapsible table, click to expand and see its contents.
Date Announced
Winner
Region/Country
Franchise
Cycle
July 8, 2003
Adrianne Curry
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
March 23, 2004
Yoanna House
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
May 2, 2004
Ksenia Kahnovich
Russia
Ty - supermodel
Cycle 1
December 15, 2004
Eva Pigford
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
February 22, 2005
Svetlana Sergienko
Russia
Ty - supermodel
Cycle 2
March 1, 2005
Gemma Sanderson
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
April 27, 2005
Kine Bakke
Scandinavia
Top Model
Cycle 1
May 18, 2005
Naima Mora
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
June 23, 2005
Victoria Katzman
Israel
HaDugmaniot
Cycle 1
August 28, 2005
You Khiaochaoum
Thailand
Thailand's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
September 5, 2005
Alizée Gaillard
France
Top Model
Cycle 1
November 17, 2005
Lucy Ratcliffe
United Kingdom
Britain's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
November 21, 2005
Frøydis Elvenes
Scandinavia
Top Model
Cycle 2
December 7, 2005
Nicole Linkletter
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 5
February 22, 2006
Eboni Stocks
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
March 21, 2006
Niral Karantinji
Israel
HaDugmaniot
Cycle 2
March 29, 2006
Lena Gercke
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 1
April 4, 2006
Tatiana Pekurovskaya
Russia
Ty - supermodel
Cycle 3
May 2, 2006
Freja Kjellberg Borchies
Scandinavia
Top Model
Cycle 3
May 17, 2006
Danielle Evans
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 6
July 19, 2006
Andrea Muizelaar
Canada
Canada's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
September 25, 2006
Lianna Fowler
United Kingdom
Britain's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
October 23, 2006
Sanne Nijhof
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
November 1, 2006
Selda Car
Turkey
Top Model Türkiye
Cycle 1
November 27, 2006
Maria Eilertsen
Norway
Top Model
Cycle 1
December 6, 2006
CariDee English
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 7
December 22, 2006
Réka Nagy
Hungary
Topmodell
Cycle 1
March 30, 2007
Ivana Honzová
Slovakia
Hľadá sa Supermodelka
Cycle 1
May 14, 2007
Kim Feenstra
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
May 16, 2007
Jaslene Gonzalez
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 8
May 31, 2007
Barbara Meier
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 2
June 5, 2007
Alice Burdeu
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
June 12, 2007
Grendel Alvarado
Philippines
Philippines' Next Top Model
Cycle 1
July 18, 2007
Rebecca Hardy
Canada
Canada's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
September 3, 2007
Lauren McAvoy
United Kingdom
Britain's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
November 19, 2007
Kamilla Alnes
Norway
Top Model
Cycle 2
December 12, 2007
Hawa Ahmed
Sweden
Top Model
Cycle 1
Saleisha Stowers
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 9
December 16, 2007
Hanne Baekelandt
Belgium
Topmodel
Cycle 1
December 17, 2007
Cecile Sinclair
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
December 19, 2007
Mariana Velho
Brazil
Brazil's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
December 21, 2007
Karen Pillet
France
Top Model
Cycle 2
December 22, 2007
Tatyana Krokhina
Russia
Ty - supermodel
Cycle 4
February 19, 2008
Gilda Sansone
Italy
Italia's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
March 23, 2008
Yin Ge
China
China's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
April 22, 2008
Ella Mashkautzen
Israel
HaDugmaniot
Cycle 3
May 14, 2008
Whitney Thompson
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 10
June 1, 2008
Sabina Behlić
Croatia
Hrvatski Top Model
Cycle 1
June 2, 2008
Ananda Lândertine
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
June 5, 2008
Jennifer Hof
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 3
June 8, 2008
Ani Alitalo
Finland
Suomen huippumalli haussa
Cycle 1
July 1, 2008
Demelza Reveley
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
July 7, 2008
Alex Evans
United Kingdom
Britain's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
November 19, 2008
McKey Sullivan
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 11
November 20, 2008
Maíra Vieira
Brazil
Brazil's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
November 24, 2008
Martine Lervik
Norway
Top Model
Cycle 3
December 16, 2008
Michela Maggioni
Italy
Italia's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
December 18, 2008
Virginie Bleyaert
Belgium
Topmodel
Cycle 2
February 9, 2009
Larissa Marolt
Austria
Austria's Next Topmodel
Cycle 1
March 13, 2009
Meng Yao
China
China's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
May 13, 2009
Teyona Anderson
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 12
May 21, 2009
Sara Nuru
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 4
June 5, 2009
Christobelle Grierson-Ryrie
New Zealand
New Zealand's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
June 15, 2009
Nanna Grundfeldt
Finland
Suomen huippumalli haussa
Cycle 2
July 6, 2009
Mecia Simson
United Kingdom
Britain's Next Top Model
Cycle 5
July 7, 2009
Tahnee Atkinson
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Cycle 5
July 14, 2009
Meaghan Waller
Canada
Canada's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
November 16, 2009
Rosalinde Kikstra
Benelux
Benelux' Next Top Model
Cycle 1
November 18, 2009
Nicole Fox
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 13
December 3, 2009
Camila Trindade
Brazil
Brazil's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
December 17, 2009
Mariana Bayón
Mexico
Mexico's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
December 18, 2009
Anastasia Silveri
Italy
Italia's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
February 10, 2010
Aylin Kösetürk
Austria
Austria's Next Topmodel
Cycle 2
February 15, 2010
Seraina Kazamia
Greece
Next Top Model
Cycle 1
May 12, 2010
Krista White
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 14
June 7, 2010
Jenna Kuokkanen
Finland
Suomen huippumalli haussa
Cycle 3
June 10, 2010
Alisar Ailabouni
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 5
September 4, 2010
Mao Chu Yu
China
China's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
September 28, 2010
Amanda Ware
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Cycle 6
October 4, 2010
Tiffany Pisani
United Kingdom
Britain's Next Top Model
Cycle 6
October 29, 2010
Danielle Hayes
New Zealand
New Zealand's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
November 16, 2010
Melissa Baas
Benelux
Benelux' Next Top Model
Cycle 2
November 24, 2010
Caroline Bader
Denmark
Danmarks Næste Topmodel
Cycle 1
November 28, 2010
Rafaela Franić
Croatia
Hrvatski Top Model
Cycle 2
December 1, 2010
Ann Ward
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 15
Paulina Papierska
Poland
Top Model. Zostań modelką
Cycle 1
December 11, 2010
Lee Ji-min
South Korea
Korea's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
December 22, 2010
Maja Fučak
Slovenia
Slovenski Top Model
Cycle 1
January 23, 2011
Khiếu Thị Huyền Trang
Vietnam
Vietnam's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
February 21, 2011
Cindy Toli
Greece
Next Top Model
Cycle 2
February 27, 2011
Lydia Obute
Austria
Austria's Next Topmodel
Cycle 3
March 18, 2011
Erida Lama
Albania
Albania's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
April 21, 2011
Emma Dumitrescu
Romania
Next Top Model
Cycle 1
May 2, 2011
Claudia Alette Bull
Norway
Top Model
Cycle 4
May 18, 2011
Brittani Kline
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 16
May 22, 2011
Mariya Lesovaya
Russia
Top Model po-russki
Cycle 1
June 6, 2011
Neda Stojanović
Serbia
Srpski Top Model
Cycle 1
June 9, 2011
Jana Beller
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 6
June 15, 2011
Alice Taticchi
Italy
Italia's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
September 2, 2011
Brigette Thomas
New Zealand
New Zealand's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
September 14, 2011
Greis Drenn
Albania
Albania's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
September 26, 2011
Jade Thompson
United Kingdom and Ireland
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model
Cycle 7
October 1, 2011
Jin Jung-sun
South Korea
Korea's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
October 25, 2011
Montana Cox
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Cycle 7
November 6, 2011
Katya Bagrova
Russia
Top Model po-russki
Cycle 2
November 8, 2011
Tracy Reuss
Mexico
Mexico's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
November 14, 2011
Tamara Weijenberg
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 5
November 24, 2011
Julie Nyman Hasselby
Denmark
Danmarks Næste Topmodel
Cycle 2
November 28, 2011
Anna-Sofia Ali-Sisto
Finland
Suomen huippumalli haussa
Cycle 4
December 7, 2011
Lisa D'Amato
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 17
Olga Kaczyńska
Poland
Top Model. Zostań modelką
Cycle 2
December 22, 2011
Laura Giurcanu
Romania
Next Top Model
Cycle 2
January 8, 2012
Hoàng Thị Thùy
Vietnam
Vietnam's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
March 11, 2012
Antonia Hausmair
Austria
Austria's Next Topmodel
Cycle 4
April 10, 2012
Alice Herbst
Sweden
Top Model Sverige
Cycle 2
May 27, 2012
Tatyana Kozuto
Russia
Top Model po-russki
Cycle 3
May 30, 2012
Sophie Sumner
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 18
June 5, 2012
Helina Metsik
Estonia
Eesti tippmodell
Cycle 1
June 7, 2012
Luisa Hartema
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 7
October 1, 2012
Letitia Herod
United Kingdom and Ireland
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model
Cycle 8
October 20, 2012
Choi So-ra
South Korea
Korea's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
November 16, 2012
Laura James
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 19
November 19, 2012
Meri Ikonen
Finland
Suomen huippumalli haussa
Cycle 5
November 20, 2012
Sahily Cordova
Mexico
Mexico's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
November 22, 2012
Line Rehkopff
Denmark
Danmarks Næste Topmodel
Cycle 3
November 25, 2012
Mai Thị Giang
Vietnam
Vietnam's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
December 1, 2012
Yulya Farhutdinova
Russia
Top Model po-russki
Cycle 4
December 27, 2012
Ramona Popescu
Romania
Next Top Model (Romania)
Cycle 3
February 1, 2013
Mónica Castaño
Colombia
Colombia's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
February 17, 2013
Jessica Amornkuldilok Thailand
Far East
Asia's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
March 3, 2013
Greta Uszkai
Austria
Austria's Next Topmodel
Cycle 5
March 25, 2013
Josefin Gustafsson
Sweden
Top Model Sverige
Cycle 3
May 27, 2013
Treveen Stewart
Caribbean
Caribbean's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
May 30, 2013
Lovelyn Enebechi
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 8
June 5, 2013
Zuza Kołodziejczyk
Poland
Top Model. Zostań modelką
Cycle 3
September 5, 2013
Lauren Lambert
United Kingdom and Ireland
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model
Cycle 9
September 24, 2013
Melissa Juratowitch
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Cycle 8
October 21, 2013
Nikki Steigenga
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 6
November 4, 2013
Paloma Aguilar
Mexico
Mexico's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
November 7, 2013
Shin Hyun-ji
South Korea
Korea's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
November 15, 2013
Jourdan Miller
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 20
November 21, 2013
Louise Mørck Mikkelsen
Denmark
Danmarks Næste Topmodel
Cycle 4
November 23, 2013
Danea Panta
Peru
Peru's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
December 2, 2013
Frida Børli Solaker
Norway
Top Model Norge
Cycle 5
December 22, 2013
Mâu Thị Thanh Thủy
Vietnam
Vietnam's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
December 28, 2013
Wang Xiao Qian
China
China's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
January 12, 2014
Aamito Lagum Uganda
Africa
Africa's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
January 13, 2014
Sandra Ude
Estonia
Eesti tippmodell
Cycle 2
February 7, 2014
Yuriko Londoño
Colombia
Colombia's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
April 9, 2014
Sheena Liam Malaysia
Far East
Asia's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
May 1, 2014
Feben Negash
Sweden
Top Model Sverige
Cycle 4
May 8, 2014
Stefanie Giesinger
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 9
October 27, 2014
Nicky Opheij
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 7
November 1, 2014
Hwang Kibbeum
South Korea
Korea's Next Top Model
Cycle 5
November 22, 2014
Alena Ruban
Ukraine
Supermodel po-ukrainsky
Cycle 1
November 24, 2014
Osi Ugonoh
Poland
Top Model
Cycle 4
November 27, 2014
Sarah Kildevæld Madsen
Denmark
Danmarks Næste Topmodel
Cycle 5
December 4, 2014
Aule Õun
Estonia
Eesti tippmodell
Cycle 3
December 4, 2014
Oliver Stummvoll
Austria
Austria's Next Topmodel
Cycle 6
December 5, 2014
Keith Carlos
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 21
December 15, 2014
Vanessa Ponce
Mexico
Mexico's Next Top Model
Cycle 5
December 28, 2014
Evgeniya Nekrasova
Russia
Top Model po-russki
Cycle 5
January 17, 2015
Nguyễn Thị Oanh
Vietnam
Vietnam's Next Top Model
Cycle 5
Tạ Quang Hùng
March 27, 2015
Chan Kong Kar
Cambodia
Cambodia's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
May 28, 2015
Vanessa Fuchs
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 10
June 17, 2015
Ayu Gani Indonesia
Far East
Asia's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
July 2, 2015
Brittany Beattie
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Cycle 9
August 6, 2015
Li Si Jia
China
China's Next Top Model
Cycle 5
September 27, 2015
Danielle Canute
India
India's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
October 11, 2015
Nguyễn Thị Hương Ly
Vietnam
Vietnam's Next Top Model
Cycle 6
October 26, 2015
Loiza Lamers
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 8
November 4, 2015
Daniel Kildevæld Madsen
Denmark
Danmarks Næste Topmodel
Cycle 6
November 30, 2015
Radek Pestka
Poland
Top Model
Cycle 5
December 4, 2015
Nyle DiMarco
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 22
Alina Panyuta
Ukraine
Supermodel po-ukrainsky
Cycle 2
December 22, 2015
Kittisha Doyle
Caribbean
Caribbean's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
January 19, 2016
Fabian Herzgsell
Austria
Austria's Next Topmodel
Cycle 7
February 29, 2016
Kätlin Hallik
Estonia
Eesti tippmodell
Cycle 4
March 17, 2016
Chloe Keenan
United Kingdom and Ireland
Britain's Next Top Model
Cycle 10
May 12, 2016
Kim Hnizdo
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 11
June 1, 2016
Tawan Kedkong Thailand
Far East
Asia's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
September 18, 2016
Pranati Prakash
India
India's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
October 2, 2016
Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Châu
Vietnam
Vietnam's Next Top Model
Cycle 7
October 25, 2016
Akke Marije Marinus
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 9
November 16, 2016
Ronja Manfredsson
Scandinavia
Top Model Curves
Cycle 1
November 22, 2016
Aleyna FitzGerald
Australia
Australia's Next Top Model
Cycle 10
November 29, 2016
Patryk Grudowicz
Poland
Top Model
Cycle 6
December 2, 2016
Masha Hrebenyuk
Ukraine
Supermodel po-ukrainsky
Cycle 3
February 10, 2017
Alejandra Merlano
Colombia
Colombia's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
March 8, 2017
India Gants
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 23
March 12, 2017
Tserendolgor Battsengel
Mongolia
Mongolia's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
April 3, 2017
Shamique Simms
Caribbean
Caribbean's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
May 17, 2017
Jerry Koivisto
Finland
Suomen huippumalli haussa
Cycle 6
May 18, 2017
Olivia Wardell
United Kingdom and Ireland
Britain's Next Top Model
Cycle 11
May 25, 2017
Céline Bethmann
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 12
May 30, 2017
Angela Lehmann
Philippines
Philippines' Next Top Model
Cycle 2
June 28, 2017
Maureen Wroblewitz
Far East
Asia's Next Top Model
Cycle 5
September 10, 2017
Lê Thị Kim Dung
Vietnam
Vietnam's Next Top Model
Cycle 8
October 30, 2017
Montell van Leijen
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 10
December 16, 2017
Riya Subodh
India
India's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
December 21, 2017
Ivy Watson
United Kingdom and Ireland
Britain's Next Top Model
Cycle 12
Isak Omorodion
Austria
Austria's Next Topmodel
Cycle 8
December 29, 2017
Samvel Tumanyan
Ukraine
Top Model po-ukrainsky
Cycle 4
April 7, 2018
Mahir Pandhi
India
Top Model India
Cycle 1
April 10, 2018
Kyla Coleman
United States
America's Next Top Model
Cycle 24
April 25, 2018
Le Shae Riley
Caribbean
Caribbean's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
May 24, 2018
Toni Dreher-Adenuga
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 13
October 22, 2018
Soufyan Gnini
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 11
October 24, 2018
Dana Slosar
Far East
Asia's Next Top Model
Cycle 6
November 23, 2018
Saviour Chibueze Anosike
Switzerland
Switzerland's Next Topmodel
Cycle 1
November 26, 2018
Kasia Szklarczyk
Poland
Top Model (Poland)
Cycle 7
December 8, 2018
Urvi Shetty
India
India's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
December 19, 2018
Noune Kazaryan
Greece
Greece's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
December 28, 2018
Yana Kutishevska
Ukraine
Top Model po-ukrainsky
Cycle 5
January 20, 2019
Anujin Baynerdene
Mongolia
Mongolia's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
Chamia Chimedtseren †
May 23, 2019
Simone Kowalski
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 14
November 5, 2019
Taibeh Ahmadi
Austria
Austria's Next Topmodel
Cycle 9
November 22, 2019
Gabriela Gisler
Switzerland
Switzerland's Next Topmodel
Cycle 2
November 25, 2019
Dawid Woskanian
Poland
Top Model
Cycle 8
December 16, 2019
Marcus Hansma
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 12
December 19, 2019
Anna Maria Iliadou
Greece
Greece's Next Top Model
Cycle 4
Katia Tarabanko
December 27, 2019
Malvina Chuklya
Ukraine
Top Model po-ukrainsky
Cycle 6
May 21, 2020
Jacky Wruck
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 15
November 25, 2020
Mikołaj Śmieszek
Poland
Top Model
Cycle 9
December 15, 2020
Hercules Chuzinov
Greece
Greece's Next Top Model
Cycle 5
December 21, 2020
Tanya Brik
Ukraine
Top Model po-ukrainsky
Cycle 7
April 9, 2021
Ilene Kurniawan
Indonesia
Indonesia's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
May 27, 2021
Alex-Mariah Peter
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 16
June 6, 2021
Tina Tova
Russia
Ty - Topmodel
Cycle 1
November 3, 2021
Dennis de Vree
Switzerland
Switzerland's Next Topmodel
Cycle 3
November 24, 2021
Dominika Wysocka
Poland
Top Model
Cycle 10
December 20, 2021
Kyvéli Hatziefstratiou
Greece
Greece's Next Top Model
Cycle 6
January 9, 2022
Hanna Buyankhishig
Mongolia
The Models
Cycle 3
March 18, 2022
Sarah Tumiwa
Indonesia
Indonesia's Next Top Model
Cycle 2
May 26, 2022
Lou-Anne Gleißenebner-Teskey
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 17
November 14, 2022
Lando van der Schee
Netherlands
Holland's Next Top Model
Cycle 13
November 17, 2022
Jarrah Kollei
Finland
Suomen huippumalli haussa
Cycle 7
December 7, 2022
Klaudia Nieścior
Poland
Top Model
Cycle 11
December 23, 2022
Aléksia Trajko
Greece
Greece's Next Top Model
Cycle 7
March 26, 2023
Iko Bustomi
Indonesia
Indonesia's Next Top Model
Cycle 3
June 15, 2023
Vivien Blotzki
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 18
November 10, 2023
Gilles Verbruggen
Belgium
Belgium's Next Top Model
Cycle 1
November 25, 2023
Dominik Szymański
Poland
Top Model
Cycle 12
June 2, 2024
Lili Mészáros
Hungary
Next Top Model Hungary
Cycle 1
June 13, 2024
Jermaine Kokoú Kothe
Germany
Germany's Next Topmodel
Cycle 19
Lea Oude Engberink
Current and upcoming cycles
The following table contains current and upcoming cycles of Top Model listed in chronological order.
Currently airing
Show
Cycle
Premiere
Day(s)
Host
No. of contestants
Channel
Belgium's Next Top Model
2
2024
TBA
Hannelore Knuts
10
Streamz
Greece's Next Top Model
8
None
TBA
Star Channel
Holland's Next Top Model
14
Loiza Lamers
Videoland
Top Model
13
Joanna Krupa
TVN
Vietnam's Next Top Model
9
2025
TBA
VTV3
Germany's Next Topmodel
20
Thursday
Heidi Klum
ProSieben
See also
List of television show franchises
References
^ Frances Bonner Personality Presenters: Television's Intermediaries With Viewers 2011 Page 131 "The 'Next Top Model' franchise operates differently, not having had a popular vote and using as its main presenter a successful ex-model, rather than a television professional. It was created by American model Tyra Banks, who did have television acting experience, has presented all American series, and has since expanded her television work, including into the daytime talk programme The Tyra Banks Show."
^ Wendy Molyneux Everything Is Wrong With You: The Modern Woman's Guide To Finding Self Confidence Through Self-Loathing – 2008 "Not content to be just a stunning supermodel with a sweet, sweet A, Tyra Banks has created a media empire based on her America's Next Top Model franchise that has been syndicated around the world. Ms. Banks also hosts a daily talk show where she frequently addresses women's self-esteem issues as related to beauty."
^ Manuel Castells Communication Power Page 1568 2009 "And, while not officially a Top Model franchise, an Afghani local TV station made headlines in the Fall of 2007 when it launched its own low-budget take on the format."
^ "ABOUT AUSTRALIA'S NEXT TOP MODEL SEASON 9". FOX8.TV. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
^ "Africa's Next Top Model-ANTMAfrica Season One Trailer". YouTube. 2013-10-28. Archived from the original on 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2016-10-30.
^ "YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2016-10-30.
^ "Cambodia's Next Top Model, MYTV Program". YouTube. 2013-10-17. Archived from the original on 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2016-10-30.
^ "Cambodia's Next Top Model". mytv.com.kh. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ "Canada's Next Top Model – Online Application". CTV.com. November 13, 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29.
^ "Carolina Guerra | Colombia Next Top Model | Programas | CaracolTV.com". Archived from the original on 2012-12-30.
^ "NextTopModel | CaracolTV.com". www.caracoltv.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ "Tyra Banks Returns As Host Of "America's Next Top Model"". Archived from the original on 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
External links
Top Model at Wikinews
vteTop ModelNational franchises
United States (original)
Albania
Australia
Austria
Belgium (Topmodel, Belgium's Next Top Model)
Brazil
Cambodia
Canada
China
Colombia
Croatia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
India (India's Next Top Model, Top Model India)
Indonesia
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Malta
Mexico
Mongolia
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia (You are a supermodel, Top Model po-russki, You are a Top Model)
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine
Vietnam
Multinational franchises
Africa
Asia
Benelux
Caribbean
Scandinavia (Top Model, Top Model Curves)
United Kingdom & Ireland
Italics indicate inactive or cancelled franchise | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top Model (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Model_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Tyra Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyra_Banks"},{"link_name":"America's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Ken Mok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Mok"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fashion-themed reality television showFor other uses, see Top Model (disambiguation).Top Model, also called Next Top Model, is a fashion-themed reality television show format produced in many countries throughout the world and seen in over 120 countries producing over 200 seasons (referred to as \"cycles\"). The show takes the form of a modeling competition whose winners typically receive a contract with a major modeling agency and a cover shoot and fashion photo spread in a fashion magazine. The format was created by Tyra Banks for the original series, America's Next Top Model, which first aired in 2003 and was produced by Ken Mok's 10 by 10 Entertainment.[1][2][3]","title":"Top Model"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Format description"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Contestants","text":"Each cycle of the show consists of 6–40 episodes and begins with 9–40 contestants. In each episode one contestant is eliminated, though in some cases there may be double eliminations, multiple eliminations, or no elimination at all, based on the consensus of the judging panel. Makeovers are administered to contestants early in the cycle, usually before the first elimination or after the first or second elimination.","title":"Format description"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Challenges","text":"Each episode usually begins with the contestants receiving training in an area concurrent with the week's theme. For example, contestants may get coached in runway walking, improvisational acting, and clothing to suit various occasions. A related challenge soon follows, such as a mock (or real) runway show or interview, where one of the models is chosen as the winner (sometimes more than 1 models win the challenge).The winner of the challenge receives some prizes, such as a contract, a night out, or an advantage at the next photo shoot. The winning contestant is sometimes permitted to share their reward with other contestants of their choosing and on some occasions, may gain immunity from elimination at the next judging. Losing the challenge can result in some minor punishment, like losing frames for the next photo shoot. It can also end in the immediate elimination of the contestant.Each episode, which covers the events of roughly one week of real time, is usually associated with a theme in the world of modeling, such as dealing with the press in interviews, selling a commercial product, appearing in a runway show, or visiting prospective employers in \"go-sees\".In some franchises, the contestants will go to real-life castings. The model who is chosen will complete what is required for the casting, resulting in a leave of absence within the episode – sometimes skipping the photo shoot and other challenges – but is rewarded with immunity for booking the job.","title":"Format description"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Photo shoots","text":"The next segment is usually a photo shoot, which may involve beauty shots (closeup photos emphasizing the face), posing in swimwear, lingerie or other clothing, posing nude or semi-nude, posing with a male model, or posing with animals among other themes. Usually, one photo shoot per cycle is replaced with a television commercial or music video shoot.Performance in each week's photo or video shoot weighs heavily in the final judging.","title":"Format description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%27s_Next_Topmodel"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"cycle 2 - present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danmarks_N%C3%A6ste_Topmodel"},{"link_name":"cycle 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danmarks_N%C3%A6ste_Topmodel_(season_4)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%27s_Next_Topmodel"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danmarks_N%C3%A6ste_Topmodel"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatski_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srpski_Top_Model"}],"sub_title":"Judging","text":"The final segment of each episode involves judging by a panel of fashion industry experts. In addition to the regular judges, usually, there is a special guest judge related to that week's theme. Contestants are sometimes given a final challenge in some area of modeling such as posing, runway walking, selling a product, or choosing an appropriate outfit or makeup to satisfy a given situation. Each contestant's photo or video performance is then shown and evaluated by the panel. After all the content has been evaluated, the contestants leave the room and the judges deliberate. Germany, Austria, and Indonesia (cycle 2 - present) feature a themed runway segment in addition to the judging of the photos or videos.The elimination process follows a rigid format, as the host reveals, one by one and in order of merit, the photos of the contestants who have not been eliminated. Each photo is given to the corresponding contestant, who is told by the host something similar to, \"Congratulations. You are still in the running towards becoming [this country or region's] Next Top Model.\" The first-called contestant may receive additional benefits, such as having their photo displayed prominently in the contestants' living quarters or being allowed to share in the following week's challenge winnings, regardless of their performance in the challenge. The last two contestants who have not received their photos are brought forward for special critiques by the host before the final photo is revealed. The contestant who does not receive a photo is thus eliminated from the competition. Sometimes the last two contestants are both eliminated; rarely, neither is eliminated. Multiple eliminations can also take place.In some versions of the show, contestants find out whether or not they will continue on in the competition in a completely random fashion. The contestants may be called forward in random order to find out whether or not they performed best during the week. The last two contestants are usually the worst performers. This format is followed by Denmark (cycle 4), the Netherlands (cycles 6–9) and Peru.In other cases, the models are each called back into the elimination room after deliberation. Upon being called back, they are either eliminated on the spot, declared safe, or they are asked to wait for their results. If the latter happens, the process is repeated with the remaining pool of contestants in danger. This elimination format has been followed by several versions of the show, most notably Austria (cycles 2–9), Germany and Denmark (cycles 2–3,5–6) along with two former versions; Croatia and Serbia.Episodes typically end with the image of the eliminated models fading away from a group shot of the remaining contestants.","title":"Format description"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International destinations","text":"A trip to an international destination is typically scheduled at about two-thirds of the way through the competition, usually with five or six contestants remaining. While overseas, each episode covers roughly three to four days, totaling two weeks of filming abroad. In some international versions, contestants have traveled from two to six different countries.","title":"Format description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatski_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaDugmaniot"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topmodel_(Belgian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_10)"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux%27_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%27s_Next_Topmodel"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srpski_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"cycle 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_3)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_3)"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_8)"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"cycle 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Model_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"cycle 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_3)"},{"link_name":"SMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS"},{"link_name":"cycle 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_17)"},{"link_name":"America's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model"}],"sub_title":"Live shows","text":"In some versions of the show, the winner is determined during a live broadcast. This has been done in Germany, Russia, Croatia, Israel, Belgium, the Netherlands (cycles 2-10), Benelux (a combination of the former two), Austria, Serbia, New Zealand (cycle 3), Australia (cycles 3–8), Britain (cycle 6), Poland, Vietnam and Greece (cycle 3). Votes are usually submitted via SMS or on any other given website. In cycle 17 of America's Next Top Model the first panel was presented in front of a live crowd, but this wasn't broadcast until the cycle premiere some months later. Also, the elimination process was shot privately during the production.","title":"Format description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cycle 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_17)"},{"link_name":"America's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"cycle 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_18)"},{"link_name":"Britain's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"eighth cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_8)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Top Model po-ukrainsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Model_po-ukrainsky"}],"sub_title":"All-Stars","text":"Cycle 17 of America's Next Top Model featured returning models from previous cycles with an All-Stars competition. In cycle 18 of the same version, seven British models from Britain's Next Top Model competed along with new American contestants. The eighth cycle of Vietnam's Next Top Model also featured returning models from previous cycles. The seventh cycle of Top Model po-ukrainsky also featured returning models from previous cycles.","title":"Format description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_19)"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_21)"},{"link_name":"cycle 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_22)"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%27s_Next_Topmodel_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%27s_Next_Topmodel_(season_7)"},{"link_name":"Austria's Next Topmodel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%27s_Next_Topmodel"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"ninth cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_9)"},{"link_name":"Australia's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-4"},{"link_name":"twenty-second cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_22)"},{"link_name":"America's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model"}],"sub_title":"Social media voting, Scoring and Comeback series","text":"Through cycles 19-21, America's Next Top Model enabled social media fans to vote for each contestant's photos online based on a scale ranging from 1 (being the worst) to 10 (being the best). Voting took place as filming progressed, so that the results could be seen when the show began to air on television. Each judge also scored each picture based on the same scale, with the total fan vote weighing the same as the vote of a judge. Furthermore, one or more eliminated contestants received the opportunity to re-enter the competition if they earned the highest overall score average over a certain period of time. The social media voting was removed beginning with cycle 22.The social media scoring system was also implemented in the sixth and seventh cycles of Austria's Next Topmodel. In contrast to the American adaptation, each voter is required to cast their votes on the show's website with accounts that link with Facebook. Furthermore, there is no grading scale. Each Facebook account is allotted three votes, which can be spent on any combination of contestants. The contestant with the highest number of votes each round is granted immunity, while the contestant with the lowest amount is automatically nominated for elimination along with three other contestants chosen by the judges. A comeback round also takes place about two thirds into the competition.A separate scoring system, without social media voting, was introduced in the ninth cycle of Australia's Next Top Model. The combined challenge and judge scores are used to determine who will be eliminated each week.[4] It was also the system used in the twenty-second cycle of America's Next Top Model, and adapted by other versions of the show.","title":"Format description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Dawson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Viktória Vámosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikt%C3%B3ria_V%C3%A1mosi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Dave Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Berry_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Cindy Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Bishop"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"}],"text":"The Top Model format has been adapted for numerous national and regional versions around the world.Currently in production\n Currently not in productionTable notes:^ Charlotte Dawson was hosting the live final of cycle 4 while Jodhi Meares was not present at that event.\n\n^ Christian Anwander was hosting the live final of Cycle 15 while Heidi Klum couldn't be there at the live event due to COVID-19 pandemic. Klum appeared remotely from her Los Angeles home.\n\n^ Since the third cycle there is no hosts. The four judges are the hosts.\n\n^ Panni Epres replaced Viktória Vámosi for hosting duties at the final of Cycle 1. Eventually, Vámosi was fired before the final.\n\n^ Dave Berry was hosting the live final of Cycle 6 while Elle Macpherson was leading the judging panel.\n\n^ Cindy Bishop took over the shows hosting duties during the last three episodes of cycle 12, which were filmed overseas in Thailand. Abbey Clancy took a leave of absence from the series after learning she was pregnant.\n\n^ The series kicked off with an unclear host/head judge position at which Elizabeth Thủy Tiên was initially offered the ultimate power in judges' table and then Nathan Lee fought against her to become another male host of the worldwide Top Model franchise. They were both fired and Vũ Nguyễn Hà Anh was chosen as a replacement. Vũ Anh Tuấn was hosting the live final while the head judge was leading the panel.","title":"International Top Model series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Winners over time","text":"Please note: This is a collapsible table, click [show] to expand and see its contents.","title":"International Top Model series"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following table contains current and upcoming cycles of Top Model listed in chronological order.Currently airing","title":"Current and upcoming cycles"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of television show franchises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_show_franchises"}] | [{"reference":"\"ABOUT AUSTRALIA'S NEXT TOP MODEL SEASON 9\". FOX8.TV. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_decorations_of_Nazi_Germany | Political decorations of the Nazi Party | ["1 Political decorations","2 German Order","3 Golden Party Badge","4 Blood Order medal","5 Party awards","6 SS and police decorations","6.1 Germanic SS decorations","7 SA decorations","8 NSFK decorations","9 Hitler Youth decorations","10 Other German sports decorations","11 Civil awards","12 Diplomatic awards","13 Labor and trade decorations","14 German Red Cross awards","15 Notes","16 References"] | Medals and awards of Nazi Germany
Decorations of the NSDAP. Plate from Organisationsbuch der NSDAP, 1943* Golden Party Badge, small version for wear on suit jacket; Blood Order; Golden Party Badge, large version for wear in uniform* Nazi Party Long Service Award (bronze, silver with women's ribbon, gold with ribbon bar);* Coburg Badge; Nuremberg Party Day Badge; Brunswick Rally Badge
Political decorations of the Nazi Party were medals and awards issued by the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) between 1920 and 1945. Political awards were authorised for wear on any paramilitary uniform of Nazi Germany, as well as civilian attire, but were generally discouraged (but not forbidden) on Wehrmacht military uniforms. The Waffen-SS freely wore both political awards and military decorations on their uniforms.
Civil decorations were considered the lowest order of medals, after military decorations and political decorations of the Nazi Party. Civil decorations were authorised for display on civilian clothing and paramilitary uniforms of the Nazi Party; however, their wear was often prohibited on active duty military uniforms of the Wehrmacht; the notable exception to this were sports badges, which were granted the same status as military qualification awards.
The public wear of all Nazi Party awards was banned in Germany after 1945.
Political decorations
The various degrees of Nazi Party decorations were as follows:
The German Order(Awarded with and without Swords)
Golden Party Badge
The Blood Order
German Order
Main article: German Order (distinction)
This was the highest award that the Nazi Party could bestow on an individual. Adolf Hitler regarded this award as his personal decoration to be bestowed only upon those whose services to the state, party, and the people, he deemed worthy. There were eleven confirmed recipients of this award between 1942 and 1945.
Golden Party Badge
Main article: Golden Party Badge
The first 100,000 members who had joined and had uninterrupted service in the Nazi Party were given the right to wear the Golden Party Badge (Goldenes Parteiabzeichen), shown above. Those badges had the recipient's membership number on the back (Adolf Hitler had badge #7). Other Golden Party Badges (with the initials A.H. on the back) were awarded at the discretion of Hitler to certain members of the party who merited special attention. An identical badge was awarded each year on 30 January to persons who had shown outstanding service to the Party or State.
Blood Order medal
Main article: Blood Order
The Blood Order (German: Blutorden), officially known as the "Decoration in Memory (of the Munich putsch) of 9 November 1923" (Medaille zur Erinnerung an den 9. November 1923), authorised by Hitler in March 1934, was one of the most prestigious decorations in the Nazi Party.
Party awards
Coburg Badge (1922)
Nuremberg Party Day Badge (1929)
Brunswick Rally Badge (1931)
Frontbann Badge
Danzig Cross (awarded in 1st and 2nd class)
NSDAP Long Service Award: Given in three grades; awarded for 10, 15, and 25 years of service
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard: Designated those who joined the Party before Hitler became Chancellor. It was worn on the right sleeve.
The leaders of Nazi political districts (known as the Gauleiter) were empowered to bestow Gau badges for a variety of services rendered to the local political organisation. The badges were issued in silver and gold, with some in bronze. They were rarely issued in gold with diamonds.
In November 1936, Hitler gave new "orders" as to the "Orders and Awards" of the Nazi Party to be bestowed. The top NSDAP awards are listed in the order: 1. Coburg Badge; 2. Nuremberg Party Day Badge; 3. Brunswick Rally Badge; 4. Golden Party Badge; 5. The Blood Order; followed by the Gau badges and the Golden Hitler Youth Badge.
SS and police decorations
Police Long Service Award
SS Chevron for Former Police and Military
SS Honour Sword
SS Julleuchter
SS Long Service Award
SS Membership Runes for Order Police
SS Zivilabzeichen
Totenkopf Ring
Germanic SS decorations
Awards specific to individual nationalistic Germanic SS organisations were as follows:
Germanic Proficiency Runes (bronze and silver)
SS Sports Badge (Netherlands)
SS Honor Sports Badge (Netherlands)
Brave and Faithful Order (Norway)
Førergarde Membership Badge (Norway)
Front Fighters Badge (Norway)
Mussert Cross (Netherlands)
Mussert-Garde Commemorative Pin (Netherlands)
Schalburg Cross (Denmark)
State Police Honor Cross (Norway)
W.A. Sports Badge (Netherlands)
SA decorations
SA Sports Badge (bronze, silver, and gold)
Service Entry Badge of Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten
NSFK decorations
Free Balloon Pilot Badge
Motor Aircraft Pilot Badge (Das Abzeichen für Motorflugzeugführer)
Large Glider Flyer Badge (Das Große Segelfliegerabzeichen)
Hitler Youth decorations
Hitler Youth awards were as follows:
Hitler Youth Badge (including versions in gold and with oak leaves)
Hitler Youth Badge for Distinguished Foreigners
Hitler Youth Leader's Sports Badge
Hitler Youth Proficiency Badge
Hitler Youth shooting badges
Other German sports decorations
German Olympic Decoration (awarded in 1st and 2nd class)
German Sports Badge
Horseman's Badge
Horse Driver's Badge
Civil awards
Badge for the Academy of Aeronautical Research
Civil Defence Decoration (awarded in 1st and 2nd class)
Cross of Honour of the German Mother (bronze, silver, and gold)
Faithful Service Medal (gold, silver, and special class)
Fire Brigade Decoration (awarded in 1st and 2nd class)
German National Prize for Art and Science
Goethe Medallion for Art and Science
Lifesaving Medallion
National Food Estate Medallion
National Senate of Culture Badge
Mine Rescue Medal
Social Welfare Decoration (awarded in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class)
Medal of Social Welfare
War Merit Medal
Diplomatic awards
Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle
Special Grade Order of the German Eagle
Order of the German Eagle (five classes)
Medal of the Order of the German Eagle (bronze and silver)
All German Eagle decorations were awarded both with and without swords and could be upgraded to a gold version and also gold with diamonds. The German Eagle was intended as an award for foreigners while the Special Grade (without degree) was awarded to Germans.
Labor and trade decorations
Customs Service Decoration
Defence Economy Leader's Badge
Fritz Todt Award
Labour Service Ribbon (for 25, 18, 12, and 4 years of service)
Pioneer of Labor Award
Reichsberufswettkampf
German Red Cross awards
German Red Cross Decoration (awarded in four classes)
German Red Cross Medal
Notes
^ Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968, p. 224.
^ Angolia 1989, p. 224.
^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 279.
^ Angolia 1989, pp. 178–179.
^ Doehle 1995, p. 71.
^ a b Lumsden 2001.
^ Angolia 1989, p. 197.
^ a b c Doehle 1995, p. 122.
^ Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968, pp. 94–106.
References
Angolia, John (1989). For Führer and Fatherland: Political & Civil Awards of the Third Reich. R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-0912138169.
Doehle, Heinrich (1995) . Medals & Decorations of the Third Reich: Badges, Decorations, Insignia. Reddick Enterprises. ISBN 0962488348.
Gerwarth, Robert (2011). Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11575-8.
Littlejohn, David; Dodkins, Colonel C. M. (1968). Orders, Decorations, Medals and Badges of the Third Reich. R. James Bender Publishing, California. ISBN 978-0854200801.
Lumsden, Robin (2001). Medals and Decorations of Hitler's Germany. Zenith Books, Osceola, Wisconsin. ISBN 0760311331. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Organisationsbuc00nati_0_orig_0106_ORGANISATIONSBUCH_DER_NSDAP_1943_Parteigen._Polit._Leiter_Uniformen_Symbole_Tafel_4_Ehrenzeichen_Goldenes_Blutorden_Dienstauszeichnung_Coburger_Reichsparteitag_1929_SA-Treffen_1931_etc_Publ._dom._EDIT.jpg"},{"link_name":"NSDAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Golden Party Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Party_Badge"},{"link_name":"Blood Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Order"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party Long Service Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party_Long_Service_Award"},{"link_name":"Coburg Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coburg_Badge"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Party Day Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Party_Day_Badge"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Rally Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Rally_Badge"},{"link_name":"medals and awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"National Socialist German Workers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"military decorations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlejohnDodkins1968224-1"}],"text":"Decorations of the NSDAP. 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November 1923), authorised by Hitler in March 1934, was one of the most prestigious decorations in the Nazi Party.[5]","title":"Blood Order medal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coburg Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coburg_Badge"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Party Day Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Party_Day_Badge"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Rally Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Rally_Badge"},{"link_name":"Frontbann Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontbann#Frontbann_badge"},{"link_name":"Danzig Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_Cross"},{"link_name":"NSDAP Long Service Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party_Long_Service_Award"},{"link_name":"Honour Chevron for the Old Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_Chevron_for_the_Old_Guard"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gauleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauleiter"},{"link_name":"Gau badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_badge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumsden2001-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngolia1989197-7"}],"text":"Coburg Badge (1922)\nNuremberg Party Day Badge (1929)\nBrunswick Rally Badge (1931)\nFrontbann Badge\nDanzig Cross (awarded in 1st and 2nd class)\nNSDAP Long Service Award: Given in three grades; awarded for 10, 15, and 25 years of service\nHonour Chevron for the Old Guard: Designated those who joined the Party before Hitler became Chancellor. It was worn on the right sleeve.The leaders of Nazi political districts (known as the Gauleiter) were empowered to bestow Gau badges for a variety of services rendered to the local political organisation. The badges were issued in silver and gold, with some in bronze. They were rarely issued in gold with diamonds.[6]In November 1936, Hitler gave new \"orders\" as to the \"Orders and Awards\" of the Nazi Party to be bestowed. The top NSDAP awards are listed in the order: 1. Coburg Badge; 2. Nuremberg Party Day Badge; 3. Brunswick Rally Badge; 4. Golden Party Badge; 5. The Blood Order; followed by the Gau badges and the Golden Hitler Youth Badge.[7]","title":"Party awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Police Long Service Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Long_Service_Award"},{"link_name":"SS Chevron for Former Police and Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Chevron_for_Former_Police_and_Military"},{"link_name":"SS Honour Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degen_(SS)"},{"link_name":"SS Julleuchter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julleuchter"},{"link_name":"SS Long Service Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Long_Service_Award"},{"link_name":"SS Membership Runes for Order Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Membership_Runes_for_Order_Police&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SS Zivilabzeichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Zivilabzeichen"},{"link_name":"Totenkopf Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Ehrenring"}],"text":"Police Long Service Award\nSS Chevron for Former Police and Military\nSS Honour Sword\nSS Julleuchter\nSS Long Service Award\nSS Membership Runes for Order Police\nSS Zivilabzeichen\nTotenkopf Ring","title":"SS and police decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germanic SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_SS"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumsden2001-6"},{"link_name":"Germanic Proficiency Runes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA_Sports_Badge#Germanic_Proficiency_Runes"},{"link_name":"SS Sports Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Sports_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SS Honor Sports Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Honor_Sports_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brave and Faithful Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brave_and_Faithful_Order&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Førergarde Membership Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B8rergarde_Membership_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Front Fighters Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Front_Fighters_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mussert Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mussert_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussertkruis"},{"link_name":"Mussert-Garde Commemorative Pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mussert-Garde_Commemorative_Pin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schalburg Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalburg_Cross"},{"link_name":"State Police Honor Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Police_Honor_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"W.A. Sports Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W.A._Sports_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Germanic SS decorations","text":"Awards specific to individual nationalistic Germanic SS organisations were as follows:[6]Germanic Proficiency Runes (bronze and silver)\nSS Sports Badge (Netherlands)\nSS Honor Sports Badge (Netherlands)\nBrave and Faithful Order (Norway)\nFørergarde Membership Badge (Norway)\nFront Fighters Badge (Norway)\nMussert Cross [nl] (Netherlands)\nMussert-Garde Commemorative Pin (Netherlands)\nSchalburg Cross (Denmark)\nState Police Honor Cross (Norway)\nW.A. Sports Badge (Netherlands)","title":"SS and police decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SA Sports Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA_Sports_Badge"},{"link_name":"Service Entry Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Entry_Badge_of_Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten"},{"link_name":"Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten"}],"text":"SA Sports Badge (bronze, silver, and gold)\nService Entry Badge of Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten","title":"SA decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free Balloon Pilot Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Balloon_Pilot_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoehle1995122-8"},{"link_name":"Motor Aircraft Pilot Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motor_Aircraft_Pilot_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoehle1995122-8"},{"link_name":"Large Glider Flyer Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_Glider_Flyer_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoehle1995122-8"}],"text":"Free Balloon Pilot Badge[8]\nMotor Aircraft Pilot Badge (Das Abzeichen für Motorflugzeugführer)[8]\nLarge Glider Flyer Badge (Das Große Segelfliegerabzeichen)[8]","title":"NSFK decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittlejohnDodkins196894%E2%80%93106-9"},{"link_name":"Hitler Youth Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth_Badge"},{"link_name":"Hitler Youth Badge for Distinguished Foreigners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth_Badge#Proficiency_and_other_badges"},{"link_name":"Hitler Youth Leader's Sports Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth_Badge#Proficiency_and_other_badges"},{"link_name":"Hitler Youth Proficiency Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth_Badge#Proficiency_and_other_badges"},{"link_name":"Hitler Youth shooting badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth_Badge#Proficiency_and_other_badges"}],"text":"Hitler Youth awards were as follows:[9]Hitler Youth Badge (including versions in gold and with oak leaves)\nHitler Youth Badge for Distinguished Foreigners\nHitler Youth Leader's Sports Badge\nHitler Youth Proficiency Badge\nHitler Youth shooting badges","title":"Hitler Youth decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Olympic Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Olympic_Decoration"},{"link_name":"German Sports Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Sports_Badge"},{"link_name":"Horseman's Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Equestrian_Badge"},{"link_name":"Horse Driver's Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Equestrian_Badge"}],"text":"German Olympic Decoration (awarded in 1st and 2nd class)\nGerman Sports Badge\nHorseman's Badge\nHorse Driver's Badge","title":"Other German sports decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badge for the Academy of Aeronautical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badge_for_the_Academy_of_Aeronautical_Research&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Civil Defence Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Defense_Decoration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cross of Honour of the German Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Honour_of_the_German_Mother"},{"link_name":"Faithful Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithful_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Fire Brigade Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_Brigade_Decoration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"German National Prize for Art and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Prize_for_Art_and_Science"},{"link_name":"Goethe Medallion for Art and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goethe_Medallion_for_Art_and_Science&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lifesaving Medallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lifesaving_Medallion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Food Estate Medallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Food_Estate_Medallion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Senate of Culture Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Senate_of_Culture_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mine Rescue Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mine_Rescue_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Social Welfare Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Welfare_Decoration"},{"link_name":"War Merit Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Merit_Medal"}],"text":"Badge for the Academy of Aeronautical Research\nCivil Defence Decoration (awarded in 1st and 2nd class)\nCross of Honour of the German Mother (bronze, silver, and gold)\nFaithful Service Medal (gold, silver, and special class)\nFire Brigade Decoration (awarded in 1st and 2nd class)\nGerman National Prize for Art and Science\nGoethe Medallion for Art and Science\nLifesaving Medallion\nNational Food Estate Medallion\nNational Senate of Culture Badge\nMine Rescue Medal\nSocial Welfare Decoration (awarded in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class)\nMedal of Social Welfare\nWar Merit Medal","title":"Civil awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_German_Eagle"}],"text":"Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle\nSpecial Grade Order of the German Eagle\nOrder of the German Eagle (five classes)\nMedal of the Order of the German Eagle (bronze and silver)All German Eagle decorations were awarded both with and without swords and could be upgraded to a gold version and also gold with diamonds. The German Eagle was intended as an award for foreigners while the Special Grade (without degree) was awarded to Germans.","title":"Diplomatic awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Customs Service Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Customs_Service_Decoration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Defence Economy Leader's Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defense_Economy_Leader%27s_Badge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fritz Todt Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Todt_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Labour Service Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Service_Ribbon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pioneer of Labor Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_of_Labor_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reichsberufswettkampf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsberufswettkampf"}],"text":"Customs Service Decoration\nDefence Economy Leader's Badge\nFritz Todt Award\nLabour Service Ribbon (for 25, 18, 12, and 4 years of service)\nPioneer of Labor Award\nReichsberufswettkampf","title":"Labor and trade decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Red Cross Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Red_Cross_Decoration"},{"link_name":"German Red Cross Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Red_Cross_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"German Red Cross Decoration (awarded in four classes)\nGerman Red Cross Medal","title":"German Red Cross awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlejohnDodkins1968224_1-0"},{"link_name":"Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLittlejohnDodkins1968"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngolia1989224_2-0"},{"link_name":"Angolia 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAngolia1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2011279_3-0"},{"link_name":"Gerwarth 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGerwarth2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngolia1989178%E2%80%93179_4-0"},{"link_name":"Angolia 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAngolia1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoehle199571_5-0"},{"link_name":"Doehle 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDoehle1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumsden2001_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumsden2001_6-1"},{"link_name":"Lumsden 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLumsden2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngolia1989197_7-0"},{"link_name":"Angolia 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAngolia1989"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoehle1995122_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoehle1995122_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoehle1995122_8-2"},{"link_name":"Doehle 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDoehle1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittlejohnDodkins196894%E2%80%93106_9-0"},{"link_name":"Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLittlejohnDodkins1968"}],"text":"^ Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968, p. 224.\n\n^ Angolia 1989, p. 224.\n\n^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 279.\n\n^ Angolia 1989, pp. 178–179.\n\n^ Doehle 1995, p. 71.\n\n^ a b Lumsden 2001.\n\n^ Angolia 1989, p. 197.\n\n^ a b c Doehle 1995, p. 122.\n\n^ Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968, pp. 94–106.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Decorations of the NSDAP. Plate from Organisationsbuch der NSDAP, 1943* Golden Party Badge, small version for wear on suit jacket; Blood Order; Golden Party Badge, large version for wear in uniform* Nazi Party Long Service Award (bronze, silver with women's ribbon, gold with ribbon bar);* Coburg Badge; Nuremberg Party Day Badge; Brunswick Rally Badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Organisationsbuc00nati_0_orig_0106_ORGANISATIONSBUCH_DER_NSDAP_1943_Parteigen._Polit._Leiter_Uniformen_Symbole_Tafel_4_Ehrenzeichen_Goldenes_Blutorden_Dienstauszeichnung_Coburger_Reichsparteitag_1929_SA-Treffen_1931_etc_Publ._dom._EDIT.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Germanorder.jpeg/115px-Germanorder.jpeg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/ParteiabzeichenGold.jpeg/105px-ParteiabzeichenGold.jpeg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bloedorde_1934_Duitsland.jpg/125px-Bloedorde_1934_Duitsland.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Angolia, John (1989). For Führer and Fatherland: Political & Civil Awards of the Third Reich. R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-0912138169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0912138169","url_text":"978-0912138169"}]},{"reference":"Doehle, Heinrich (1995) [1943]. Medals & Decorations of the Third Reich: Badges, Decorations, Insignia. Reddick Enterprises. ISBN 0962488348.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0962488348","url_text":"0962488348"}]},{"reference":"Gerwarth, Robert (2011). Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11575-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gerwarth","url_text":"Gerwarth, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11575-8","url_text":"978-0-300-11575-8"}]},{"reference":"Littlejohn, David; Dodkins, Colonel C. M. (1968). Orders, Decorations, Medals and Badges of the Third Reich. R. James Bender Publishing, California. ISBN 978-0854200801.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0854200801","url_text":"978-0854200801"}]},{"reference":"Lumsden, Robin (2001). Medals and Decorations of Hitler's Germany. Zenith Books, Osceola, Wisconsin. ISBN 0760311331.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0760311331","url_text":"0760311331"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aglialoro | John Aglialoro | ["1 Education and career","2 Boards and achievements","3 Filmography","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"] | American businessman and film producer
John AglialoroBorn (1943-11-27) November 27, 1943 (age 80)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USAlma materTemple UniversityBoard member ofAtlas SocietyMuseum of the American RevolutionBarnes FoundationSpouse
Joan Carter (m. 1979)
John Aglialoro (born November 27, 1943) is an American businessman and film producer. He is an entrepreneur who has owned and operated a variety of businesses, primarily in the health and fitness industries, as chairman and co-founder of UM Holdings Ltd. (formerly United Medical Corporation) of Haddonfield, New Jersey. Owner of the movie rights to Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, Aglialoro is CEO of Atlas Distribution, which he founded to distribute films using the technology developed to bring Rand's best-selling novel to the screen.
Education and career
Born in Philadelphia the youngest of 4 children, Aglialoro grew up in Collingswood, New Jersey and was the first member of his family to attend college. He graduated from Collingswood High School in 1961 and Temple University in 1965. Aglialoro served as Chairman of Cybex International, a manufacturer of commercial exercise equipment, from 1983 to 2016 when UM Holdings sold Cybex to Brunswick Corporation (NYSE: BC). He was Chairman of EHE International, a national provider of physical examinations, from 1987 to 2016 when the business was sold to Summit Partners.
Boards and achievements
Aglialoro is on the Board of Trustees of The Atlas Society, an objectivist think-tank, The Museum of the American Revolution, and the Barnes Foundation, a renowned collection of impressionist art by Philadelphia art collector Albert C. Barnes (1872–1951). He serves as co-chair of the Foundation for Individual Liberty, with a mission to support free markets, limited government and individual liberty. Aglialoro is the former mayor of Tavistock a borough in Camden County, New Jersey (population 5 in 2010). Aglialoro has been profiled by Forbes and Fortune magazines and was praised in a Forbes/CNN blog post. He received the Distinguished Citizen Award from the Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge in 2018.
Filmography
During the almost two decades after acquiring the movie rights to Atlas Shrugged from the Estate of Ayn Rand, Aglialoro optioned the rights to several notable producers. In 2011, facing expiration of the rights, Aglialoro decided to finance the production and distribution himself to bring the epic novel to the screen. Since the book is more than 1200 pages separated into three parts, he and fellow Producer, Harmon Kaslow, decided that filming each part separately would enable more of the book's message to be delivered cinematically. On April 15, 2011, Atlas Shrugged: Part I premiered and ultimately played on 700 screens in the US earning $5M in box office. Aglialoro shared screenplay credits for his work on the script. With the participation of additional executive producers, Aglialoro produced Atlas Shrugged: Part II which debuted in October 2012 on 1200 screens. The third and final part of the trilogy Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt? opened on 200 screens. The movies were critically panned, but Aglialoro received a Saturn Award, an award from the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation, an Anthem Film Festival Award and others. Aglialoro continues to consider partnering with other producers for a re-make or multi-part feature.
Using the technology tools developed for the distribution process required for Atlas Shrugged, Aglialoro formed Atlas Distribution in 2014. The company provides comprehensive services for theatrical film distribution through is proprietary Cinema CloudWorks system.
Personal life
Aglialoro is a poker enthusiast, winning the US Poker Championship in 2004. He resides in Philadelphia with his wife and business partner, Joan Carter.
References
^ UM Holdings, LTD
^ Atlas Distribution
^ Gillespie, Nick. "Atlas Shrugged Producer John Aglialoro on Ayn Rand's Enduring Impact". Reason, September 8, 2004. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
^ Franks, Serena. "Atlas Shrugged Film Event @ Camden County College", Gloucester Township, NJ Patch, March 26, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
^ Letter from the CEO Archived December 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Cybex International
^ "Home page, Borough of Tavistock". Retrieved July 18, 2019.
^ John Aglialoro Profile Forbes
^ Top 25 richest execs – 10. John Aglialoro. CNN.
^ John Tamny A Name to Know In 2011: Atlas Shrugged Producer John Aglialoro Forbes, December 12, 2010
^ "Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge".
^ "IMDb – Atlas Shrugged Part 1".
^ "Box Office Mojo".
^ Atlas Shrugged Movie Blog
^ Cinema Cloudworks
^ 2004 United States Poker Championship: No-Limit Hold'em Championship Bluff Magazine October 31, 2004
^ "John Aglialoro, Trustee of the Atlas Society". www.atlassociety.org. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
External links
Interview in "The Atlasphere"
John Aglialoro at IMDb
Profile at Bloomberg
Profile at Poker Pages
Profile at Poker-In
Profile at Card Player
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Haddonfield, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddonfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Ayn Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"John Aglialoro (born November 27, 1943) is an American businessman and film producer. He is an entrepreneur who has owned and operated a variety of businesses, primarily in the health and fitness industries, as chairman and co-founder of UM Holdings Ltd.[1] (formerly United Medical Corporation) of Haddonfield, New Jersey. Owner of the movie rights to Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, Aglialoro is CEO of Atlas Distribution,[2] which he founded to distribute films using the technology developed to bring Rand's best-selling novel to the screen.","title":"John Aglialoro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Collingswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingswood,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Collingswood High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingswood_High_School"},{"link_name":"Temple University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cybex International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybex_International"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Summit Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Partners"}],"text":"Born in Philadelphia the youngest of 4 children, Aglialoro grew up in Collingswood, New Jersey and was the first member of his family to attend college.[3] He graduated from Collingswood High School in 1961 and Temple University in 1965.[4] Aglialoro served as Chairman of Cybex International, a manufacturer of commercial exercise equipment, from 1983 to 2016 when UM Holdings sold Cybex to Brunswick Corporation (NYSE: BC).[5] He was Chairman of EHE International, a national provider of physical examinations, from 1987 to 2016 when the business was sold to Summit Partners.","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Atlas Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlas_Society"},{"link_name":"Museum of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Barnes Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Albert C. Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_C._Barnes"},{"link_name":"Tavistock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TavistockHomePage-6"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedoms_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Aglialoro is on the Board of Trustees of The Atlas Society, an objectivist think-tank, The Museum of the American Revolution, and the Barnes Foundation, a renowned collection of impressionist art by Philadelphia art collector Albert C. Barnes (1872–1951). He serves as co-chair of the Foundation for Individual Liberty, with a mission to support free markets, limited government and individual liberty. Aglialoro is the former mayor of Tavistock[6] a borough in Camden County, New Jersey (population 5 in 2010). Aglialoro has been profiled by Forbes[7] and Fortune[8] magazines and was praised in a Forbes/CNN blog post.[9] He received the Distinguished Citizen Award from the Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge in 2018.[10]","title":"Boards and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlas Shrugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged"},{"link_name":"Ayn Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand"},{"link_name":"Harmon Kaslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmon_Kaslow"},{"link_name":"Atlas Shrugged: Part I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_I"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Atlas Shrugged: Part II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_II"},{"link_name":"Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged_Part_III:_Who_Is_John_Galt%3F"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"During the almost two decades after acquiring the movie rights to Atlas Shrugged from the Estate of Ayn Rand, Aglialoro optioned the rights to several notable producers. In 2011, facing expiration of the rights, Aglialoro decided to finance the production and distribution himself to bring the epic novel to the screen. Since the book is more than 1200 pages separated into three parts, he and fellow Producer, Harmon Kaslow, decided that filming each part separately would enable more of the book's message to be delivered cinematically. On April 15, 2011, Atlas Shrugged: Part I premiered and ultimately played on 700 screens in the US earning $5M in box office. Aglialoro shared screenplay credits for his work on the script.[11] With the participation of additional executive producers, Aglialoro produced Atlas Shrugged: Part II which debuted in October 2012 on 1200 screens. The third and final part of the trilogy Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt? opened on 200 screens.[12] The movies were critically panned, but Aglialoro received a Saturn Award, an award from the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation,[13] an Anthem Film Festival Award and others. Aglialoro continues to consider partnering with other producers for a re-make or multi-part feature.Using the technology tools developed for the distribution process required for Atlas Shrugged, Aglialoro formed Atlas Distribution in 2014. The company provides comprehensive services for theatrical film distribution through is proprietary Cinema CloudWorks[14] system.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Poker Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_States_Poker_Championship"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Joan Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Carter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Aglialoro is a poker enthusiast, winning the US Poker Championship in 2004.[15] He resides in Philadelphia with his wife and business partner, Joan Carter.[16]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Home page, Borough of Tavistock\". Retrieved July 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tavistocknj.org/","url_text":"\"Home page, Borough of Tavistock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freedomsfoundation.org/2018-distinguished-joan-john/","url_text":"\"Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMDb – Atlas Shrugged Part 1\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0480239/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr#writers/","url_text":"\"IMDb – Atlas Shrugged Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Box Office Mojo\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=atlasshrugged3.htm","url_text":"\"Box Office Mojo\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Aglialoro, Trustee of the Atlas Society\". www.atlassociety.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegiance_(American_TV_series) | Allegiance (American TV series) | ["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Recurring","2 Production","3 Episodes","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","5 International broadcast","6 References","7 External links"] | American television series
AllegianceGenreSpy dramaBased onThe Gordin CellDeveloped byGeorge NolfiStarring
Hope Davis
Scott Cohen
Gavin Stenhouse
Margarita Levieva
Morgan Spector
Alexandra Peters
Kenneth Choi
ComposerJay KuoCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes13 (8 aired online)ProductionExecutive producers
George Nolfi
Avi Nir
Ron Leshem
Amit Cohen
Yona Wisenthal
Giora Yahalom
John Glenn
Camera setupSingle-cameraRunning time60 minutesProduction companies
Nolfi Productions
Keshet International
yes
Universal Television
Original releaseNetwork
NBC
ReleaseFebruary 5 (2015-02-05) –March 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)Related
The Gordin Cell
Spy
Allegiance is an American spy drama television series adapted from the Israeli series The Gordin Cell. The series premiered on February 5, 2015, on NBC.
On March 6, 2015, NBC canceled the series after five low-rated episodes. On March 12, 2015, NBC confirmed that the series would move online, and a new episode premiered in the U.S. via Hulu and NBC.com. The final episode of the series was released on April 30, 2015.
Cast
Main
Hope Davis as Katya O'Connor, a retired Russian intelligence operative. Her father was a KGB general who forcibly recruited her when she was 17 years old.
Scott Cohen as Mark O'Connor, an American-born businessman who was recruited by Katya to spy for Russia.
Gavin Stenhouse as Alex O'Connor, a gifted CIA analyst who is assigned to a joint FBI-CIA investigation into an SVR (Russian Foreign Intelligence Service) plot to destroy critical infrastructure within the United States. Until episode 4, he had no idea about his parents' and sister's spying. In episode 5, it is mentioned that he graduated from Princeton University with both a bachelor's and master's degree in three years.
Margarita Levieva as Natalie O'Connor, eldest daughter of the O'Connor family. She is also an SVR spy and was recruited at age 20. She is dating Victor Dobrynin, her family's SVR handler.
Morgan Spector as Victor Dobrynin, an SVR operative assigned to be Katya and Mark's handler when they are both reactivated. He is dating Natalie O'Connor.
Alexandra Peters as Sarah O'Connor, youngest daughter of the O'Connor family.
Kenneth Choi as Sam Luttrell, CIA Station Chief of New York.
Recurring
Robert John Burke as Special Agent Brock, the FBI agent-in-charge of the joint FBI–CIA investigation.
Floriana Lima as Special Agent Michelle Prado, an FBI agent who is partnered with Alex O'Connor on the joint FBI–CIA investigation.
Fred Dalton Thompson as the Director of the FBI.
Diane Farr as Elizabeth Simpson U.S. Department of Transportation, pipeline and hazardous materials safety administration.
Giancarlo Esposito as Oscar Christoph / Marcus Bolivar / John Phillips.
Paul Ben-Victor as Special Agent Faber.
Production
On January 10, 2014, NBC ordered the series to pilot under a different title Coercion.
On February 14, 2014, Gavin Stenhouse was cast as a lead role. Hope Davis and Margarita Levieva were cast as female lead roles on February 24, 2014. The pilot was later ordered to a 13-episode series to premiere mid-season under the final title Allegiance on May 6, 2014. On December 12, 2014, NBC announced that the series would premiere on February 5, 2015 following The Blacklist as a part of the "All-New NBC Thursday" and replacing Parenthood.
Filming on the series finale ended on March 15, 2015.
Episodes
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air /release dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)1"Pilot"George NolfiGeorge NolfiFebruary 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)1014.98
When a Russian intelligence officer approaches New York CIA Station Chief Sam Luttrell (Kenneth Choi) with information relating to an SVR plot to destroy critical infrastructure within the United States, gifted CIA analyst in Russian affairs Alex O'Connor (Gavin Stenhouse) is brought on to assist a joint FBI-CIA investigation into it. Unbeknownst to him, his mother, father and older sister are part of a Russian sleeper cell that have been reactivated with the purpose of monitoring him and preventing the identities of key Russian assets from being revealed in the course of his investigation.
2"Teamwork"George NolfiStory by : Jon WorleyTeleplay by : John GlennFebruary 12, 2015 (2015-02-12)1023.65
Mark (Scott Cohen) and Katya (Hope Davis) are nearly exposed as spies by their own son, Alex. Then, in a brilliant bit of manipulation, Katya manages to convince Alex he is wrong. Katya's lies cause a rift between her and her husband and son. Victor is acutely warned of what will happen to him if he doesn't keep the O'Connors on a tight leash. Meanwhile, Alex partners with Agent Michelle Prado (Floriana Lima) as part of a joint CIA-FBI task force to find the hidden SVR cache before it's destroyed. Alex's unique perspective is the key to unmasking the identity of a new defector, leading to a deadly confrontation with an SVR hit team.
3"Surreptitious Entry"George NolfiGeorge NolfiFebruary 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)1033.32
In the aftermath of a violent shootout, Alex must convince the FBI to risk a dangerous covert operation to find Mikhail's hidden cache. With Agent Prado at his side, Alex leads a team to Philadelphia to retrieve the laptop from a secure government building, but Victor (Morgan Spector) is a step ahead and orders the O'Connors to break in and steal the laptop first. Meanwhile, Katya discovers one of Natalie's (Margarita Levieva) most dangerous secrets, and forces her to choose between love and family.
4"Chasing Ghosts"George NolfiEoghan MahonyFebruary 26, 2015 (2015-02-26)1043.53
A shocking discovery leaves Alex struggling to reconcile his theories with the evidence found at City Hall, and Sam encourages him to keep looking for clues. Meanwhile, Mark and Katya must answer for their actions when the Rezident (David Vadim) doubts their commitment to the cause, and Natalie learns just how lethal Black Dagger will be if they don't stop it.
5"Tipping Point"Jeffrey NachmanoffNiceole R. LevyMarch 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)1053.28
When the FBI suspects a mole in the organization and brings in an investigator, Alex must confront his morals; Victor finds a new way to watch the O'Connors.
6"Liars and Thieves"Michael SmithJenna RichmanMarch 12, 2015 (2015-03-12) (US VoD)106N/A
Natalie must rely on an outsider for help finding important information on Black Dagger; Alex and Sam plan a risky sting operation; Katya wants Alex to throw the task force off track.
7"Stranger in a Strange Land"Jamie BarberBrett ConradMarch 19, 2015 (2015-03-19) (US VoD)107N/A
Victor teams up with the O'Connor family to take down Black Dagger; task force members head to Italy; Sam poses as a businessman to deliver a suitcase of counterfeit cash.
8"The Arrival"Anton CropperMimi Won TechentinMarch 26, 2015 (2015-03-26) (US VoD)108N/A
Victor spies on the Rezident; Alex reveals a big secret to Michelle; Sam grows increasingly suspicious of the boy genius.
9"Clean Hands"George NolfiWhit AndersonApril 2, 2015 (2015-04-02) (US VoD)109N/A
Alex must deal with being framed for Michelle's murder.
10"A Convenient Place to Die"Kenneth FinkJohn Glenn & Jon WorleyApril 9, 2015 (2015-04-09) (US VoD)110N/A
Alex takes help from an unlikely source.
11"Blowback"Bronwen HughesRashad Raisani & Jenna RichmanApril 16, 2015 (2015-04-16) (US VoD)111N/A
Assuming their headquarters has been compromised, the task force relocates; the Rezident heads to the O'Connor home to hunt for evidence; Mark and Katya rush to Sarah's school as Alex lies bleeding in the back seat.
12"Those Who Help Themselves"Jeff T. ThomasJohn Glenn & Rashad RaisaniApril 23, 2015 (2015-04-23) (US VoD)112N/A
13"Family Crisis"Alex ZakrzewskiJohn Glenn & Rashad RaisaniApril 30, 2015 (2015-04-30) (US VoD)113N/A
Reception
Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 47% approval rating with an average rating of 5.6/10 based on 32 reviews by critics. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 57 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
International broadcast
The series premiered in Australia on June 30, 2015 on SoHo.
References
^ Bibel, Sara (December 12, 2014). "NBC Announces Midseason Schedule: Premieres of 'Allegiance', 'A.D.', 'Odyssey', 'The Slap', & 'One Big Happy'; 'The Night Shift' Takes Over Monday 10PM Timeslot". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (March 6, 2015). "'Allegiance' Canceled by NBC, 'The Slap' Moves to Thursday at 10pm & 'Dateline: The Real Blacklist' at 8pm". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 6, 2015). "NBC's 'Allegiance' Pulled From Schedule; 'The Slap' Moves To 10pm". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
^ "NBCAllegiance on twitter.com". NBC. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
^ "Allegiance on Hulu.com". Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
^ "Allegiance on NBC.com". NBC. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
^ "Allegiance Episode 113 Family Crisis". NBC. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ "Breaking News - Development Update: Friday, January 10". TheFutonCritic.com. January 10, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ "Breaking News - Development Update: Friday, February 14". TheFutonCritic.com. February 14, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ "Breaking News - Development Update: Monday, February 24". TheFutonCritic.com. February 24, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ "Breaking News - Development Update: Tuesday, May 6 - NBC Gives Series Series Order to Drama "Allegiance"". TheFutonCritic.com. May 6, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ "Breaking News - NBC Sets Debuts for New Dramas "Allegiance," "A.D," and "Odyssey," Event Series "The Slap" and New Comedy "One Big Happy"". TheFutonCritic.com. December 12, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
^ "scottecohen on Twitter.com 5:16 AM March 11, 2015". Retrieved March 11, 2015.
^ "scottecohen on Twitter.com 10:36AM March 12, 2015". Retrieved March 12, 2015.
^ "RealHopeDavis on Twitter.com 8:30 AM March 15, 2015". Retrieved March 15, 2015.
^ Bibel, Sara (February 6, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Blacklist', 'Scandal', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 13, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Backstrom' Adjusted Down, No Adjustment to 'The Blacklist', 'Scandal' or 'The Vampire Diaries'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
^ Bibel, Sara (February 20, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory,' 'Scandal', 'Two and a Half Men' & 'How To Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 27, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Blacklist' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
^ Bibel, Sara (March 6, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'American Idol' & 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 8, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
^ "Allegiance: Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes". rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
^ "Allegiance (2015) - Season 1 Reviews - Metacritic". metacritic.com. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
^ "Foxtel in June: 200+ new shows including Orange Is The New Black, True Detective, Suits, PLL, Wimbledon and more". The Green Room. Foxtel. June 1, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
External links
Official website
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The series premiered on February 5, 2015, on NBC.[1]On March 6, 2015, NBC canceled the series after five low-rated episodes.[2][3] On March 12, 2015, NBC confirmed that the series would move online,[4] and a new episode premiered in the U.S. via Hulu and NBC.com.[5][6] The final episode of the series was released on April 30, 2015.[7]","title":"Allegiance (American TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hope Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Davis"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"Scott Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cohen_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gavin Stenhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Stenhouse"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"SVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"critical infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Margarita Levieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Levieva"},{"link_name":"handler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_handling"},{"link_name":"Morgan Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Spector"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Choi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Choi"},{"link_name":"Station Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_chief"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Hope Davis as Katya O'Connor, a retired Russian intelligence operative. Her father was a KGB general who forcibly recruited her when she was 17 years old.\nScott Cohen as Mark O'Connor, an American-born businessman who was recruited by Katya to spy for Russia.\nGavin Stenhouse as Alex O'Connor, a gifted CIA analyst who is assigned to a joint FBI-CIA investigation into an SVR (Russian Foreign Intelligence Service) plot to destroy critical infrastructure within the United States. Until episode 4, he had no idea about his parents' and sister's spying. In episode 5, it is mentioned that he graduated from Princeton University with both a bachelor's and master's degree in three years.\nMargarita Levieva as Natalie O'Connor, eldest daughter of the O'Connor family. She is also an SVR spy and was recruited at age 20. She is dating Victor Dobrynin, her family's SVR handler.\nMorgan Spector as Victor Dobrynin, an SVR operative assigned to be Katya and Mark's handler when they are both reactivated. He is dating Natalie O'Connor.\nAlexandra Peters as Sarah O'Connor, youngest daughter of the O'Connor family.\nKenneth Choi as Sam Luttrell, CIA Station Chief of New York.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert John Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_Burke"},{"link_name":"Floriana Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriana_Lima"},{"link_name":"Fred Dalton Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Dalton_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Director of the FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Diane Farr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Farr"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Esposito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Esposito"},{"link_name":"Paul Ben-Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ben-Victor"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Robert John Burke as Special Agent Brock, the FBI agent-in-charge of the joint FBI–CIA investigation.\nFloriana Lima as Special Agent Michelle Prado, an FBI agent who is partnered with Alex O'Connor on the joint FBI–CIA investigation.\nFred Dalton Thompson as the Director of the FBI.\nDiane Farr as Elizabeth Simpson U.S. Department of Transportation, pipeline and hazardous materials safety administration.\nGiancarlo Esposito as Oscar Christoph / Marcus Bolivar / John Phillips.\nPaul Ben-Victor as Special Agent Faber.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Blacklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blacklist_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On January 10, 2014, NBC ordered the series to pilot under a different title Coercion.[8]On February 14, 2014, Gavin Stenhouse was cast as a lead role.[9] Hope Davis and Margarita Levieva were cast as female lead roles on February 24, 2014.[10] The pilot was later ordered to a 13-episode series to premiere mid-season under the final title Allegiance on May 6, 2014.[11] On December 12, 2014, NBC announced that the series would premiere on February 5, 2015 following The Blacklist as a part of the \"All-New NBC Thursday\" and replacing Parenthood.[12]Filming on the series finale ended on March 15, 2015.[13][14][15]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 47% approval rating with an average rating of 5.6/10 based on 32 reviews by critics.[21] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 57 out of 100 based on 28 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[22]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"SoHo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoHo_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JuneFox-23"}],"text":"The series premiered in Australia on June 30, 2015 on SoHo.[23]","title":"International broadcast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (December 12, 2014). \"NBC Announces Midseason Schedule: Premieres of 'Allegiance', 'A.D.', 'Odyssey', 'The Slap', & 'One Big Happy'; 'The Night Shift' Takes Over Monday 10PM Timeslot\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219074441/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/12/nbc-announces-midseason-schedule-including-premieres-of-allegiance-a-d-odyssey-the-slap-one-big-happy/338884/","url_text":"\"NBC Announces Midseason Schedule: Premieres of 'Allegiance', 'A.D.', 'Odyssey', 'The Slap', & 'One Big Happy'; 'The Night Shift' Takes Over Monday 10PM Timeslot\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/12/nbc-announces-midseason-schedule-including-premieres-of-allegiance-a-d-odyssey-the-slap-one-big-happy/338884/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (March 6, 2015). \"'Allegiance' Canceled by NBC, 'The Slap' Moves to Thursday at 10pm & 'Dateline: The Real Blacklist' at 8pm\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150309003456/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/06/nbc-pulls-allegiance-from-thursday-schedule-moves-the-slap-to-10pm-launches-dateline-the-real-blacklist-at-8pm/372111/","url_text":"\"'Allegiance' Canceled by NBC, 'The Slap' Moves to Thursday at 10pm & 'Dateline: The Real Blacklist' at 8pm\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/06/nbc-pulls-allegiance-from-thursday-schedule-moves-the-slap-to-10pm-launches-dateline-the-real-blacklist-at-8pm/372111/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (March 6, 2015). \"NBC's 'Allegiance' Pulled From Schedule; 'The Slap' Moves To 10pm\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2015/03/allegiance-pulled-from-schedule-nbc-the-slap-moves-10-pm-1201387481/","url_text":"\"NBC's 'Allegiance' Pulled From Schedule; 'The Slap' Moves To 10pm\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBCAllegiance on twitter.com\". NBC. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/NBCAllegiance/status/576163204499255296","url_text":"\"NBCAllegiance on twitter.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allegiance on Hulu.com\". Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150311052051/http://www.hulu.com/allegiance","url_text":"\"Allegiance on Hulu.com\""},{"url":"http://www.hulu.com/allegiance","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Allegiance on NBC.com\". NBC. Retrieved 12 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbc.com/allegiance","url_text":"\"Allegiance on NBC.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allegiance Episode 113 Family Crisis\". NBC. Retrieved 30 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbc.com/allegiance/episode-guide/season-allegiance-season-1/family-crisis/113","url_text":"\"Allegiance Episode 113 Family Crisis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking News - Development Update: Friday, January 10\". TheFutonCritic.com. January 10, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2014/01/10/development-update-friday-january-10-555110/10691/","url_text":"\"Breaking News - Development Update: Friday, January 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking News - Development Update: Friday, February 14\". TheFutonCritic.com. February 14, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2014/02/14/development-update-friday-february-14-500205/10741/","url_text":"\"Breaking News - Development Update: Friday, February 14\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking News - Development Update: Monday, February 24\". TheFutonCritic.com. February 24, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2014/02/24/development-update-monday-february-24-204102/10753/","url_text":"\"Breaking News - Development Update: Monday, February 24\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking News - Development Update: Tuesday, May 6 - NBC Gives Series Series Order to Drama \"Allegiance\"\". TheFutonCritic.com. May 6, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2014/05/06/development-update-tuesday-may-6-nbc-gives-series-series-order-to-drama-allegiance-593113/10845/","url_text":"\"Breaking News - Development Update: Tuesday, May 6 - NBC Gives Series Series Order to Drama \"Allegiance\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking News - NBC Sets Debuts for New Dramas \"Allegiance,\" \"A.D,\" and \"Odyssey,\" Event Series \"The Slap\" and New Comedy \"One Big Happy\"\". TheFutonCritic.com. December 12, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2014/12/12/nbc-sets-debuts-for-new-dramas-allegiance-ad-and-odyssey-event-series-the-slap-and-new-comedy-one-big-happy-828010/20141212nbc04/","url_text":"\"Breaking News - NBC Sets Debuts for New Dramas \"Allegiance,\" \"A.D,\" and \"Odyssey,\" Event Series \"The Slap\" and New Comedy \"One Big Happy\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"scottecohen on Twitter.com 5:16 AM March 11, 2015\". Retrieved March 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/scottecohen/status/575631333520719872","url_text":"\"scottecohen on Twitter.com 5:16 AM March 11, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"scottecohen on Twitter.com 10:36AM March 12, 2015\". Retrieved March 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/scottecohen/status/576074385364295680","url_text":"\"scottecohen on Twitter.com 10:36AM March 12, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"RealHopeDavis on Twitter.com 8:30 AM March 15, 2015\". Retrieved March 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/RealHopeDavis/status/577129753997647872","url_text":"\"RealHopeDavis on Twitter.com 8:30 AM March 15, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (February 6, 2015). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Blacklist', 'Scandal', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150207003127/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/06/thursday-final-ratings-the-blacklist-scandal-greys-anatomy-the-vampire-diaries-adjusted-down/360315/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Blacklist', 'Scandal', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/06/thursday-final-ratings-the-blacklist-scandal-greys-anatomy-the-vampire-diaries-adjusted-down/360315/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (February 13, 2015). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Backstrom' Adjusted Down, No Adjustment to 'The Blacklist', 'Scandal' or 'The Vampire Diaries'\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150214004417/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/13/thursday-final-ratings-backstrom-adjusted-down-no-adjustment-to-the-blacklist-scandal-or-the-vampire-diaries/362826/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Backstrom' Adjusted Down, No Adjustment to 'The Blacklist', 'Scandal' or 'The Vampire Diaries'\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/13/thursday-final-ratings-backstrom-adjusted-down-no-adjustment-to-the-blacklist-scandal-or-the-vampire-diaries/362826/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (February 20, 2015). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory,' 'Scandal', 'Two and a Half Men' & 'How To Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150221011941/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/20/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-scandal-two-and-a-half-men-how-to-get-away-with-murder-adjusted-up/365727/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory,' 'Scandal', 'Two and a Half Men' & 'How To Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/20/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-scandal-two-and-a-half-men-how-to-get-away-with-murder-adjusted-up/365727/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (February 27, 2015). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Blacklist' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150301114419/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/27/thursday-final-ratings-the-blacklist-american-idol-adjusted-up/368251/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Blacklist' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/27/thursday-final-ratings-the-blacklist-american-idol-adjusted-up/368251/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (March 6, 2015). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'American Idol' & 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 8, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150308114705/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/06/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-american-idol-the-blacklist-adjusted-up/371969/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'American Idol' & 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/06/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-american-idol-the-blacklist-adjusted-up/371969/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Allegiance: Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes\". rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved February 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/allegiance/s01/","url_text":"\"Allegiance: Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allegiance (2015) - Season 1 Reviews - Metacritic\". metacritic.com. Retrieved February 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/tv/allegiance-2015","url_text":"\"Allegiance (2015) - Season 1 Reviews - Metacritic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foxtel in June: 200+ new shows including Orange Is The New Black, True Detective, Suits, PLL, Wimbledon and more\". The Green Room. Foxtel. June 1, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/Foxtel-in-June-200-new-shows-including-Orange-Is-The-New-Black/ba-p/74188","url_text":"\"Foxtel in June: 200+ new shows including Orange Is The New Black, True Detective, Suits, PLL, Wimbledon and more\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219074441/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/12/nbc-announces-midseason-schedule-including-premieres-of-allegiance-a-d-odyssey-the-slap-one-big-happy/338884/","external_links_name":"\"NBC Announces Midseason Schedule: Premieres of 'Allegiance', 'A.D.', 'Odyssey', 'The Slap', & 'One Big Happy'; 'The Night Shift' Takes Over Monday 10PM Timeslot\""},{"Link":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/12/nbc-announces-midseason-schedule-including-premieres-of-allegiance-a-d-odyssey-the-slap-one-big-happy/338884/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150309003456/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/06/nbc-pulls-allegiance-from-thursday-schedule-moves-the-slap-to-10pm-launches-dateline-the-real-blacklist-at-8pm/372111/","external_links_name":"\"'Allegiance' Canceled by NBC, 'The Slap' Moves to Thursday at 10pm & 'Dateline: The Real Blacklist' at 8pm\""},{"Link":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/06/nbc-pulls-allegiance-from-thursday-schedule-moves-the-slap-to-10pm-launches-dateline-the-real-blacklist-at-8pm/372111/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2015/03/allegiance-pulled-from-schedule-nbc-the-slap-moves-10-pm-1201387481/","external_links_name":"\"NBC's 'Allegiance' Pulled From Schedule; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inframan | Infra-Man | ["1 Plot","2 Powers of Inframan","3 Cast","3.1 Protagonists","3.2 Antagonists","3.3 Ice Monsters (冰河怪獸)","4 Production","5 Reception","6 Versions","7 Influence","8 References","9 External links"] | 1975 Hong Kong film
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The Super InframanTheatrical release posterDirected byHua ShanWritten byNi KuangProduced byRunme ShawStarringDanny LeeWang HsiehTerry LiuYuan Man-tzuBruce LeKong YeungDana ShumCinematographyTadashi NishimotoEdited byChiang Hsing-lungMusic byFrankie ChanProductioncompanyShaw Brothers StudioDistributed byShaw Brothers StudioRelease date
1 August 1975 (1975-08-01) (Hong Kong)
Running time84 minutesCountryHong KongLanguagesCantoneseMandarin
The Super InframanTraditional Chinese中國超人Simplified Chinese中国超人Literal meaningChinese SupermanTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōngguó ChāorénYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationJūnggwok ChīuyàhnJyutpingzung1 gwok3 ciu1 jan4
Infra-Man (Chinese: 中國超人, lit. Chinese Superman), also titled The Super Inframan, is a 1975 Hong Kong science fiction Superhero action film produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio. Inspired by the huge success of the Japanese tokusatsu franchises such as Ultraman and Kamen Rider in Hong Kong, this film features the same type of "henshin"/transformation, monster/robot fights, and Chinese kung fu action.
Plot
The story recounts that in 2015, Demon Princess Elzebub (also translated as Princess Dragon Mom) awakens from 10 million years of dormancy and plots to conquer the Earth. She destroys a few major cities in China to prove her power to humanity, who react in shock. Returning to her lair in Inner-Earth, she awakens her army of Skeleton Ghosts and various mutant humanoids to wreak havoc on the surface.
In the story, the head of the Science Headquarters, Professor Liu Ying-de, has completed the BDX Project, a potential countermeasure against Elzebub. In the HQ's secret laboratory, he transforms Lei Ma, a high-ranking SH officer, into the bionic kung fu superhero Inframan. The solar-powered red & silver armored Inframan has both enhanced strength and combat weapons.
Once Inframan destroys the Princess’s various monsters, she decides to steal the professor's blueprints of Inframan in hope of discovering his weakness. Meanwhile, the professor introduces Thunderball Fists, gloves capable of destroying any substance known to man, as well as covering up Inframan's weakness. The princess decides to coerce the professor. Capturing the professor's daughter, the princess blackmails the professor into creating an Inframan for her. The professor agrees to go to Mount Devil for a meeting. When the professor refuses to make another Inframan, he and his daughter are frozen. Inframan and the Science Patrol decide to rescue both, leading to the final battle between Inframan and Demon Princess Elzebub.
Powers of Inframan
Lei Ma throws his arms into a Kamen Rider-like "henshin"/transforming pose, and says:
"Change! Inframan!" (變！超人) (Mandarin: "Bian! Chao Ren", Cantonese: "Bin! Chiu Yan")
His powers and attacks are (Mandarin/Cantonese):
噴火彈 (Pen Huo Dan/Pan Fo Daan) Erupting Bullet(s)
The missiles stored below Inframan's ribs. He throws them like darts, and they can also thaw him out when he is frozen.
太陽甲 (Tai Yang Jia/Taai Yeung Gaap) Solar Armor (a.k.a.: Sun Ja)
The stream of light that Inframan shoots from his wrists when crossing them together like Ultraman's Spacium Light Ray.
追魂腿 (Zhui Hun Tui/Jeui Wan Teui) Guided Kick (literally "Chase Soul Leg")
Inframan's kick attack. This can also locate its targeted enemy like a guided missile.
能量發揮 (Neng Liang Fa Hui/Nang Leung Faat Fai) Capacity Transmission (literally "Energy Emission")
Inframan activates his backup power source, in case of lack of solar power.
閃電拳 (Shan Dian Quan/Sim Din Kyun) Flashing Thunder Fists (a.k.a.: Thunder Fists, Thunderball Fists)
Later attachments for Inframan; shiny black and metallic gloves that go over his regular ones. They also shoot right off his fists and retract again, much like Mazinger Z's Rocket Punch. They also have the following weapons:
死光刀 (Si Guang Dao/Sei Gwong Dou) Deadly Light Blades
The red moon-shaped energy blades that stream from the Flashing Thunder Fists.
雷電光 (Lei Dian Guang/Leui Din Gwong) Thunder and Lightning Aura
Like the Solar Armor, but more powerful.
Inframan also has the power to grow to gigantic size, similar to Ultraman's power to change size.
Cast
Protagonists
Danny Lee as Lei Ma/Inframan (雷馬/中國超人), the hero
Wang Hsieh as Professor Liu Ying-de (劉英徳), the proprietor of Science Headquarters
Yuan Man-Tzu as Liu Mei-mei (美美), the Professor's daughter
Lu Sheng as Xiao Hu (小虎) Mei Mei's younger brother
Lin-lin (琳琳) Mei Mei's little sister. Played by Fanny Leung
Zhu Qi-quang (朱啓光) The lieutenant of Science Headquarters. Played by Kong Yeung
Lu Xiao-long (呂小龍) The sergeant of Science Headquarters and a tough fighter. Played by Bruce Le
Zhu Ming (祝明) The awkward member of Science Headquarters, who is captured and turned by Elzebub into an evil spy. Played by Lin Wen-wei
Antagonists
Demon Princess Elzebub (冰河魔主) The main villainess, ruler of Inner-Earth. Her name is a play on "Beelzebub". She is armed with a whip, and can turn into a winged dragon-like creature. In the U.S. English dubbed version, she is called Princess Dragon Mom. Played by Terry Liu
Witch-Eye (電眼魔女) Elzebub's beautiful-but-deadly servant. Has a horned helmet and eyes on her palms that shoot green beams (hypnotic or destructive). In the U.S. English dubbed version, she is called She-Demon. Played by Dana Shum
Skeleton Ghosts (白骨幽靈) Rank-and-file henchmen of the Glacier Empire. They dress in black-on-white suits with a skeleton motif, and with horned helmets. They also carry explosive metal spears.
Ice Monsters (冰河怪獸)
Fire Dragon (噴火龍) A scaly reptilian humanoid spouting a large horned crown and mustache. Can shoot fire from his mouth.
Spider Monster (蜘蛛怪) A fat red spider creature that shoots web-bombs and acid from its mouth and grows to gigantic size.
Plant Monster (植物怪) A teal vine-like monster that plants itself into the ground and grows into giant killer vines.
Mutant Drill (穿山怪) A horned blue mole-like monster with a drill for a hand and a shovel-like claw for another.
Long-Haired Monster (長髮怪) A red-skinned witch-like demon with long white hair and huge horns that shoot yellow beams from both its horns and hands.
Iron Armor Monsters (鐵甲怪) Two mechanical knight-like monsters, whose heads and right hands spring forth (with coils) to strike their enemy and retract again.
Production
The film was directed by Hua Shan, written by science fiction writer Ni Kuang, produced by Runme Shaw and photographed by Tadashi Nishimoto. There was also assistance from Japan; music from Ultra Seven (1967) and Mirrorman (1971) (both composed by Toru Fuyuki) is used in this film and the Inframan/Science Headquarters/monster costumes were provided by Ekisu Productions, which had done costumes for many Toei superhero TV shows of the same period. The film also starred Danny Lee as the superhero himself, and Bruceploitation star Bruce Le in a supporting role (he still got to display some of his martial arts skills in many scenes of the film).
The following year, Joseph Brenner brought this film to the U.S., and re-titled it simply Infra-Man (or Inframan), with the advertising campaign slogan "The Man Beyond Bionics!" attempting to capitalize upon The Six Million Dollar Man's success on American network television at the time.
This film also has some historical importance as the first superhero film set in Hong Kong, the first film promotion in Hong Kong using a hot air balloon, and the first Shaw Brothers production using a storyboard.
In 2004, the film was released on DVD in Japan and Hong Kong.
Reception
Roger Ebert, in his 7 March 1976 review for the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film two and a half stars out of four, concluding "The movie even looks good: It's a classy, slick production by the Shaw Brothers, the Hong Kong kung fu kings. When they stop making movies like Infra-Man, a little light will go out of the world." Infra-Man has an aggregated score of 100% based on six critic reviews on Rotten Tomatoes.
On 30 April 1999, after Quentin Tarantino re-released Mighty Peking Man in North America, Ebert upgraded his rating for the film to three stars, explaining that "I find to my astonishment that I gave Infra-Man only two and a half stars when I reviewed it. That was 22 years ago, but a fellow will remember a lot of things you wouldn't think he'd remember. I'll bet a month hasn't gone by since that I haven't thought of that film. I am awarding Mighty Peking Man three stars, for general goofiness and a certain level of insane genius, but I cannot in good conscience rate it higher than Infra-Man. So, in answer to those correspondents who ask if I have ever changed a rating on a movie: Yes, Infra-Man moves up to three stars." The original review of the film as re-posted on Ebert's website accordingly gives the film three stars.
Versions
The film was released on VHS under both Prism Entertainment and Goodtimes Entertainment. In the Goodtimes Home Video version of the American opening credits, an additional section was added in between the title and the cast and crew from the Prism version, giving the film the subtitle "Battles The Sci-Fi Monsters" in an attempt to appeal more to fans of that titular genre. In this additional but misleading sequence, short snippets from the film are used to introduce and inaccurately name the villains of the film, with some villain characters cut out entirely.
Influence
Elements from the film influenced the 2017 revival of Mystery Science Theater 3000. Producer Joel Hodgson explained in an interview that Princess Dragon Mom was one of the influences for the mad scientist Kinga Forrester and that the skeleton-like Henchmen influenced the boneheads, including The Skeleton Crew Band.
References
^ "Infra-Man". Chicago Sun-Times. 7 March 1976. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
^ "Infra-Man". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ Ebert, Roger. "Mighty Peking Man movie review (1999) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com/. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
^ "Nine Things You Need To Know About The New MST3K". Crave Online. Crave. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
External links
Infra-Man at IMDb
Infra-Man at AllMovie
Infra-Man at Rotten Tomatoes
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Played by Fanny Leung\nZhu Qi-quang (朱啓光) The lieutenant of Science Headquarters. Played by Kong Yeung\nLu Xiao-long (呂小龍) The sergeant of Science Headquarters and a tough fighter. Played by Bruce Le\nZhu Ming (祝明) The awkward member of Science Headquarters, who is captured and turned by Elzebub into an evil spy. Played by Lin Wen-wei","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beelzebub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelzebub"}],"sub_title":"Antagonists","text":"Demon Princess Elzebub (冰河魔主) The main villainess, ruler of Inner-Earth. Her name is a play on \"Beelzebub\". She is armed with a whip, and can turn into a winged dragon-like creature. In the U.S. English dubbed version, she is called Princess Dragon Mom. Played by Terry Liu\nWitch-Eye (電眼魔女) Elzebub's beautiful-but-deadly servant. Has a horned helmet and eyes on her palms that shoot green beams (hypnotic or destructive). In the U.S. English dubbed version, she is called She-Demon. Played by Dana Shum\nSkeleton Ghosts (白骨幽靈) Rank-and-file henchmen of the Glacier Empire. They dress in black-on-white suits with a skeleton motif, and with horned helmets. They also carry explosive metal spears.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ice Monsters (冰河怪獸)","text":"Fire Dragon (噴火龍) A scaly reptilian humanoid spouting a large horned crown and mustache. Can shoot fire from his mouth.\nSpider Monster (蜘蛛怪) A fat red spider creature that shoots web-bombs and acid from its mouth and grows to gigantic size.\nPlant Monster (植物怪) A teal vine-like monster that plants itself into the ground and grows into giant killer vines.\nMutant Drill (穿山怪) A horned blue mole-like monster with a drill for a hand and a shovel-like claw for another.\nLong-Haired Monster (長髮怪) A red-skinned witch-like demon with long white hair and huge horns that shoot yellow beams from both its horns and hands.\nIron Armor Monsters (鐵甲怪) Two mechanical knight-like monsters, whose heads and right hands spring forth (with coils) to strike their enemy and retract again.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hua Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Shan"},{"link_name":"Ni Kuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni_Kuang"},{"link_name":"Runme Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runme_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Ultra Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Seven"},{"link_name":"Mirrorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorman_(TV_Series)"},{"link_name":"Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Toei superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Superheroes"},{"link_name":"Danny Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Lee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bruceploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruceploitation"},{"link_name":"Bruce Le","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Le"},{"link_name":"The Six Million Dollar Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man"},{"link_name":"storyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"text":"The film was directed by Hua Shan, written by science fiction writer Ni Kuang, produced by Runme Shaw and photographed by Tadashi Nishimoto. There was also assistance from Japan; music from Ultra Seven (1967) and Mirrorman (1971) (both composed by Toru Fuyuki) is used in this film and the Inframan/Science Headquarters/monster costumes were provided by Ekisu Productions, which had done costumes for many Toei superhero TV shows of the same period. The film also starred Danny Lee as the superhero himself, and Bruceploitation star Bruce Le in a supporting role (he still got to display some of his martial arts skills in many scenes of the film).The following year, Joseph Brenner brought this film to the U.S., and re-titled it simply Infra-Man (or Inframan), with the advertising campaign slogan \"The Man Beyond Bionics!\" attempting to capitalize upon The Six Million Dollar Man's success on American network television at the time.\nThis film also has some historical importance as the first superhero film set in Hong Kong, the first film promotion in Hong Kong using a hot air balloon, and the first Shaw Brothers production using a storyboard.In 2004, the film was released on DVD in Japan and Hong Kong.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Mighty Peking Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Peking_Man"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Roger Ebert, in his 7 March 1976 review for the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film two and a half stars out of four, concluding \"The movie even looks good: It's a classy, slick production by the Shaw Brothers, the Hong Kong kung fu kings. When they stop making movies like Infra-Man, a little light will go out of the world.\"[1] Infra-Man has an aggregated score of 100% based on six critic reviews on Rotten Tomatoes.[2]On 30 April 1999, after Quentin Tarantino re-released Mighty Peking Man in North America, Ebert upgraded his rating for the film to three stars, explaining that \"I find to my astonishment that I gave Infra-Man only two and a half stars when I reviewed it. That was 22 years ago, but a fellow will remember a lot of things you wouldn't think he'd remember. I'll bet a month hasn't gone by since that I haven't thought of that film. I am awarding Mighty Peking Man three stars, for general goofiness and a certain level of insane genius, but I cannot in good conscience rate it higher than Infra-Man. So, in answer to those correspondents who ask if I have ever changed a rating on a movie: Yes, Infra-Man moves up to three stars.\"[3] The original review of the film as re-posted on Ebert's website accordingly gives the film three stars.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goodtimes Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodtimes_Entertainment"}],"text":"The film was released on VHS under both Prism Entertainment and Goodtimes Entertainment. In the Goodtimes Home Video version of the American opening credits, an additional section was added in between the title and the cast and crew from the Prism version, giving the film the subtitle \"Battles The Sci-Fi Monsters\" in an attempt to appeal more to fans of that titular genre. In this additional but misleading sequence, short snippets from the film are used to introduce and inaccurately name the villains of the film, with some villain characters cut out entirely.","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mystery Science Theater 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000"},{"link_name":"Joel Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Elements from the film influenced the 2017 revival of Mystery Science Theater 3000. Producer Joel Hodgson explained in an interview that Princess Dragon Mom was one of the influences for the mad scientist Kinga Forrester and that the skeleton-like Henchmen influenced the boneheads, including The Skeleton Crew Band.[4]","title":"Influence"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Infra-Man\". Chicago Sun-Times. 7 March 1976. Retrieved 1 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/infra-man-1976","url_text":"\"Infra-Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Infra-Man\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 17 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/infra_man","url_text":"\"Infra-Man\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger. \"Mighty Peking Man movie review (1999) | Roger Ebert\". www.rogerebert.com/. Retrieved 20 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mighty-peking-man-1999","url_text":"\"Mighty Peking Man movie review (1999) | Roger Ebert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine Things You Need To Know About The New MST3K\". Crave Online. Crave. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.craveonline.com/entertainment/1248685-nine-things-need-know-new-mst3k#/slide/1","url_text":"\"Nine Things You Need To Know About The New MST3K\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Infra-Man%22","external_links_name":"\"Infra-Man\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Infra-Man%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Infra-Man%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Infra-Man%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Infra-Man%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Infra-Man%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/infra-man-1976","external_links_name":"\"Infra-Man\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/infra_man","external_links_name":"\"Infra-Man\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mighty-peking-man-1999","external_links_name":"\"Mighty Peking Man movie review (1999) | Roger Ebert\""},{"Link":"http://www.craveonline.com/entertainment/1248685-nine-things-need-know-new-mst3k#/slide/1","external_links_name":"\"Nine Things You Need To Know About The New MST3K\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0073168/","external_links_name":"Infra-Man"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v24848","external_links_name":"Infra-Man"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/infra_man","external_links_name":"Infra-Man"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEGWGNw1Tzs","external_links_name":"Super Inframan (1975) Original Mandarin Trailer 3:47 min."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_Trimble | Daphne Trimble | ["1 Background","2 References"] | The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for academics. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Daphne Trimble" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Baroness TrimblePresident of the Ulster Unionist PartyIncumbentAssumed office 13 March 2023LeaderDoug BeattiePreceded byMay Steele
Personal detailsBornNorthern IrelandPolitical partyUlster Unionist PartyOther politicalaffiliationsUCUNF (2010)
Daphne Elizabeth Trimble, Baroness Trimble (née Orr; born July 1953), is a Northern Irish academic and former unionist politician.
Background
Having served as a member of the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, she was appointed as a part-time Commissioner in the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC) in 2008, and publicly opposed its proposals for a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland.
She resigned from the NIHRC to contest the May 2010 UK general election, unsuccessfully, for the Ulster Conservatives and Unionists in the Lagan Valley constituency.
After graduating in Law from Queen's University Belfast, she married her former lecturer David Trimble in August 1978, acquiring the title of Lady on his elevation in June 2006 to the House of Lords. They have two sons and two daughters (Richard, Victoria, Nicholas, and Sarah).
Daphne has also worked in schools across the Armagh area, such as Portadown College.
In August 2022, she endorsed Liz Truss for the leadership of the Conservative Party in that summer's leadership election.
In March 2023 she was appointed as the Honorary President of the Ulster Unionist Party.
References
^ Letter dissenting from Bill of Rights proposals
^ Newsmakers (2000). Newsmakers. Gale Research. ISBN 9780787621124. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
^ "Tory leadership contender Liz Truss endorsed by Lady Daphne Trimble, as widow claims Lord Trimble's legacy is 'safe with her'". Belfasttelegraph. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
^ "Lady Daphne Trimble appointed UUP Honorary President". Ulster Unionist Pary. 13 March 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Daphne Elizabeth Trimble, Baroness Trimble (née Orr; born July 1953), is a Northern Irish academic and former unionist politician.","title":"Daphne Trimble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equality Commission for Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Commission_for_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Human_Rights_Commission"},{"link_name":"Bill of Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_rights"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"May 2010 UK general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ulster Conservatives and Unionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists"},{"link_name":"Lagan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagan_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Queen's University Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast"},{"link_name":"David Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-2"},{"link_name":"Liz Truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Truss"},{"link_name":"that summer's leadership election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Having served as a member of the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, she was appointed as a part-time Commissioner in the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC) in 2008, and publicly opposed its proposals for a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland.[1]She resigned from the NIHRC to contest the May 2010 UK general election, unsuccessfully, for the Ulster Conservatives and Unionists in the Lagan Valley constituency.After graduating in Law from Queen's University Belfast, she married her former lecturer David Trimble in August 1978, acquiring the title of Lady on his elevation in June 2006 to the House of Lords. They have two sons and two daughters (Richard, Victoria, Nicholas, and Sarah).[2]Daphne has also worked in schools across the Armagh area, such as Portadown College.In August 2022, she endorsed Liz Truss for the leadership of the Conservative Party in that summer's leadership election.[3]In March 2023 she was appointed as the Honorary President of the Ulster Unionist Party.[4]","title":"Background"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Newsmakers (2000). Newsmakers. Gale Research. ISBN 9780787621124. Retrieved 8 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s21VHD28o0EC&q=%22william+david+trimble%22","url_text":"Newsmakers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787621124","url_text":"9780787621124"}]},{"reference":"\"Tory leadership contender Liz Truss endorsed by Lady Daphne Trimble, as widow claims Lord Trimble's legacy is 'safe with her'\". Belfasttelegraph. Retrieved 18 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/tory-leadership-contender-liz-truss-endorsed-by-lady-daphne-trimble-as-widow-claims-lord-trimbles-legacy-is-safe-with-her-41919480.html","url_text":"\"Tory leadership contender Liz Truss endorsed by Lady Daphne Trimble, as widow claims Lord Trimble's legacy is 'safe with her'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Daphne Trimble appointed UUP Honorary President\". Ulster Unionist Pary. 13 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uup.org/lady_daphne_trimble_appointed_uup_honorary_president","url_text":"\"Lady Daphne Trimble appointed UUP Honorary President\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Daphne+Trimble%22","external_links_name":"\"Daphne Trimble\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Daphne+Trimble%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Daphne+Trimble%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Daphne+Trimble%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Daphne+Trimble%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Daphne+Trimble%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ni/2008/12/daphne_trimble_explains_why_sh.html","external_links_name":"Letter dissenting from Bill of Rights proposals"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s21VHD28o0EC&q=%22william+david+trimble%22","external_links_name":"Newsmakers"},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/tory-leadership-contender-liz-truss-endorsed-by-lady-daphne-trimble-as-widow-claims-lord-trimbles-legacy-is-safe-with-her-41919480.html","external_links_name":"\"Tory leadership contender Liz Truss endorsed by Lady Daphne Trimble, as widow claims Lord Trimble's legacy is 'safe with her'\""},{"Link":"https://www.uup.org/lady_daphne_trimble_appointed_uup_honorary_president","external_links_name":"\"Lady Daphne Trimble appointed UUP Honorary President\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Administration_of_Muslims_of_Ukraine | Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine | ["1 History","2 Activity","3 International cooperation","4 References"] | Islamic organization based in Ukraine
Religious Administration of Muslims of UkraineДуховне управління мусульман України «Умма»AbbreviationRAMU "Ummah"Formation11 September 2008Founded atKyivTypeReligious organizationHeadquartersUkraine
Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine "Ummah" (Ukrainian: Духовне управління мусульман України «Умма») – union of religious communities of Muslims of Ukraine, established for coordination of actions and providing conditions for worship and preaching of Sunni tradition of Islam. It was registered on September 11, 2008 by State Committee for National and Religious Affairs of Ukraine.
History
Initiators of establishing of RAMU "Ummah" were independent Muslims communities from ten regions of Ukraine: Kyiv, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Odesa, Simferopol, Chernivtsi, Vinnytsia, Poltava, Kharkiv and Kadiivka (Luhansk region).
Leading body of RAMU "Ummah" is general meeting. Elections of Mufti and Board (Council of imams) of 7 persons (6 imams and Mufti) hold on general meeting once in 2 years. The main goal of RAMU "UMMAH" is coordination of actions and providing conditions for worship and preaching of Sunni tradition of Islam. The goals of RAMU "UMMAH" include a revival of cultural and historical Islamic values and traditions, providing education in spiritual institutions, publishing activities, etc. RAMU "UMMAH" seeks dialog and cooperation with all communities and religious administration of Muslims which belong to Sunni tradition of Islam.
RAMU "Ummah" coordinates activity of Muslim communities in 17 regions of Ukraine: Kyiv, Vinnytsia Oblast, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Donetsk Oblast, Zhytomyr Oblast, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Kyiv Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Lviv Oblast, Odesa Oblast, Poltava Oblast, Sumy Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Cherkasy Oblast, Chernivtsi Oblast and Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Most members are ethnic Ukrainians; however, organization is aimed at working with all Muslim community of Ukraine.
Chairman of Board of RAMU "Ummah" – Oleh Huzyk, Mufti – Said Ismagilov.
RAMU "Ummah" has own printed periodical – religious and educational paper "Ummah". Imams of this organization study in Islamic universities of Lebanon, Yemen and Jordan. On December 5, 2016 authorized representative of RAMU "Ummah" signed the Charter of Ukrainian Muslims.
Activity
RAMU "Ummah" engages in educational activity and participates in public and political life of Ukraine. In particular, Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine "Ummah" initiated International Summer School for Islamic Studies for young people (organizers: Center for Islamic Studies and AUASO "Alraid"). Up to August 2016 it was held 5 summer schools, which Ukrainian and foreign scientist participated in. Subjects of research in schools for Islamic studies include aspects of history and modern Islam in Ukraine, Western Europe, North America, Middle East, Northern and Central Africa, Central Asia and Japan.
In March 2016 in Odesa RAMU "Ummah" initiated conducting of international round table dedicated to 350 anniversary of visiting of Southern Ukraine and Crimea by historian and traveler Evliya Çelebi. During working of round table the monograph "Islam in Ukraine: history and modernity" of Mykhaylo Yakubovych, Ukrainian scientist and translator, was presented for the first time.
Among sphere of activity of Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine "Ummah" charitable support for unwilling migrants from Crimea and Donbas, indigent Muslims are presented. Islamic Cultural Centers (ICC) belonged to RAMU "UMMAH" form lists of indigent Muslims, which receive desired material assistance. Such practice belongs to traditional activities of all ICC of Ukraine.
International cooperation
RAMU "UMMAH" participates in the international interreligious dialog aimed at achieving of mutual understanding between European Christians and Muslims. In December 2015 RAMU "UMMAH" organized a round table "Future of Muslim-Christian relationships in Europe in context of modern migration processes", which religious scholars, philosophers, Christian and Muslims religious leaders from Ukraine, Germany and Poland participated in. Said Ismagilov, Mufti of the Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine "Ummah", took part in the round table.
References
^ a b "Muslims". risu.org.ua. Religious Information Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 30 January 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Sunni tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reg_gov-1"}],"text":"Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine \"Ummah\" (Ukrainian: Духовне управління мусульман України «Умма») – union of religious communities of Muslims of Ukraine, established for coordination of actions and providing conditions for worship and preaching of Sunni tradition of Islam. It was registered on September 11, 2008 by State Committee for National and Religious Affairs of Ukraine.[1]","title":"Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"Chernivtsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi"},{"link_name":"Vinnytsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnytsia"},{"link_name":"Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Kadiivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiivka"},{"link_name":"Luhansk region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_region"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reg_gov-1"},{"link_name":"Mufti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Vinnytsia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Dnipropetrovsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Donetsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Zhytomyr Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kyiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Luhansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Lviv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Odesa Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Poltava Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Sumy Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Khmelnytskyi Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Cherkasy Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Chernivtsi Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Said Ismagilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Ismagilov"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Charter of Ukrainian Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Ukrainian_Muslims"}],"text":"Initiators of establishing of RAMU \"Ummah\" were independent Muslims communities from ten regions of Ukraine: Kyiv, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Odesa, Simferopol, Chernivtsi, Vinnytsia, Poltava, Kharkiv and Kadiivka (Luhansk region).[1]Leading body of RAMU \"Ummah\" is general meeting. Elections of Mufti and Board (Council of imams) of 7 persons (6 imams and Mufti) hold on general meeting once in 2 years. The main goal of RAMU \"UMMAH\" is coordination of actions and providing conditions for worship and preaching of Sunni tradition of Islam. The goals of RAMU \"UMMAH\" include a revival of cultural and historical Islamic values and traditions, providing education in spiritual institutions, publishing activities, etc. RAMU \"UMMAH\" seeks dialog and cooperation with all communities and religious administration of Muslims which belong to Sunni tradition of Islam.RAMU \"Ummah\" coordinates activity of Muslim communities in 17 regions of Ukraine: Kyiv, Vinnytsia Oblast, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Donetsk Oblast, Zhytomyr Oblast, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Kyiv Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Lviv Oblast, Odesa Oblast, Poltava Oblast, Sumy Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Cherkasy Oblast, Chernivtsi Oblast and Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Most members are ethnic Ukrainians; however, organization is aimed at working with all Muslim community of Ukraine. \nChairman of Board of RAMU \"Ummah\" – Oleh Huzyk, Mufti – Said Ismagilov.RAMU \"Ummah\" has own printed periodical – religious and educational paper \"Ummah\". Imams of this organization study in Islamic universities of Lebanon, Yemen and Jordan. On December 5, 2016 authorized representative of RAMU \"Ummah\" signed the Charter of Ukrainian Muslims.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Center for Islamic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oa.edu.ua/en/science/labs#center_Islamic_Studies%7CUkrainian"},{"link_name":"AUASO \"Alraid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraid"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"Southern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Evliya Çelebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Donbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donbas"}],"text":"RAMU \"Ummah\" engages in educational activity and participates in public and political life of Ukraine. In particular, Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine \"Ummah\" initiated International Summer School for Islamic Studies for young people (organizers: Center for Islamic Studies and AUASO \"Alraid\"). Up to August 2016 it was held 5 summer schools, which Ukrainian and foreign scientist participated in. Subjects of research in schools for Islamic studies include aspects of history and modern Islam in Ukraine, Western Europe, North America, Middle East, Northern and Central Africa, Central Asia and Japan.In March 2016 in Odesa RAMU \"Ummah\" initiated conducting of international round table dedicated to 350 anniversary of visiting of Southern Ukraine and Crimea by historian and traveler Evliya Çelebi. During working of round table the monograph \"Islam in Ukraine: history and modernity\" of Mykhaylo Yakubovych, Ukrainian scientist and translator, was presented for the first time.Among sphere of activity of Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine \"Ummah\" charitable support for unwilling migrants from Crimea and Donbas, indigent Muslims are presented. Islamic Cultural Centers (ICC) belonged to RAMU \"UMMAH\" form lists of indigent Muslims, which receive desired material assistance. Such practice belongs to traditional activities of all ICC of Ukraine.","title":"Activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"}],"text":"RAMU \"UMMAH\" participates in the international interreligious dialog aimed at achieving of mutual understanding between European Christians and Muslims. In December 2015 RAMU \"UMMAH\" organized a round table \"Future of Muslim-Christian relationships in Europe in context of modern migration processes\", which religious scholars, philosophers, Christian and Muslims religious leaders from Ukraine, Germany and Poland participated in. Said Ismagilov, Mufti of the Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine \"Ummah\", took part in the round table.","title":"International cooperation"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Muslims\". risu.org.ua. Religious Information Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 30 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://risu.org.ua/en/index/reference/major_religions/~Muslims/40969/","url_text":"\"Muslims\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.oa.edu.ua/en/science/labs#center_Islamic_Studies%7CUkrainian","external_links_name":"Center for Islamic Studies"},{"Link":"http://risu.org.ua/en/index/reference/major_religions/~Muslims/40969/","external_links_name":"\"Muslims\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximillion_Pegasus | List of Yu-Gi-Oh! characters | ["1 Main characters","1.1 Yugi Mutou","1.1.1 Dark Yugi","1.2 Katsuya Jonouchi","1.3 Anzu Mazaki","1.4 Hiroto Honda","1.5 Ryo Bakura","1.6 Seto Kaiba","1.7 Mokuba Kaiba","1.8 Miho Nosaka","2 Antagonists","2.1 Dark Bakura","2.2 Pegasus J. Crawford","2.3 Mr. Clown","2.4 Mark Ishtar","2.4.1 Dark Marik","2.5 Yako Tenma","2.6 Akhenadin","2.7 Zorc Necrophades","2.8 Minor antagonists","2.8.1 Laser Tag Assassins","2.8.2 Pegasus J. Crawford's servants","2.8.3 Player Killers","2.8.4 Ghouls","2.9 Filler antagonists","2.9.1 Kaiba family","2.9.2 The Big Five","2.9.3 Doma / Paradius","2.10 Film antagonists","3 Recurring characters","4 Millennium World","5 Other characters","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Colored illustration by Kazuki Takahashi, from Duel Art: Kazuki Takahashi Yu-Gi-Oh! Illustrations, featuring: Mokuba Kaiba (left bottom), Seto Kaiba (middle bottom), Serenity Wheeler and Ryo Bakura (middle left), Odion (top left), Marik Ishtar (top middle), Ishizu Ishtar (top right), Duke Devlin, Joey Wheeler and Tristan Taylor (middle), Mai Valentine and Téa Gardner (middle right), and Yugi Muto (bottom right).
The "Yu-Gi-Oh!" series features an extensive cast of characters created by Kazuki Takahashi. The series takes place in a fictional city in Japan called Domino City, which most of the characters that appear in the series originate from. Many plot elements are also influenced by Egypt and Egyptian mythology, and as such, Egyptian characters also appear within the story.
The original manga of Yu-Gi-Oh! stars Yugi Mutou, a timid boy who loves games, but is often bullied. One day, he solves an ancient artifact called the Millennium Puzzle, causing his body to become the host of a mysterious spirit with the personality of a gambler. From that moment onwards, when Yugi or one of his friends is threatened by those with darkness in their hearts, this "Dark Yugi" shows himself and challenges them to "Dark Games" (闇のゲーム, Yami no Gēmu, Shadow Game in English media). These games reveal the true nature of someone's heart, with their losers often being subjected to a dark punishment called a "Penalty Game". Over the course of the series, Yugi and his friends Katsuya Jonouchi (Joey Wheeler), Anzu Mazaki (Téa Gardner), Hiroto Honda (Tristan Taylor), and later Ryo Bakura learn that this other Yugi is the spirit of a nameless pharaoh from Ancient Egyptian times who has lost his memories. As Yugi and his companions attempt to help the Pharaoh regain his memories, they go through many trials as they wager their lives facing off against others that wield the mysterious Millennium Items and the dark power of the Shadow Games.
Most human characters in the English language version of the original manga, published by VIZ Media, use their original Japanese names, while character names in other English Yu-Gi-Oh! media are significantly altered. The Japanese names in Western order (given name before family name) and English manga names are listed first and the English anime names are listed second, when applicable.
Main characters
Yugi Mutou
Main article: Yugi Mutou
Voiced by: Megumi Ogata (1998–1999), Shunsuke Kazama (2000–present) (Japanese); Dan Green (English)
Yugi Mutou (武藤 遊戯, Mutō Yūgi, spelled "Muto" in the English anime) is one of the main protagonists of the story alongside Dark Yugi. He wears the Millennium Puzzle (千年パズル, Sennen Pazuru), an ancient Egyptian artifact which is one of the seven Millennium Items and holds the spirit of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh. He initially fears the other personality inside him, but as the narrative progresses he bonds with his other self and considers his other soul a close and valuable friend. Over time, he develops as a character and is able to defeat antagonists without Dark Yugi's help, proving that he is worthy of being chosen by the Millennium Puzzle.
His ace card is the "Dark Magician".
Dark Yugi
Voiced by: Megumi Ogata (1998–1999), Shunsuke Kazama (2000–present) (Japanese); Dan Green (English)
Dark Yugi (闇遊戯, Yami Yūgi) a. k. a. Atem (アテム, Atemu) / Yami Yugi is one of the main protagonists of the story alongside Yugi. He holds the title of Yūgiō (遊戯王, lit. Game King) and as the Pharaoh was the owner of the Millennium Puzzle, originally known as the Pendant. He is a player of many types of games, which he plays to defeat his opponents and gives them a Penalty Game as punishment after defeating them or when they cheat. When Yugi or his friends are in danger, he emerges from Puzzle to protect them. As the story progresses, he meets his eventual rival, Seto Kaiba. who he defeats in their first battle in school and later during Death-T. He gives Kaiba the "Experience of Death" and "Mind Crush" Penalty Game, respectively, after both duels. He also meets other Millennium Item wielders, such as Shadi and Dark Bakura, and faces them in dark games from which he emerges victorious.
At the start of the Duelist Kingdom arc, he faces Pegasus in a video tape duel with a timer. Just as Dark Yugi is about to win, the timer expires, causing him to lose. To get Dark Yugi to come to Duelist Kingdom, Pegasus takes Sugoroku's soul and places it in a tape; Dark Yugi blames himself for Sugoroku's soul being taken, and resolves to defeat Pegasus to save him. After facing many opponents on the island, Dark Yugi faces Kaiba again in a duel utilizing Kaiba's new prototype Duel Disk; they both bet five star chips. After overcoming Kaiba's Blue-Eyes Ultimate Dragon, Kaiba resorts to a suicide attempt in order to win the game; if Dark Yugi attacks, it will lead to Kaiba's death. Dark Yugi hesitates, but remembers Sugoroku and that he has to save him. Dark Yugi attacks Kaiba to win the game, but Yugi comes out and stops the attack, resulting in a loss. After Kaiba enters the castle, Mai appears and learns what happened, having earned extra star chips in an attempt to pay Dark Yugi back for saving her. Yugi accepts the star chips and they head into the castle. After beating Mai and Jonouchi beating Keith, it's time for Dark Yugi and Jonouchi to face each other. But before they get ready to battle, Jonouchi states that Dark Yugi has the better chance of winning against Pegasus, so he gives Dark Yugi his prize card. During the battle with Pegasus, Yugi is finally able to talk to Dark Yugi, and they come up with the "Mind Shuffle" tactic to stop Pegasus from reading their minds. It works and Pegasus is forced to start a dark game, with the requirement that only those chosen by the Millennium Items can endure it.
As Yugi is a normal person not chosen by the Puzzle, he is affected by the dark game and collapses, but not before setting one final card. Dark Yugi takes over and, with the help of Yugi and his friends blocking the powers of the Eye, emerges victorious. After Pegasus's defeat, Dark Yugi demands that Pegasus release the souls of everyone he took. After that, Pegasus tells Dark Yugi that the Items have an evil intelligence in them, which gets Dark Yugi's attention. Dark Yugi then demands Pegasus to explain how he got the Millennium Eye or else he would send him to oblivion. Jonouchi realizes that Dark Yugi does not seem happy about beating Pegasus, as he did not give him the usual Penalty Game. Kaiba tells Yugi to "tell the other Yugi that our battle isn't over yet" before everyone leaves the island. Yugi reassures Dark Yugi that it does not matter where he came from, only that he is here and he means a lot to them. Pegasus's story prompts Dark Yugi's search for the answer of who he is and where he came from.
Over the course of the series, Dark Yugi faces many challenges to discover his true identity. It is eventually revealed that he was originally Atem (アテム, Atemu), who was a pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
Katsuya Jonouchi
Voiced by: Toshiyuki Morikawa (1998–1999), Hiroki Takahashi (2000–present) (Japanese); Wayne Grayson (English)
Katsuya Jonouchi / Joseph "Joey" Wheeler (城之内 克也, Jōnouchi Katsuya) is Yugi's close friend. When Ushio beats up Jonouchi and Honda, Yugi stands up for them, causing Jonouchi to realize he was jealous of Yugi's "treasure". Later that night, he retrieves the last Millennium Puzzle piece and returns it to Yugi's house, where Yugi completes it and challenges Ushio to the first Shadow Game of the series. Jonouchi is touched by Yugi's behavior, and they become close friends, forming his own "treasure."
Jonouchi is great at fist fighting and is usually able to take on people bigger than him, such as Bandit Keith, a fight which he loses in the second anime, and handicapping himself against people such as Bruce Ryu. Despite not being the best at Domino, he becomes better at it with Yugi's help, and uses his skills to help Yugi come through in earlier storylines. Later on, he develops an interest in the Duel Monsters game, the latest fad at the time. Though unskilled at first, with Yugi's help, he trains for the Duelist Kingdom tournament for his sister and participates in the Battle City tournament out of suspicion that Kaiba is plotting something. Over the course of the series, his skills improve to the point where he could be called a true duelist and earn the right to duel Dark Yugi. Jonouchi is shown to be kind, selfless, brave, and willing to help and save those he cares, but also demonstrates a near lack of modesty and can be rather rash at times, making him a source of comic relief. He also has an extreme fear of ghosts, mummies, and creepy things. Jonouchi notes that, before he met Yugi, he lacked motivation. However, over time he learns to channel his anger into games instead of his fists.
His ace card is the "Red-Eyes Black Dragon".
Anzu Mazaki
Voiced by: Yumi Kakazu (1998–1999), Maki Saitō (2000–present) (Japanese); Amy Birnbaum (English)
Anzu Mazaki / Téa Gardner (真崎 杏子, Mazaki Anzu) is Yugi's childhood best friend, a supportive girl who has a crush on Dark Yugi. She is not an avid game-player, with her abilities being well below Yugi's, though she exhibits knowledge of video game RPGs during the Monster World arc. Her dueling ability is decent, and she used to defeat Jonouchi in school before he became a seasoned duelist. She is athletic, has a strong school spirit, and secretly worked at a fast food restaurant called Burger World to save money; her secret dream is to be a professional dancer in the USA. When Yugi and Jonouchi learn of these secrets when they follow her thinking she is taking part in Enjo kōsai, she gains a new respect for Jonouchi and Yugi, who are willing to support her dream and keep her secrets.
Hiroto Honda
Voiced by: Ryōtarō Okiayu (1998–1999), Takayuki Kondō (2000–2001, 2016), Hidehiro Kikuchi (2001–2004) (Japanese); Sam Riegel (eps. 1–10), Greg Abbey (eps. 11-224/other media; eps. 1–9 uncut dub) (English)
Hiroto Honda / Tristan Taylor (本田 ヒロト, Honda Hiroto) is a student who is in class 1-B at Domino High School and befriends Yugi, Jonouchi, Anzu, and later Bakura. In the manga, he starts out as Jonouchi's street thug buddy and has a crush on Miho Nosaka. In the 1998 Toei anime, he is the head of the school's beautician department. Despite Yugi rescuing him and Jonouchi from the bully Ushio, he initially dislikes Yugi. After admitting his love for Miho Nosaka to Jonouchi, he convinces him to ask Yugi for help in writing a love letter to her in the form of a puzzle. When Ms. Chono confiscates the puzzle and threatens to punish Miho if the secret admirer does not come clean, Yugi and Jonouchi stand up for him by saying they were the ones who wrote it. Ms. Chono decides to put together the puzzle to find out who the sender is, and Dark Yugi secretly turns it into a Shadow Game, shattering Ms. Chono's pretty face as the Penalty Game. Afterward, Honda warms up to Yugi and becomes one of his closest friends, despite Miho later turning him down when he asks her out directly.
In the 1998 anime, Honda has a recurring crush on Miho, but is not involved with Ms. Chono.
In the English version of the Duel Monsters anime, his past was heavily edited to remove violence and his importance is slightly downplayed. In the Duel Monsters anime, he has a crush on Jonouchi's sister Shizuka and his origin story with Miho is never mentioned. He also has a strong rivalry with Duke Devlin and regularly competes with him for Serenity's affections.
Ryo Bakura
Voiced by: Tsutomu Kashiwakura (1998), Yusuke Numata (game), Yō Inoue (2000–2001), Rica Matsumoto (2001–present) (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English)
Ryo Bakura (獏良 了, Bakura Ryō)A transfer student who becomes friends with the main group of the story. Like Yugi, he is interested in games, particularly tabletop role-playing games like Monster World (モンスター・ワールド, Monsutā Wārudo). He is the holder of the Millennium Ring (千年輪, Sennen Ringu) and has a dark spirit dwelling within him, much like with Yugi and Dark Yugi. Prior to his introduction to the story, Bakura's mother and his sister, Amane, died in a car accident, a detail omitted from the second series. As well, he was constantly moving schools and isolating himself because when he played a game with his friends, they would end up in a coma. This is revealed to be the result of Dark Bakura inflicting Penalty Games on them, trapping their souls into RPG miniature figures. With help from Yugi and his friends, they defeat Dark Bakura in a Shadow Game of Monster World. From then on, Bakura joins the main group in many of their conflicts. Despite the danger it poses, Bakura continues to hold onto the Millennium Ring as he is curious about its history. This, along with his trusting and innocent nature, sometimes brings him into conflict with the others and allows Dark Bakura to continually possess him without his knowledge. The first animated series included Miho Nosaka, who had a crush on Bakura.
In the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters anime, his role in the group is greatly reduced compared to the manga, as he is mostly being controlled by Dark Bakura and does not accompany Yugi and his friends as much as he did in the manga, and is excluded from filler arcs. In addition, he is introduced in the middle of the Duelist Kingdom story as someone they knew from school, as opposed to being a close friend, and his love for tabletop role-playing games and making occult decks is not focused on as much.
He is British in the 4Kids version.
Seto Kaiba
Main article: Seto Kaiba
Voiced by: Hikaru Midorikawa (1998–1999), Kenjirō Tsuda (2000–present, teenager), Kiyomi Yazaki (2000–2004, child) (Japanese); Eric Stuart (English)
Seto Kaiba (海馬 瀬人, Kaiba Seto) is the current president and CEO of the Kaiba Corporation. Kaiba is first introduced as a prodigious, cold-hearted gamer who will stop at nothing to achieve his goals, even resorting to seemingly killing his opponents. He had a troubled childhood because of his adoptive father Gozaboro. When Kaiba learns that Yugi's grandfather Sogoroku possesses a "Blue-Eyes White Dragon" card, he steals the card from Yugi, ends up dueling Dark Yugi, and loses. Dark Yugi gives Kaiba the "Experience of Death" Penalty Game. Since his defeat to Dark Yugi, Kaiba, unable to forget the Penalty Game he experienced, plans to use the DEATH-T to exact revenge and kill him. Kaiba duels Dark Yugi again and loses. Dark Yugi gives Kaiba the "Mind Crush" Penalty Game to momentarily shatter his heart and purge it of evil, causing Kaiba to end up in a coma for almost a year. Despite being reformed, Kaiba retains his arrogance and rivalry with Dark Yugi, as he tells Yugi to "tell the other Yugi that our battle isn't over" at the end of Duelist Kingdom. While Kaiba leaves the story following the Battle City arc, he appears in the anime adaption as a major character and is mentioned in Yu-Gi-Oh! GX as the founder of Duel Academy.
Kaiba created Solid Vision in the original manga during the events of DEATH-T and further expanded on it during the story and in the sequel manga and movie Transcend Game and Dark Side of Dimensions, respectively. Kaiba also attempts to bring back Atem to settle things between them, which causes much of the storyline to occur before Atem departs to the afterlife. Kaiba uses a "Blue-Eyes" deck and his ace monster is "Blue-Eyes White Dragon".
Mokuba Kaiba
Voiced by: Katsue Miwa (1998), Junko Noda (game), Junko Takeuchi (2000–present) (Japanese); Tara Sands (4Kids, 2001–2005, 2017), Carrie Keranen (4Kids, 2005–2006) (English)
Mokuba Kaiba (海馬 モクバ, Kaiba Mokuba) is Seto Kaiba's younger brother, who is an expert at Capsule Monster Chess (カプセルモンスターチェス, Kapuseru Monsutā Chesu). In the manga, Mokuba is characterized as a spoiled brat who often tries to trick Yugi to get back at him for defeating Kaiba. In the pre-Death-T chapters of the manga, Mokuba tries to defeat Yugi before Kaiba can, threatening to cut off Yugi's fingers if he wins, and challenges Jonouchi and Yugi to a Russian Roulette Dinner of Death (死の料理・ロシアンルーレット, Shi no Ryōri Roshian Rūretto) and poisons Jonouchi. In Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters, Mokuba is devoted to Kaiba and is constantly by his side. He is not as violent as his manga counterpart, and is not committed to avenging Seto's defeat. He befriends Yugi's group after they rescue him, thus making him the warmer, more sociable one of the two brothers.
Miho Nosaka
Voiced by: Yukana
Miho Nosaka (anime version) / Melody (video game) (野坂 ミホ, Nosaka Miho) is a one-shot minor character in the manga, who was re-written as a main character for the 1998 Toei anime adaptation. In the adaptation, she is a good friend of Yugi and Anzu's best friend. This version of Miho is a cheerful, kind, and caring girly girl who loves her friends and all things cute; according to Honda, she is one of the school's treasures. Miho tends to talk in third person and has had crushes on many of the male cast members throughout the show, but despite his love for her, she is not interested in Honda in any way other than as a friend. Miho has a stubborn side, and whenever her friends are threatened, she will not hesitate to protect them, like when Warashibe poisons Anzu, Honda, and Jonouchi. She is also shown to be smarter than she lets on and has a manipulative side to her. She is also not above letting her desires be known to Honda, who she knows has a huge crush on her. Despite this, she is shown to care for him, as when she thought he had died, she resolved to fight for his sake. After learning he is alive, she teams up with Jonouchi to fight against Ryuichi and Aileen, who were keeping Honda and Yugi's grandfather captive.
Antagonists
Dark Bakura
Voiced by: Tsutomu Kashiwakura (1998), Yō Inoue (2000–2001), Rica Matsumoto (2001–2004, 2016) (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English) (English)
Dark Bakura / Yami Bakura (闇獏良, Yami Bakura) is the main antagonist of the series. He is a dark spirit dwelling inside of the Millennium Ring who seeks the Millennium items to open the Door of Darkness, which grants evil power to anyone that opens it. To do so, he takes control over Bakura's body against Bakura's will, since he does not have a body of his own. In the beginning of the story, he torments Bakura by taking over his body whenever he played games with his friends and used Penalty Games to trap their souls into TRPG miniatures for the Monster World game, causing Bakura to constantly transfer schools. With help from Yugi and Dark Yugi, Jonouchi, Anzu, Honda, and Miho in the 1998 anime, they are able to temporarily purge Dark Bakura's influence on Bakura by defeating the final boss of Monster World, Dark Master Zorc (闇の支配者ダーク・マスターゾーク, Dāku Masutā Zōku). However, later on when the group is seemingly going to be trapped within the labyrinth below Duelist Kingdom, the spirit's voice within the Millennium Ring tricks Bakura into putting it on again, assuring him that his other half will help save his friends and that the dark spirit has undergone a change of heart. With Bakura's friends unaware that he had once again put on the Millennium Ring, Dark Bakura helps Dark Yugi in his game, which is designed to outwit the Meikyuu Brothers' trickery, and they head to the surface.
It was initially unknown whether Dark Bakura was still a malevolent spirit. While he occasionally helped Yugi and his friends while trying to gain their uneasy trust and seemed to allow Bakura more control over his body, unbeknownst to the others, he killed Pegasus by tearing the Millennium Eye out of his eye socket and took it for himself. During the Dungeon Dice Monsters arc, his true nature is revealed; after giving Yugi morale support during the game against Ryuji Otogi and helping him retrieve the pieces of the shattered Millennium Puzzle, he secretly plants a portion of his soul into one of the pieces to uncover the True Door from within. He intends to manipulate events until the Millennium Items have been gathered, in preparation for the Dark Role-Playing Game / Dark RPG (闇・Ｒ・Ｐ・Ｇロール・プレイング・ゲーム, Yami Ā Pī Jī (Yami Rōru Pureingu Gēmu)), with the ultimate goal of opening the Door of Darkness and unleashing the darkness sealed within the Puzzle. Unbeknownst to Bakura, throughout the later portion of the manga, he occasionally takes over his body whenever he sees the chance of furthering his goals. During the final arc, Dark Bakura is revealed to be an entity created when the soul of Thief King Bakura (盗賊王バクラ, Tōzoku Ō Bakura) merged with a fragment of the great evil god Zorc Necrophades after both were sealed inside the Millennium Ring. He is defeated for good when Dark Yugi/Atem summons Horakthy, the Creator of Light, to destroy Zorc. In the anime, Dark Bakura became a part of Zorc and was destroyed by Horakthy, while in the manga, his life was linked to Akhenaden's and Zorc's and was killed when they died.
Pegasus J. Crawford
Voiced by: Jiro Takasugi (Japanese); Darren Dunstan (English)
Pegasus J. Crawford / Maximillion Pegasus (ペガサス・Ｊ・クロフォード, Pegasasu Jei Kurofōdo) is the eccentric American chairman of Industrial Illusions (shortened to I2) and the creator of the game Duel Monsters (デュエル モンスターズ, Dyueru Monsutāzu) (originally Magic & Wizards (Ｍ＆Ｗ (マジック＆ウィザーズ), Majikku ando Wizāzu)). He is the wielder of the Millennium Eye (千年眼, ミレニアムアイ, Sennen Gan, Mireniamu Ai).
In the original manga, his story about meeting Shadi and the supposed "evil intelligence" of the Millennium Items prompts Dark Yugi's search for his origins. During his final Shadow Game with Yugi/Dark Yugi, he tells them of his discovery of an ancient Egyptian Shadow Game during his travels in the Valley of the Kings, which inspired his creation of Duel Monsters and the creation of card games in general, such as tarot cards.
In the second anime, as the creator of the card game Duel Monsters and the discoverer of their ancient Egyptian roots, Pegasus often plays a key role due to his extensive knowledge of the game and its mysterious origins. He has a habit of calling Yugi Mutou "Yugi-boy" and Seto Kaiba "Kaiba-boy", a trend which continues in the Yu-Gi-Oh! GX anime, as he calls Judai Yuki "Judai-boy". Pegasus often uses English words interspliced with Japanese and uses the English pronoun "you" instead of Japanese second-person words. His speech is also unique in pronunciation, as in both English and Japanese he tends to elongate vowel sounds, especially near the end of sentences.
Pegasus serves as the manga's fourth main antagonist and the second anime adaptation's first main antagonist, as he challenges Yugi to a Shadow Game to force him to come to his tournament Duelist Kingdom (決闘者の王国 (デュエリストキングダム), Dyuerisuto Kingudamu) and face him. He also takes the soul of his grandfather Sugoroku Mutou as a Penalty Game for losing the timed match to ensure this. In the second anime, he traps Sugoroku in a Soul Prison Duel Monsters card. Pegasus also kidnaps Mokuba to convince Kaiba to come to the Kingdom, later capturing their souls. Through flashbacks, Pegasus is revealed to have had a lover, Cecelia / Cyndia (シンディア, Shindia), who died after her 17th birthday or after their marriage in the anime. His actions were carried out in hopes of resurrecting her. At the end of the arc, Yugi and Dark Yugi defeat him in a final game of Duel Monsters, and he is obliged to release his victims' souls. Soon after, Dark Bakura murders him and takes the Millennium Eye for himself. In the manga, he is reunited with Cecelia in the afterlife.
In the Duel Monsters anime, he is not killed as just fell ill. He makes brief appearances in later seasons where he had painted portraits of the Egyptian God monsters and had his soul stolen by Dartz.
He plays his "Toon" deck where he has used Toon World to make Toon versions of his monsters. During his duel with Kaiba, he used the magic card "Prophecy" to steal one of Kaiba's Blue Eyes White Dragons to make Blue Eyes Toon Dragon. In his duel with Yugi, he had the magic card "Doppelganger" take the form of Yugi's slain Summoned Skull to creat Toon Summoned Skull.
Pegasus J. Crawford is his name in Japanese versions, while Maximillion Pegasus is his name in the VIZ Media-translated manga and in the anime. He is known in the English manga as "Maximillion J. Pegasus".
Mr. Clown
Mr. Clown (MRクラウン / 御伽父, Misutā Kuraun / Otogi-chichi) is an antagonist exclusive to the manga. He is the owner of the Black Clown (ブラック・クラウン, Burakku Kuraun) game shop, which is located across the street from Sugoroku Mutou's Kame Game shop. Long ago, he asked Sugoroku to take him in as a disciple. After some time, they challenged each other for ownership of the Millennium Puzzle in a Shadow Game called the Devil's Board Game. He lost the game and aged 50 years in a single night as a result of the Penalty Game. Since then, he has desired revenge through his son Ryuji, who is known as Duke Devlin in the English anime. He does not appear in the anime, but does appear in The Dark Side of Dimensions, a film set in the manga continuity. In the film, he opens up a cafe with Ryuji to replace Black Clown, which burnt down.
In the English Dungeon Dice Monsters video game, he is given the name Sindin the Clown.
Mark Ishtar
Voiced by: Tetsuya Iwanaga (teenager), Akiko Kimura (child) (Japanese); Jonathan Todd Ross (English)
Marik Ishtar (マリク・イシュタール, Mariku Ishutāru) is the heir to a clan of tombkeepers and the younger brother of Ishizu Ishtar. Marik's hatred of the Pharaoh compels him to disregard his duties and turn to a life of crime. During his childhood, he developed a split personality as a result of trauma after undergoing the tombkeeper's initiation ritual, which involved carving into his body with a hot dagger, and being raised away from the rest of the world. After breaking one of the laws of their clan, his dark personality emerged and brutally murdered his father, who is sent to the Shadow Realm in the English anime. However, his adoptive older brother Rishid, who is known as Odion in the English version of the anime adaptation, sealed his dark side away, leaving him with no memory of his actions. He believed that the Pharaoh had his father killed and became obsessed with killing the Pharaoh to avenge his father and put an end to the suffering of his clan, never knowing about his other personality. To this end, he created the Rare Hunters, a gang of thieves who steal and collect rare Duel Monsters cards, and uses his Millennium Rod to control people's minds. Although he was innocent and kind as a child, he became cruel and uncaring, killing his servants when they displeased him and developing a love for torturing people.
Dark Marik
Voiced by: Tetsuya Iwanaga (Japanese); Jonathan Todd Ross (English)
Yami Marik / Dark Marik (闇マリク, Yami Mariku) is a dark personality within Marik, who was created through his pain and suffering and serves as the main antagonist of the Battle City Tournament saga. He was born after Marik underwent the tombkeeper's initiation ritual, but to prevent him from emerging, Rishid carved marks into his own face. However, when Marik's father whipped Rishid as punishment for allowing Marik and his sister to Ishizu to break one of the clan's laws, Dark Marik emerged and brutally murdered his father. This set Marik's quest for vengeance into motion because he did not remember these events and believed them to be the doing of the Pharaoh.
While Marik enjoyed violence and cruelty, he would only use it when he was angry or when it would further his own desires, but Dark Marik attacks anyone who crosses his path and prolongs their suffering for as long as possible; in the manga and Japanese Duel Monsters anime, he states that he likes killing people because it is "fun" and is "the only thing that bought him happiness". He only cares for his own survival and actively tries to kill Marik to have sole possession of their body. He also dislikes Rishid for sealing him away and actively tries to kill him as well. While he is connected to the Millennium Rod, Dark Marik differs from Dark Yugi and Dark Bakura in that he is an inhuman entity born from Marik's pain and despair and can exist even if his host mind were destroyed. Although not explicitly stated, the manga implies he manipulated Marik into committing some of his later crimes, as he told Dark Yugi that he "took away" Marik's guilt for the things he did.
Eventually, Dark Marik reemerges and takes control of Marik during the Battle City Tournament Semi-Finals after Rishid falls unconscious as a result of being unworthy to control Ra's power during his duel with Jonouchi. He is destroyed following Marik's surrender against Yugi where the 4Kids Dub had him banished to the Shadow Realm.
Yako Tenma
Yako Tenma (天馬 夜行, Tenma Yakō) is the kōhai (protégé) and adopted son of Maximillion Pegasus, who seeks revenge for Pegasus' death.
Akhenadin
Voiced by: Hitoshi Bifu (#201–212), Kōji Ishii (#213–214) (Japanese); Oliver Wyman (English)
Priest Akhenaden (神官アクナディン, Shinkan Akunadin) is the guardian of the Millennium Eye and the brother of King Ahknemkhanen. As they grew up, he was secretly jealous of his brother's position as pharaoh, considering himself the true power behind the throne. Using the Shadow Alchemy inscribed in the Millennium Spellbook / Millennium Tome (千年魔術書, Sennen Majutsu Sho), he ordered the massacre at the village of Kul Elna, using their blood and melting their corpses into gold to create the Millennium Items to defend his brother's kingdom. He kept the slaughter a secret and brainwashed his soldiers to do so. To protect his family from anyone seeking revenge, he abandoned his wife and his son, Seto. Seto later entered Pharaoh Atem's court as a priest, but Akhenaden kept their relationship a secret. After seeing how his son had flourished after he abandoned him, Akhenaden's desire became to see Seto achieve power. Through Zorc's influence within his Millennium Eye, he is convinced that he needed to kill the Pharaoh and make a contract with Zorc to become the High Priest of Darkness (闇の大神官, Yami no Daishinkan).
In the manga, Akhenaden's soul is merged with Zorc's and sealed inside the Millennium Puzzle along with Atem, and released during the final arc. His mummy is used as a second player on Dark Bakura's side of the Shadow RPG, influencing his own playing piece as part of the game's recreation of the events. After Atem wins the game, the mummy's skull is split in half, indicating that Zorc's soul has been vanquished for good. In the second anime series, when Dark Bakura plants a portion of his soul into his Millennium Eye, Akhenaden's mind becomes corrupted. He would later collect the remaining items he created and granted power from Zorc, transforming into the High Priest of Darkness (Great Shadow Magus in the English dub). He would later seal the White Dragon before Seto killed him. As his soul enters Seto's mind to kill the Pharaoh, he is stopped and killed for good by Kisara in her White Dragon form, and is sent to the Shadow Realm afterwards. His purified soul is later seen alongside his brother on the other side of the door to the afterlife as Atem walks through it.
Zorc Necrophades
Voiced by: Yoshitaka Kaidu (Japanese); Mike Pollock (English)
Zorc Necrophades (大邪神 ゾーク・ネクロファデス, Dai Jashin Zōku Nekurofadesu) is a destroyer of worlds born from the darkness in humans' hearts. In the English anime dub, he is the creator of the Shadow Realm. He is summoned by Akhenaden through the power of the Millennium Items and attacks the kingdom, dispatching Atem's advisers. In the Memory World, an RPG-style Shadow Game that Dark Bakura set up based on ancient Egypt, Zorc is the game's final boss and has three Ba gauges. If Dark Yugi loses the Shadow RPG, Dark Bakura would gain the ultimate powers of darkness and Zorc would effectively be summoned once more. However, with help from Yugi and his friends, Atem defeats him and prevents his resurrection, freeing Bakura from the Millennium Ring in the process. Dark Bakura was an entity made of Zorc and Thief King Bakura's souls, and, in the manga, an entity made of both Zorc and Priest Akhenaden's souls who calls himself Zorc Necrophades, High Priest of Darkness appears.
Minor antagonists
Death-T (DEATH-T（死のテーマパーク）, Theme Park of Death)
A deranged theme park which Kaiba creates in an attempt to kill Yugi. These events do not happen in the second series anime.
Kaiba Manor Butler (manga)/ Daimon (anime) / Hobson (海馬邸執事 / 大門, Kaiba Tei Shitsuji)
Voiced by: Ryūji Saikachi (1998), Jin Nishimura (2000) (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English)
The guide of the Horror Zone in Death T-2. Before the grand opening of Kaiba Land, he welcomes Yugi and Jonouchi to Kaiba Manor. He, along with other servants, greet them and Mokuba when they arrive. Mokuba has him to prepare six meals, including two poisoned ones, for his rigged game of Russian Roulette Dinner with Yugi and Jonouchi. When the game backfires and Mokuba is poisoned, the butler comes to his aid. In the anime, Hobson started out as the butler to Gozaboro Kaiba. In the first episode of the second anime, he was sent with two people to bring Sogoroku to Kaiba. When Sogoroku asks what would happen if he was to decline, Hobson quotes "I'm afraid we must insist". Sogoroku proceeds to go with them.
Chopman (チョップマン, Choppuman)
A serial killer who appears in one of the traps at Death-T and is exclusive to the manga. One summer night at a camp near Domino Lake, Chopman murdered ten boy scouts who had been staying there. The news of the murders caused fear throughout Domino City; the suspect came to be known as "The Chopman", but was not captured and remained at large.
Laser Tag Assassins
The Laser Tag Assassins are three professional mercenaries who Kaiba hires. They were offered ¥10,000 each to kill Yugi and his friends in the Shooting Stardust (シューティング・スターダスト, Shūtingu Sutādasuto) game, being equipped with guns that can fire lasers, while Yugi and his friends are given toy guns.
Johnny Gale (ジョニー・ゲイル, Jonī Geiru)
A former Green Beret commander who specialized in guerrilla warfare.
Bob Mcguire (ボブ・マクガイア, Bobu Makugaia)
A former SWAT team leader who specialized in long distance sniping.
Name unknown / Mysterious Assassin (謎のアサシン, Nazo no Asashin)
A former hitman that succeeded in killing his targets when KaibaCorp hired him.
Pegasus J. Crawford's servants
Mr. Crocketts / Croquet (クロケッツ, Misutā Kurokettsu)
Voiced by: Yoshikazu Nagano (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English)
The right-hand man and butler of Pegasus. In the manga, Kaiba takes him hostage and holds him at gunpoint in the guestroom, threatening to kill him if Pegasus doesn't show himself.
Saruwatari / Kemo (猿渡, Saruwatari)
Voiced by: Masahiro Okazaki (Japanese); Eric Stuart (English)
A character who is first shown working for the Kaiba Brothers as one of their private bodyguards during the Death-T arc. In reality, he was working for Industrial Illusions, gathering information from within KaibaCorp and giving it to Pegasus. During Pegasus' tournament, Saruwatari was in charge to taking the eliminated players to the boat leaving Pegasus' island. In a filler arc, Saruwatari was shown working for the Big Five and was sent to shut down the virtual reality pods that Yugi, Jonouchi, and Mokuba were in. After they emerged from the game successfully, Kemo and those with him ran off to beat Kaiba to the Big Five. Saruwatari reappears in the Yu-Gi-Oh! R spin-off manga and in the 1999 movie, where he kidnaps unwilling invitees to Kaiba's tournament. However, Jonouchi stops him from forcing Shougo Aoyama to enter.
Player Killers
The Player Killers / Eliminators (プレイヤーキラー, Pureiyā Kirā) are duelists Pegasus hires to challenge contestants to duels and take their Star Chips, to ensure that the gamers on his island do not reach the finals of Duelist Kingdom and make Pegasus the world's number one duelist and fit to be KaibaCorp's new CEO.
Ventriloquist of the Dead (死者の腹話術師, Shisha no Fukuwajutsūshi)
The first Player Killer that Yugi and his friends encounter, who Saruwatari hired to defeat Yugi. He controls a puppet that resembles Kaiba and uses his stolen deck. After he is defeating, Dark Yugi inflicts the Penalty Game "Puppet Illusion" on him, trapping him in an illusion where a puppet of himself is attacking him.
Ghost Kaiba / Mimic of Doom (死の物真似師, Shinomono Maneshi)
Voiced by: Tony Hirota (Japanese); Eric Stuart (disguised form), Wayne Grayson (true form) (English)
An obese shape-shifter hired to defeat Yugi. He replaces the manga's Ventriloquist of the Dead in the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters anime. Upon defeat, he vanishes after Dark Yugi uses a Mind Crush. In the English dub, he is the evil side of Seto Kaiba's heart that Dark Yugi banished to the Shadow Realm in the first episode.
Player Killer of Darkness / PaniK (「闇」のプレイヤーキラー, "Yami" no Pureiyā Kirā)
Voiced by: Holly Kaneko (Japanese); David Moo (English)
The second Player Killer that the group encounters, who steals Mai's star chips. When Dark Yugi intends to bet his own life to even out the stakes and win back Mai's star chips. The Player Killer ties a noose around Dark Yugi's neck and threatens to kill him once he wins. Because of this, Dark Yugi turns the duel into a Shadow Game, at one point claiming he will win in five more turns. During the duel, Dark Yugi shows the Player Killer illusions of the impending Penalty Game, in which the he is walking up the gallows' stairs each turn closer to the five turn limit. After the Player Killer loses the Shadow Game, Dark Yugi inflicts the "Darkness of Naraku" Penalty Game on him, where he imagines himself being hung from the gallows over the abyss. In the anime, the penalty of the game is changed so that fire is shot at the loser. When the Player Killer attempts to do this to Dark Yugi even after losing, Dark Yugi's magic shields him from harm. He then performs a Mind Crush on the Player Killer. Mai's star chips are then returned to her.
Meikyu Brothers / Paradox Brothers (迷宮兄弟, Meikyū Kyōdai)
Mei/Para Voiced by: Takashi Matsuyama (Mei) (Japanese); Sam Riegel (ep. 19), Jerry Lobozzo (ep. 20–21) (English)
Kyu/Dox Voiced by: Hitoshi Nishimura (Japanese); Marc Thompson (English)
The last set of Player Killers the group meet within the underground maze of Duelist Kingdom. They challenge Yugi and Jonouchi to a tag-battle game, a hybrid of Duel Monsters and a maze game. After losing, the group must choose the correct path or else they will be stuck in the underground labyrinth for eternity. In reality, both doors are correct and the brothers are able to change the correct door at will. Their trickery is outed by Dark Yugi's Labyrinth Coin (迷宮コイン, Meikyū Koin) game, with the aid of Dark Bakura in the manga, and the group is able to return to the surface.
Ghouls
Ghouls / Rare Hunters (グールズ, Gūruzu) are a group of card thieves that serve Marik, whom Dark Yugi and Kaiba refer to as "Ghouls of the Gaming Underworld". They provide Marik with a large supply of minions, rare cards, and money by stealing and selling rare cards from duelists worldwide. Numerous members of the Ghouls are shown, including the unnamed card shop owner and various unnamed duelists.
Rare Hunter / Seeker (レアハンター, Reahantā)
Voiced by: David Wills
The first Ghoul who Marik dispatched upon learning from the card shop owner that gave Jonouchi his Duel Disk that Jonouchi owns the rare Red-Eyes Black Dragon. He uses a deck that focuses on making a complete hand of counterfeit Exodia cards. After Dark Yugi destroys his strategy and wins the duel, Marik uses his Millennium Rod to take over Rare Hunter's mind to introduce himself to Yugi, after which he is seemingly killed (sent his mind to the Shadow Realm). It was also revealed that this Rare Hunter was the weakest of the group.
Pandora / Arkana (パンドラ, Pandora)
Voiced by: Takehito Koyasu (Japanese); Sam Riegel (English)
The second Ghoul. He was a magician who at an early age was saddened by his mother's death (this was ommitted in the English dub). During one of his escape tricks aided by his fiance Catherine, something went horribly wrong and Arkana was disfigured around the eyes. His sadness drove away Catherine. While wandering around with a bandaged head, Arkana was approached by Marik who offered to reunite him with Catherine. He since wore a mask to hide his disfigurement. Following Seeker's failure, Arkana is dispatched to challenges Dark Yugi to a death game in which their legs are shackled and buzzsaws threaten to saw off the loser's legs once their life points reach 0 (in the English anime, the loser will be sent to the Shadow Realm upon being touched by the laser disks). He is defeated by Yugi's Dark Magician Girl. Yugi saved Arkana from losing his leg despite Marik messing with his mind and went to where Catherine was supposed to be only to find that he was talking to a mannequin all this time. Marik then speaks to Yugi for a brief moment and mentions that another Rare Hunter will be coming for him.
Pantomimer / Strings (パントマイマー, Pantomaimā)
Voiced by: Jonathan Todd Ross
The third Ghoul, who first appears before Bakura, Anzu, and Yugi's grandfather in the park. Bakura tries to get his attention, but does not feel any life from him, as if he was a doll. Marik later uses him as a puppet in an attempt to kill Yugi before arriving in Battle City. He wielded Slifer the Sky Dragon and used a combination of Revival Jam with "Jam Defender" and "Infinite Cards" to power Slifer the Sky Dragon. After Yugi used "Brain Control" on Revival Jam, this caused Pantomimer to deck out enabling Yugi to win the duel.
Mask of Light / Lumis (光の仮面, Hikari no Kamen)
Voiced by: Yū Mizushima (Japanese); Jimmy Zoppi (English)
The last set of Ghouls, who challenge Dark Yugi and Kaiba to a tag-team death game where the loser sets off a bomb near their side of the glass ceiling and will fall 13 stories to their death (sent to the Shadow Realm in the English dub). In the English anime, the loser will be sent to the Shadow Realm. Unbeknownst to Dark Yugi and Kaiba, they are equipped with parachutes. After Umbra was defeated, Lumis spoke through Marik to let him know that he has Junouchi.
Mask of Darkness / Umbra (闇の仮面, Yami no Kamen)
Voiced by: Kōji Ishii (Japanese); Andrew Paull (English)
The last set of Ghouls, who challenge Dark Yugi and Kaiba to a tag-team death game where the loser sets off a bomb near their side of the glass ceiling and will fall 13 stories to their death (sent to the Shadow Realm in the English dub). In the English anime, the loser will be sent to the Shadow Realm. Unbeknownst to Dark Yugi and Kaiba, they are equipped with parachutes. When Umbra was defeated, he was sent falling and activated his parachute.
Filler antagonists
Siegfried von Schroeder / Zigfried von Schroeder (ジークフリード・フォン・シュレイダー, Jīkufurīdo fon Shureidā)
Voiced by: Eisuke Tsuda (Japanese); Pete Zaraustica (English)
The CEO of Schroeder Corp, a long-time rival to the Kaiba family and Kaiba Corporation. When Siegfried and Seto Kaiba become heads of their respective family companies, they attempt to create holographic systems for Duel Monsters. Both succeed, with Siegfried's invention being the Holographic Duel Box Room System, but Kaiba markets and patents his first, leaving Siegfried to fall into ruin. He actively attempted to destroy Kaiba Corp for many years afterwards. After discovering that his younger brother Leon is secretly a successful duelist, he takes interest in him for the first time and manipulates him to destroy Kaiba. Siegfried joins the KC Grand Prix to discredit Kaiba and claim revenge. Although Siegfried uses various computer viruses in an attempt to destroy Kaiba Corporation's computer systems, Kaiba is able to stop them and expels Siegfried from the tournament. When Leon faces Yugi in the finals, he attempts to use him to destroy Kaiba Corp, but fails as Leon did not want to beat anyone by cheating. After his defeat, Leon forgives him and promises to help rebuild their family's company. Siegfried embraces him, finally able to have a real relationship with his brother.
Kaiba family
Gozaburo Kaiba (海馬 剛三郎, Kaiba Gōzaburō)
Voiced by: Unsho Ishizuka (1998), Tetsuo Komura (2002) (Japanese); David Wills (English)
A rich, selfish, uncaring, tyrannical, and power-hungry businessman who is the adoptive father of Seto and Mokuba Kaiba. He is the original founder and CEO of Kaiba Corporation, which initially began as a successful arms manufacturer, and a world famous chess champion. It was this particular skill that Seto appealed to when Gozaburo visited the orphanage where he and Mokuba were living, as he challenged Gozaburo to a game of chess, with the stakes being the adoption of the two brothers. Seto won by cheating and Gozaburo adopted Seto and Mokuba, but he was a cruel father, forcing Seto to spend all his time studying to groom him as his new heir. However, Gozaburo's plans backfired when he gave Seto a 2% share of Kaiba Corporation stock as a test, challenging him to pay back ten times the amount within a year. Seto managed to acquire the money within a single day, and along with the board of director, secured majority control of the company stocks, overthrowing Gozaburo and installing himself as the new CEO. Upon being dethroned, Gozaburo commits suicide by defenestration. In the first anime adaptation, he instead suffers a heart attack. In the Duel Monsters anime adaptation, his story is greatly altered, making him the major antagonist of one of the anime's filler arcs.
Noa Kaiba (海馬 乃亜, Kaiba Noa)
Voiced by: Chisa Yokoyama (Japanese); Andrew Rannells (English)
Gozaburo Kaiba's biological son and Seto and Mokuba's stepbrother. As the heir to Kaiba Corporation, Noah's father made him study heavily in the arts and academic subjects, but unlike Seto Kaiba, Noah enjoyed it and was eager to please his father. When Noah was around ten years old, he was involved in a car accident and was fatally injured. In hopes of saving his son, Gozaburo uploaded Noah's soul onto a supercomputer before Seto was adopted. In the present, he kidnaps Yugi and co. and traps them in his Virtual World.
The Big Five
The Big Five were originally the executives for Kaiba Corp who were swayed to Kaiba's side when buying out Gozaburo. After Kaiba was victorious, he shut down their factories and re-established KaiabCorp as a gaming company causing the Big Five to resent him. They allied with Pegasus in a plan to allow Pegasus to claim control over KaibaCorp.
In the manga following Pegasus' defeat, Kaiba fired them and they were never seen again.
In the anime, Kaiba started to fire them as they offered him a peace offering in the form of a virtual reality game. Once Kaiba was in, he soon ends up trapped causing Mokuba to enlist Yugi and his friends for help. The Big Five program Witty Phantom to oversee Kaiba's sacrifice for a ritual that would summon Five-Headed Dragon. After Kaiba was freed from Witty Phantom's clutches and Saruwatari was sent with some men to deactivate the virtual reality pods, the Big Five take action and reprogram the game so that Five-Headed Dragon can appear. In addition, they also activate the Dragon Seal so that only dragon monsters can fight there. After Jonouchi, Mai, and Mokuba are defeated, Yugi and Kaiba combined Black Luster Soldier and Blue Eyes Ultimate Dragon to form Dragon Master Knight which destroyed Five-Headed Dragon. When Yugi, Jonouchi, and Mokuba emerged from their pods, Saruawatari and his men ran off to beat Kaiba to the Big Five.
In the anime-only "Virtual World" arc, the Big Five's minds have become separated from their bodies and were trapped in KaibaCorp's cyberspace until they were found by Noa Kaiba who offered them a chance to gain new bodies. Each one went up against Yugi, Kaiba, and those with them using the "Deck Master" system. They each lost with Noa giving them a second chance. They dueled Yugi and Junouchi who wanted them to give Hiroto's body back. Despite using their different Deck Master abilities and monsters like Five-Headed Dragon and Berserk Dragon, the Big Five were defeated. After Noa busts them for trying to steal the bodies of Yugi's group, they beg for another chance only for Noa to delete them. In the English dub, they were imprisoned in the different corners of the virtual world which was later destroyed.
Konosuke Oshita / Gansley
Voiced by: Nobuyuki Saitō, Shintaro Sonooka (Japanese); Eric Stuart ("Duelist Kingdom" and "Legendary Heroes" arc), Marc Thompson ("Virtual World" arc) (English)
The former vice-president of business strategy at Kaiba Corp and the founder of the Big Five. He is the oldest of the group. In the Virtual World arc, his Deck Master was Deepsea Warrior.
Shuzo Otaki / Adrian Randolph Crump III
Voiced by: Satoshi Tsuruoka, Ryōsuke Ōtani (Japanese); Robert O'Gorman (English)
A former manager of KaibaCorp Personnel. In the dub, he used to be an accountant and the chief financial officer for Kaiba Corp. In the virtual world, his Deck Master was Nightmare Penguin. His position and deck master were based on his dream of an all-penguin theme park that Kaiba turned down.
Chikuzen Oka / Johnson
Voiced by: Shinichi Yashiro (Japanese); Wayne Grayson ("Duelist Kingdom" and "Legendary Heroes" arc), Andrew Paull ("Virtual World" arc) (English)
A former expert lawyer and chief legal officer for Kaiba Corp. In the virtual world, his Deck Master was Judge Man.
Soichiro Ota / Nesbitt
Voiced by: Hiroomi Sugino (Japanese); David Wills (English)
A former engineer and chief technical officer at Kaiba Corp. In the virtual world, his Deck Master was Robotic Knight. Ota hopes to take revenge on Kaiba for forcing him to destroy his weapons and replace them with video games.
Kogoro Daimon / Lector
Voiced by: Eiji Takemoto, Hisashi Izumi (Japanese); Tom Souhrada (English)
The former right-hand man to Gozaburo and later Seto Kaiba, who was next in line to become CEO after Gozaburo. However, Seto took his title and left Daimon as little more than company consultant and figurehead. In the virtual world, his Deck Master is Jinzo.
Doma / Paradius
An organization who tried to take over the world using the Orichalcos.
Dartz (ダーツ, Dātsu)
Voiced by: Yū Emao (Japanese); Wayne Grayson (English)
The former King of Atlantis and the head of the organization Paradius. After being forced to kill his wife, who had been turned into a monster by the orichalcos, Dartz was also corrupted, which turned his right eye green. Dartz led the forces of the Orichalcos against his father, daughter, and the forces of the Dominion of the Beasts, but was defeated. He spent the next ten thousand years collecting souls to revive the Leviathan, which he believed could be revived using Atem's soul.
Rafael (ラフェール, Rafēru)
Voiced by: Yoshihisa Kawahara (Japanese); Marc Thompson (English)
The strongest of Dartz's henchmen and the duelist meant to defeat Atem and Yugi. His family was killed while on an ocean cruise, leaving him stranded on a deserted island. In the English version, his family is still alive, but forgot about him. With only his dueling deck to keep him company, Rafael developed a deep bond with them before he was rescued.
Amelda / Alister (アメルダ, Ameruda)
Voiced by: Yukinara Iemura (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English)
Dartz's second henchman. As a child, he lived in a town in the middle of a war and led a resistance group with his brother after their parents were killed by soldiers using weapons that were provided by Gozaburo Kaiba. His brother was ultimately killed as well. In the English dub, his parents and brother disappeared after their home town was attacked by soldiers armed by Gozaburo Kaiba, with Alister seeking revenge on Seto.
Valon (ヴァロン, Varon)
Voiced by: Takeshi Maeda (Japanese); Marc Thompson (English)
Dartz's third henchman. He was abandoned at a young age and was cared for by a nun at a church who protected him from a local street gang. However, when the nun was killed in a fire and the church burned down, Valon assaulted the gang and was sent to juvenile prison. In the English dub, Valon was to juvie there for an unspecified crime. He also develops feelings for Mai and seeks to defeat Jonouchi for previously defeating her and destroying her sense of worth as a duelist.
Film antagonists
Anubis (アヌビス, Anubisu)
Voiced by: Kōji Ishii (Japanese); Scottie Ray (English)
The main antagonist of Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light, who was sealed inside the titular artifact and a card. He seeks revenge on Dark Yugi and awakens after Yugi solves the Millennium Puzzle in the beginning of the film. Atem had defeated Anubis a millennia ago, yet Anubis reappears to face Yugi Muto. Anubis possesses the cards "Andro Sphinx" and "Sphinx Teleia", which can be merged into "Theinen the Great Sphinx". In the Japanese version of the movie, Anubis wants revenge by using the King of Light (Kaiba) to defeat the King of Darkness (Dark Yugi) to revive Anubis, the King of Destruction, and then use Kaiba to become the new king and rule the world. However, Yugi stops his plans and he is killed by "Blue-Eyes Shining Dragon".
Paradox (パラドックス, Paradokkusu)
Voiced by: Atsushi Tamura (Japanese); Sean Schemmel (English)
The main antagonist of Yu-Gi-Oh! 3D: Bonds Beyond Time. He is one of Iliaster's Four Stars of Destruction and a Turbo Duelist who travels across time and space to destroy the history of Duel Monsters to save his own time, but ends up causing damage to the timeline. He faces Yugi, Jaden, and Yusei Fudo in a duel, and they are able to defeat him, save Duel monsters and their timelines. He plays his "Malefic" deck in which he stole every Duel monster cards. He also appears in a flashback in Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's.
Diva (ディーヴァ, Dīva)
Voiced by: Kento Hayashi (Japanese); Daniel J. Edwards (English)
The main antagonist of Yu-Gi-Oh!: The Dark Side of Dimensions, a film that serves as an epilogue to the manga continuity. Diva lived in Egypt with his sister Sera and Mani. They were connected to Shadi, who was like a mentor to them. In the Shrine of the Underworld. Shadi taught them about the Millennium Items, telling them that three of the items represented evil, three represented justice, and the seventh, the Millennium Puzzle, had both justice and evil. Shadi considered Diva to be of the same level as the person who is destined to solve the Millennium Puzzle. Shadi also told them that when the seven items are gathered together, a door to a better world would be opened and the three of them could enter that world, because they had been chosen. Before being killed by Dark Bakura, Shadi gave Diva the Quantum Cube (量子キューブ, Ryōshi Kyūbu). Using its power, Diva can erase people directly or transport them to an alternate dimension, where they will gradually dissolve into nothingness.
In the present day, he alters the memories of everyone in Domino City to make them believe he is a new student at Domino High School named Aigami (藍神, Aigami). He plans to kill Seto and Yugi to save his home dimension and seeks revenge on Ryo Bakura, whom he blames for Shadi's death.
Recurring characters
Sugoroku Mutou / Solomon Muto (武藤 双六, Mutō Sugoroku)
Voiced by: Takeshi Aono (1998), Tadashi Miyazawa (2000–present) (Japanese); Maddie Blaustein (Duel Monsters), Marc Diraison (4Kids, ep. 199), Wayne Grayson (Movies) (English)
Yugi's grandfather, who gave him the Millennium Puzzle, which he had recovered from the tomb of Pharaoh Atem when he was younger, as a present. He was once a gaming master who traveled all over the world to try and win games, vowing that if he ever lost a game, he'd "open up a game shop, wear overalls, and collect years instead of chips". In the present, he owns a game shop called Kame Game, where Yugi and his friends get several of the games they play. In the second series anime adaptation, he teaches Katsuya Jonouchi how to play the Duel Monsters card game. Like Yugi, his fondness for games is evident in his name, as "Sugoroku" is a Japanese game similar to Backgammon. Sugoroku is the reincarnation of Ancient Egyptian vizier Siamun Muran, who was Atem's right-hand man.
Ryuji Otogi / Duke Devlin (御伽 龍児, Otogi Ryūji)
Voiced by: Ryō Naitō (Japanese); Marc Thompson (English)
A talented game inventor and the creator of Dungeon Dice Monsters (ダンジョンダイスモンスターズ, Danjon Daisu Monsutāzu) (anime and English manga) or Dragons, Dice, & Dungeons (D·D·D(ドラゴン・ダイス・＆(アンド)ダンジョンズ), Doragon Daisu ando Danjonzu) (Japanese manga). According to his father, Mr. Otogi, Ryuji was born and raised as a brilliant games player to fulfill his desire to take revenge on Sugoroku. Sugoroku had defeated Mr. Otogi in a Shadow Game called the Devil's Board Game, causing him to age 50 years in one night as a result of the Penalty Game. Ryuji was eventually transferred to Domino High School, and his father used this as an opportunity for Ryuji to defeat Yugi in a series of games and fulfill the family's revenge, taking the Millennium Puzzle for himself. However, Ryuji ends up being moved by the games he played with Yugi and cannot bring himself to hate him, ultimately joining Yugi's circle of friends. He is somewhat serious and quiet, but also level-headed and intelligent.
In the second anime, the influence of Ryuji's father is omitted entirely and Ryuji's personality is rewritten. Ryuji befriended Pegasus, who became fond of Dungeon Dice Monsters (ダンジョンダイスモンスターズ, Danjon Daisu Monsutāzu)), and wanted to help him market the game. After Yugi defeats Pegasus, he is no longer interested in their earlier deal. Ryuji blames Yugi for this and believes he cheated in his match against Pegasus. After learning the truth, he befriends Yugi and the others and often joins them on their adventures. Despite his arrogance, he is smart and level-headed. His personality often causes conflict with Honda, especially over Shizuka, who they both have a crush on in the anime.
Shadi (シャーディー, Shādī)
Voiced by: Kaneto Shiozawa (1998), Nozomu Sasaki (2000–2004) (Japanese); Wayne Grayson (English)
The first Millennium Item wielder that Yugi and his friends face in the series. He holds the Millennium Key / Millennium Ankh (千年錠, Sennen Jō), which gives him the ability to peer into humans' inner souls and rearrange their personalities, and the Millennium Scales (千年秤, Sennen Bakari), which have the power to weigh the evil in a person's heart, similarly to Anubis' "Weighing of the Heart" trials in Egyptian mythology, using the feather of Ma'at. His origin differs between mediums. In the final story arc, it is revealed that he is a spirit from the afterlife who is bound to the Millennium Stone and constantly reincarnating to guard it until the Pharaoh returns. The physical body of his current incarnation was destroyed by Dark Bakura several years ago.
Ishizu Ishtar (イシズ・イシュタール, Ishizu Ishutāru)
Voiced by: Sumi Shimamoto (adult), Sakura Nogawa (child) (Japanese); Karen Neill (English)
Marik's elder sister, who became a museum curator to lure Yugi and Seto to her and prevent Marik from fulfilling his goals. She holds the Millennium Necklace / Millennium Tauk (千年首飾り, Sennen Tauku), which has the power to foresee events in the near future. Despite her brother's betrayal of their family, she still loves him and believes that there is still good in his heart. As a result, she continues to seek a way to return him to the person he once was. She is committed to her family's destiny to serve the pharaoh, as she believes he is the only one with the power to stop Marik.
Rishid Ishtar / Odion Ishtar (リシド・イシュタール, Rishido Ishutāru)
Voiced by: KONTA (Japanese); Michael Alston Baley (English)
Marik's adoptive brother and the second-in-command of the Ghouls. He was abandoned as a child and taken in by Marik's mother prior to his birth. However, his father never accepted him as a suitable heir and treated him as a servant rather than a son. Despite this, Rishid desired to become a true part of the family and an heir to the tombkeeper clan. When Marik was born, his mother told him to take care of his younger brother, and he supported him even as he turned to evil. Marik and Rishid were close siblings, but Rishid harbored a resentment for him as the true heir to the tombkeeper's clan and legitimate son of his parents. When Marik was bitten by a cobra and became ill, their father beat Rishid out of fury that he allowed Marik to be harmed and ordered that he stay by Marik's bedside until he recovered. Rishid took a dagger to Marik's room with the intent to kill him in his sleep; this is edited out in the dub, along with Rishid's resentment for Marik. However, Marik saw Rishid as his brother despite them not being blood related, and could not bring himself to kill him.
When Marik admitted he was terrified of being forced to take the initiation ritual, he unsuccessfully tried to stop their father from forcing it on him. When this failed, he scarred his own face with a dagger to share the pain and prove his loyalty to their family. When Marik unknowingly developed his dark split personality, Rishid restrained Dark Marik and protected Marik from knowing about the existence of his dark side. After he helped Marik and Ishizu sneak outside, his father attempted to kill him for betraying them. When Marik returned and witnessed this, his anger allowed Dark Marik to take over and murder his father, who was sent to the Shadow Realm in the English anime. Rishid was able to calm Marik down and make his dark side disappear again, lying to him that Shadi killed him under orders from the Pharaoh to protect him from the truth. However, Marik took this as fact, which caused his desire for revenge against the Pharaoh.
Mai Kujaku / Mai Valentine (孔雀 舞, Kujaku Mai)
Voiced by: Haruhi Terada (Japanese); Megan Hollingshead (4Kids, eps. 2–144), Bella Hudson (4Kids, eps. 145–184), Kathleen Delaney (4Kids, uncut) (English)
An attractive woman who spent most of her life alone. While working as a blackjack dealer on a cruise ship, she developed a cynical attitude towards people and manipulated men, using her "Aroma Tactics" to easily beat them in card games. Although she made money doing this, it caused her to hate people more until she got sick of her job and quit. She became a powerful and successful duelist thanks to her Harpie-themed deck, but had no true friends and dueled for pride and monetary gain. However, she entered the Duelist Kingdom tournament both to win the prize money and find the things she once cherished. During the tournament, she meets Yugi and his friends and begins befriending them after they rescue her Star Chips from the Player Killer of Darkness to help her stay in the tournament. Mai subsequently faces Yugi in the semi-finals, but ultimately chooses to surrender to him after deciding she cannot win, telling him that some losses only serve to make people stronger. In the second anime, she is depicted as having been raised in a wealthy household, but barely being acknowledged by her relatives.
In the 4Kids version, Mai's past as a blackjack dealer was omitted and both she and her Harpie Ladies' appearance were censored to remove sexual references. Her English name is a reference to "my valentine".
Shizuka Kawai / Serenity Wheeler (川井 静香, Kawai Shizuka) / Shizuka Jōnouchi (城之内 静香, Jōnouchi Shizuka)
Voiced by: Michiko Neya (1998), Mika Sakenobe (2000–2004) (Japanese); Lisa Ortiz (English)
Jonouchi's little sister, who was separated from him when their parents divorced and her mother took custody of her. When Shizuka was diagnosed with blindness, Jonouchi entered the Duelist Kingdom tournament and successfully obtained the prize money to secure the operation that would save her eyesight. She has a different surname from her brother in the manga and Japanese second anime, but the same surname in the first anime.
Rebecca Hawkins / Rebecca Hopkins (レベッカ・ホプキンス, Rebekka Hopukinsu)
Voiced by: Kaori Tagami (Japanese); Kerry Williams (English)
A character created exclusively for Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters. She is the bratty 8-year-old, or 12-year-old in the Japanese version, granddaughter of a friend of Sugoroku, and believes Sugoroku stole the Blue-Eyes White Dragon card from him. After dueling Yugi to get it back, Rebecca and Yugi play a game identical to the one Sugoroku had played with Rebecca's grandfather years ago. After Yugi surrenders, Sugoroku explains that Kaiba tore her Blue-Eyes White Dragon card in half after beating him in a duel. After learning the truth, Rebecca apologizes to Sugoroku for thinking he tore it. Yugi then hands Rebecca the "Ties of Friendship" card that he won at Duelist Kingdom to show his acceptance of her forgiveness.
She later appears as one of the contestants in the KC Grand Prix. By this time, she has given up the teddy bear she carried with her in addition to growing out her hair and wearing glasses. She is also shown to be quite intelligent, as she has enrolled in college, but is still immature and self-centered. She has been shown to have a crush on Yugi, which often makes Anzu unhappy, although the two are still good friends.
Millennium World
During the Millennium World story arc, Dark Yugi journeys into his lost memories and meets old acquaintances from Ancient Egypt as NPCs within Dark Bakura's tabletop role-playing game, the Shadow RPG (闇のＲ・Ｐ・Ｇ, Yami no Ā Pī Jī), a campaign based on the past.
The Six High Priests (六神官, Roku Shinkan) protect the seven Millennium Items with their lives and swear eternal loyalty to the Pharaoh, Atem, who serves as the player character of Dark Yugi, Atem's spirit in modern times. They served Atem during his reign in Ancient Egypt 3,000 years ago, or 5,000 years ago in the English anime. In the age where Shadow Games were used to determine a person's fate, the Priests used the Millennium Items and sorcery to pull out and seal human souls (Ka), which take the form of Monsters Spirits, into stone slabs to do battle. These people were criminals and those who pilfered from the Pharaohs' tombs. Within the RPG, each characters' health and magic were represented by their Ba Gauge.
Priest Seto (神官セト, Shinkan Seto)
Voiced by: Kenjirō Tsuda (adult), Kiyomi Yazawa (child) (Japanese); Eric Stuart (English)
A High Priest and the holder of the Millennium Rod. Seto was Atem's cousin and the past life of Seto Kaiba. Despite having an attitude like that of Kaiba, Seto was a loyal friend of Atem. Before the Battle City arc, a tablet depicting Priest Seto fighting Atem was on display at the Domino City Museum, with his Blue-Eyes White Dragon fighting against Atem's Dark Magician. During the Battle City arc, Kaiba experiences vivid visions of his past life as Seto. Priest Seto appears as an NPC in the Shadow RPG, aligned to Dark Yugi's side of the board.
Priest Mahado / Mahad (神官マハード, Shinkan Mahādo)
Voiced by: Kazunari Kojima (adult), Kenji Iwama (child) (Japanese); Michael Sinterniklaas (English)
A High Priest who was the previous owner of the Millennium Ring before losing it to Thief King Bakura in a Shadow Game. He had sensed an evil intelligence within the Millennium Ring, which it absorbed from the previous priest who wore it. His Monster Spirit Ka is Illusion Magician / Magus of Illusion (幻想の魔術師, Gensō no Majutsushi), which he later merges with to become Atem's ace monster Dark Magician. He also appears in the Shadow RPG.
Priestess Isis (神官アイシス, Shinkan Aishisu)
Voiced by: Sumi Shimamoto (Japanese); Karen Neill (English)
A High Priestess who wields the Millennium Necklace. She is later revealed to be Ishizu Ishtar's previous life (anime only). She is named after the Egyptian goddess Isis.
Priest Karim (神官カリム, Shinkan Karimu)
Voiced by: Masahito Kawanago (Japanese); Sean Schemmel (English)
A High Priest who was the owner of the Millennium Scales. He appears in the Shadow RPG as an NPC aligned with Dark Yugi.
Priest Shada (神官シャダ, Shinkan Shada)
Voiced by: Nozomu Sasaki (Japanese); Michael Alston Baley (English)
A High Priest who was the keeper of the Millennium Key during Atem's reign. He appears to have had a friendship with Priest Seto, and reluctantly aided him in his criminal hunt for Monster Spirit Ka with his Millennium Key. He later died after shielding Atem from a lightning bolt Zorc Necrophades cast, and his Ba Gauge was wiped out. In the English version of the second anime, he was sent to the Shadow Realm. After his death, his predecessor Siamun reclaimed the Millennium Key to call forth Exodia the Forbidden One. Although he is the wielder of the Millennium Key and has a similar name to Shadi, the two are not related.
Siamun Muran / Shimon (シモン・ムーラン, Shimon Mūran)
Voiced by: Tadashi Miyazawa (Japanese); Maddie Blaustein (English)
A vizier of Atem, who resembles Sugoroku. He was Shada's predecessor and one of Pharaoh Akhenamkhanen's original guardians, as well as the former keeper of the Millennium Key.
Mana (マナ, Mana)
Voiced by: Yuki Nakao (Japanese); Bella Hudson (English)
A childhood friend of Atem, who studied magic under Mahad as his apprentice. She shared a deep bond between her master and Atem; the anime depicts all three as being childhood friends. She appears in the Millennium World arc as an NPC during Dark Bakura's Shadow RPG game. Her Ka is the Dark Magician Girl. In the second anime, she can see Atem's friends from the present and initially mistakes Yugi for Atem.
Kisara (キサラ, Kisara)
Voiced by: Rie Nakagawa (Japanese); Carrie Keranen (English)
The keeper of the Blue Eyes White Dragon Monster Spirit in the Millennium World arc. Her pale appearance is unusual, and she is mentioned as being from a "foreign country" in the Japanese anime. In the second series anime adaptation, it is stated that as children, Priest Seto saved Kisara from slave traders, and she repaid him by unconsciously releasing her inner dragon spirit after the traders set fire to his village and killed his mother. Years later, which is depicted as their first meeting in the manga, Seto encounters Kisara being stoned because of her pale white skin, deep blue eyes and snow white hair. Shada senses the immeasurably strong strength and power within her — which he deems "equal to that of the Gods" — and Seto takes her back to the palace, where he recognizes her as the girl he had saved years ago. Kazuki Takahashi stated that he originally planned for the story to have further explored the romantic relationship between Seto and Kisara, but to meet a deadline, these plans were scrapped. Takahashi also stated that Priest Seto's romantic feelings for Kisara are the basis for Kaiba's modern-day obsession with the Blue-Eyes White Dragon card.
Bobasa (ボバサ, Bobasa)
Voiced by: Yū Mizushima (Japanese); Sean Schemmel (English)
In the manga, he is a member of an Egyptian tombkeeper clan that protects the Millennium Items under Shadi's command. He possesses Shadi's Millennium Scale and his Millennium Key, which he protects by placing them on his abnormally-shaped chest and locking his clothes. He then swallows the key, and is able to regurgitate it at will. He accompanies Yugi and his friends into the Millennium Puzzle's maze, a continuation of the Labyrinth Treasure Hunt from the manga, to find the true door to the king's memory. He later enters the Memory World with Yugi and his friends and becomes an NPC in the Shadow RPG. In the manga, it is revealed that he is Hasan, which makes him Shadi.
In the Duel Monsters anime, his role and character are completely altered. He appears as a comic relief NPC that inhabits the Shadow RPG, and is a key switch that can lead the player to where the Pharaoh's name is if they give him enough food to eat. His true identity is never stated. When he finally takes them to the Pharaoh's tomb, he vanishes. He also seems to know more about the situation than he lets on. Unlike in the manga, Bobasa is not an alternate identity of Shadi.
Other characters
Ushio (牛尾, known as Demitrius the Bully in the English DDM video game)
(Voiced by: Ryuzaburo Otomo (1998), Yūji Kishi (2000) (Japanese); Dan Green (English))
A hall monitor at Domino High School who offers a paid bully protection service to Yugi after Jonouchi and Honda bully him. Although Yugi refuses, denying that he has been bullied, Ushio beats up Jonouchi and Honda and demands that Yugi pay him a fee of 20,000 yen. Ushio ends up being the first victim of Dark Yugi's Shadow Games, suffering a Penalty Game upon defeat that causes him to become insane, thinking that garbage and leaves are money. He also appears in Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's.
ZTV Director (ＺＴＶディレクター, Zetto Tī Vi direkutā)
A minor villain exclusive to the original manga, appearing in the second chapter. After he used Yugi for a bullying scene, and he beat up Jonouchi, Dark Yugi challenged him to shadow game. He lost, and Yugi made it so everything he sees is cencored.
Tomoya Hanasaki (花咲 友也, Hanasaki Tomoya, known as Lint Greendale in the English DDM video game)
A friend of Yugi in the early chapters of the manga, who does not appear in the anime adaptions. He becomes friends with Yugi after Dark Yugi defeats Sozoji, who until that point was bullying him, in a Shadow Game. Tomoya is obsessed with the American superhero, Zombire (ゾンバイア, Zonbaia). Before the start of the series, Hanasaki spent some time in the hospital. When his father came to visit, he gave him a Zombire figure, telling him he is the strongest hero in America. Upon holding the figure, Hanasaki said he felt stronger. His father was delighted to hear this and promised to bring him Zombire toys and figures when he came home from America.
Sozoji (騒象寺, Sōzōji, known as Fender Shrill in the English DDM video game)
A minor villain exclusive to the original manga. He is a karaoke player who tries to get people to listen to his horrid singing. Sozoji forces Yugi and Tomoya Hanasaki to sell tickets to his All Night Solo Live Show. When Yugi discovers that Hanasaki was also asked to sell tickets, he offers to take charge of selling the tickets. However, Sozoji discovers the exchange and beats up Hanasaki. Yugi arrives at the show, not having sold any tickets. there, Sozoji forces Yugi to listen to his music at a deafening volume and brings out Hanasaki as the audience for the next act. Dark Yugi challenges him to a Shadow Game, with his Penalty Game being having to hear his heartbeat at deafening volumes.
Prisoner Number 777 (囚人ナンバー７７７, Shūjin nanbā 777)
Voiced by: Mahito Ōba
A convict who escaped from Domino City Jail with a stolen handgun after killing a guard and framed Tetsu Sasaki for it. In the first series anime, he is called Jiro the Spider (女郎蜘蛛のジロウ, Jorōgumo no Jirō) and is the manager of the Burger World restaurant. In the manga, Dark Yugi challenges him to a Shadow Game, with his Penalty Game having him be set on fire. In the anime, he is put in an illusion where he is set on fire and is arrested.
Tetsuo Sasaki (ササキテツオ, Sasaki Tetsuo)
Voiced by: Nobuyuki Hiyama
A character who appears in the 1998 anime. He is a common thief who resembles the manga's Prisoner Number 777. He is framed by Jiro the Spider for killing a guard with a stolen handgun.
Kokurano (孤蔵野, Kokurano)
Voiced by: Shigeru Chiba
A character who appears in the manga and 1998 anime. He is a self-proclaimed psychic in Class 1-A of Domino High School. Kokurano predicted a fellow student's house would catch fire, a prediction which came true three weeks later and caused him to become famous at school. In actuality, Kokurano had set the student's house on fire. In the first anime, Kokurano dislikes Miho Nosaka because she will not get a prediction from him. After he tries to make Yugi a victim of his "predictions" and knocks Anzu out with chloroform, Dark Yugi challenges him to a Shadow Game. After the match, he is knocked out; the next day, his false predictions are revealed.
Goro Inogashira (猪頭 吾郎, Inogashira Gorō)
A minor villain exclusive to the original manga, who was the senior president of class D's festival committee at Domino City High. He trashes Yugi's festival stand and is challenged to play "Ice Griddle Hockey". He is defeated and engulfed in an explosion as punishment.
Miho Nosaka (野坂 ミホ, Nosaka Miho)
A classmate of Yugi and his friends who is Domino City High's student librarian and is nicknamed "Ribbon" for the yellow ribbon she wears in her hair. She has only a small role in the original manga, where Hiroto Honda has a crush on her and attempts to pass a love note to her in the form of a jigsaw puzzle. However, the teacher Miss Chono intercepts the note, but Dark Yugi foils her attempts to embarrass Honda. When Honda asks Miho out directly, she turns him down. Despite this, Honda becomes friends with Yugi and eventually joins he group.
Ms. Chono (蝶野先生, Chōno-sensei, known as Lynn Madusa in the English DDM video game)
Voiced by: Masako Katsuki
An evil teacher who appears in the manga and first series anime. She is known as the "Expelling Witch" (退学魔女, Taigaku Majo), since she expelled fifteen students over the course of six months. Her beautiful appearance is due to the excessive make-up she wears, which covers her true, ugly face. She also enjoys dating, but revels in dumping men to see them cry. After she nearly expels Honda, Dark Yugi makes her face a Penalty Game, and her true face is revealed to her class.
Junky Scorpion Owner (ジャンキースコーピオンのオーナー, Jankī Sukōpion no Ōnā)
A minor villain exclusive to the manga. He tries to con Jonouchi out of a pair of Air Muscle shoes he bought, but Yugi learns of this and Dark Yugi confronts the owner. The owner hides his scorpion in one of the shoes as he gave it back to Dark Yugi in hopes of poisoning him. Instead, he was challenged to a Shadow Game and is ultimately stung by his own scorpion.
Hirutani (蛭谷, Hirutani)
Voiced by: Shin Aomori
The leader of a gang of teenage thugs from Rintama High School and an old associate of Jonouchi. During middle school, Hirutani hung out with Katsuya Jonouchi as part of a gang, who would spend their time picking fights with gangs from other schools. After middle school, Hirutani went to Rintama High School, while Jonouchi went to Domino High School. He blackmails Jonouchi in an attempt to convince him to join him, but is defeated by Dark Yugi.
Kanekura (金倉, Kanekura)
The curator of Domino City Museum, who exhibits the Millennium Puzzle after Yugi agrees to let him exhibit it for one day.
Professor Yoshimori (吉森博士, Yoshimori-hakase)
Voiced by: Akio Nojima
A Domino University professor who is into archaeology and a friend of Sugoroku. He has a wife and son, but neglects them in favor of his work. In the 1998 series, he does not take part in Shadi's Shadow Game, and is instead thrown out of the museum window and hospitalized as a result.
Kujirada (鯨田, Kujirada, known as Beluga in the English DDM video game)
Voiced by: Shōzō Iizuka
A snobby classmate of Yugi's at Domino High School in the manga and 1998 anime. He causes trouble with his aggressive Digital Pet (デジタル・ペット, Dejitaru petto), which is named Devil Master in the 1998 series. He is bullied and manipulated by Haiyama, and after losing to Honda's Digital Pet, Haiyama punishes Kujirada by whipping him. Dark Yugi saves Honda, Miho, and Kujirada by challenging Haiyama to a Digital Pet Shadow Game.
Haiyama (灰山)
Voiced by: Daisuke Sakaguchi
Kujirada's bully in the 1998 series.
Dragon 1 / Street Fighter (ストリートファイター, Sutorīto Faitā)
Voiced by: Nobuyuki Hiyamda
A boy who beats up Yugi over a losing streak of Virtual VS, with both of them using the character of Bruce Ryu, who is based on Bruce Lee. He then steals Yugi's Millennium Puzzle. After learning what happened, Jonouchi pursues Street Fighter to reclaim the Puzzle. They fight in Street Fighter's game, "One-Inch Terror", and he is beaten by Jonouchi.
Johji (ジョージ, Jōji)
A manga-exclusive character who is Honda's nephew and the son of his big sister. He is lecherous towards Anzu and other females, which is played for comedy relief, and occasionally swears. He calls Honda by his given name, Hiroto, and seems to dislike him and his friends. He is a big fan of Kaiba and forces Honda to take him to the opening of Kaiba, where Honda witnesses Kaiba dealing Sugoroku an artificial Penalty Game and decides to accompany Yugi in Kaiba's Death-T challenge. He accompanies the group during the Death-T arc and proves to be helpful in overcoming some of Kaiba's deadly attractions.
Tsuruoka (鶴岡)
The guidance counselor of Domino High School and a minor villain exclusive to the manga. He tends to abuse his position as a teacher to be unfair to the students. He mocks the low achievement test grades of Yugi, Jonouchi, and Honda to their peers as punishment for playing the Achievement Test Bingo Game. He then takes the Lovely Two (ラブリー二号, Raburī Ni-gō) keychain Anzu had given to Yugi as a gift, citing that students are not allowed to bring games to school.
ZTV Producer (ＺＴＶプロデューサー, Zetto Tī Vi Purodyūsā)
A selfish and corrupt executive of the television studio ZTV, who takes advantage of underprivileged people to boost ratings and cheats his way out of giving away prize money. He was a producer of the TV game show, 100 Million Yen!! Game Get Show (１００万円！！ゲームＤＥゲット・ショー, Hyaku Man-en! Gēmu DE Getto shō, Get a Million Yen Show). He is pleased after learning that Jonouchi, who was poor and trying to pay off his father's gambling debts, would be on the show. He thinks that the audience will love to see a poor person struggling and seeing him lose at the last minute. He and a technician try to rig the final stage of the game to prevent Jonouchi from winning the prize money by pressing a button, which would prevent the wheel in the final game from stopping on the ¥1,000,000 section. Dark Yugi's attempt to punish him ends up backfiring, but Jonouchi dpes not get the prize money regardless.
Koji Nagumo (名蜘蛛 コージ, Nagumo Kōji)
Voiced by: Shin Tomita (Japanese); Matthew Charles (English)
A minor villain who first appears in the original manga. In the manga, Nagumo asks Yugi to play Monster Fighter (モンスター・ファイター, Monsutā Faitā) with him while at Domino High School. While playing, Nagumo hits Yugi and takes his gun and monster, Alti, then tries to sell it and other Monster Fighter figures and guns he has collected for ¥30,000 each. Dark Yugi comes into his store and fights Nagumo and his Wild Spider in a Shadow Game with Katsuya's monster, Killer Emaada, which Yugi had asked to borrow. Nagumo's face is cracked in the first set, which goes to Dark Yugi, as the Shadow Game dictated that the players are damaged in the game rather than the monsters. In the second set, Nagumo cheats by kicking Dark Yugi in the side. Enraged, Dark Yugi raises the Shadow Game's mode to "level three". When Nagumo tries to cheat again, his legs are held down by the monsters, including his own, and he sees that the monster on his field is his own soul, which is the Wild Spider's body with his face. Dark Yugi then deals the death blow, piercing the representation of Nagumo's soul and purging it of darkness. He also competes in the Battle City tournament, but is defeated by Kaiba's God Card.
Playing Card Bomber (English manga) / Continuous Bomber (連続爆弾魔, Renzoku Bakudanma) (1998 anime) / Trump Bomber (トランプ爆弾魔, Toranpu Bakudan Ma) (Japanese manga)
Voiced by: Ryūsei Nakao
A nickname for a man who sets off a string of bombs in Domino, with his third attack at the Domino Mall killing eight people and his fourth bomb threat endangering Anzu's life. In the manga, Dark Yugi saves her life by playing Clock Solitaire (時計（クロック）カード・ゲーム, Kurokku Kādo Gēmu) without getting four threes. Afterwards, Dark Yugi reveals the bomber's whereabouts to the chief of police, leading to his arrest. In the anime, Dark Yugi makes him face a penalty game where he thinks there is a bomb in the car he was hiding.
Hajime Imori (井守 はじめ, Imori Hajime)
Voiced by: Megumi Urawa
A student at Domino High School who is withdrawn and shy, but is revealed to be anti-social and vindicated, eventually uncovering the secrets of Yugi's Millennium Puzzle. He decides to usurp Yugi from his position of the "guardian of darkness" by challenging him to a game of Dragon Cards (龍札（ドラゴン・カード）, Doragon Kādo), a forbidden Chinese Shadow Game which his grandfather found while in Manchuria in World War II. He is defeated and his soul is sucked out as food for the game. In the 1998 anime, only the darkness is sucked out.
Nezumi (根津見)
A character who only appears in the manga. He is a boy with buckteeth who uses a sob story about getting hit by yo-yos in a robbery to lure Yugi and Jonouchi to Hirutani. Out of anger, Jonouchi asks Nezumi to lead him to the gangsters. Yugi and Jonouchi travel to Hirutani's abandoned warehouse, where several gang members ambush them. Nezumi runs away when Yugi and Jonouchi manage to defeat the gang members.
Mr. Karita (刈田先生, Karita-sensei)
Voiced by: Masato Hirano
A P.E. teacher who harasses Bakura on his first day at Domino High School. After seeing him walking through the hallways with a group of girls, he recognizes him as a student who caused problems at his previous school. Insistent on disciplining him, he tells him that the school's rules state that boys with long hair is against the rules, and orders him that he must shave his hair if he wants to be treated as a student. Dark Bakura later defeats him and puts his soul in a game piece.
Insector Haga / Weevil Underwood (インセクター羽蛾, Insekutā Haga)
Voiced by: Urara Takano (Japanese); Jimmy Zoppi (English)
The former Japanese champion of Duel Monsters, who is known for his deck of mainly insect-type monsters and insect-related magic and trap cards. He is not above cheating to ensure his strategies work; he befriends Yugi only to throw his Exodia cards into the ocean and puts a Paracitic Insect card in Jonouchi's deck to ensure his Insect Barrier would work.
Dinosaur Ryuzaki / Rex Raptor (ダイナソウ竜崎, Dainasō Ryūzaki)
Voiced by: Kin Fujii (2000–2001), Yuichi Nakamura (2002–2004) (Japanese); Brian Zimmerman/ Sam Regal (4Kids, eps. 1–144), Sebastian Arcelus (4Kids, eps. 145–187), Anthony Salerno (4Kids, eps. 188–224) (English)
The runner-up of the Japanese Duel Monsters tournament, who seems to be acquainted with the champion, Insector Haga. His nickname is derived from his fondness for dinosaur-themed cards. He is defeated by Jonouchi in the Duelist Kingdom tournament and has his Red-Eyes Black Dragon, a card that would become a trademark for Jonouchi, taken as a result of a gamble. He makes a brief reappearance in the Battle City arc, where he is defeated by Espa Roba and warns Jonouchi not to duel him.
Ryota Kajiki / Mako Tsunami (梶木 漁太, Kajiki Ryōta)
Voiced by: Daisuke Namikawa (Japanese); Andrew Rannells (English)
An ocean-themed duelist who appears in the Duelist Kingdom and Battle City arcs. He is introduced in the Duelist Kingdom arc, where he duels Dark Yugi and is defeated. In the Battle City arc, he duels Jonouchi and his backstory is expanded upon, as it is revealed his father was a fisherman who died out at sea. Ryota is the first opponent of Dark Yugi who challenges him to a game with no ill intentions. His motivation is different between versions; in the English anime, he believes his father is alive and duels to raise money to fund a trip to search for him; in the manga and Japanese second anime, he instead duels to honor his father's memory. After Jonouchi defeats Ryota in their duel, he gives him two of his cards, Floating Whale Fortress and The Legendary Fisherman, the latter resembling his deceased father.
Keith Howard (キース・ハワード, Kīsu Hawādo)
Voiced by: Hajime Komada (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English)
He is known as Bandit Keith, and is an American Duel Monsters champion and a "Card Professor" who seeks big prizes at tournaments. He first appears as one of many entries in the Duelist Kingdom arc of the anime/manga. Flashbacks reveal that he was once the champion of Duel Monsters in America until he dueled Pegasus at the American Championship tournament and lost; he now seeks to defeat Pegasus. It is through Pegasus' match with Keith that Kaiba learns of Pegasus' ability to read minds. After he cheats in his duel against Jonouchi in the Duelist Kingdom semi-finals, Pegasus inflicts the "Hand and Gun" Penalty Game on him, turning his hand into a gun and forcing him to play Russian Roulette, effectively killing him. In the anime, Pegasus instead sends him through a trap door into the ocean. He survives and is rescued by Marik's ship, with Marik then controlling his mind and using him in his first attempt to defeat Yugi and take the Millennium Puzzle.
Ghost Kozuka / Bonz (ゴースト骨塚, Gōsuto Kotsuzuka)
Voiced by: Masami Suzuki (Japanese); Amy Birnbaum (English)
A contestant in Duelist Kingdom who worked for Bandit Keith. Keith gave Kozuka cards to enhance his zombie deck and duel Jonouchi in Duelist Kingdom's caverns, which housed the corpses of World War II troops. Kozuka ultimately loses to Jonouchi, and after sealing Yugi and his friends in a cave, Bandit Keith steals his Star Chips and he is presumably sent off the island. He returns during the Battle City arc, but is defeated and presumably killed by Dark Bakura in a Shadow Game; in Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters, he is presumably sent to Hell by Dark Bakura. However, he is later rescued by his defeat in Battle City along with everyone else who was sent there.
Step Johnny / Johnny Steps (ステップ・ジョニー, Suteppu Jonī)
Voiced by: Hideki Konda (Japanese); Matthew Charles (English)
A dancer who challenges Anzu to a game of Super Dancer (スーパ・ダンサー, Sūpa Dansā), which is similar to Dance Dance Revolution, during her "date" with Dark Yugi. Despite Dark Yugi telling Anzu that Johnny is not worth her time, she refuses to back down from the challenge. Johnny states she must go on a date with him if he loses. Anzu initially refuses, but plays anyway and defeats him. In the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters anime, this story is expanded upon by having Johnny insist on going on a date with him after the encounter in the arcade, ultimately ending up in a Duel Monsters duel with Dark Yugi.
Esper Roba / Espa Roba (エスパー絽場, Esupā Roba)
Voiced by: Maiko Itō (Japanese); Sebastian Arcelus (English)
One of the contestants in Battle City, who claims to have ESP. In reality, he uses his younger brothers to spy on and report to him the cards in his opponent's hand, allowing him to 'predict' the opponent's strategies before they use them. He did this to give off the impression of being an unbeatable duelist and deflect the abuse they receive, as they were heavily bullied due to previously working at a carnival. Despite cheating, he is a strong duelist. However, Jonouchi manages to beat him and receives his best card as an ante, Jinzo / Artificial Human Psycho Shocker (人造人間－サイコ・ショッカー, Jinzō Ningen Saiko Shokkā).
Ahmet (アメット, Ametto)
One of two men who was hired to help Sugoroku through the Pharaoh's tomb, the Shrine of the Shadow Games, in the early 1960s. In the tomb were multiple statues armed with swords on a catwalk. To cross, a person needed to walk across left footed, as if they ran on both legs, the statues would kill them; however, the brothers were right footed. Ahmet managed to make it to it safety, while his brother fell to his death; in the English dub, he fell into a Shadow Pit and became trapped in the Shadow Realm. Ahmet blamed Sugoroku for his brother's death and threatened to shoot him if they did not continue. They soon made it to the treasure, where only those of courageous hearts may pass. Ahmet touched the Millennium Puzzle, but because he had the heart of a coward, a monster appeared and devoured him as a Penalty Game.
Mushara (マッシャーラー, Musshārā)
One of two men hired to help Sugoroku Mutou through the Pharaoh's tomb, the Shrine of the Shadow Games, in the early 1960s. While trying to make it through one of the tomb's traps, Mushara fell to his death, which Ahmet blamed Sugoroku for. In the English dub, he fell into a Shadow Pit and became trapped in the Shadow Realm.
Shogo Aoyama (青山 翔吾, Aoyama Shōgo)
Voiced by: Eiko Yamada
A character who appears in the 1999 movie as one of the main protagonists. He is a boy who did not play games with his friends because he was afraid of losing, and was regularly bullied by a group of three boys. One day, at a card shop, he opens a card pack containing the rare "Red-Eyes Black Dragon" card. However, he is too timid to pull a winning streak, and uses the Red-Eyes card to intimidate people so they will not duel him.
Arthur Hawkins / Arthur Hopkins (アーサー・ホプキンス, Āsā Hopukinsu)
Voiced by: Saburo Kodaka (Japanese); Mike Pollock (English)
A character that appears in Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters. He is the grandfather of Rebecca Hawkins. He appears to be based on Sugoroku's friend that gave him the Blue-Eyes White Dragon card, who only appears in a photo and is unnamed in the original manga.
Leon von Schroeder / Leonhart von Schroeder (レオンハルト・フォン・シュレイダー, Reonharuto fon Shureidā)
Voiced by: Seiko Noguchi (Japanese); Andrew Rannells (English)
A character created for the KC Grand Champion filler arc of Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters. He is Siegfried von Schroeder's younger brother. While Siegfried ran Schroeder Corporation, Leonhart took up playing Duel Monsters and dueled in several tournaments under the alias Leon Wilson (レオン・ウィルソン, Reon Wiruson) to get away from his family.
Notes
^ The 4Kids dub names are used in this description as the English version of Duel Art: Kazuki Takahashi Yu-Gi-Oh! Illustrations, published by Udon Entertainment, uses the dub names. The English translation of the actual manga by VIZ Media uses the original Japanese names for most human characters.
References
^ a b "Mokuba Kaiba". 17 November 2001.
^ a b "Everything Geek Podcast LIVE Show 7th February 2015".
^ Donohoo, Timothy (2019-11-25). "Yu-Gi-Oh! Season 0: What Was Different in Yugi's First Anime?". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2024-03-12.
^ Yu-Gi-Oh!. Chapter 31. March 2004. Viz Media
^ a b Yu-Gi-Oh!. Chapter 28. March 2004. Viz Media
^ Yu-Gi-Oh! Duelist. Volumes 9–10, Chapters 75–86. 2005. VIZ Media.
^ "イッパツ逆転 白衣の危機". Toei Animation. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
^ Yu-Gi-Oh! Bunkaban, Vol. 20, Appendix
^ Yu-Gi-Oh!. Volume 1, Chapter 2. February 2005
^ Yu-Gi-Oh!. Volume 3, Chapter 22. December 2003.
^ Yu-Gi-Oh!. Volume 2, Chapter 10. August 2003. Viz Media
^ Yu-Gi-Oh!. Volumes 2, Chapter 15. August 2003. VIZ Media.
^ Yu-Gi-Oh!. Volume 6. Chapter 43. September 2004. Viz Media
^ Yu-Gi-Oh! Character Guidebook: The Gospel of Truth. Kazuki Takahashi
^ Yu-Gi-Oh!. Volume 6. Chapter 45. September 2004. Viz Media
^ Yu-Gi-Oh!. Volume 6. Chapter 50. September 2004. Viz Media
^ Yu-Gi-Oh! Japanese Manga. Vol 11. Chapter 87. Shueisha
External links
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yu-Gi-Oh!_characters.png"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"\"Yu-Gi-Oh!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!"},{"link_name":"Kazuki Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuki_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egyptian mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mythology"},{"link_name":"pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"VIZ Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIZ_Media"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"}],"text":"Colored illustration by Kazuki Takahashi, from Duel Art: Kazuki Takahashi Yu-Gi-Oh! Illustrations, featuring: Mokuba Kaiba (left bottom), Seto Kaiba (middle bottom), Serenity Wheeler and Ryo Bakura (middle left), Odion (top left), Marik Ishtar (top middle), Ishizu Ishtar (top right), Duke Devlin, Joey Wheeler and Tristan Taylor (middle), Mai Valentine and Téa Gardner (middle right), and Yugi Muto (bottom right).[note 1]The \"Yu-Gi-Oh!\" series features an extensive cast of characters created by Kazuki Takahashi. The series takes place in a fictional city in Japan called Domino City, which most of the characters that appear in the series originate from. Many plot elements are also influenced by Egypt and Egyptian mythology, and as such, Egyptian characters also appear within the story.The original manga of Yu-Gi-Oh! stars Yugi Mutou, a timid boy who loves games, but is often bullied. One day, he solves an ancient artifact called the Millennium Puzzle, causing his body to become the host of a mysterious spirit with the personality of a gambler. From that moment onwards, when Yugi or one of his friends is threatened by those with darkness in their hearts, this \"Dark Yugi\" shows himself and challenges them to \"Dark Games\" (闇のゲーム, Yami no Gēmu, Shadow Game in English media). These games reveal the true nature of someone's heart, with their losers often being subjected to a dark punishment called a \"Penalty Game\". Over the course of the series, Yugi and his friends Katsuya Jonouchi (Joey Wheeler), Anzu Mazaki (Téa Gardner), Hiroto Honda (Tristan Taylor), and later Ryo Bakura learn that this other Yugi is the spirit of a nameless pharaoh from Ancient Egyptian times who has lost his memories. As Yugi and his companions attempt to help the Pharaoh regain his memories, they go through many trials as they wager their lives facing off against others that wield the mysterious Millennium Items and the dark power of the Shadow Games.Most human characters in the English language version of the original manga, published by VIZ Media, use their original Japanese names, while character names in other English Yu-Gi-Oh! media are significantly altered. The Japanese names in Western order (given name before family name) and English manga names are listed first and the English anime names are listed second, when applicable.","title":"List of Yu-Gi-Oh! characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Megumi Ogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megumi_Ogata"},{"link_name":"Shunsuke Kazama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunsuke_Kazama"},{"link_name":"Dan Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Green_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"protagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonists"}],"sub_title":"Yugi Mutou","text":"Voiced by: Megumi Ogata (1998–1999), Shunsuke Kazama (2000–present) (Japanese); Dan Green (English)Yugi Mutou (武藤 遊戯, Mutō Yūgi, spelled \"Muto\" in the English anime) is one of the main protagonists of the story alongside Dark Yugi. He wears the Millennium Puzzle (千年パズル, Sennen Pazuru), an ancient Egyptian artifact which is one of the seven Millennium Items and holds the spirit of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh. He initially fears the other personality inside him, but as the narrative progresses he bonds with his other self and considers his other soul a close and valuable friend. Over time, he develops as a character and is able to defeat antagonists without Dark Yugi's help, proving that he is worthy of being chosen by the Millennium Puzzle.His ace card is the \"Dark Magician\".","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Megumi Ogata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megumi_Ogata"},{"link_name":"Shunsuke Kazama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunsuke_Kazama"},{"link_name":"Dan Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Green_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"}],"sub_title":"Yugi Mutou - Dark Yugi","text":"Voiced by: Megumi Ogata (1998–1999), Shunsuke Kazama (2000–present) (Japanese); Dan Green (English)Dark Yugi (闇遊戯, Yami Yūgi) a. k. a. Atem (アテム, Atemu) / Yami Yugi is one of the main protagonists of the story alongside Yugi. He holds the title of Yūgiō (遊戯王, lit. Game King) and as the Pharaoh was the owner of the Millennium Puzzle, originally known as the Pendant. He is a player of many types of games, which he plays to defeat his opponents and gives them a Penalty Game as punishment after defeating them or when they cheat. When Yugi or his friends are in danger, he emerges from Puzzle to protect them. As the story progresses, he meets his eventual rival, Seto Kaiba. who he defeats in their first battle in school and later during Death-T. He gives Kaiba the \"Experience of Death\" and \"Mind Crush\" Penalty Game, respectively, after both duels. He also meets other Millennium Item wielders, such as Shadi and Dark Bakura, and faces them in dark games from which he emerges victorious.At the start of the Duelist Kingdom arc, he faces Pegasus in a video tape duel with a timer. Just as Dark Yugi is about to win, the timer expires, causing him to lose. To get Dark Yugi to come to Duelist Kingdom, Pegasus takes Sugoroku's soul and places it in a tape; Dark Yugi blames himself for Sugoroku's soul being taken, and resolves to defeat Pegasus to save him. After facing many opponents on the island, Dark Yugi faces Kaiba again in a duel utilizing Kaiba's new prototype Duel Disk; they both bet five star chips. After overcoming Kaiba's Blue-Eyes Ultimate Dragon, Kaiba resorts to a suicide attempt in order to win the game; if Dark Yugi attacks, it will lead to Kaiba's death. Dark Yugi hesitates, but remembers Sugoroku and that he has to save him. Dark Yugi attacks Kaiba to win the game, but Yugi comes out and stops the attack, resulting in a loss. After Kaiba enters the castle, Mai appears and learns what happened, having earned extra star chips in an attempt to pay Dark Yugi back for saving her. Yugi accepts the star chips and they head into the castle. After beating Mai and Jonouchi beating Keith, it's time for Dark Yugi and Jonouchi to face each other. But before they get ready to battle, Jonouchi states that Dark Yugi has the better chance of winning against Pegasus, so he gives Dark Yugi his prize card. During the battle with Pegasus, Yugi is finally able to talk to Dark Yugi, and they come up with the \"Mind Shuffle\" tactic to stop Pegasus from reading their minds. It works and Pegasus is forced to start a dark game, with the requirement that only those chosen by the Millennium Items can endure it.As Yugi is a normal person not chosen by the Puzzle, he is affected by the dark game and collapses, but not before setting one final card. Dark Yugi takes over and, with the help of Yugi and his friends blocking the powers of the Eye, emerges victorious. After Pegasus's defeat, Dark Yugi demands that Pegasus release the souls of everyone he took. After that, Pegasus tells Dark Yugi that the Items have an evil intelligence in them, which gets Dark Yugi's attention. Dark Yugi then demands Pegasus to explain how he got the Millennium Eye or else he would send him to oblivion. Jonouchi realizes that Dark Yugi does not seem happy about beating Pegasus, as he did not give him the usual Penalty Game. Kaiba tells Yugi to \"tell the other Yugi that our battle isn't over yet\" before everyone leaves the island. Yugi reassures Dark Yugi that it does not matter where he came from, only that he is here and he means a lot to them. Pegasus's story prompts Dark Yugi's search for the answer of who he is and where he came from.Over the course of the series, Dark Yugi faces many challenges to discover his true identity. It is eventually revealed that he was originally Atem (アテム, Atemu), who was a pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toshiyuki Morikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyuki_Morikawa"},{"link_name":"Hiroki Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"Wayne Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Grayson"}],"sub_title":"Katsuya Jonouchi","text":"Voiced by: Toshiyuki Morikawa (1998–1999), Hiroki Takahashi (2000–present) (Japanese); Wayne Grayson (English)Katsuya Jonouchi / Joseph \"Joey\" Wheeler (城之内 克也, Jōnouchi Katsuya) is Yugi's close friend. When Ushio beats up Jonouchi and Honda, Yugi stands up for them, causing Jonouchi to realize he was jealous of Yugi's \"treasure\". Later that night, he retrieves the last Millennium Puzzle piece and returns it to Yugi's house, where Yugi completes it and challenges Ushio to the first Shadow Game of the series. Jonouchi is touched by Yugi's behavior, and they become close friends, forming his own \"treasure.\"Jonouchi is great at fist fighting and is usually able to take on people bigger than him, such as Bandit Keith, a fight which he loses in the second anime, and handicapping himself against people such as Bruce Ryu. Despite not being the best at Domino, he becomes better at it with Yugi's help, and uses his skills to help Yugi come through in earlier storylines. Later on, he develops an interest in the Duel Monsters game, the latest fad at the time. Though unskilled at first, with Yugi's help, he trains for the Duelist Kingdom tournament for his sister and participates in the Battle City tournament out of suspicion that Kaiba is plotting something. Over the course of the series, his skills improve to the point where he could be called a true duelist and earn the right to duel Dark Yugi. Jonouchi is shown to be kind, selfless, brave, and willing to help and save those he cares, but also demonstrates a near lack of modesty and can be rather rash at times, making him a source of comic relief. He also has an extreme fear of ghosts, mummies, and creepy things. Jonouchi notes that, before he met Yugi, he lacked motivation. However, over time he learns to channel his anger into games instead of his fists.His ace card is the \"Red-Eyes Black Dragon\".","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yumi Kakazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi_Kakazu"},{"link_name":"Maki Saitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maki_Sait%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E8%97%A4%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%80"},{"link_name":"Amy Birnbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Birnbaum"},{"link_name":"Enjo kōsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai"}],"sub_title":"Anzu Mazaki","text":"Voiced by: Yumi Kakazu (1998–1999), Maki Saitō [ja] (2000–present) (Japanese); Amy Birnbaum (English)Anzu Mazaki / Téa Gardner (真崎 杏子, Mazaki Anzu) is Yugi's childhood best friend, a supportive girl who has a crush on Dark Yugi. She is not an avid game-player, with her abilities being well below Yugi's, though she exhibits knowledge of video game RPGs during the Monster World arc. Her dueling ability is decent, and she used to defeat Jonouchi in school before he became a seasoned duelist. She is athletic, has a strong school spirit, and secretly worked at a fast food restaurant called Burger World to save money; her secret dream is to be a professional dancer in the USA. When Yugi and Jonouchi learn of these secrets when they follow her thinking she is taking part in Enjo kōsai, she gains a new respect for Jonouchi and Yugi, who are willing to support her dream and keep her secrets.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryōtarō Okiayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Okiayu"},{"link_name":"Takayuki Kondō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayuki_Kond%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Sam Riegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Riegel"},{"link_name":"Greg Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Abbey"},{"link_name":"the 1998 Toei anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh_Toei_anime"}],"sub_title":"Hiroto Honda","text":"Voiced by: Ryōtarō Okiayu (1998–1999), Takayuki Kondō (2000–2001, 2016), Hidehiro Kikuchi (2001–2004) (Japanese); Sam Riegel (eps. 1–10), Greg Abbey (eps. 11-224/other media; eps. 1–9 uncut dub) (English)Hiroto Honda / Tristan Taylor (本田 ヒロト, Honda Hiroto) is a student who is in class 1-B at Domino High School and befriends Yugi, Jonouchi, Anzu, and later Bakura. In the manga, he starts out as Jonouchi's street thug buddy and has a crush on Miho Nosaka. In the 1998 Toei anime, he is the head of the school's beautician department. Despite Yugi rescuing him and Jonouchi from the bully Ushio, he initially dislikes Yugi. After admitting his love for Miho Nosaka to Jonouchi, he convinces him to ask Yugi for help in writing a love letter to her in the form of a puzzle. When Ms. Chono confiscates the puzzle and threatens to punish Miho if the secret admirer does not come clean, Yugi and Jonouchi stand up for him by saying they were the ones who wrote it. Ms. Chono decides to put together the puzzle to find out who the sender is, and Dark Yugi secretly turns it into a Shadow Game, shattering Ms. Chono's pretty face as the Penalty Game. Afterward, Honda warms up to Yugi and becomes one of his closest friends, despite Miho later turning him down when he asks her out directly.In the 1998 anime, Honda has a recurring crush on Miho, but is not involved with Ms. Chono.In the English version of the Duel Monsters anime, his past was heavily edited to remove violence and his importance is slightly downplayed. In the Duel Monsters anime, he has a crush on Jonouchi's sister Shizuka and his origin story with Miho is never mentioned. He also has a strong rivalry with Duke Devlin and regularly competes with him for Serenity's affections.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsutomu Kashiwakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsutomu_Kashiwakura"},{"link_name":"Yusuke Numata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuke_Numata"},{"link_name":"Yō Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8D_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Rica Matsumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rica_Matsumoto"},{"link_name":"Ted Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lewis_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"tabletop role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_games"},{"link_name":"miniature figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_figure_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Ryo Bakura","text":"Voiced by: Tsutomu Kashiwakura (1998), Yusuke Numata (game), Yō Inoue (2000–2001), Rica Matsumoto (2001–present) (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English)Ryo Bakura (獏良 了, Bakura Ryō)A transfer student who becomes friends with the main group of the story. Like Yugi, he is interested in games, particularly tabletop role-playing games like Monster World (モンスター・ワールド, Monsutā Wārudo). He is the holder of the Millennium Ring (千年輪, Sennen Ringu) and has a dark spirit dwelling within him, much like with Yugi and Dark Yugi. Prior to his introduction to the story, Bakura's mother and his sister, Amane, died in a car accident, a detail omitted from the second series. As well, he was constantly moving schools and isolating himself because when he played a game with his friends, they would end up in a coma. This is revealed to be the result of Dark Bakura inflicting Penalty Games on them, trapping their souls into RPG miniature figures. With help from Yugi and his friends, they defeat Dark Bakura in a Shadow Game of Monster World. From then on, Bakura joins the main group in many of their conflicts. Despite the danger it poses, Bakura continues to hold onto the Millennium Ring as he is curious about its history. This, along with his trusting and innocent nature, sometimes brings him into conflict with the others and allows Dark Bakura to continually possess him without his knowledge. The first animated series included Miho Nosaka, who had a crush on Bakura.In the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters anime, his role in the group is greatly reduced compared to the manga, as he is mostly being controlled by Dark Bakura and does not accompany Yugi and his friends as much as he did in the manga, and is excluded from filler arcs. In addition, he is introduced in the middle of the Duelist Kingdom story as someone they knew from school, as opposed to being a close friend, and his love for tabletop role-playing games and making occult decks is not focused on as much.He is British in the 4Kids version.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hikaru Midorikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Midorikawa"},{"link_name":"Kenjirō Tsuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenjir%C5%8D_Tsuda"},{"link_name":"Eric Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Stuart"}],"sub_title":"Seto Kaiba","text":"Voiced by: Hikaru Midorikawa (1998–1999), Kenjirō Tsuda (2000–present, teenager), Kiyomi Yazaki (2000–2004, child) (Japanese); Eric Stuart (English)Seto Kaiba (海馬 瀬人, Kaiba Seto) is the current president and CEO of the Kaiba Corporation. Kaiba is first introduced as a prodigious, cold-hearted gamer who will stop at nothing to achieve his goals, even resorting to seemingly killing his opponents. He had a troubled childhood because of his adoptive father Gozaboro. When Kaiba learns that Yugi's grandfather Sogoroku possesses a \"Blue-Eyes White Dragon\" card, he steals the card from Yugi, ends up dueling Dark Yugi, and loses. Dark Yugi gives Kaiba the \"Experience of Death\" Penalty Game. Since his defeat to Dark Yugi, Kaiba, unable to forget the Penalty Game he experienced, plans to use the DEATH-T to exact revenge and kill him. Kaiba duels Dark Yugi again and loses. Dark Yugi gives Kaiba the \"Mind Crush\" Penalty Game to momentarily shatter his heart and purge it of evil, causing Kaiba to end up in a coma for almost a year. Despite being reformed, Kaiba retains his arrogance and rivalry with Dark Yugi, as he tells Yugi to \"tell the other Yugi that our battle isn't over\" at the end of Duelist Kingdom. While Kaiba leaves the story following the Battle City arc, he appears in the anime adaption as a major character and is mentioned in Yu-Gi-Oh! GX as the founder of Duel Academy.Kaiba created Solid Vision in the original manga during the events of DEATH-T and further expanded on it during the story and in the sequel manga and movie Transcend Game and Dark Side of Dimensions, respectively. Kaiba also attempts to bring back Atem to settle things between them, which causes much of the storyline to occur before Atem departs to the afterlife. Kaiba uses a \"Blue-Eyes\" deck and his ace monster is \"Blue-Eyes White Dragon\".","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katsue Miwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsue_Miwa"},{"link_name":"Junko Noda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko_Noda"},{"link_name":"Junko Takeuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko_Takeuchi"},{"link_name":"Tara Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Sands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mokuba_english-2"},{"link_name":"Carrie Keranen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Keranen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mokuba_english-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-everything_geek_carrie-3"}],"sub_title":"Mokuba Kaiba","text":"Voiced by: Katsue Miwa (1998), Junko Noda (game), Junko Takeuchi (2000–present) (Japanese); Tara Sands[1] (4Kids, 2001–2005, 2017), Carrie Keranen[1][2] (4Kids, 2005–2006) (English)Mokuba Kaiba (海馬 モクバ, Kaiba Mokuba) is Seto Kaiba's younger brother, who is an expert at Capsule Monster Chess (カプセルモンスターチェス, Kapuseru Monsutā Chesu). In the manga, Mokuba is characterized as a spoiled brat who often tries to trick Yugi to get back at him for defeating Kaiba. In the pre-Death-T chapters of the manga, Mokuba tries to defeat Yugi before Kaiba can, threatening to cut off Yugi's fingers if he wins, and challenges Jonouchi and Yugi to a Russian Roulette Dinner of Death (死の料理・ロシアンルーレット, Shi no Ryōri Roshian Rūretto) and poisons Jonouchi. In Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters, Mokuba is devoted to Kaiba and is constantly by his side. He is not as violent as his manga counterpart, and is not committed to avenging Seto's defeat. He befriends Yugi's group after they rescue him, thus making him the warmer, more sociable one of the two brothers.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yukana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DonohooWhatWas-4"}],"sub_title":"Miho Nosaka","text":"Voiced by: YukanaMiho Nosaka (anime version) / Melody (video game) (野坂 ミホ, Nosaka Miho) is a one-shot minor character in the manga, who was re-written as a main character for the 1998 Toei anime adaptation.[3] In the adaptation, she is a good friend of Yugi and Anzu's best friend. This version of Miho is a cheerful, kind, and caring girly girl who loves her friends and all things cute; according to Honda, she is one of the school's treasures. Miho tends to talk in third person and has had crushes on many of the male cast members throughout the show, but despite his love for her, she is not interested in Honda in any way other than as a friend. Miho has a stubborn side, and whenever her friends are threatened, she will not hesitate to protect them, like when Warashibe poisons Anzu, Honda, and Jonouchi. She is also shown to be smarter than she lets on and has a manipulative side to her. She is also not above letting her desires be known to Honda, who she knows has a huge crush on her. Despite this, she is shown to care for him, as when she thought he had died, she resolved to fight for his sake. After learning he is alive, she teams up with Jonouchi to fight against Ryuichi and Aileen, who were keeping Honda and Yugi's grandfather captive.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsutomu Kashiwakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsutomu_Kashiwakura"},{"link_name":"Yō Inoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8D_Inoue"},{"link_name":"Rica Matsumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rica_Matsumoto"},{"link_name":"Ted Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lewis_(voice_actor)"}],"sub_title":"Dark Bakura","text":"Voiced by: Tsutomu Kashiwakura (1998), Yō Inoue (2000–2001), Rica Matsumoto (2001–2004, 2016) (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English) (English)Dark Bakura / Yami Bakura (闇獏良, Yami Bakura) is the main antagonist of the series. He is a dark spirit dwelling inside of the Millennium Ring who seeks the Millennium items to open the Door of Darkness, which grants evil power to anyone that opens it. To do so, he takes control over Bakura's body against Bakura's will, since he does not have a body of his own. In the beginning of the story, he torments Bakura by taking over his body whenever he played games with his friends and used Penalty Games to trap their souls into TRPG miniatures for the Monster World game, causing Bakura to constantly transfer schools. With help from Yugi and Dark Yugi, Jonouchi, Anzu, Honda, and Miho in the 1998 anime, they are able to temporarily purge Dark Bakura's influence on Bakura by defeating the final boss of Monster World, Dark Master Zorc (闇の支配者ダーク・マスターゾーク, Dāku Masutā Zōku). However, later on when the group is seemingly going to be trapped within the labyrinth below Duelist Kingdom, the spirit's voice within the Millennium Ring tricks Bakura into putting it on again, assuring him that his other half will help save his friends and that the dark spirit has undergone a change of heart. With Bakura's friends unaware that he had once again put on the Millennium Ring, Dark Bakura helps Dark Yugi in his game, which is designed to outwit the Meikyuu Brothers' trickery, and they head to the surface.It was initially unknown whether Dark Bakura was still a malevolent spirit. While he occasionally helped Yugi and his friends while trying to gain their uneasy trust and seemed to allow Bakura more control over his body, unbeknownst to the others, he killed Pegasus by tearing the Millennium Eye out of his eye socket and took it for himself. During the Dungeon Dice Monsters arc, his true nature is revealed; after giving Yugi morale support during the game against Ryuji Otogi and helping him retrieve the pieces of the shattered Millennium Puzzle, he secretly plants a portion of his soul into one of the pieces to uncover the True Door from within. He intends to manipulate events until the Millennium Items have been gathered, in preparation for the Dark Role-Playing Game / Dark RPG (闇・Ｒ・Ｐ・Ｇロール・プレイング・ゲーム, Yami Ā Pī Jī (Yami Rōru Pureingu Gēmu)), with the ultimate goal of opening the Door of Darkness and unleashing the darkness sealed within the Puzzle. Unbeknownst to Bakura, throughout the later portion of the manga, he occasionally takes over his body whenever he sees the chance of furthering his goals. During the final arc, Dark Bakura is revealed to be an entity created when the soul of Thief King Bakura (盗賊王バクラ, Tōzoku Ō Bakura) merged with a fragment of the great evil god Zorc Necrophades after both were sealed inside the Millennium Ring. He is defeated for good when Dark Yugi/Atem summons Horakthy, the Creator of Light, to destroy Zorc. In the anime, Dark Bakura became a part of Zorc and was destroyed by Horakthy, while in the manga, his life was linked to Akhenaden's and Zorc's and was killed when they died.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darren Dunstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Dunstan"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings"},{"link_name":"tarot cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot_cards"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian"},{"link_name":"Yu-Gi-Oh! GX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!_GX"},{"link_name":"English words interspliced with Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrish"},{"link_name":"VIZ Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIZ_Media"}],"sub_title":"Pegasus J. Crawford","text":"Voiced by: Jiro Takasugi (Japanese); Darren Dunstan (English)Pegasus J. Crawford / Maximillion Pegasus (ペガサス・Ｊ・クロフォード, Pegasasu Jei Kurofōdo) is the eccentric American chairman of Industrial Illusions (shortened to I2) and the creator of the game Duel Monsters (デュエル モンスターズ, Dyueru Monsutāzu) (originally Magic & Wizards (Ｍ＆Ｗ (マジック＆ウィザーズ), Majikku ando Wizāzu)). He is the wielder of the Millennium Eye (千年眼, ミレニアムアイ, Sennen Gan, Mireniamu Ai).In the original manga, his story about meeting Shadi and the supposed \"evil intelligence\" of the Millennium Items prompts Dark Yugi's search for his origins. During his final Shadow Game with Yugi/Dark Yugi, he tells them of his discovery of an ancient Egyptian Shadow Game during his travels in the Valley of the Kings, which inspired his creation of Duel Monsters and the creation of card games in general, such as tarot cards.In the second anime, as the creator of the card game Duel Monsters and the discoverer of their ancient Egyptian roots, Pegasus often plays a key role due to his extensive knowledge of the game and its mysterious origins. He has a habit of calling Yugi Mutou \"Yugi-boy\" and Seto Kaiba \"Kaiba-boy\", a trend which continues in the Yu-Gi-Oh! GX anime, as he calls Judai Yuki \"Judai-boy\". Pegasus often uses English words interspliced with Japanese and uses the English pronoun \"you\" instead of Japanese second-person words. His speech is also unique in pronunciation, as in both English and Japanese he tends to elongate vowel sounds, especially near the end of sentences.Pegasus serves as the manga's fourth main antagonist and the second anime adaptation's first main antagonist, as he challenges Yugi to a Shadow Game to force him to come to his tournament Duelist Kingdom (決闘者の王国 (デュエリストキングダム), Dyuerisuto Kingudamu) and face him. He also takes the soul of his grandfather Sugoroku Mutou as a Penalty Game for losing the timed match to ensure this. In the second anime, he traps Sugoroku in a Soul Prison Duel Monsters card. Pegasus also kidnaps Mokuba to convince Kaiba to come to the Kingdom, later capturing their souls. Through flashbacks, Pegasus is revealed to have had a lover, Cecelia / Cyndia (シンディア, Shindia), who died after her 17th birthday or after their marriage in the anime. His actions were carried out in hopes of resurrecting her. At the end of the arc, Yugi and Dark Yugi defeat him in a final game of Duel Monsters, and he is obliged to release his victims' souls. Soon after, Dark Bakura murders him and takes the Millennium Eye for himself. In the manga, he is reunited with Cecelia in the afterlife.In the Duel Monsters anime, he is not killed as just fell ill. He makes brief appearances in later seasons where he had painted portraits of the Egyptian God monsters and had his soul stolen by Dartz.He plays his \"Toon\" deck where he has used Toon World to make Toon versions of his monsters. During his duel with Kaiba, he used the magic card \"Prophecy\" to steal one of Kaiba's Blue Eyes White Dragons to make Blue Eyes Toon Dragon. In his duel with Yugi, he had the magic card \"Doppelganger\" take the form of Yugi's slain Summoned Skull to creat Toon Summoned Skull.Pegasus J. Crawford is his name in Japanese versions, while Maximillion Pegasus is his name in the VIZ Media-translated manga and in the anime. He is known in the English manga as \"Maximillion J. Pegasus\".","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mr. Clown","text":"Mr. Clown (MRクラウン / 御伽父, Misutā Kuraun / Otogi-chichi) is an antagonist exclusive to the manga. He is the owner of the Black Clown (ブラック・クラウン, Burakku Kuraun) game shop, which is located across the street from Sugoroku Mutou's Kame Game shop. Long ago, he asked Sugoroku to take him in as a disciple. After some time, they challenged each other for ownership of the Millennium Puzzle in a Shadow Game called the Devil's Board Game. He lost the game and aged 50 years in a single night as a result of the Penalty Game. Since then, he has desired revenge through his son Ryuji, who is known as Duke Devlin in the English anime. He does not appear in the anime, but does appear in The Dark Side of Dimensions, a film set in the manga continuity. In the film, he opens up a cafe with Ryuji to replace Black Clown, which burnt down.In the English Dungeon Dice Monsters video game, he is given the name Sindin the Clown.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetsuya Iwanaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuya_Iwanaga_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Todd Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Todd_Ross"}],"sub_title":"Mark Ishtar","text":"Voiced by: Tetsuya Iwanaga (teenager), Akiko Kimura (child) (Japanese); Jonathan Todd Ross (English)Marik Ishtar (マリク・イシュタール, Mariku Ishutāru) is the heir to a clan of tombkeepers and the younger brother of Ishizu Ishtar. Marik's hatred of the Pharaoh compels him to disregard his duties and turn to a life of crime. During his childhood, he developed a split personality as a result of trauma after undergoing the tombkeeper's initiation ritual, which involved carving into his body with a hot dagger, and being raised away from the rest of the world. After breaking one of the laws of their clan, his dark personality emerged and brutally murdered his father, who is sent to the Shadow Realm in the English anime. However, his adoptive older brother Rishid, who is known as Odion in the English version of the anime adaptation, sealed his dark side away, leaving him with no memory of his actions. He believed that the Pharaoh had his father killed and became obsessed with killing the Pharaoh to avenge his father and put an end to the suffering of his clan, never knowing about his other personality. To this end, he created the Rare Hunters, a gang of thieves who steal and collect rare Duel Monsters cards, and uses his Millennium Rod to control people's minds. Although he was innocent and kind as a child, he became cruel and uncaring, killing his servants when they displeased him and developing a love for torturing people.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetsuya Iwanaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuya_Iwanaga_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Todd Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Todd_Ross"}],"sub_title":"Mark Ishtar - Dark Marik","text":"Voiced by: Tetsuya Iwanaga (Japanese); Jonathan Todd Ross (English)Yami Marik / Dark Marik (闇マリク, Yami Mariku) is a dark personality within Marik, who was created through his pain and suffering and serves as the main antagonist of the Battle City Tournament saga. He was born after Marik underwent the tombkeeper's initiation ritual, but to prevent him from emerging, Rishid carved marks into his own face. However, when Marik's father whipped Rishid as punishment for allowing Marik and his sister to Ishizu to break one of the clan's laws, Dark Marik emerged and brutally murdered his father. This set Marik's quest for vengeance into motion because he did not remember these events and believed them to be the doing of the Pharaoh.While Marik enjoyed violence and cruelty, he would only use it when he was angry or when it would further his own desires, but Dark Marik attacks anyone who crosses his path and prolongs their suffering for as long as possible; in the manga and Japanese Duel Monsters anime, he states that he likes killing people because it is \"fun\" and is \"the only thing that bought him happiness\". He only cares for his own survival and actively tries to kill Marik to have sole possession of their body. He also dislikes Rishid for sealing him away and actively tries to kill him as well. While he is connected to the Millennium Rod, Dark Marik differs from Dark Yugi and Dark Bakura in that he is an inhuman entity born from Marik's pain and despair and can exist even if his host mind were destroyed. Although not explicitly stated, the manga implies he manipulated Marik into committing some of his later crimes, as he told Dark Yugi that he \"took away\" Marik's guilt for the things he did.Eventually, Dark Marik reemerges and takes control of Marik during the Battle City Tournament Semi-Finals after Rishid falls unconscious as a result of being unworthy to control Ra's power during his duel with Jonouchi. He is destroyed following Marik's surrender against Yugi where the 4Kids Dub had him banished to the Shadow Realm.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Yako Tenma","text":"Yako Tenma (天馬 夜行, Tenma Yakō) is the kōhai (protégé) and adopted son of Maximillion Pegasus, who seeks revenge for Pegasus' death.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kōji Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_Ishii"},{"link_name":"Oliver Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wyman_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Akhenadin","text":"Voiced by: Hitoshi Bifu (#201–212), Kōji Ishii (#213–214) (Japanese); Oliver Wyman (English)Priest Akhenaden (神官アクナディン, Shinkan Akunadin) is the guardian of the Millennium Eye and the brother of King Ahknemkhanen. As they grew up, he was secretly jealous of his brother's position as pharaoh, considering himself the true power behind the throne. Using the Shadow Alchemy inscribed in the Millennium Spellbook / Millennium Tome (千年魔術書, Sennen Majutsu Sho), he ordered the massacre at the village of Kul Elna, using their blood and melting their corpses into gold to create the Millennium Items to defend his brother's kingdom. He kept the slaughter a secret and brainwashed his soldiers to do so. To protect his family from anyone seeking revenge, he abandoned his wife and his son, Seto. Seto later entered Pharaoh Atem's court as a priest, but Akhenaden kept their relationship a secret. After seeing how his son had flourished after he abandoned him, Akhenaden's desire became to see Seto achieve power. Through Zorc's influence within his Millennium Eye, he is convinced that he needed to kill the Pharaoh and make a contract with Zorc to become the High Priest of Darkness (闇の大神官, Yami no Daishinkan).In the manga, Akhenaden's soul is merged with Zorc's and sealed inside the Millennium Puzzle along with Atem, and released during the final arc. His mummy is used as a second player on Dark Bakura's side of the Shadow RPG, influencing his own playing piece as part of the game's recreation of the events. After Atem wins the game, the mummy's skull is split in half, indicating that Zorc's soul has been vanquished for good. In the second anime series, when Dark Bakura plants a portion of his soul into his Millennium Eye, Akhenaden's mind becomes corrupted. He would later collect the remaining items he created and granted power from Zorc, transforming into the High Priest of Darkness (Great Shadow Magus in the English dub). He would later seal the White Dragon before Seto killed him. As his soul enters Seto's mind to kill the Pharaoh, he is stopped and killed for good by Kisara in her White Dragon form, and is sent to the Shadow Realm afterwards. His purified soul is later seen alongside his brother on the other side of the door to the afterlife as Atem walks through it.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pollock_(voice_actor)"}],"sub_title":"Zorc Necrophades","text":"Voiced by: Yoshitaka Kaidu (Japanese); Mike Pollock (English)Zorc Necrophades (大邪神 ゾーク・ネクロファデス, Dai Jashin Zōku Nekurofadesu) is a destroyer of worlds born from the darkness in humans' hearts. In the English anime dub, he is the creator of the Shadow Realm. He is summoned by Akhenaden through the power of the Millennium Items and attacks the kingdom, dispatching Atem's advisers. In the Memory World, an RPG-style Shadow Game that Dark Bakura set up based on ancient Egypt, Zorc is the game's final boss and has three Ba gauges. If Dark Yugi loses the Shadow RPG, Dark Bakura would gain the ultimate powers of darkness and Zorc would effectively be summoned once more. However, with help from Yugi and his friends, Atem defeats him and prevents his resurrection, freeing Bakura from the Millennium Ring in the process. Dark Bakura was an entity made of Zorc and Thief King Bakura's souls, and, in the manga, an entity made of both Zorc and Priest Akhenaden's souls who calls himself Zorc Necrophades, High Priest of Darkness appears.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryūji Saikachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABji_Saikachi"},{"link_name":"Ted Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lewis_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Minor antagonists","text":"Death-T (DEATH-T（死のテーマパーク）, Theme Park of Death)\nA deranged theme park which Kaiba creates in an attempt to kill Yugi. These events do not happen in the second series anime.Kaiba Manor Butler (manga)/ Daimon (anime) / Hobson (海馬邸執事 / 大門, Kaiba Tei Shitsuji)\nVoiced by: Ryūji Saikachi (1998), Jin Nishimura (2000) (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English)\nThe guide of the Horror Zone in Death T-2. Before the grand opening of Kaiba Land, he welcomes Yugi and Jonouchi to Kaiba Manor. He, along with other servants, greet them and Mokuba when they arrive. Mokuba has him to prepare six meals, including two poisoned ones, for his rigged game of Russian Roulette Dinner with Yugi and Jonouchi. When the game backfires and Mokuba is poisoned, the butler comes to his aid. In the anime, Hobson started out as the butler to Gozaboro Kaiba. In the first episode of the second anime, he was sent with two people to bring Sogoroku to Kaiba. When Sogoroku asks what would happen if he was to decline, Hobson quotes \"I'm afraid we must insist\". Sogoroku proceeds to go with them.Chopman (チョップマン, Choppuman)\nA serial killer who appears in one of the traps at Death-T and is exclusive to the manga. One summer night at a camp near Domino Lake, Chopman murdered ten boy scouts who had been staying there. The news of the murders caused fear throughout Domino City; the suspect came to be known as \"The Chopman\", but was not captured and remained at large.[4]","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"}],"sub_title":"Minor antagonists - Laser Tag Assassins","text":"The Laser Tag Assassins are three professional mercenaries who Kaiba hires. They were offered ¥10,000 each to kill Yugi and his friends in the Shooting Stardust (シューティング・スターダスト, Shūtingu Sutādasuto) game, being equipped with guns that can fire lasers, while Yugi and his friends are given toy guns.Johnny Gale (ジョニー・ゲイル, Jonī Geiru)\nA former Green Beret commander who specialized in guerrilla warfare.Bob Mcguire (ボブ・マクガイア, Bobu Makugaia)\nA former SWAT team leader who specialized in long distance sniping.Name unknown / Mysterious Assassin (謎のアサシン, Nazo no Asashin)\nA former hitman that succeeded in killing his targets when KaibaCorp hired him.[5]","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ted Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lewis_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"right-hand man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_assistant"},{"link_name":"butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler"},{"link_name":"Eric Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Stuart"},{"link_name":"bodyguards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyguard"}],"sub_title":"Minor antagonists - Pegasus J. Crawford's servants","text":"Mr. Crocketts / Croquet (クロケッツ, Misutā Kurokettsu)\nVoiced by: Yoshikazu Nagano (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English)\nThe right-hand man and butler of Pegasus. In the manga, Kaiba takes him hostage and holds him at gunpoint in the guestroom, threatening to kill him if Pegasus doesn't show himself.Saruwatari / Kemo (猿渡, Saruwatari)\nVoiced by: Masahiro Okazaki (Japanese); Eric Stuart (English)\nA character who is first shown working for the Kaiba Brothers as one of their private bodyguards during the Death-T arc. In reality, he was working for Industrial Illusions, gathering information from within KaibaCorp and giving it to Pegasus. During Pegasus' tournament, Saruwatari was in charge to taking the eliminated players to the boat leaving Pegasus' island. In a filler arc, Saruwatari was shown working for the Big Five and was sent to shut down the virtual reality pods that Yugi, Jonouchi, and Mokuba were in. After they emerged from the game successfully, Kemo and those with him ran off to beat Kaiba to the Big Five. Saruwatari reappears in the Yu-Gi-Oh! R spin-off manga and in the 1999 movie, where he kidnaps unwilling invitees to Kaiba's tournament. However, Jonouchi stops him from forcing Shougo Aoyama to enter.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Wayne Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Grayson"},{"link_name":"David Moo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Moo"},{"link_name":"Takashi Matsuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Matsuyama_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sam Riegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Riegel"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lobozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Lobozzo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marc Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Thompson_(voice_actor)"}],"sub_title":"Minor antagonists - Player Killers","text":"The Player Killers / Eliminators (プレイヤーキラー, Pureiyā Kirā) are duelists Pegasus hires to challenge contestants to duels and take their Star Chips, to ensure that the gamers on his island do not reach the finals of Duelist Kingdom and make Pegasus the world's number one duelist and fit to be KaibaCorp's new CEO.Ventriloquist of the Dead (死者の腹話術師, Shisha no Fukuwajutsūshi)\nThe first Player Killer that Yugi and his friends encounter, who Saruwatari hired to defeat Yugi. He controls a puppet that resembles Kaiba and uses his stolen deck. After he is defeating, Dark Yugi inflicts the Penalty Game \"Puppet Illusion\" on him, trapping him in an illusion where a puppet of himself is attacking him.Ghost Kaiba / Mimic of Doom (死の物真似師, Shinomono Maneshi)\nVoiced by: Tony Hirota (Japanese); Eric Stuart (disguised form), Wayne Grayson (true form) (English)\nAn obese shape-shifter hired to defeat Yugi. He replaces the manga's Ventriloquist of the Dead in the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters anime. Upon defeat, he vanishes after Dark Yugi uses a Mind Crush. In the English dub, he is the evil side of Seto Kaiba's heart that Dark Yugi banished to the Shadow Realm in the first episode.Player Killer of Darkness / PaniK (「闇」のプレイヤーキラー, \"Yami\" no Pureiyā Kirā)\nVoiced by: Holly Kaneko (Japanese); David Moo (English)\nThe second Player Killer that the group encounters, who steals Mai's star chips. When Dark Yugi intends to bet his own life to even out the stakes and win back Mai's star chips. The Player Killer ties a noose around Dark Yugi's neck and threatens to kill him once he wins. Because of this, Dark Yugi turns the duel into a Shadow Game, at one point claiming he will win in five more turns. During the duel, Dark Yugi shows the Player Killer illusions of the impending Penalty Game, in which the he is walking up the gallows' stairs each turn closer to the five turn limit. After the Player Killer loses the Shadow Game, Dark Yugi inflicts the \"Darkness of Naraku\" Penalty Game on him, where he imagines himself being hung from the gallows over the abyss. In the anime, the penalty of the game is changed so that fire is shot at the loser. When the Player Killer attempts to do this to Dark Yugi even after losing, Dark Yugi's magic shields him from harm. He then performs a Mind Crush on the Player Killer. Mai's star chips are then returned to her.Meikyu Brothers / Paradox Brothers (迷宮兄弟, Meikyū Kyōdai)\nMei/Para Voiced by: Takashi Matsuyama (Mei) (Japanese); Sam Riegel (ep. 19), Jerry Lobozzo (ep. 20–21) (English)\nKyu/Dox Voiced by: Hitoshi Nishimura (Japanese); Marc Thompson (English)\nThe last set of Player Killers the group meet within the underground maze of Duelist Kingdom. They challenge Yugi and Jonouchi to a tag-battle game, a hybrid of Duel Monsters and a maze game. After losing, the group must choose the correct path or else they will be stuck in the underground labyrinth for eternity. In reality, both doors are correct and the brothers are able to change the correct door at will. Their trickery is outed by Dark Yugi's Labyrinth Coin (迷宮コイン, Meikyū Koin) game, with the aid of Dark Bakura in the manga, and the group is able to return to the surface.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wills_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Takehito Koyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takehito_Koyasu"},{"link_name":"Sam Riegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Riegel"},{"link_name":"magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Todd Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Todd_Ross"},{"link_name":"Yū Mizushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%AB_Mizushima"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Zoppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carter_Cathcart"},{"link_name":"Kōji Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_Ishii"}],"sub_title":"Minor antagonists - Ghouls","text":"Ghouls / Rare Hunters (グールズ, Gūruzu) are a group of card thieves that serve Marik, whom Dark Yugi and Kaiba refer to as \"Ghouls of the Gaming Underworld\". They provide Marik with a large supply of minions, rare cards, and money by stealing and selling rare cards from duelists worldwide. Numerous members of the Ghouls are shown, including the unnamed card shop owner and various unnamed duelists.Rare Hunter / Seeker (レアハンター, Reahantā)\nVoiced by: David Wills\nThe first Ghoul who Marik dispatched upon learning from the card shop owner that gave Jonouchi his Duel Disk that Jonouchi owns the rare Red-Eyes Black Dragon. He uses a deck that focuses on making a complete hand of counterfeit Exodia cards. After Dark Yugi destroys his strategy and wins the duel, Marik uses his Millennium Rod to take over Rare Hunter's mind to introduce himself to Yugi, after which he is seemingly killed (sent his mind to the Shadow Realm). It was also revealed that this Rare Hunter was the weakest of the group.Pandora / Arkana (パンドラ, Pandora)\nVoiced by: Takehito Koyasu (Japanese); Sam Riegel (English)\nThe second Ghoul. He was a magician who at an early age was saddened by his mother's death (this was ommitted in the English dub). During one of his escape tricks aided by his fiance Catherine, something went horribly wrong and Arkana was disfigured around the eyes. His sadness drove away Catherine. While wandering around with a bandaged head, Arkana was approached by Marik who offered to reunite him with Catherine. He since wore a mask to hide his disfigurement. Following Seeker's failure, Arkana is dispatched to challenges Dark Yugi to a death game in which their legs are shackled and buzzsaws threaten to saw off the loser's legs once their life points reach 0 (in the English anime, the loser will be sent to the Shadow Realm upon being touched by the laser disks). He is defeated by Yugi's Dark Magician Girl. Yugi saved Arkana from losing his leg despite Marik messing with his mind and went to where Catherine was supposed to be only to find that he was talking to a mannequin all this time. Marik then speaks to Yugi for a brief moment and mentions that another Rare Hunter will be coming for him.Pantomimer / Strings (パントマイマー, Pantomaimā)\nVoiced by: Jonathan Todd Ross\nThe third Ghoul, who first appears before Bakura, Anzu, and Yugi's grandfather in the park. Bakura tries to get his attention, but does not feel any life from him, as if he was a doll. Marik later uses him as a puppet in an attempt to kill Yugi before arriving in Battle City. He wielded Slifer the Sky Dragon and used a combination of Revival Jam with \"Jam Defender\" and \"Infinite Cards\" to power Slifer the Sky Dragon. After Yugi used \"Brain Control\" on Revival Jam, this caused Pantomimer to deck out enabling Yugi to win the duel.Mask of Light / Lumis (光の仮面, Hikari no Kamen)\nVoiced by: Yū Mizushima (Japanese); Jimmy Zoppi (English)\nThe last set of Ghouls, who challenge Dark Yugi and Kaiba to a tag-team death game where the loser sets off a bomb near their side of the glass ceiling and will fall 13 stories to their death (sent to the Shadow Realm in the English dub). In the English anime, the loser will be sent to the Shadow Realm. Unbeknownst to Dark Yugi and Kaiba, they are equipped with parachutes. After Umbra was defeated, Lumis spoke through Marik to let him know that he has Junouchi.Mask of Darkness / Umbra (闇の仮面, Yami no Kamen)\nVoiced by: Kōji Ishii (Japanese); Andrew Paull (English)\nThe last set of Ghouls, who challenge Dark Yugi and Kaiba to a tag-team death game where the loser sets off a bomb near their side of the glass ceiling and will fall 13 stories to their death (sent to the Shadow Realm in the English dub). In the English anime, the loser will be sent to the Shadow Realm. Unbeknownst to Dark Yugi and Kaiba, they are equipped with parachutes. When Umbra was defeated, he was sent falling and activated his parachute.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Zaraustica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wyman_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Filler antagonists","text":"Siegfried von Schroeder / Zigfried von Schroeder (ジークフリード・フォン・シュレイダー, Jīkufurīdo fon Shureidā)\nVoiced by: Eisuke Tsuda (Japanese); Pete Zaraustica (English)\nThe CEO of Schroeder Corp, a long-time rival to the Kaiba family and Kaiba Corporation. When Siegfried and Seto Kaiba become heads of their respective family companies, they attempt to create holographic systems for Duel Monsters. Both succeed, with Siegfried's invention being the Holographic Duel Box Room System, but Kaiba markets and patents his first, leaving Siegfried to fall into ruin. He actively attempted to destroy Kaiba Corp for many years afterwards. After discovering that his younger brother Leon is secretly a successful duelist, he takes interest in him for the first time and manipulates him to destroy Kaiba. Siegfried joins the KC Grand Prix to discredit Kaiba and claim revenge. Although Siegfried uses various computer viruses in an attempt to destroy Kaiba Corporation's computer systems, Kaiba is able to stop them and expels Siegfried from the tournament. When Leon faces Yugi in the finals, he attempts to use him to destroy Kaiba Corp, but fails as Leon did not want to beat anyone by cheating. After his defeat, Leon forgives him and promises to help rebuild their family's company. Siegfried embraces him, finally able to have a real relationship with his brother.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unsho Ishizuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsho_Ishizuka"},{"link_name":"David Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Willis_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"defenestration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestration"},{"link_name":"Chisa Yokoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisa_Yokoyama"},{"link_name":"Andrew Rannells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Rannells"}],"sub_title":"Filler antagonists - Kaiba family","text":"Gozaburo Kaiba (海馬 剛三郎, Kaiba Gōzaburō)\nVoiced by: Unsho Ishizuka (1998), Tetsuo Komura (2002) (Japanese); David Wills (English)\nA rich, selfish, uncaring, tyrannical, and power-hungry businessman who is the adoptive father of Seto and Mokuba Kaiba. He is the original founder and CEO of Kaiba Corporation, which initially began as a successful arms manufacturer, and a world famous chess champion. It was this particular skill that Seto appealed to when Gozaburo visited the orphanage where he and Mokuba were living, as he challenged Gozaburo to a game of chess, with the stakes being the adoption of the two brothers. Seto won by cheating and Gozaburo adopted Seto and Mokuba, but he was a cruel father, forcing Seto to spend all his time studying to groom him as his new heir. However, Gozaburo's plans backfired when he gave Seto a 2% share of Kaiba Corporation stock as a test, challenging him to pay back ten times the amount within a year. Seto managed to acquire the money within a single day, and along with the board of director, secured majority control of the company stocks, overthrowing Gozaburo and installing himself as the new CEO. Upon being dethroned, Gozaburo commits suicide by defenestration. In the first anime adaptation, he instead suffers a heart attack. In the Duel Monsters anime adaptation, his story is greatly altered, making him the major antagonist of one of the anime's filler arcs.Noa Kaiba (海馬 乃亜, Kaiba Noa)\nVoiced by: Chisa Yokoyama (Japanese); Andrew Rannells (English)\nGozaburo Kaiba's biological son and Seto and Mokuba's stepbrother. As the heir to Kaiba Corporation, Noah's father made him study heavily in the arts and academic subjects, but unlike Seto Kaiba, Noah enjoyed it and was eager to please his father. When Noah was around ten years old, he was involved in a car accident and was fatally injured. In hopes of saving his son, Gozaburo uploaded Noah's soul onto a supercomputer before Seto was adopted. In the present, he kidnaps Yugi and co. and traps them in his Virtual World.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobuyuki Saitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobuyuki_Sait%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shintaro Sonooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintaro_Sonooka"},{"link_name":"Eric Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Marc Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Thompson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Grayson"},{"link_name":"Hiroomi Sugino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroomi_Sugino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wills_(voice_actor)"}],"sub_title":"Filler antagonists - The Big Five","text":"The Big Five were originally the executives for Kaiba Corp who were swayed to Kaiba's side when buying out Gozaburo. After Kaiba was victorious, he shut down their factories and re-established KaiabCorp as a gaming company causing the Big Five to resent him. They allied with Pegasus in a plan to allow Pegasus to claim control over KaibaCorp.In the manga following Pegasus' defeat, Kaiba fired them and they were never seen again.In the anime, Kaiba started to fire them as they offered him a peace offering in the form of a virtual reality game. Once Kaiba was in, he soon ends up trapped causing Mokuba to enlist Yugi and his friends for help. The Big Five program Witty Phantom to oversee Kaiba's sacrifice for a ritual that would summon Five-Headed Dragon. After Kaiba was freed from Witty Phantom's clutches and Saruwatari was sent with some men to deactivate the virtual reality pods, the Big Five take action and reprogram the game so that Five-Headed Dragon can appear. In addition, they also activate the Dragon Seal so that only dragon monsters can fight there. After Jonouchi, Mai, and Mokuba are defeated, Yugi and Kaiba combined Black Luster Soldier and Blue Eyes Ultimate Dragon to form Dragon Master Knight which destroyed Five-Headed Dragon. When Yugi, Jonouchi, and Mokuba emerged from their pods, Saruawatari and his men ran off to beat Kaiba to the Big Five.In the anime-only \"Virtual World\" arc, the Big Five's minds have become separated from their bodies and were trapped in KaibaCorp's cyberspace until they were found by Noa Kaiba who offered them a chance to gain new bodies. Each one went up against Yugi, Kaiba, and those with them using the \"Deck Master\" system. They each lost with Noa giving them a second chance. They dueled Yugi and Junouchi who wanted them to give Hiroto's body back. Despite using their different Deck Master abilities and monsters like Five-Headed Dragon and Berserk Dragon, the Big Five were defeated. After Noa busts them for trying to steal the bodies of Yugi's group, they beg for another chance only for Noa to delete them. In the English dub, they were imprisoned in the different corners of the virtual world which was later destroyed.Konosuke Oshita / Gansley\nVoiced by: Nobuyuki Saitō, Shintaro Sonooka (Japanese); Eric Stuart (\"Duelist Kingdom\" and \"Legendary Heroes\" arc), Marc Thompson (\"Virtual World\" arc) (English)\nThe former vice-president of business strategy at Kaiba Corp and the founder of the Big Five. He is the oldest of the group. In the Virtual World arc, his Deck Master was Deepsea Warrior.Shuzo Otaki / Adrian Randolph Crump III\nVoiced by: Satoshi Tsuruoka, Ryōsuke Ōtani (Japanese); Robert O'Gorman (English)\nA former manager of KaibaCorp Personnel. In the dub, he used to be an accountant and the chief financial officer for Kaiba Corp. In the virtual world, his Deck Master was Nightmare Penguin. His position and deck master were based on his dream of an all-penguin theme park that Kaiba turned down.Chikuzen Oka / Johnson\nVoiced by: Shinichi Yashiro (Japanese); Wayne Grayson (\"Duelist Kingdom\" and \"Legendary Heroes\" arc), Andrew Paull (\"Virtual World\" arc) (English)\nA former expert lawyer and chief legal officer for Kaiba Corp. In the virtual world, his Deck Master was Judge Man.Soichiro Ota / Nesbitt\nVoiced by: Hiroomi Sugino (Japanese); David Wills (English)\nA former engineer and chief technical officer at Kaiba Corp. In the virtual world, his Deck Master was Robotic Knight. Ota hopes to take revenge on Kaiba for forcing him to destroy his weapons and replace them with video games.Kogoro Daimon / Lector\nVoiced by: Eiji Takemoto, Hisashi Izumi (Japanese); Tom Souhrada (English)\nThe former right-hand man to Gozaburo and later Seto Kaiba, who was next in line to become CEO after Gozaburo. However, Seto took his title and left Daimon as little more than company consultant and figurehead. In the virtual world, his Deck Master is Jinzo.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayne Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Grayson"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis"},{"link_name":"orichalcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orichalcos"},{"link_name":"Leviathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan"},{"link_name":"Marc Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Thompson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Ted Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lewis_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Marc Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Thompson_(voice_actor)"}],"sub_title":"Filler antagonists - Doma / Paradius","text":"An organization who tried to take over the world using the Orichalcos.Dartz (ダーツ, Dātsu)\nVoiced by: Yū Emao (Japanese); Wayne Grayson (English)\nThe former King of Atlantis and the head of the organization Paradius. After being forced to kill his wife, who had been turned into a monster by the orichalcos, Dartz was also corrupted, which turned his right eye green. Dartz led the forces of the Orichalcos against his father, daughter, and the forces of the Dominion of the Beasts, but was defeated. He spent the next ten thousand years collecting souls to revive the Leviathan, which he believed could be revived using Atem's soul.Rafael (ラフェール, Rafēru)\nVoiced by: Yoshihisa Kawahara (Japanese); Marc Thompson (English)\nThe strongest of Dartz's henchmen and the duelist meant to defeat Atem and Yugi. His family was killed while on an ocean cruise, leaving him stranded on a deserted island. In the English version, his family is still alive, but forgot about him. With only his dueling deck to keep him company, Rafael developed a deep bond with them before he was rescued.Amelda / Alister (アメルダ, Ameruda)\nVoiced by: Yukinara Iemura (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English)\nDartz's second henchman. As a child, he lived in a town in the middle of a war and led a resistance group with his brother after their parents were killed by soldiers using weapons that were provided by Gozaburo Kaiba. His brother was ultimately killed as well. In the English dub, his parents and brother disappeared after their home town was attacked by soldiers armed by Gozaburo Kaiba, with Alister seeking revenge on Seto.Valon (ヴァロン, Varon)\nVoiced by: Takeshi Maeda (Japanese); Marc Thompson (English)\nDartz's third henchman. He was abandoned at a young age and was cared for by a nun at a church who protected him from a local street gang. However, when the nun was killed in a fire and the church burned down, Valon assaulted the gang and was sent to juvenile prison. In the English dub, Valon was to juvie there for an unspecified crime. He also develops feelings for Mai and seeks to defeat Jonouchi for previously defeating her and destroying her sense of worth as a duelist.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubis"},{"link_name":"Kōji Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_Ishii"},{"link_name":"Scottie Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Rayow"},{"link_name":"Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!_The_Movie:_Pyramid_of_Light"},{"link_name":"Paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yu-Gi-Oh!_5D%27s_characters#Paradox"},{"link_name":"Atsushi Tamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsushi_Tamura"},{"link_name":"Sean Schemmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Schemmel"},{"link_name":"Yu-Gi-Oh! 3D: Bonds Beyond Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!_3D:_Bonds_Beyond_Time"},{"link_name":"Iliaster's Four Stars of Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yu-Gi-Oh!_5D%27s_characters#Yliaster"},{"link_name":"Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!_5D%27s"},{"link_name":"Kento Hayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kento_Hayashi"},{"link_name":"Yu-Gi-Oh!: The Dark Side of Dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!:_The_Dark_Side_of_Dimensions"}],"sub_title":"Film antagonists","text":"Anubis (アヌビス, Anubisu)\nVoiced by: Kōji Ishii (Japanese); Scottie Ray (English)\nThe main antagonist of Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light, who was sealed inside the titular artifact and a card. He seeks revenge on Dark Yugi and awakens after Yugi solves the Millennium Puzzle in the beginning of the film. Atem had defeated Anubis a millennia ago, yet Anubis reappears to face Yugi Muto. Anubis possesses the cards \"Andro Sphinx\" and \"Sphinx Teleia\", which can be merged into \"Theinen the Great Sphinx\". In the Japanese version of the movie, Anubis wants revenge by using the King of Light (Kaiba) to defeat the King of Darkness (Dark Yugi) to revive Anubis, the King of Destruction, and then use Kaiba to become the new king and rule the world. However, Yugi stops his plans and he is killed by \"Blue-Eyes Shining Dragon\".Paradox (パラドックス, Paradokkusu)\nVoiced by: Atsushi Tamura (Japanese); Sean Schemmel (English)\nThe main antagonist of Yu-Gi-Oh! 3D: Bonds Beyond Time. He is one of Iliaster's Four Stars of Destruction and a Turbo Duelist who travels across time and space to destroy the history of Duel Monsters to save his own time, but ends up causing damage to the timeline. He faces Yugi, Jaden, and Yusei Fudo in a duel, and they are able to defeat him, save Duel monsters and their timelines. He plays his \"Malefic\" deck in which he stole every Duel monster cards. He also appears in a flashback in Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's.Diva (ディーヴァ, Dīva)\nVoiced by: Kento Hayashi (Japanese); Daniel J. Edwards (English)\nThe main antagonist of Yu-Gi-Oh!: The Dark Side of Dimensions, a film that serves as an epilogue to the manga continuity. Diva lived in Egypt with his sister Sera and Mani. They were connected to Shadi, who was like a mentor to them. In the Shrine of the Underworld. Shadi taught them about the Millennium Items, telling them that three of the items represented evil, three represented justice, and the seventh, the Millennium Puzzle, had both justice and evil. Shadi considered Diva to be of the same level as the person who is destined to solve the Millennium Puzzle. Shadi also told them that when the seven items are gathered together, a door to a better world would be opened and the three of them could enter that world, because they had been chosen. Before being killed by Dark Bakura, Shadi gave Diva the Quantum Cube (量子キューブ, Ryōshi Kyūbu). Using its power, Diva can erase people directly or transport them to an alternate dimension, where they will gradually dissolve into nothingness.In the present day, he alters the memories of everyone in Domino City to make them believe he is a new student at Domino High School named Aigami (藍神, Aigami). He plans to kill Seto and Yugi to save his home dimension and seeks revenge on Ryo Bakura, whom he blames for Shadi's death.","title":"Antagonists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takeshi Aono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Aono"},{"link_name":"Tadashi Miyazawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadashi_Miyazawa"},{"link_name":"Maddie Blaustein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Blaustein"},{"link_name":"Marc Diraison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Diraison"},{"link_name":"Sugoroku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugoroku"},{"link_name":"Backgammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon"},{"link_name":"Ryō Naitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8D_Nait%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Marc Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Thompson_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YuGiOh_Dungeon_Dice_Volumes-7"},{"link_name":"Kaneto Shiozawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaneto_Shiozawa"},{"link_name":"Nozomu Sasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozomu_Sasaki"},{"link_name":"Wayne Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Grayson"},{"link_name":"Anubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubis"},{"link_name":"Ma'at","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27at"},{"link_name":"Sumi Shimamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumi_Shimamoto"},{"link_name":"Sakura Nogawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Nogawa"},{"link_name":"Michael Alston Baley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brimmer"},{"link_name":"Haruhi Terada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruhi_Nanao"},{"link_name":"Megan Hollingshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Hollingshead"},{"link_name":"Bella Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Schroeder"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Delaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Delaney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Michiko Neya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiko_Neya"},{"link_name":"Lisa Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ortiz"}],"text":"Sugoroku Mutou / Solomon Muto (武藤 双六, Mutō Sugoroku)\nVoiced by: Takeshi Aono (1998), Tadashi Miyazawa (2000–present) (Japanese); Maddie Blaustein (Duel Monsters), Marc Diraison (4Kids, ep. 199), Wayne Grayson (Movies) (English)\nYugi's grandfather, who gave him the Millennium Puzzle, which he had recovered from the tomb of Pharaoh Atem when he was younger, as a present. He was once a gaming master who traveled all over the world to try and win games, vowing that if he ever lost a game, he'd \"open up a game shop, wear overalls, and collect years instead of chips\". In the present, he owns a game shop called Kame Game, where Yugi and his friends get several of the games they play. In the second series anime adaptation, he teaches Katsuya Jonouchi how to play the Duel Monsters card game. Like Yugi, his fondness for games is evident in his name, as \"Sugoroku\" is a Japanese game similar to Backgammon. Sugoroku is the reincarnation of Ancient Egyptian vizier Siamun Muran, who was Atem's right-hand man.Ryuji Otogi / Duke Devlin (御伽 龍児, Otogi Ryūji)\nVoiced by: Ryō Naitō (Japanese); Marc Thompson (English)\nA talented game inventor and the creator of Dungeon Dice Monsters (ダンジョンダイスモンスターズ, Danjon Daisu Monsutāzu) (anime and English manga) or Dragons, Dice, & Dungeons (D·D·D(ドラゴン・ダイス・＆(アンド)ダンジョンズ), Doragon Daisu ando Danjonzu) (Japanese manga). According to his father, Mr. Otogi, Ryuji was born and raised as a brilliant games player to fulfill his desire to take revenge on Sugoroku. Sugoroku had defeated Mr. Otogi in a Shadow Game called the Devil's Board Game, causing him to age 50 years in one night as a result of the Penalty Game. Ryuji was eventually transferred to Domino High School, and his father used this as an opportunity for Ryuji to defeat Yugi in a series of games and fulfill the family's revenge, taking the Millennium Puzzle for himself.[6] However, Ryuji ends up being moved by the games he played with Yugi and cannot bring himself to hate him, ultimately joining Yugi's circle of friends. He is somewhat serious and quiet, but also level-headed and intelligent.In the second anime, the influence of Ryuji's father is omitted entirely and Ryuji's personality is rewritten. Ryuji befriended Pegasus, who became fond of Dungeon Dice Monsters (ダンジョンダイスモンスターズ, Danjon Daisu Monsutāzu)), and wanted to help him market the game. After Yugi defeats Pegasus, he is no longer interested in their earlier deal. Ryuji blames Yugi for this and believes he cheated in his match against Pegasus. After learning the truth, he befriends Yugi and the others and often joins them on their adventures. Despite his arrogance, he is smart and level-headed. His personality often causes conflict with Honda, especially over Shizuka, who they both have a crush on in the anime.Shadi (シャーディー, Shādī)\nVoiced by: Kaneto Shiozawa (1998), Nozomu Sasaki (2000–2004) (Japanese); Wayne Grayson (English)\nThe first Millennium Item wielder that Yugi and his friends face in the series. He holds the Millennium Key / Millennium Ankh (千年錠, Sennen Jō), which gives him the ability to peer into humans' inner souls and rearrange their personalities, and the Millennium Scales (千年秤, Sennen Bakari), which have the power to weigh the evil in a person's heart, similarly to Anubis' \"Weighing of the Heart\" trials in Egyptian mythology, using the feather of Ma'at. His origin differs between mediums. In the final story arc, it is revealed that he is a spirit from the afterlife who is bound to the Millennium Stone and constantly reincarnating to guard it until the Pharaoh returns. The physical body of his current incarnation was destroyed by Dark Bakura several years ago.Ishizu Ishtar (イシズ・イシュタール, Ishizu Ishutāru)\nVoiced by: Sumi Shimamoto (adult), Sakura Nogawa (child) (Japanese); Karen Neill (English)\nMarik's elder sister, who became a museum curator to lure Yugi and Seto to her and prevent Marik from fulfilling his goals. She holds the Millennium Necklace / Millennium Tauk (千年首飾り, Sennen Tauku), which has the power to foresee events in the near future. Despite her brother's betrayal of their family, she still loves him and believes that there is still good in his heart. As a result, she continues to seek a way to return him to the person he once was. She is committed to her family's destiny to serve the pharaoh, as she believes he is the only one with the power to stop Marik.Rishid Ishtar / Odion Ishtar (リシド・イシュタール, Rishido Ishutāru)\nVoiced by: KONTA (Japanese); Michael Alston Baley (English)\nMarik's adoptive brother and the second-in-command of the Ghouls. He was abandoned as a child and taken in by Marik's mother prior to his birth. However, his father never accepted him as a suitable heir and treated him as a servant rather than a son. Despite this, Rishid desired to become a true part of the family and an heir to the tombkeeper clan. When Marik was born, his mother told him to take care of his younger brother, and he supported him even as he turned to evil. Marik and Rishid were close siblings, but Rishid harbored a resentment for him as the true heir to the tombkeeper's clan and legitimate son of his parents. When Marik was bitten by a cobra and became ill, their father beat Rishid out of fury that he allowed Marik to be harmed and ordered that he stay by Marik's bedside until he recovered. Rishid took a dagger to Marik's room with the intent to kill him in his sleep; this is edited out in the dub, along with Rishid's resentment for Marik. However, Marik saw Rishid as his brother despite them not being blood related, and could not bring himself to kill him.\n\nWhen Marik admitted he was terrified of being forced to take the initiation ritual, he unsuccessfully tried to stop their father from forcing it on him. When this failed, he scarred his own face with a dagger to share the pain and prove his loyalty to their family. When Marik unknowingly developed his dark split personality, Rishid restrained Dark Marik and protected Marik from knowing about the existence of his dark side. After he helped Marik and Ishizu sneak outside, his father attempted to kill him for betraying them. When Marik returned and witnessed this, his anger allowed Dark Marik to take over and murder his father, who was sent to the Shadow Realm in the English anime. Rishid was able to calm Marik down and make his dark side disappear again, lying to him that Shadi killed him under orders from the Pharaoh to protect him from the truth. However, Marik took this as fact, which caused his desire for revenge against the Pharaoh.Mai Kujaku / Mai Valentine (孔雀 舞, Kujaku Mai)\nVoiced by: Haruhi Terada (Japanese); Megan Hollingshead (4Kids, eps. 2–144), Bella Hudson (4Kids, eps. 145–184), Kathleen Delaney (4Kids, uncut) (English)\nAn attractive woman who spent most of her life alone. While working as a blackjack dealer on a cruise ship, she developed a cynical attitude towards people and manipulated men, using her \"Aroma Tactics\" to easily beat them in card games. Although she made money doing this, it caused her to hate people more until she got sick of her job and quit. She became a powerful and successful duelist thanks to her Harpie-themed deck, but had no true friends and dueled for pride and monetary gain. However, she entered the Duelist Kingdom tournament both to win the prize money and find the things she once cherished. During the tournament, she meets Yugi and his friends and begins befriending them after they rescue her Star Chips from the Player Killer of Darkness to help her stay in the tournament. Mai subsequently faces Yugi in the semi-finals, but ultimately chooses to surrender to him after deciding she cannot win, telling him that some losses only serve to make people stronger. In the second anime, she is depicted as having been raised in a wealthy household, but barely being acknowledged by her relatives.In the 4Kids version, Mai's past as a blackjack dealer was omitted and both she and her Harpie Ladies' appearance were censored to remove sexual references. Her English name is a reference to \"my valentine\".Shizuka Kawai / Serenity Wheeler (川井 静香, Kawai Shizuka) / Shizuka Jōnouchi (城之内 静香, Jōnouchi Shizuka)[7]\nVoiced by: Michiko Neya (1998), Mika Sakenobe (2000–2004) (Japanese); Lisa Ortiz (English)\nJonouchi's little sister, who was separated from him when their parents divorced and her mother took custody of her. When Shizuka was diagnosed with blindness, Jonouchi entered the Duelist Kingdom tournament and successfully obtained the prize money to secure the operation that would save her eyesight. She has a different surname from her brother in the manga and Japanese second anime, but the same surname in the first anime.Rebecca Hawkins / Rebecca Hopkins (レベッカ・ホプキンス, Rebekka Hopukinsu)\nVoiced by: Kaori Tagami (Japanese); Kerry Williams (English)\nA character created exclusively for Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters. She is the bratty 8-year-old, or 12-year-old in the Japanese version, granddaughter of a friend of Sugoroku, and believes Sugoroku stole the Blue-Eyes White Dragon card from him. After dueling Yugi to get it back, Rebecca and Yugi play a game identical to the one Sugoroku had played with Rebecca's grandfather years ago. After Yugi surrenders, Sugoroku explains that Kaiba tore her Blue-Eyes White Dragon card in half after beating him in a duel. After learning the truth, Rebecca apologizes to Sugoroku for thinking he tore it. Yugi then hands Rebecca the \"Ties of Friendship\" card that he won at Duelist Kingdom to show his acceptance of her forgiveness.\n\nShe later appears as one of the contestants in the KC Grand Prix. By this time, she has given up the teddy bear she carried with her in addition to growing out her hair and wearing glasses. She is also shown to be quite intelligent, as she has enrolled in college, but is still immature and self-centered. She has been shown to have a crush on Yugi, which often makes Anzu unhappy, although the two are still good friends.","title":"Recurring characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NPCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"},{"link_name":"Ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_(Egyptian_soul)"},{"link_name":"Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_(Egyptian_soul)"},{"link_name":"Kenjirō Tsuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenjir%C5%8D_Tsuda"},{"link_name":"Eric Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Kazunari Kojima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazunari_Kojima"},{"link_name":"Michael Sinterniklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sinterniklaas"},{"link_name":"Sumi Shimamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumi_Shimamoto"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"Sean Schemmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Schemmel"},{"link_name":"Nozomu Sasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozomu_Sasaki"},{"link_name":"Michael Alston Baley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Alston_Baley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tadashi Miyazawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadashi_Miyazawa"},{"link_name":"Maddie Blaustein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Blaustein"},{"link_name":"Bella Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Schroeder"},{"link_name":"Carrie Keranen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Keranen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-everything_geek_carrie-3"},{"link_name":"Kazuki Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuki_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Yū Mizushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%AB_Mizushima"},{"link_name":"Sean Schemmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Schemmel"}],"text":"During the Millennium World story arc, Dark Yugi journeys into his lost memories and meets old acquaintances from Ancient Egypt as NPCs within Dark Bakura's tabletop role-playing game, the Shadow RPG (闇のＲ・Ｐ・Ｇ, Yami no Ā Pī Jī), a campaign based on the past.The Six High Priests (六神官, Roku Shinkan) protect the seven Millennium Items with their lives and swear eternal loyalty to the Pharaoh, Atem, who serves as the player character of Dark Yugi, Atem's spirit in modern times. They served Atem during his reign in Ancient Egypt 3,000 years ago, or 5,000 years ago in the English anime. In the age where Shadow Games were used to determine a person's fate, the Priests used the Millennium Items and sorcery to pull out and seal human souls (Ka), which take the form of Monsters Spirits, into stone slabs to do battle. These people were criminals and those who pilfered from the Pharaohs' tombs. Within the RPG, each characters' health and magic were represented by their Ba Gauge.Priest Seto (神官セト, Shinkan Seto)\nVoiced by: Kenjirō Tsuda (adult), Kiyomi Yazawa (child) (Japanese); Eric Stuart (English)\nA High Priest and the holder of the Millennium Rod. Seto was Atem's cousin and the past life of Seto Kaiba. Despite having an attitude like that of Kaiba, Seto was a loyal friend of Atem. Before the Battle City arc, a tablet depicting Priest Seto fighting Atem was on display at the Domino City Museum, with his Blue-Eyes White Dragon fighting against Atem's Dark Magician. During the Battle City arc, Kaiba experiences vivid visions of his past life as Seto. Priest Seto appears as an NPC in the Shadow RPG, aligned to Dark Yugi's side of the board.Priest Mahado / Mahad (神官マハード, Shinkan Mahādo)\nVoiced by: Kazunari Kojima (adult), Kenji Iwama (child) (Japanese); Michael Sinterniklaas (English)\nA High Priest who was the previous owner of the Millennium Ring before losing it to Thief King Bakura in a Shadow Game. He had sensed an evil intelligence within the Millennium Ring, which it absorbed from the previous priest who wore it. His Monster Spirit Ka is Illusion Magician / Magus of Illusion (幻想の魔術師, Gensō no Majutsushi), which he later merges with to become Atem's ace monster Dark Magician. He also appears in the Shadow RPG.Priestess Isis (神官アイシス, Shinkan Aishisu)\nVoiced by: Sumi Shimamoto (Japanese); Karen Neill (English)\nA High Priestess who wields the Millennium Necklace. She is later revealed to be Ishizu Ishtar's previous life (anime only). She is named after the Egyptian goddess Isis.Priest Karim (神官カリム, Shinkan Karimu)\nVoiced by: Masahito Kawanago (Japanese); Sean Schemmel (English)\nA High Priest who was the owner of the Millennium Scales. He appears in the Shadow RPG as an NPC aligned with Dark Yugi.Priest Shada (神官シャダ, Shinkan Shada)\nVoiced by: Nozomu Sasaki (Japanese); Michael Alston Baley (English)\nA High Priest who was the keeper of the Millennium Key during Atem's reign. He appears to have had a friendship with Priest Seto, and reluctantly aided him in his criminal hunt for Monster Spirit Ka with his Millennium Key. He later died after shielding Atem from a lightning bolt Zorc Necrophades cast, and his Ba Gauge was wiped out. In the English version of the second anime, he was sent to the Shadow Realm. After his death, his predecessor Siamun reclaimed the Millennium Key to call forth Exodia the Forbidden One. Although he is the wielder of the Millennium Key and has a similar name to Shadi, the two are not related.Siamun Muran / Shimon (シモン・ムーラン, Shimon Mūran)\nVoiced by: Tadashi Miyazawa (Japanese); Maddie Blaustein (English)\nA vizier of Atem, who resembles Sugoroku. He was Shada's predecessor and one of Pharaoh Akhenamkhanen's original guardians, as well as the former keeper of the Millennium Key.Mana (マナ, Mana)\nVoiced by: Yuki Nakao (Japanese); Bella Hudson (English)\nA childhood friend of Atem, who studied magic under Mahad as his apprentice. She shared a deep bond between her master and Atem; the anime depicts all three as being childhood friends. She appears in the Millennium World arc as an NPC during Dark Bakura's Shadow RPG game. Her Ka is the Dark Magician Girl. In the second anime, she can see Atem's friends from the present and initially mistakes Yugi for Atem.Kisara (キサラ, Kisara)\nVoiced by: Rie Nakagawa (Japanese); Carrie Keranen[2] (English)\nThe keeper of the Blue Eyes White Dragon Monster Spirit in the Millennium World arc. Her pale appearance is unusual, and she is mentioned as being from a \"foreign country\" in the Japanese anime. In the second series anime adaptation, it is stated that as children, Priest Seto saved Kisara from slave traders, and she repaid him by unconsciously releasing her inner dragon spirit after the traders set fire to his village and killed his mother. Years later, which is depicted as their first meeting in the manga, Seto encounters Kisara being stoned because of her pale white skin, deep blue eyes and snow white hair. Shada senses the immeasurably strong strength and power within her — which he deems \"equal to that of the [Egyptian] Gods\" — and Seto takes her back to the palace, where he recognizes her as the girl he had saved years ago. Kazuki Takahashi stated that he originally planned for the story to have further explored the romantic relationship between Seto and Kisara, but to meet a deadline, these plans were scrapped. Takahashi also stated that Priest Seto's romantic feelings for Kisara are the basis for Kaiba's modern-day obsession with the Blue-Eyes White Dragon card.[8]Bobasa (ボバサ, Bobasa)\nVoiced by: Yū Mizushima (Japanese); Sean Schemmel (English)\nIn the manga, he is a member of an Egyptian tombkeeper clan that protects the Millennium Items under Shadi's command. He possesses Shadi's Millennium Scale and his Millennium Key, which he protects by placing them on his abnormally-shaped chest and locking his clothes. He then swallows the key, and is able to regurgitate it at will. He accompanies Yugi and his friends into the Millennium Puzzle's maze, a continuation of the Labyrinth Treasure Hunt from the manga, to find the true door to the king's memory. He later enters the Memory World with Yugi and his friends and becomes an NPC in the Shadow RPG. In the manga, it is revealed that he is Hasan, which makes him Shadi.In the Duel Monsters anime, his role and character are completely altered. He appears as a comic relief NPC that inhabits the Shadow RPG, and is a key switch that can lead the player to where the Pharaoh's name is if they give him enough food to eat. His true identity is never stated. When he finally takes them to the Pharaoh's tomb, he vanishes. He also seems to know more about the situation than he lets on. Unlike in the manga, Bobasa is not an alternate identity of Shadi.","title":"Millennium World"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yūji Kishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABji_Kishi"},{"link_name":"Dan Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Green_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen"},{"link_name":"Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!_5D%27s"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YugiOhChapter2-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YugiOhZombire-11"},{"link_name":"Mahito Ōba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahito_%C5%8Cba"},{"link_name":"Nobuyuki Hiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuyuki_Hiyama"},{"link_name":"Shigeru Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Masako Katsuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masako_Katsuki"},{"link_name":"Shin Aomori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Aomori"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YugiOhChapter10-12"},{"link_name":"Akio Nojima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akio_Nojima"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YuGiOhTrialofTheMind-13"},{"link_name":"Shōzō Iizuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Iizuka"},{"link_name":"Daisuke Sakaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Sakaguchi"},{"link_name":"Nobuyuki Hiyamda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobuyuki_Hiyamda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"comedy relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_relief"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostDeathT-14"},{"link_name":"Ryūsei Nakao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABsei_Nakao"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GospelofTruth-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Megumi Urawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megumi_Urawa"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Masato Hirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masato_Hirano_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MonsterWorld-17"},{"link_name":"Urara Takano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urara_Takano"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Zoppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Zoppi"},{"link_name":"insect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"Yuichi Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuichi_Nakamura_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Sam Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Riegel"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Arcelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Arcelus"},{"link_name":"dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamble"},{"link_name":"Daisuke Namikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Namikawa"},{"link_name":"Andrew Rannells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Rannells"},{"link_name":"Ted Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lewis_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Masami Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masami_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Amy Birnbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Birnbaum"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"Hideki Konda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hideki_Konda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Arcelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Arcelus"},{"link_name":"Eiko Yamada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiko_Hisamura"},{"link_name":"Mike Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pollock_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Rannells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Rannells"}],"text":"Ushio (牛尾, known as Demitrius the Bully in the English DDM video game)\n(Voiced by: Ryuzaburo Otomo (1998), Yūji Kishi (2000) (Japanese); Dan Green (English))\nA hall monitor at Domino High School who offers a paid bully protection service to Yugi after Jonouchi and Honda bully him. Although Yugi refuses, denying that he has been bullied, Ushio beats up Jonouchi and Honda and demands that Yugi pay him a fee of 20,000 yen. Ushio ends up being the first victim of Dark Yugi's Shadow Games, suffering a Penalty Game upon defeat that causes him to become insane, thinking that garbage and leaves are money. He also appears in Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's.ZTV Director (ＺＴＶディレクター, Zetto Tī Vi direkutā)\nA minor villain exclusive to the original manga, appearing in the second chapter.[9] After he used Yugi for a bullying scene, and he beat up Jonouchi, Dark Yugi challenged him to shadow game. He lost, and Yugi made it so everything he sees is cencored.Tomoya Hanasaki (花咲 友也, Hanasaki Tomoya, known as Lint Greendale in the English DDM video game)\nA friend of Yugi in the early chapters of the manga, who does not appear in the anime adaptions. He becomes friends with Yugi after Dark Yugi defeats Sozoji, who until that point was bullying him, in a Shadow Game. Tomoya is obsessed with the American superhero, Zombire (ゾンバイア, Zonbaia). Before the start of the series, Hanasaki spent some time in the hospital. When his father came to visit, he gave him a Zombire figure, telling him he is the strongest hero in America. Upon holding the figure, Hanasaki said he felt stronger. His father was delighted to hear this and promised to bring him Zombire toys and figures when he came home from America.[10]Sozoji (騒象寺, Sōzōji, known as Fender Shrill in the English DDM video game)\nA minor villain exclusive to the original manga. He is a karaoke player who tries to get people to listen to his horrid singing. Sozoji forces Yugi and Tomoya Hanasaki to sell tickets to his All Night Solo Live Show. When Yugi discovers that Hanasaki was also asked to sell tickets, he offers to take charge of selling the tickets. However, Sozoji discovers the exchange and beats up Hanasaki. Yugi arrives at the show, not having sold any tickets. there, Sozoji forces Yugi to listen to his music at a deafening volume and brings out Hanasaki as the audience for the next act. Dark Yugi challenges him to a Shadow Game, with his Penalty Game being having to hear his heartbeat at deafening volumes.Prisoner Number 777 (囚人ナンバー７７７, Shūjin nanbā 777)\nVoiced by: Mahito Ōba\nA convict who escaped from Domino City Jail with a stolen handgun after killing a guard and framed Tetsu Sasaki for it. In the first series anime, he is called Jiro the Spider (女郎蜘蛛のジロウ, Jorōgumo no Jirō) and is the manager of the Burger World restaurant. In the manga, Dark Yugi challenges him to a Shadow Game, with his Penalty Game having him be set on fire. In the anime, he is put in an illusion where he is set on fire and is arrested.Tetsuo Sasaki (ササキテツオ, Sasaki Tetsuo)\nVoiced by: Nobuyuki Hiyama\nA character who appears in the 1998 anime. He is a common thief who resembles the manga's Prisoner Number 777. He is framed by Jiro the Spider for killing a guard with a stolen handgun.Kokurano (孤蔵野, Kokurano)\nVoiced by: Shigeru Chiba\nA character who appears in the manga and 1998 anime. He is a self-proclaimed psychic in Class 1-A of Domino High School. Kokurano predicted a fellow student's house would catch fire, a prediction which came true three weeks later and caused him to become famous at school. In actuality, Kokurano had set the student's house on fire. In the first anime, Kokurano dislikes Miho Nosaka because she will not get a prediction from him. After he tries to make Yugi a victim of his \"predictions\" and knocks Anzu out with chloroform, Dark Yugi challenges him to a Shadow Game. After the match, he is knocked out; the next day, his false predictions are revealed.Goro Inogashira (猪頭 吾郎, Inogashira Gorō)\nA minor villain exclusive to the original manga, who was the senior president of class D's festival committee at Domino City High. He trashes Yugi's festival stand and is challenged to play \"Ice Griddle Hockey\". He is defeated and engulfed in an explosion as punishment.Miho Nosaka (野坂 ミホ, Nosaka Miho)\nA classmate of Yugi and his friends who is Domino City High's student librarian and is nicknamed \"Ribbon\" for the yellow ribbon she wears in her hair. She has only a small role in the original manga, where Hiroto Honda has a crush on her and attempts to pass a love note to her in the form of a jigsaw puzzle. However, the teacher Miss Chono intercepts the note, but Dark Yugi foils her attempts to embarrass Honda. When Honda asks Miho out directly, she turns him down. Despite this, Honda becomes friends with Yugi and eventually joins he group.Ms. Chono (蝶野先生, Chōno-sensei, known as Lynn Madusa in the English DDM video game)\nVoiced by: Masako Katsuki\nAn evil teacher who appears in the manga and first series anime. She is known as the \"Expelling Witch\" (退学魔女, Taigaku Majo), since she expelled fifteen students over the course of six months. Her beautiful appearance is due to the excessive make-up she wears, which covers her true, ugly face. She also enjoys dating, but revels in dumping men to see them cry. After she nearly expels Honda, Dark Yugi makes her face a Penalty Game, and her true face is revealed to her class.Junky Scorpion Owner (ジャンキースコーピオンのオーナー, Jankī Sukōpion no Ōnā)\nA minor villain exclusive to the manga. He tries to con Jonouchi out of a pair of Air Muscle shoes he bought, but Yugi learns of this and Dark Yugi confronts the owner. The owner hides his scorpion in one of the shoes as he gave it back to Dark Yugi in hopes of poisoning him. Instead, he was challenged to a Shadow Game and is ultimately stung by his own scorpion.Hirutani (蛭谷, Hirutani)\nVoiced by: Shin Aomori\nThe leader of a gang of teenage thugs from Rintama High School and an old associate of Jonouchi. During middle school, Hirutani hung out with Katsuya Jonouchi as part of a gang, who would spend their time picking fights with gangs from other schools. After middle school, Hirutani went to Rintama High School, while Jonouchi went to Domino High School.[11] He blackmails Jonouchi in an attempt to convince him to join him, but is defeated by Dark Yugi.Kanekura (金倉, Kanekura)\nThe curator of Domino City Museum, who exhibits the Millennium Puzzle after Yugi agrees to let him exhibit it for one day.Professor Yoshimori (吉森博士, Yoshimori-hakase)\nVoiced by: Akio Nojima\nA Domino University professor who is into archaeology and a friend of Sugoroku. He has a wife and son, but neglects them in favor of his work.[12] In the 1998 series, he does not take part in Shadi's Shadow Game, and is instead thrown out of the museum window and hospitalized as a result.Kujirada (鯨田, Kujirada, known as Beluga in the English DDM video game)\nVoiced by: Shōzō Iizuka\nA snobby classmate of Yugi's at Domino High School in the manga and 1998 anime. He causes trouble with his aggressive Digital Pet (デジタル・ペット, Dejitaru petto), which is named Devil Master in the 1998 series. He is bullied and manipulated by Haiyama, and after losing to Honda's Digital Pet, Haiyama punishes Kujirada by whipping him. Dark Yugi saves Honda, Miho, and Kujirada by challenging Haiyama to a Digital Pet Shadow Game.Haiyama (灰山)\nVoiced by: Daisuke Sakaguchi\nKujirada's bully in the 1998 series.Dragon 1 / Street Fighter (ストリートファイター, Sutorīto Faitā)\nVoiced by: Nobuyuki Hiyamda\nA boy who beats up Yugi over a losing streak of Virtual VS, with both of them using the character of Bruce Ryu, who is based on Bruce Lee. He then steals Yugi's Millennium Puzzle. After learning what happened, Jonouchi pursues Street Fighter to reclaim the Puzzle. They fight in Street Fighter's game, \"One-Inch Terror\", and he is beaten by Jonouchi.Johji (ジョージ, Jōji)\nA manga-exclusive character who is Honda's nephew and the son of his big sister.[5] He is lecherous towards Anzu and other females, which is played for comedy relief, and occasionally swears. He calls Honda by his given name, Hiroto, and seems to dislike him and his friends. He is a big fan of Kaiba and forces Honda to take him to the opening of Kaiba, where Honda witnesses Kaiba dealing Sugoroku an artificial Penalty Game and decides to accompany Yugi in Kaiba's Death-T challenge. He accompanies the group during the Death-T arc and proves to be helpful in overcoming some of Kaiba's deadly attractions.Tsuruoka (鶴岡)\nThe guidance counselor of Domino High School and a minor villain exclusive to the manga. He tends to abuse his position as a teacher to be unfair to the students. He mocks the low achievement test grades of Yugi, Jonouchi, and Honda to their peers as punishment for playing the Achievement Test Bingo Game. He then takes the Lovely Two (ラブリー二号, Raburī Ni-gō) keychain Anzu had given to Yugi as a gift, citing that students are not allowed to bring games to school.ZTV Producer (ＺＴＶプロデューサー, Zetto Tī Vi Purodyūsā)\nA selfish and corrupt executive of the television studio ZTV, who takes advantage of underprivileged people to boost ratings and cheats his way out of giving away prize money. He was a producer of the TV game show, 100 Million Yen!! Game Get Show (１００万円！！ゲームＤＥゲット・ショー, Hyaku Man-en! Gēmu DE Getto shō, Get a Million Yen Show). He is pleased after learning that Jonouchi, who was poor and trying to pay off his father's gambling debts, would be on the show. He thinks that the audience will love to see a poor person struggling and seeing him lose at the last minute. He and a technician try to rig the final stage of the game to prevent Jonouchi from winning the prize money by pressing a button, which would prevent the wheel in the final game from stopping on the ¥1,000,000 section. Dark Yugi's attempt to punish him ends up backfiring, but Jonouchi dpes not get the prize money regardless.Koji Nagumo (名蜘蛛 コージ, Nagumo Kōji)\nVoiced by: Shin Tomita (Japanese); Matthew Charles (English)\nA minor villain who first appears in the original manga. In the manga, Nagumo asks Yugi to play Monster Fighter (モンスター・ファイター, Monsutā Faitā) with him while at Domino High School. While playing, Nagumo hits Yugi and takes his gun and monster, Alti, then tries to sell it and other Monster Fighter figures and guns he has collected for ¥30,000 each. Dark Yugi comes into his store and fights Nagumo and his Wild Spider in a Shadow Game with Katsuya's monster, Killer Emaada, which Yugi had asked to borrow. Nagumo's face is cracked in the first set, which goes to Dark Yugi, as the Shadow Game dictated that the players are damaged in the game rather than the monsters. In the second set, Nagumo cheats by kicking Dark Yugi in the side. Enraged, Dark Yugi raises the Shadow Game's mode to \"level three\". When Nagumo tries to cheat again, his legs are held down by the monsters, including his own, and he sees that the monster on his field is his own soul, which is the Wild Spider's body with his face. Dark Yugi then deals the death blow, piercing the representation of Nagumo's soul and purging it of darkness.[13] He also competes in the Battle City tournament, but is defeated by Kaiba's God Card.Playing Card Bomber (English manga) / Continuous Bomber (連続爆弾魔, Renzoku Bakudanma) (1998 anime) / Trump Bomber (トランプ爆弾魔, Toranpu Bakudan Ma) (Japanese manga)\nVoiced by: Ryūsei Nakao\nA nickname for a man who sets off a string of bombs in Domino, with his third attack at the Domino Mall killing eight people and his fourth bomb threat endangering Anzu's life. In the manga, Dark Yugi saves her life by playing Clock Solitaire (時計（クロック）カード・ゲーム, Kurokku Kādo Gēmu)[14] without getting four threes. Afterwards, Dark Yugi reveals the bomber's whereabouts to the chief of police, leading to his arrest.[15] In the anime, Dark Yugi makes him face a penalty game where he thinks there is a bomb in the car he was hiding.Hajime Imori (井守 はじめ, Imori Hajime)\nVoiced by: Megumi Urawa\nA student at Domino High School who is withdrawn and shy, but is revealed to be anti-social and vindicated, eventually uncovering the secrets of Yugi's Millennium Puzzle. He decides to usurp Yugi from his position of the \"guardian of darkness\" by challenging him to a game of Dragon Cards (龍札（ドラゴン・カード）, Doragon Kādo), a forbidden Chinese Shadow Game which his grandfather found while in Manchuria in World War II. He is defeated and his soul is sucked out as food for the game. In the 1998 anime, only the darkness is sucked out.Nezumi (根津見)\nA character who only appears in the manga. He is a boy with buckteeth who uses a sob story about getting hit by yo-yos in a robbery to lure Yugi and Jonouchi to Hirutani. Out of anger, Jonouchi asks Nezumi to lead him to the gangsters. Yugi and Jonouchi travel to Hirutani's abandoned warehouse, where several gang members ambush them. Nezumi runs away when Yugi and Jonouchi manage to defeat the gang members.Mr. Karita (刈田先生, Karita-sensei)\nVoiced by: Masato Hirano\nA P.E. teacher who harasses Bakura on his first day at Domino High School. After seeing him walking through the hallways with a group of girls, he recognizes him as a student who caused problems at his previous school. Insistent on disciplining him, he tells him that the school's rules state that boys with long hair is against the rules, and orders him that he must shave his hair if he wants to be treated as a student.[16] Dark Bakura later defeats him and puts his soul in a game piece.Insector Haga / Weevil Underwood (インセクター羽蛾, Insekutā Haga)\nVoiced by: Urara Takano (Japanese); Jimmy Zoppi (English)\nThe former Japanese champion of Duel Monsters, who is known for his deck of mainly insect-type monsters and insect-related magic and trap cards. He is not above cheating to ensure his strategies work; he befriends Yugi only to throw his Exodia cards into the ocean and puts a Paracitic Insect card in Jonouchi's deck to ensure his Insect Barrier would work.Dinosaur Ryuzaki / Rex Raptor (ダイナソウ竜崎, Dainasō Ryūzaki)\nVoiced by: Kin Fujii (2000–2001), Yuichi Nakamura (2002–2004) (Japanese); Brian Zimmerman/ Sam Regal (4Kids, eps. 1–144), Sebastian Arcelus (4Kids, eps. 145–187), Anthony Salerno (4Kids, eps. 188–224) (English)\nThe runner-up of the Japanese Duel Monsters tournament, who seems to be acquainted with the champion, Insector Haga. His nickname is derived from his fondness for dinosaur-themed cards. He is defeated by Jonouchi in the Duelist Kingdom tournament and has his Red-Eyes Black Dragon, a card that would become a trademark for Jonouchi, taken as a result of a gamble. He makes a brief reappearance in the Battle City arc, where he is defeated by Espa Roba and warns Jonouchi not to duel him.Ryota Kajiki / Mako Tsunami (梶木 漁太, Kajiki Ryōta)\nVoiced by: Daisuke Namikawa (Japanese); Andrew Rannells (English)\nAn ocean-themed duelist who appears in the Duelist Kingdom and Battle City arcs. He is introduced in the Duelist Kingdom arc, where he duels Dark Yugi and is defeated. In the Battle City arc, he duels Jonouchi and his backstory is expanded upon, as it is revealed his father was a fisherman who died out at sea. Ryota is the first opponent of Dark Yugi who challenges him to a game with no ill intentions. His motivation is different between versions; in the English anime, he believes his father is alive and duels to raise money to fund a trip to search for him; in the manga and Japanese second anime, he instead duels to honor his father's memory. After Jonouchi defeats Ryota in their duel, he gives him two of his cards, Floating Whale Fortress and The Legendary Fisherman, the latter resembling his deceased father.Keith Howard (キース・ハワード, Kīsu Hawādo)\nVoiced by: Hajime Komada (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English)\nHe is known as Bandit Keith, and is an American Duel Monsters champion and a \"Card Professor\" who seeks big prizes at tournaments.[17] He first appears as one of many entries in the Duelist Kingdom arc of the anime/manga. Flashbacks reveal that he was once the champion of Duel Monsters in America until he dueled Pegasus at the American Championship tournament and lost; he now seeks to defeat Pegasus. It is through Pegasus' match with Keith that Kaiba learns of Pegasus' ability to read minds. After he cheats in his duel against Jonouchi in the Duelist Kingdom semi-finals, Pegasus inflicts the \"Hand and Gun\" Penalty Game on him, turning his hand into a gun and forcing him to play Russian Roulette, effectively killing him. In the anime, Pegasus instead sends him through a trap door into the ocean. He survives and is rescued by Marik's ship, with Marik then controlling his mind and using him in his first attempt to defeat Yugi and take the Millennium Puzzle.Ghost Kozuka / Bonz (ゴースト骨塚, Gōsuto Kotsuzuka)\nVoiced by: Masami Suzuki (Japanese); Amy Birnbaum (English)\nA contestant in Duelist Kingdom who worked for Bandit Keith. Keith gave Kozuka cards to enhance his zombie deck and duel Jonouchi in Duelist Kingdom's caverns, which housed the corpses of World War II troops. Kozuka ultimately loses to Jonouchi, and after sealing Yugi and his friends in a cave, Bandit Keith steals his Star Chips and he is presumably sent off the island. He returns during the Battle City arc, but is defeated and presumably killed by Dark Bakura in a Shadow Game; in Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters, he is presumably sent to Hell by Dark Bakura. However, he is later rescued by his defeat in Battle City along with everyone else who was sent there.Step Johnny / Johnny Steps (ステップ・ジョニー, Suteppu Jonī)\nVoiced by: Hideki Konda (Japanese); Matthew Charles (English)\nA dancer who challenges Anzu to a game of Super Dancer (スーパ・ダンサー, Sūpa Dansā), which is similar to Dance Dance Revolution, during her \"date\" with Dark Yugi. Despite Dark Yugi telling Anzu that Johnny is not worth her time, she refuses to back down from the challenge. Johnny states she must go on a date with him if he loses. Anzu initially refuses, but plays anyway and defeats him. In the Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters anime, this story is expanded upon by having Johnny insist on going on a date with him after the encounter in the arcade, ultimately ending up in a Duel Monsters duel with Dark Yugi.Esper Roba / Espa Roba (エスパー絽場, Esupā Roba)\nVoiced by: Maiko Itō (Japanese); Sebastian Arcelus (English)\nOne of the contestants in Battle City, who claims to have ESP. In reality, he uses his younger brothers to spy on and report to him the cards in his opponent's hand, allowing him to 'predict' the opponent's strategies before they use them. He did this to give off the impression of being an unbeatable duelist and deflect the abuse they receive, as they were heavily bullied due to previously working at a carnival. Despite cheating, he is a strong duelist. However, Jonouchi manages to beat him and receives his best card as an ante, Jinzo / Artificial Human Psycho Shocker (人造人間－サイコ・ショッカー, Jinzō Ningen Saiko Shokkā).Ahmet (アメット, Ametto)\nOne of two men who was hired to help Sugoroku through the Pharaoh's tomb, the Shrine of the Shadow Games, in the early 1960s. In the tomb were multiple statues armed with swords on a catwalk. To cross, a person needed to walk across left footed, as if they ran on both legs, the statues would kill them; however, the brothers were right footed. Ahmet managed to make it to it safety, while his brother fell to his death; in the English dub, he fell into a Shadow Pit and became trapped in the Shadow Realm. Ahmet blamed Sugoroku for his brother's death and threatened to shoot him if they did not continue. They soon made it to the treasure, where only those of courageous hearts may pass. Ahmet touched the Millennium Puzzle, but because he had the heart of a coward, a monster appeared and devoured him as a Penalty Game.Mushara (マッシャーラー, Musshārā)\nOne of two men hired to help Sugoroku Mutou through the Pharaoh's tomb, the Shrine of the Shadow Games, in the early 1960s. While trying to make it through one of the tomb's traps, Mushara fell to his death, which Ahmet blamed Sugoroku for. In the English dub, he fell into a Shadow Pit and became trapped in the Shadow Realm.Shogo Aoyama (青山 翔吾, Aoyama Shōgo)\nVoiced by: Eiko Yamada\nA character who appears in the 1999 movie as one of the main protagonists. He is a boy who did not play games with his friends because he was afraid of losing, and was regularly bullied by a group of three boys. One day, at a card shop, he opens a card pack containing the rare \"Red-Eyes Black Dragon\" card. However, he is too timid to pull a winning streak, and uses the Red-Eyes card to intimidate people so they will not duel him.Arthur Hawkins / Arthur Hopkins (アーサー・ホプキンス, Āsā Hopukinsu)\nVoiced by: Saburo Kodaka (Japanese); Mike Pollock (English)\nA character that appears in Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters. He is the grandfather of Rebecca Hawkins. He appears to be based on Sugoroku's friend that gave him the Blue-Eyes White Dragon card, who only appears in a photo and is unnamed in the original manga.Leon von Schroeder / Leonhart von Schroeder (レオンハルト・フォン・シュレイダー, Reonharuto fon Shureidā)\nVoiced by: Seiko Noguchi (Japanese); Andrew Rannells (English)\nA character created for the KC Grand Champion filler arc of Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters. He is Siegfried von Schroeder's younger brother. While Siegfried ran Schroeder Corporation, Leonhart took up playing Duel Monsters and dueled in several tournaments under the alias Leon Wilson (レオン・ウィルソン, Reon Wiruson) to get away from his family.","title":"Other characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Udon Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udon_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"VIZ Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIZ_Media"}],"text":"^ The 4Kids dub names are used in this description as the English version of Duel Art: Kazuki Takahashi Yu-Gi-Oh! Illustrations, published by Udon Entertainment, uses the dub names. The English translation of the actual manga by VIZ Media uses the original Japanese names for most human characters.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Colored illustration by Kazuki Takahashi, from Duel Art: Kazuki Takahashi Yu-Gi-Oh! Illustrations, featuring: Mokuba Kaiba (left bottom), Seto Kaiba (middle bottom), Serenity Wheeler and Ryo Bakura (middle left), Odion (top left), Marik Ishtar (top middle), Ishizu Ishtar (top right), Duke Devlin, Joey Wheeler and Tristan Taylor (middle), Mai Valentine and Téa Gardner (middle right), and Yugi Muto (bottom right).[note 1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Yu-Gi-Oh%21_characters.png/220px-Yu-Gi-Oh%21_characters.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mokuba Kaiba\". 17 November 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yugioh.com/characters/mokuba-kaiba","url_text":"\"Mokuba Kaiba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everything Geek Podcast LIVE Show 7th February 2015\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mixlr.com/channel-1138/showreel/everything-geek-podcast-live-show-7th-february-2015/","url_text":"\"Everything Geek Podcast LIVE Show 7th February 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Donohoo, Timothy (2019-11-25). \"Yu-Gi-Oh! Season 0: What Was Different in Yugi's First Anime?\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2024-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/yu-gi-oh-season-0-anime-differences/","url_text":"\"Yu-Gi-Oh! Season 0: What Was Different in Yugi's First Anime?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"}]},{"reference":"\"イッパツ逆転 白衣の危機\". Toei Animation. Retrieved 2009-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/yugioh/story/1_display016.html?TV_ID=%97V%8BY%89%A4&ASP_Story_no=16&tblNameOfTVS=yugioh&qryNameOfTVS=qry_yugioh","url_text":"\"イッパツ逆転 白衣の危機\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation","url_text":"Toei Animation"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.yugioh.com/characters/mokuba-kaiba","external_links_name":"\"Mokuba Kaiba\""},{"Link":"http://mixlr.com/channel-1138/showreel/everything-geek-podcast-live-show-7th-february-2015/","external_links_name":"\"Everything Geek Podcast LIVE Show 7th February 2015\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/yu-gi-oh-season-0-anime-differences/","external_links_name":"\"Yu-Gi-Oh! Season 0: What Was Different in Yugi's First Anime?\""},{"Link":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/tv/yugioh/story/1_display016.html?TV_ID=%97V%8BY%89%A4&ASP_Story_no=16&tblNameOfTVS=yugioh&qryNameOfTVS=qry_yugioh","external_links_name":"\"イッパツ逆転 白衣の危機\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141230195501/http://www.hi-net.zaq.ne.jp/aki_rhythm/seiyuu/seiyuu-y.html","external_links_name":"Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters cast"},{"Link":"http://www.yugioh.com/characters","external_links_name":"Yu-Gi-Oh! characters"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160601114322/https://yugiohonlinegame.com/play-yugioh-game-online/","external_links_name":"List of Yu-Gi-Oh! characters"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Hayes_(artist) | Sharon Hayes (artist) | ["1 Biography","2 Work","2.1 In the Near Future (2005–2008)","2.2 Everything Else Has Failed! Don’t You Think It’s Time for Love? (2007)","2.3 Revolutionary Love 1 & 2 (2008)","2.4 Parole (2010)","2.5 Fingernails on a blackboard: Bella (2014)","2.6 In My Little Corner of the World, Anyone Would Love You (2016)","2.7 If They Should Ask (2017)","2.8 Ricerche: Two (2020)","2.9 Ricerche: Four (2024)","3 Exhibitions","4 Awards","5 Selected Publications","5.1 By the artist","5.2 On the artist","6 References"] | American artist
Sharon HayesBorn1970Baltimore, MarylandNationalityAmericanEducationBowdoin College, University of California, Los AngelesWebsiteshaze.info
Sharon Hayes is an American multimedia artist. She came to prominence as an artist and an activist during the East Village scene in the early '90s. She primarily works with video, installation, and performance as her medium. Using multimedia, she "appropriates, rearranges, and remixes in order to revitalize spirits of dissent". Hayes's work addresses themes such as romantic love, activism, queer theory, and politics. Hayes works to develop "new representational strategies that examine and interrogate the present political movement, not as a moment without historical foundation but as one that reaches simultaneously backwards and fowards." She incorporates texts from found speeches, recordings, songs, letters, and her own writing into her practice that she describes as “a series of performatives rather than performance.”
Biography
Hayes studied anthropology at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, and performance art at the Trinity/La Mama Performing Arts Program in New York in the early 1990s. She participated in the Independent Study Program at the Whitney Museum of American Art from 1999 to 2000, and received an MFA in interdisciplinary studies from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2003. She is an associate professor of Fine Arts at the University of Pennsylvania.
Work
In the Near Future (2005–2008)
In the Near Future was created through four iterations staged in London, New York, Vienna, and Warsaw, with additional performances in Brussels and Paris. In each iteration, Hayes stood on the street each day for a number of days with a different protest sign. The slogans were mostly culled from past protests, although a few speak to the possibility of a future demonstration.
New York, 2005: Commissioned by Art in General, curated by Sofía Hernández Chong Cuy.
Vienna, 2006: Presented as part of Wieder und Wider: Performance Appropriated, MUMOK, curated by Barbara Clausen and Achim Hochdorfer.
Warsaw, 2008: Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw, curated by Monika Szczukowska.
London, 2008: Presented as part of Perplexed in Public, curated by Elena Crippa and Silvia Sgualdini.
Everything Else Has Failed! Don’t You Think It’s Time for Love? (2007)
Presented by Art in General for their 25th anniversary exhibition, in downtown Manhattan, Everything Else Has Failed! Don’t You Think It’s Time for Love? Hayes performed a series of works in front of the UBS Building. Dressed up as a queer office temp, she recited a love letter to an through a microphone and speaker on the street, expressing that "I didn't want the love to be read as heteronormative. Yet I want to be clear that queerness is not some kind of idealized space of politics." The speeches were also recorded and played in the lobby of the UBS building alongside a series of silk-screened works inspired by political posters from the 1960s and 70s.
Revolutionary Love 1 & 2 (2008)
For Revolutionary Love 1 & 2, Hayes asked about 100 queer volunteers to recite a text she wrote on gay power and liberation at the 2008 presidential conventions as part of a two-part commission for Creative Time’s public art initiative, “Democracy in America: The National Campaign”, curated by Nato Thompson. Subtitled, I Am Your Worst Fear for the Democratic National Convention in Denver, CO and I Am Your Best Fantasy, the Republican National Convention in St. Paul, MN, the participants recited each ten to twenty minutes long text three times over the course of two hours. Using the charged atmosphere of the conventions as a backdrop for a more personal reflection on love and politics, the piece drew upon the history of the gay liberation movements of the 1970s.
Parole (2010)
Parole is a four-channel video installation composed of semi-autonomous video “scenes” that string together to form a narrative without a story. Focused on a central character who records sound but never speaks, Parole teases out multiple relationships between politics and desire, intimacy and estrangement, speaking and listening, voice and body. The installation is composed of footage of performed events in New York, London, Frankfurt, and Istanbul, Turkey, as well as staged footage of this sound recorder in various private and semi-public locations.
Fingernails on a blackboard: Bella (2014)
Fingernails on a blackboard: Bella investigates how voice acts as the embodied medium of speech and addresses the political consequences of gender and the specific limitations of power, communication, and relatability in the specter of public speech. The work takes the 1977 National Women's Conference in Houston, TX, as a historical point of departure, which was a result of an executive order to assess the status of women, in light of the United Nations proclaiming 1975 as International Women's Year. Following the well-attended, highly publicized event, an extension was granted for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. But having only been ratified by 35 states by the 1982 deadline, the amendment never passed. The video work uses the transcript of a meeting between politician Bella Abzug – the New York Congresswoman head of the National Women's Conference – and her vocal coach. During their meeting, the pair work at neutralizing Abzug's regional accent and softening her tone – strategically altering her voice to something more universal and soothing.
In My Little Corner of the World, Anyone Would Love You (2016)
In In My Little Corner of the World, Anyone Would Love You, Hayes investigates queer and feminist archives in the US and the UK documenting gay liberation, women's liberation, as well as the pre-lesbian liberation movements: Daughters of Bilitis (US) and Minorities Research Group (UK). Hayes explores the specific limits of gender, the anti-racist work done by lesbian, queer, and transpeople of color to combat racism in white lesbian feminist groups and the historic and contemporary ways in which feminist, lesbian, and queer political collectivities have expanded and constrained gender expression. The work was exhibited at The Common Guild in Glasgow and Studio Voltaire in London in 2016.
If They Should Ask (2017)
If They Should Ask was a temporary monument located in Philadelphia's Rittenhouse Square addressing the lack of monuments dedicated to the women who have contributed to the social, cultural, political and economic life of Philadelphia. Of the hundreds of sculptures in the city that honor historic figures, only two are dedicated to women. If They Should Ask is a collection of concrete pedestals of existing monuments in the city cast at half-scale and engraved with the names of Philadelphia-area women who have contributed to the city's civic and public life from the mid-1600s to the present day. The piece was created as a part of Monument Lab, a Philadelphia-wide public art and history initiative.
Ricerche: Two (2020)
Through the film, Ricerche: two, Sharon Hayes encapsulates the politics of gender, sex, and sexuality in the United States by interviewing two women's tackle-football teams. Hayes’ “Ricerche” film series is based on the 1964 Italian film “Comizi d’amore,” by director Pier Paolo Pasolini. Drawing inspiration from Pasolini’s filmmaking style of cinéma verité, Hayes includes unscripted dialogue and non-professional actors. Hayes takes a slightly different approach by centering the interview on the subjects, rather than taking full control over the production, to ensure authenticity. By interviewing the Arlington Impact and the Dallas Elite Mustangs, Hayes explores the experiences of a group of women who are occupying public spaces in a non-heteronormative way by playing organized women’s tackle football. The tackle football players express the social and financial obstacles they face with playing professional women’s football, such as relying on some other form of employment during the season to afford paying membership fees, equipment, and travel costs. The simple act of playing on the team breaks gendered limitations enforced on women. In Hayes' work, the artist acknowledges a larger political context when conducting her interviews to encourage conversation about gender and politics in the United States.
Ricerche: Four (2024)
In her latest work as part of her ongoing multipart series Ricerche, Sharon Hayes interviews a group of gay, lesbian, queer, and trans elders. Ricerche: four explores the group's personal lives and political views, highlighting the power and persistence of chosen community and what it means to gather amidst the ongoing pandemic and the impact of social media.
Exhibitions
2007: I march in the parade of liberty, but as long as I love you I'm not free, organized by Massimiliano Gioni, New Museum for Contemporary Art (New York)
2010: Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia (Madrid)
2011: focus: Sharon Hayes, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
2011: In The Near Future, Contemporary Art Gallery, Vancouver
2012: Sharon Hayes: There's so much I want to say to you, The Whitney Museum of American Art (New York)
2012: Stage Presence: Theatricality in Art and Media, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (San Francisco, CA)
2012: Sharon Hayes, The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery, Saratoga Springs, New York
2013: Venice Biennale
2014: Sharon Hayes: Loudspeakers and Other Forms of Listening, curated by Heather Anderson, Carleton University Art Gallery, Ottawa
2015: Black Box: Sharon Hayes, Baltimore Museum of Art, Maryland
Awards
Hayes was the 2013 visual arts recipient of the Alpert Awards in the Arts, given annually to five "risk-taking, mid-career" artists by the Herb Alpert foundation and the California Institute of the Arts. The same year, the jury of the 55th Venice Biennale awarded Hayes a special mention for her video 'Ricerche: three', 2013. Inspired by Italian filmmaker and writer Pier Paolo Pasolini's 1963 documentary Love Meetings, Hayes interviewed 35 students at an all-women's college in western Massachusetts about sexuality, speaking to "a larger way in which we form ourselves as people in relation to collectives". In 2014, Hayes received the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Creative Arts Fellowship.
Selected Publications
By the artist
Sharon Hayes, Lena Essling, Ann-Sofi Noring, Echo, Koenig Books, London, 2019. ISBN 9783960985983
Sharon Hayes, Chrissie Iles, Sharon Hayes: There's So Much I Want to Say to You, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, 2012. ISBN 9780300180374
On the artist
Julia Bryan-Wilson, Jeannine Tang, Lanka Tattersall, Sharon Hayes, Phaidon, London, 2018. ISBN 9780714873466
References
^ Rosenberg, Karen (June 28, 2012). "Homages and Soapboxes Mix and Mash It Up: Sharon Hayes Solo Show at the Whitney". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
^ Wolin, Joseph (July 10, 2012). "Sharon Hayes, "There's so much I want to say to you"". Time Out. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
^ Massara, Kathleen (June 23, 2012). "Sharon Hayes Performance 'There's So Much I Want To Say To You' At The Whitney Museum Of American Art (PHOTOS)". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
^ Young, Paul David (June 27, 2012). "Time for Love: Sharon Hayes at the Whitney". Art in America. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
^ Schwendener, Martha (October 17, 2012). "The State of Political Art After a Year of Protest Movements". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Cruz, Araceli (January 26, 2012). "Becca Blackwell, Performer, On Being Naked in the Untitled Feminist Show". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Viveros-Faune, Christian (June 1, 2010). "P.S.1's 'Greater New York 2010' Is Worse Than the Biennial". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Jowitt, Deborah (April 27, 1999). "Bringing War Home: Chuma on the Beach". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Viveros-Faune, Christian (March 2, 2010). "Welcome to the Mixed-Up, Dialed-Down 2010 Whitney Biennial". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Jowitt, Deborah (January 25, 2000). "Read the Paper". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Mattson, Rachel (November 24, 1998). "Natural Herstory". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ "Whitney Museum press release" (PDF). Retrieved January 1, 2014.
^ a b Estefan, Kareem (November 2012). "Sharon Hayes: There's So Much I Want to Say to You". The Brooklyn Rail.
^ "Tanya Leighton - 'Revolutionary Love: I am Your Worst Fear, I am Your Best Fantasy'". www.tanyaleighton.com. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Bryan-Wilson, Julia; Tang, Jeannine; Tattersall, Lanka (November 30, 2018). Sharon Hayes. London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0714873466.
^ a b c Rethinking contemporary art and multicultural education. Joo, Eungie., Keehn, Joseph., Ham-Roberts, Jenny., New Museum of Contemporary Art (New York, N.Y.) (Fully rev. 2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. 2011. ISBN 9780415960854. OCLC 714841563.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Sharon Hayes". University of Pennsylvania. March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ Phaidon Editors (2019). Great women artists. Phaidon Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0714878775. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
^ "Art in General". www.artingeneral.org. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Bryan-Wilson, Julia; Hayes, Sharon (2009). "We Have a Future: An Interview with Sharon Hayes". Grey Room. 37 (37): 78–93. doi:10.1162/grey.2009.1.37.78. JSTOR 20627784. S2CID 57571931.
^ "Democracy in America | The National Camgaign". creativetime.org. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ "Tanya Leighton - Fingernails on a Blackboard". www.tanyaleighton.com. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
^ "Tanya Leighton - In My Little Corner of the World, Anyone Would Love You". www.tanyaleighton.com. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
^ "About – If They Should Ask". www.iftheyshouldask.com. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
^ "Sharon Hayes". Monument Lab. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
^ a b Shanks, Gwyneth; Hayes, Sharon (2022). "The Space of an Encounter: An Interview with Sharon Hayes". Theatre Journal. 74 (3): E–73. doi:10.1353/tj.2022.0064. ISSN 1086-332X. S2CID 252520755.
^ a b c "Sharon Hayes introduces her Ricerche film works - The Skinny". www.theskinny.co.uk. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
^ a b "Ricerche: two – Sharon Hayes". shaze.info. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
^ "Ricerche: two, a work-in-progress by Sharon Hayes | Magazine | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
^ Arn, Jackson. "The Whitney Biennial's Taste for Flesh". The New Yorker. Advance Magazine Publishers, Inc. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
^ "Sharon Hayes". Whitney. Whitney Museum of American Art. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
^ "Stage Presence: Theatricality in Art and Media". SFMOMA. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
^ work, Copyrighted. "Sharon Hayes - Artist - Andrea Rosen Gallery". www.andrearosengallery.com. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ "Prof. Sharon Hayes Wins Alpert Award in the Arts". The Cooper Union.
^ "About Us". The Herb Alpert Award in the Arts.
^ "NEWS: Official Awards of the 55th International Art Exhibition". La Biennale di Venezia. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013.
^ Interview with Sharon Hayes. June 2013.
^ "John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. March 15, 2018.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multimedia artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_artist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist"},{"link_name":"East Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_art"},{"link_name":"installation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art"},{"link_name":"performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-estefan-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"}],"text":"Sharon Hayes is an American multimedia artist.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] She came to prominence as an artist and an activist during the East Village scene in the early '90s. She primarily works with video, installation, and performance as her medium.[12] Using multimedia, she \"appropriates, rearranges, and remixes in order to revitalize spirits of dissent\".[13] Hayes's work addresses themes such as romantic love, activism, queer theory, and politics.[14] Hayes works to develop \"new representational strategies that examine and interrogate the present political movement, not as a moment without historical foundation but as one that reaches simultaneously backwards and fowards.\"[15] She incorporates texts from found speeches, recordings, songs, letters, and her own writing into her practice that she describes as “a series of performatives rather than performance.”[16]","title":"Sharon Hayes (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowdoin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity/La Mama Performing Arts Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity/La_MaMa_Performing_Arts_Program"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phaidon_Editors-18"}],"text":"Hayes studied anthropology at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, and performance art at the Trinity/La Mama Performing Arts Program in New York in the early 1990s. She participated in the Independent Study Program at the Whitney Museum of American Art from 1999 to 2000, and received an MFA in interdisciplinary studies from the University of California, Los Angeles in 2003. She is an associate professor of Fine Arts at the University of Pennsylvania.[17][18]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art in General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_General"},{"link_name":"MUMOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumok"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Warsaw"}],"sub_title":"In the Near Future (2005–2008)","text":"In the Near Future was created through four iterations staged in London, New York, Vienna, and Warsaw, with additional performances in Brussels and Paris. In each iteration, Hayes stood on the street each day for a number of days with a different protest sign. The slogans were mostly culled from past protests, although a few speak to the possibility of a future demonstration.New York, 2005: Commissioned by Art in General, curated by Sofía Hernández Chong Cuy.Vienna, 2006: Presented as part of Wieder und Wider: Performance Appropriated, MUMOK, curated by Barbara Clausen and Achim Hochdorfer.Warsaw, 2008: Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw, curated by Monika Szczukowska.London, 2008: Presented as part of Perplexed in Public, curated by Elena Crippa and Silvia Sgualdini.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art in General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_General"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"}],"sub_title":"Everything Else Has Failed! Don’t You Think It’s Time for Love? (2007)","text":"Presented by Art in General for their 25th anniversary exhibition, in downtown Manhattan, Everything Else Has Failed! Don’t You Think It’s Time for Love? Hayes performed a series of works in front of the UBS Building.[19] Dressed up as a queer office temp, she recited a love letter to an through a microphone and speaker on the street, expressing that \"I didn't want the love to be read as heteronormative. Yet I want to be clear that queerness is not some kind of idealized space of politics.\"[20] The speeches were also recorded and played in the lobby of the UBS building alongside a series of silk-screened works inspired by political posters from the 1960s and 70s.[16]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creative Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Time"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention,_2008"},{"link_name":"Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Convention,_2008"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"}],"sub_title":"Revolutionary Love 1 & 2 (2008)","text":"For Revolutionary Love 1 & 2, Hayes asked about 100 queer volunteers to recite a text she wrote on gay power and liberation at the 2008 presidential conventions as part of a two-part commission for Creative Time’s public art initiative, “Democracy in America: The National Campaign”, curated by Nato Thompson.[21] Subtitled, I Am Your Worst Fear for the Democratic National Convention in Denver, CO and I Am Your Best Fantasy, the Republican National Convention in St. Paul, MN, the participants recited each ten to twenty minutes long text three times over the course of two hours. Using the charged atmosphere of the conventions as a backdrop for a more personal reflection on love and politics, the piece drew upon the history of the gay liberation movements of the 1970s.[16]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Parole (2010)","text":"Parole is a four-channel video installation composed of semi-autonomous video “scenes” that string together to form a narrative without a story. Focused on a central character who records sound but never speaks, Parole teases out multiple relationships between politics and desire, intimacy and estrangement, speaking and listening, voice and body. The installation is composed of footage of performed events in New York, London, Frankfurt, and Istanbul, Turkey, as well as staged footage of this sound recorder in various private and semi-public locations.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bella Abzug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Abzug"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Fingernails on a blackboard: Bella (2014)","text":"Fingernails on a blackboard: Bella investigates how voice acts as the embodied medium of speech and addresses the political consequences of gender and the specific limitations of power, communication, and relatability in the specter of public speech. The work takes the 1977 National Women's Conference in Houston, TX, as a historical point of departure, which was a result of an executive order to assess the status of women, in light of the United Nations proclaiming 1975 as International Women's Year. Following the well-attended, highly publicized event, an extension was granted for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. But having only been ratified by 35 states by the 1982 deadline, the amendment never passed. The video work uses the transcript of a meeting between politician Bella Abzug – the New York Congresswoman head of the National Women's Conference – and her vocal coach. During their meeting, the pair work at neutralizing Abzug's regional accent and softening her tone – strategically altering her voice to something more universal and soothing.[22]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daughters of Bilitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis"},{"link_name":"Minorities Research Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_Research_Group"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Common Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Common_Guild"},{"link_name":"Studio Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Voltaire"}],"sub_title":"In My Little Corner of the World, Anyone Would Love You (2016)","text":"In In My Little Corner of the World, Anyone Would Love You, Hayes investigates queer and feminist archives in the US and the UK documenting gay liberation, women's liberation, as well as the pre-lesbian liberation movements: Daughters of Bilitis (US) and Minorities Research Group (UK). Hayes explores the specific limits of gender, the anti-racist work done by lesbian, queer, and transpeople of color to combat racism in white lesbian feminist groups and the historic and contemporary ways in which feminist, lesbian, and queer political collectivities have expanded and constrained gender expression.[23] The work was exhibited at The Common Guild in Glasgow and Studio Voltaire in London in 2016.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"If They Should Ask (2017)","text":"If They Should Ask was a temporary monument located in Philadelphia's Rittenhouse Square addressing the lack of monuments dedicated to the women who have contributed to the social, cultural, political and economic life of Philadelphia. Of the hundreds of sculptures in the city that honor historic figures, only two are dedicated to women. If They Should Ask is a collection of concrete pedestals of existing monuments in the city cast at half-scale and engraved with the names of Philadelphia-area women who have contributed to the city's civic and public life from the mid-1600s to the present day.[24] The piece was created as a part of Monument Lab, a Philadelphia-wide public art and history initiative.[25]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-26"},{"link_name":"Pier Paolo Pasolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-27"},{"link_name":"cinéma verité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Ricerche: Two (2020)","text":"Through the film, Ricerche: two, Sharon Hayes encapsulates the politics of gender, sex, and sexuality in the United States by interviewing two women's tackle-football teams.[26] Hayes’ “Ricerche” film series is based on the 1964 Italian film “Comizi d’amore,” by director Pier Paolo Pasolini.[27] Drawing inspiration from Pasolini’s filmmaking style of cinéma verité, Hayes includes unscripted dialogue and non-professional actors.[27] Hayes takes a slightly different approach by centering the interview on the subjects, rather than taking full control over the production, to ensure authenticity.[27] By interviewing the Arlington Impact and the Dallas Elite Mustangs, Hayes explores the experiences of a group of women who are occupying public spaces in a non-heteronormative way by playing organized women’s tackle football.[26] The tackle football players express the social and financial obstacles they face with playing professional women’s football, such as relying on some other form of employment during the season to afford paying membership fees, equipment, and travel costs.[28] The simple act of playing on the team breaks gendered limitations enforced on women.[28] In Hayes' work, the artist acknowledges a larger political context when conducting her interviews to encourage conversation about gender and politics in the United States.[29]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Ricerche: Four (2024)","text":"In her latest work as part of her ongoing multipart series Ricerche, Sharon Hayes interviews a group of gay, lesbian, queer, and trans elders.[30] Ricerche: four explores the group's personal lives and political views, highlighting the power and persistence of chosen community and what it means to gather amidst the ongoing pandemic and the impact of social media.[31]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massimiliano Gioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimiliano_Gioni"},{"link_name":"New Museum for Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Museum"},{"link_name":"Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Nacional_Centro_de_Arte_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"The Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Art Gallery, Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Art_Gallery_(Vancouver)"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-estefan-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frances_Young_Tang_Teaching_Museum_and_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Carleton University Art Gallery, Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art"}],"text":"2007: I march in the parade of liberty, but as long as I love you I'm not free, organized by Massimiliano Gioni, New Museum for Contemporary Art (New York)\n2010: Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia (Madrid)\n2011: focus: Sharon Hayes, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago\n2011: In The Near Future, Contemporary Art Gallery, Vancouver\n2012: Sharon Hayes: There's so much I want to say to you, The Whitney Museum of American Art (New York)[13]\n2012: Stage Presence: Theatricality in Art and Media,[32] San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (San Francisco, CA)\n2012: Sharon Hayes, The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery, Saratoga Springs, New York\n2013: Venice Biennale[33]\n2014: Sharon Hayes: Loudspeakers and Other Forms of Listening, curated by Heather Anderson, Carleton University Art Gallery, Ottawa\n2015: Black Box: Sharon Hayes, Baltimore Museum of Art, Maryland","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpert Awards in the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpert_Awards_in_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Love Meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Meetings"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Memorial_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Hayes was the 2013 visual arts recipient of the Alpert Awards in the Arts,[34] given annually to five \"risk-taking, mid-career\" artists by the Herb Alpert foundation and the California Institute of the Arts.[35] The same year, the jury of the 55th Venice Biennale awarded Hayes a special mention for her video 'Ricerche: three', 2013.[36] Inspired by Italian filmmaker and writer Pier Paolo Pasolini's 1963 documentary Love Meetings, Hayes interviewed 35 students at an all-women's college in western Massachusetts about sexuality, speaking to \"a larger way in which we form ourselves as people in relation to collectives\".[37] In 2014, Hayes received the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Creative Arts Fellowship.[38]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783960985983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783960985983"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300180374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300180374"}],"sub_title":"By the artist","text":"Sharon Hayes, Lena Essling, Ann-Sofi Noring, Echo, Koenig Books, London, 2019. ISBN 9783960985983Sharon Hayes, Chrissie Iles, Sharon Hayes: There's So Much I Want to Say to You, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, 2012. ISBN 9780300180374","title":"Selected Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia Bryan-Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Bryan-Wilson"},{"link_name":"Phaidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaidon_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780714873466","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714873466"}],"sub_title":"On the artist","text":"Julia Bryan-Wilson, Jeannine Tang, Lanka Tattersall, Sharon Hayes, Phaidon, London, 2018. ISBN 9780714873466","title":"Selected Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rosenberg, Karen (June 28, 2012). \"Homages and Soapboxes Mix and Mash It Up: Sharon Hayes Solo Show at the Whitney\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/29/arts/design/sharon-hayes-solo-show-at-the-whitney.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Homages and Soapboxes Mix and Mash It Up: Sharon Hayes Solo Show at the Whitney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Wolin, Joseph (July 10, 2012). \"Sharon Hayes, \"There's so much I want to say to you\"\". Time Out. Retrieved November 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeout.com/newyork/art/sharon-hayes-theres-so-much-i-want-to-say-to-you","url_text":"\"Sharon Hayes, \"There's so much I want to say to you\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)","url_text":"Time Out"}]},{"reference":"Massara, Kathleen (June 23, 2012). \"Sharon Hayes Performance 'There's So Much I Want To Say To You' At The Whitney Museum Of American Art (PHOTOS)\". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/23/sharon-hayes-performance-_n_1609798.html","url_text":"\"Sharon Hayes Performance 'There's So Much I Want To Say To You' At The Whitney Museum Of American Art (PHOTOS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Young, Paul David (June 27, 2012). \"Time for Love: Sharon Hayes at the Whitney\". Art in America. Retrieved November 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-opinion/news/2012-06-27/sharon-hayes-whitney/","url_text":"\"Time for Love: Sharon Hayes at the Whitney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_America","url_text":"Art in America"}]},{"reference":"Schwendener, Martha (October 17, 2012). \"The State of Political Art After a Year of Protest Movements\". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/2012-10-17/art/the-state-of-political-art-after-a-year-of-protest-movements/","url_text":"\"The State of Political Art After a Year of Protest Movements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice","url_text":"Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Araceli (January 26, 2012). \"Becca Blackwell, Performer, On Being Naked in the Untitled Feminist Show\". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2012/01/becca_blackwell.php","url_text":"\"Becca Blackwell, Performer, On Being Naked in the Untitled Feminist Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice","url_text":"Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"Viveros-Faune, Christian (June 1, 2010). \"P.S.1's 'Greater New York 2010' Is Worse Than the Biennial\". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-06-01/art/ps-1-s-greater-new-york-2010/","url_text":"\"P.S.1's 'Greater New York 2010' Is Worse Than the Biennial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice","url_text":"Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"Jowitt, Deborah (April 27, 1999). \"Bringing War Home: Chuma on the Beach\". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/1999-04-27/dance/bringing-war-home/","url_text":"\"Bringing War Home: Chuma on the Beach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice","url_text":"Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"Viveros-Faune, Christian (March 2, 2010). \"Welcome to the Mixed-Up, Dialed-Down 2010 Whitney Biennial\". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-03-02/art/welcome-to-the-mixed-up-dialed-down-2010-whitney-biennial/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Mixed-Up, Dialed-Down 2010 Whitney Biennial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice","url_text":"Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"Jowitt, Deborah (January 25, 2000). \"Read the Paper\". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-01-25/dance/read-the-paper/","url_text":"\"Read the Paper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice","url_text":"Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"Mattson, Rachel (November 24, 1998). \"Natural Herstory\". Village Voice. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.villagevoice.com/1998-11-24/theater/natural-herstory/","url_text":"\"Natural Herstory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice","url_text":"Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"\"Whitney Museum press release\" (PDF). Retrieved January 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://whitney.org/file_columns/0003/1662/sharon_hayes_press_release.pdf","url_text":"\"Whitney Museum press release\""}]},{"reference":"Estefan, Kareem (November 2012). \"Sharon Hayes: There's So Much I Want to Say to You\". The Brooklyn Rail.","urls":[{"url":"http://brooklynrail.org/2012/11/artseen/sharon-hayes-theres-so-much-i-want-to-say-to-you","url_text":"\"Sharon Hayes: There's So Much I Want to Say to You\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tanya Leighton - 'Revolutionary Love: I am Your Worst Fear, I am Your Best Fantasy'\". www.tanyaleighton.com. Retrieved March 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tanyaleighton.com/index.php?pageId=265&l=en","url_text":"\"Tanya Leighton - 'Revolutionary Love: I am Your Worst Fear, I am Your Best Fantasy'\""}]},{"reference":"Bryan-Wilson, Julia; Tang, Jeannine; Tattersall, Lanka (November 30, 2018). Sharon Hayes. London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0714873466.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714873466","url_text":"978-0714873466"}]},{"reference":"Rethinking contemporary art and multicultural education. Joo, Eungie., Keehn, Joseph., Ham-Roberts, Jenny., New Museum of Contemporary Art (New York, N.Y.) (Fully rev. 2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. 2011. ISBN 9780415960854. OCLC 714841563.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415960854","url_text":"9780415960854"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/714841563","url_text":"714841563"}]},{"reference":"\"Sharon Hayes\". University of Pennsylvania. March 8, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.design.upenn.edu/fine-arts/graduate/people/sharon-hayes","url_text":"\"Sharon Hayes\""}]},{"reference":"Phaidon Editors (2019). Great women artists. Phaidon Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0714878775.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714878775","url_text":"978-0714878775"}]},{"reference":"\"Art in General\". www.artingeneral.org. Retrieved March 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artingeneral.org/exhibitions/425","url_text":"\"Art in General\""}]},{"reference":"Bryan-Wilson, Julia; Hayes, Sharon (2009). \"We Have a Future: An Interview with Sharon Hayes\". Grey Room. 37 (37): 78–93. doi:10.1162/grey.2009.1.37.78. JSTOR 20627784. S2CID 57571931.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fgrey.2009.1.37.78","url_text":"10.1162/grey.2009.1.37.78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20627784","url_text":"20627784"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57571931","url_text":"57571931"}]},{"reference":"\"Democracy in America | The National Camgaign\". creativetime.org. Retrieved March 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://creativetime.org/programs/archive/2008/democracy/hayes.php","url_text":"\"Democracy in America | The National Camgaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tanya Leighton - Fingernails on a Blackboard\". www.tanyaleighton.com. Retrieved March 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tanyaleighton.com/index.php?pageId=603&l=en","url_text":"\"Tanya Leighton - Fingernails on a Blackboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tanya Leighton - In My Little Corner of the World, Anyone Would Love You\". www.tanyaleighton.com. Retrieved March 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tanyaleighton.com/index.php?pageId=669&l=en","url_text":"\"Tanya Leighton - In My Little Corner of the World, Anyone Would Love You\""}]},{"reference":"\"About – If They Should Ask\". www.iftheyshouldask.com. Retrieved April 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iftheyshouldask.com/about/","url_text":"\"About – If They Should Ask\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sharon Hayes\". Monument Lab. Retrieved April 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://monumentlab.com/sharon-hayes/","url_text":"\"Sharon Hayes\""}]},{"reference":"Shanks, Gwyneth; Hayes, Sharon (2022). \"The Space of an Encounter: An Interview with Sharon Hayes\". Theatre Journal. 74 (3): E–73. doi:10.1353/tj.2022.0064. ISSN 1086-332X. S2CID 252520755.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/865438","url_text":"\"The Space of an Encounter: An Interview with Sharon Hayes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftj.2022.0064","url_text":"10.1353/tj.2022.0064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1086-332X","url_text":"1086-332X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252520755","url_text":"252520755"}]},{"reference":"\"Sharon Hayes introduces her Ricerche film works - The Skinny\". www.theskinny.co.uk. Retrieved May 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theskinny.co.uk/art/interviews/sharon-hayes-ricerche-glasgow-common-guild","url_text":"\"Sharon Hayes introduces her Ricerche film works - The Skinny\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ricerche: two – Sharon Hayes\". shaze.info. Retrieved May 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://shaze.info/work/ricerche-two/","url_text":"\"Ricerche: two – Sharon Hayes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ricerche: two, a work-in-progress by Sharon Hayes | Magazine | MoMA\". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved May 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moma.org/magazine/articles/348","url_text":"\"Ricerche: two, a work-in-progress by Sharon Hayes | Magazine | MoMA\""}]},{"reference":"Arn, Jackson. \"The Whitney Biennial's Taste for Flesh\". The New Yorker. Advance Magazine Publishers, Inc. Retrieved April 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/04/01/the-whitney-biennial-art-review","url_text":"\"The Whitney Biennial's Taste for Flesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sharon Hayes\". Whitney. Whitney Museum of American Art. Retrieved April 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://whitney.org/exhibitions/2024-biennial?section=16#exhibition-feature","url_text":"\"Sharon Hayes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stage Presence: Theatricality in Art and Media\". SFMOMA. Retrieved March 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfmoma.org/exhibition/stage-presence/","url_text":"\"Stage Presence: Theatricality in Art and Media\""}]},{"reference":"work, Copyrighted. \"Sharon Hayes - Artist - Andrea Rosen Gallery\". www.andrearosengallery.com. Retrieved March 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andrearosengallery.com/artists/sharon-hayes/bio","url_text":"\"Sharon Hayes - Artist - Andrea Rosen Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prof. Sharon Hayes Wins Alpert Award in the Arts\". The Cooper Union.","urls":[{"url":"http://cooper.edu/art/news/prof-sharon-hayes-wins-75k-alpert-award","url_text":"\"Prof. Sharon Hayes Wins Alpert Award in the Arts\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". The Herb Alpert Award in the Arts.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alpertawards.org/about","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEWS: Official Awards of the 55th International Art Exhibition\". La Biennale di Venezia. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130601210722/http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/news/01-06.html","url_text":"\"NEWS: Official Awards of the 55th International Art Exhibition\""},{"url":"http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/news/01-06.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Interview with Sharon Hayes. June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPQa9B8P89g","url_text":"Interview with Sharon Hayes"}]},{"reference":"\"John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship\". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Thoughts_(album) | Night Thoughts (album) | ["1 Background and production","2 Composition","3 Release","4 Critical reception","4.1 Year-end lists","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","6.1 Music","6.2 Film","7 Charts","8 References","9 External links"] | Album by Suede
For other uses, see Night-Thoughts (disambiguation).
Night ThoughtsStudio album by SuedeReleased22 January 2016 (2016-01-22)Recorded2014Genre
Alternative rock
art rock
Britpop
Length47:39LabelWarner Music UKProducer
Ed Buller
Neil Codling (add.)
Suede chronology
Bloodsports(2013)
Night Thoughts(2016)
The Blue Hour(2018)
Singles from Night Thoughts
"Outsiders"Released: 24 September 2015
"Like Kids"Released: 1 December 2015
"What I'm Trying To Tell You"Released: 29 February 2016
Night Thoughts is the seventh studio album by English alternative rock band Suede. Produced by long-time collaborator Ed Buller, the album was released through Warner Music UK on 22 January 2016 to widespread critical acclaim. It was accompanied by a feature film, directed by Roger Sargent. During their 2016 tour the band performed from behind a screen on which Sargent's film was projected during the first half of their set. The album is considered by many critics to be the band's finest work since 1994's Dog Man Star.
Background and production
In January 2014 vocalist Brett Anderson revealed that Suede were in the middle of the writing process for a new album. Anderson mentioned that the band "want to carry on writing and pushing forward, so we're taking it somewhere else now." In March, keyboardist Neil Codling posted that Suede were in the studio recording the follow-up to Bloodsports (2013). The album, which was recorded in London and Brussels, features a full string section. The majority of the album was recorded in Belgium in one session, "record all the music as one piece". Recording was produced by Ed Buller. The album was initially planned for release in 2015. Anderson explained the band wanted to "go somewhere else with , to make something with a bit more scope."
Composition
Codling compared "Outsiders" to the likes of "Trash" and "Beautiful Ones", calling it "a rallying cry for the excluded."
Mat Osman talked about the writing process:
"Neil and Richard pretty much wrote a record, they wrote about 45 minutes of music, lots of which ran into each other and lots of different themes re-emerged. We went to Belgium which were we started recording and basically recorded everything without Brett having any melodies or any words, which he’s never done before, so it was a bit of a leap in the dark. And then he sat down to write to the whole thing and we had no idea if it was going to work, it hasn’t ended up the same, uh since then we‘ve added about 4 songs and cut quite a lot of it and moved stuff around. It always started off as a record that was influenced by film music and stuff like that, the way you can have quite meandering pieces and scenes that reemerge, theres lots of stuff on the record that is made up of bits and pieces of other songs."
Release
In February 2015 Suede debuted "What I'm Trying to Tell You" live while at the NME Awards. On 7 September, Night Thoughts was announced for release. The band performed the whole album in full on 13 and 14 November 2015 at London Roundhouse. These dates also serve as the premiere of the Night Thoughts film, which played in the background behind the band. The DVD version of the film is included in a special edition of the Night Thoughts LP.
On the press release, director Sargent stated:
"The record deals with a lot of familial themes – life, death, love, anguish and despair; themes that are expanded upon in its visual companion, providing a study of how those elements affect the human psyche. It resonated with me for many reasons, not least because my mother passed away a few days after I started writing a story for the film. The film starts with a man drowning in the waters of a deserted beach at night, as he fights for life, his mind plays out the events that lead him to be there."
On 2 September 2015 the band released a teaser video that was thought to be leading to a new album. Bassist Mat Osman linked to this video from Twitter with the caption "It begins". A trailer for the film and the album was released on 7 September. On 24 September, "Outsiders" was made available for streaming. Night Thoughts was released on 22 January 2016. It was promoted with a series of in-store acoustic gigs, including a session at HMV, Oxford Street in London.
The album peaked at no. 6 on the UK Albums Chart; and as of September 2018, has recorded UK sales of 29,117, according to the Official Charts Company.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingAnyDecentMusic?7.5/10Metacritic80/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Daily TelegraphThe GuardianThe IndependentMojoNME4/5Pitchfork7.5/10QRolling StoneSpin8/10
Night Thoughts received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 80, which indicates "generally favourable reviews", based on 29 reviews. AllMusic senior critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the album, stating: "With that past behind them, Suede can still dwell on big issues of love and mortality, but now that the past is in perspective, it all means a little bit more and what lies ahead is a little more precious, and that wide view makes Night Thoughts all the more moving." Writing for Exclaim!, Cam Lindsay stated: "Suede establish and uphold the album's gravitas with the type of symphonic grandiosity we've come to anticipate from them." The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan praised the album, calling it "another victory for the misfits." Andy Gill of The Independent wrote: "'How long will it take to break the plans that I never make?' It’s a question that was inevitably begged by those previous celebrations of low-rent outlaw glamour, and, in attempting to answer it, Suede may have made their best album." Consequence of Sound's John Hadusek thought that the record "finds a middleground between the guitar pop of the Coming Up era and the moodier textures of Dog Man Star," and regarded it as "a fine entry in their already strong discography."
Pitchfork critic Stuart Berman was positive in his assessment of the album, stating: "With Night Thoughts Suede once again leap up off the dancefloor to swing from the chandeliers." Berman further stated that the record "isn’t a rock opera per se, though it gamely assumes the form of one." The Quietus' Luke Turner thought that musically, the album "is the most solid and focussed-sounding album Suede have ever realised" and commented: "It certainly is the sound of a band stepping out of their own shadow to finally be all they can be." Rachel Brodsky of Spin wrote: "Night Thoughts honors Suede’s longstanding place in Brit-rock history as theatrical brooders with a penchant for pop and post-punk, while also celebrating the five-piece’s growth by supplying listeners with another round of swirling dance ballads and operatic, Dog Man Star-ry ruminations." Rolling Stone's Ashley Zlatopolsky described the record as the band's "most cohesive album to date, putting a decisively modern twist on their definitive Brit-pop."
Salon included the album in its list of the 14 "criminally underrated albums" of the year. Annie Zaleski felt that, although the album lacked the pop hooks of Bloodsports, the album had its own merits in "rich orchestral flourishes, dramatic guitar arpeggios and vocalist Brett Anderson’s still-pristine, theatrical croon."
Year-end lists
Publication
Country
Accolade
Year
Rank
Drowned in Sound
UK
16 Best Albums of 2016
2016
10
Esquire
UK
20 Best Albums of 2016
2016
*
Fopp
UK
100 Best Albums of 2016
2016
28
Flavorwire
US
10 Best Albums of 2016
2016
*
Gigwise
UK
51 Best Albums of 2016
2016
3
Louder Than War
UK
50 Best Albums of 2016
2016
44
Mojo
UK
50 Albums of the Year
2016
33
musicOMH
UK
50 Best Albums of 2016
2016
39
The Quietus
UK
100 Best Albums of 2016
2016
36
Radio X
UK
25 Best Albums of 2016
2016
*
The Daily Telegraph
UK
Best Albums of 2016
2016
*
Wales Arts Review
UK
50 Best Albums of 2016
2016
26
Track listing
Disc one: Music (Standard Edition)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."When You Are Young"Brett AndersonNeil Codling4:182."Outsiders"AndersonCodling3:533."No Tomorrow"AndersonRichard Oakes3:514."Pale Snow"AndersonOakesCodling2:425."I Don't Know How to Reach You"AndersonOakesCodling6:126."What I'm Trying to Tell You"AndersonOakesCodling4:117."Tightrope"AndersonCodling3:518."Learning to Be"AndersonOakes3:219."Like Kids"AndersonOakes3:3610."I Can't Give Her What She Wants"AndersonOakes4:4511."When You Were Young"AndersonCodling2:1912."The Fur and the Feathers"AndersonOakesCodling4:40
Disc two: Film (Deluxe Edition only)No.TitleLength1."Film"52:102."Trailer"1:073."Teaser"0:204."Outsiders" (music video)4:12
Personnel
Music
Suede
Brett Anderson – vocals
Richard Oakes – guitars
Simon Gilbert – drums
Mat Osman – electric bass
Neil Codling – synthesisers, piano
Additional musicians
Oli Langford – strings arrangement; violin and viola (tracks 1, 7, 11)
Danny Keane – cello (tracks 1, 7, 11)
Tom Fry – double bass (tracks 1, 7, 11)
James Mainwaring – baritone saxophone (tracks 1, 7, 11)
Gita Langley – additional vocals (track 8)
Abdallah, Damiano, Bram, Isobel, Ella, Katy, Lottie, Clare, Celine, Sylvie, Daisy, Megan and Thalia of Malorees Junior School, Kilburn – additional vocals (track 9)
Technical
Ed Buller – production
Andy Hughes – engineering
Paul-Edouard Laurendeau – engineering
Joel M. Peters – engineering assistance
Neil Codling – additional production
Cenzo Townshend – mixing
Tony Cousins – mastering
Artwork
Paul Khera – art direction, domestic interior photography and design
Brett Anderson – art direction
Mat Osman – art direction
Neil Codling – art direction
Didz Hammond – art direction
Lucy Ray – underwater photography
Film
Cast
Alex Walton as Bryn
Jane E. Walsh as Sasha
Gabe Trimble as Cian
Paul Dewdney as Bryn's father
Tim Parker as Sasha's father
Production
Roger Sargent – direction
Stephanie De Giorgio – writing
Janna Barlett – executive production
Callum Gordon – executive production
Alex Ashman – production
Elena Carmen – editing
Gabi Norland – direction of photography
Eric Hart – camera assistance
Anna Balchin – production assistance
Claire Warr – production assistance
Charts
Chart (2016)
Peakposition
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
72
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
29
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
35
Croatian International Albums (HDU)
2
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)
22
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
23
French Albums (SNEP)
64
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
31
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)
11
Irish Albums (IRMA)
14
Italian Albums (FIMI)
54
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
34
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
25
Portuguese Albums (AFP)
40
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
26
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
37
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
71
UK Albums (OCC)
6
US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard)
10
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^ "GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 4, 2016". Chart-Track. IRMA. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ "Italiancharts.com – Suede – Night Thoughts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ ヘジテイション・マークス | スウェード (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Suede – Night Thoughts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Suede – Night Thoughts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
^ "Spanishcharts.com – Suede – Night Thoughts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – Suede – Night Thoughts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Suede – Night Thoughts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
^ "Suede | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ "Suede Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
External links
Night Thoughts at Discogs (list of releases)
Official website
vteSuede
Brett Anderson
Mat Osman
Simon Gilbert
Richard Oakes
Neil Codling
Justine Frischmann
Bernard Butler
Alex Lee
Studio albums
Suede
Dog Man Star
Coming Up
Head Music
A New Morning
Bloodsports
Night Thoughts
The Blue Hour
Autofiction
Compilations
Sci-Fi Lullabies
Singles
See You in the Next Life...
The Best of Suede
Singles
"The Drowners"
"Metal Mickey"
"Animal Nitrate"
"So Young"
"Stay Together"
"We Are the Pigs"
"The Wild Ones"
"New Generation"
"Trash"
"Beautiful Ones"
"Saturday Night"
"Lazy"
"Filmstar"
"Electricity"
"She's in Fashion"
"Everything Will Flow"
"Can't Get Enough"
"Positivity"
"Obsessions"
"Attitude"
Video albums
Love and Poison
Related articles
Discography
The Tears
McAlmont & Butler
Elastica
Strangelove
Love and Poison
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night-Thoughts (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night-Thoughts_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Suede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suede_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ed Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Buller"},{"link_name":"Warner Music UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Roger Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Sargent_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Dog Man Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Man_Star"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For other uses, see Night-Thoughts (disambiguation).Night Thoughts is the seventh studio album by English alternative rock band Suede. Produced by long-time collaborator Ed Buller, the album was released through Warner Music UK on 22 January 2016 to widespread critical acclaim. It was accompanied by a feature film, directed by Roger Sargent. During their 2016 tour the band performed from behind a screen on which Sargent's film was projected during the first half of their set. The album is considered by many critics to be the band's finest work since 1994's Dog Man Star.[4][5][6][7][8]","title":"Night Thoughts (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brett Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMEwriting-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMEwriting-9"},{"link_name":"Bloodsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodsports_(album)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BloodsportsII-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gigwise-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMEthirddebut-12"},{"link_name":"Ed Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Buller"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exclaimannouce-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BloodsportsII-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMEthirddebut-12"}],"text":"In January 2014 vocalist Brett Anderson revealed that Suede were in the middle of the writing process for a new album.[9] Anderson mentioned that the band \"want to carry on writing and pushing forward, so we're taking it somewhere else now.\"[9] In March, keyboardist Neil Codling posted that Suede were in the studio recording the follow-up to Bloodsports (2013).[10] The album, which was recorded in London and Brussels, features a full string section.[11] The majority of the album was recorded in Belgium in one session, \"record[ing] all the music [...] as one piece\".[12] Recording was produced by Ed Buller.[13] The album was initially planned for release in 2015.[10] Anderson explained the band wanted to \"go somewhere else with [Night Thoughts], to make something with a bit more scope.\"[12]","title":"Background and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trash_(Suede_song)"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Ones"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Codling compared \"Outsiders\" to the likes of \"Trash\" and \"Beautiful Ones\", calling it \"a rallying cry for the excluded.\"[14]Mat Osman talked about the writing process:\"Neil and Richard pretty much wrote a record, they wrote about 45 minutes of music, lots of which ran into each other and lots of different themes re-emerged. We went to Belgium which were we started recording and basically recorded everything without Brett having any melodies or any words, which he’s never done before, so it was a bit of a leap in the dark. And then he sat down to write to the whole thing and we had no idea if it was going to work, it hasn’t ended up the same, uh since then we‘ve added about 4 songs and cut quite a lot of it and moved stuff around. It always started off as a record that was influenced by film music and stuff like that, the way you can have quite meandering pieces and scenes that reemerge, theres lots of stuff on the record that is made up of bits and pieces of other songs.\"[15]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NME Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME_Awards"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exclaimannouce-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gigwise-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gigwise-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exclaimannouce-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exclaimannouce-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p4k-1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMEhintnewalbum-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMEhintnewalbum-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-1-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exclaimannouce-13"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In February 2015 Suede debuted \"What I'm Trying to Tell You\" live while at the NME Awards.[16] On 7 September, Night Thoughts was announced for release.[13] The band performed the whole album in full on 13 and 14 November 2015 at London Roundhouse.[11] These dates also serve as the premiere of the Night Thoughts film,[11] which played in the background behind the band.[13] The DVD version of the film is included in a special edition of the Night Thoughts LP.[13]On the press release, director Sargent stated:\"The record deals with a lot of familial themes – life, death, love, anguish and despair; themes that are expanded upon in its visual companion, providing a study of how those elements affect the human psyche. It resonated with me for many reasons, not least because my mother passed away a few days after I started writing a story for the film. The film starts with a man drowning in the waters of a deserted beach at night, as he fights for life, his mind plays out the events that lead him to be there.\"[17][18]On 2 September 2015 the band released a teaser video that was thought to be leading to a new album.[19] Bassist Mat Osman linked to this video from Twitter with the caption \"It begins\".[19] A trailer for the film and the album was released on 7 September.[20] On 24 September, \"Outsiders\" was made available for streaming.[21] Night Thoughts was released on 22 January 2016.[13] It was promoted with a series of in-store acoustic gigs, including a session at HMV, Oxford Street in London.The album peaked at no. 6 on the UK Albums Chart; and as of September 2018, has recorded UK sales of 29,117, according to the Official Charts Company.[22]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-1-24"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-review-25"},{"link_name":"Exclaim!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exclaim-33"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-review-2"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-independent-27"},{"link_name":"Consequence of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"Coming Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Up_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dog Man Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Man_Star"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p4k-review-30"},{"link_name":"The Quietus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Brit-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britpop"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spin-review-32"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-3"},{"link_name":"Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)"},{"link_name":"Annie Zaleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Zaleski"},{"link_name":"hooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"arpeggios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpeggio"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Night Thoughts received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 80, which indicates \"generally favourable reviews\", based on 29 reviews.[24] AllMusic senior critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the album, stating: \"With that past behind them, Suede can still dwell on big issues of love and mortality, but now that the past is in perspective, it all means a little bit more and what lies ahead is a little more precious, and that wide view makes Night Thoughts all the more moving.\"[25] Writing for Exclaim!, Cam Lindsay stated: \"Suede establish and uphold the album's gravitas with the type of symphonic grandiosity we've come to anticipate from them.\"[33] The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan praised the album, calling it \"another victory for the misfits.\"[2] Andy Gill of The Independent wrote: \"'How long will it take to break the plans that I never make?' It’s a question that was inevitably begged by those previous celebrations of low-rent outlaw glamour, and, in attempting to answer it, Suede may have made their best album.\"[27] Consequence of Sound's John Hadusek thought that the record \"finds a middleground between the guitar pop of the Coming Up era and the moodier textures of Dog Man Star,\" and regarded it as \"a fine entry in their already strong discography.\"[34]Pitchfork critic Stuart Berman was positive in his assessment of the album, stating: \"With Night Thoughts Suede once again leap up off the dancefloor to swing from the chandeliers.\" Berman further stated that the record \"isn’t a rock opera per se, though it gamely assumes the form of one.\"[30] The Quietus' Luke Turner thought that musically, the album \"is the most solid and focussed-sounding album Suede have ever realised\" and commented: \"It certainly is the sound of a band stepping out of their own shadow to finally be all they can be.\"[35] Rachel Brodsky of Spin wrote: \"Night Thoughts honors Suede’s longstanding place in Brit-rock history as theatrical brooders with a penchant for pop and post-punk, while also celebrating the five-piece’s growth by supplying listeners with another round of swirling dance ballads and operatic, Dog Man Star-ry ruminations.\"[32] Rolling Stone's Ashley Zlatopolsky described the record as the band's \"most cohesive album to date, putting a decisively modern twist on their definitive Brit-pop.\"[3]Salon included the album in its list of the 14 \"criminally underrated albums\" of the year. Annie Zaleski felt that, although the album lacked the pop hooks of Bloodsports, the album had its own merits in \"rich orchestral flourishes, dramatic guitar arpeggios and vocalist Brett Anderson’s still-pristine, theatrical croon.\"[36]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end lists","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brett Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Neil Codling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Codling"},{"link_name":"Richard Oakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Oakes_(guitarist)"}],"text":"Disc one: Music (Standard Edition)No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"When You Are Young\"Brett AndersonNeil Codling4:182.\"Outsiders\"AndersonCodling3:533.\"No Tomorrow\"AndersonRichard Oakes3:514.\"Pale Snow\"AndersonOakesCodling2:425.\"I Don't Know How to Reach You\"AndersonOakesCodling6:126.\"What I'm Trying to Tell You\"AndersonOakesCodling4:117.\"Tightrope\"AndersonCodling3:518.\"Learning to Be\"AndersonOakes3:219.\"Like Kids\"AndersonOakes3:3610.\"I Can't Give Her What She Wants\"AndersonOakes4:4511.\"When You Were Young\"AndersonCodling2:1912.\"The Fur and the Feathers\"AndersonOakesCodling4:40Disc two: Film (Deluxe Edition only)No.TitleLength1.\"Film\"52:102.\"Trailer\"1:073.\"Teaser\"0:204.\"Outsiders\" (music video)4:12","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_Thoughts_(album)&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"Brett Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Richard Oakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Oakes_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Simon Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Gilbert_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Mat Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Osman"},{"link_name":"Neil Codling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Codling"},{"link_name":"Ed Buller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Buller"},{"link_name":"Andy Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Cenzo Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenzo_Townshend"},{"link_name":"Didz Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didz_Hammond"}],"text":"Music[edit]\nSuede\n\nBrett Anderson – vocals\nRichard Oakes – guitars\nSimon Gilbert – drums\nMat Osman – electric bass\nNeil Codling – synthesisers, piano\nAdditional musicians\n\nOli Langford – strings arrangement; violin and viola (tracks 1, 7, 11)\nDanny Keane – cello (tracks 1, 7, 11)\nTom Fry – double bass (tracks 1, 7, 11)\nJames Mainwaring – baritone saxophone (tracks 1, 7, 11)\nGita Langley – additional vocals (track 8)\nAbdallah, Damiano, Bram, Isobel, Ella, Katy, Lottie, Clare, Celine, Sylvie, Daisy, Megan and Thalia of Malorees Junior School, Kilburn – additional vocals (track 9)\n\n\nTechnical\n\nEd Buller – production\nAndy Hughes – engineering\nPaul-Edouard Laurendeau – engineering\nJoel M. Peters – engineering assistance\nNeil Codling – additional production\nCenzo Townshend – mixing\nTony Cousins – mastering\nArtwork\n\nPaul Khera – art direction, domestic interior photography and design\nBrett Anderson – art direction\nMat Osman – art direction\nNeil Codling – art direction\nDidz Hammond – art direction\nLucy Ray – underwater photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Sargent_(photographer)"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Cast\n\nAlex Walton as Bryn\nJane E. Walsh as Sasha\nGabe Trimble as Cian\nPaul Dewdney as Bryn's father\nTim Parker as Sasha's father\n\n\nProduction\n\nRoger Sargent – direction\nStephanie De Giorgio – writing\nJanna Barlett – executive production\nCallum Gordon – executive production\nAlex Ashman – production\nElena Carmen – editing\nGabi Norland – direction of photography\nEric Hart – camera assistance\nAnna Balchin – production assistance\nClaire Warr – production assistance","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kearns, John (22 January 2016). \"Music Scene: Suede's Night Thoughts sets the bar high for 2016\". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishnews.com/arts/2016/01/22/news/music-scene-suede-s-night-thoughts-sets-the-bar-high-for-2016-389288/","url_text":"\"Music Scene: Suede's Night Thoughts sets the bar high for 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_News","url_text":"The Irish News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021707/http://www.irishnews.com/arts/2016/01/22/news/music-scene-suede-s-night-thoughts-sets-the-bar-high-for-2016-389288/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Caroline (21 January 2016). \"Suede: Night Thoughts review – a florid, cinematic concept album\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/21/suede-night-thoughts-review-a-florid-cinematic-concept-album","url_text":"\"Suede: Night Thoughts review – a florid, cinematic concept album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160122010331/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/21/suede-night-thoughts-review-a-florid-cinematic-concept-album","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zlatopolsky, Ashley (22 January 2016). \"Night Thoughts\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/suede-night-thoughts-20160122","url_text":"\"Night Thoughts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216134710/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/suede-night-thoughts-20160122","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hawking, Tom (4 February 2016). \"Suede's 'Night Thoughts' Is a Late-Career Masterpiece That Should Finally Make America Take Notice\". Flavorwire. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://flavorwire.com/559533/suedes-night-thoughts-is-a-late-career-masterpiece-that-should-finally-make-america-take-notice","url_text":"\"Suede's 'Night Thoughts' Is a Late-Career Masterpiece That Should Finally Make America Take Notice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavorwire","url_text":"Flavorwire"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170224115006/http://flavorwire.com/559533/suedes-night-thoughts-is-a-late-career-masterpiece-that-should-finally-make-america-take-notice","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Walshe, John (17 February 2016). \"Second wave win for glamorous guitar slingers\". Hot Press. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotpress.com/Suede/music/reviews/albums/Album-Review-Suede--iNight-Thoughtsi/16885702.html","url_text":"\"Second wave win for glamorous guitar slingers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Press","url_text":"Hot Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161224103350/http://www.hotpress.com/Suede/music/reviews/albums/Album-Review-Suede--iNight-Thoughtsi/16885702.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lucas, Dan (29 February 2016). \"Suede - Night Thoughts\". Under the Radar. Retrieved 23 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.undertheradarmag.com/reviews/suede_night_thoughts1/","url_text":"\"Suede - Night Thoughts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Radar_(magazine)","url_text":"Under the Radar"}]},{"reference":"Harley, Kevin (17 January 2016). \"Suede\". The Independent. p. 10. Night Thoughts reconnects Suede with their grand ambition and outsider instincts: and, critically, it's their best since 1994's Dog Man Star.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Earls, John (22 January 2016). \"Suede exclusive: 'I want to run into the sea and disappear'\". Loaded. Retrieved 9 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://loaded.co.uk/suede-brett-anderson-interview-run-into-sea-disappear/","url_text":"\"Suede exclusive: 'I want to run into the sea and disappear'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loaded_(magazine)","url_text":"Loaded"}]},{"reference":"Bychawski, Adam (30 January 2014). \"Brett Anderson reveals Suede are working on a new album\". NME. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/suede/75179","url_text":"\"Brett Anderson reveals Suede are working on a new album\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925084403/http://www.nme.com/news/suede/75179","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kravitz, Kayley (15 May 2014). \"Bloodsports II, Anderson Returns: New Suede album coming in 2015\". Vanyaland. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanyaland.com/2014/05/15/bloodsports-ii-anderson-returns-suede-head-back-studio-new-record/","url_text":"\"Bloodsports II, Anderson Returns: New Suede album coming in 2015\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923145240/http://www.vanyaland.com/2014/05/15/bloodsports-ii-anderson-returns-suede-head-back-studio-new-record/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Will (7 September 2015). \"Suede Announce New Album And Feature Film, 'Night Thoughts'\". Gigwise. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gigwise.com/news/102677/suede-announce-new-album-and-film-night-thoughts-tracklist","url_text":"\"Suede Announce New Album And Feature Film, 'Night Thoughts'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigwise","url_text":"Gigwise"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150909143945/http://www.gigwise.com/news/102677/suede-announce-new-album-and-film-night-thoughts-tracklist","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beaumont, Mark (12 November 2015). \"Q&A: Suede's Brett Anderson On Making Their 'Third Debut' Album, And How The Stone Roses Could Do The Same\". NME. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough | Grade I listed buildings in Caerphilly County Borough | ["1 Buildings","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Caerphilly County Borough shown within Wales
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
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In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical, or cultural significance; Grade I structures are those considered to be "buildings of exceptional interest". Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. Once listed, strict limitations are imposed on the modifications allowed to a building's structure or fittings. In Wales, the authority for listing under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 rests with Cadw.
Buildings
Name
LocationGrid Ref.Geo-coordinates
Date ListedFunction
Notes
Reference Number
Image
Caerphilly Castle
CaerphillyST155268706651°34′34″N 3°13′13″W / 51.57613014522°N 3.2203975541742°W / 51.57613014522; -3.2203975541742 (Caerphilly Castle)
28 January 1963CastleOn a low-lying marshy site surrounded by hills to the N, S and W. Two streams, the Nant Gledyr and Nant yr Aber, cross the area and drain into the R Rhymney which flows towards the E. These streams were dammed to make the moat and great lakes.
13539
See more images
Llancaiach Fawr
GelligaerST113609662051°39′41″N 3°16′59″W / 51.661370294848°N 3.2829191144656°W / 51.661370294848; -3.2829191144656 (Llancaiach Fawr)
25 October 1951HouseClose to the W community boundary which follows Nant Caeach, a short distance NE of Nelson and reached by a short track from the main road. Fronts a re-created formal garden, the surrounding walls incorporating stone benches.
13562
See more images
See also
Wales portal
Listed buildings in Wales
Grade II* listed buildings in Caerphilly County Borough
Scheduled Monuments in Caerphilly
Registered historic parks and gardens in Caerphilly County Borough
Notes
^ Sometimes known as OSGB36, the grid reference is based on the British national grid reference system used by the Ordnance Survey.
References
^ "Buildings & Conservation Areas". Cadw. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
^ "Coflein". online database of RCAHMW. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
^ "Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990". The National Archives. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
^ Cadw. "Caerphilly Castle (13539)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "Caerphilly Castle". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ Cadw. "Llancaiach-fawr (13562)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "Llancaiach-fawr". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
External links
Media related to Grade I listed buildings in Caerphilly County Borough at Wikimedia Commons
vteGrade I listed buildings in Wales
Anglesey
Bridgend
Caerphilly
Cardiff
Carmarthenshire
Ceredigion
Conwy
Denbighshire
Flintshire
Gwynedd
Merthyr Tydfil
Monmouthshire
Neath Port Talbot
Newport
Pembrokeshire
Powys
Rhondda Cynon Taf
Swansea
Torfaen
Vale of Glamorgan
Wrexham
Architecture
Wales
vteCaerphilly County BoroughCaerphilly County Borough CouncilPrincipal settlements
Aberbargoed
Abercarn
Bargoed
Blackwood
Caerphilly
Crumlin
Gelligaer
Newbridge
Rhymney
Risca
Ystrad Mynach
Communities
Abercarn
Aber Valley
Argoed
Bargoed
Bedwas, Trethomas and Machen
Caerphilly
Cefn Fforest
Crosskeys
Crumlin
Darran Valley
Gelligaer
Llanbradach and Pwllypant
Maesycwmmer
Nelson
Newbridge
New Tredegar
Pengam
Penmaen
Penyrheol, Trecenydd and Energlyn
Pontllanfraith
Rhymney
Risca East
Risca West
Rudry
Van
Ynysddu
Towns andvillages
Abertridwr
Abertysswg
Argoed
Bedwas
Blaen-carno
Bont Pren
Britannia
Brithdir
Bryn
Bryncenydd
Bute Town
Caledfryn
Castle Park
Cefn Fforest
Cefn Hengoed
Cefn Mably
Chapel of Ease
Churchill Park
Croespenmaen
Crosskeys
Cwmbargoed
Cwmcarn
Cwmgelli
Cwmfelinfach
Cwmsyfiog
Cwmnantygwynt
Deri
Draethen
Eglwysilan
Elliotstown
Energleyn
Fernlea
Fleur de Lys
Fochriw
Gellihaf
Gelligroes
Gilfach
Gilfach Estate
Glan-y-nant
Graig-y-Rhacca
Hafodyrynys
Hendredenny
Hengoed
Hollybush
Lansbury Park
Llanbradach
Llanvabon
Llanfach
Llechryd
Llwyn Gwyn
Machen
Maesycwmmer
Manmoel
Markham
Mornington Meadows
Mynyddislwyn
Nelson
New Tredegar
Oakdale
Ochrwyth
Pantside
Pantyresk
Penallta
Pengam
Penllwyn
Penmaen
Penpedairheol
Pentwyn (near Fochriw)
Pentwyn (near Penyrheol)
Pentwyn (near Trinant)
Pentwynmawr
Penybryn
Penyfan
Penyrheol
Pontllanfraith
Pontlottyn
Pontymister
Pontywaun
Princetown
Pwllypant
Rhymney Bridge
Rudry
Ruperra
Senghenydd
Springfield
Tir-Phil
Tir-y-berth
Trecenydd
Tredomen
Treowen
Trethomas
Trinant
Troedrhiwfwch
Ty Sign
Van
Waterloo
Watford
Wattsville
West End
Wernddu
Woodfieldside
Wyllie
Ynysddu
Topics
Communities
Parliamentary constituencies
Places
Schools
SSSIs
Listed buildings
Grade I
Grade II*
Scheduled monuments
Registered parks and gardens
Lord Lieutenants
High Sheriffs
Public art
Geography
Wales | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wales_Caerphilly_locator_map.svg"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CadwGradeI-1"},{"link_name":"Town and Country Planning Act 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Act_1947"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_(Listed_Buildings_and_Conservation_Areas)_Act_1990"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cadw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw"}],"text":"Caerphilly County Borough shown within WalesMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical, or cultural significance; Grade I structures are those considered to be \"buildings of exceptional interest\".[1] Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. Once listed, strict limitations are imposed on the modifications allowed to a building's structure or fittings. In Wales,[2] the authority for listing under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990[3] rests with Cadw.","title":"Grade I listed buildings in Caerphilly County Borough"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"British national grid reference system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system"},{"link_name":"Ordnance Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey"}],"text":"^ Sometimes known as OSGB36, the grid reference is based on the British national grid reference system used by the Ordnance Survey.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Caerphilly County Borough shown within Wales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wales_Caerphilly_locator_map.svg/150px-Wales_Caerphilly_locator_map.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Wales portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wales"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Wales"},{"title":"Grade II* listed buildings in Caerphilly County Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough"},{"title":"Scheduled Monuments in Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Monuments_in_Caerphilly"},{"title":"Registered historic parks and gardens in Caerphilly County Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_historic_parks_and_gardens_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough"}] | [{"reference":"\"Buildings & Conservation Areas\". Cadw. Retrieved 18 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://cadw.wales.gov.uk/historicenvironment/protection/buildconservation/;jsessionid=D3D0B3A0E04ED44C34056CF232E151C2?lang=en","url_text":"\"Buildings & Conservation Areas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw","url_text":"Cadw"}]},{"reference":"\"Coflein\". online database of RCAHMW. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. Retrieved 28 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coflein.gov.uk/","url_text":"\"Coflein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales","url_text":"Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990\". The National Archives. Retrieved 18 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents","url_text":"\"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Caerphilly Castle (13539)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw","url_text":"Cadw"},{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=13539","url_text":"\"Caerphilly Castle (13539)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Assets_of_Wales","url_text":"National Historic Assets of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Caerphilly Castle\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300013539-caerphilly-castle-caerphilly","url_text":"\"Caerphilly Castle\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Llancaiach-fawr (13562)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=13562","url_text":"\"Llancaiach-fawr (13562)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Llancaiach-fawr\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300013562-llancaiach-fawr-gelligaer","url_text":"\"Llancaiach-fawr\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough¶ms=51.57613014522_N_3.2203975541742_W_&title=Caerphilly+Castle","external_links_name":"51°34′34″N 3°13′13″W / 51.57613014522°N 3.2203975541742°W / 51.57613014522; -3.2203975541742 (Caerphilly Castle)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=13539","external_links_name":"13539"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Caerphilly_County_Borough¶ms=51.661370294848_N_3.2829191144656_W_&title=Llancaiach+Fawr","external_links_name":"51°39′41″N 3°16′59″W / 51.661370294848°N 3.2829191144656°W / 51.661370294848; -3.2829191144656 (Llancaiach Fawr)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=13562","external_links_name":"13562"},{"Link":"http://cadw.wales.gov.uk/historicenvironment/protection/buildconservation/;jsessionid=D3D0B3A0E04ED44C34056CF232E151C2?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Buildings & Conservation Areas\""},{"Link":"http://www.coflein.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Coflein\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents","external_links_name":"\"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=13539","external_links_name":"\"Caerphilly Castle (13539)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300013539-caerphilly-castle-caerphilly","external_links_name":"\"Caerphilly Castle\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=13562","external_links_name":"\"Llancaiach-fawr (13562)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300013562-llancaiach-fawr-gelligaer","external_links_name":"\"Llancaiach-fawr\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_17_(New_Zealand) | State Highway 17 (New Zealand) | ["1 History","2 Route","3 See also","4 References"] | Road in New Zealand
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "State Highway 17" New Zealand – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
State Highway 17Route informationMaintained by NZ Transport AgencyLength32.9 km (20.4 mi)ExistedDecember 1999–October 2012Major junctionsNorth end SH 1 at PuhoiSouth end SH 1 at Albany
LocationCountryNew ZealandPrimarydestinationsWaiwera, Orewa, Silverdale, Whangaparaoa Peninsula
Highway system
New Zealand state highways
Motorways and expressways
List
← SH 16→ SH 18
State Highway 17 (SH 17) was the designation for a 32-kilometre stretch of highway in northern Auckland in the North Island of New Zealand from December 1999 to October 2012. It is now designated Urban Route 31 and consists of the Hibiscus Coast Highway, Dairy Flat Highway and Albany Expressway. It linked State Highway 1 at Puhoi in the north with SH 1 at Albany in the south. Its main destinations were the towns of (from north to south) Waiwera, Orewa, Red Beach, Whangaparaoa, Silverdale, Dairy Flat and the suburb of Albany. Prior to its inception as SH 17, the road was part of SH 1, and was redesignated as SH 17 as the Northern Motorway was extended northwards and took over the designation of SH 1.
History
SH 17 was part of SH 1 before the extension of the Northern Motorway in the late 1990s. Between December 1999 and January 2009, SH 17 ran from present-day Exit 412 at Greville Road north through Albany and Dairy Flat to the interchange of SH 1, SH 1A and SH 17 at Silverdale (Exit 398).
When the SH 1 Northern Gateway Toll Road opened on 25 January 2009 it replaced both SH1's old route and SH 1A, and SH 17 was extended to replace the latter two roads, although this extension was not signposted.
State Highway 17 was revoked in October 2012 by the NZ Transport Agency because there was no need to maintain SH 1 and SH 17 as close together as they were, especially as most long-distance traffic was taking the SH 1 toll road. Upon revocation, ownership of the road was transferred from the NZ Transport Agency to Auckland Council, with the road to be maintained by Auckland Transport. The route became Urban Route 31.
Route
SH 17 began at the junction with SH 1 just south of Puhoi, at Exit 388. While SH 17 officially started here, it was not signposted until its original (pre-toll road) terminus at Silverdale. SH17 wound over the Johnston Hill and down into the town of Waiwera. From here it became the Hibiscus Coast Highway and continued along the hills, coming down into Hatfields Beach and over another hill into Orewa township.
After crossing the Orewa River, SH 17 arrived at Red Beach, where there are intersections at Red Beach Road and Whangaparaoa Road for Whangaparaoa and other peninsula suburbs. Just outside Silverdale is the intersection with East Coast Road, a third route into Auckland city via Urban Route 25. Almost a kilometre after this is the interchange (Exit 398) with SH 1, the Northern Motorway and Northern Gateway Toll Road. From here SH 17 was signposted through to the city.
SH 17 continued through mostly rural countryside to Albany township, passing through Dairy Flat. Just outside Albany, the surface quality of the highway improves and Botts' dots replace painted lines on the road at the intersection with the Coatesville-Riverhead Highway. As the road enters Albany it becomes the Albany Expressway, running through the township until it meets the Albany Highway, whereupon it becomes a dual carriageway through to its terminus at Greville Road and SH 1.
See also
List of New Zealand state highways
List of roads and highways, for notable or famous roads worldwide
References
^ "Auckland Motorways 2008" (PDF). NZ Transport Agency. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
^ a b "Big changes to Auckland's roading network". NZ Transport Agency. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
vteNew Zealand state highways
List of New Zealand state highways
List of motorways and expressways in New Zealand
National
SH 1 (incl. SH 1B, SH 1C)
SH 2
SH 3 (incl. SH 3A)
SH 4
SH 5
SH 6 (incl. SH 6A)
SH 7 (incl. SH 7A)
SH 8 (incl. SH 8A, SH 8B)
North Island
SH 10
SH 11
SH 12
SH 14
SH 15
SH 16
SH 18
SH 20 (incl. SH 20A, SH 20B)
SH 21
SH 22
SH 23
SH 24
SH 25 (incl. SH 25A)
SH 26
SH 27
SH 28
SH 29 (incl. SH 29A)
SH 30 (incl. SH 30A)
SH 31
SH 32
SH 33
SH 34
SH 35
SH 36
SH 37
SH 38
SH 39
SH 41
SH 43
SH 44
SH 45
SH 46
SH 47
SH 48
SH 49
SH 50
SH 51
SH 53
SH 54
SH 56
SH 57
SH 58
SH 59
South Island
SH 60
SH 62
SH 63
SH 65
SH 67 (incl. SH 67A)
SH 69
SH 71
SH 73
SH 74 (incl. SH 74A)
SH 75
SH 76
SH 77
SH 78
SH 79
SH 80
SH 82
SH 83
SH 84
SH 85
SH 86
SH 87
SH 88
SH 90
SH 93
SH 94
SH 95
SH 96
SH 97
SH 98
SH 99
Former state highways
SH 1A
SH 1F
SH 2A
SH 2B
SH 15
SH 15A
SH 17
SH 36
SH 40
SH 47A
SH 49A
SH 50A
SH 52
SH 57A
SH 61
SH 70
SH 72
SH 73A
SH 89
SH 91
SH 92
Touring routes
Twin Coast Discovery Highway
Thermal Explorer Highway
Pacific Coast Highway
Classic New Zealand Wine Trail
Alpine Pacific Triangle
Great Alpine Highway
Foothills Scenic Route
Inland Scenic Route
Central Otago Touring Route
Southern Scenic Route | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"Urban Route 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_urban_route_network"},{"link_name":"State Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_1_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Puhoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puhoi,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Waiwera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiwera"},{"link_name":"Orewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orewa"},{"link_name":"Red Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Beach,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Whangaparaoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whangaparaoa"},{"link_name":"Silverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverdale,_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Dairy Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_Flat"},{"link_name":"Northern Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Northern_Motorway"}],"text":"State Highway 17 (SH 17) was the designation for a 32-kilometre stretch of highway in northern Auckland in the North Island of New Zealand from December 1999 to October 2012. It is now designated Urban Route 31 and consists of the Hibiscus Coast Highway, Dairy Flat Highway and Albany Expressway. It linked State Highway 1 at Puhoi in the north with SH 1 at Albany in the south. Its main destinations were the towns of (from north to south) Waiwera, Orewa, Red Beach, Whangaparaoa, Silverdale, Dairy Flat and the suburb of Albany. 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Between December 1999[1] and January 2009, SH 17 ran from present-day Exit 412 at Greville Road north through Albany and Dairy Flat to the interchange of SH 1, SH 1A and SH 17 at Silverdale (Exit 398).When the SH 1 Northern Gateway Toll Road opened on 25 January 2009 it replaced both SH1's old route and SH 1A, and SH 17 was extended to replace the latter two roads, although this extension was not signposted.State Highway 17 was revoked in October 2012 by the NZ Transport Agency because there was no need to maintain SH 1 and SH 17 as close together as they were,[2] especially as most long-distance traffic was taking the SH 1 toll road. Upon revocation, ownership of the road was transferred from the NZ Transport Agency to Auckland Council, with the road to be maintained by Auckland Transport.[2] The route became Urban Route 31.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Botts' dots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botts%27_dots"}],"text":"SH 17 began at the junction with SH 1 just south of Puhoi, at Exit 388. While SH 17 officially started here, it was not signposted until its original (pre-toll road) terminus at Silverdale. SH17 wound over the Johnston Hill and down into the town of Waiwera. From here it became the Hibiscus Coast Highway and continued along the hills, coming down into Hatfields Beach and over another hill into Orewa township.After crossing the Orewa River, SH 17 arrived at Red Beach, where there are intersections at Red Beach Road and Whangaparaoa Road for Whangaparaoa and other peninsula suburbs. Just outside Silverdale is the intersection with East Coast Road, a third route into Auckland city via Urban Route 25. Almost a kilometre after this is the interchange (Exit 398) with SH 1, the Northern Motorway and Northern Gateway Toll Road. From here SH 17 was signposted through to the city.SH 17 continued through mostly rural countryside to Albany township, passing through Dairy Flat. Just outside Albany, the surface quality of the highway improves and Botts' dots replace painted lines on the road at the intersection with the Coatesville-Riverhead Highway. As the road enters Albany it becomes the Albany Expressway, running through the township until it meets the Albany Highway, whereupon it becomes a dual carriageway through to its terminus at Greville Road and SH 1.","title":"Route"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of New Zealand state highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_state_highways"},{"title":"List of roads and highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_and_highways"}] | [{"reference":"\"Auckland Motorways 2008\" (PDF). NZ Transport Agency. Retrieved 16 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/auckland-motorways/docs/2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Auckland Motorways 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big changes to Auckland's roading network\". NZ Transport Agency. 1 October 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darleen_Carr | Darleen Carr | ["1 Early years","2 Career","3 Award nominations","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"] | American actress, singer, and voice-over artist
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Darleen Carr" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Darleen CarrCarr (front, left) on The Smith Family, 1970BornDarlene FarnonChicago, Illinois, U.S.Other namesDarlene CarrDarleen DrakeOccupation(s)Actress, singerYears active1963–2001Spouse
Jameson Parker (m. 1992)Children1 son (deceased)RelativesShannon Farnon (sister)Charmian Carr (sister)
Darleen Carr (born Darlene Farnon) is an American actress, singer, and voice-over artist. She is also known as Darlene Carr or Darleen Drake. She has two sisters, both actresses (Shannon Farnon and Charmian Carr).
Early years
Carr was born in Chicago, Illinois. Her father Brian Farnon was the orchestra leader at Harrah's Lake Tahoe, and her mother, Rita Oehman, performed in The Oehman Twins singing act.
Career
Darleen was the youngest of three sisters, all of whom went into acting. Older sister Charmian selected the stage name Charmian Carr; after using the stage name Darleen Drake, Darleen adopted the last name Carr as well, using it throughout the rest of her professional career.
Carr's only television series in which she had a lead billing was the short-lived CBS sitcom Miss Winslow & Son (1979), in which she played Susan Winslow, the single mother and titular character.: 696 In 1965–1966, Carr played Kathy, a student at a private girls' academy in California on The John Forsythe Show.: 539 She was a regular on the 1969 version of the variety series Dean Martin Presents the Gold Diggers : 245 and played Cindy Smith in the 1971–1972 comedy-drama The Smith Family.: 984
Carr also had recurring roles as Margaret Devlin in the series The Oregon Trail (1977) : 795 and the editor, reporter and photographer of the town newspaper in the 1981–1982 television series Bret Maverick.
Carr portrayed Kathleen "Kick" Kennedy, John F. Kennedy's favorite sister, in Young Joe, the Forgotten Kennedy, and she played a lead role in the miniseries Once an Eagle (1976). She portrayed the daughter of Karl Malden's character on 12 episodes of The Streets of San Francisco (1972–77),: 1028 and in the TV movie Back to the Streets of San Francisco (1992).
On television during the 1970s and 1980s she was a guest on such shows as The F.B.I. (on 2 episodes); The Virginian; Alias Smith and Jones; Marcus Welby, M.D. (2 episodes); Chopper One; The Rookies (3 episodes); The Waltons; S.W.A.T.; Medical Center (3 episodes); Man from Atlantis; Fantasy Island; The Paper Chase; Barnaby Jones (3 episodes); The White Shadow; Vega$; Quincy, M.E.; Charlie's Angels; V; Murder, She Wrote; Magnum, P.I.; Family Affair; and Simon & Simon (4 episodes). In 1994, she appeared as Ambassador E'Tyshra on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. She also guest-starred in 1976 in the first episode of the final series of the British TV series Thriller.
Her film roles included appearances in Monkeys, Go Home! (1967) —her film debut, The Impossible Years (1968) with David Niven, Death of a Gunfighter (1969) with Richard Widmark, The Beguiled (1971) with Clint Eastwood, Eight Days a Week (1997) with Keri Russell, and TV horror movies such as The Horror at 37,000 Feet (1973) and the TV remake of Piranha (1995).
She is also a singer and sang in The Sound of Music, dubbing the high singing voice for Duane Chase as Kurt, and several of her sister Charmian's high solo parts. She sang in Walt Disney's The Jungle Book as The Girl. She was under contract to RCA Records, played Abigail Adams in 1776 at the Long Beach Civic Light Opera, released the album The Carr-De Belles Band, and performed at Vine St. Bar and Grill in Hollywood with her band.
Carr was also part of a behind-the-scenes exhibition titled Walt Disney’s The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece during a special talk alongside Andreas Deja, Floyd Norman and Bruce Reitherman, which took place on June 22, 2022. The exhibition took place at The Walt Disney Family Museum from June 23, 2022 to January 8, 2023.
She has played Melissa Gardner in the A.R Gurney play Love Letters: once at The Grove Theater in 1992 with Jameson Parker and for the BVS Cultural Arts Association's production on October 15, 2022.
Award nominations
In 1977, she was nominated for the Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe for her performance in the miniseries Once an Eagle.
Filmography
Date
Title
Character
Notes
1967
Monkeys, Go Home!
Sidoni Riserau
1967
The Jungle Book
Shanti, the Girl
voice
1968
The Impossible Years
Abbey Kingsley
1969
Death of a Gunfighter
Hilda Jorgenson
1971
The Beguiled
Doris
1973
Runaway!
Carol Lerner
1995
Piranha
Dr. Leticia Baines
1997
Eight Days a Week
Erica's mother
1998
The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue
Helen
voice
References
^ Leszczak, Bob (2015). From Small Screen to Vinyl: A Guide to Television Stars Who Made Records, 1950-2000. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9781442242746. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
^ "Darleen Carr: In Pilot of New Western". The Daily Times-News. North Carolina, Burlington. April 10, 1976. p. 31. Retrieved March 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d e f g Terrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7864-6477-7.
^ King, Susan (January 25, 1992). "Back on the 'Streets'". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Walt Disney Blends Hilarity, Music Romance in 'Monkeys, Go Home!'". Austin American-Statesman. Texas, Austin. February 16, 1967. p. 51. Retrieved March 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Members Only Preview: Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece Member Preview Night". The Walt Disney Family Museum. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
^ "Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece". The Walt Disney Family Museum. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
^ "Darleen Carr". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
External links
Darleen Carr at IMDb
Authority control databases International
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National
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Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shannon Farnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Farnon"},{"link_name":"Charmian Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmian_Carr"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Darleen Carr (born Darlene Farnon) is an American actress, singer, and voice-over artist. She is also known as Darlene Carr or Darleen Drake. She has two sisters, both actresses (Shannon Farnon and Charmian Carr).[citation needed]","title":"Darleen Carr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fssv-1"},{"link_name":"Harrah's Lake Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrah%27s_Lake_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtn-2"}],"text":"Carr was born in Chicago, Illinois.[1] Her father Brian Farnon was the orchestra leader at Harrah's Lake Tahoe, and her mother, Rita Oehman, performed in The Oehman Twins singing act.[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etvs-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etvs-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etvs-3"},{"link_name":"The Smith Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smith_Family_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etvs-3"},{"link_name":"The Oregon Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etvs-3"},{"link_name":"Bret Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Maverick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etvs-3"},{"link_name":"Kathleen \"Kick\" Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Young Joe, the Forgotten Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Joe,_the_Forgotten_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Once an Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_an_Eagle_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Karl Malden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Malden"},{"link_name":"The Streets of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Streets_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etvs-3"},{"link_name":"Back to the Streets of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_the_Streets_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The F.B.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_F.B.I._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Virginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginian_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alias Smith and Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias_Smith_and_Jones"},{"link_name":"Marcus Welby, M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Welby,_M.D."},{"link_name":"Chopper One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_One"},{"link_name":"The Rookies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rookies"},{"link_name":"The Waltons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waltons"},{"link_name":"S.W.A.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.W.A.T._(1975_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Center_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Man from Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_from_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Fantasy Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Island"},{"link_name":"The Paper Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paper_Chase_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Barnaby Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby_Jones"},{"link_name":"The White Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Shadow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Vega$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Quincy, M.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_M.E."},{"link_name":"Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_(1983_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Murder, She Wrote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote"},{"link_name":"Magnum, P.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum,_P.I."},{"link_name":"Family Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Affair"},{"link_name":"Simon & Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Simon"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine"},{"link_name":"Thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Monkeys, Go Home!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeys,_Go_Home!"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Impossible Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impossible_Years_(film)"},{"link_name":"David Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Niven"},{"link_name":"Death of a Gunfighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_a_Gunfighter"},{"link_name":"Richard Widmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Widmark"},{"link_name":"The Beguiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beguiled_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"Eight Days a Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Days_a_Week_(film)"},{"link_name":"Keri Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keri_Russell"},{"link_name":"The Horror at 37,000 Feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horror_at_37,000_Feet"},{"link_name":"Piranha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranha_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)"},{"link_name":"Duane Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Chase"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"The Jungle Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)"},{"link_name":"Andreas Deja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Deja"},{"link_name":"Floyd Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Norman"},{"link_name":"Bruce Reitherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Reitherman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Family Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Family_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Darleen was the youngest of three sisters, all of whom went into acting. Older sister Charmian selected the stage name Charmian Carr; after using the stage name Darleen Drake, Darleen adopted the last name Carr as well, using it throughout the rest of her professional career.[citation needed]Carr's only television series in which she had a lead billing was the short-lived CBS sitcom Miss Winslow & Son (1979), in which she played Susan Winslow, the single mother and titular character.[3]: 696 In 1965–1966, Carr played Kathy, a student at a private girls' academy in California on The John Forsythe Show.[3]: 539 She was a regular on the 1969 version of the variety series Dean Martin Presents the Gold Diggers [3]: 245 and played Cindy Smith in the 1971–1972 comedy-drama The Smith Family.[3]: 984Carr also had recurring roles as Margaret Devlin in the series The Oregon Trail (1977) [3]: 795 and the editor, reporter and photographer of the town newspaper in the 1981–1982 television series Bret Maverick.[3]Carr portrayed Kathleen \"Kick\" Kennedy, John F. Kennedy's favorite sister, in Young Joe, the Forgotten Kennedy, and she played a lead role in the miniseries Once an Eagle (1976). She portrayed the daughter of Karl Malden's character on 12 episodes of The Streets of San Francisco (1972–77),[3]: 1028 and in the TV movie Back to the Streets of San Francisco (1992).[4]On television during the 1970s and 1980s she was a guest on such shows as The F.B.I. (on 2 episodes); The Virginian; Alias Smith and Jones; Marcus Welby, M.D. (2 episodes); Chopper One; The Rookies (3 episodes); The Waltons; S.W.A.T.; Medical Center (3 episodes); Man from Atlantis; Fantasy Island; The Paper Chase; Barnaby Jones (3 episodes); The White Shadow; Vega$; Quincy, M.E.; Charlie's Angels; V; Murder, She Wrote; Magnum, P.I.; Family Affair; and Simon & Simon (4 episodes). In 1994, she appeared as Ambassador E'Tyshra on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. She also guest-starred in 1976 in the first episode of the final series of the British TV series Thriller.Her film roles included appearances in Monkeys, Go Home! (1967) —her film debut,[5] The Impossible Years (1968) with David Niven, Death of a Gunfighter (1969) with Richard Widmark, The Beguiled (1971) with Clint Eastwood, Eight Days a Week (1997) with Keri Russell, and TV horror movies such as The Horror at 37,000 Feet (1973) and the TV remake of Piranha (1995).She is also a singer and sang in The Sound of Music, dubbing the high singing voice for Duane Chase as Kurt, and several of her sister Charmian's high solo parts. She sang in Walt Disney's The Jungle Book as The Girl. She was under contract to RCA Records, played Abigail Adams in 1776 at the Long Beach Civic Light Opera, released the album The Carr-De Belles Band, and performed at Vine St. Bar and Grill in Hollywood with her band.Carr was also part of a behind-the-scenes exhibition titled Walt Disney’s The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece during a special talk alongside Andreas Deja, Floyd Norman and Bruce Reitherman, which took place on June 22, 2022.[6] The exhibition took place at The Walt Disney Family Museum from June 23, 2022 to January 8, 2023.[7]She has played Melissa Gardner in the A.R Gurney play Love Letters: once at The Grove Theater in 1992 with Jameson Parker and for the BVS Cultural Arts Association's production on October 15, 2022.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe"},{"link_name":"Once an Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_an_Eagle_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1977, she was nominated for the Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe for her performance in the miniseries Once an Eagle.[8]","title":"Award nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Leszczak, Bob (2015). From Small Screen to Vinyl: A Guide to Television Stars Who Made Records, 1950-2000. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9781442242746. Retrieved March 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UpucCQAAQBAJ&q=%22Darleen+Carr%22&pg=PA53","url_text":"From Small Screen to Vinyl: A Guide to Television Stars Who Made Records, 1950-2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442242746","url_text":"9781442242746"}]},{"reference":"\"Darleen Carr: In Pilot of New Western\". The Daily Times-News. North Carolina, Burlington. April 10, 1976. p. 31. Retrieved March 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28989302/darleen_carr/","url_text":"\"Darleen Carr: In Pilot of New Western\""}]},{"reference":"Terrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7864-6477-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6477-7","url_text":"978-0-7864-6477-7"}]},{"reference":"King, Susan (January 25, 1992). \"Back on the 'Streets'\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-01-25/entertainment/ca-410_1_darleen-carr","url_text":"\"Back on the 'Streets'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walt Disney Blends Hilarity, Music Romance in 'Monkeys, Go Home!'\". Austin American-Statesman. Texas, Austin. February 16, 1967. p. 51. Retrieved March 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28990068/austin_americanstatesman/","url_text":"\"Walt Disney Blends Hilarity, Music Romance in 'Monkeys, Go Home!'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members Only Preview: Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece Member Preview Night\". The Walt Disney Family Museum. Retrieved June 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waltdisney.org/education/special-events/members-only-preview-walt-disneys-jungle-book-making-masterpiece-member","url_text":"\"Members Only Preview: Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece Member Preview Night\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece\". The Walt Disney Family Museum. Retrieved May 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waltdisney.org/jungle-book","url_text":"\"Walt Disney's The Jungle Book: Making a Masterpiece\""}]},{"reference":"\"Darleen Carr\". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Medical_Center | The Queen's Medical Center | ["1 Description","2 Core operation","2.1 Patient care","2.2 Partnerships","2.3 Philanthropy","2.4 Education","2.5 Scholarships","3 History","4 Awards and recognition","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 21°18′26″N 157°51′15″W / 21.30722°N 157.85417°W / 21.30722; -157.85417Hospital in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi
This article is about the hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii. For the hospital in Nottingham, England, see Queen's Medical Centre.
Hospital in Hawaii, United StatesThe Queen's Medical CenterFront view of The Queen's Medical CenterGeographyLocationHonolulu, Hawaii, United StatesCoordinates21°18′26″N 157°51′15″W / 21.30722°N 157.85417°W / 21.30722; -157.85417OrganizationCare systemPrivateFundingNon-profit hospitalTypeCommunityServicesEmergency departmentLevel I trauma centerBeds575HistoryOpened1859LinksWebsitehttp://www.queens.orgListsHospitals in Hawaii
The Queen's Medical Center, originally named and still commonly referred to as Queen's Hospital, is the largest private non-profit hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii. The institution was founded in 1859 by Queen Emma and King Kamehameha IV, and is located in Downtown Honolulu.
Description
Queen's is the largest private hospital in Hawaiʻi, licensed to operate with 575 acute care beds. With 3,600 employees—including 1,160 nurses and over 1,100 physicians on staff—it is also one of the state of Hawaiʻi's largest employers. It is a Level I trauma center and the only designated Level I trauma center in the state of Hawaiʻi, and first Level I in the Pacific.
The Queen's Medical Center is also the first and only Comprehensive Stroke Center in Hawai'i. It is located in downtown Honolulu, southwest of Interstate H-1.
Queen's is accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) and affiliated with the Voluntary Hospitals of America (VHA). The medical center is also approved to participate in residency training by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.
In 2009, The Queen's Medical Center achieved Magnet status from the American Nurses Credentialing Center. Magnet recognition is held by six percent of hospitals in the United States. Queen's is the first hospital in Hawaiʻi to achieve Magnet status.
The Queen's Medical Center is a 501 (c) (3) non-profit corporation.
Core operation
Patient care
As the leading medical referral center in the Pacific Basin, Queen's is widely known for its programs in cancer, cardiovascular disease, neuroscience, orthopedics, surgery, trauma, behavioral medicine and women's health. Queen's offers a comprehensive range of specialties, including gastroenterology, genetics, geriatrics, gynecology, neonatology, obstetrics, psychiatry, pulmonology, and radiology. It is one of the few hospitals in the state with both a 24-hour emergency psychiatry consultation service and a busy yet robust consultation-liaison service. Kekela is the 20-bed acute adult inpatient psychiatric unit, and the Family Treatment Center is Queen's child and adolescent psychiatry inpatient unit supporting acute and residential beds with up to 20 patients at any one time. Outpatient care at Queen's is available through Queen Emma Clinics, a primary care clinic with a focus on the uninsured and underinsured. Queen's is the only Level I trauma center in Hawaii verified by the American College of Surgeons.
Partnerships
Queen's Health Systems (QHS) has partnered with many organizations in order to improve patient care and the medical work environment. By partnering with the John A. Burns School of Medicine Department of Native Hawaiian Health, they have funded positions at Queen's hospital, such as adding a psychologist, that allow for a diverse interdisciplinary team in the surgery room. By doing so, this has provided improvements in team communication, interaction, and ultimately effectiveness.
In 2015, the Queen's Medical Center began a collaborative affiliation with the Johns Hopkins Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality in order to improve patient safety and quality healthcare improvement programs.
Philanthropy
Queen's Health Systems (QHS) has been a major pillar of financial support for many various organizations in the State of Hawaiʻi. Since 2002, QHS has donated approximately $10 million to the University of Hawaiʻi Native Hawaiian Health programs, as of 2016. The funds are aimed to address the disproportionately high occurrences of illness in the Native Hawaiian population.
The funds are distributed to many other programs that push to eliminate these disparities. Among these programs is the ʻImi Hoʻōla Post-Baccalaureate Program. QHS provides stipends to the current students for financial support throughout their tenure in the program. ʻImi Hoʻōla aims to recruit those who are interested in medicine and who may have come from disadvantaged backgrounds. These participants who complete the program are able to matriculate into the John A. Burns School of Medicine. Many of the ʻImi Hoʻōla graduates end up serving underserved communities all throughout the Pacific and beyond, making it one of the most successful programs in the country for recruiting future physicians in rural communities.
Not only do the funds go to programs, but also in efforts to help policy makers in Hawaiʻi to create important policies and documents that address the needs of those within the Native Hawaiian community among the islands. These policies pave the way into making administrative change that ultimately allow for improvements in the health of Native Hawaiians.
Education
The Queen's Medical Center serves as the primary teaching hospital for most of the residency programs sponsored by the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa John A. Burns School of Medicine. It also serves as one of the clinical training sites for medical students completing their third-year clinical clerkship, electives and sub-internships.
Queen Emma Clinics is also partnered with the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa John A. Burns School of Medicine (JABSOM) to provide medical students and resident physicians clinical training and education.
In 1999, Queen Emma Clinics and JABSOM successfully piloted the joint JABSOM School Health Education Program (SHEP) as part of first year medical students' community medicine and service-learning curriculum. This program is facilitated by first year medical students and aims to educate local public high school students about relevant health care topics, such as drug use, sexual health, alcohol, diet, and exercise. The program also seeks to promote medical student involvement in community service, academics, and health promotion.
In 2019, Queen's Health Systems announced a partnership with Kapiʻolani Community College (KCC) to offer a joint 12-month medical assisting program. The program offers free tuition for 26 Hawaiʻi residents and the students will gain hands-on experience at The Queen's Medical Center while they attend classes at KCC. The program was created in response to the shortage of medical professionals in Hawaiʻi.
Scholarships
Along with their financial philanthropy for programs and policies, another notable donation is towards scholarships. Many of the scholars are in efforts to support the Native Hawaiian Health Initiative that involves supporting healthcare training via scholarships and training assistance.
The four goals of the Native Hawaiian Health Program are:
Improving clinical outcomes for Native Hawaiians
Increasing access to Queen's services and improving outreach to the Native Hawaiian community
Providing health care training opportunities for Native Hawaiians
Conducting and participating in research that will help improve Native Hawaiian health
In 2007, QHS donated $25,000 towards scholarships for a variety of health programs at the Kapiʻolani Community College. In efforts to support beyond physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, these funds go toward health programs such as the radiologic technology program.
History
The Queen's Hospital in 1905
In King Kamehameha IV's initial speech to the legislature in January 1855, the King proposed creating a hospital for the people of Hawaii.
At that time, the continued existence of the Hawaiian race was seriously threatened by the influx of disease brought to the islands by foreign visitors. A smallpox epidemic in 1853 had killed thousands of the dwindling population. French-American physician Charles Guillou proposed building a public hospital in April 1858.
When Emma's adoptive father Dr. Thomas Rooke died in 1858, all his instruments were donated to the hospital effort. In January 1859 a committee of Robert Crichton Wyllie (a former physician) and David L. Gregg was formed to plan the hospital investigate funding.: 94
Queen Emma enthusiastically supported the dream of a hospital, and the two campaigned to make it a reality. They personally went door-to-door soliciting the necessary funding. The royal couple exceeded their goal in just over a month, raising $13,530. In turn, the Legislature appropriated $6,000.
The first hospital physician was William Hillebrand, who served until 1871.
The site picked in 1860 was an area called Manamana owned by Caesar Kapaʻakea, patriarch of the House of Kalākaua. The architect Theodore Heuck was selected for the first building.
The name was changed to The Queen's Medical Center in 1967.: 105
The hospital was featured in two episodes of the television series Trauma: Life in the ER.
Awards and recognition
In 2009, the Queen's Medical Center became the first and only healthcare facility in Hawaiʻi to become designated as a Magnet Recognized hospital by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). They were redesignated in 2014. They were also awarded the Harold P. Freeman Service Award. Which was created originally in 1990 to recognize Mr. Freeman's advocacy in connecting relationships between cancer, race, and poverty.
Queen's is recognized by the American College of Surgeons as a verified Level I Trauma Center.
The Queen's Medical Center is also recognized as the first and only hospital in Hawaiʻi to be affiliated with the MD Anderson Cancer Network to bring cancer patients in Hawaiʻi access to advanced practices and treatment plans.
The National Association of Epilepsy Centers (NAEC) has accredited the Queen's Comprehensive Epilepsy Center as a Level 4 Center.
On January 9, 2017, the Queen's Medical Center has received The Joint Commission's Gold Seal of Approval for Advanced Certification for Comprehensive Stroke Centers by The Joint Commission, American Heart Association, and American Stroke Association.
Additional recognitions awarded to Queens Medical Center include:
American College of Surgeons'
Commission on Cancer
Accreditation by the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers
Queen's Transplant Center
The Joint Commission's Advanced Certification in Total Hip and Total Knee Replacement
American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Center of Excellence
American Stroke Association's Get With The Guidelines Stroke Gold Performance Achievement Award
American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines Coronary Artery Disease Gold Performance Achievement Award
References
^ "Top 50 Employers - Honolulu County | Data for Hawaii | data.hawaii.gov". data.hawaii.gov. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ a b "Trauma Centers". American College of Surgeons. Retrieved August 29, 2019..
^ Agency, BECK Digital-Hawaii's. "Comprehensive Stroke Center". The Queen's Health System. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
^ "Quality Report | QualityCheck.org". www.qualitycheck.org. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ "Residencies and Fellowships / Physicians / For Health Care Professionals / The Queen's Health Systems / Hawaii". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
^ a b Kimura, Jason Y. (2010). The Queen's Medical Center = Hale ma'i o Ka Wahine Ali'i. Queen's Medical Center (Honolulu, Hawaii). Honolulu: Queen's Medical Center. ISBN 9780615368825. OCLC 694395450.
^ "Queen Emma Clinics / The Queen's Health Systems / Hawaii". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
^ "1 Verified Trauma Center matching your search". American College of Surgeons. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
^ "Queen's Health Systems and Hawaiʻi medical school collaborate to improve patient care and surgery team communication | John A. Burns School of Medicine". jabsom.hawaii.edu. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
^ "Johns Hopkins and the Queen's Health Systems Collaborate to Advance Patient Safety and Quality in Hawaii - 07/07/2015". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ Shelton, Tina. "Native Hawaiian health programs receive $3M Queen's Health Systems investment". University of Hawaiʻi System News. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
^ "The Queen's Health Systems and The Queen's Medical Center make multi-million dollar investment in health education for Native Hawaiians | John A. Burns School of Medicine". jabsom.hawaii.edu. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
^ "Partnerships – Community | John A. Burns School of Medicine". jabsom.hawaii.edu. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
^ "Queen Emma Clinics / The Queen's Medical Center / Honolulu, Hawaii". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
^ a b c Sakai, Damon H.; Fukuda, Michael H.; Nip, Ivy L.; Kasuya, Richard T. (January 2002). "School health education at the Queen Emma Clinics: a service-learning project at the John A. Burns School of Medicine". Hawaii Medical Journal. 61 (1): 14, 17. ISSN 0017-8594. PMID 11868198.
^ "KCC and Queen's Medical Center partner to offer free tuition for 26 future medical assistants". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. May 17, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ "Free tuition offered for future medical assistants through Queen's, Kapiolani CC". University of Hawaiʻi System News. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ "Native Hawaiian Health / About Us / The Queen's Health Systems / Hawaii". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
^ "Celebrating the Queen's Health Systems Native Hawaiian Health Training Scholarship for Kapiʻolani Community College". University of Hawaiʻi Foundation. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
^ a b c Greer, Richard A. (1969). "Founding of the Queen's Hospital". Hawaiian Journal of History. 3. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 110–145. hdl:10524/288. PMID 11632066.
^ a b George S. Kanahele (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2240-4.
^ "150 years later, the Queen's Medical Center remains true to the wishes of Queen Emma". careerkokua.hawaii.gov. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ "The Learning Channel features Queen's ER". $14 million ER upgrade on tap at Queen's. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. July 7, 1998.
^ "Find a Magnet Facility". ANA. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ "About Us: Harold P. Freeman - The Harold P. Freeman Institute for Patient Navigation". www.hpfreemanpni.org. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ "MD Anderson Affiliation / About Us / Cancer Center / The Queen's Medical Center / Honolulu, Hawaii". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
^ "All Epilepsy Center Locations". National Association of Epilepsy Centers. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
^ "First Advanced Certification Comprehensive Stroke Center in Hawaii". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
^ "Awards and Recognition / About Us / The Queen's Medical Center / Honolulu, Hawaii". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
Further reading
Catherine Lo (August–September 2009). "The Queen's Gift". Hana Hou! (Volume 12, Number 4).
Ralph Simpson Kuykendall (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 2: Twenty Critical Years, 1854–1874. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4.
"Case Study: The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu". Healthcare Executive. 15 (4). American College of Healthcare Executives: 19–20. July–August 2000.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Queen's Medical Center.
Official website
vteHawaii trauma centersList of hospitals in HawaiiLevel I
The Queen's Medical Center
Level II
Tripler Army Medical Center
Level III
Pali Momi Medical Center
Wilcox Memorial Hospital | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's Medical Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Medical_Centre"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_hospital"},{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit"},{"link_name":"hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Queen Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"King Kamehameha IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_IV"},{"link_name":"Downtown Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Honolulu"}],"text":"Hospital in Honolulu, HawaiʻiThis article is about the hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii. For the hospital in Nottingham, England, see Queen's Medical Centre.Hospital in Hawaii, United StatesThe Queen's Medical Center, originally named and still commonly referred to as Queen's Hospital, is the largest private non-profit hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii. The institution was founded in 1859 by Queen Emma and King Kamehameha IV, and is located in Downtown Honolulu.","title":"The Queen's Medical Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"downtown Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Interstate H-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_H-1"},{"link_name":"Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Commission_on_Accreditation_of_Healthcare_Organizations"},{"link_name":"Voluntary Hospitals of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_Hospitals_of_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Magnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_Recognition_Program"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1961-_2010-6"}],"text":"Queen's is the largest private hospital in Hawaiʻi, licensed to operate with 575 acute care beds. With 3,600 employees—including 1,160 nurses and over 1,100 physicians on staff—it is also one of the state of Hawaiʻi's largest employers.[1] It is a Level I trauma center and the only designated Level I trauma center in the state of Hawaiʻi,[2] and first Level I in the Pacific.The Queen's Medical Center is also the first and only Comprehensive Stroke Center[3] in Hawai'i. It is located in downtown Honolulu, southwest of Interstate H-1.Queen's is accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) and affiliated with the Voluntary Hospitals of America (VHA).[4] The medical center is also approved to participate in residency training by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.[5]In 2009, The Queen's Medical Center achieved Magnet status from the American Nurses Credentialing Center. Magnet recognition is held by six percent of hospitals in the United States. Queen's is the first hospital in Hawaiʻi to achieve Magnet status.[6]The Queen's Medical Center is a 501 (c) (3) non-profit corporation.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Core operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1961-_2010-6"},{"link_name":"emergency psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry"},{"link_name":"Outpatient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpatient_clinic_(hospital_department)"},{"link_name":"primary care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"American College of Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-American_College_of_Surgeons-8"}],"sub_title":"Patient care","text":"As the leading medical referral center in the Pacific Basin, Queen's is widely known for its programs in cancer, cardiovascular disease, neuroscience, orthopedics, surgery, trauma, behavioral medicine and women's health.[6] Queen's offers a comprehensive range of specialties, including gastroenterology, genetics, geriatrics, gynecology, neonatology, obstetrics, psychiatry, pulmonology, and radiology. It is one of the few hospitals in the state with both a 24-hour emergency psychiatry consultation service and a busy yet robust consultation-liaison service. Kekela is the 20-bed acute adult inpatient psychiatric unit, and the Family Treatment Center is Queen's child and adolescent psychiatry inpatient unit supporting acute and residential beds with up to 20 patients at any one time. Outpatient care at Queen's is available through Queen Emma Clinics, a primary care clinic with a focus on the uninsured and underinsured.[7] Queen's is the only Level I trauma center in Hawaii verified by the American College of Surgeons.[8]","title":"Core operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Partnerships","text":"Queen's Health Systems (QHS) has partnered with many organizations in order to improve patient care and the medical work environment. By partnering with the John A. Burns School of Medicine Department of Native Hawaiian Health, they have funded positions at Queen's hospital, such as adding a psychologist,[9] that allow for a diverse interdisciplinary team in the surgery room. By doing so, this has provided improvements in team communication, interaction, and ultimately effectiveness.In 2015, the Queen's Medical Center began a collaborative affiliation with the Johns Hopkins Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality in order to improve patient safety and quality healthcare improvement programs.[10]","title":"Core operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Philanthropy","text":"Queen's Health Systems (QHS) has been a major pillar of financial support for many various organizations in the State of Hawaiʻi. Since 2002, QHS has donated approximately $10 million to the University of Hawaiʻi Native Hawaiian Health programs, as of 2016.[11] The funds are aimed to address the disproportionately high occurrences of illness in the Native Hawaiian population.The funds are distributed to many other programs that push to eliminate these disparities. Among these programs is the ʻImi Hoʻōla Post-Baccalaureate Program. QHS provides stipends to the current students for financial support throughout their tenure in the program. ʻImi Hoʻōla aims to recruit those who are interested in medicine and who may have come from disadvantaged backgrounds. These participants who complete the program are able to matriculate into the John A. Burns School of Medicine. Many of the ʻImi Hoʻōla graduates end up serving underserved communities all throughout the Pacific and beyond, making it one of the most successful programs in the country for recruiting future physicians in rural communities.[12]Not only do the funds go to programs, but also in efforts to help policy makers in Hawaiʻi to create important policies and documents that address the needs of those within the Native Hawaiian community among the islands. These policies pave the way into making administrative change that ultimately allow for improvements in the health of Native Hawaiians.","title":"Core operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"The Queen's Medical Center serves as the primary teaching hospital for most of the residency programs sponsored by the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa John A. Burns School of Medicine. It also serves as one of the clinical training sites for medical students completing their third-year clinical clerkship, electives and sub-internships.[13]Queen Emma Clinics is also partnered with the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa John A. Burns School of Medicine (JABSOM) to provide medical students and resident physicians clinical training and education.[14]In 1999, Queen Emma Clinics and JABSOM successfully piloted the joint JABSOM School Health Education Program (SHEP) as part of first year medical students' community medicine and service-learning curriculum.[15] This program is facilitated by first year medical students and aims to educate local public high school students about relevant health care topics, such as drug use, sexual health, alcohol, diet, and exercise.[15] The program also seeks to promote medical student involvement in community service, academics, and health promotion.[15]In 2019, Queen's Health Systems announced a partnership with Kapiʻolani Community College (KCC) to offer a joint 12-month medical assisting program. The program offers free tuition for 26 Hawaiʻi residents and the students will gain hands-on experience at The Queen's Medical Center while they attend classes at KCC. The program was created in response to the shortage of medical professionals in Hawaiʻi.[16][17]","title":"Core operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Scholarships","text":"Along with their financial philanthropy for programs and policies, another notable donation is towards scholarships. Many of the scholars are in efforts to support the Native Hawaiian Health Initiative that involves supporting healthcare training via scholarships and training assistance.The four goals of the Native Hawaiian Health Program are:\nImproving clinical outcomes for Native Hawaiians\nIncreasing access to Queen's services and improving outreach to the Native Hawaiian community\nProviding health care training opportunities for Native Hawaiians\nConducting and participating in research that will help improve Native Hawaiian health[18]In 2007, QHS donated $25,000 towards scholarships for a variety of health programs at the Kapiʻolani Community College. In efforts to support beyond physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, these funds go toward health programs such as the radiologic technology program.[19]","title":"Core operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen%27s_Hospital_in_1905_(PPWD-10-1.011).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_IV"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hjh-20"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Charles Guillou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Guillou"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hjh-20"},{"link_name":"Dr. Thomas Rooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles_Byde_Rooke"},{"link_name":"Robert Crichton Wyllie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crichton_Wyllie"},{"link_name":"David L. Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Gregg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emma-21"},{"link_name":"Queen Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"William Hillebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hillebrand"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hjh-20"},{"link_name":"Caesar Kapaʻakea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapaakea"},{"link_name":"House of Kalākaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kal%C4%81kaua"},{"link_name":"Theodore Heuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Heuck"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emma-21"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program"},{"link_name":"Trauma: Life in the ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma:_Life_in_the_ER"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Queen's Hospital in 1905In King Kamehameha IV's initial speech to the legislature in January 1855, the King proposed creating a hospital for the people of Hawaii.[20]\nAt that time, the continued existence of the Hawaiian race was seriously threatened by the influx of disease brought to the islands by foreign visitors. A smallpox epidemic in 1853 had killed thousands of the dwindling population. French-American physician Charles Guillou proposed building a public hospital in April 1858.[20]\nWhen Emma's adoptive father Dr. Thomas Rooke died in 1858, all his instruments were donated to the hospital effort. In January 1859 a committee of Robert Crichton Wyllie (a former physician) and David L. Gregg was formed to plan the hospital investigate funding.[21]: 94 \nQueen Emma enthusiastically supported the dream of a hospital, and the two campaigned to make it a reality. They personally went door-to-door soliciting the necessary funding. The royal couple exceeded their goal in just over a month, raising $13,530.[22] In turn, the Legislature appropriated $6,000.\nThe first hospital physician was William Hillebrand, who served until 1871.[20]The site picked in 1860 was an area called Manamana owned by Caesar Kapaʻakea, patriarch of the House of Kalākaua. The architect Theodore Heuck was selected for the first building.\nThe name was changed to The Queen's Medical Center in 1967.[21]: 105The hospital was featured in two episodes of the television series Trauma: Life in the ER.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In 2009, the Queen's Medical Center became the first and only healthcare facility in Hawaiʻi to become designated as a Magnet Recognized hospital by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). They were redesignated in 2014.[24] They were also awarded the Harold P. Freeman Service Award. Which was created originally in 1990 to recognize Mr. Freeman's advocacy in connecting relationships between cancer, race, and poverty.[25]Queen's is recognized by the American College of Surgeons as a verified Level I Trauma Center.[2]The Queen's Medical Center is also recognized as the first and only hospital in Hawaiʻi to be affiliated with the MD Anderson Cancer Network to bring cancer patients in Hawaiʻi access to advanced practices and treatment plans.[26]The National Association of Epilepsy Centers (NAEC) has accredited the Queen's Comprehensive Epilepsy Center as a Level 4 Center.[27]On January 9, 2017, the Queen's Medical Center has received The Joint Commission's Gold Seal of Approval for Advanced Certification for Comprehensive Stroke Centers by The Joint Commission, American Heart Association, and American Stroke Association.[28]Additional recognitions awarded to Queens Medical Center include:[29]American College of Surgeons'\nCommission on Cancer\nAccreditation by the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers\nQueen's Transplant Center\nThe Joint Commission's Advanced Certification in Total Hip and Total Knee Replacement\nAmerican College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Center of Excellence\nAmerican Stroke Association's Get With The Guidelines Stroke Gold Performance Achievement Award\nAmerican Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines Coronary Artery Disease Gold Performance Achievement Award","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Queen's Gift\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=802&MagazineID=51"},{"link_name":"Hana Hou!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Hou!"},{"link_name":"Ralph Simpson Kuykendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Simpson_Kuykendall"},{"link_name":"The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 2: Twenty Critical Years, 1854–1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom1&l=en"},{"link_name":"University of Hawaii Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87022-432-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87022-432-4"},{"link_name":"American College of Healthcare Executives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_College_of_Healthcare_Executives&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Catherine Lo (August–September 2009). \"The Queen's Gift\". Hana Hou! (Volume 12, Number 4).\nRalph Simpson Kuykendall (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 2: Twenty Critical Years, 1854–1874. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4.\n\"Case Study: The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu\". Healthcare Executive. 15 (4). American College of Healthcare Executives: 19–20. July–August 2000.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The Queen's Hospital in 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Queen%27s_Hospital_in_1905_%28PPWD-10-1.011%29.jpg/300px-Queen%27s_Hospital_in_1905_%28PPWD-10-1.011%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Top 50 Employers - Honolulu County | Data for Hawaii | data.hawaii.gov\". data.hawaii.gov. Retrieved August 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.hawaii.gov/Employment/Top-50-Employers-Honolulu-County/jkm3-epq4","url_text":"\"Top 50 Employers - Honolulu County | Data for Hawaii | data.hawaii.gov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trauma Centers\". American College of Surgeons. Retrieved August 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facs.org/search/trauma-centers?state=HI","url_text":"\"Trauma Centers\""}]},{"reference":"Agency, BECK Digital-Hawaii's. \"Comprehensive Stroke Center\". The Queen's Health System. Retrieved January 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queens.org/services/neuroscience/comprehensive-stroke-center/","url_text":"\"Comprehensive Stroke Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quality Report | QualityCheck.org\". www.qualitycheck.org. Retrieved August 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qualitycheck.org/quality-report/?keyword=Queen%E2%80%99s%20Medical%20Center%20Honolulu&bsnid=10235","url_text":"\"Quality Report | QualityCheck.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Residencies and Fellowships / Physicians / For Health Care Professionals / The Queen's Health Systems / Hawaii\". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queens.org/for-health-care-professionals/residencies-fellowships-qhs","url_text":"\"Residencies and Fellowships / Physicians / For Health Care Professionals / The Queen's Health Systems / Hawaii\""}]},{"reference":"Kimura, Jason Y. (2010). The Queen's Medical Center = Hale ma'i o Ka Wahine Ali'i. Queen's Medical Center (Honolulu, Hawaii). Honolulu: Queen's Medical Center. ISBN 9780615368825. OCLC 694395450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615368825","url_text":"9780615368825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/694395450","url_text":"694395450"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Emma Clinics / The Queen's Health Systems / Hawaii\". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queens.org/services/queen-emma-clinics/queen-emma-clinics-qhs","url_text":"\"Queen Emma Clinics / The Queen's Health Systems / Hawaii\""}]},{"reference":"\"1 Verified Trauma Center matching your search\". American College of Surgeons. Retrieved December 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facs.org/search/trauma-centers?state=HI","url_text":"\"1 Verified Trauma Center matching your search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's Health Systems and Hawaiʻi medical school collaborate to improve patient care and surgery team communication | John A. Burns School of Medicine\". jabsom.hawaii.edu. Retrieved August 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://jabsom.hawaii.edu/queens-health-systems-invests-in-unique-program-to-improve-care-and-communication/","url_text":"\"Queen's Health Systems and Hawaiʻi medical school collaborate to improve patient care and surgery team communication | John A. Burns School of Medicine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johns Hopkins and the Queen's Health Systems Collaborate to Advance Patient Safety and Quality in Hawaii - 07/07/2015\". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved August 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/johns_hopkins_and_the_queens_health_systems_collaborate_to_advance_patient_safety_and_quality_in_hawaii","url_text":"\"Johns Hopkins and the Queen's Health Systems Collaborate to Advance Patient Safety and Quality in Hawaii - 07/07/2015\""}]},{"reference":"Shelton, Tina. \"Native Hawaiian health programs receive $3M Queen's Health Systems investment\". University of Hawaiʻi System News. Retrieved August 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hawaii.edu/news/2016/02/01/native-hawaiian-health-programs-receive-3m-queens-health-systems-investment/","url_text":"\"Native Hawaiian health programs receive $3M Queen's Health Systems investment\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Queen's Health Systems and The Queen's Medical Center make multi-million dollar investment in health education for Native Hawaiians | John A. Burns School of Medicine\". jabsom.hawaii.edu. Retrieved August 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://jabsom.hawaii.edu/queens-health-systems-makes-multi-million-dollar-investment-in-health-education-for-native-hawaiians/","url_text":"\"The Queen's Health Systems and The Queen's Medical Center make multi-million dollar investment in health education for Native Hawaiians | John A. Burns School of Medicine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Partnerships – Community | John A. Burns School of Medicine\". jabsom.hawaii.edu. Retrieved September 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://jabsom.hawaii.edu/uh-partnerships/partnerships/","url_text":"\"Partnerships – Community | John A. Burns School of Medicine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Emma Clinics / The Queen's Medical Center / Honolulu, Hawaii\". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queens.org/the-queens-medical-center/services/queen-emma-clinics/queen-emma-clinics-qmc","url_text":"\"Queen Emma Clinics / The Queen's Medical Center / Honolulu, Hawaii\""}]},{"reference":"Sakai, Damon H.; Fukuda, Michael H.; Nip, Ivy L.; Kasuya, Richard T. (January 2002). \"School health education at the Queen Emma Clinics: a service-learning project at the John A. Burns School of Medicine\". Hawaii Medical Journal. 61 (1): 14, 17. ISSN 0017-8594. PMID 11868198.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8594","url_text":"0017-8594"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11868198","url_text":"11868198"}]},{"reference":"\"KCC and Queen's Medical Center partner to offer free tuition for 26 future medical assistants\". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. May 17, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/05/17/hawaii-news/newswatch/kcc-and-queens-medical-center-partner-to-offer-free-tuition-for-26-future-medical-assistants/","url_text":"\"KCC and Queen's Medical Center partner to offer free tuition for 26 future medical assistants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Free tuition offered for future medical assistants through Queen's, Kapiolani CC\". University of Hawaiʻi System News. 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Retrieved August 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uhfoundation.org/news/celebrating-queens-health-systems-native-hawaiian-health-training-scholarship-kapiolani","url_text":"\"Celebrating the Queen's Health Systems Native Hawaiian Health Training Scholarship for Kapiʻolani Community College\""}]},{"reference":"Greer, Richard A. (1969). \"Founding of the Queen's Hospital\". Hawaiian Journal of History. 3. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 110–145. hdl:10524/288. PMID 11632066.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F288","url_text":"10524/288"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11632066","url_text":"11632066"}]},{"reference":"George S. Kanahele (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 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July 7, 1998.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.starbulletin.com/1998/07/07/news/story4.html","url_text":"\"The Learning Channel features Queen's ER\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a Magnet Facility\". ANA. Retrieved August 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nursingworld.org/organizational-programs/magnet/find-a-magnet-facility/","url_text":"\"Find a Magnet Facility\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us: Harold P. Freeman - The Harold P. Freeman Institute for Patient Navigation\". www.hpfreemanpni.org. Retrieved August 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hpfreemanpni.org/about-us/harold-p-freeman.php","url_text":"\"About Us: Harold P. Freeman - The Harold P. Freeman Institute for Patient Navigation\""}]},{"reference":"\"MD Anderson Affiliation / About Us / Cancer Center / The Queen's Medical Center / Honolulu, Hawaii\". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queens.org/services/cancer-center/about-queens-cancer-center/md-anderson-affiliation-qmc","url_text":"\"MD Anderson Affiliation / About Us / Cancer Center / The Queen's Medical Center / Honolulu, Hawaii\""}]},{"reference":"\"All Epilepsy Center Locations\". National Association of Epilepsy Centers. Retrieved August 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naec-epilepsy.org/about-epilepsy-centers/find-an-epilepsy-center/all-epilepsy-center-locations/","url_text":"\"All Epilepsy Center Locations\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Advanced Certification Comprehensive Stroke Center in Hawaii\". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queens.org/about-us/news-story?news=40","url_text":"\"First Advanced Certification Comprehensive Stroke Center in Hawaii\""}]},{"reference":"\"Awards and Recognition / About Us / The Queen's Medical Center / Honolulu, Hawaii\". www.queens.org. Retrieved August 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queens.org/the-queens-medical-center/about-us/awards-recognition-qmc","url_text":"\"Awards and Recognition / About Us / The Queen's Medical Center / Honolulu, Hawaii\""}]},{"reference":"Catherine Lo (August–September 2009). \"The Queen's Gift\". Hana Hou! (Volume 12, Number 4).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hanahou.com/pages/Magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=802&MagazineID=51","url_text":"\"The Queen's Gift\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Hou!","url_text":"Hana Hou!"}]},{"reference":"Ralph Simpson Kuykendall (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 2: Twenty Critical Years, 1854–1874. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Simpson_Kuykendall","url_text":"Ralph Simpson Kuykendall"},{"url":"http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom1&l=en","url_text":"The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 2: Twenty Critical Years, 1854–1874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press","url_text":"University of Hawaii Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87022-432-4","url_text":"978-0-87022-432-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Case Study: The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu\". Healthcare Executive. 15 (4). American College of Healthcare Executives: 19–20. July–August 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_College_of_Healthcare_Executives&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"American College of Healthcare Executives"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Queen%27s_Medical_Center¶ms=21_18_26_N_157_51_15_W_type:landmark_region:US-HI","external_links_name":"21°18′26″N 157°51′15″W / 21.30722°N 157.85417°W / 21.30722; -157.85417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Queen%27s_Medical_Center¶ms=21_18_26_N_157_51_15_W_type:landmark_region:US-HI","external_links_name":"21°18′26″N 157°51′15″W / 21.30722°N 157.85417°W / 21.30722; -157.85417"},{"Link":"http://www.queens.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.queens.org"},{"Link":"https://data.hawaii.gov/Employment/Top-50-Employers-Honolulu-County/jkm3-epq4","external_links_name":"\"Top 50 Employers - Honolulu County | Data for Hawaii | data.hawaii.gov\""},{"Link":"https://www.facs.org/search/trauma-centers?state=HI","external_links_name":"\"Trauma Centers\""},{"Link":"https://www.queens.org/services/neuroscience/comprehensive-stroke-center/","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Stroke Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.qualitycheck.org/quality-report/?keyword=Queen%E2%80%99s%20Medical%20Center%20Honolulu&bsnid=10235","external_links_name":"\"Quality Report | QualityCheck.org\""},{"Link":"https://www.queens.org/for-health-care-professionals/residencies-fellowships-qhs","external_links_name":"\"Residencies and Fellowships / Physicians / For Health Care Professionals / The Queen's Health Systems / Hawaii\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/694395450","external_links_name":"694395450"},{"Link":"https://www.queens.org/services/queen-emma-clinics/queen-emma-clinics-qhs","external_links_name":"\"Queen Emma Clinics / The Queen's Health Systems / Hawaii\""},{"Link":"https://www.facs.org/search/trauma-centers?state=HI","external_links_name":"\"1 Verified Trauma Center matching your search\""},{"Link":"https://jabsom.hawaii.edu/queens-health-systems-invests-in-unique-program-to-improve-care-and-communication/","external_links_name":"\"Queen's Health Systems and Hawaiʻi medical school collaborate to improve patient care and surgery team communication | John A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clola | Clola | ["1 Geography and architecture","2 Church","3 Toll house","4 Shannas school","5 Durie","6 Kinmundy, Coynach and Shannas","7 Recent history","8 See also","9 Line notes","10 References"] | Coordinates: 57°29′06″N 2°00′04″W / 57.485°N 2.001°W / 57.485; -2.001
Village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Human settlement in ScotlandClolaChurch Croft, ClolaClolaLocation within AberdeenshireOS grid referenceNK000438Council areaAberdeenshireLieutenancy areaAberdeenshireCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townPETERHEADPostcode districtAB42Dialling code01771 (Mintlaw)PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish
UK ParliamentBanff and BuchanScottish ParliamentAberdeenshire East
List of places
UK
Scotland
57°29′06″N 2°00′04″W / 57.485°N 2.001°W / 57.485; -2.001
Clola is a hamlet in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Clola is situated on the A952 road. There is considerable evidence of local habitation by early man in the vicinity of Clola. Some of these nearby human traces are evident in Catto Long Barrow, a massive stone structure now surrounded by agricultural fields.
Geography and architecture
The scattered residential and farming community of Clola, about three miles north of Ardallie, is centred on Clola crossroads on the A952 some 2.5 miles south of Mintlaw. The neighbourhood extends to a radius of a little over a mile around the former Church. 18th century spellings are Clolloch and Clolah, which probably came from the Gaelic clach or clachach meaning stony place.
Church
The picturesque church building stands to the east of the crossroads. It is now a dwelling house its exterior form has happily been retained, bearing clear witness to its original function. The first church at Clola was a simple heather thatched stone and clay structure on the opposite side of the A952, near the latter day manse. This was superseded in 1784 by a new building on the present site. In the secessions of the early 19th century Clola became part of the Free Church of Scotland, in opposition to the Established Church, and in keeping with its new status the church was rebuilt in its present form in 1864. The construction of the third church cost £1,500 and was mainly funded by donations from the congregation. The plans were drawn up by Campbell Douglas and James Stevenson from Glasgow. It featured a stained glass window to the memory of William Ferguson of Kinmundy, at one time chairman of the Great North of Scotland Railway Co. and this window survives in the private dwelling. The Free Church re-united with the Church of Scotland in 1929. Population drifts in the post-War years led to Clola being linked with Ardallie, and this linked charge in turn finally united with Deer Parish on 4 May 1975. The last service at Clola had been held eight months earlier on 31 August 1974.
Toll house
Quarter of a mile south of the Church is the former Toll House (Shannas Tollhouse). It is one of a small number of Tollhouses still used as a domestic dwelling and considered a good example of vernacular buildings. It sits adjacent to an old stretch of road beside the A952. Under the Turnpike Act of 1795 the minimum distance between toll bars was six miles. The Toll of Birness (the junction of the A952 Fraserburgh road and A92 Peterhead road) to the south of Ardallie is six miles from Clola. The Tollhouse is home to Shannas Gordon Setters which have produced many champions in the breed in both the UK and overseas. The Toll House has an Ordnance Survey cut mark, a basic type of Benchmark on the corner of the house.
Shannas school
The former school for Clola primary children was Shannas School south of the Toll house on the A952. It closed in 1967 at a time of "educational re-organisation". Clola children are now educated at Mintlaw, which has two primary schools and an academy taking children through to their sixth year of secondary education.
Durie
Half a mile east of Clola Church is the former weaver's hamlet of Durie. As elsewhere in Clola, modern homes have been built here in recent years. Durie is mentioned in records as far back as 1588, when it was spelt Dowrie. By 1600 the modern day spelling is adopted. The name is believed to come from the Gaelic dobhar or dobhran meaning a small stream, and the name Durie was originally applied to the Clola Burn which runs nearby.
Kinmundy, Coynach and Shannas
Kinmundy House, Aberdeenshire, before it was derelict
South of Durie is the site of Kinmundy House, once home to the Fergusons of Kinmundy. Like so many of Scotland's former mansion houses, the roof was removed (presumably for tax purposes) in the early 1950s, and part of the house was later converted into farm buildings.
McKean describes Kinmundy House as being "classical 18th century".
To the west of Clola crossroads are Shannas Farm (which gave its name to the school), Brae of Coynach and Aulton of Coynach. Brae of Coynach is renowned for its herd of prime cattle, taking prizes at major events throughout the U.K. It is listed as category B by Historic Scotland. The house was built in 1851 to a design by Mackenzie and Matthews.
The road leads across to Skelmuir House, home in earlier times to a branch of the Gordon family.
Recent history
The age of commuting and ease of travel have wrought many changes in Clola. Recent years have seen old properties modernised and new homes built, and as a community Clola is increasing in size. But businesses which once made itself supporting have gone. South of the church are the former Joiner's Croft and Smiddy (Smithy), and Church Croft was the site of Foggie's Shop seventy years ago. To the north is the former Meal Mill, which operated into the early 1960s. The dwelling on the right to the north of the meal mill was a shop and local post office until the late 1960s. A track on the left beyond this leads to the ruins of a shoemaker's shop and twelve cottages, abandoned in the 1920s, which housed workers employed at Millbreck Woollen Mill. Bridgestone Cottages were also built for mill workers. The Woollen Mill stood in the clump of mature trees by the roadside leading to Barnyards farm and was famed for the quality of its blankets, tweed, wood and Winsey aprons. The Millbreck Woollen Mill was established by Thomas and Joshua Smith when they commenced woollen manufacture in Millbreck Mill in 1818. The lease of the land there expired circa 1909 when they concentrated all work in Peterhead at their Kirkburn Mill. Barnyards today is home to a renowned flock of Suffolk sheep. On a happier note, new enterprises have set up in recent times; including an antique dealer, plant hire contractor, kennels, a joinery business, a pine furniture shop and a farm shop.
See also
Bogbrae
Laeca Burn
Cruden Bay
Line notes
^ AA Great Britain, 2003
^ C. Michael Hogan, 2008
^ a b c McKean, Charles (1990). Banff & Buchan: an illustrated architectural guide. Edinburgh: RIAS. p. 91. ISBN 185158 231 2.
^ The Secession in the north. Aberdeen: Lewis Smith & Son. 1898. p. 62.
^ shannas.co.uk
^ "Cut mark, Clola Toll House". UK Bench-marks. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
^ "Brae of Coynach". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
^ History of Thomas Smith & Co. www.smithsofpeterhead.com Retrieved 24 May 2010.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clola.
William Mackelvie and William Blair (1873) Annals and Statistics of the United Presbyterian Church, United Presbyterian Church (Scotland), published by Oliphant and A. Elliot, 708 pages
AA Great Britain Road Atlas (2003) p. 57 ISBN 0-7495-3438-9
C. Michael Hogan (2008) Catto Long Barrow fieldnotes, The Modern Antiquarian
Buchan Community Web (previous version circa 2003)
vteSettlements and places of interest in Buchan, AberdeenshirePrimary settlements
Boddam
Crimond
Cruden Bay
Fetterangus
Hatton
Longside
Maud
Mintlaw
New Deer
New Pitsligo
Peterhead
St Combs
St Fergus
Strichen
Stuartfield
Other settlements
Auchnagatt
Buchanhaven
Clola
Downiehills
Inverugie
Longhaven
Lonmay
New Leeds
Old Deer
Rora
Stirling Village
Whinnyfold
Places of interest
Aden Country Park/Aberdeenshire Farming Museum
Bullers of Buchan
Crimonmogate
Deer Abbey
Formartine and Buchan Way
Loch of Strathbeg
Maritime Heritage Museum
Rattray
Rattray Head
Slains Castle
vteAreas and primary settlements in Aberdeenshire (see also: Aberdeen City)in Banff and Buchan
Aberchirder
Banff
Fraserburgh
Gardenstown
Inverallochy and Cairnbulg
Macduff
Portsoy
Rosehearty
Sandhaven
Whitehills
in Buchan
Boddam
Crimond
Cruden Bay
Fetterangus
Hatton
Longside
Maud
Mintlaw
New Deer
New Pitsligo
Peterhead
St Combs
St Fergus
Strichen
Stuartfield
in Formartine
Balmedie
Cuminestown
Ellon
Fyvie
Newburgh
Oldmeldrum
Pitmedden
Potterton
Rothienorman
Tarves
Turriff
in Garioch
Blackburn
Insch
Inverurie
Kemnay
Kintore
Newmachar
Westhill
in Kincardine and Mearns
Drumoak
Fettercairn
Gourdon
Inverbervie
Johnshaven
Laurencekirk
Luthermuir
Newtonhill
Portlethen
St Cyrus
Stonehaven
in Marr
Aboyne
Alford
Ballater
Banchory
Braemar
Huntly
Lumphanan
Tarland
Torphins | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchan"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"A952 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A952_road"},{"link_name":"Catto Long Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catto_Long_Barrow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Aberdeenshire, ScotlandHuman settlement in ScotlandClola is a hamlet in Buchan, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.[1] Clola is situated on the A952 road. There is considerable evidence of local habitation by early man in the vicinity of Clola. 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The neighbourhood extends to a radius of a little over a mile around the former Church. 18th century spellings are Clolloch and Clolah, which probably came from the Gaelic clach or clachach meaning stony place.","title":"Geography and architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKean-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Great North of Scotland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_of_Scotland_Railway"}],"text":"The picturesque church building stands to the east of the crossroads. It is now a dwelling house its exterior form has happily been retained, bearing clear witness to its original function. The first church at Clola was a simple heather thatched stone and clay structure on the opposite side of the A952, near the latter day manse. This was superseded in 1784 by a new building on the present site. In the secessions of the early 19th century Clola became part of the Free Church of Scotland, in opposition to the Established Church, and in keeping with its new status the church was rebuilt in its present form in 1864.[3] The construction of the third church cost £1,500 and was mainly funded by donations from the congregation. The plans were drawn up by Campbell Douglas and James Stevenson from Glasgow.[4] It featured a stained glass window to the memory of William Ferguson of Kinmundy, at one time chairman of the Great North of Scotland Railway Co. and this window survives in the private dwelling. The Free Church re-united with the Church of Scotland in 1929. Population drifts in the post-War years led to Clola being linked with Ardallie, and this linked charge in turn finally united with Deer Parish on 4 May 1975. The last service at Clola had been held eight months earlier on 31 August 1974.","title":"Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toll House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_House"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gordon Setters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Setter"},{"link_name":"Ordnance Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey"},{"link_name":"Benchmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_(surveying)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Quarter of a mile south of the Church is the former Toll House (Shannas Tollhouse). It is one of a small number of Tollhouses still used as a domestic dwelling and considered a good example of vernacular buildings. It sits adjacent to an old stretch of road beside the A952. Under the Turnpike Act of 1795 the minimum distance between toll bars was six miles. The Toll of Birness (the junction of the A952 Fraserburgh road and A92 Peterhead road) to the south of Ardallie is six miles from Clola. The Tollhouse is home to Shannas[5] Gordon Setters which have produced many champions in the breed in both the UK and overseas. The Toll House has an Ordnance Survey cut mark, a basic type of Benchmark on the corner of the house.[6]","title":"Toll house"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The former school for Clola primary children was Shannas School south of the Toll house on the A952. It closed in 1967 at a time of \"educational re-organisation\". Clola children are now educated at Mintlaw, which has two primary schools and an academy taking children through to their sixth year of secondary education.","title":"Shannas school"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Half a mile east of Clola Church is the former weaver's hamlet of Durie. As elsewhere in Clola, modern homes have been built here in recent years. Durie is mentioned in records as far back as 1588, when it was spelt Dowrie. By 1600 the modern day spelling is adopted. The name is believed to come from the Gaelic dobhar or dobhran meaning a small stream, and the name Durie was originally applied to the Clola Burn which runs nearby.","title":"Durie"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinmundy_House,_Aberdeenshire.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKean-3"},{"link_name":"Historic Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKean-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Kinmundy House, Aberdeenshire, before it was derelictSouth of Durie is the site of Kinmundy House, once home to the Fergusons of Kinmundy. Like so many of Scotland's former mansion houses, the roof was removed (presumably for tax purposes) in the early 1950s, and part of the house was later converted into farm buildings.\nMcKean describes Kinmundy House as being \"classical 18th century\".[3]To the west of Clola crossroads are Shannas Farm (which gave its name to the school), Brae of Coynach and Aulton of Coynach. Brae of Coynach is renowned for its herd of prime cattle, taking prizes at major events throughout the U.K. It is listed as category B by Historic Scotland. The house was built in 1851 to a design by Mackenzie and Matthews.[3][7]The road leads across to Skelmuir House, home in earlier times to a branch of the Gordon family.","title":"Kinmundy, Coynach and Shannas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The age of commuting and ease of travel have wrought many changes in Clola. Recent years have seen old properties modernised and new homes built, and as a community Clola is increasing in size. But businesses which once made itself supporting have gone. South of the church are the former Joiner's Croft and Smiddy (Smithy), and Church Croft was the site of Foggie's Shop seventy years ago. To the north is the former Meal Mill, which operated into the early 1960s. The dwelling on the right to the north of the meal mill was a shop and local post office until the late 1960s. A track on the left beyond this leads to the ruins of a shoemaker's shop and twelve cottages, abandoned in the 1920s, which housed workers employed at Millbreck Woollen Mill. Bridgestone Cottages were also built for mill workers. The Woollen Mill stood in the clump of mature trees by the roadside leading to Barnyards farm and was famed for the quality of its blankets, tweed, wood and Winsey aprons. The Millbreck Woollen Mill was established by Thomas and Joshua Smith when they commenced woollen manufacture in Millbreck Mill in 1818. The lease of the land there expired circa 1909 when they concentrated all work in Peterhead at their Kirkburn Mill.[8] Barnyards today is home to a renowned flock of Suffolk sheep. On a happier note, new enterprises have set up in recent times; including an antique dealer, plant hire contractor, kennels, a joinery business, a pine furniture shop and a farm shop.","title":"Recent history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McKean_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McKean_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McKean_3-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"185158 231 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/185158_231_2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"shannas.co.uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shannas.co.uk"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Cut mark, Clola Toll House\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bench-marks.org.uk/bm43364"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Brae of Coynach\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:16055"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"History of Thomas Smith & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.smithsofpeterhead.com"}],"text":"^ AA Great Britain, 2003\n\n^ C. Michael Hogan, 2008\n\n^ a b c McKean, Charles (1990). Banff & Buchan: an illustrated architectural guide. Edinburgh: RIAS. p. 91. ISBN 185158 231 2.\n\n^ The Secession in the north. Aberdeen: Lewis Smith & Son. 1898. p. 62.\n\n^ shannas.co.uk\n\n^ \"Cut mark, Clola Toll House\". UK Bench-marks. Retrieved 30 May 2012.\n\n^ \"Brae of Coynach\". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 14 February 2013.\n\n^ History of Thomas Smith & Co. www.smithsofpeterhead.com Retrieved 24 May 2010.","title":"Line notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Kinmundy House, Aberdeenshire, before it was derelict","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kinmundy_House%2C_Aberdeenshire.jpg/220px-Kinmundy_House%2C_Aberdeenshire.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Bogbrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogbrae"},{"title":"Laeca Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeca_Burn"},{"title":"Cruden Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruden_Bay"}] | [{"reference":"McKean, Charles (1990). Banff & Buchan: an illustrated architectural guide. Edinburgh: RIAS. p. 91. ISBN 185158 231 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/185158_231_2","url_text":"185158 231 2"}]},{"reference":"The Secession in the north. Aberdeen: Lewis Smith & Son. 1898. p. 62.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cut mark, Clola Toll House\". UK Bench-marks. Retrieved 30 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bench-marks.org.uk/bm43364","url_text":"\"Cut mark, Clola Toll House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brae of Coynach\". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 14 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:16055","url_text":"\"Brae of Coynach\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clola¶ms=57.485_N_2.001_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"57°29′06″N 2°00′04″W / 57.485°N 2.001°W / 57.485; -2.001"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clola¶ms=57.484441_N_2.001652_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Clola","external_links_name":"NK000438"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clola¶ms=57.485_N_2.001_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"57°29′06″N 2°00′04″W / 57.485°N 2.001°W / 57.485; -2.001"},{"Link":"http://www.shannas.co.uk/","external_links_name":"shannas.co.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.bench-marks.org.uk/bm43364","external_links_name":"\"Cut mark, Clola Toll House\""},{"Link":"http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:16055","external_links_name":"\"Brae of Coynach\""},{"Link":"http://www.smithsofpeterhead.com/","external_links_name":"History of Thomas Smith & Co."},{"Link":"http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/11227/catto.html#fieldnotes","external_links_name":"Catto Long Barrow fieldnotes, The Modern Antiquarian"},{"Link":"http://www.buchanweb.org/","external_links_name":"Buchan Community Web"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_C._Ramsay | Walter C. Ramsay | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Notes"] | American journalist
Walter Ramsay15th Secretary of State of IowaIn office1919–1928Preceded byWilliam S. AllenSucceeded byEdward McMurray SmithMayor of Belmond, IowaIn office1906–1914
Personal detailsBornAugust 15, 1878Ford County, Illinois, U.S.DiedFebruary 9, 1928 (aged 50)Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.Political partyRepublican
Walter C. Ramsay (August 15, 1878 – February 9, 1928) was an American politician and newspaper editor who served as the 15th secretary of state of Iowa from 1919 to 1929.
Early life
Born in Ford County, Illinois, Ramsay attended public schools in Paxton, Illinois and Owatonna High School in Owatonna, Minnesota.
Career
In 1900, Ramsey and his brother purchased the Iowa Valley Press in Belmond, Iowa. In 1924, Ramsay and his brother purchased the Belmond Herald, which later become the Belmond Herald-Press. He served as assistant clerk for the Iowa General Assembly from 1904 to 1906. He then was appointed postmaster of Belmond, Iowa in 1906 and served until 1914. From 1914 to 1918, Ramsay served as mayor of Belmond. He also served as chief clerk for the Iowa General Assembly from 1915 to 1919. In 1919, Ramsay was appointed Iowa secretary of state and served until his death in 1928. He was a Republican.
Death
Ramsay died from a stroke at his home in Des Moines, Iowa.
Notes
^ 'State of Iowa 1919-1920 Official Register,' No. 28, W. C, Ramsay-editor, Biographical Sketch of W. C. Ramsay, pg.pg. 214
^ "Walter C. Ramsay," The Annals of Iowa 16 (1928), pg. 396-397
^ 'Walter Ramsey Died at Des Moines,' Algona Upper Des Moines, February 16, 1928, pg. 1
Political offices
Preceded byWilliam S. Allen
Secretary of State of Iowa 1919–1928
Succeeded byEdward M. Smith
vteSecretaries of State of Iowa
Cutler
Bonney
McCleary
Sells
J. Wright
E. Wright
Young
Hull
Jackson
McFarland
Dobson
Martin
Hayward
Allen
Ramsay
Smith
Greenwalt
O. Miller
O'Brien
E. Miller
Ropes
Bergeson
Synhorst
Cameron
Synhorst
Odell
Baxter
Pate
Culver
Mauro
Schultz
Pate | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secretary of state of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Iowa"}],"text":"Walter C. Ramsay (August 15, 1878 – February 9, 1928) was an American politician and newspaper editor who served as the 15th secretary of state of Iowa from 1919 to 1929.","title":"Walter C. Ramsay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Paxton, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxton,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Owatonna High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owatonna_High_School"},{"link_name":"Owatonna, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owatonna,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Born in Ford County, Illinois, Ramsay attended public schools in Paxton, Illinois and Owatonna High School in Owatonna, Minnesota.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belmond, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmond,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Belmond, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmond,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa secretary of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1900, Ramsey and his brother purchased the Iowa Valley Press in Belmond, Iowa. In 1924, Ramsay and his brother purchased the Belmond Herald, which later become the Belmond Herald-Press. He served as assistant clerk for the Iowa General Assembly from 1904 to 1906. He then was appointed postmaster of Belmond, Iowa in 1906 and served until 1914. From 1914 to 1918, Ramsay served as mayor of Belmond. He also served as chief clerk for the Iowa General Assembly from 1915 to 1919. In 1919, Ramsay was appointed Iowa secretary of state and served until his death in 1928. He was a Republican.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Des Moines, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ramsay died from a stroke at his home in Des Moines, Iowa.[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Walter C. Ramsay,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/8077/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iowa_Secretaries_of_State"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iowa_Secretaries_of_State"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iowa_Secretaries_of_State"},{"link_name":"Secretaries of State of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Cutler_Jr."},{"link_name":"Bonney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_H._Bonney"},{"link_name":"McCleary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._McCleary"},{"link_name":"Sells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Sells"},{"link_name":"J. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Wright_(Iowa_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wright_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_T._Young"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._T._Hull"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_D._Jackson"},{"link_name":"McFarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._McFarland"},{"link_name":"Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Dobson"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Martin"},{"link_name":"Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Hayward"},{"link_name":"Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Allen"},{"link_name":"Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_McMurray_Smith"},{"link_name":"Greenwalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._C._Greenwalt"},{"link_name":"O. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Babcock_Miller"},{"link_name":"O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_G._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_M._Ropes"},{"link_name":"Bergeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo_H._Bergeson"},{"link_name":"Synhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_D._Synhorst"},{"link_name":"Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_L._Cameron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Synhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_D._Synhorst"},{"link_name":"Odell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Odell"},{"link_name":"Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Pate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pate"},{"link_name":"Culver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Culver"},{"link_name":"Mauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mauro"},{"link_name":"Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Schultz"},{"link_name":"Pate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pate"}],"text":"^ 'State of Iowa 1919-1920 Official Register,' No. 28, W. C, Ramsay-editor, Biographical Sketch of W. C. Ramsay, pg.pg. 214\n\n^ \"Walter C. Ramsay,\" The Annals of Iowa 16 (1928), pg. 396-397\n\n^ 'Walter Ramsey Died at Des Moines,' Algona Upper Des Moines, February 16, 1928, pg. 1vteSecretaries of State of Iowa\nCutler\nBonney\nMcCleary\nSells\nJ. Wright\nE. Wright\nYoung\nHull\nJackson\nMcFarland\nDobson\nMartin\nHayward\nAllen\nRamsay\nSmith\nGreenwalt\nO. Miller\nO'Brien\nE. Miller\nRopes\nBergeson\nSynhorst\nCameron\nSynhorst\nOdell\nBaxter\nPate\nCulver\nMauro\nSchultz\nPate","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/8077/","external_links_name":"\"Walter C. Ramsay,\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._V._Koren | U. V. Koren | ["1 Biography","2 Else Elisabeth Koren","3 Egge-Koren House","4 Koren Building","5 Selected bibliography","6 References","7 Additional Sources","8 External links"] | Part of a series onLutheranism
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vteUlrik Vilhelm Koren (December 22, 1826 – December 19, 1910) was a Norwegian-American author, theologian and church leader. A pioneer Lutheran minister, he played a significant role in the development of the spiritual and intellectual development of Norwegians in America. Ulrik Vilhelm Koren has been called the "patriarch of Norwegian American Lutherans."
Biography
Ulrik Vilhelm Koren was born in Bergen, Norway. Although the family home was at Bergen, the family also spent much time at Selja, at the home of Koren's paternal uncle, Laurentius Koren. Selja, which was formerly known as Selø, is a small island in the county of Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. Koren lived there after the death of his father, Paul S. S. Koren, a sea captain, in an earthquake in Haiti in 1842. Koren was an 1852 theology graduate from the Royal Frederick University.
Koren was called to the United States to serve the Little Iowa Congregation (later called Washington Prairie) in Winneshiek County, Iowa. He was the first Lutheran minister from Norway to settle west of the Mississippi. Koren's pastorate included large parts of Northeastern Iowa and Southern Minnesota. Many of the Lutheran congregations within that area look to Pastor Koren as their founder. Koren played an active part in the Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Koren served as vice president of the Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (1871-1876) and was president of the Synod's Iowa District (1876- 1894). He was president of the synod from 1894 until his death in 1910.
During his ministry, Koren wrote numerous publications addressing various issues of concern to the Lutheran religious community. His leadership ensured that Luther College moved to Decorah, Iowa in 1862 after an initial year in Wisconsin. Koren was also instrumental in purchasing the land and locating Luther College. In 1903, he was awarded a Doctor of Divinity degree from Concordia Theological Seminary. He was made a Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav by the King of Norway. Rev. Koren died on December 19, 1910, and was buried in the cemetery of Washington Prairie Lutheran Church, Decorah, Iowa.
Else Elisabeth Koren
In 1853 Koren married Else Elisabeth Hysing. Else's father, Ahlert Hysing, had been rector of the Latin School at Larvik which Koren had attended. Elisabeth was born on May 24, 1832, in Larvik. Vilhelm Koren knew half a dozen languages, and Elisabeth read Danish, Norwegian, German, and English. She was the author of The Diary of Elisabeth Koren, 1853-1855. The autobiography was translated into English and published in 1955. It provides detailed insight into what it was like for four adults and two children to spend the winter in a one-room 14-by-16-foot log house. In time, the Korens had nine children. Elisabeth Koren died on June 7, 1918, at Washington Prairie, in Winneshiek County, Iowa.
Egge-Koren House
From December 1853 to March 1854, the newlyweds, Rev. U. V. Koren and his wife Elisabeth, lived with the Egge family near Decorah, Iowa. The house in which they lived during that period in now known as the Egge-Koren House and is on exhibit at the Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum.
Koren Building
The Koren Building at Luther College dedicated in 1921, was named in honor of Ulrik Vilhelm Koren who was one of the founders and leaders of Luther College. The building housed the Koren Library until 1969. Major renovation was undertaken in 1987–88, and the building is now devoted to classrooms and faculty offices for members of the Education, History, Politics, Sociology, and Anthropology/Archeology Departments.
Selected bibliography
The Right Principles of Church Government (Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary. Reprinted 1981)
Why Is There No Church Unity Among Norwegian Lutherans In America? (Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary. Reprinted 1981)
Our Age Is A Period Of Transition (Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary. Reprinted 1981)
References
^ Ulrik Vilhelm Koren, 1826-1910(CyberHymnal 2008)
^ Christianson, John Robert (2009), The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa, University of Iowa Press, retrieved April 15, 2016
^ Ulrik Vilhelm Koren (Christian Cyclopedia. The Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod)
^ Koren, Ulrik Vilhelm (The Promise of America – Norwegian National Library. Oslo)
^ History Of The Norwegian Community Chickasaw County Iowa(Mr. James H. Johnson. Norwegian Heritage of Chickasaw County, Iowa)
^ Who's Who in the Luther College Archives (Luther College)
^ Washington Prairie Lutheran Cemetery - Winneshiek County, Iowa
^ Memories from Little Iowa Parsonage (Caroline Mathilde Koren Naeseth. Translated by Henriette C. K. Naeseth. Norwegian-American Historical Association. Volume XIII: Page 66)
^ Ongoing Exhibitions Open Air Division Archived 2009-06-30 at the Wayback Machine (Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum)
^ Koren Building (Luther College)
^ The Norwegian Immigrant and His Church (Eugene L. Fevold. Norwegian-American Historical Association. Volume 23: Page 3)
Additional Sources
Norlie, O.M. Norsk Lutherske Menigheter i Amerika, 1843 - 1916 (Minneapolis, Augsburg Publishing house, 1918) Norwegian
Preus, Herman A. Ulrik Vilhelm Koren: A Biography (Bethany Lutheran Seminary. Mankato, Mn. 1950)
Koren, Elizabeth The Diary of Elisabeth Koren, 1853-1855 (New York : Arno Press, 1979, ©1955)
Johnson, James H. History of The Norwegian Community of Chickasaw County Iowa (The Chickasaw County Iowa Genealogical Society. June 2001)
External links
Norwegian National Library. Oslo
Luther College Archives
Washington Prairie Lutheran Church
"Ulrik Vilhelm Koren" by Herbjørn Gausta, 1883
"Else Elisabeth (Hysing) Koren" by Herbjørn Gausta, 1883
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_American"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ulrik Vilhelm Koren (December 22, 1826 – December 19, 1910) was a Norwegian-American author, theologian and church leader. A pioneer Lutheran minister, he played a significant role in the development of the spiritual and intellectual development of Norwegians in America. Ulrik Vilhelm Koren has been called the \"patriarch of Norwegian American Lutherans.\"[1][2]","title":"U. V. Koren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Selja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selja,_Selje"},{"link_name":"Sogn og Fjordane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogn_og_Fjordane"},{"link_name":"earthquake in Haiti in 1842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1842_Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien_earthquake"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"graduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cand.theol."},{"link_name":"Royal Frederick University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Winneshiek County, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winneshiek_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_the_Norwegian_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Luther College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_College_(Iowa)"},{"link_name":"Decorah, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorah,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Concordia Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Order_of_St._Olav"},{"link_name":"King of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ulrik Vilhelm Koren was born in Bergen, Norway. Although the family home was at Bergen, the family also spent much time at Selja, at the home of Koren's paternal uncle, Laurentius Koren. Selja, which was formerly known as Selø, is a small island in the county of Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. Koren lived there after the death of his father, Paul S. S. Koren, a sea captain, in an earthquake in Haiti in 1842. Koren was an 1852 theology graduate from the Royal Frederick University.[3]Koren was called to the United States to serve the Little Iowa Congregation (later called Washington Prairie) in Winneshiek County, Iowa. He was the first Lutheran minister from Norway to settle west of the Mississippi. Koren's pastorate included large parts of Northeastern Iowa and Southern Minnesota. Many of the Lutheran congregations within that area look to Pastor Koren as their founder. Koren played an active part in the Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Koren served as vice president of the Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (1871-1876) and was president of the Synod's Iowa District (1876- 1894). He was president of the synod from 1894 until his death in 1910.[4][5]During his ministry, Koren wrote numerous publications addressing various issues of concern to the Lutheran religious community. His leadership ensured that Luther College moved to Decorah, Iowa in 1862 after an initial year in Wisconsin. Koren was also instrumental in purchasing the land and locating Luther College. In 1903, he was awarded a Doctor of Divinity degree from Concordia Theological Seminary. He was made a Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav by the King of Norway. Rev. Koren died on December 19, 1910, and was buried in the cemetery of Washington Prairie Lutheran Church, Decorah, Iowa.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahlert Hysing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlert_Hysing"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)"},{"link_name":"Larvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvik"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_(language)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_(language)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_(language)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_(language)"},{"link_name":"Winneshiek County, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winneshiek_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1853 Koren married Else Elisabeth Hysing. Else's father, Ahlert Hysing, had been rector of the Latin School at Larvik which Koren had attended. Elisabeth was born on May 24, 1832, in Larvik. Vilhelm Koren knew half a dozen languages, and Elisabeth read Danish, Norwegian, German, and English. She was the author of The Diary of Elisabeth Koren, 1853-1855. The autobiography was translated into English and published in 1955. It provides detailed insight into what it was like for four adults and two children to spend the winter in a one-room 14-by-16-foot log house. In time, the Korens had nine children. Elisabeth Koren died on June 7, 1918, at Washington Prairie, in Winneshiek County, Iowa.[7][8]","title":"Else Elisabeth Koren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decorah, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorah,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesterheim_Norwegian-American_Museum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"From December 1853 to March 1854, the newlyweds, Rev. U. V. Koren and his wife Elisabeth, lived with the Egge family near Decorah, Iowa. The house in which they lived during that period in now known as the Egge-Koren House and is on exhibit at the Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum.[9]","title":"Egge-Koren House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Koren Building at Luther College dedicated in 1921, was named in honor of Ulrik Vilhelm Koren who was one of the founders and leaders of Luther College. The building housed the Koren Library until 1969. Major renovation was undertaken in 1987–88, and the building is now devoted to classrooms and faculty offices for members of the Education, History, Politics, Sociology, and Anthropology/Archeology Departments.[10][11]","title":"Koren Building"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Right Principles of Church Government (Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary. Reprinted 1981)\nWhy Is There No Church Unity Among Norwegian Lutherans In America? 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June 2001)","title":"Additional Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Christianson, John Robert (2009), The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa, University of Iowa Press, retrieved April 15, 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=213","url_text":"The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://hymntime.com/tch/bio/k/o/koren_uv.htm","external_links_name":"Ulrik Vilhelm Koren, 1826-1910(CyberHymnal 2008)"},{"Link":"http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=213","external_links_name":"The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa"},{"Link":"http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=K&word=KOREN.ULRIKVILHELM","external_links_name":"Ulrik Vilhelm Koren (Christian Cyclopedia. The Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod)"},{"Link":"http://www.nb.no/emigrasjon/vis_data_bilde.php?lang=eng&dok_id=32994&nss=no-nb_emidata_E2196","external_links_name":"Koren, Ulrik Vilhelm (The Promise of America – Norwegian National Library. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliari_and_Others_v._Italy | Oliari and Others v. Italy | ["1 Background","2 Judgment","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Oliari and Others v. ItalyDecided 21 July 2015Nationality of partiesItalianRulingSame-sex couples have a positive right under the Convention to have their relationships recognized by the StateCourt composition
PresidentPäivi HirveläJudgesGuido RaimondiLedi BiankuNona TsotsoriaPaul MahoneyFaris VehabovićYonko Grozev
Instruments citedArticle 8
Oliari and Others v. Italy (Application nos. 18766/11 and 36030/11) is a case decided in 2015 by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in which the Court established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples.
Background
The ECtHR previously held in Schalk and Kopf v. Austria (2010) that the Convention does not oblige member states to open marriage to same-sex couples, but if there is a different type of partnership scheme, same-sex couples may not be excluded per Vallianatos and Others v. Greece (2013).
Same-sex marriage is not legal in Italy, nor did the country at the time of the case provide any other type of recognition for either opposite-sex or same-sex couples.
The applicants were three same-sex couples who submitted their cases in 2011 after Italian courts rejected their requests to have their marriage recognized.
Judgment
The Court held that Italy, by not legally recognizing same-sex relationships, violated Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights ("Right to respect for private and family life").
In the review of relevant law, the Court also referenced Obergefell v. Hodges, a United States Supreme Court ruling legalising same-sex marriage, which was published just a few days before the ECtHR deliberated in Oliari and Others v. Italy.
However, the ECtHR found that, despite the evolution of states in favour of legalising same-sex marriage, there was no violation of Article 12 (right to marry), and thus confirmed its previous ruling in Schalk and Kopf v. Austria (2010).
Aftermath
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy
In May 2016, almost one year after the Court's ruling, the Italian Parliament passed a civil unions law, which grant same-sex couples all of the legal protections enjoyed by opposite-sex married couples. The law came into effect in June of the same year.
See also
Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy
List of LGBT-related cases before international courts and quasi-judicial bodies
References
^ "VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS V. GREECE: WHAT IS IN THERE FOR LITHUANIA?". Retrieved 20 July 2023.
^ a b "European Court of Human Rights: Decision on Gay Marriage in Italy". Library of Congress. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
^ "European Court Rules Italy's Same-Sex Marriage Ban a Human Rights Violation". The Advocate. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
External links
Court judgment
This law-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vtevteLGBT in ItalyHistory
History
Homosexuality in ancient Rome
Oliari and Others v. Italy
Diritti e doveri delle persone stabilmente conviventi
Rights
Rights
Recognition of same-sex unions
Organizations
Arcigay
Possible
Circle of Homosexual Culture Mario Mieli
Culture
In Italia Sono Tutti Maschi
Some Prefer Cake
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"positive obligation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_obligation"}],"text":"Oliari and Others v. Italy (Application nos. 18766/11 and 36030/11) is a case decided in 2015 by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in which the Court established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples.","title":"Oliari and Others v. Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schalk and Kopf v. Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalk_and_Kopf_v._Austria"},{"link_name":"Vallianatos and Others v. Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vallianatos_and_Others_v._Greece&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CongLib-2"}],"text":"The ECtHR previously held in Schalk and Kopf v. Austria (2010) that the Convention does not oblige member states to open marriage to same-sex couples, but if there is a different type of partnership scheme, same-sex couples may not be excluded per Vallianatos and Others v. Greece (2013).[1]Same-sex marriage is not legal in Italy, nor did the country at the time of the case provide any other type of recognition for either opposite-sex or same-sex couples.The applicants were three same-sex couples who submitted their cases in 2011 after Italian courts rejected their requests to have their marriage recognized.\n[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_8_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Obergefell v. Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Article 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_12_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CongLib-2"},{"link_name":"Schalk and Kopf v. Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalk_and_Kopf_v._Austria"}],"text":"The Court held that Italy, by not legally recognizing same-sex relationships, violated Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (\"Right to respect for private and family life\").In the review of relevant law, the Court also referenced Obergefell v. Hodges, a United States Supreme Court ruling legalising same-sex marriage,[3] which was published just a few days before the ECtHR deliberated in Oliari and Others v. Italy.However, the ECtHR found that, despite the evolution of states in favour of legalising same-sex marriage, there was no violation of Article 12 (right to marry),[2] and thus confirmed its previous ruling in Schalk and Kopf v. Austria (2010).","title":"Judgment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Parliament"}],"text":"In May 2016, almost one year after the Court's ruling, the Italian Parliament passed a civil unions law, which grant same-sex couples all of the legal protections enjoyed by opposite-sex married couples. The law came into effect in June of the same year.","title":"Aftermath"}] | [] | [{"title":"Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Europe"},{"title":"Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Italy"},{"title":"List of LGBT-related cases before international courts and quasi-judicial bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_cases_before_international_courts_and_quasi-judicial_bodies"}] | [{"reference":"\"VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS V. GREECE: WHAT IS IN THERE FOR LITHUANIA?\". Retrieved 20 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://strasbourgobservers.com/2014/01/13/vallianatos-and-others-v-greece-what-is-in-there-for-lithuania/","url_text":"\"VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS V. GREECE: WHAT IS IN THERE FOR LITHUANIA?\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Court of Human Rights: Decision on Gay Marriage in Italy\". Library of Congress. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2015-09-14/european-court-of-human-rights-decision-on-gay-marriage-in-italy/","url_text":"\"European Court of Human Rights: Decision on Gay Marriage in Italy\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Court Rules Italy's Same-Sex Marriage Ban a Human Rights Violation\". The Advocate. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.advocate.com/italy/2015/07/21/breaking-european-court-rules-italys-same-sex-marriage-ban-human-rights-violation","url_text":"\"European Court Rules Italy's Same-Sex Marriage Ban a Human Rights Violation\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://strasbourgobservers.com/2014/01/13/vallianatos-and-others-v-greece-what-is-in-there-for-lithuania/","external_links_name":"\"VALLIANATOS AND OTHERS V. GREECE: WHAT IS IN THERE FOR LITHUANIA?\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2015-09-14/european-court-of-human-rights-decision-on-gay-marriage-in-italy/","external_links_name":"\"European Court of Human Rights: Decision on Gay Marriage in Italy\""},{"Link":"https://www.advocate.com/italy/2015/07/21/breaking-european-court-rules-italys-same-sex-marriage-ban-human-rights-violation","external_links_name":"\"European Court Rules Italy's Same-Sex Marriage Ban a Human Rights Violation\""},{"Link":"http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-156265","external_links_name":"Court judgment"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliari_and_Others_v._Italy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Wings_(Mr._Mister_song) | Broken Wings (Mr. Mister song) | ["1 Background and music","2 Music video","3 Reception","4 Track listing","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 K'Lee version","7.1 Charts","8 Samples","9 References"] | 1985 song
"Broken Wings"One of non-US picture sleeves, mostly for some European countriesSingle by Mr. Misterfrom the album Welcome to the Real World B-side
"Uniform of Youth"
"Welcome to the Real World"
ReleasedJune 1985 (US)RecordedNovember 1984Genre
Pop rock
new wave
Length
5:42 (album version)
4:43 (radio/video edit)
4:30 (7" edit)
LabelRCASongwriter(s)
Richard Page
Steve George
John Lang
Producer(s)
Mr. Mister
Paul De Villiers
Mr. Mister singles chronology
"Hunters of the Night" (1984)
"Broken Wings" (1985)
"Kyrie" (1985)
Music video"Broken Wings" on YouTubeAlternative releaseSide A of Australian single
"Broken Wings" is a 1985 song recorded by American pop rock band Mr. Mister. It was released in June 1985 as the lead single from their second album Welcome to the Real World. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1985, where it remained for two weeks. It was released as the band was just about to embark on a US tour opening for Tina Turner. "Broken Wings" became the first of two consecutive number ones of the band on the American charts, the other chart-topper being "Kyrie". Outside of the United States, "Broken Wings" topped the charts in Canada, peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, Belgium (Flanders), the Netherlands, Norway, the Republic of Ireland, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and West Germany, and the top twenty of the charts in Austria, New Zealand, Spain and Sweden.
Background and music
The ballad was co-written with lyricist John Lang, who was inspired by Kahlil Gibran's novel Broken Wings. The song is a mix of synth, digitally delayed guitar, bass and drums. The song's hissing intro was an effect created by the sound of a crash cymbal played in reverse.
Although the 1968 Beatles song "Blackbird" contains an identical lyric, "Take these broken wings and learn to fly", Richard Page has described this as "a mindless unintentional reference" attributable to both compositions being influenced by the Gibran novel.
Music video
The music video for "Broken Wings" was directed by Oley Sassone and filmed in black and white. It features lead vocalist/bassist Richard Page driving through the desert in a classic Ford Thunderbird, the first allusion to birds. There is a scene where Page is sitting in a church when a Harris's Hawk flies in through the window and lands next to him on the pew and they exchange a gaze. The full band is also featured in performance scenes. Also appearing in the video are an unknown man and woman dancing tango. They are only shown from the waist down. At the end of the video Page is seen next to the Thunderbird with the vehicle's hood open.
Reception
Stereogum wrote about the song:
Lyrically, "Broken Wings" is an attempt to keep a relationship together through the magic of flowery language: "Take these broken wings/ And learn to fly again, learn to live so free/ When we hear the voices sing/ The book of love will open up and let us in." Those words are grandiloquent enough to be self-parody, but Page delivers them all perfectly straight-faced. He means every bit of it. In Page's mouth, the word "take" becomes a desperate animal yelp. I love it. I also love how overproduced "Broken Wings" is. The song is all ominous churn, and it never really kicks in. Instead, it captures a state of sustained anticipation.
Track listing
7" single
"Broken Wings" (single edit) – 4:29
"Uniform of Youth" – 4:25
12" maxi single
"Broken Wings" (album version) – 5:45
"Uniform of Youth" – 4:25
"Welcome to the Real World" – 4:18
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "Broken Wings"
Chart (1985–1986)
Peakposition
Australia (Kent Music Report)
4
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
2
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
1
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)
2
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)
3
Ireland (IRMA)
3
Italy (Musica e dischi)
6
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
13
Norway (VG-lista)
4
South Africa (Springbok Radio)
20
Spain (AFYVE)
13
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
14
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
4
UK Singles (OCC)
4
US Billboard Hot 100
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
3
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)
4
US Cash Box Top 100 Singles
1
West Germany (Official German Charts)
8
Year-end charts
1985 year-end chart performance for "Broken Wings"
Chart (1985)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
37
US Cash Box Top 100 Singles
52
1986 year-end chart performance for "Broken Wings"
Chart (1986)
Position
Australia (Kent Music Report)
44
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
50
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
76
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)
43
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
40
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
62
UK Singles (Gallup)
99
US Billboard Hot 100
5
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
25
US Cash Box Top 100 Singles
72
West Germany (Official German Charts)
57
Certifications
Certifications for "Broken Wings"
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)
Gold
50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
400,000‡
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
K'Lee version
New Zealand pop singer K'Lee covered "Broken Wings" and released it as a single on June 11, 2001. Her version peaked at number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart, becoming her highest-charting single there along with 2002's "Can You Feel Me?"
Charts
Chart performance for "Broken Wings"
Chart (2001)
Peakposition
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
2
Samples
"Broken Wings" was sampled in the posthumous Tupac song "Until the End of Time". The song reached No. 4 in the UK.
References
^ Hung, Steffen. "Mr. Mister – Broken Wings". hitparade.ch.
^ September 2015, Paul Elliott 04 (4 September 2015). "Mr. Mister: Welcome To The Real World / Go On..." Classic Rock Magazine. Retrieved 24 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b Notes on Broken Wings Archived 2017-07-20 at the Wayback Machine – from Mr. Mister fansite
^ "19 of the greatest power ballads of all time". Smooth. 2 July 2018.
^ MVdbase entry Archived 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine – music video details
^ Tom Breihan (13 November 2020). "The Number Ones: Mr. Mister's "Broken Wings"". Stereogum.
^ a b "Mr. Mister – Broken Wings". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 210. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "Mr. Mister – Broken Wings" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
^ "Mr. Mister – Broken Wings" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0611." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 9326." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "European Hot 100 Singles". Eurotipsheet. Vol. 3, no. 5. February 8, 1986. p. 12. OCLC 29800226.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Broken Wings". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Classifiche". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Retrieved May 31, 2022. Select "Singoli" in the "Tipo" field, type "Broken wings" in the "Titolo" field and press "cerca".
^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Mr Mister" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Mr. Mister – Broken Wings" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Mr. Mister – Broken Wings". Top 40 Singles.
^ "Mr. Mister – Broken Wings". VG-lista.
^ "SA Charts 1965–1989 (As presented on Springbok Radio/Radio Orion) – Songs A–B". The South African Rock Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on May 25, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
^ "Mr. Mister – Broken Wings". Singles Top 100.
^ "Mr. Mister – Broken Wings". Swiss Singles Chart.
^ "Mr Mister: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Mr. Mister Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ "Mr. Mister Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ "Mr. Mister Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ "Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending December 14, 1985". Cash Box. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Mr. Mister – Broken Wings" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
^ "RPM's Top 100 Singles of 1985". RPM. Vol. 43, no. 16. December 28, 1985. p. 11. ISSN 0033-7064 – via Library and Archives Canada.
^ "The Cash Box Year-End Charts: 1985 – Top 100 Pop Singles". Cash Box. December 28, 1985. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "National Top 100 Singles for 1986". Kent Music Report. No. 650. December 29, 1986 – via Imgur.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 1986 – Singles" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Top 100 Singles of '86". RPM. Vol. 45, no. 14. December 27, 1986. p. 5. ISSN 0033-7064 – via Library and Archives Canada.
^ "European Hot 100 Singles – Hot 100 of the Year 1986". Music & Media. Vol. 3, no. 51/52. December 27, 1986. p. 28. OCLC 29800226.
^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1986" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1986" (in Dutch). Dutch Charts. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Top 100 Singles (January to December 1986)". Music Week. January 24, 1987. p. 24. ISSN 0265-1548.
^ "Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 1986". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 1986". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "The Cash Box Year-End Charts: 1986 – Top 100 Pop Singles". Cash Box. December 27, 1986. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts – 1986" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ "Canadian single certifications – Mr. Mister – Broken Wings". Music Canada. December 23, 1985. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ "British single certifications – Mr Mister – Broken Wings". British Phonographic Industry. June 14, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
^ "New Releases". netcd.co.nz. June 11, 2001. Archived from the original on June 16, 2001. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
^ a b "K'Lee – Broken Wings". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
^ Brown, Jake (2005). Tupac Shakur, (2-Pac) in the Studio. Amber Books. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-9767735-0-4.
^ "Broken Wings by Mr Mister". Songfacts.
vteMr. Mister
Steve Farris
Steve George
Pat Mastelotto
Richard Page
Studio albums
I Wear the Face
Welcome to the Real World
Go On...
Pull
Compilation albums
Broken Wings: The Encore Collection
The Best of Mr. Mister
Playlist: The Very Best of Mr. Mister
Singles
"Hunters of the Night"
"Broken Wings"
"Kyrie"
"Is It Love"
"Something Real (Inside Me/Inside You)"
"Stand and Deliver"
Related articles
Discography
Pages
vteKahlil Gibran (works)Books
Broken Wings (1912)
The Madman (1918)
The Prophet (1923, translations)
The Earth Gods (1931)
The Garden of the Prophet (1933)
Adaptations
The Broken Wings (1962 film)
Kahlil Gibran's The Prophet (2014 film)
Inspirations
"Broken Wings" (1985)
"River of Deceit" (1995)
Related
The Pen League
Tenth Street Studio Building
Gibran Museum
Gibran Khalil Gibran Garden
Kahlil Gibran Memorial Garden
Khalil Gibran International Academy
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"Mr. Mister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Mister"},{"link_name":"Welcome to the Real World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Real_World_(Mr._Mister_album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Kyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrie_(song)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"text":"\"Broken Wings\" is a 1985 song recorded by American pop rock band Mr. Mister. It was released in June 1985 as the lead single from their second album Welcome to the Real World. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1985, where it remained for two weeks. It was released as the band was just about to embark on a US tour opening for Tina Turner. \"Broken Wings\" became the first of two consecutive number ones of the band on the American charts, the other chart-topper being \"Kyrie\". Outside of the United States, \"Broken Wings\" topped the charts in Canada, peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, Belgium (Flanders), the Netherlands, Norway, the Republic of Ireland, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and West Germany, and the top twenty of the charts in Austria, New Zealand, Spain and Sweden.","title":"Broken Wings (Mr. Mister song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kahlil Gibran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Broken Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Wings_(Gibran_novel)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-writing-3"},{"link_name":"synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"crash cymbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_cymbal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-writing-3"},{"link_name":"Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Richard Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Page_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The ballad[2] was co-written with lyricist John Lang, who was inspired by Kahlil Gibran's novel Broken Wings.[3] The song is a mix of synth, digitally delayed guitar, bass and drums. The song's hissing intro was an effect created by the sound of a crash cymbal played in reverse.[3]Although the 1968 Beatles song \"Blackbird\" contains an identical lyric, \"Take these broken wings and learn to fly\", Richard Page has described this as \"a mindless unintentional reference\" attributable to both compositions being influenced by the Gibran novel.[4]","title":"Background and music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black and white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_white"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vid-5"},{"link_name":"Richard Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Page_(musician)"},{"link_name":"classic Ford Thunderbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird_(second_generation)"},{"link_name":"Harris's Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%27s_Hawk"},{"link_name":"tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_(dance)"}],"text":"The music video for \"Broken Wings\" was directed by Oley Sassone and filmed in black and white.[5] It features lead vocalist/bassist Richard Page driving through the desert in a classic Ford Thunderbird, the first allusion to birds. There is a scene where Page is sitting in a church when a Harris's Hawk flies in through the window and lands next to him on the pew and they exchange a gaze. The full band is also featured in performance scenes. Also appearing in the video are an unknown man and woman dancing tango. They are only shown from the waist down. At the end of the video Page is seen next to the Thunderbird with the vehicle's hood open.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stereogum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Stereogum wrote about the song:[6]Lyrically, \"Broken Wings\" is an attempt to keep a relationship together through the magic of flowery language: \"Take these broken wings/ And learn to fly again, learn to live so free/ When we hear the voices sing/ The book of love will open up and let us in.\" Those words are grandiloquent enough to be self-parody, but Page delivers them all perfectly straight-faced. He means every bit of it. In Page's mouth, the word \"take\" becomes a desperate animal yelp. I love it. I also love how overproduced \"Broken Wings\" is. The song is all ominous churn, and it never really kicks in. Instead, it captures a state of sustained anticipation.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUS-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUS-7"}],"text":"7\" single[7]\"Broken Wings\" (single edit) – 4:29\n\"Uniform of Youth\" – 4:2512\" maxi single[7]\"Broken Wings\" (album version) – 5:45\n\"Uniform of Youth\" – 4:25\n\"Welcome to the Real World\" – 4:18","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broken_Wings_(Mr._Mister_song)&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Mr._Mister-9"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Mr._Mister-10"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-11"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadaadultcontemporary_-12"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-14"},{"link_name":"Musica e dischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Mr_Mister-16"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Mr._Mister-17"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Mr._Mister-18"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Mr._Mister-19"},{"link_name":"Springbok Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Radio"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Mr._Mister-22"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Mr._Mister-23"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Mr_Mister-24"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Mr._Mister-25"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Mr._Mister-26"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardmainstreamrock_Mr._Mister-27"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_West_Germany_Mr._Mister-29"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broken_Wings_(Mr._Mister_song)&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Gallup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_(company)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Broken Wings\"\n\n\nChart (1985–1986)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[8]\n\n4\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[9]\n\n17\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[10]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[11]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[12]\n\n2\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[13]\n\n3\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[14]\n\n3\n\n\nItaly (Musica e dischi)[15]\n\n6\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[16]\n\n3\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[17]\n\n2\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18]\n\n13\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[19]\n\n4\n\n\nSouth Africa (Springbok Radio)[20]\n\n20\n\n\nSpain (AFYVE)[21]\n\n13\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[22]\n\n14\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[23]\n\n4\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[24]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[25]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[26]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[27]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100 Singles[28]\n\n1\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[29]\n\n8\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n1985 year-end chart performance for \"Broken Wings\"\n\n\nChart (1985)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[30]\n\n37\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100 Singles[31]\n\n52\n\n\n1986 year-end chart performance for \"Broken Wings\"\n\n\nChart (1986)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)[32]\n\n44\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[33]\n\n50\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[34]\n\n76\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[35]\n\n43\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[36]\n\n40\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[37]\n\n62\n\n\nUK Singles (Gallup)[38]\n\n99\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[39]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[40]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100 Singles[41]\n\n72\n\n\nWest Germany (Official German Charts)[42]\n\n57","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K'Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27Lee"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIANZ"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kleenz-46"}],"text":"New Zealand pop singer K'Lee covered \"Broken Wings\" and released it as a single on June 11, 2001.[45] Her version peaked at number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart, becoming her highest-charting single there along with 2002's \"Can You Feel Me?\"[46]","title":"K'Lee version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charts","title":"K'Lee version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tupac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac"},{"link_name":"Until the End of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Until_the_End_of_Time_(Tupac_Shakur_song)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"\"Broken Wings\" was sampled in the posthumous Tupac song \"Until the End of Time\".[47] The song reached No. 4 in the UK.[48]","title":"Samples"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hung, Steffen. \"Mr. Mister – Broken Wings\". hitparade.ch.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Mr.+Mister&titel=Broken+Wings&cat=s","url_text":"\"Mr. Mister – Broken Wings\""}]},{"reference":"September 2015, Paul Elliott 04 (4 September 2015). \"Mr. Mister: Welcome To The Real World / Go On...\" Classic Rock Magazine. Retrieved 24 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/mr-mister-welcome-to-the-real-world-go-on","url_text":"\"Mr. Mister: Welcome To The Real World / Go On...\""}]},{"reference":"\"19 of the greatest power ballads of all time\". Smooth. 2 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smoothradio.com/features/best-power-ballads/","url_text":"\"19 of the greatest power ballads of all time\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Breihan (13 November 2020). \"The Number Ones: Mr. Mister's \"Broken Wings\"\". Stereogum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2106886/the-number-ones-mr-misters-broken-wings/columns/the-number-ones/","url_text":"\"The Number Ones: Mr. Mister's \"Broken Wings\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Mister – Broken Wings\". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved December 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Mr.+Mister&titel=Broken+Wings&cat=s","url_text":"\"Mr. Mister – Broken Wings\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 210. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"European Hot 100 Singles\". Eurotipsheet. Vol. 3, no. 5. February 8, 1986. p. 12. OCLC 29800226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Eurotipsheet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifiche\". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php","url_text":"\"Classifiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi","url_text":"Musica e dischi"}]},{"reference":"\"SA Charts 1965–1989 (As presented on Springbok Radio/Radio Orion) – Songs A–B\". The South African Rock Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on May 25, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180525235531/http://rock.co.za/files/sa_charts_1969_1989_songs_(A-B).html","url_text":"\"SA Charts 1965–1989 (As presented on Springbok Radio/Radio Orion) – Songs A–B\""},{"url":"http://www.rock.co.za/files/sa_charts_1969_1989_songs_(A-B).html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_General_de_Autores_y_Editores","url_text":"Fundación Autor/SGAE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending December 14, 1985\". Cash Box. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200225000247/https://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/19851214.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles – Week ending December 14, 1985\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"},{"url":"https://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/19851214.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM's Top 100 Singles of 1985\". RPM. Vol. 43, no. 16. December 28, 1985. p. 11. ISSN 0033-7064 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0619&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.0619.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0619","url_text":"\"RPM's Top 100 Singles of 1985\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7064","url_text":"0033-7064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"The Cash Box Year-End Charts: 1985 – Top 100 Pop Singles\". Cash Box. December 28, 1985. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326081321/https://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/1985YESP.html","url_text":"\"The Cash Box Year-End Charts: 1985 – Top 100 Pop Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"},{"url":"https://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/1985YESP.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Top 100 Singles for 1986\". Kent Music Report. No. 650. December 29, 1986 – via Imgur.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/F7ais40.jpg","url_text":"\"National Top 100 Singles for 1986\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Kent Music Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imgur","url_text":"Imgur"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 1986 – Singles\" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1986&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 1986 – Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop","url_text":"Ultratop"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Singles of '86\". RPM. Vol. 45, no. 14. December 27, 1986. p. 5. ISSN 0033-7064 – via Library and Archives Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0760&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.0760.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0760","url_text":"\"Top 100 Singles of '86\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-7064","url_text":"0033-7064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"European Hot 100 Singles – Hot 100 of the Year 1986\". Music & Media. Vol. 3, no. 51/52. December 27, 1986. p. 28. OCLC 29800226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29800226","url_text":"29800226"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1986\" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1986","url_text":"\"Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1986\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40","url_text":"Dutch Top 40"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1986\" (in Dutch). Dutch Charts. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1986&cat=s","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten – Single 1986\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Charts","url_text":"Dutch Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Singles (January to December 1986)\". Music Week. January 24, 1987. p. 24. ISSN 0265-1548.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0265-1548","url_text":"0265-1548"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 1986\". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603140007/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1986/hot-100-songs","url_text":"\"Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 1986\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1986/hot-100-songs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 1986\". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210521212235/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1986/adult-contemporary-songs","url_text":"\"Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 1986\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1986/adult-contemporary-songs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Cash Box Year-End Charts: 1986 – Top 100 Pop Singles\". Cash Box. December 27, 1986. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200130165601/https://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/1986YESP.html","url_text":"\"The Cash Box Year-End Charts: 1986 – Top 100 Pop Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)","url_text":"Cash Box"},{"url":"https://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/80s_files/1986YESP.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts – 1986\" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1986","url_text":"\"Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts – 1986\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment","url_text":"GfK Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian single certifications – Mr. Mister – Broken Wings\". Music Canada. December 23, 1985. Retrieved August 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Broken+Wings%20Mr.+Mister","url_text":"\"Canadian single certifications – Mr. Mister – Broken Wings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Mr Mister – Broken Wings\". British Phonographic Industry. June 14, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/15728-148-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Mr Mister – Broken Wings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases\". netcd.co.nz. June 11, 2001. Archived from the original on June 16, 2001. Retrieved November 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010616172504/http://netcd.co.nz/NewReleases.html","url_text":"\"New Releases\""},{"url":"http://netcd.co.nz/NewReleases.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jake (2005). Tupac Shakur, (2-Pac) in the Studio. Amber Books. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-9767735-0-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D03tbYix8y4C&pg=PA133","url_text":"Tupac Shakur, (2-Pac) in the Studio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9767735-0-4","url_text":"978-0-9767735-0-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Broken Wings by Mr Mister\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_132 | SEPTA Suburban Division bus routes | ["1 Routes","1.1 Victory District","1.2 Frontier District","1.3 Krapf Transit","2 See also","3 Notes"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
It has been suggested that this article should be split into articles titled SEPTA Suburban Transit Division and List of SEPTA bus routes. (discuss) (May 2024)
SEPTA Suburban DivisionSEPTA New Flyer D40LF #5888 in Norristown, heading to Plymouth MeetingParentSEPTAFounded1968Headquarters1234 Market StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19107LocaleSuburban PhiladelphiaService areaSuburban PhiladelphiaService typeLocal bus serviceRoutes48Fleet250OperatorSee main articleChief executiveLeslie Richards (general manager)Websitesepta.org
The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority operates or contracts operations of these routes serving points in Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties, with a few routes operating into the city of Philadelphia. The Suburban Transit Division is broken down into three districts: Victory (Formerly: Red Arrow Division), Frontier, and Contract Operations.
Routes
Victory District
These routes are operated from the Victory District, located at the 69th Street Transportation Center in Upper Darby Township, Delaware County. This also includes Norristown High Speed Line (Route 100 before 2009), 101 Media, and 102 Sharon Hill rail operations. These routes were once operated by the Philadelphia Suburban Transportation Company, better known by its nickname "Red Arrow Lines". Routes in the Chester area of Delaware County as well as Chester Pike operations were once operated by Southern Penn Bus Lines, which the Red Arrow took control of on June 30, 1960. Today, Routes 114, 117, and 118 are leftovers of the old Southern Penn system. The Philadelphia Transportation Company's "PTC" Folsom Division bus routes (former Routes 71, 76, and 77 trolley lines as well as bus Route 82) were taken over by Red Arrow Lines on January 20, 1961. Since that time the Ex-PTC routes have been eliminated or consolidated into the current route system. SEPTA took over Red Arrow Lines on January 29, 1970. This was one of the last privately owned transit operations left in the United States. Even today some longtime residents, transit historians, and the local news media still refer to this operation as SEPTA's Red Arrow Division. In 2011 SEPTA renamed 69th Street Terminal the 69th Street Transportation Center.
Route
Terminals
Major streets
History
Notes
Daily Ridership (FY 2019)
103
69th Street Transportation Center
Ardmore Suburban Square
Brookline Boulevard, Darby Road, SEPTA Private Busway
Formerly known as Red Arrow Routes "C" and "R". Trolley service to Ardmore started May 29, 1902. Route R buses replaced Ardmore trolleys on December 30, 1966. Route C ran to Brookline via Earlington Road. Route C and R merged into new Route 103 on January 22, 1971. On June 30, 1986 service via Llanerch was eliminated thus cutting out the original route that the trolley took to Ardmore between Highland Park (Upper Darby) and Brookline (Haverford). On August 19, 2002 service in Ardmore was extended to Suburban Square. Service was rerouted via Overbrook Park replacing Route 105 service on February 14, 2011. The private busway in the Oakmont section of Havertown was the former trolley right of way.
Sunday Service only operates between 69th Street Transportation Center and Overbrook Park
1,362
77th and City
104
69th Street Transportation Center
West Chester University or Newtown Square
West Chester Pike
Formerly known as Red Arrow Route "W". Trolley service to West Chester began August 15, 1895. Route W buses replaced trolleys to West Chester on June 4, 1954 then to Westgate Hills on August 23, 1958. Route W Lawrence Park service began in 1959. Route W redesignated Route 104 on June 16, 1975. Service to Lawrence Park transferred to new Route 112 on June 30, 1986. Service to Cheyney University then known as Route 104A became new Route 120 on the same date. On August 19, 2002 service was extended to the West Chester University campus.
3,088
105
69th Street Transportation Center
Rosemont or Ardmore
Lancaster Avenue
Formerly known as Red Arrow Routes "G (Wynnewood)" and "I (Ardmore via Narberth)". Routes G and I merged into new Route 105 on September 11, 1970; Service extended to Paoli on November 28, 1983 via old SEPTA Route 71 (Formerly: Red Arrow Route Z). On February 14, 2011 service was rerouted via 68th Street and Malvern Ave, in the Overbrook section of Philadelphia. Route 103 replaced service in the Overbrook Park section of Philadelphia. Service on Route Z was a former "Montgomery Bus Lines" service acquired by the Red Arrow in 1936. Due to duplicate service with SEPTA Bus Route 106, route was truncated from Paoli to Rosemont (at SEPTA's Rosemont train station on the Paoli/Thorndale Line) effective June 20, 2016.
Sunday service only operates between 69th Street Transportation Center and Ardmore Suburban Square.
1,147
106
69th Street Transportation Center
Ardmore, Radnor, Paoli
Haverford Road, Lancaster Avenue
This route was a former "Montgomery Bus Lines" service acquired by the Red Arrow in 1936. Formerly labeled by Red Arrow as Routes "D (69th Street Terminal-Ardmore)" and "Y (Overbrook-Garett Hill)". Route D merged into Route Y on March 23, 1956. Route Y extended to Strafford at the same time replacing P&W Strafford Line service. Route Y redesignated Route 106 on September 9, 1974. Service cut back to Ardmore November 28, 1983. Some peak hour service was extended to Paoli on February 14, 2011. Took over all peak and regular service to/from Paoli effective June 20, 2016.
No Sunday service.
1,251
107
69th Street Transportation Center
Glenolden or Lawrence Park
Garrett Road, Marshall Road, Ashland Avenue, Sproul Road
Formerly known as Red Arrow's Routes "B" and "P". Route B was Westbrook Park LOCAL. Route P was Briarcliffe EXPRESS. Routes B and P merged into new Route 107 on June 17, 1974; At the same time service was extended to Essington. Service has been restructured in 1983, 1996 and 2006. Route 122 merged into Route 107 on August 28, 2006. Service also extended to Lawrence Park. Current route to Glenolden almost resembles original Route 107 routing with a few different changes.
Express service eliminated in 2022.
No Sunday Service.
1,042
108
69th Street Transportation Center
67th and Elmwood or Philadelphia International Airport
Church Lane, 65th Street, Bartram Avenue
Formerly known as Red Arrow Route "J" to 67th and Elmwood; Service started by Red Star Lines. Route sold to Red Arrow October 27, 1930. Route J redesignated Route 108 on June 16, 1975; Service extended to the Philadelphia International Airport when former City Transit Division Route "U" (Airport to Elmwood) was merged into the Route 108 on April 4, 1993.
24-hour service
5,274
109
69th Street Transportation Center
Chester Transportation Center
Baltimore Pike, Chester Road
Formerly Red Arrow's Route "O"; Service was first operated by John Drew Bus Lines to Lansdowne. Route sold to the Red Arrow on September 3, 1930. Route O redesignated Route 109 on September 9, 1974. Route 109 has the highest fare box recovery ratio in SEPTA's Suburban Transit Division at 40% (FY 2009 figures). Southern Penn Traction Company operated a trolley line on Baltimore Pike. Red Arrow purchased the trolley line and "Route N" buses replaced streetcars on August 3, 1930; Route N no longer in service.
24-hour service
4,474
110
69th Street Transportation Center
Springfield Mall,Penn State Brandywine or Pilgrim Gardens
Township Line Road, Sproul Road, Baltimore Pike
Formerly labeled by Red Arrow as Route "X". Route X first served Media, Broomall branch started service in 1953. Service to Media eliminated in 1959. Route X redesignated Route 110 on June 16, 1975. Springfield Mall branch started January 30, 1978. Service extended to Media and Granite Run Mall June 30, 1986 via the Springfield Mall branch routing. Service to Broomall transferred to new Route 112.
1,880
111
69th Street Transportation Center
Penn State Brandywine, or Chadds Ford
State Road, US 1/Media Bypass, Baltimore Pike
This was Red Arrow Lines first bus route operated under the name of Aronimink Transportation Company. Service to Aronimink was formerly known as Red Arrow's Route "A"; Route A redesignated Route 111 on June 16, 1975. Service on this route has been restructured in 1983, 1996, and 2002. Service to Chadds Ford introduced on August 19, 2002 replacing former SEPTA Route 110 Express service to Granite Run Mall. Service rerouted to serve new Wawa station on August 29, 2022.
1,473
112
69th Street Transportation Center
Delaware County Community College
West Chester Pike
This is SEPTA's second version of Route 112. Formerly portions of Route 103 routing via Llanerch, Route 104 Lawrence Park spur routing, Route 110 Broomall branch routing, and Media Line Road portion of Route 80 (Currently Route 118). Split from Route 104 service on June 30, 1986. On August 29, 2011 service was streamlined to operate on West Chester Pike from 69th Street Terminal to Broomall. Service to Lawrence Park replaced by new Route 126.
The first version of Route 112 ran from 69th Street Terminal to the Oakview section of Upper Darby. Formerly: Red Arrow's Route "F" redesignated Route 112 on June 16, 1975. Service eliminated November 28, 1983. Service between 69th Street Terminal and Lansdowne Ave. merged into Route 113. Oakview loop merged into Route 107.
No Sunday Service.
1,015
113
69th Street Transportation Center
Darby Transportation Center, Chester Transportation Center, or Claymont Station
Lansdowne Avenue, MacDade Boulevard, 3rd Street And Ridge Road
Formerly labeled Red Arrow Route "M" to Darby. This is the oldest still operating bus service in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Service started by John Drew Bus Lines on February 17, 1919. Sold to the Red Arrow on September 3, 1930. Service extended to the Airport on July 18, 1958 with service cut back to Darby in 1962. Route M redesignated Route 113 on June 16, 1975. Route 112 (First SEPTA Route 112) Former Red Arrow "Route F" and PTC/Red Arrow Route 76 merged into Route 113 November 28, 1983 providing a long route to Marcus Hook. Route 76 was a former PRT Folsom Division trolley line (Darby to Chester). Service was rerouted and extended to the Tri-State Mall in Claymont, Delaware while service to Marcus Hook was transferred to Route 119 February 9, 2009. On November 29, 2021, service to the Tri-State Mall was eliminated and rerouted to terminate at Northtowne Plaza in Claymont. On December 4, 2023, service rerouted to new Claymont station. Route 113 has the highest ridership of all Suburban Transit Division bus routes (FY 2009: 1,689,350 annual riders)
Connection with DART First State Route 13 and Route 61 bus service be made in Claymont.
6,787
114
Darby Transportation Center
Chester Transportation Center, I-95 Industrial Park, Penn State Brandywine, or Wawa station
Chester Pike, 9th Street, Pennell Road
Darby to Chester service was formerly Southern Penn Traction Company's trolley service to Chester and Wilmington; Buses replace trolleys December 13, 1938. Red Arrow took control of bus service on June 30, 1960. SEPTA designated the line Route 74 when it took over on January 29, 1970. Redesignated Route 114 on June 30, 1986. The Village Green to Granite Run Mall portion of former 116 merged into the route on November 22, 2004. Service rerouted to serve new Wawa station on August 29, 2022, with limited trips serving Penn State Brandywine.
Some weekday trips serve 7th and Yarnall Streets in Chester
1,898
115
Delaware County Community College or Darby Transportation Center
Philadelphia International Airport
Calcon Hook Road, Oak Avenue, Lansdowne Avenue, Darby Road, West Chester Pike
The Darby to Brookline service was formerly Red Arrow's "Route H"; Route H redesignated Route 83 on June 16, 1975; The Darby to Delmar Village service was formerly Southern Penn Lines/Red Arrow Route 72; Routes 72 and 83 merged into new Route 115 on June 30, 1986. Delmar Village to Glenolden (MacDade Mall) extended in October 2002 service cut back to Brookline at the same time; service was restored to Ardmore on November 3, 2008; service to Airport added through merger of former Route 305 on June 15, 2009; service to Glenolden (MacDade Mall) was eliminated at the same time due to the merger and due to MacDade Mall management booting the 115 bus off their property in October 2008. On August 29, 2011 the service north of Darby was rerouted via Manoa Road, West Chester Pike, and Media Line Road to Delaware County Community College. This route connects the Southeast campus and the Main Campus of Delaware County Community College.
Service between Darby and Delaware County Community College operates only on weekdays.
1,174
117
I-95 Industrial Park
Penn State Brandywine
9th Street, Middletown Road
This route is a mix of former Southern Penn Traction Company trolley lines in Chester. Converted to bus operations in the mid 1930s. Southern Penn Bus Lines continued to operate them as different routes and then narrowed it down to two routes until Red Arrow Lines took control of these lines on June 30, 1960. These two lines were designated Routes 68 (3rd & Highland, Chester to Brookhaven) and 69 (Chester to Buckman Village and Highland Village) when SEPTA took over. Routes 68 and 69 merged into new SEPTA Route 70 on June 18, 1973. Redesignated Route 117 on June 30, 1986. New Route 119 created as a spin-off of Route 117 on September 9, 1991 service was also extended to West Chester via Cheyney University. Service between Penn State (Lima Campus) and West Chester eliminated on December 12, 1996. Route 119 rerouted to service portion of route Cheyney University to West Chester.
1,984
118
Chester Transportation Center
Newtown Square
Brookhaven Road, Providence Road, Newtown Street Road
Formerly: Southern Penn Traction trolley service "Routes 1 and 4"; buses replace trolley cars on April 12, 1930. Service sold to Red Arrow Lines on June 30, 1960. SEPTA designated the line as "Route 80" when it took over control on January 29, 1970. Redesignated Route 118 on June 30, 1986. Service extended to the King of Prussia Mall complex via Paoli June 17, 1991. Service cut back to Newtown Square November 22, 2004.
No Sunday Service.
511
119
Chester Transportation Center
Cheyney University
7th Street, Conchester Highway, Cheyney Road
Route 119 began service on September 9, 1991 as a spin-off of Route 117 and as a replacement for SEPTA commuter rail service to West Chester. Service to Boothwyn was operated by Route 114 until November 22, 2004 when Route 119 was rerouted to serve Boothwyn at the same time service between Cheyney and West Chester was eliminated; service re-routed via Marcus Hook in February 2009. On August 29, 2011 service beyond the Chester Transportation Center to Harrah's was eliminated at the same time the loop routing in Marcus Hook was eliminated in favor of a simple route through Marcus Hook.
687
120
69th Street Transportation Center
Cheyney University
West Chester Pike, Street Road
Service began September 6, 1968 as a spur of Route W that also operated into Center City Philadelphia. Service into Philadelphia was cut back to 69th Street Terminal on September 9, 1974. Service redesignated Route 104 on June 16, 1975; Service was known as Route 104A on September 1, 1977. Route 104A was separated from Route 104 service and redesignated Route 120 on September 8, 1986.
531
123 EXPRESS
69th Street Transportation Center
King of Prussia
West Chester Pike, I-476, Schuylkill Expressway
Service started on September 14, 1998 as an alternative to transferring between the Norristown High Speed Line and Routes 124/125 at Gulph Mills. All trips converted to EXPRESS service on September 2, 2013.
893
125
13th and Market
King of Prussia or Valley Forge
Schuylkill Expressway, S Gulph Rd, Market Street
Service began July 30, 1962 as Route 45. It started as a combined Red Arrow/PTC joint operation; under SEPTA it was a combined Suburban/City Transit operation until November 26, 1989 when the Route 45 was redesignated Route 125 and new Route 124 was created as a spin-off of Route 45 to service Henderson Road and Chesterbrook. Today Victory Depot (Formerly: Red Arrow Lines) operates the Route 125 while Frontier operates the Route 124.
2219
126
69th Street Transportation Center
Lawrence Park
West Chester Pike
Service began on August 29, 2011 replacing Route 112's Lawrence Park service, Service uses Glendale Road to get to Lawrence Park Industrial Center and Lawrence Park Shopping Center instead of Lawrence Road. Service through the residential section of Lawrence Park operates Clockwise during the early day, then counter clockwise during afternoon and evening periods.
Sunday service began on Route 126, as of June 16, 2014.
638
Frontier District
These routes are operated from the Frontier garage in Plymouth Township, Montgomery County. This district of SEPTA was created through a combination of former Schuylkill Valley Line services in the Norristown area and Trenton Philadelphia Coach Line services in the Lower Bucks County area. Routes 96 to 99 which helped form the original five SEPTA Frontier District Routes were once part of the old "Schuylkill Valley Lines" that SEPTA acquired on March 1, 1976. The old Schuylkill Valley Lines routes were then restructured into five routes on March 7, 1977 with Route 95 being a new route. Routes 127 to 129 were once part of the old Trenton Philadelphia Coach Lines "TPC" which became a subsidiary of the Philadelphia Transportation Company "PTC" on January 24, 1963. When SEPTA took over PTC, Trenton Philadelphia Coach became a subsidiary of SEPTA. These routes were assigned Routes 150 to 153 in 1980. These routes continued to operate under SEPTA/TPC until November 14, 1983 when SEPTA Frontier District took over the operations of these routes and rebranded them Routes 127, 128, and 129. All other routes have been added onto the system since then. Trenton-Philadelphia Coach Lines was brought back to life by SEPTA as a contract operation for its Routes 310, 311 and LUCY (Route 316) operations. Trenton-Philadelphia Coach also operated the Cornwells Heights Parking Shuttle (Route 312)
Route
Terminals
Major streets
History
Notes
Daily Ridership (Fall 2023)
90
Norristown Transportation Center
Plymouth Meeting Mall
Markley St, Swede St, Germantown Pike
Service started October 31, 2005; Split from Route 97; Service operates over a former Schuylkill Valley Lines bus route to Norristown State Hospital which was taken over by SEPTA in 1976. Service on this route has been operated by portions of Route 99 until October 11, 1982 and then Route 97 until October 31, 2005. The earlier Route 90 was in the SEPTA City Division.
No Sunday Service.
287
91
Norristown Transportation Center
SCI Phoenix
Ridge Pike, Valley Forge Road, Skippack Pike
This is the second version of Route 91. The first Route 91 operated between West Chester and Oxford via Kennett Square and only lasted from July 6, 1982 to June 30, 1983. The current Route 91 service began May 3, 1986; Weekday service eliminated December 21, 1996 due to SEPTA money constraints. Service suspended since April 9, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Operates only on Saturdays. As of 2023, Route 91 is going to be discontinued with bus revolution happening.
92
West Chester Transportation Center
King of Prussia
Phoenixville Pike, King Road, Lancaster Avenue, Swedesford Road
Service began on October 11, 1982; New Route 133 split from Route 92 on November 20, 2000; Route 133 merged back into Route 92 on September 5, 2006. Route 314 was merged into the Route 92 on October 30, 2011 at the same time service was restructured to begin at Exton Square Mall then serve West Goshen Corporate Park and West Chester. After leaving West Chester the route continued via Malvern, Paoli to King of Prussia. On August 1, 2021, service cut back from Exton to West Chester Transportation Center concurrent with the introduction of Route 135.
Weekday evening and Saturday service bypasses industrial parks.
No Sunday Service.
171
93
Norristown Transportation Center
Pottstown
Ridge Pike
Service began March 9, 1981 as a replacement bus route for SEPTA commuter rail service to Pottstown. Service to Collegeville was a former Schuylkill Valley Lines bus route. Service to Collegeville was operated under Route 97 until October 11, 1982. Service rerouted into Philadelphia Premium Outlets.
Additional midday service began October 30, 2011.
943
94
Chestnut Hill
Montgomery Mall
Bethlehem Pike, Morris Road
Service began on May 17, 1982. Routing covers most of a former North Penn Bus Company bus route that replaced a branch of Lehigh Valley Transit's high speed line from Chestnut Hill to North Wales. Route 94 Express service was added April 2, 2000. Route 94 Express service was redesignated as new Route 134 on October 30, 2005. Route 134 discontinued on June 15, 2012.
283
95
Willow Grove Park Mall
Gulph Mills station
Fitzwatertown Road, Pennsylvania Avenue, Butler Pike
This route is one of SEPTA's original Frontier bus routes started on March 7, 1977. Service operated between King of Prussia and Plymouth Meeting malls. Service on this route has been restructured several times. Service to King of Prussia Mall complex was eliminated December 16, 1996. After this date a Route 95X was operated to King of Prussia Mall from Gulph Mills during the holiday shopping season until the creation of Route 123. Service extended to Willow Grove via the Route 98 routing beyond the Plymouth Meeting Mall on October 30, 2011.
No Sunday Service.
322
96
Norristown Transportation Center
Lansdale station
DeKalb Pike
Formerly a North Penn Bus Company bus route that replaced Lehigh Valley Transit's "Liberty Bell Limited" service between Lansdale and Norristown. Service was taken over by Schuylkill Valley Lines. This was one of SEPTA's original Frontier bus routes started on March 7, 1977. Service only operated as far north as Penn Square originally. Saturday service was extended to Montgomery Mall on July 25, 1977 then to Lansdale on March 18, 1978. Weekday service to Lansdale and Telford started November 6, 1978. Service between Lansdale and Telford was transferred to new Route 132 on October 30, 2005.
980
97
Norristown Transportation Center
Chestnut Hill
Ridge Pike, Fayette Street, Hector Street
This route is one of SEPTA's five original Frontier bus routes started on March 7, 1977. Service operates over a former Schuylkill Valley Line service to Conshohocken and Spring Mill. The Route 97 was the last of the through routed bus services in Norristown when the western end of the service was broken off and became new Route 90 on October 31, 2005. The current form of Route 97 was extended to Barren Hill on October 31, 2005. Service was extended to Chestnut Hill Loop on February 13, 2011.
541
98
Norristown Transportation Center
Plymouth Meeting Mall or Blue Bell
New Hope Street, Germantown Pike, Township Line Road, Union Meeting Road
This is one of the five original SEPTA Frontier bus routes started March 7, 1977. Service operates over a former Schuylkill Valley Line bus route and also replaced former SEPTA Route L bus service to Norristown which replaced Auch Inter-Borough bus line service that went out of business on December 17, 1973. Service was extended to Willow Grove on April 11, 1988. Service was rerouted to service the Blue Bell Office Campus on April 7, 1996. Service on the western end of Route 98 from Norristown to Oaks was broken off and became new Route 131 on June 20, 1999. Service between Plymouth Meeting Mall and Willow Grove transferred to Route 95 on October 30, 2011. Route changed on February 21, 2016 to run from Blue Bell via Plymouth Meeting Mall instead of Plymouth Meeting Mall via Blue Bell.
Weekend service terminates at Plymouth Meeting Mall.
553
99
Norristown Transportation Center
King of Prussia and Phoenixville
DeKalb Pike, Egypt Road, Schuylkill Road
This is one of the five original SEPTA Frontier bus routes started March 7, 1977. Service operates over a former Schuylkill Valley Line bus route to King of Prussia. Service was extended to Phoenixville on August 10, 1981 replacing former joint SEPTA/Werner Coach Line Route 130 as providing a replacement bus route for commuter rail service to Phoenixville. Service extended to Royersford June 7, 1982. Through route service to Norristown State Hospital replaced by rerouted Route 97 on October 11, 1982. Service extended to Pottstown on June 20, 1989. Service cut back to Royersford October 26, 1993. Service was rerouted from Valley Forge Road to Oaks and Egypt Road June 20, 1999. Service west of Phoenixville to Royersford transferred to new Route 139 on August 31, 2008.
Service as of June 15, 2014 trips now include the Oaks Shopping Center.
960
124
Center City
King of Prussia or Chesterbrook
Schuylkill Expressway, Henderson Road, Swedesford Road
This route was created as a spur of Route 45 redesignated Route 125 on November 26, 1989. Service rerouted off of Chesterbrook Blvd. onto Swedesford Road on September 3, 2006.
1,164
127
Oxford Valley Mall
Trenton Transit Center
Lincoln Highway, Levittown Parkway, West Trenton Avenue
Service on this route started approximately 1930 by East Coast Coach Company reorganized under the name of Trenton Philadelphia Coach Company in August 1931. This was their main bus line from Trenton to Center City Philadelphia known as "Route 10". On July 1, 1977 this line was given the Route 150 designator under SEPTA/TPC operations with Oxford Valley Mall serving as the new southern terminal point for service. On November 14, 1983 service was redesignated Route 127. Service was cut back from Trenton on April 28, 1986. Service was restored to Trenton April 2, 1990. Service was rerouted via Levittown on November 20, 2000. Service was cut back from Neshaminy Mall to Oxford Valley Mall on October 30, 2011.
No Sunday Service.
Connections can be made with NJ Transit bus in Trenton at Downtown Trenton and Trenton Transit Center for service within Trenton, and outlying areas. River Line to Camden, and Northeast Corridor Line to Newark and New York at Trenton Transit Center.
208
128
Neshaminy Mall
Oxford Valley Mall
Street Road, Bristol Pike, State Road
This service started as Route 152. This route was a new route added to the SEPTA/Trenton Philadelphia Coach on July 1, 1977 as part of a reorganization of SEPTA/TPC lines. Service operated from Oxford Valley Mall and circulated throughout Bristol Township. Service was restructured and redesignated Route 128 on November 14, 1983. Service has been restructured several times over the past few years as this route struggles with ridership and cost recovery.
No Sunday Service.
282
129
Morrell Park
Oxford Valley Mall
Knights Road, Bensalem Boulevard, Beaver Dam Road, Durham Road
This route started out in November 1952 as Trenton Philadelphia Coach Line's route from Levittown to Center City Philadelphia. On March 1, 1964 service to Philadelphia was cut back to Country Club Shopping Center (US 1 & PA 413). On July 1, 1977 service was given the Route 151 designator and Oxford Valley Mall became the terminal point. On November 14, 1983 service was restructured and combined with former "SEPTA/Colonial Coach Line" Route 153 into new Route 129 from Morrell Park to Oxford Valley Mall. Service has been restructured several times since then.
629
130
Morrell Park
Bucks County Community College
Street Road, Neshaminy Boulevard, Newtown-Langhorne Road
This service started out as the Route 14 Shuttle bus replacing what was through routed Route 14 bus service Frankford Terminal and Oxford Valley Mall via Neshaminy residential sections. Service was transferred to SEPTA Frontier District and redesignated Route 130 on September 12, 1988 as part of a reorganization of bus service in Northeast Philadelphia. This remained a short shuttle like service until November 19, 2000 when service was extended to Franklin Mills and Bucks County Community College in Newtown. This extension replaced the poorly patronized Route 301 shuttle (Formerly: Fox-Chase Newtown Shuttle Bus) that replaced rail service between Fox Chase and Newtown on January 15, 1983. Extended to Morrell Park on October 30, 2011. Weekday peak hour service cross routed with Routes 129 and 133 at Morrell Park.
Sunday service operates between Morrell Park and Neshaminy Mall only.
409
131
Norristown Transportation Center
Audubon
Marshall St, Egypt Rd
This route follows an old Schuylkill Valley Line route to Oaks and Phoenixville. This service became the western side of Route 98 on March 7, 1977. Service was separated from Route 98 June 21, 1999 and designated Route 131. Sunday service added on August 26, 2018.
576
132
Montgomery Mall
Telford
Horsham Road, Welsh Road, Forty Foot Road, County Line Road
This new route replaced Route 96 service between Montgomery Mall and Telford October 31, 2005. New Sunday service was introduced to this area at the same time.
294
133
Morrell Park
Eddington Rail Station
State Road
Service started January 15, 2001 between Morrell Park and Bristol Regional Rail Station as Route 304, replacing a portion of Route 129. Off peak/Saturday service eliminated and route cut back at Eddington on October 30, 2011. Route 304 redesignated Route 133 on October 31, 2011. Service between Eddington and Bristol eliminated. Service cross routed with Routes 129 and 130 at Morrell Park.
Rush Hour Service Only. No Weekend Service
46
135
Coatesville
West Chester Transportation Center
Lincoln Highway, Pottstown Pike
Service began August 1, 2021, replacing the Krapf "A" bus operated by Krapf Transit. Trolley service between Coatesville and West Chester was originally operated by West Chester Traction. Reeder's Inc. took over service after Short Line of Pennsylvania ended operations. In 1977, SEPTA and Reeder's began the Route 120 bus service between Coatesville and West Chester. Reeder's continued operating the route after SEPTA pulled funding. The Krapf "A" bus began service in 1992, replacing SEPTA Route 120. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a reduction in ridership, and SEPTA began providing more than $810,000 in subsidies to Krapf to continue operating the route. SEPTA took over the route to maintain service as Krapf was unable to show it could operate the route without subsidies.
656
139
King of Prussia
Limerick
Valley Forge Road, Schuylkill Road, Township Line Road
Service started August 31, 2008. This route restored bus service via Valley Forge National Historical Park and Valley Forge Road that the Route 99 once served. This new route also replaced Route 99 service between Phoenixville and Royersford. New service was also added to the Philadelphia Premium Outlet center in Limerick. Service between Royersford and Philadelphia Premium Outlets eliminated in October 2011 and redirected to Township Line Rd. & Ridge Pike.
No Sunday Service.
303
150
Plymouth Meeting Mall
Parx Casino
Pennsylvania Turnpike
New SEPTA service started February 12, 2007. This service is made up of what would normally be out of service dead head trips from the Frontier Bus Garage in Plymouth Meeting and the Bucks County Routes. This is the first time any transit service was operated via the Pennsylvania Turnpike.
Limited Non-stop service is offered Monday through Saturday
26
201
Fort Washington station
Fort Washington Office Center
Commerce Drive, Virginia Drive
Service began April 11, 1988; First bus route of SEPTA's new "200 Series Route Program" that connects SEPTA's Regional Rail Lines to commercial developments.
Service operates Monday thru Friday only.
48
206
Paoli Railroad Station
Great Valley Corporate Center
Lancaster Avenue, Morehall Road
Service started May 7, 1984 known as Route 126; service redesignated as Route 206 April 11, 1988 to join the "200 Series Route Program". Service restructured September 3, 2019 to absorb a portion of the discontinued Route 205 between Paoli Hospital and Great Valley Corporate Center.
Service operates Monday thru Friday only.
71
Krapf Transit
Service on these lines are operated by Krapf Transit under contract to SEPTA. These routes are operated from Krapf's own garage, located in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Krapf has operated other bus routes for SEPTA in the past: Routes 202 (West Chester to Wilmington), Route 205 (Paoli Railroad Station to Chesterbrook), Route 207 (The West Whiteland WHIRL), Route 208 (Strafford Train Station to Chesterbrook), Route 306 (Great Valley to Brandywine Towne Center in Delaware) and Route 314 (West Chester to Goshen Corporate Park).
SEPTA has had contract bus operations before in Chester County. SEPTA and Reeder's Inc. joined forces in 1977 to operate three bus routes out of West Chester. These routes were the Route 120 (West Chester to Coatesville), Route 121 (West Chester to Paoli), and Route 122 (West Chester to Oxford). Reeder's also operated their own bus route from West Chester to Concord and Tri-State Malls via US 202 and Delaware Route 92. Transit operations in Chester County has been around for decades operating under different companies over those years. West Chester Transportation Company, People's Transportation Company, Chester Valley Lines and The Short Line of Pennsylvania have operated bus routes in Chester County.
Bus service between West Chester and Coatesville was a replacement for the previous trolley service operated by West Chester Traction. Reeder's got these routes when the Short Line of Pennsylvania ceased operations. To keep transit service operating in Chester County these routes were funded by SEPTA and operated by Reeder's Inc. beginning November 7, 1977. SEPTA did replace two of the routes with their own bus service. Route 122 service was replaced by SEPTA's Route 91 on July 6, 1982 after only one year of service; Route 91 was eliminated due to lack of ridership. Route 121 was replaced by SEPTA's Route 92 on October 11, 1982; this service continues to operate today.
Since ridership on the Route 120 was strong it continued to operate under the operations of Reeder's Inc. even after SEPTA pulled the funding source. Reeder's Inc bus service to Concord and Tri-State Malls was discontinued in the late 1970s. Krapf purchased the Reeder's operation in 1992 and designated the remaining (West Chester to Coatesville) bus route as Krapf's Transit "Route A". Krapf's owned the Route A. On August 1, 2021, the Route A was replaced by SEPTA Route 135. Krapf's also operates the Coatesville Link that serves the Coatesville area and the SCCOOT in Southern Chester County for the Transportation Management Association of Chester County (TMACC).
The Route 205 service started March 12, 2007 between Paoli Train Station and Main Line Industrial Park, On September 7, 2010 service was extended to Phoenixville. Service to Main Line Industrial Park eliminated at the same time. Service was then rerouted to Chesterbrook after that. Service on the Route 205 was eliminated September 3, 2019. The Route 205 bus only operated on Weekdays.
Krapf's along with SEPTA and the Independence Visitor Center work together to operate the PHLASH bus service. The PHLASH bus service is geared toward tourists visiting the City of Philadelphia but locals use it too since the one way fare is cheaper than SEPTA bus fare, The PHLASH operates April to May on Fridays and weekends then operates seven days a week from Memorial Day through Labor Day. After Labor Day service goes back to Friday and weekend until Thanksgiving then back to seven days a week until the end of the year. After that PHLASH service is suspended for the winter until April.
Route
Terminals
Major streets
History
Notes
Daily Ridership (FY 2019)
204
Paoli Railroad Station
Lionville
Lincoln HighwayPottstown PikeEagleview Boulevard
Service began operation on June 21, 1999. Service is offered between Paoli and the Eagleview Office Campus Monday thru Friday. Saturday service operates between Paoli and the shopping centers in Lionville. On Sunday service only operates between Paoli and the Exton Square Mall. Small 30 foot buses are operated on this route. Connection can be made to SEPTA Route 135 at Exton.
123
See also
SEPTA City Transit Division surface routes
Notes
^ a b c "Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update". SEPTA. June 2020. p. 24. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
^ a b Official website
^ a b "Attention Bus Route 111 and 114 Riders - New Service to Wawa Regional Rail Station Effective Monday, August 29, 2022" (PDF). SEPTA. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
^ a b c Murphy, Darryl C. (June 24, 2021). "SEPTA moves to take over Chester County bus route". Philadelphia, PA: WHYY. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
^ "Friday marks last day of Route 134 service in NW Philly". Philadelphia, PA: WHYY. June 16, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "FY 2017 Annual Service Plan" (PDF). SEPTA. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
vte SEPTA (Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority)SEPTA MetroLinesCurrent
Market–Frankford Line
Broad Street Line
Subway–Surface Trolleys
Route 10
Route 34
Route 13
Route 11
Route 36
Route 15
Media–Sharon Hill Line (Routes 101 and 102)
Norristown High Speed Line
Former
Trolley routes
6
23
50
53
56
60
Proposed
Roosevelt Boulevard Subway
Stations
List of stations
Major stations
69th Street T.C.
Darby T.C.
Drexel Station at 30th Street
Fern Rock T.C.
Frankford T.C.
Norristown T.C.
Olney T.C.
Equipment
SEPTA K-car
SEPTA PCC III
B-4
M-4
N-5
Regional RailLinesCurrent
Airport Line
Chestnut Hill East Line
Chestnut Hill West Line
Cynwyd Line
Fox Chase Line
Glenside Combined
Lansdale/Doylestown Line
Manayunk/Norristown Line
Media/Wawa Line
Paoli/Thorndale Line
Trenton Line
Warminster Line
West Trenton Line
Wilmington/Newark Line
Former
Bethlehem Line
Cynwyd-Ivy Ridge service
Elwyn-West Chester service
Pottsville Line
Proposed
Schuylkill River Passenger Rail
Stations
List of current stations
List of former stations
Major stations
30th Street
Suburban
Jefferson
EquipmentCurrent
Siemens ACS-64
Comet
Silverliner
Silverliner IV
Silverliner V
Former
ABB ALP-44
EMD AEM-7
Silverliner
Silverliner I
Silverliner II
Silverliner III
Buses andtrolleybusesCurrent
Trackless trolley routes
59
66
75
City bus routes
6
23
29
35
37
38
53
56
60
79
Suburban bus routes
103
104
Former
Trackless trolley routes
29
79
Miscellaneous
25 Hz traction power system
Callowhill Depot
Center City Commuter Connection
SEPTA Key
vteMass transit in the Delaware ValleyTransit buses
SEPTA
Philadelphia
Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties
NJ Transit
Camden, Gloucester, and Salem County suburban service
Camden, Gloucester, and Salem County local service
Atlantic and Cape May County local service
Long-distance local routes from Philadelphia
Long-distance routes from Atlantic City
DART First State
Krapf Transit
Philly Phlash
South Jersey Transportation Authority
Shuttle routes
Berks County
Berks Area Regional Transportation Authority
Bucks County
Bucks County Transport
TMA Bucks
Cecil County
Cecil Transit
Chester County
Transportation Management Association of Chester County
Atlantic City
Atlantic City Jitney Association
Pottstown
Pottstown Area Rapid Transit
Commuter rail
SEPTA Regional Rail
Airport Line
Chestnut Hill East Line
Chestnut Hill West Line
Cynwyd Line
Fox Chase Line
Lansdale/Doylestown Line
Manayunk/Norristown Line
Media/Wawa Line
Paoli/Thorndale Line
Trenton Line
Warminster Line
West Trenton Line
Wilmington/Newark Line
NJ Transit
Atlantic City Line
MARC Train
Penn Line
Rapid transit and light rail
SEPTA
Broad Street Line (Broad–Ridge Spur)
Market–Frankford Line
Norristown High Speed Line
Subway–Surface trolleys
Route 15
Routes 101 and 102
Delaware River Port Authority
PATCO Speedline
NJ Transit
River Line
Proposed
Schuylkill Valley Metro (cancelled)
Glassboro–Camden Line
Camden-Philadelphia BRT
Aviation
Major
Atlantic City International Airport
Philadelphia International Airport
Trenton–Mercer Airport
Reliever
Chester County G. O. Carlson Airport
Doylestown Airport
Heritage Field Airport
Northeast Philadelphia Airport
South Jersey Regional Airport
Wilmington Airport
Wings Field
Intercity bus
Amtrak Thruway
Greyhound Lines
Klein
Martz Trailways
Megabus
OurBus
Peter Pan Bus Lines
Trans-Bridge Lines
Intercity rail
Amtrak
Acela
Cardinal
Carolinian
Crescent
Keystone Service
Northeast Regional
Palmetto
Pennsylvanian
Silver Meteor
Silver Star
Vermonter
Proposed
Northeast Maglev
Hyperloop | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Pennsylvania_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority operates or contracts operations of these routes serving points in Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties, with a few routes operating into the city of Philadelphia. The Suburban Transit Division is broken down into three districts: Victory (Formerly: Red Arrow Division), Frontier, and Contract Operations.","title":"SEPTA Suburban Division bus routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"69th Street Transportation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Street_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Norristown High Speed Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norristown_High_Speed_Line"},{"link_name":"101 Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_101"},{"link_name":"102 Sharon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_102"}],"sub_title":"Victory District","text":"These routes are operated from the Victory District, located at the 69th Street Transportation Center in Upper Darby Township, Delaware County. This also includes Norristown High Speed Line (Route 100 before 2009), 101 Media, and 102 Sharon Hill rail operations. These routes were once operated by the Philadelphia Suburban Transportation Company, better known by its nickname \"Red Arrow Lines\". Routes in the Chester area of Delaware County as well as Chester Pike operations were once operated by Southern Penn Bus Lines, which the Red Arrow took control of on June 30, 1960. Today, Routes 114, 117, and 118 are leftovers of the old Southern Penn system. The Philadelphia Transportation Company's \"PTC\" Folsom Division bus routes (former Routes 71, 76, and 77 trolley lines as well as bus Route 82) were taken over by Red Arrow Lines on January 20, 1961. Since that time the Ex-PTC routes have been eliminated or consolidated into the current route system. SEPTA took over Red Arrow Lines on January 29, 1970. This was one of the last privately owned transit operations left in the United States. Even today some longtime residents, transit historians, and the local news media still refer to this operation as SEPTA's Red Arrow Division. In 2011 SEPTA renamed 69th Street Terminal the 69th Street Transportation Center.","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plymouth Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania"}],"sub_title":"Frontier District","text":"These routes are operated from the Frontier garage in Plymouth Township, Montgomery County. This district of SEPTA was created through a combination of former Schuylkill Valley Line services in the Norristown area and Trenton Philadelphia Coach Line services in the Lower Bucks County area. Routes 96 to 99 which helped form the original five SEPTA Frontier District Routes were once part of the old \"Schuylkill Valley Lines\" that SEPTA acquired on March 1, 1976. The old Schuylkill Valley Lines routes were then restructured into five routes on March 7, 1977 with Route 95 being a new route. Routes 127 to 129 were once part of the old Trenton Philadelphia Coach Lines \"TPC\" which became a subsidiary of the Philadelphia Transportation Company \"PTC\" on January 24, 1963. When SEPTA took over PTC, Trenton Philadelphia Coach became a subsidiary of SEPTA. These routes were assigned Routes 150 to 153 in 1980. These routes continued to operate under SEPTA/TPC until November 14, 1983 when SEPTA Frontier District took over the operations of these routes and rebranded them Routes 127, 128, and 129. All other routes have been added onto the system since then. Trenton-Philadelphia Coach Lines was brought back to life by SEPTA as a contract operation for its Routes 310, 311 and LUCY (Route 316) operations. Trenton-Philadelphia Coach also operated the Cornwells Heights Parking Shuttle (Route 312)","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krapf Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapf_Transit"},{"link_name":"West Chester, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whyy62421-4"},{"link_name":"Transportation Management Association of Chester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Management_Association_of_Chester_County"},{"link_name":"PHLASH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHLASH"}],"sub_title":"Krapf Transit","text":"Service on these lines are operated by Krapf Transit under contract to SEPTA. These routes are operated from Krapf's own garage, located in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Krapf has operated other bus routes for SEPTA in the past: Routes 202 (West Chester to Wilmington), Route 205 (Paoli Railroad Station to Chesterbrook), Route 207 (The West Whiteland WHIRL), Route 208 (Strafford Train Station to Chesterbrook), Route 306 (Great Valley to Brandywine Towne Center in Delaware) and Route 314 (West Chester to Goshen Corporate Park).SEPTA has had contract bus operations before in Chester County. SEPTA and Reeder's Inc. joined forces in 1977 to operate three bus routes out of West Chester. These routes were the Route 120 (West Chester to Coatesville), Route 121 (West Chester to Paoli), and Route 122 (West Chester to Oxford). Reeder's also operated their own bus route from West Chester to Concord and Tri-State Malls via US 202 and Delaware Route 92. Transit operations in Chester County has been around for decades operating under different companies over those years. West Chester Transportation Company, People's Transportation Company, Chester Valley Lines and The Short Line of Pennsylvania have operated bus routes in Chester County.Bus service between West Chester and Coatesville was a replacement for the previous trolley service operated by West Chester Traction. Reeder's got these routes when the Short Line of Pennsylvania ceased operations. To keep transit service operating in Chester County these routes were funded by SEPTA and operated by Reeder's Inc. beginning November 7, 1977. SEPTA did replace two of the routes with their own bus service. Route 122 service was replaced by SEPTA's Route 91 on July 6, 1982 after only one year of service; Route 91 was eliminated due to lack of ridership. Route 121 was replaced by SEPTA's Route 92 on October 11, 1982; this service continues to operate today.Since ridership on the Route 120 was strong it continued to operate under the operations of Reeder's Inc. even after SEPTA pulled the funding source. Reeder's Inc bus service to Concord and Tri-State Malls was discontinued in the late 1970s. Krapf purchased the Reeder's operation in 1992 and designated the remaining (West Chester to Coatesville) bus route as Krapf's Transit \"Route A\". Krapf's owned the Route A. On August 1, 2021, the Route A was replaced by SEPTA Route 135.[4] Krapf's also operates the Coatesville Link that serves the Coatesville area and the SCCOOT in Southern Chester County for the Transportation Management Association of Chester County (TMACC).The Route 205 service started March 12, 2007 between Paoli Train Station and Main Line Industrial Park, On September 7, 2010 service was extended to Phoenixville. Service to Main Line Industrial Park eliminated at the same time. Service was then rerouted to Chesterbrook after that. Service on the Route 205 was eliminated September 3, 2019. The Route 205 bus only operated on Weekdays.Krapf's along with SEPTA and the Independence Visitor Center work together to operate the PHLASH bus service. The PHLASH bus service is geared toward tourists visiting the City of Philadelphia but locals use it too since the one way fare is cheaper than SEPTA bus fare, The PHLASH operates April to May on Fridays and weekends then operates seven days a week from Memorial Day through Labor Day. After Labor Day service goes back to Friday and weekend until Thanksgiving then back to seven days a week until the end of the year. After that PHLASH service is suspended for the winter until April.","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//planning.septa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/FY-2021_Service_Plan_Update.docx"},{"link_name":"SEPTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-septa.org_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-septa.org_2-1"},{"link_name":"Official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.septa.org/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wawa_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wawa_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Attention Bus Route 111 and 114 Riders - New Service to Wawa Regional Rail Station Effective Monday, August 29, 2022\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www5.septa.org/wp-content/uploads/bulletin/wawa-route-connections.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-whyy62421_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-whyy62421_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-whyy62421_4-2"},{"link_name":"\"SEPTA moves to take over Chester County bus route\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//whyy.org/articles/septa-moves-to-take-over-chester-county-bus-route/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Friday marks last day of Route 134 service in NW Philly\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//whyy.org/articles/friday-marks-last-day-of-route-134-service-in-nw-philly/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"FY 2017 Annual Service Plan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.septa.org/notice/asp/pdf/FY-2017-Annual-Service-Plan-V2.pdf"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SEPTA"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SEPTA"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SEPTA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA"},{"link_name":"SEPTA (Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA"},{"link_name":"SEPTA Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Metro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line"},{"link_name":"Market–Frankford Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street_Line"},{"link_name":"Broad Street Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street_Line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_subway%E2%80%93surface_trolley_lines"},{"link_name":"Subway–Surface Trolleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_subway%E2%80%93surface_trolley_lines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_10"},{"link_name":"Route 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_34"},{"link_name":"Route 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_13"},{"link_name":"Route 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_11"},{"link_name":"Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_36"},{"link_name":"Route 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_15"},{"link_name":"Route 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Routes_101_and_102"},{"link_name":"Media–Sharon Hill Line (Routes 101 and 102)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Routes_101_and_102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norristown_High_Speed_Line"},{"link_name":"Norristown High Speed Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norristown_High_Speed_Line"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_6"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_23"},{"link_name":"50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_50_(trolley)"},{"link_name":"53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_53"},{"link_name":"56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_56"},{"link_name":"60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_60"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Boulevard Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Boulevard_Subway"},{"link_name":"List of stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SEPTA_Metro_stations"},{"link_name":"69th Street T.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_Street_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Darby T.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darby_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Drexel Station at 30th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_Station_at_30th_Street"},{"link_name":"Fern Rock T.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern_Rock_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Frankford T.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankford_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Norristown T.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norristown_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Olney T.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"SEPTA K-car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_K-car"},{"link_name":"SEPTA PCC III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_PCC_III"},{"link_name":"B-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street_Line#Rolling_stock"},{"link_name":"M-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line#Rolling_stock"},{"link_name":"N-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norristown_High_Speed_Line"},{"link_name":"Regional Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Regional_Rail"},{"link_name":"Airport Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_Line_(SEPTA)"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Hill East Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_East_Line"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Hill West Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_West_Line"},{"link_name":"Cynwyd Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynwyd_Line"},{"link_name":"Fox Chase Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Chase_Line"},{"link_name":"Glenside Combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Lansdale/Doylestown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdale/Doylestown_Line"},{"link_name":"Manayunk/Norristown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manayunk/Norristown_Line"},{"link_name":"Media/Wawa Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media/Wawa_Line"},{"link_name":"Paoli/Thorndale Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoli/Thorndale_Line"},{"link_name":"Trenton Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Line"},{"link_name":"Warminster Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warminster_Line"},{"link_name":"West Trenton Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Trenton_Line"},{"link_name":"Wilmington/Newark Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington/Newark_Line"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Line"},{"link_name":"Cynwyd-Ivy Ridge service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynwyd_Line"},{"link_name":"Elwyn-West Chester service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media/Wawa_Line"},{"link_name":"Pottsville Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottsville_Line"},{"link_name":"Schuylkill River Passenger Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill_River_Passenger_Rail"},{"link_name":"List of current stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SEPTA_Regional_Rail_stations"},{"link_name":"List of former stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_SEPTA_Regional_Rail_stations"},{"link_name":"30th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Street_Station"},{"link_name":"Suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Station"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Station_(SEPTA)"},{"link_name":"Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SEPTA_rolling_stock_timeline"},{"link_name":"Siemens ACS-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_ACS-64"},{"link_name":"Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_(railcar)"},{"link_name":"Silverliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverliner"},{"link_name":"Silverliner IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverliner_IV"},{"link_name":"Silverliner V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverliner_V"},{"link_name":"ABB ALP-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_ALP-44"},{"link_name":"EMD AEM-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_AEM-7"},{"link_name":"Silverliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverliner"},{"link_name":"Silverliner I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_III"},{"link_name":"Silverliner II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Silverliner"},{"link_name":"Silverliner III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverliner#Silverliner_III"},{"link_name":"Trackless trolley routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_59"},{"link_name":"66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_66"},{"link_name":"75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_75"},{"link_name":"City bus routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_City_Transit_Division_surface_routes"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_6"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_23"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_29"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_35"},{"link_name":"37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_37"},{"link_name":"38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_38"},{"link_name":"53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_53"},{"link_name":"56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_56"},{"link_name":"60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_60"},{"link_name":"79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_79"},{"link_name":"Suburban bus routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_103"},{"link_name":"104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_104"},{"link_name":"Trackless trolley routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_29"},{"link_name":"79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_79"},{"link_name":"25 Hz traction power system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA%27s_25_Hz_traction_power_system"},{"link_name":"Callowhill Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callowhill_Depot"},{"link_name":"Center City Commuter Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_City_Commuter_Connection"},{"link_name":"SEPTA 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service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NJ_Transit_bus_routes_(400%E2%80%93449)"},{"link_name":"Camden, Gloucester, and Salem County local service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NJ_Transit_bus_routes_(450%E2%80%93499)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic and Cape May County local service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NJ_Transit_bus_routes_(500%E2%80%93549)"},{"link_name":"Long-distance local routes from Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NJ_Transit_bus_routes_(300%E2%80%93399)#Southern_Division"},{"link_name":"Long-distance routes from Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NJ_Transit_bus_routes_(550%E2%80%93599)"},{"link_name":"DART First State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DART_First_State"},{"link_name":"Krapf Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapf_Group"},{"link_name":"Philly Phlash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philly_Phlash"},{"link_name":"South Jersey Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jersey_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"Shuttle routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jersey_Transportation_Authority#Shuttle_routes"},{"link_name":"Berks Area Regional Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berks_Area_Regional_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"Bucks County Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucks_County_Transport"},{"link_name":"TMA Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMA_Bucks"},{"link_name":"Cecil Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Transit"},{"link_name":"Transportation Management Association of Chester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Management_Association_of_Chester_County"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City Jitney Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Jitney_Association"},{"link_name":"Pottstown Area Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottstown_Area_Rapid_Transit"},{"link_name":"Commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"SEPTA Regional Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Regional_Rail"},{"link_name":"Airport Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_Line_(SEPTA)"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Hill East Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_East_Line"},{"link_name":"Chestnut Hill West Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_West_Line"},{"link_name":"Cynwyd Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynwyd_Line"},{"link_name":"Fox Chase Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Chase_Line"},{"link_name":"Lansdale/Doylestown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdale/Doylestown_Line"},{"link_name":"Manayunk/Norristown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manayunk/Norristown_Line"},{"link_name":"Media/Wawa Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media/Wawa_Line"},{"link_name":"Paoli/Thorndale Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoli/Thorndale_Line"},{"link_name":"Trenton Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Line"},{"link_name":"Warminster Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warminster_Line"},{"link_name":"West Trenton Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Trenton_Line"},{"link_name":"Wilmington/Newark Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington/Newark_Line"},{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_Transit_Rail_Operations"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Line"},{"link_name":"MARC Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARC_Train"},{"link_name":"Penn Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Line"},{"link_name":"Rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"Broad Street Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street_Line"},{"link_name":"Broad–Ridge Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad%E2%80%93Ridge_Spur"},{"link_name":"Market–Frankford Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line"},{"link_name":"Norristown High Speed Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norristown_High_Speed_Line"},{"link_name":"Subway–Surface trolleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Subway%E2%80%93Surface_Trolley_Lines"},{"link_name":"Route 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Route_15"},{"link_name":"Routes 101 and 102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_Routes_101_and_102"},{"link_name":"Delaware River Port Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River_Port_Authority"},{"link_name":"PATCO Speedline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATCO_Speedline"},{"link_name":"River Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Line_(NJ_Transit)"},{"link_name":"Schuylkill Valley Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill_Valley_Metro"},{"link_name":"Glassboro–Camden Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassboro%E2%80%93Camden_Line"},{"link_name":"Camden-Philadelphia BRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden-Philadelphia_BRT"},{"link_name":"Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trenton–Mercer Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton%E2%80%93Mercer_Airport"},{"link_name":"Chester County G. O. Carlson Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_County_G._O._Carlson_Airport"},{"link_name":"Doylestown Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doylestown_Airport"},{"link_name":"Heritage Field Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Field_Airport"},{"link_name":"Northeast Philadelphia Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia_Airport"},{"link_name":"South Jersey Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jersey_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Wilmington Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Airport_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Wings Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_Field"},{"link_name":"Intercity bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_bus_service"},{"link_name":"Amtrak Thruway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway"},{"link_name":"Greyhound Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Martz Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martz_Group"},{"link_name":"Megabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"OurBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OurBus"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan Bus Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_Bus_Lines"},{"link_name":"Trans-Bridge Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Bridge_Lines"},{"link_name":"Intercity rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-city_rail"},{"link_name":"Acela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acela"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(train)"},{"link_name":"Carolinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinian_(train)"},{"link_name":"Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_(train)"},{"link_name":"Keystone Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Service"},{"link_name":"Northeast Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Regional"},{"link_name":"Palmetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_(train)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(train)"},{"link_name":"Silver Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Meteor"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Vermonter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermonter_(train)"},{"link_name":"Northeast Maglev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Maglev"},{"link_name":"Hyperloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop_Transportation_Technologies"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update\". SEPTA. June 2020. p. 24. Retrieved March 11, 2022.\n\n^ a b Official website\n\n^ a b \"Attention Bus Route 111 and 114 Riders - New Service to Wawa Regional Rail Station Effective Monday, August 29, 2022\" (PDF). SEPTA. Retrieved August 29, 2022.\n\n^ a b c Murphy, Darryl C. (June 24, 2021). \"SEPTA moves to take over Chester County bus route\". Philadelphia, PA: WHYY. Retrieved July 13, 2021.\n\n^ \"Friday marks last day of Route 134 service in NW Philly\". Philadelphia, PA: WHYY. June 16, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"FY 2017 Annual Service Plan\" (PDF). SEPTA. Retrieved January 20, 2020.vte SEPTA (Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority)SEPTA MetroLinesCurrent\n Market–Frankford Line\n Broad Street Line\n Subway–Surface Trolleys\n Route 10\n Route 34\n Route 13\n Route 11\n Route 36\n Route 15\n Media–Sharon Hill Line (Routes 101 and 102)\n Norristown High Speed Line\nFormer\nTrolley routes\n6\n23\n50\n53\n56\n60\nProposed\nRoosevelt Boulevard Subway\nStations\nList of stations\nMajor stations\n69th Street T.C.\nDarby T.C.\nDrexel Station at 30th Street\nFern Rock T.C.\nFrankford T.C.\nNorristown T.C.\nOlney T.C.\nEquipment\nSEPTA K-car\nSEPTA PCC III\nB-4\nM-4\nN-5\nRegional RailLinesCurrent\n Airport Line\n Chestnut Hill East Line\n Chestnut Hill West Line\n Cynwyd Line\n Fox Chase Line\n Glenside Combined\n Lansdale/Doylestown Line\n Manayunk/Norristown Line\n Media/Wawa Line\n Paoli/Thorndale Line\n Trenton Line\n Warminster Line\n West Trenton Line\n Wilmington/Newark Line\nFormer\nBethlehem Line\nCynwyd-Ivy Ridge service\nElwyn-West Chester service\nPottsville Line\nProposed\nSchuylkill River Passenger Rail\nStations\nList of current stations\nList of former stations\nMajor stations\n30th Street\nSuburban\nJefferson\nEquipmentCurrent\nSiemens ACS-64\nComet\nSilverliner\nSilverliner IV\nSilverliner V\nFormer\nABB ALP-44\nEMD AEM-7\nSilverliner\nSilverliner I\nSilverliner II\nSilverliner III\nBuses andtrolleybusesCurrent\nTrackless trolley routes\n59\n66\n75\nCity bus routes\n6\n23\n29\n35\n37\n38\n53\n56\n60\n79\nSuburban bus routes\n103\n104\nFormer\nTrackless trolley routes\n29\n79\nMiscellaneous\n25 Hz traction power system\nCallowhill Depot\nCenter City Commuter Connection\nSEPTA KeyvteMass transit in the Delaware ValleyTransit buses\nSEPTA\nPhiladelphia\nBucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties\nNJ Transit\nCamden, Gloucester, and Salem County suburban service\nCamden, Gloucester, and Salem County local service\nAtlantic and Cape May County local service\nLong-distance local routes from Philadelphia\nLong-distance routes from Atlantic City\nDART First State\nKrapf Transit\nPhilly Phlash\nSouth Jersey Transportation Authority\nShuttle routes\nBerks County\nBerks Area Regional Transportation Authority\nBucks County\nBucks County Transport\nTMA Bucks\nCecil County\nCecil Transit\nChester County\nTransportation Management Association of Chester County\nAtlantic City\nAtlantic City Jitney Association\nPottstown\nPottstown Area Rapid Transit\nCommuter rail\nSEPTA Regional Rail\nAirport Line\nChestnut Hill East Line\nChestnut Hill West Line\nCynwyd Line\nFox Chase Line\nLansdale/Doylestown Line\nManayunk/Norristown Line\nMedia/Wawa Line\nPaoli/Thorndale Line\nTrenton Line\nWarminster Line\nWest Trenton Line\nWilmington/Newark Line\nNJ Transit\nAtlantic City Line\nMARC Train\nPenn Line\nRapid transit and light rail\nSEPTA\nBroad Street Line (Broad–Ridge Spur)\nMarket–Frankford Line\nNorristown High Speed Line\nSubway–Surface trolleys\nRoute 15\nRoutes 101 and 102\nDelaware River Port Authority\nPATCO Speedline\nNJ Transit\nRiver Line\nProposed\nSchuylkill Valley Metro (cancelled)\nGlassboro–Camden Line\nCamden-Philadelphia BRT\nAviation\nMajor\nAtlantic City International Airport\nPhiladelphia International Airport\nTrenton–Mercer Airport\nReliever\nChester County G. O. Carlson Airport\nDoylestown Airport\nHeritage Field Airport\nNortheast Philadelphia Airport\nSouth Jersey Regional Airport\nWilmington Airport\nWings Field\nIntercity bus\nAmtrak Thruway\nGreyhound Lines\nKlein\nMartz Trailways\nMegabus\nOurBus\nPeter Pan Bus Lines\nTrans-Bridge Lines\nIntercity rail\nAmtrak\nAcela\nCardinal \nCarolinian\nCrescent\nKeystone Service\nNortheast Regional\nPalmetto\nPennsylvanian\nSilver Meteor\nSilver Star\nVermonter\nProposed\nNortheast Maglev\nHyperloop","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"SEPTA City Transit Division surface routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA_City_Transit_Division_surface_routes"}] | [{"reference":"\"Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update\". SEPTA. June 2020. p. 24. Retrieved March 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://planning.septa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/FY-2021_Service_Plan_Update.docx","url_text":"\"Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPTA","url_text":"SEPTA"}]},{"reference":"\"Attention Bus Route 111 and 114 Riders - New Service to Wawa Regional Rail Station Effective Monday, August 29, 2022\" (PDF). SEPTA. Retrieved August 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www5.septa.org/wp-content/uploads/bulletin/wawa-route-connections.pdf","url_text":"\"Attention Bus Route 111 and 114 Riders - New Service to Wawa Regional Rail Station Effective Monday, August 29, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Darryl C. (June 24, 2021). \"SEPTA moves to take over Chester County bus route\". Philadelphia, PA: WHYY. Retrieved July 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://whyy.org/articles/septa-moves-to-take-over-chester-county-bus-route/","url_text":"\"SEPTA moves to take over Chester County bus route\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friday marks last day of Route 134 service in NW Philly\". Philadelphia, PA: WHYY. June 16, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://whyy.org/articles/friday-marks-last-day-of-route-134-service-in-nw-philly/","url_text":"\"Friday marks last day of Route 134 service in NW Philly\""}]},{"reference":"\"FY 2017 Annual Service Plan\" (PDF). SEPTA. Retrieved January 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.septa.org/notice/asp/pdf/FY-2017-Annual-Service-Plan-V2.pdf","url_text":"\"FY 2017 Annual Service Plan\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.septa.org/","external_links_name":"septa.org"},{"Link":"https://planning.septa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/FY-2021_Service_Plan_Update.docx","external_links_name":"\"Fiscal Year 2021 Service Plan Update\""},{"Link":"https://www.septa.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www5.septa.org/wp-content/uploads/bulletin/wawa-route-connections.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Attention Bus Route 111 and 114 Riders - New Service to Wawa Regional Rail Station Effective Monday, August 29, 2022\""},{"Link":"https://whyy.org/articles/septa-moves-to-take-over-chester-county-bus-route/","external_links_name":"\"SEPTA moves to take over Chester County bus route\""},{"Link":"https://whyy.org/articles/friday-marks-last-day-of-route-134-service-in-nw-philly/","external_links_name":"\"Friday marks last day of Route 134 service in NW Philly\""},{"Link":"http://www.septa.org/notice/asp/pdf/FY-2017-Annual-Service-Plan-V2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FY 2017 Annual Service Plan\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Senators | Harrisburg Senators | ["1 Previous Harrisburg baseball history","2 Modern franchise history","2.1 New England roots","2.2 The Senators","3 Uniforms and logo","4 Ownership","5 Triple-A franchise bid","6 Stadium renovation","7 Life Size Bobblehead Hall of Fame","8 Broadcast","9 Roster","10 Team records","10.1 Season records","10.2 Individual season records","11 References","12 External links"] | This article is about the baseball team. For other uses, see Harrisburg Senators (disambiguation).
Minor league baseball teamHarrisburg SenatorsFounded in 1987 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Team logo
Cap insignia
Minor league affiliationsClassDouble-A (1987–present)LeagueEastern League (1987–present)DivisionSouthwest DivisionMajor league affiliationsTeamWashington Nationals (2005–present)Previous teams
Montreal Expos (1991–2004)
Pittsburgh Pirates (1987–1990)
Minor league titlesLeague titles (6)198719931996199719981999Division titles (4)1994199720112013Team dataNameHarrisburg Senators (1987–present)ColorsRed, navy blue, gold, white MascotRascal (1998–present)Grrrounder (2004–present)Uncle Slam (1987–1998, 2015–present)Thrilla Gorilla (2004)Senator Rudy (1997–1998)BallparkFNB Field (1987–present)Owner(s)/Operator(s)Diamond Baseball HoldingsPresidentKevin KulpGeneral managerRandy WhitakerManagerDelino DeShields
The Harrisburg Senators are a Minor League Baseball team who play in the Eastern League, and are the Double-A affiliate of the Washington Nationals. The team is based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and play their home games at FNB Field on City Island, which opened in 1987 and has a seating capacity of 6,187.
The "Senators" nickname refers to the host city being the state's capital and thus home of the Pennsylvania legislature. The team colors are red, navy blue, gold, and white, the same of the parent club, the Washington Nationals.
Harrisburg has won nine Eastern League titles and is the first team in league history to win four titles in a row: 1987, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999. The 1993 Senators were recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time.
Previous Harrisburg baseball history
Main article: Harrisburg Senators (1893–1952)
The city of Harrisburg has a long history of professional baseball. The Harrisburg Base Ball Association existed as long ago as 1884 (according to a stock certificate issued on March 1, 1884). According to another source, in 1901, the first baseball club in Harrisburg was created. In 1912, Harrisburg won the first of three Tri-State Association championships in a row. In 1915, an affiliated International League team moved from Newark, New Jersey, to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The club lasted one year before moving to the New York State League and disbanding. This left the city without professional baseball for seven years.
In 1924, an incarnation of the Senators joined the newly formed New York–Penn League which was eventually renamed the Eastern League. Initially, the Senators and most of the other New York–Penn League teams were not affiliated with a Major League Baseball team. In 1927, the Senators started a five-year campaign with three Eastern league championships, winning titles in 1927, 1928, and 1931. The Senators' reign ended in 1936, when flood waters from the surrounding Susquehanna River ruined their home ballpark, Island Field.
Another team representing Harrisburg affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates formed four years later, though in the smaller Interstate League. Like the Senators before it, the team gained success quickly, winning the league title one year later. The success, however, was short-lived, as the team moved to nearby York in 1943. Another team affiliated with the Cleveland Indians was created, but was not as successful. The Interstate League disbanded this Harrisburg team in 1952, and any form of professional baseball was not played in the city for the next 35 years.
A stock certificate of the Harrisburg Base Ball Association from 1884
Modern franchise history
New England roots
The modern Harrisburg Senators originated in the New England states. First established in 1976 as an affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers, the Berkshire Brewers played one season in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. After that season, they moved to Holyoke, Massachusetts, where they took the nickname the Millers.
In 1981, the franchise changed affiliations, moving from the Brewers to the California Angels. After the 1982 season, the team relocated to Nashua, New Hampshire, as the Nashua Angels. After the 1983 season, the team's affiliation changed again, this time to the Pittsburgh Pirates. The team changed its name then to the Nashua Pirates.
At the same time, during the mid-1980s, Harrisburg Mayor Stephen Reed initiated a revitalization plan that included a ballpark for a new Minor League Baseball team in the city. The Nashua Pirates relocated to Harrisburg and was rechristened the Senators on December 9, 1986.
The Senators
Like the original Senators, success was quick, winning the Eastern League championship in its first season. In 1991, affiliation shifted from the Pittsburgh Pirates to the Montreal Expos, an affiliation continuing through that team's move to Washington, D.C., where they continued as the Washington Nationals. The first several years of affiliation with Montreal brought consecutive championships from 1996 to 1998. In 1999, the Senators played the Norwich Navigators for a shot at their record-setting fourth consecutive Eastern League championship. In the bottom of the ninth inning of game 5, the Senators trailed by 3 runs, but with 2 outs, the bases loaded, and a full count Milton Bradley hit a walk-off grand slam to right center field to win the fourth-straight championship for the Senators, an Eastern League first. In 2003, Sueng Song pitched the first no-hitter in modern Senators history.
In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Senators were organized into the Double-A Northeast. In 2022, the Double-A Northeast became known as the Eastern League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.
Uniforms and logo
The official colors of the Harrisburg Senators are red, navy blue, metallic gold, and white. The home and away uniforms resemble those of the Washington Nationals, with a red cap for home games and navy blue for away. Both caps include the "H" and streaking baseball logo, with the "H" in the same script as the Nationals' pretzel-shaped "W." The white home jerseys include red and navy blue trim around the collar and sleeves with the "Senators" wordmark in red with metallic gold bevels and navy blue outline. The grey away jersey has navy blue and red trim around the collar and sleeves, with the "Harrisburg" wordmark in navy blue with metallic gold bevels and red outline. Both wordmarks are identical to the Nationals brand.
In 2007, the Senators added a unique logo to their brand, incorporating the prevalent and much reviled mayfly into the "H." Because of FNB Field's location on City Island in the Susquehanna River, thousands of mayflies are attracted to the ballpark's bright lights, obscuring their view.
Ownership
The city of Harrisburg paid $6.7 million in 1995 to acquire the team from the previous owners of the franchise, who were planning to move the team to a new taxpayer-financed ballpark in Springfield, Massachusetts. Instead of appeasing the desires of the ownership group with a new stadium, Harrisburg Mayor Stephen Reed led the city of Harrisburg to purchase the team instead. The previous owners had bought the team only six months earlier for just $4.1 million. Citing the ballpark as the major link in his downtown revitalization project, when asked how he could afford the hefty price tag, Mayor Reed responded by asking, "How could we not?" For a time, the Senators remained one of the only sports franchises in the United States to be completely owned by the community in which it was based. In 2006, the city put the team up for sale to combat a major budget deficit. Mayor Reed stipulated that the new owner must keep the team in Harrisburg for at least 29 years. The team was eventually bought by Senators Partners, LLC of Northbrook, Illinois, headed by Jerry Reinsdorf's son Michael, for an Eastern League record $13.25 million. Mark Butler, CEO of Ollie's Bargain Outlet, became the team's majority owner in March 2015, replacing Michael Reinsdorf who was principal owner and managing partner; the purchase price was not disclosed.
Triple-A franchise bid
In mid-2005, Peter Angelos, the owner of the Baltimore Orioles, gained the permission of the Double-A Eastern League and the Triple-A International League to move Baltimore's Triple-A affiliate from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, to Harrisburg. One of the hangups with the agreement was that a buyer for the Double-A Senators franchise had to be found. The Ottawa franchise moved to Allentown, Pennsylvania, as the Triple-A team for the Philadelphia Phillies, renamed as the Lehigh Valley IronPigs. The Baltimore Orioles also signed a player development deal with the Norfolk Tides of the International League. The Tides became be the Triple-A affiliate of the Orioles.
Stadium renovation
Main article: FNB Field
FNB Field received a $32 million renovation ($19.1 million in state funding) in two stages. Originally the renovation was to begin in 2005; however, delays in state funding for the project were postponed until 2008, meaning the improvements were not implemented for Senators fans until the 2009 season, and the second stage was completed before the 2010 season.
Life Size Bobblehead Hall of Fame
In 2016, the Harrisburg Senators started a tradition by recognizing great players from their history in a unique way, The One & Only World-Famous, Life Size Bobblehead Hall of Fame. These enshrined Senators' legends will each receive their own life-size bobblehead. The life-size bobbleheads will be on permanent display at FNB Field with each bobblehead holding a commemorative plaque. The Senators plan to enshrine players yearly.
Season Inducted
Player
No.
Date Inducted
Major League Affiliation
Season(s) with Senators
2016
Vladimir Guerrero
27
April 16, 2016
Montreal Expos
1996
Cliff Floyd
30
July 9, 2016
Montreal Expos
1993
Bryce Harper
34
August 13, 2016
Washington Nationals
2011
2017
Matt Stairs
25
May 6, 2017
Montreal Expos
1991
Brandon Phillips
7
August 5, 2017
Montreal Expos
2001–2002
2018
Stephen Strasburg
37
May 26, 2018
Washington Nationals
2010
2019
Jamey Carroll
13
August 3, 2019
Montreal Expos
1998–2002
2021
Ryan Zimmerman
16
August 7, 2021 (June 27, 2020)
Washington Nationals
2005
2022
Gregg Mace
27
July 23, 2022
–
1987–2019
2023
Michael Barrett
8
July 29, 2023
Montreal Expos
1998
2024
Aaron Barrett
32
July 20, 2024
Washington Nationals
2013, 2019, 2021
Broadcast
Every Harrisburg Senators ballgame is aired on 1460 the Ticket (AM 1460 WTKT – Clear Channel). Terry Byrom has been the voice of the Senators since 2005. The games are also streamed on the team's website. Some games are also aired on the local TV station, Comcast Network, and occasionally has games aired on MASN. The first radio play-by-play broadcaster for the Senators was Dan Kamal, who did the broadcasts from 1987 until the mid-1990s. Kamal at the time was also the radio voice of the Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League. He later was a TV analyst and studio host for the Atlanta Thrashers and then the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League.
Roster
Harrisburg Senators rostervte
Players
Coaches/Other
Pitchers
34 Daison Acosta
39 Garvin Alston
15 Michael Cuevas
37 Josiah Gray #*
25 Marquis Grissom Jr.
18 Cole Henry
25 Lucas Knowles
4 Andry Lara
36 Brad Lord
44 Kyle Luckham
30 Todd Peterson
40 Holden Powell
16 Samuel Reyes
22 Carlos Romero
93 Dustin Saenz
29 Tyler Schoff
14 Jack Sinclair
20 Chase Solesky
28 Ty Tice
Catchers
13 Israel Pineda
5 C.J. Stubbs
9 Onix Vega
Infielders
7 J.T. Arruda
1 Jordy Barley
10 Dérmis Garcia
11 Brady House
8 Cortland Lawson
35 Yohandy Morales
Outfielders
32 Trey Harris
21 Robert Hassell III
3 Daylen Lile
17 Andrew Pinckney
22 Cody Wilson
6 Paul Witt
Manager
26 Delino DeShields
Coaches
46 Rigo Beltrán (pitching)
37 Jeff Livesey (hitting)
19 Oscar Salazar (development)
60-day injured list
66 Zach Brzykcy *
7-day injured list
* On Washington Nationals 40-man roster
~ Development list
# Rehab assignment
∞ Reserve list
‡ Restricted list
§ Suspended list
† Temporarily inactive list
Roster updated June 18, 2024
Transactions
→ More rosters: MiLB • Eastern League
→ Washington Nationals minor league players
Team records
Season records
This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Senators. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Harrisburg Senators seasons
Year (affiliation)
Wins
Losses
Winning pct.
GB (Division standing)
Manager
2018 (Washington Nationals)
72
65
.526
−5.5 (3rd out of 6 in Western Division)
Matthew LeCroy
2019 (Washington Nationals)
76
63
.547
−1.5 (2nd out of 6 in Western Division, 1st Half Division Winner)
Matthew LeCroy
2021 (Washington Nationals)
42
76
.356
−30.5 (6th out of 6 in Southwestern Division)
Tripp Keister
2022 (Washington Nationals)
52
85
.380
−27.5 (6th out of 6 in Southwestern Division)
Tripp Keister
2023 (Washington Nationals)
59
77
.434
−15.5 (6th out of 6 in Southwestern Division)
Delino DeShields
CURRENT SENATORS TOTAL
2516
2520
.500
ALL TIME TOTAL
3344
3319
.502
– in GB is behind, + in GB is ahead
Bold years are Eastern League Championship years
2020 season was canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic
Individual season records
Batting records
Games
141
Jamie Carroll
1999
At Bats
565
Brandon Watson
2003
Runs
134
Lawrence Fischer
1932
Hits
198
Horace McBride
1930
Total Bases
355
Joe Munson
1925
Doubles
40
Horace McBride
1930
Triples
21
Horace McBride
1930
Home Runs
37
Andy Tracy
1999
RBI
129
Joe Munson
1925
Walks
93
Val Pascucci
2002
Strikeouts
139
Andy Tracy
1999
Sacrifices
30
Glenn Killinger
1928
Sacrifice Flies
11
Lance Belen
1988
Stolen Bases
52
Jim Reboulet
1987
Batting Average
.400
Joe Munson
1925
Pitching records
Games
60
Alberto Reyes
1994
Complete Games
22
Louis Polli
1927
Shutouts
5
Louis Polli
1927
Wins
23
Clint Brown
1928
Losses
18
Clint Parkes
1929
Saves
35
Alberto Reyes
1994
Innings
292
Charles Parkes
1929
Walks
130
Bill Dietrich
1931
Strikeouts
161
Ronald Chiavacci
2001
ERA
2.15
Clint Brown
1928
References
^ De Martini, Tom (April 10, 2024). "Harrisburg Senators baseball club sold, will continue to play at FNB Field". pennlive.com. Advance Local Media LLC. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
^ "Roster".
^ "Top 100 Teams". MiLB.com. 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
^ "Eastern League (AA) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
^ "Nashua Baseball Team Moving to Harrisburg," The Associated Press, Sunday, December 14, 1986. Retrieved January 25, 2019
^ "The Official Site of The Harrisburg Senators – senatorsbaseball.com Homepage". Harrisburg Senators. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). "MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues". Major League Baseball. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
^ "Historical League Names to Return in 2022". Minor League Baseball. March 16, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
^ a b Morrow, Geoff (January 7, 2007). "Reed, Interest in Senators' sale is on rise". Harrisburg Patriot-News. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
^ "Harrisburg Senators announce change in ownership". ABC 27 News. February 25, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2017. includes text and video.
^ a b Loverro, Thom (August 18, 2005). "O's, Nats battle over Harrisburg". The Washington Times. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
^ Photographs of FNB Field, home of the Harrisburg Senators – Rochester Area Ballparks
^ "Broadcaster Terry Byrom embraces Metro Bank Park's unique radio booth location". 7 August 2014. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
External links
Official website
Statistics from Baseball-Reference
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San Jose Giants | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrisburg Senators (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Senators_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"FNB Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNB_Field"},{"link_name":"City Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Island_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Eastern League titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eastern_League_champions"},{"link_name":"100 greatest minor league teams of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Baseball_Association%27s_top_100_minor_league_teams"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the baseball team. For other uses, see Harrisburg Senators (disambiguation).Minor league baseball teamThe Harrisburg Senators are a Minor League Baseball team who play in the Eastern League, and are the Double-A affiliate of the Washington Nationals. The team is based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and play their home games at FNB Field on City Island, which opened in 1987 and has a seating capacity of 6,187.The \"Senators\" nickname refers to the host city being the state's capital and thus home of the Pennsylvania legislature. The team colors are red, navy blue, gold, and white, the same of the parent club, the Washington Nationals.Harrisburg has won nine Eastern League titles and is the first team in league history to win four titles in a row: 1987, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999. The 1993 Senators were recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time.[3]","title":"Harrisburg Senators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New York State League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_League_(1885%E2%80%931917)"},{"link_name":"New York–Penn League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93Pennsylvania_League_(1923%E2%80%9337)"},{"link_name":"Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Eastern league championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eastern_League_champions"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Interstate League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_League"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harrisburg_Base_Ball_stock.jpg"}],"text":"The city of Harrisburg has a long history of professional baseball. The Harrisburg Base Ball Association existed as long ago as 1884 (according to a stock certificate issued on March 1, 1884). According to another source, in 1901, the first baseball club in Harrisburg was created. In 1912, Harrisburg won the first of three Tri-State Association championships in a row. In 1915, an affiliated International League team moved from Newark, New Jersey, to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The club lasted one year before moving to the New York State League and disbanding. This left the city without professional baseball for seven years.In 1924, an incarnation of the Senators joined the newly formed New York–Penn League which was eventually renamed the Eastern League. Initially, the Senators and most of the other New York–Penn League teams were not affiliated with a Major League Baseball team. In 1927, the Senators started a five-year campaign with three Eastern league championships, winning titles in 1927, 1928, and 1931. The Senators' reign ended in 1936, when flood waters from the surrounding Susquehanna River ruined their home ballpark, Island Field.Another team representing Harrisburg affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates formed four years later, though in the smaller Interstate League. Like the Senators before it, the team gained success quickly, winning the league title one year later. The success, however, was short-lived, as the team moved to nearby York in 1943. Another team affiliated with the Cleveland Indians was created, but was not as successful. The Interstate League disbanded this Harrisburg team in 1952, and any form of professional baseball was not played in the city for the next 35 years.A stock certificate of the Harrisburg Base Ball Association from 1884","title":"Previous Harrisburg baseball history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern franchise history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"Berkshire Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Brewers"},{"link_name":"Pittsfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Holyoke, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Millers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke_Millers"},{"link_name":"California Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Angels"},{"link_name":"Nashua, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Nashua Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashua_Angels"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Nashua Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashua_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Stephen Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_R._Reed"},{"link_name":"a ballpark for a new Minor League Baseball team in the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNB_Field"},{"link_name":"December 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"New England roots","text":"The modern Harrisburg Senators originated in the New England states.[4] First established in 1976 as an affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers, the Berkshire Brewers played one season in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. After that season, they moved to Holyoke, Massachusetts, where they took the nickname the Millers.In 1981, the franchise changed affiliations, moving from the Brewers to the California Angels. After the 1982 season, the team relocated to Nashua, New Hampshire, as the Nashua Angels. After the 1983 season, the team's affiliation changed again, this time to the Pittsburgh Pirates. The team changed its name then to the Nashua Pirates.At the same time, during the mid-1980s, Harrisburg Mayor Stephen Reed initiated a revitalization plan that included a ballpark for a new Minor League Baseball team in the city. The Nashua Pirates relocated to Harrisburg and was rechristened the Senators on December 9, 1986.[5]","title":"Modern franchise history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern League championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eastern_League_champions"},{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"Milton Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Bradley_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"The Senators","text":"Like the original Senators, success was quick, winning the Eastern League championship in its first season. In 1991, affiliation shifted from the Pittsburgh Pirates to the Montreal Expos, an affiliation continuing through that team's move to Washington, D.C., where they continued as the Washington Nationals. The first several years of affiliation with Montreal brought consecutive championships from 1996 to 1998. In 1999, the Senators played the Norwich Navigators for a shot at their record-setting fourth consecutive Eastern League championship. In the bottom of the ninth inning of game 5, the Senators trailed by 3 runs, but with 2 outs, the bases loaded, and a full count Milton Bradley hit a walk-off grand slam to right center field to win the fourth-straight championship for the Senators, an Eastern League first.[6] In 2003, Sueng Song pitched the first no-hitter in modern Senators history.In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Senators were organized into the Double-A Northeast.[7] In 2022, the Double-A Northeast became known as the Eastern League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.[8]","title":"Modern franchise history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"mayfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfly"},{"link_name":"City Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Island_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"}],"text":"The official colors of the Harrisburg Senators are red, navy blue, metallic gold, and white. The home and away uniforms resemble those of the Washington Nationals, with a red cap for home games and navy blue for away. Both caps include the \"H\" and streaking baseball logo, with the \"H\" in the same script as the Nationals' pretzel-shaped \"W.\" The white home jerseys include red and navy blue trim around the collar and sleeves with the \"Senators\" wordmark in red with metallic gold bevels and navy blue outline. The grey away jersey has navy blue and red trim around the collar and sleeves, with the \"Harrisburg\" wordmark in navy blue with metallic gold bevels and red outline. Both wordmarks are identical to the Nationals brand.In 2007, the Senators added a unique logo to their brand, incorporating the prevalent and much reviled mayfly into the \"H.\" Because of FNB Field's location on City Island in the Susquehanna River, thousands of mayflies are attracted to the ballpark's bright lights, obscuring their view.","title":"Uniforms and logo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-9"},{"link_name":"Stephen Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_R._Reed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-9"},{"link_name":"Northbrook, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbrook,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Jerry Reinsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Reinsdorf"},{"link_name":"Ollie's Bargain Outlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollie%27s_Bargain_Outlet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The city of Harrisburg paid $6.7 million in 1995 to acquire the team from the previous owners of the franchise, who were planning to move the team to a new taxpayer-financed ballpark in Springfield, Massachusetts.[9] Instead of appeasing the desires of the ownership group with a new stadium, Harrisburg Mayor Stephen Reed led the city of Harrisburg to purchase the team instead. The previous owners had bought the team only six months earlier for just $4.1 million. Citing the ballpark as the major link in his downtown revitalization project, when asked how he could afford the hefty price tag, Mayor Reed responded by asking, \"How could we not?\" For a time, the Senators remained one of the only sports franchises in the United States to be completely owned by the community in which it was based. In 2006, the city put the team up for sale to combat a major budget deficit. Mayor Reed stipulated that the new owner must keep the team in Harrisburg for at least 29 years.[9] The team was eventually bought by Senators Partners, LLC of Northbrook, Illinois, headed by Jerry Reinsdorf's son Michael, for an Eastern League record $13.25 million. Mark Butler, CEO of Ollie's Bargain Outlet, became the team's majority owner in March 2015, replacing Michael Reinsdorf who was principal owner and managing partner; the purchase price was not disclosed.[10]","title":"Ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Angelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Angelos"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"Ottawa, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-11"},{"link_name":"Allentown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley IronPigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_IronPigs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-11"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Tides"}],"text":"In mid-2005, Peter Angelos, the owner of the Baltimore Orioles, gained the permission of the Double-A Eastern League and the Triple-A International League to move Baltimore's Triple-A affiliate from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, to Harrisburg.[11] One of the hangups with the agreement was that a buyer for the Double-A Senators franchise had to be found. The Ottawa franchise moved to Allentown, Pennsylvania, as the Triple-A team for the Philadelphia Phillies, renamed as the Lehigh Valley IronPigs.[11] The Baltimore Orioles also signed a player development deal with the Norfolk Tides of the International League. The Tides became be the Triple-A affiliate of the Orioles.","title":"Triple-A franchise bid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FNB Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNB_Field"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"renovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renovation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"FNB Field received a $32 million renovation ($19.1 million in state funding) in two stages. Originally the renovation was to begin in 2005; however, delays in state funding for the project were postponed until 2008, meaning the improvements were not implemented for Senators fans until the 2009 season, and the second stage was completed before the 2010 season.[12]","title":"Stadium renovation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2016, the Harrisburg Senators started a tradition by recognizing great players from their history in a unique way, The One & Only World-Famous, Life Size Bobblehead Hall of Fame. These enshrined Senators' legends will each receive their own life-size bobblehead. The life-size bobbleheads will be on permanent display at FNB Field with each bobblehead holding a commemorative plaque. The Senators plan to enshrine players yearly.","title":"Life Size Bobblehead Hall of Fame"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1460 the Ticket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTKT"},{"link_name":"Terry Byrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terry_Byrom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Comcast Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast_Network"},{"link_name":"MASN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASN"},{"link_name":"Hershey Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey_Bears"},{"link_name":"American Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Thrashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Thrashers"},{"link_name":"Columbus Blue Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"}],"text":"Every Harrisburg Senators ballgame is aired on 1460 the Ticket (AM 1460 WTKT – Clear Channel). Terry Byrom has been the voice of the Senators since 2005.[13] The games are also streamed on the team's website. Some games are also aired on the local TV station, Comcast Network, and occasionally has games aired on MASN. The first radio play-by-play broadcaster for the Senators was Dan Kamal, who did the broadcasts from 1987 until the mid-1990s. Kamal at the time was also the radio voice of the Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League. He later was a TV analyst and studio host for the Atlanta Thrashers and then the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League.","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Team records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Harrisburg Senators seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Harrisburg_Senators_seasons"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"}],"sub_title":"Season records","text":"This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Senators. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Harrisburg Senators seasons– in GB is behind, + in GB is ahead\nBold years are Eastern League Championship years2020 season was canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic","title":"Team records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Individual season records","title":"Team records"}] | [{"image_text":"A stock certificate of the Harrisburg Base Ball Association from 1884","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Harrisburg_Base_Ball_stock.jpg/220px-Harrisburg_Base_Ball_stock.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"De Martini, Tom (April 10, 2024). \"Harrisburg Senators baseball club sold, will continue to play at FNB Field\". pennlive.com. Advance Local Media LLC. Retrieved April 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pennlive.com/news/2024/04/harrisburg-senators-baseball-club-sold-will-continue-to-play-at-fnb-field.html","url_text":"\"Harrisburg Senators baseball club sold, will continue to play at FNB Field\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roster\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/harrisburg/roster","url_text":"\"Roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Teams\". MiLB.com. 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/milb/history/top100.jsp","url_text":"\"Top 100 Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern League (AA) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved January 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/league.cgi?code=EL&class=AA","url_text":"\"Eastern League (AA) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Site of The Harrisburg Senators – senatorsbaseball.com Homepage\". Harrisburg Senators. Retrieved 24 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senatorsbaseball.com/cgi-bin/featured/news.cgi?id=6","url_text":"\"The Official Site of The Harrisburg Senators – senatorsbaseball.com Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). \"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/new-minor-league-baseball-structure","url_text":"\"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\". Minor League Baseball. March 16, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/news/minor-league-baseball-historical-league-names-to-return-in-2022","url_text":"\"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Morrow, Geoff (January 7, 2007). \"Reed, Interest in Senators' sale is on rise\". Harrisburg Patriot-News. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015930/http://www.pennlive.com/sports/patriotnews/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fsports%2F1168131331144770.xml&coll=1","url_text":"\"Reed, Interest in Senators' sale is on rise\""},{"url":"http://www.pennlive.com/sports/patriotnews/index.ssf?/base/sports/1168131331144770.xml&coll=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Harrisburg Senators announce change in ownership\". ABC 27 News. February 25, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc27.com/2015/02/25/harrisburg-senators-announce-change-in-ownership/","url_text":"\"Harrisburg Senators announce change in ownership\""}]},{"reference":"Loverro, Thom (August 18, 2005). \"O's, Nats battle over Harrisburg\". The Washington Times. Retrieved January 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washtimes.com/sports/20050818-125641-2879r.htm","url_text":"\"O's, Nats battle over Harrisburg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcaster Terry Byrom embraces Metro Bank Park's unique radio booth location\". 7 August 2014. Retrieved 2016-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2014/08/broadcaster_terry_byrom_embrac.html","url_text":"\"Broadcaster Terry Byrom embraces Metro Bank Park's unique radio booth location\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/harrisburg/roster","external_links_name":"Roster"},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/harrisburg/roster/transactions","external_links_name":"Transactions"},{"Link":"https://www.pennlive.com/news/2024/04/harrisburg-senators-baseball-club-sold-will-continue-to-play-at-fnb-field.html","external_links_name":"\"Harrisburg Senators baseball club sold, will continue to play at FNB Field\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/harrisburg/roster","external_links_name":"\"Roster\""},{"Link":"http://www.milb.com/milb/history/top100.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Teams\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/league.cgi?code=EL&class=AA","external_links_name":"\"Eastern League (AA) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1986-12-14/sports/sp-3105_1_nashua","external_links_name":"\"Nashua Baseball Team Moving to Harrisburg,\" The Associated Press, Sunday, December 14, 1986."},{"Link":"http://www.senatorsbaseball.com/cgi-bin/featured/news.cgi?id=6","external_links_name":"\"The Official Site of The Harrisburg Senators – senatorsbaseball.com Homepage\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/news/new-minor-league-baseball-structure","external_links_name":"\"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/news/minor-league-baseball-historical-league-names-to-return-in-2022","external_links_name":"\"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015930/http://www.pennlive.com/sports/patriotnews/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fsports%2F1168131331144770.xml&coll=1","external_links_name":"\"Reed, Interest in Senators' sale is on rise\""},{"Link":"http://www.pennlive.com/sports/patriotnews/index.ssf?/base/sports/1168131331144770.xml&coll=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://abc27.com/2015/02/25/harrisburg-senators-announce-change-in-ownership/","external_links_name":"\"Harrisburg Senators announce change in ownership\""},{"Link":"http://www.washtimes.com/sports/20050818-125641-2879r.htm","external_links_name":"\"O's, Nats battle over Harrisburg\""},{"Link":"http://www.frontiernet.net/~rochballparks3/harrisburg/harrisburg.htm","external_links_name":"Photographs of FNB Field, home of the Harrisburg Senators – Rochester Area Ballparks"},{"Link":"http://www.pennlive.com/senators/index.ssf/2014/08/broadcaster_terry_byrom_embrac.html","external_links_name":"\"Broadcaster Terry Byrom embraces Metro Bank Park's unique radio booth location\""},{"Link":"http://www.milb.com/harrisburg","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?city=Harrisburg&state=PA&country=US","external_links_name":"Statistics from Baseball-Reference"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechey_Island | Beechey Island | ["1 History","2 Beechey Island graves","3 In fiction","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 74°43′N 091°51′W / 74.717°N 91.850°W / 74.717; -91.850 (Beechey Island)Island and archaeological site in Nunavut, Canada
Beechey IslandNative name: IluvialuitBeechey IslandLocation in the Arctic ArchipelagoShow map of NunavutBeechey IslandBeechey Island (Canada)Show map of CanadaGeographyLocationNorthern CanadaCoordinates74°43′N 091°51′W / 74.717°N 91.850°W / 74.717; -91.850 (Beechey Island)ArchipelagoQueen Elizabeth IslandsArctic ArchipelagoArea4.6 km2 (1.8 sq mi)Highest elevation198 m (650 ft)Highest pointUn-namedAdministrationCanadaTerritoryNunavutDemographicsPopulationUninhabited
National Historic Site of CanadaOfficial nameBeechey Island Sites National Historic Sites of CanadaDesignated1993
Beechey Island (Inuktitut: Iluvialuit) is an island located in the Arctic Archipelago of Nunavut, Canada, in Wellington Channel. It is separated from the southwest corner of Devon Island by Barrow Strait. Other features include Wellington Channel, Erebus Harbour, and Terror Bay (not to be confused with the Terror Bay south of King William Island).
History
The first European visit to the island was in 1819, by Captain William Edward Parry. The island was named after the artist William Beechey (1753–1839) by his son Frederick William Beechey (1796–1856), who was then serving as Parry's lieutenant.
Beechey Island in relation to Cornwallis Island, Devon Island and Somerset Island
It is the site of several very significant events in the history of Arctic exploration. In 1845, the British explorer Sir John Franklin, commanding a new but ill-fated search for the Northwest Passage aboard HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, chose the protected harbour of Beechey Island for his first winter encampment. The site was not rediscovered until 1850, when British and United States search vessels anchored nearby.
In 1850, Edward Belcher used the island as a base. There are memorials to Franklin and other polar explorers and sailors on the island, including to the French naval officer Joseph René Bellot, who died aged 27 falling into the Wellington Channel, northwest of Beechey Island.
In 1903, paying respect to Franklin, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen stopped at the island at the beginning of his successful voyage through the Northwest Passage.
In 1975, Beechey Island was declared a Territorial Historic Site by the government of the Northwest Territories. Since 1999, it has been part of the newly created Canadian territory of Nunavut.
In 1993, five archaeological sites on Beechey Island and nearby Devon Island (the Franklin wintering camp of 1845–46, Northumberland House, the Devon Island site at Cape Riley, two message cairns, and the HMS Breadalbane National Historic Site) were designated as the Beechey Island Sites National Historic Site of Canada.
Beechey Island graves
Beechey Island is best known for containing three graves of Franklin expedition members, which were first discovered in 1850 by searchers for the lost Franklin expedition. The searchers found a large stone cairn, along with the graves of three of Franklin's crewmen – Petty Officer John Torrington, Royal Marine Private William Braine, and Able Seaman John Hartnell – but no written record nor indication of where Franklin planned to sail the next season.
In 1852, Commander Edward A. Inglefield arrived at Beechey, along with a physician Dr Peter Sutherland. John Hartnell's grave was opened, damaging his coffin, and Hartnell's memorial plaque on the coffin lid was removed. During a later expedition, a searcher named Thomas Morgan died aboard the vessel North Star on May 22, 1854, and was buried alongside the three original Franklin crew members.
In the 1980s, during two separate expeditions to Beechey, Canadian forensic anthropologist Dr. Owen Beattie examined the three bodies and found them (externally) remarkably well-preserved. Autopsies determined that lung disease and lead poisoning were among the probable causes of death; the lead appeared to come from the thousands of lead-soldered tins of provisions with which the Franklin expedition had been supplied (although later studies would suggest that the unique water distillation system used by the ships was the major source of lead poisoning).
Later research, however, found through hair sample comparisons between the Beechey remains and those of expedition assistant surgeon and naturalist Harry Goodsir (who died on the expedition a year later, and would therefore be expected to have yet further exposure, under the lead poisoning hypothesis) that the lead in the three men's remains, while indeed present at high levels now recognized as deleterious, was no higher than Goodsir's, and thus evidently mostly the result of exposure prior to the expedition (due to high everyday lead exposure common in the 19th century), and consequently was unlikely to be solely responsible for their deaths.
In the 1990s, due to the deteriorating condition of the Beechey grave markers, all markers were replaced with bronze memorials.
Beechey Island Harbour viewed from northwest summit of Beechey Island, Nunavut, Canada.
(L-R) Three graves from the lost 1845 Franklin Expedition, and a fourth from a later Franklin search expedition.
(L-R) The Franklin Camp graves of John Torrington, William Braine, John Hartnell and Thomas Morgan.
Remains of Northumberland House on the shore of Beechey Island.
In fiction
The explorers in Jules Verne's novel The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (French: Voyages et aventures du capitaine Hatteras) visit Beechey Island. In addition, Clive Cussler's novel, Arctic Drift (2008), featured characters who would visit this island in the quest for Franklin's ships. The island is also mentioned in Dan Simmons' novel, The Terror.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beechey Island.
^ "Beechey Island". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
^ "Beechy Island". Google.com. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
^ Parry, W.E. (1821). Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-west Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: Performed in the Years 1819-20, in His Majesty's Ships Hecla and Griper, Under the Orders of William Edward Parry ; with an Appendix, Containing the Scientific and Other Observations. Vol. 1. John Murray. p. 51. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
^ Brian D. Powell (2006). "The memorials on Beechey Island, Nunavut, Canada: an historical and pictorial survey". Polar Record. 42 (223): 325–333. doi:10.1017/S0032247406005596.
^ Beechey Island. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
^ Beechey Island Sites National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
^ Preserved remains: discovery of the bodies
^ D'Ortenzio, Lori; Inskip, Michael; Manton, William; Mays, Simon (October 2018). "The Franklin expedition: What sequential analysis of hair reveals about lead exposure prior to death". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 21: 401–405. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.021.
^ Smith, Kiona N. (2018-09-30). "Strands of hair shed light on doomed 19th-century Arctic expedition". Ars Technica.
The Columbia Gazetteer of North America
External links
Beechey Island in the Atlas of Canada - Toporama; Natural Resources Canada
vteQueen Elizabeth Islands, Nunavut and Northwest Territories, CanadaEllesmere Island
Ellesmere
Ward Hunt Island
Parry Islandsmajor
Devon
Melville
Bathurst
Prince Patrick
Cornwallis
Mackenzie King
Borden
Cornwall
Eglinton
Graham
Lougheed
Byam Martin
Île Vanier
Cameron
Brock
North Kent
Emerald Isle
Alexander
Massey
Little Cornwallis
Coburg
Helena
Baillie-Hamilton
Griffith
Hoved
Lowther
Buckingham
minor
Beechey
Berkeley
Browne
Cheyne
Cocked Hat
Crescent
Des Voeux
Dundas
Edmund Walker
Eight Bears
Ekins
Exmouth
Fairholme
Fitzwilliam Owen
Findlay Group
Garrett
Grosvenor
Hans (shared with Denmark)
Houston Stewart
Hyde Parker
Île Marc
John Barrow
Margaret
Nookap
Norman Lockyer
Patterson
Philpots
Pim
Pioneer
Princess Royal
Seymour
Skraeling
Spit
Stupart
Table
Thor
Truro
Sverdrup Islandsmajor
Axel Heiberg
Ellef Ringnes
Amund Ringnes
King Christian
Meighen
Stor
minor
Fay
Gretha
Haig-Thomas
Hat
Ulvingen
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Adams
Akpatok
Alfred
Allen
Arvalik
Aulattivik
Aulitivik
Aulitiving
Baffin
Barth
Beacon (Ungava Bay)
Bergesen
Bjarnason
Bylot
Davids
Dexterity
Diana
Edgeworth
Eider
Elder
Fraser
Gyrfalcon
Hamilton
Imiliit
Imiqqutailaqtuuq
Kaigosuiyat
Kilian
Lady Franklin
Landslip
Lock
Low
Marvin
Mumiksaa
Nakoaiyet
Nova Zembla
Old Squaw
Otrick
Pandora
Payne
Peter Richards
Pilattuaq
Pisiktarfik
Plover
Prescott
Prince Leopold
Prince of Wales
Qikiqta
Qikiqtaaluk
Qimivvik
Round
Russell
Saglaarjuk
Saglirjuaq
Salikuit
Saneruarsuk
Simialuk
Somerset
Spicer
Stephens
Trinity
Vesey Hamilton
Vivian
Wollaston
Yeoman
Young
Belcher Islands
Bradbury
Broomfield
Bun
Cake
Camsell
Dove
Fair
Flaherty
Innetalling
Karlay
La Duke
Loaf
Mata
Mavor
Moore
Nero
Ney
O'Leary
Range
Renouf
Snape
Split
Tukarak
Twin Cairns
Walton
Wiegand
Islands of Cumberland Sound
Akulagok
Anarnittuq
Aupaluktok
Aupaluktut
Blacklead
Clear Passage
Drum
Ekallulik
Iglunga
Imigen
Ivisa
Kaigosuit
Kangigutsak
Kekertelung
Kekerten
Kekertukdjuak
Kudjak
Maktaktujanak
Miliakdjuin
Moodie
Nimigen
Nunatak
Nuvujen
Opingivik
Sanigut
Saunik
Shakshukowshee
Shakshukuk
Tesseralik
Tuapait
Upajjana
Utaqqiurviarjuruluk
Utsusivik
Wareham
Islands of Davis Strait
Aggijjat
Akuglek
Alikdjuak
Angijak
Broughton
Idjuniving
Kekertaluk
Kekertuk
Kekerturnak
Manitung
Monumental
Nedlukseak
Nudlung
Nunatsiaq
Nuvuktik
Paallavvik
Pilektuak
Qaqulluit
Rock
Satigsun
Islands of Foxe Basin
Air Force
Bird
Bray
Foley
Igloolik
Kapuiviit
Koch
Nirlirnaqtuuq
North Tweedsmuir
Prince Charles
Qikiqtaarjuk
Rowley
Siuraq
South Tweedsmuir
White
Winter
Islands of Frobisher Bay
Algerine
Alligator
Anchorage
Aubrey
Augustus
Bear
Beveridge
Bishop
Brigus
Brook
Bruce
Cairn
Camp
Carter
Chase
Coffin
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Crowell
Culbertson
Daniel
Dog
Eden
Emerick
Falk
Faris
Field
Fletcher
Frobisher's Farthest
Gabriel
Gardiner
Gay
Gross
Halford
Hantzsch
Harper
Hill
Jenvey
Kodlunarn
Kudlago
Kungo
Lefferts
Leopold
Loks Land
Long
Low
Luella
Mair
Mark
Mary
McAllister
McBride
McLaren
McLean
Metela
Mitchell
Monument
Nest
Nouyarn
Ogden
Pan
Peak
Pichit
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Pink Lady
Pope
Potter
Precipice
Ptarmigan
Pugh
Qarsau
Quadrifid
Redan
Resor
Sale
Scalene
Sliver
Smith
Sybil
Thompson
Whiskukun
Islands of the Gulf of Boothia
Crown Prince Frederik
Glen
Honeyman
Lavoie
Sabine
Wales
Islands of Hudson Bay
Awrey
Big
Booth
Bronson
Commodore
Cox
Digges
Eddy
Elsie
Fraley
Frazier
Gilmour
Harrison
J. Gordon
Johnnys
Kugong
Long
Mansel
Marcopeet
McCormack
Moore
Nuvuk
Ottawa
Pattee
Perley
Smith
Islands of Hudson Strait
Anguttuaq
Aulatsiviit
Avingasittuit Siqinirsipangat
Beacon (Hudson Strait)
Black Bluff
Bush
Button
Charles
Clark
Dolphin
Dorset
Edgell
Erhardt
Goodwin
Gudmusson
Hector
Holdridge
Ijjuriktuq
Ivvitsa
Kaavvijjuaq
King
Kinngarjuaq
Lacy
Lavoie
Lawson
Leading
Lower Savage
MacColl
Mallik
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Mill
Naniruaq
Niels
Nottingham
Nunarijjait
Nuvuktiqpaaraaluk
Nuvursiit
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Point
Poodlatee
Qaqqannalik
Qaiqsuarjuk
Qikiqtaalujjuaq
Qikiqtarjuaq
Qikiqtarjuarusiq
Resolution
Saarru
Salisbury
Saqajaa
Sheer
Strathcona
Takijualuk
Ukaliqtuuq
Ungirlauttat
Upirngiviaaluk
Islands of James Bay
Akimiski
Bear
Big
Cape Hope
Carey
Charlton
Grey Goose
Gull
Jacob
Moore
North Twin
Paint Hills
Solomons Temple
South Twin
Spencer
Stag
Strutton
Sunday
Trodely
Twin
Walter
Weston
Islands of the Labrador Sea
Brevoort
Cape Chidley
Christopher Hall
Hozier
Hudson
Ilikok
Jackson
Killiniq
Knight
Leybourne
Little Hall
Muingmak
Rogers
Queen Elizabeth IslandsEllesmere Island
Ellesmere
Ward Hunt
Parry Islands
Alexander
Baillie-Hamilton
Bathurst
Beechey
Berkeley
Borden
Brock
Browne
Buckingham
Byam Martin
Cameron
Cheyne
Coburg
Cocked Hat
Cornwall
Cornwallis
Crescent
Des Voeux
Devon
Dundas
Edmund Walker
Eglinton
Ekins
Emerald
Exmouth
Fairholme
Findlay Group
Garrett
Graham
Griffith
Grosvenor
Hans (with Greenland)
Helena
Houston Stewart
Hoved
Hyde Parker
John Barrow
Little Cornwallis
Lougheed
Lowther
Mackenzie King
Moore
Marc
Margaret
Massey
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WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inuktitut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuktitut_language"},{"link_name":"Arctic Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Wellington Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Channel"},{"link_name":"Devon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Island"},{"link_name":"Barrow Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Strait"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-2"},{"link_name":"Terror Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_Bay"},{"link_name":"King William Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William_Island"}],"text":"Island and archaeological site in Nunavut, CanadaBeechey Island (Inuktitut: Iluvialuit) is an island located in the Arctic Archipelago of Nunavut, Canada, in Wellington Channel. It is separated from the southwest corner of Devon Island by Barrow Strait. Other features include Wellington Channel, Erebus Harbour,[2] and Terror Bay (not to be confused with the Terror Bay south of King William Island).","title":"Beechey Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"William Edward Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Parry"},{"link_name":"William Beechey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beechey"},{"link_name":"Frederick William Beechey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google2-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornwallis_and_devon_island.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornwallis Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallis_Island_(Nunavut)"},{"link_name":"Devon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Island"},{"link_name":"Somerset Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"John Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Northwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage"},{"link_name":"HMS Erebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)"},{"link_name":"HMS Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)"},{"link_name":"Edward Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Belcher"},{"link_name":"Joseph René Bellot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot"},{"link_name":"Wellington Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Channel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roald Amundsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Amundsen"},{"link_name":"Northwest Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"HMS Breadalbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadalbane_(ship)"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The first European visit to the island was in 1819, by Captain William Edward Parry. The island was named after the artist William Beechey (1753–1839) by his son Frederick William Beechey (1796–1856), who was then serving as Parry's lieutenant.[3]Beechey Island in relation to Cornwallis Island, Devon Island and Somerset IslandIt is the site of several very significant events in the history of Arctic exploration. In 1845, the British explorer Sir John Franklin, commanding a new but ill-fated search for the Northwest Passage aboard HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, chose the protected harbour of Beechey Island for his first winter encampment. The site was not rediscovered until 1850, when British and United States search vessels anchored nearby.In 1850, Edward Belcher used the island as a base. There are memorials to Franklin and other polar explorers and sailors on the island, including to the French naval officer Joseph René Bellot, who died aged 27 falling into the Wellington Channel, northwest of Beechey Island.[4]In 1903, paying respect to Franklin, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen stopped at the island at the beginning of his successful voyage through the Northwest Passage.In 1975, Beechey Island was declared a Territorial Historic Site by the government of the Northwest Territories. Since 1999, it has been part of the newly created Canadian territory of Nunavut.[5]In 1993, five archaeological sites on Beechey Island and nearby Devon Island (the Franklin wintering camp of 1845–46, Northumberland House, the Devon Island site at Cape Riley, two message cairns, and the HMS Breadalbane National Historic Site) were designated as the Beechey Island Sites National Historic Site of Canada.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lost Franklin expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition"},{"link_name":"Petty Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_Officer"},{"link_name":"John Torrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Torrington"},{"link_name":"William Braine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Braine"},{"link_name":"Able Seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Able_Seaman_(rank)"},{"link_name":"John Hartnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hartnell"},{"link_name":"Edward A. Inglefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Inglefield"},{"link_name":"forensic anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_anthropologist"},{"link_name":"Owen Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Beattie"},{"link_name":"Autopsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy"},{"link_name":"lung disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_disease"},{"link_name":"lead poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Harry Goodsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Goodsir"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beechey_Island_Nunavut_Canada.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-09-30_01_Franklin_Camp_grave_images,_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-09-30_02_Franklin_Camp_grave_images,_Nunavut_Canada_2015-09-11.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Torrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Torrington"},{"link_name":"William Braine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Braine"},{"link_name":"John Hartnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hartnell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northumberland_House_Beechey_Island_Nunavut_Canada.jpg"}],"text":"Beechey Island is best known for containing three graves of Franklin expedition members, which were first discovered in 1850 by searchers for the lost Franklin expedition. The searchers found a large stone cairn, along with the graves of three of Franklin's crewmen – Petty Officer John Torrington, Royal Marine Private William Braine, and Able Seaman John Hartnell – but no written record nor indication of where Franklin planned to sail the next season.In 1852, Commander Edward A. Inglefield arrived at Beechey, along with a physician Dr Peter Sutherland. John Hartnell's grave was opened, damaging his coffin, and Hartnell's memorial plaque on the coffin lid was removed. During a later expedition, a searcher named Thomas Morgan died aboard the vessel North Star on May 22, 1854, and was buried alongside the three original Franklin crew members.In the 1980s, during two separate expeditions to Beechey, Canadian forensic anthropologist Dr. Owen Beattie examined the three bodies and found them (externally) remarkably well-preserved. Autopsies determined that lung disease and lead poisoning were among the probable causes of death; the lead appeared to come from the thousands of lead-soldered tins of provisions with which the Franklin expedition had been supplied (although later studies would suggest that the unique water distillation system used by the ships was the major source of lead poisoning).[7]Later research, however, found through hair sample comparisons between the Beechey remains and those of expedition assistant surgeon and naturalist Harry Goodsir (who died on the expedition a year later, and would therefore be expected to have yet further exposure, under the lead poisoning hypothesis) that the lead in the three men's remains, while indeed present at high levels now recognized as deleterious, was no higher than Goodsir's, and thus evidently mostly the result of exposure prior to the expedition (due to high everyday lead exposure common in the 19th century), and consequently was unlikely to be solely responsible for their deaths.[8][9]In the 1990s, due to the deteriorating condition of the Beechey grave markers, all markers were replaced with bronze memorials.Beechey Island Harbour viewed from northwest summit of Beechey Island, Nunavut, Canada.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t(L-R) Three graves from the lost 1845 Franklin Expedition, and a fourth from a later Franklin search expedition.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t(L-R) The Franklin Camp graves of John Torrington, William Braine, John Hartnell and Thomas Morgan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRemains of Northumberland House on the shore of Beechey Island.","title":"Beechey Island graves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Captain Hatteras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Captain_Hatteras"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Clive Cussler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Cussler"},{"link_name":"Dan Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Simmons"},{"link_name":"The Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terror_(novel)"}],"text":"The explorers in Jules Verne's novel The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (French: Voyages et aventures du capitaine Hatteras) visit Beechey Island. In addition, Clive Cussler's novel, Arctic Drift (2008), featured characters who would visit this island in the quest for Franklin's ships. The island is also mentioned in Dan Simmons' novel, The Terror.","title":"In fiction"}] | [{"image_text":"Beechey Island in relation to Cornwallis Island, Devon Island and Somerset Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cornwallis_and_devon_island.jpg/260px-Cornwallis_and_devon_island.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Beechey Island\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=OABWW","url_text":"\"Beechey Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base","url_text":"Geographical Names Data Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Beechy Island\". Google.com. Retrieved 2015-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/search?q=Beechy+Island+-wiki+map","url_text":"\"Beechy Island\""}]},{"reference":"Parry, W.E. (1821). Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-west Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: Performed in the Years 1819-20, in His Majesty's Ships Hecla and Griper, Under the Orders of William Edward Parry ; with an Appendix, Containing the Scientific and Other Observations. Vol. 1. John Murray. p. 51. Retrieved 2015-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f8VCAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-west Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: Performed in the Years 1819-20, in His Majesty's Ships Hecla and Griper, Under the Orders of William Edward Parry ; with an Appendix, Containing the Scientific and Other Observations"}]},{"reference":"Brian D. Powell (2006). \"The memorials on Beechey Island, Nunavut, Canada: an historical and pictorial survey\". Polar Record. 42 (223): 325–333. doi:10.1017/S0032247406005596.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Record","url_text":"Polar Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247406005596","url_text":"10.1017/S0032247406005596"}]},{"reference":"D'Ortenzio, Lori; Inskip, Michael; Manton, William; Mays, Simon (October 2018). \"The Franklin expedition: What sequential analysis of hair reveals about lead exposure prior to death\". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 21: 401–405. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.08.021","url_text":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.021"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Kiona N. (2018-09-30). \"Strands of hair shed light on doomed 19th-century Arctic expedition\". Ars Technica.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/09/did-lead-poisoning-finish-off-a-doomed-arctic-expedition/","url_text":"\"Strands of hair shed light on doomed 19th-century Arctic expedition\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beechey_Island¶ms=74_43_N_091_51_W_type:isle_scale:250000_region:CA-NU_source:http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/OABWW&title=Beechey+Island","external_links_name":"74°43′N 091°51′W / 74.717°N 91.850°W / 74.717; -91.850 (Beechey Island)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beechey_Island¶ms=74_43_N_091_51_W_type:isle_scale:250000_region:CA-NU_source:http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/OABWW&title=Beechey+Island","external_links_name":"74°43′N 091°51′W / 74.717°N 91.850°W / 74.717; -91.850 (Beechey Island)"},{"Link":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=OABWW","external_links_name":"\"Beechey Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?q=Beechy+Island+-wiki+map","external_links_name":"\"Beechy Island\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f8VCAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-west Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: Performed in the Years 1819-20, in His Majesty's Ships Hecla and Griper, Under the Orders of William Edward Parry ; with an Appendix, Containing the Scientific and Other Observations"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247406005596","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0032247406005596"},{"Link":"http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=7105&pid=0","external_links_name":"Beechey Island"},{"Link":"http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=17342&pid=0","external_links_name":"Beechey Island Sites National Historic Site of Canada"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180313020729/http://preservedremains.wikispaces.com/FrankExp.%20Discovery%20of%20bodies","external_links_name":"Preserved remains: discovery of the bodies"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.08.021","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.021"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/09/did-lead-poisoning-finish-off-a-doomed-arctic-expedition/","external_links_name":"\"Strands of hair shed light on doomed 19th-century Arctic expedition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050401091532/http://www.bartleby.com/69/86/B03786.html","external_links_name":"The Columbia Gazetteer of North America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075507/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/toporama?center=91643.436532217,2805191.8136966&zoom=11","external_links_name":"Beechey Island"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-ionone | Ionone | ["1 Biosynthesis","2 Organic synthesis","3 Genetic differences in odor perception","4 See also","5 References"] | Group of isomers
Ionones
alpha-ionone
Ball-and-stick model of the beta-ionone molecule
beta-ionone
gamma-ionone
Names
IUPAC names
α: (3E)-4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl)but-3-en-2-oneβ: (3E)-4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)but-3-en-2-oneγ: (3E)-4-(2,2-Dimethyl-6-methylenecyclohexyl)but-3-en-2-one
Other names
Cyclocitrylideneacetone, irisone, jonon
Identifiers
CAS Number
127-41-3 α N79-77-6 β N79-76-5 γ N
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:49250 Y
ChemSpider
4516050 Y
PubChem CID
5363741
UNII
QP734LIN1K Y
InChI
InChI=1S/C13H20O/c1-10-6-5-9-13(3,4)12(10)8-7-11(2)14/h7-8,12H,1,5-6,9H2,2-4H3/b8-7+ YKey: SFEOKXHPFMOVRM-BQYQJAHWSA-N YInChI=1/C13H20O/c1-10-6-5-9-13(3,4)12(10)8-7-11(2)14/h7-8,12H,1,5-6,9H2,2-4H3/b8-7+Key: SFEOKXHPFMOVRM-BQYQJAHWBW
SMILES
O=C(\C=C\C1\C(=C)CCCC1(C)C)C
Properties
Chemical formula
C13H20O
Molar mass
192.30 g/mol
Density
α: 0.933 g/cm3β: 0.945 g/cm3
Melting point
β: −49 °C (−56 °F; 224 K)
Boiling point
β: 126 to 128 °C (259 to 262 °F; 399 to 401 K) at 12 mmHg
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
The ionones, from greek ἴον ion "violet", are a series of closely related chemical substances that are part of a group of compounds known as rose ketones, which also includes damascones and damascenones. Ionones are aroma compounds found in a variety of essential oils, including rose oil. β-Ionone is a significant contributor to the aroma of roses, despite its relatively low concentration, and is an important fragrance chemical used in perfumery. The ionones are derived from the degradation of carotenoids.
The combination of α-ionone and β-ionone is characteristic of the scent of violets and used with other components in perfumery and flavouring to recreate their scent.
The carotenes α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, and the xanthophyll β-cryptoxanthin, can all be metabolized to β-ionone, and thus have vitamin A activity because they can be converted by plant-eating animals to retinol and retinal. Carotenoids that do not contain the β-ionone moiety cannot be converted to retinol, and thus have no vitamin A activity.
Biosynthesis
Carotenoids are the precursors of important fragrance compounds in several flowers. For example, a 2010 study of ionones in Osmanthus fragrans Lour. var. aurantiacus determined its essential oil contained the highest diversity of carotenoid-derived volatiles among the flowering plants investigated. A cDNA encoding a carotenoid cleavage enzyme, OfCCD1, was identified from transcripts isolated from flowers of O. fragrans Lour. The recombinant enzymes cleaved carotenes to produce α-ionone and β-ionone in in vitro assays.
The same study also discovered that carotenoid content, volatile emissions, and OfCCD1 transcript levels are subject to photorhythmic changes, and principally increased during daylight hours. At the times when OfCCD1 transcript levels reached their maxima, the carotenoid content remained low or slightly decreased. The emission of ionones was also higher during the day; however, emissions decreased at a lower rate than the transcript levels. Moreover, carotenoid content increased from the first to the second day, whereas the volatile release decreased, and the OfCCD1 transcript levels displayed steady-state oscillations, suggesting that the substrate availability in the cellular compartments is changing or other regulatory factors are involved in volatile norisoprenoid formation. The formation of ionones proceeds by a process mediated by the carotenoid dioxygenases.
Biosynthesis of the ionones
Organic synthesis
Ionone can be synthesised from citral and acetone with calcium oxide as a basic heterogeneous catalyst and serves as an example of an aldol condensation followed by a rearrangement reaction.
The nucleophilic addition of the carbanion 3 of acetone 1 to the carbonyl group on citral 4 is base catalysed. The aldol condensation product 5 eliminates water through the enolate ion 6 to form pseudoionone 7.
The reaction proceeds by acid catalysis where the double bond in 7 opens to form the carbocation 8. A rearrangement reaction of the carbocation follows with ring closure to 9. Finally a hydrogen atom can be abstracted from 9 by an acceptor molecule (Y) to form either 10 (extended conjugated system) or 11.
Genetic differences in odor perception
A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the OR5A1 receptor (rs6591536) causes very significant differences in the odor perception of beta-ionone, both in sensitivity and also in subjective quality. Individuals who contain at least one G allele are sensitive to beta-ionone and perceive a pleasant floral scent, while individuals who are homozygous AA are ~100 times less sensitive and at higher concentrations perceive a pungent sour/vinegar odor instead.
See also
Irones, a group of related chemical compounds
Alpha-isomethyl ionone, a type of ionone
References
^ Genaust, Helmut (1976). Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7650-6. ISBN 978-3-0348-7651-3.
^
Leffingwell, JC (3 February 2005). "Rose (Rosa damascena)". Aroma from Carotenoids - Rose. Leffingwell & Associates. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
^ Curtis, T; Williams, DG (2001). Introduction to Perfumery (2nd ed.). Fort Washington, New York: Micelle Press. ISBN 9781870228244.
^ Jensen, B (6 February 2010). "Violet". Essential Oils. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
^ a b Baldermann, S; Kato, M; Kurosawa, M; Kurobayashi, Y; Fujita, A; Fleischmann, P; Watanabe, N (2010). "Functional characterization of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 and its relation to the carotenoid accumulation and volatile emission during the floral development of Osmanthus fragrans Lour". Journal of Experimental Botany. 61 (11): 2967–2977. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq123. hdl:10297/6189. PMID 20478967.
^ Noda, C; Alt, GP; Werneck, RM; Henriques, C. A.; Monteiro, JLF (1998). "Aldol condensation of citral with acetone on basic solid catalysts". Brazilian Journal Chemical Engineering. 15 (2): 120–125. doi:10.1590/S0104-66321998000200004.
^ Russell, A; Kenyon, RL (1943). "Pseudoionone". Organic Syntheses. 23: 78. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.023.0078.
^ "rs6591536". SNPedia.
^ Jaeger SR, McRae JF, Bava CM, Beresford MK, Hunter D, Jia Y, Chheang SL, Jin D, Peng M, Gamble JC, Atkinson KR, Axten LG, Paisley AG, Tooman L, Pineau B, Rouse SA, Newcomb RD (2013). "A Mendelian Trait for Olfactory Sensitivity Affects Odor Experience and Food Selection". Current Biology. 23 (16): 1601–1605. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.030. PMID 23910657. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"chemical substances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance"},{"link_name":"rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose"},{"link_name":"ketones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"link_name":"damascones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascone"},{"link_name":"damascenones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascenone"},{"link_name":"aroma compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_compound"},{"link_name":"essential oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil"},{"link_name":"rose oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_oil"},{"link_name":"fragrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragrance"},{"link_name":"perfumery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leff2005-2"},{"link_name":"carotenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid"},{"link_name":"α","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_carbon"},{"link_name":"violets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_(plant)"},{"link_name":"flavouring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavouring"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jens2010-4"},{"link_name":"carotenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotene"},{"link_name":"α-carotene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-carotene"},{"link_name":"β-carotene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-carotene"},{"link_name":"γ-carotene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-carotene"},{"link_name":"xanthophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthophyll"},{"link_name":"cryptoxanthin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoxanthin"},{"link_name":"vitamin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A"},{"link_name":"retinol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol"},{"link_name":"retinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal"},{"link_name":"moiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)"}],"text":"Chemical compoundThe ionones, from greek ἴον ion \"violet\",[1] are a series of closely related chemical substances that are part of a group of compounds known as rose ketones, which also includes damascones and damascenones. Ionones are aroma compounds found in a variety of essential oils, including rose oil. β-Ionone is a significant contributor to the aroma of roses, despite its relatively low concentration, and is an important fragrance chemical used in perfumery.[2] The ionones are derived from the degradation of carotenoids.The combination of α-ionone and β-ionone is characteristic of the scent of violets and used with other components in perfumery and flavouring to recreate their scent.[3][4]The carotenes α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, and the xanthophyll β-cryptoxanthin, can all be metabolized to β-ionone, and thus have vitamin A activity because they can be converted by plant-eating animals to retinol and retinal. Carotenoids that do not contain the β-ionone moiety cannot be converted to retinol, and thus have no vitamin A activity.","title":"Ionone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osmanthus fragrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanthus_fragrans"},{"link_name":"cDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDNA"},{"link_name":"transcripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bald2010-5"},{"link_name":"photorhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photorhythm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"substrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_substrate_(biology)"},{"link_name":"norisoprenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene#types"},{"link_name":"carotenoid dioxygenases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid_dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bald2010-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ionone_biosynthesis.svg"}],"text":"Carotenoids are the precursors of important fragrance compounds in several flowers. For example, a 2010 study of ionones in Osmanthus fragrans Lour. var. aurantiacus determined its essential oil contained the highest diversity of carotenoid-derived volatiles among the flowering plants investigated. A cDNA encoding a carotenoid cleavage enzyme, OfCCD1, was identified from transcripts isolated from flowers of O. fragrans Lour. The recombinant enzymes cleaved carotenes to produce α-ionone and β-ionone in in vitro assays.[5]The same study also discovered that carotenoid content, volatile emissions, and OfCCD1 transcript levels are subject to photorhythmic changes, and principally increased during daylight hours. At the times when OfCCD1 transcript levels reached their maxima, the carotenoid content remained low or slightly decreased. The emission of ionones was also higher during the day; however, emissions decreased at a lower rate than the transcript levels. Moreover, carotenoid content increased from the first to the second day, whereas the volatile release decreased, and the OfCCD1 transcript levels displayed steady-state oscillations, suggesting that the substrate availability in the cellular compartments is changing or other regulatory factors are involved in volatile norisoprenoid formation. The formation of ionones proceeds by a process mediated by the carotenoid dioxygenases.[5]Biosynthesis of the ionones","title":"Biosynthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synthesised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"citral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citral"},{"link_name":"acetone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone"},{"link_name":"calcium oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide"},{"link_name":"heterogeneous catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis"},{"link_name":"aldol condensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol_condensation"},{"link_name":"rearrangement reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rearrangement_reaction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"nucleophilic addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_addition"},{"link_name":"carbanion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion"},{"link_name":"carbonyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl"},{"link_name":"base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"catalysed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"eliminates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_reaction"},{"link_name":"enolate ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolate_ion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ionone3.svg"},{"link_name":"acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid"},{"link_name":"double bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond"},{"link_name":"carbocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocation"},{"link_name":"conjugated system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_system"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ionone4.svg"}],"text":"Ionone can be synthesised from citral and acetone with calcium oxide as a basic heterogeneous catalyst and serves as an example of an aldol condensation followed by a rearrangement reaction.[6][7]The nucleophilic addition of the carbanion 3 of acetone 1 to the carbonyl group on citral 4 is base catalysed. The aldol condensation product 5 eliminates water through the enolate ion 6 to form pseudoionone 7.The reaction proceeds by acid catalysis where the double bond in 7 opens to form the carbocation 8. A rearrangement reaction of the carbocation follows with ring closure to 9. Finally a hydrogen atom can be abstracted from 9 by an acceptor molecule (Y) to form either 10 (extended conjugated system) or 11.","title":"Organic synthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single-nucleotide polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"OR5A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR5A1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"allele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele"},{"link_name":"homozygous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homozygous"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McRae2013-9"}],"text":"A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the OR5A1 receptor (rs6591536[8]) causes very significant differences in the odor perception of beta-ionone, both in sensitivity and also in subjective quality. Individuals who contain at least one G allele are sensitive to beta-ionone and perceive a pleasant floral scent, while individuals who are homozygous AA are ~100 times less sensitive and at higher concentrations perceive a pungent sour/vinegar odor instead.[9]","title":"Genetic differences in odor perception"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Alpha-ionone-label.png/110px-Alpha-ionone-label.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alpha-Ionone_3D_ball.png/110px-Alpha-Ionone_3D_ball.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Beta-ionone-label.png/110px-Beta-ionone-label.png"},{"image_text":"Ball-and-stick model of the beta-ionone molecule","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Beta-Ionone_3D_ball.png/110px-Beta-Ionone_3D_ball.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gamma-ionone-label.png/110px-Gamma-ionone-label.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gamma-Ionone_3D_ball.png/110px-Gamma-Ionone_3D_ball.png"},{"image_text":"Biosynthesis of the ionones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ionone_biosynthesis.svg/500px-Ionone_biosynthesis.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Irones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irone"},{"title":"Alpha-isomethyl ionone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-isomethyl_ionone"}] | [{"reference":"Genaust, Helmut (1976). Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7650-6. ISBN 978-3-0348-7651-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7650-6","url_text":"Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-0348-7650-6","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-0348-7650-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-7651-3","url_text":"978-3-0348-7651-3"}]},{"reference":"Leffingwell, JC (3 February 2005). \"Rose (Rosa damascena)\". Aroma from Carotenoids - Rose. Leffingwell & Associates. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leffingwell.com/rose.htm","url_text":"\"Rose (Rosa damascena)\""}]},{"reference":"Curtis, T; Williams, DG (2001). Introduction to Perfumery (2nd ed.). Fort Washington, New York: Micelle Press. ISBN 9781870228244.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781870228244","url_text":"9781870228244"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, B (6 February 2010). \"Violet\". Essential Oils. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils31/EssentialOils31.htm#Violet","url_text":"\"Violet\""}]},{"reference":"Baldermann, S; Kato, M; Kurosawa, M; Kurobayashi, Y; Fujita, A; Fleischmann, P; Watanabe, N (2010). \"Functional characterization of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 and its relation to the carotenoid accumulation and volatile emission during the floral development of Osmanthus fragrans Lour\". Journal of Experimental Botany. 61 (11): 2967–2977. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq123. hdl:10297/6189. PMID 20478967.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferq123","url_text":"\"Functional characterization of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 and its relation to the carotenoid accumulation and volatile emission during the floral development of Osmanthus fragrans Lour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferq123","url_text":"10.1093/jxb/erq123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10297%2F6189","url_text":"10297/6189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20478967","url_text":"20478967"}]},{"reference":"Noda, C; Alt, GP; Werneck, RM; Henriques, C. A.; Monteiro, JLF (1998). \"Aldol condensation of citral with acetone on basic solid catalysts\". Brazilian Journal Chemical Engineering. 15 (2): 120–125. doi:10.1590/S0104-66321998000200004.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0104-66321998000200004","url_text":"\"Aldol condensation of citral with acetone on basic solid catalysts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0104-66321998000200004","url_text":"10.1590/S0104-66321998000200004"}]},{"reference":"Russell, A; Kenyon, RL (1943). \"Pseudoionone\". Organic Syntheses. 23: 78. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.023.0078.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv3p0747","url_text":"\"Pseudoionone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Syntheses","url_text":"Organic Syntheses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.023.0078","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.023.0078"}]},{"reference":"\"rs6591536\". SNPedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs6591536","url_text":"\"rs6591536\""}]},{"reference":"Jaeger SR, McRae JF, Bava CM, Beresford MK, Hunter D, Jia Y, Chheang SL, Jin D, Peng M, Gamble JC, Atkinson KR, Axten LG, Paisley AG, Tooman L, Pineau B, Rouse SA, Newcomb RD (2013). \"A Mendelian Trait for Olfactory Sensitivity Affects Odor Experience and Food Selection\". Current Biology. 23 (16): 1601–1605. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.030. PMID 23910657.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.07.030","url_text":"\"A Mendelian Trait for Olfactory Sensitivity Affects Odor Experience and Food Selection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.07.030","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23910657","url_text":"23910657"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=127-41-3","external_links_name":"127-41-3"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=79-77-6","external_links_name":"79-77-6"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=79-76-5","external_links_name":"79-76-5"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28%5CC%3DC%5CC1%5CC%28%3DC%29CCCC1%28C%29C%29C","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=49250","external_links_name":"CHEBI:49250"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4516050.html","external_links_name":"4516050"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5363741","external_links_name":"5363741"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/QP734LIN1K","external_links_name":"QP734LIN1K"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=443878506&page2=Ionone","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7650-6","external_links_name":"Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-0348-7650-6","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-0348-7650-6"},{"Link":"http://www.leffingwell.com/rose.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rose (Rosa damascena)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils31/EssentialOils31.htm#Violet","external_links_name":"\"Violet\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferq123","external_links_name":"\"Functional characterization of a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 and its relation to the carotenoid accumulation and volatile emission during the floral development of Osmanthus fragrans Lour\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferq123","external_links_name":"10.1093/jxb/erq123"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10297%2F6189","external_links_name":"10297/6189"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20478967","external_links_name":"20478967"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0104-66321998000200004","external_links_name":"\"Aldol condensation of citral with acetone on basic solid catalysts\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0104-66321998000200004","external_links_name":"10.1590/S0104-66321998000200004"},{"Link":"http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv3p0747","external_links_name":"\"Pseudoionone\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.023.0078","external_links_name":"10.15227/orgsyn.023.0078"},{"Link":"https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs6591536","external_links_name":"\"rs6591536\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.07.030","external_links_name":"\"A Mendelian Trait for Olfactory Sensitivity Affects Odor Experience and Food Selection\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.07.030","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.030"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23910657","external_links_name":"23910657"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Gload | Ross Gload | ["1 High school/college career","2 Major league career","2.1 Chicago Cubs","2.2 New York Mets/Colorado Rockies","2.3 Chicago White Sox","2.4 Kansas City Royals","2.5 Florida Marlins","2.6 Philadelphia Phillies","3 References","4 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1976)
Baseball player
Ross GloadGload with the Philadelphia Phillies in 2010First baseman / OutfielderBorn: (1976-04-05) April 5, 1976 (age 48)Brooklyn, New York, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutAugust 31, 2000, for the Chicago CubsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 24, 2011, for the Philadelphia PhilliesMLB statisticsBatting average.281Home runs34Runs batted in222
Teams
Chicago Cubs (2000)
Colorado Rockies (2002)
Chicago White Sox (2004–2006)
Kansas City Royals (2007–2008)
Florida Marlins (2009)
Philadelphia Phillies (2010–2011)
Ross Peter Gload (born April 5, 1976) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for six teams over ten seasons.
High school/college career
Gload grew up in the Long Island community of Springs, New York, where he broke numerous high school and county home run records. After his record-breaking 1994 season for East Hampton High School, Gload was honored with the "Carl Yastrzemski Award," which is annually awarded to the most outstanding high school baseball player in Suffolk County by the Suffolk County Baseball Coaches Association. His 41 career home runs, and 20 in the 1994 season alone, are New York state high school records. Perhaps his most memorable high school moment was the Suffolk County Championship game, where he single-handedly propelled East Hampton to the Long Island Championship with four moonshots off of Kings Park High School's left-handed starter Matthew Ligouri.
Gload attended the University of South Florida, where he played under longtime Coach Eddie Cardieri. In 1995 and 1996, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Hyannis Mets of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star in 1996. He is a member of the USF Athletic Hall of Fame.
Major league career
Chicago Cubs
Gload was selected in the 13th round of the 1997 amateur draft by the Florida Marlins. On July 31, 2000, at the trade deadline, he was dealt to the Chicago Cubs along with minor leaguer Dave Noyce for Henry Rodriguez. Gload made his Major League debut August 31, 2000 with the Cubs. On September 12, 2001, he was claimed on waivers by the Colorado Rockies but did not play in any big league games that season.
New York Mets/Colorado Rockies
In January 2002, Gload was involved in two deals with the New York Mets in a span of six days, first moving to the Mets in a three-team, 11-player trade, then having his contract purchased by Colorado from the Mets. Gload batted .258 with a home run and four RBIs in limited action with the Rockies.
Chicago White Sox
Just before the 2003 season, Gload moved on to the Chicago White Sox organization, being acquired by Chicago for minor leaguer Wade Parrish. Gload did not appear in a Major League uniform in 2003, but in 2004 and again in 2006, he saw significant duty with the White Sox. He batted .321 in 2004 with seven homers and 44 RBIs, finishing seventh in the American League Rookie of the Year voting. In 2006, his numbers were .327 with three homers and 18 RBIs in fewer at-bats. He won his first World Series ring with the White Sox in 2005
Kansas City Royals
On December 16, 2006, Gload was traded to the Kansas City Royals for relief pitcher
Andrew Sisco. In 2007, with Kansas City, Gload logged career highs in at-bats and RBIs, being used as a starter more than in the past. He batted .288 with seven homers and 51 RBIs in 102 games.
During the 2007–2008 offseason, Gload signed a two-year Major League contract with Kansas City.
Florida Marlins
On April 1, 2009, Gload was traded to the Florida Marlins for a player to be named later. Gload's batting entrance song is Harvester of Sorrow by Metallica.
On May 22, 2009 Gload made his pitching debut, pitching a scoreless ninth inning versus the Tampa Bay Rays. He and Wes Helms set an MLB record for most pinch-hits by a duo.
Philadelphia Phillies
On December 15, 2009, Gload signed a 2-year, $2.6 million contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. In 2012, Gload's contract with the Phillies expired, making him a free agent.
References
^ "Suffolk Baseball: Carl Yastrzemski Award Winners". Retrieved 9 December 2009.
^ "Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League" (PDF). capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
^ "Cape League All-Stars". Barnstable Patriot. Barnstable, MA. July 18, 1996. p. 9.
^ "2004 Awards Voting – Baseball Reference". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "Marlins add bench depth with Gload".
^ "Phillies sign Gload". mlb.com. December 15, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
^ http://www.yardbarker.com/mlb/.../ross_gload...fit.../9280268
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
vteConference USA Baseball Player of the Year
1996: Heintz
1997: Gload
1998: Matan
1999: Sutter
2000: Gautreau
2001: Gautreau
2002: Jurries
2003: Aubrey
2004: Jones
2005: Owings
2006: Hamilton
2007: Savery
2008: Kemp
2009: Rendon
2010: Rendon
2011: Zurcher
2012: Wilson
2013: Taladay
2014: Garcia
2015: Sanger
2016: Chatham
2017: Burdeaux
2018: Reynolds
2019: Sanford
2020: Not awarded
2021: Knight
2022: Coutney
2023: Schanuel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"}],"text":"Baseball playerRoss Peter Gload (born April 5, 1976) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for six teams over ten seasons.","title":"Ross Gload"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Springs, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Hampton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hampton_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"University of South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida"},{"link_name":"collegiate summer baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball"},{"link_name":"Hyannis Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyannis_Mets"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"USF Athletic Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida_Athletic_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Gload grew up in the Long Island community of Springs, New York, where he broke numerous high school and county home run records. After his record-breaking 1994 season for East Hampton High School, Gload was honored with the \"Carl Yastrzemski Award,[1]\" which is annually awarded to the most outstanding high school baseball player in Suffolk County by the Suffolk County Baseball Coaches Association. His 41 career home runs, and 20 in the 1994 season alone, are New York state high school records. Perhaps his most memorable high school moment was the Suffolk County Championship game, where he single-handedly propelled East Hampton to the Long Island Championship with four moonshots off of Kings Park High School's left-handed starter Matthew Ligouri.Gload attended the University of South Florida, where he played under longtime Coach Eddie Cardieri. In 1995 and 1996, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Hyannis Mets of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star in 1996.[2][3] He is a member of the USF Athletic Hall of Fame.","title":"High school/college career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major league career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Henry Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(outfielder)"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Cubs","text":"Gload was selected in the 13th round of the 1997 amateur draft by the Florida Marlins. On July 31, 2000, at the trade deadline, he was dealt to the Chicago Cubs along with minor leaguer Dave Noyce for Henry Rodriguez. Gload made his Major League debut August 31, 2000 with the Cubs. On September 12, 2001, he was claimed on waivers by the Colorado Rockies but did not play in any big league games that season.","title":"Major league career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"home run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"RBIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"}],"sub_title":"New York Mets/Colorado Rockies","text":"In January 2002, Gload was involved in two deals with the New York Mets in a span of six days, first moving to the Mets in a three-team, 11-player trade, then having his contract purchased by Colorado from the Mets. Gload batted .258 with a home run and four RBIs in limited action with the Rockies.","title":"Major league career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"Rookie of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World Series ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_ring"}],"sub_title":"Chicago White Sox","text":"Just before the 2003 season, Gload moved on to the Chicago White Sox organization, being acquired by Chicago for minor leaguer Wade Parrish. 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In 2007, with Kansas City, Gload logged career highs in at-bats and RBIs, being used as a starter more than in the past. He batted .288 with seven homers and 51 RBIs in 102 games.During the 2007–2008 offseason, Gload signed a two-year Major League contract with Kansas City.","title":"Major league career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Harvester of Sorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvester_of_Sorrow"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Wes Helms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Helms"}],"sub_title":"Florida Marlins","text":"On April 1, 2009, Gload was traded to the Florida Marlins for a player to be named later.[5] Gload's batting entrance song is Harvester of Sorrow by Metallica.On May 22, 2009 Gload made his pitching debut, pitching a scoreless ninth inning versus the Tampa Bay Rays. He and Wes Helms set an MLB record for most pinch-hits by a duo.","title":"Major league career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Philadelphia Phillies","text":"On December 15, 2009, Gload signed a 2-year, $2.6 million contract with the Philadelphia Phillies.[6] In 2012, Gload's contract with the Phillies expired, making him a free agent.[7]","title":"Major league career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Suffolk Baseball: Carl Yastrzemski Award Winners\". Retrieved 9 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eteamz.com/SuffolkBaseball/news/index.cfm?cat=502901","url_text":"\"Suffolk Baseball: Carl Yastrzemski Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League\" (PDF). capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf","url_text":"\"Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cape League All-Stars\". Barnstable Patriot. Barnstable, MA. July 18, 1996. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.olivesoftware.com/Olive/APA/Yarmouth/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=BAR%2F1996%2F07%2F18&id=Ar00903&sk=00F3F22E&viewMode=image","url_text":"\"Cape League All-Stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 Awards Voting – Baseball Reference\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochutec | Pochutec language | ["1 Morphology","2 References","3 Bibliography"] | Extinct Nahuan language
PochutecPochutlaRegionPochutla, Oaxaca, MexicoExtinct20th centuryLanguage familyUto-Aztecan
Southern Uto-AztecanNahuanPochutecWriting systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639-3xpoLinguist ListxpoGlottologpoch1244
Pochutec is an extinct Uto-Aztecan language of the Nahuan (or Aztecan) branch which was spoken in and around the town of Pochutla on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. In 1917 it was documented in a monograph by Franz Boas, who considered the language nearly extinct. In the 1970s another investigator found two speakers around Pochutla who still remembered a few of the words recorded by Boas.
In the early 20th century, scholars disagreed as to the origin of the language within the Nahuan family. Most thought Pochutec was distinct from Nahuatl, and this was proven in 1978, when Campbell and Langacker gave new arguments from Boas' data. Their conclusion was quickly accepted. Nahuan thus consists of Pochutec and "General Aztec", which consists of Nahuatl and Pipil.
Bartholomew (1980) suggests that some of the divergent traits, for example last syllable stress, are due to influence from Chatino, an Oto-Manguean language. She argues that at the time of the 16th century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire the settlement of Pochutla did not fall under the Aztec Empire's domain, but instead was part of the Mixtec state centered at Tututepec. Thus, the Chatino linguistic influences stemmed from the trade and communication routes between Pochutla and Tututepec passing through Chatino territory.
Dakin (1983) argues that the key correspondence sets used by Campbell and Langacker as evidence for the existence of a separate fifth vowel *ï evolving from pUA *u, their main basis for separating Pochutec from their "General Aztec", were actually later developments within Pochutec by which proto-Aztec *i and *e > o in closed syllables, and that the supposed contrast in final position in imperatives originally had had a following clitic. In a later article, Canger and Dakin (1985) identify a different, very systematic isogloss for the development of pUA *u that shows a basic split between Eastern Nahuatl dialects and the Central and Western periphery, including Pochutec, as exemplified in at least eight different cognate sets. This proposal is incompatible with Campbell and Langacker's proposal for the development of pUA *u. Dakin thus classifies Pochutec as belonging to the Western branch of the Nahuan languages, rather than having split off from Nahuan before the basic East-West split.
Morphology
Pochutec is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
References
Mexico portalLanguages portal
^ Boas 1917
^ Knab 1980
^ Campbell and Langacker 1978
^ Canger 2000:385
^ Canger 1988:42-44
^ Lastra 1992:37
^ Peralta Ramírez 2005:4
^ INALI (National Institute of Indigenous Languages, Mexico), 2008:63
^ Canger 1980: 117.
^ 1985
Bibliography
IJAL = International Journal of American Linguistics
Bartholomew, Doris. 1980. Otomanguean influence on Pochutla Aztec. IJAL 46.2
Boas, Franz. 1917. El dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca. IJAL, 1:9-44.
Campbell, Lyle, and Ronald W. Langacker. 1978. Proto-Aztecan vowels: Part I. IJAL, April 1978, 44(2):85-102.
Canger, Una. 1980. Five Studies Inspired by Nahuatl Verbs in -oa. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague no. 11. Copenhagen.
Canger, Una. 1988. Nahuatl Dialectology: A Survey and Some Suggestions. IJAL, January 1988, 54(1):28-72.
Canger, Una. 2000. Stress in Nahuatl of Durango: whose stress?. In Eugene H. Casad and Thomas L. Willett, eds. Uto-Aztecan: structural, temporal, and geographic perspectives: papers in memory of Wick R. Miller. Hermosillo, Mexico: UniSon (Universidad de Sonora, División de Humanidades y Bellas Artes). pp. 373–386.
Canger, Una, and Karen Dakin. 1985. "An inconspicuous basic split in Nahuatl". International Journal of American Linguistics. 54. 258-261.
Dakin, Karen. 1983. Proto-Aztecan Vowels and Pochutec: An Alternative Analysis. International Journal of American Linguistics 49.2.196-203.
Hasler, Juan. 1976. “La situación dialectológica del pochuteco", International Journal of American Linguistics 42. 3. 268-273.
Hasler, Juan. 1977. “El pochuteco en la dialectología nahua", Amerindia. 2. 47-70.
Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indigenas (INALI) . 14 January 2008. Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales: Variantes Lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas.
Knab, Tim. 1980. When Is a Language Really Dead: The Case of Pochutec. IJAL, July 1980, 46(3):230-233
Lastra, Yolanda. 1992. The present-day indigenous languages of Mexico: an overview. International journal of the sociology of language, 96:35-43 (available through a subscription database).
Peralta Ramírez, Valentín. 2005. El Nawat de la Costa del Golfo. Algunas Semejanzas y Diferencias Estructurales con el Náhuatl Central.
vteUto-Aztecan languagesNorthernNumicWestern
Northern Paiute (including Bannock)
Mono
Central
Shoshoni (including Gosiute)
Comanche
Timbisha
Southern
Colorado River (Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, Ute)
Kawaiisu
TakicSerran
Serrano
Kitanemuk
Cupan
Cahuilla
Cupeño
Luiseño-Juaneño
Tongva
Other
Hopi
Tübatulabal
SouthernTepimanPimic
Oʼodham
Pima Bajo
Tepehuan
Northern Tepehuan
Southern Tepehuan
Tepecano
Tarahumaran
Downriver Guarijio
Tarahumara
Tubar
Upriver Guarijio
Opatan
Eudeve
Opata
Cahita
Yaqui
Mayo
Corachol
Cora
Huichol
AztecanNahuatlCentral
Classical Nahuatl
Morelos Nahuatl
Tetelcingo Nahuatl
Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
Central Puebla Nahuatl
Guerrero Nahuatl
Ometepec Náhuatl
Huasteca
Huasteca Nahuatl
Western
Michoacán Nahuatl
Coatepec Nahuatl
Pochutec
Temascaltepec Nahuatl
Eastern
Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
Orizaba Nahuatl
Isthmus Nahuatl
Tabasco Nahuatl
Pipil
Other
Nahuatl language in the United States
History
Proto-Uto-Aztecan
Proto-Nahuan
Classical Nahuatl
Italics indicate extinct languages | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language"},{"link_name":"Uto-Aztecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uto-Aztecan"},{"link_name":"Nahuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Pochutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochutla"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Franz Boas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Boas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Pipil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil_language"},{"link_name":"Chatino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatino_language"},{"link_name":"Oto-Manguean language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages"},{"link_name":"Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire"},{"link_name":"Aztec Empire's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec"},{"link_name":"Mixtec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtec"},{"link_name":"Tututepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tututepec"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Pochutec is an extinct Uto-Aztecan language of the Nahuan (or Aztecan) branch which was spoken in and around the town of Pochutla on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. 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Bajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language"},{"link_name":"Northern Tepehuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Tepehuan_language"},{"link_name":"Southern Tepehuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Tepehuan_language"},{"link_name":"Tepecano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepecano_language"},{"link_name":"Tarahumaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarahumaran_languages"},{"link_name":"Downriver Guarijio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downriver_Guarijio_language"},{"link_name":"Tarahumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarahumara_language"},{"link_name":"Tubar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubar_language"},{"link_name":"Upriver Guarijio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upriver_Guarijio_language"},{"link_name":"Opatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opatan_languages"},{"link_name":"Eudeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudeve_language"},{"link_name":"Opata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opata_language"},{"link_name":"Cahita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahitan_languages"},{"link_name":"Yaqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_language"},{"link_name":"Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_language"},{"link_name":"Corachol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corachol_languages"},{"link_name":"Cora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora_language"},{"link_name":"Huichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huichol_language"},{"link_name":"Aztecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecan_languages"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Nahuatl_languages"},{"link_name":"Classical Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Morelos Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelos_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Tetelcingo Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetelcingo_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala%E2%80%93Puebla_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Central Puebla Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Puebla_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Guerrero Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Ometepec Náhuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ometepec_N%C3%A1huatl"},{"link_name":"Huasteca Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huasteca_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Peripheral_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Michoacán Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Coatepec Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatepec_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Pochutec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Temascaltepec Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temascaltepec_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Peripheral_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Sierra Puebla Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Puebla_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuacan%E2%80%93Zongolica_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Orizaba Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orizaba_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Isthmus Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Tabasco Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasco_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Pipil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipil_language"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl language in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl_language_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Proto-Uto-Aztecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Uto-Aztecan_language"},{"link_name":"Proto-Nahuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Nahuan_language"},{"link_name":"Classical Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"extinct languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death"}],"text":"IJAL = International Journal of American LinguisticsBartholomew, Doris. 1980. Otomanguean influence on Pochutla Aztec. IJAL 46.2\nBoas, Franz. 1917. El dialecto mexicano de Pochutla, Oaxaca. IJAL, 1:9-44.\nCampbell, Lyle, and Ronald W. Langacker. 1978. Proto-Aztecan vowels: Part I. IJAL, April 1978, 44(2):85-102.\nCanger, Una. 1980. Five Studies Inspired by Nahuatl Verbs in -oa. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague no. 11. Copenhagen.\nCanger, Una. 1988. Nahuatl Dialectology: A Survey and Some Suggestions. IJAL, January 1988, 54(1):28-72.\nCanger, Una. 2000. Stress in Nahuatl of Durango: whose stress?. In Eugene H. Casad and Thomas L. Willett, eds. Uto-Aztecan: structural, temporal, and geographic perspectives: papers in memory of Wick R. Miller. Hermosillo, Mexico: UniSon (Universidad de Sonora, División de Humanidades y Bellas Artes). pp. 373–386.\nCanger, Una, and Karen Dakin. 1985. \"An inconspicuous basic split in Nahuatl\". International Journal of American Linguistics. 54. 258-261.\nDakin, Karen. 1983. Proto-Aztecan Vowels and Pochutec: An Alternative Analysis. International Journal of American Linguistics 49.2.196-203.\nHasler, Juan. 1976. “La situación dialectológica del pochuteco\", International Journal of American Linguistics 42. 3. 268-273.\nHasler, Juan. 1977. “El pochuteco en la dialectología nahua\", Amerindia. 2. 47-70.\nInstituto Nacional de Lenguas Indigenas (INALI) [National Institute of Indigenous Languages, Mexico]. 14 January 2008. Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales: Variantes Lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas. [Catalog of the Indigenous Languages: Language variants of Mexico with their self-designations and geostatistical references]\nKnab, Tim. 1980. When Is a Language Really Dead: The Case of Pochutec. IJAL, July 1980, 46(3):230-233\nLastra, Yolanda. 1992. The present-day indigenous languages of Mexico: an overview. International journal of the sociology of language, 96:35-43 (available through a subscription database).\nPeralta Ramírez, Valentín. 2005. El Nawat de la Costa del Golfo. Algunas Semejanzas y Diferencias Estructurales con el Náhuatl Central.vteUto-Aztecan languagesNorthernNumicWestern\nNorthern Paiute (including Bannock)\nMono\nCentral\nShoshoni (including Gosiute)\nComanche\nTimbisha\nSouthern\nColorado River (Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, Ute)\nKawaiisu\nTakicSerran\nSerrano\nKitanemuk\nCupan\nCahuilla\nCupeño\nLuiseño-Juaneño\nTongva\nOther\nHopi\nTübatulabal\nSouthernTepimanPimic\nOʼodham\nPima Bajo\nTepehuan\nNorthern Tepehuan\nSouthern Tepehuan\nTepecano\nTarahumaran\nDownriver Guarijio\nTarahumara\nTubar\nUpriver Guarijio\nOpatan\nEudeve\nOpata\nCahita\nYaqui\nMayo\nCorachol\nCora\nHuichol\nAztecanNahuatlCentral\nClassical Nahuatl\nMorelos Nahuatl\nTetelcingo Nahuatl\nTlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl\nCentral Puebla Nahuatl\nGuerrero Nahuatl\nOmetepec Náhuatl\nHuasteca\nHuasteca Nahuatl\nWestern\nMichoacán Nahuatl\nCoatepec Nahuatl\nPochutec\nTemascaltepec Nahuatl\nEastern\nSierra Puebla Nahuatl\nTehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl\nOrizaba Nahuatl\nIsthmus Nahuatl\nTabasco Nahuatl\nPipil\nOther\nNahuatl language in the United States\nHistory\nProto-Uto-Aztecan\nProto-Nahuan\nClassical Nahuatl\nItalics indicate extinct languages","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xpo","external_links_name":"xpo"},{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/poch1244","external_links_name":"poch1244"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1265112","external_links_name":"Nahuatl Dialectology: A Survey and Some Suggestions."},{"Link":"http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Federal/PE/APF/OD/SEP/Catalogos/14012008(1).pdf","external_links_name":"Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales: Variantes Lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas."},{"Link":"http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?vid=2&hid=120&sid=28d50104-3bc6-4ac7-b442-4f0443e6a5c4%40sessionmgr103&bquery=(JN+%22International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language%22+and+DT+19920701)&bdata=JmRiPXVmaCZ0eXBlPTEmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl","external_links_name":"International journal of the sociology of language, 96:35-43"},{"Link":"http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/cilla/","external_links_name":"El Nawat de la Costa del Golfo. Algunas Semejanzas y Diferencias Estructurales con el Náhuatl Central."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hive_Queen | List of Ender's Game characters | ["1 Wiggin family","2 Battle School students","2.1 Ender's army","2.2 Other Battle School students","3 International Fleet personnel","4 Other Ender's Game characters","5 Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead","5.1 Figueira family","5.2 Os Venerados family","5.3 Other colonists","5.4 Pequeninos","6 Characters introduced in Xenocide","7 Characters from Ender in Exile","7.1 Shakespeare planet","7.2 Ganges planet","8 Characters introduced in the Ender's Shadow/Bean Quartet series","9 References"] | This literature-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it to include characters from the First Formic War trilogy.
This is a partial list of characters in the Ender's Game series.
Wiggin family
Andrew "Ender" Wiggin is the protagonist of the Ender quintet and is present in the Bean quartet. He is enlisted in the International Fleet's Battle School for his strategic ability and leadership skills. He is eventually tricked into leading battles in the war against the Formics, resulting in the almost-complete destruction of that race. He spends most of his life attempting to find absolution for his unknowing act of "xenocide" by becoming a Speaker for the Dead.
Peter Wiggin is Ender's older brother. A sociopath, he takes sadistic pleasure in manipulating and brutalizing other children, especially Ender. Peter is rejected from Battle School ostensibly due to his violence, but it is later revealed that his rejection was due to Graff believing that his men would never love him as a commander. In Ender's Game, he helps end a global war (with Valentine's reluctant assistance). In later books, he becomes Hegemon of the free world and founds the Free People of Earth, the Enderverse's first world government.
Valentine Wiggin is Ender's older sister, being the middle child of the Wiggin family. Rejected from Battle School for being too sensitive, she serves as the intermediary between Ender and Peter during the former's childhood. Later, she helps Peter on his rise to power by becoming "Demosthenes", an essayist whose rabble-rousing demagoguery is contrasted strongly against Peter's statesmanlike essays as "Locke". After the end of the Formic War, she leaves with Ender on an odyssey through time and space, turning Demosthenes into a historian whose essays are considered the definitive word on whatever subject they address. After marrying on the planet Trondheim, she eventually uproots her family to follow Ender to Lusitania, where she helps to defuse the onrushing Lusitania Fleet and save the alien inhabitants from xenocide.
John Paul Wiggin and Theresa Wiggin are Ender's parents. Ender's Game portrays them as being dull and oblivious despite the genius children they raised. However, both characters were expanded upon in later works and revealed to be more intelligent than even their children imagined. John Paul is Catholic and Theresa Mormon. Furthermore, Colonel Graff revealed that Ender's father was baptized with the surname Wieczorek, hinting at his Polish roots, and was born the seventh of nine children, a serious offense in the Enderverse's overpopulation sanctions, both of which he has cast himself away from. It is also later revealed that John Paul was originally accepted to Battle School, but he declined, causing Graff to move him to America in the hopes that he might marry someone brilliant and foster children worthy of leading the war against the Formics.
Battle School students
Ender's army
Ender's army is a collection of his closest friends at Battle School, particularly those who serve under him in the Dragon Army in Battle School before serving as team leads under his command during the Third Invasion, ending with the destruction of the Formic homeworld. As chronicled in the Bean Quartet, many of them move into positions of international significance during the chaotic years after the end of the Formic War, particularly due to the machinations of Achilles de Flandres. Ender's jeesh is the group that works under Ender in fighting the Formics.
Alai (pronounced ah-lie) is a Muslim of North African descent. In Battle School, he was an exceptional student, adroit in the battle room, and was one of the first children to befriend Ender, with the word "salaam" and a kiss on the cheek.: 69 They became the best of friends. He also helped lead the special training sessions Ender conducted, and later, during the Third Invasion, became one of the most trusted members of Ender's jeesh, due to his innate talent. After his return to Earth, he is eventually elected Caliph of a unified Muslim world.
Bean is a student of Greek and Igbo descent from the streets of Rotterdam. Though the smallest and youngest member of the jeesh, he is also the smartest and most fair-minded. Ender initially notes that he isolates Bean as Ender himself was once isolated to force Bean to flourish. Though only a supporting character in Ender's Game, Bean (real name Julian Delphiki II) is the lead character of the parallel storyline book series known as the "Bean Quartet" or "Shadow Quartet", revealing his role as the behind-the-scenes facilitator of most of the main events of that time period (the victory against the Formics, the uniting of Earth under Peter Wiggin, and so on); being "behind the scenes" is a central theme in these works.
Dink Meeker is a Battle School student of Dutch descent. He is portrayed as one of those who refuses to play the teacher's game. He says that he was offered command of an army twice, but refused to play. He was paranoid about the game, convinced that the teachers were the enemy and that the Bugger War was fake so that all children with the ability for command were in the hands of the International Fleet; however, he loved the game, so he stayed as a toon leader. Eventually, he agreed to become a commander in Ender's Shadow.
Carn Carby is an Australian veteran who commands Rabbit Army. In the original short story version of Ender's Game, Ender held a low opinion of him: In the novel, when Bean was transferred into Rabbit Army, Ender says, "How can they put you under an idiot like Carby!", but in the expanded novel, Ender's reply is, "Carby's a good man; I hope he recognizes you for what you're worth." Carby's Rabbit Army was the first to battle Ender's Dragon Army and was beaten badly. When Carby told the other commanders of Ender's new tactics, they didn't believe him, so Carby told Ender "to beat the snot out of them" in battle, as a personal favor. His honest and sympathetic behavior made Ender "mentally him to his private list of people who also qualified as human beings". He is transferred to Command School and serves under Ender during the Third Invasion, one of the few Army members who were never in an army with Ender during Battle School.
Crazy Tom is a British student. He is a veteran soldier who leads "C" Toon in Dragon Army. He got his nickname due to his temperament, as he couldn't stand working under commanders he considered stupid. He wrecked rooms and once sent a message to every kid in the school about how bad his commander was.
Dumper is the leader of "E" toon in Dragon Army. He is described by Bean as being among the most worshipful of Ender. Along with the other toon leaders, he is part of Ender's jeesh. He is of Peruvian descent, and his real name is Champi T'it'u.
Fly Molo is a Filipino veteran soldier who leads "A" Toon in Dragon Army. He is portrayed initially as being contemptuous of Ender's five-toon formation but later accepts it as wise, after arguing the concept with Bean. He was acting blatantly insubordinate and saying that it was a real "loser strategy", and when Bean stood up for Ender, who was at the time a very young commander, he got mad and almost hurt Bean, but finally, he had to accept that Bean was smarter than he was and that it was a good strategy.
Han Tzu (nicknamed Hot Soup) is a veteran soldier from China who leads "D" Toon in Dragon Army. Eventually, he was shipped to Command School to become a member of Ender's Army and was one of the commanders that served under him during the end of the Formic War. After the war, Han Tzu returned to China before being kidnapped by Achilles. He later returned and became involved in military planning. He is the subject of the 2006 short story 'Cheater' and a descendant of Yuan Shikai.
Petra Arkanian is an Armenian student who is the only female in the jeesh. During Earth's invasion of the Bugger worlds, Ender relies on her heavily, often giving her complicated and critical assignments; she is the first student to burn out, falling asleep during a battle. She is a major character later on in the Shadow Series. She and Bean travel around the world to stay alive and eventually get married. Together they have children (nine embryos, one implanted in Petra and the other eight stolen by Achilles; all but one are recovered by the end of Shadow of the Giant) and facilitate the downfall of Achilles.
Shen is a Japanese student who is part of Ender's group of launchies. He is introduced as the kid who has a big butt that wriggles when he walks and is constantly mocked by Bernard and his gang. Ender steps in and sends a number of messages under pseudonyms (such as "Cover your butt. Bernard is watching. - God") to break Bernard's control over the room. He becomes Ender's first friend in Battle School.: 53 He later guides Bean and tells him why the students love Ender.
Vlad was born in Belarus under the New Warsaw Pact. He is known as being a solid student who was always passed up in favor of more ambitious students in the various Battle School armies. Vlad is one of the 40 students chosen to serve in the Dragon Army under Ender's command, where he is made leader of "B" Toon. Vlad is one of the eleven students chosen to be in Ender's jeesh, helping command the warships of the International Fleet against the Formics in the Third Invasion.
Other Battle School students
Achilles de Flandres is the main villain of the Bean Quartet. Like Bean, he grew up in Rotterdam, an orphan on the streets; like Peter, he displays sociopathic tendencies, particularly by murdering anyone who has ever seen or made him helpless. During the years after the Formic War, he takes steps to begin unifying the world under his rule, causing a series of costly wars between India, China, Russia, a united Islam, and large parts of Europe and southeast Asia. He gets assassinated at the end of Shadow Puppets by Bean after he gets tricked by Suriyawong who didn't kill Bean as promised.
Suriyawong is a Battle School grad from Thailand who becomes Bean's friend during the wars caused by Achilles. He was known as "Surly" due to his pugilistic disposition, but during his time with Bean, he develops into a mature and capable commander.
Virlomi is a Battle School grad from India who is instrumental in rousting Achilles from his power base in India. In Shadow Puppets, as the conflict between China and India increases, she returns to rural India to devise and encourage civil disobedience there, where she begins to cultivate a divine image. In Ender in Exile, she becomes governor of an Indian colony on the planet Ganges.
William Bee is a minor character who is primarily notable due to his involvement in one of the more unusual battles in the "Battle Room". In the Battle School's first numerically handicapped battle, Ender Wiggin, commander of Dragon Army, was required to face both Bee's Griffin Army, as well as Talo Momoe's Tiger Army.
Bernard is part of Ender's launch group and treats the precocious Ender with great contempt (mostly because Ender had broken Bernard's arm on the shuttle to the Battle School). Bernard is also seen as a ringleader and the main antagonist in the first few chapters of the book, and he takes great delight in picking on Ender and Shen, a young boy who is also in the launch group. However, his stranglehold on the clique falls apart when Ender and Alai become friends in the battle room, and after Ender manages to hack into the computer system and posts a message saying "Cover your butts, Bernard is watching," signed "God". Later Ender also writes another note, seemingly by Bernard, saying "I love your butt, let me kiss it. - Bernard." Bernard is one of the six students who accompanies Bonzo Madrid when he fights Ender in the bathroom.
Nikolai Delphiki is a major character of the book Ender's Shadow and a side character in Shadow of the Hegemon by Orson Scott Card. Nikolai is one of twenty-four fertilized eggs produced by Greek natives Elena Delphiki and Julian Delphiki Sr. A defect in one of Elena's fallopian tube and an ectopic pregnancy in the other made it impossible for her to conceive. In their hopes for a child, Elena had several eggs taken out, and Julian's sperm was harvested to produce numerous fertilized eggs. The healthiest were cloned, and then the twenty-four healthiest of those were chosen. One was implanted, producing Nikolai.
Bonzo Madrid is an antagonistic supporting character, serving to bring out Ender's brutal nature while at Battle School. Bonzo, whose real name is Bonito de Madrid, is described as a strikingly beautiful boy of aristocratic Spanish lineage from the town of Cartagena. As commander of Salamander Army, the autocratic Bonzo suddenly has Ender Wiggin thrust upon him when Ender is promoted from his launch group. He is accidentally killed in a confrontation with Ender, bringing six students with him to attack Ender in a bathroom. In the 2013 film adaptation, he survives with a career ending head injury.
Talo Momoe is the commander of one of the numerous armies at Battle School. He is paired up with William Bee's army in a battle against Ender's undefeated Dragon Army. Momoe favors a very direct approach, and argues with Bee that, because they outnumber Ender, they should do a frontal assault. Bee's disagreement leads to a prolonged war of words. After Ender comes out with a formation, Momoe orders his army to rebound and assault the army directly.: 53217–218
Rose de Nose, although his first name is Rosen, is the commander of Rat Army when Ender is transferred there. Rose de Nose is also the only Jewish commander at the time in Battle School, which he uses as a crutch of sorts, as military legend has it that Jewish commanders never lose. Rose de Nose treats Ender with considerably more decency than does Bonzo Madrid, the commander of Ender's first army, Salamander Army. He is also much more lax about rules; the Rat Army barracks are messy when compared to the discipline and order of Salamander. Rose attempts to impose rules on Ender, but Dink Meeker tells Ender not to listen. As a result, Rose sends Ender out on what is, in essence, a suicide run at the beginning of Ender's first battle with Rat Army so that he will get immediately frozen. Instead, due to his unique "legs first" strategy, he is able to disable or freeze many of the enemies' soldiers to give Rat Army a sizable advantage. Rose gives up picking on Ender, and leaves him to do things his own way. By the time Ender and his group of companions rise to prominence, Rose de Nose has already graduated from Battle School.
Pol Slattery is a recurring commander that Ender twice faces at Battle School. In their first known battle, Ender was still a soldier in Bonzo's Salamander Army and Slattery was the new commander of the lowly Leopard Army. What everyone expected to be an easy battle turned into an upset by Slattery. Ender, who had been given orders by Bonzo to stay in the corridor until four minutes after everyone had gone through and then stay in the corner of the battle room, begins to observe Slattery's strategies and is impressed. Despite being young, Slattery is sharp and has new ideas; he always keeping his army moving against the stolid Salamanders who are unable to adapt to the situation. Eventually Leopard annihilates the entire Salamander Army, not including Ender. When Slattery is about to send his remaining men to open the gates, Ender ambushes them and takes out enough men to end the game in a draw. Despite helping Salamander Army achieve a tie, Bonzo is furious at Ender for disobeying his orders and would later cause more troubles for Ender.
Zeck Morgan (Zechariah Morgan) is an American boy, mentioned only in the novella, A War of Gifts. Zeck is a member of Rat army, but due to his orthodox Christian upbringing, is a pacifist and refuses to fire in the Battleroom. Throughout the novella, he comes into conflict with Dink and Ender, ruining Dink's latest rebellion, but at the end, he is accepted as a person and treated as such. His future after Battle School's closing is unknown.
Pinual is a minor character mentioned briefly when Ender encounters the Giant's Drink puzzle in the "Mind Game", a fantasy game meant to evaluate the students personality for the benefit of the Battle School teachers and commanders. Major Anderson mentions that Ender seems like Pinual because he keeps returning to the Giant's Drink, to which Hyrum Graff replies that "Everybody looks like Pinual at one time or another. But he's the only one who killed himself.": 54 When Ender returns to Earth after Bonzo Madrid's death, Major Imbu mentions that Pinual is the only student in the history of the Battle School to have committed suicide.: 226
Wu is the only girl in Dragon Army. She is given the nickname "Woo-hoo" during her time in battle school. Because of her name, she is most likely of Asian origin. She is one of the few soldiers whom Bean managed to nab for the Dragon Army roster. Wu is a brilliant soldier both academically and physically, but always refuses to become a Toon Leader. When a commander asks her to, she puts in a transfer request and refuses to fight until it is granted.
International Fleet personnel
Colonel Hyrum Graff is the principal of Battle School, and personally supervised much of Ender's training. After the war he is put on trial for his controversial actions there, but is given a position within the Hegemony as Minister of Colonization, responsible for sending humanity out to colonize the now-deserted worlds formerly held by the Formics.
Mazer Rackham is the half-Māori captain who singlehandedly stopped the Second Invasion by realizing that the Buggers are a hive mind. Due to his inability to pass on his knowledge, he was forced to spend fifty years at relativistic speeds (eight years for Rackham) so that he could train the next commander, Ender Wiggin. After the end of the war, he joins Graff's crusade to keep the human race from destroying itself.
Major Anderson was Graff's second-in-command at Battle School, generally seen in the epistolary conversations from Ender's Game attempting to moderate his superior's unorthodox training of Ender. His passion is the Battle Room; after the war's end, he accepts the post of commissioner for an American football league, and does not appear in the latter three books of either the Ender or Bean quartets. In the film, Major Gwen Anderson is a psychologist who looks after the Battle School students, and is portrayed by Viola Davis.
Admiral Chamrajnagar is the ranking Admiral at Eros, the International Fleet's headquarters, during the final stages of the Formic War; he was not Polemarch during that time, and has assumed that post by the time Achilles de Flandres begins his power plays.
Other Ender's Game characters
The Hive Queen is the physical embodiment of the central consciousness of the Formics.
Victor Delgado is a mechanic born on the free mining ship El Cavador, that mined asteroids in the Kuiper Belt. When the Formic's scout ship was discovered and deemed as a real threat, he was sent on a quick ship to Luna to report the news. On Luna, he was promptly arrested, but freed by Imala. After, he and Imala began teaming up with Lem Jukes to infiltrate the Formic ship and were successful in doing so. They were able to replicate the infiltration mission with a team of MOPs and were successful in destroying the Formic scout ship.
Jane is an AI that exists within the ansible network.
Stilson is a bully in Ender's Game. In the very first chapter of the book, he and three friends gang up on Ender, who decides to win thoroughly. Ender's counterattacks are so effective that Stilson, unbeknownst to Ender, suffers enough injuries to later die in hospital.
Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead
Characters from the planet Lusitania as introduced in the book Speaker for the Dead
Figueira family
Pipo (PEE-po fee-GAY-ra; born João Figueira Alvarez; died 1948) is the first xenologer of Lusitania. He is one of the few people on the planet who treats Novinha as a real person, and becomes her beloved father-figure during her teenage years. He is the first human killed by the piggies, an alien species, and his death prompts Novinha to call for a speaker for the dead.
Conceição Figueira, is Pipo's wife and the archivist of Lusitania.
Libo (LEE-bo; Liberdade Graças a Deus Figueira de Medici; 1931-1965) is Pipo's son and the xenologer after his death. Libo is Novinha's first love. Unfortunately, like his father he is vivisected by the pequeninos. His apprentice, Miro, calls for a speaking of his death, which Ender performs. Libo is the father of Novinha's children.
Pipinho (João) is Libo's sibling.
Maria (d. 1936) was Libo's sibling who died of the Descolada.
Bimba (Abençoada) is Libo's sibling.
Patinha (Isolde) is Libo's sibling.
Rã (Tomãs) is Libo's sibling.
Bruxinha (Portuguese for "little witch"; born Cleopatra Figueira) is Libo's wife.
Ouanda Quenhatta Figueira Mucumbi (b. 1951), is Libo and Bruxinha's eldest child and a xenologer, who falls in love with Miro.
China Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.
Prega Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.
Zinha Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.
Os Venerados family
Gusto (Vladimir Tiago Gussman; d. 1936) was Cida's husband, Novinha's father, and a xenobiologist of Lusitania. He helped cure the Descolada virus before succumbing to it. He and his wife Cida were known as Os Venerados after their beatification.
Cida (Ekaterina Maria Aparecida do Norte von Hesse-Gussman; d 1936) was Gusto's wife, Novinha's mother, and a xenobiologist of Lusitania. She helped cure the Descolada virus before succumbing to it themselves. She and her husband were known as Os Venerados after their beatification.
Novinha (no-VEEN-ya; born Ivanova Santa Catarina von Hesse; b. 1931) is the daughter of Lusitania's xenobiologists. Orphaned, Novinha became distant and formal until finding a scientific sanctuary with Pipo and Libo. Though she and Libo are in love, she refuses to marry and give him legal access to her xenobiology files, which she believes caused Pipo's death. She instead marries the abusive Marcão. Her pain, sorrow, and isolation draws Ender Wiggin to Lusitania, and the two eventually marry. Despite this, Novinha never loses her fragility and fear of losing those dearest to her.
Mingo (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.
Amado (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.
Guti (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.
Marcão (mar-COWNG; born Marcos Maria Ribeira; aka "Big Marcos"; d. 1970), is Novinha's late husband. He is known for his fearsome stature, surly temper, and habit of beating his wife, traits which earned him the epithet "cão", dog; he dies a few weeks before Ender arrives at Lusitania, of a congenital disease which caused his glands to turn to fatty tissues. Among other things, this rendered him sterile, and it is revealed during Ender's speaking of his death that none of Novinha's children are actually his, but rather Libo's; the two agreed to this form of cuckoldry before getting married.
Miro (MIE-roe; Marcos Vladimir Ribeira von Hesse; b. 1951) is Novinha's eldest child. He follows Libo into xenology and falls in love with Ouanda, Libo's firstborn daughter by his (actual) wife. In response to this and other factors, he attempts to cross the nerve-stimulating fence separating the piggies from the human compound, suffering brain damage and becoming crippled. He is sent out into space to greet Valentine Wiggin and her family, and later becomes a key player in the events leading up to the almost-second Xenocide. Miro is later healed by Jane.
Ela (EH-la; Ekaterina Elanora Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1952) is Novinha's second child. Like all the females in her line, she becomes a xenobiologist, and is one of the first members of the Ribeira family to warm to Ender. Later in life, she is instrumental in the destruction of the descolada virus, and its replacement with a far-more-benign variant, the recolada.
Quim (KEENG; Estevão Rei Ribeira von Hesse; b.1955) is Novinha's third child. He is extremely pious and at first resists Andrew Wiggin on grounds of his atheistic avocation, but later warms to the Speaker, partially for his reputation as a crusader. He later becomes the first Christian evangelist to the pequeninos and holds great respect among them, but is martyred by a particularly heretical forest who believe that the descolada is the Holy Ghost and that it is the pequeninos' duty to judge all humans with it.
Olhado (ol-YAH-doe; Lauro Suleimão Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1958) is Novinha's fourth child. He is also called "the guy with the eyes", because a freak laser accident blinded him in his youth, requiring the implant of metal replacements. He has reduced binocular vision and depth perception but can plug a computer jack directly into one eye to upload visual recordings. Due to the resulting ostracism, he becomes a keen observer of human nature and interaction. Later in life he becomes a brickmaker (or at least a manager of them) because, to him, family is a far more important calling than the sciences that took his relatives; nonetheless he has revolutionary ways of looking at physics and metaphysics, and is crucial in the development of faster-than-light travel (via a modified hyperspace mechanic related to philotic theory). Like Ela, he quickly warms to Ender; as he relates to Valentine in Xenocide, his greatest secret is that, while alone with Ender, they call each other "Father" and "Son".
Quara (KWA-rah; Lembrança das Milagres de Jesus Ribeira von Hesse, 1963) is Novinha's fifth child. Throughout her life she exhibits stubbornness and contrariness, generally doing whatever the people who love her don't want her to do. She also becomes a xenobiologist, and assists Ela in "truncating" the descolada, despite discovering that the virus is quite possibly sentient and is certainly able to communicate with other individuals of its species.
Grego (GRE-goe; Gerão Gregorio Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1964) is Novinha's sixth child, only six years old when Ender arrives. As a child he showed a disturbing capacity for destruction, modeled on his father's habit of domestic violence, a temper which does not subside during later years. After Quim's death, he attempts to whip a mob into a frenzy to attack the responsible forest, only to have them jump on the nearest one to hand Human and Rooter's forest after being chewed out by Valentine, Grego tries to end the massacre with as little bloodshed as possible, eventually placing himself between the surviving piggies and his own riot. He later collaborates with Olhado on faster-than-light travel.
Other colonists
Bosquinha (Faria Lima Maria do Bosque) is governor of Lusitania and mayor of the colony Milagre.
Peregrino (Armão Cebola) is the Bishop of the Catholic church of Lusitania.
Dom Cristão (Amai a Tudomundo Para Que Deus Vos Ame, Portuguese for Ye Must Love Everyone So That God Will Love You) is the abbott the Filhos de Mente de Cristo, Children of the Mind of Christ.
Dona Cristã (Detestai o Pecado e Fazei o Direito, Portuguese for Hate Sin and Do the Right) is the principal monk of the order of the Children of the Mind of Christ.
Pequeninos
The Pequeninos (Portuguese for "Little Ones"), also known as Lusitanian Aborigines or piggies, are an alien species in the category ramen, or sentient non-human. They are forest-dwelling and technologically primitive, but incredibly intelligent species able to learn languages extremely quickly. They are given the nickname "piggy" by the colonists of the planet Lusitania where part of the series is set due to their pig-like appearance.
Rooter: One of the first pequeninos introduced in the series, Rooter was the most inquisitive of the piggies and had a strong relationship with Libo before he was abruptly brought into his third life as a father-tree.
Mandachuva: When Pipo discovered that the Descolada virus, which had nearly destroyed the human population of Lusitania, was a part of the pequeninos' normal physiology, he went to share that information with the pequeninos. The pequenino Mandachuva brought that news back to the wives, along with the implication that the humans were not all-powerful and godlike, and that in some respects pequeninos were even more powerful than humans. It was a revelation to be rewarded, but when Pipo was asked to bring Mandachuva to the "third life", Pipo, not understanding the nature of pequenino transformation, thought he was being asked to kill Mandachuva. He refused, preferring to lose his own life in the process. Mandachuva, and the pequeninos in general, thought that they were rewarding Pipo by killing him, bringing him on to his third life, not understanding that no such thing existed for humans. The first crisis in human-pequenino relations occurred with the death of the first xenologer, Pipo Figueira, at the hands of the pequeninos.
Leaf-eater: Seventeen years after the incident involving Pipo and Mandachuva, the new xenologer and Pipo's son, Libo Figueira, suffered a similar fate. The piggy Leaf-eater had convinced the wives to let many more little mothers conceive than normal and then convinced Libo to help them out with the famine that they were sure to face. It was an enormous risk because if Libo refused to help that whole generation of pequeinos would have starved, but the humans did in fact step in and provide assistance. After the first amaranth harvest, Libo was, like Pipo before him, asked to bring Leaf-eater to the third life, and, like his father, refused, thinking that he was saving Leaf-eater's life. Leaf-eater killed Libo, thinking on his part that he was helping Libo achieve his third life even though humans did not have a third life.
Human: One of the sons of Rooter. Human was offered a chance to be brought into the third life as a fathertree, but only if Ender performed the ritual. Like Pipo and Libo before him, Ender showed extreme distaste at the concept, but he managed to do so with a full understanding of the consequences of his actions. Soon after, Ender wrote a biography called "Life of Human" in memory of his friend. The name "Human" was given to him by the Pequeninos "because he was very smart".
Star-looker: One of the wives. She represented the pequeninos in their treaty with the humans. She is also called "Shouter" by the brothers behind her back because of her loud voice.
Warmaker: A pequenino that died and entered the "third life" as a tree. He convinced a tribe of Pequeninos that the Descolada virus was a form of the Holy Ghost of Christ and that it should be spread to all humans on the Hundred Worlds. The tribe kidnapped and tortured Father Estevão, Ender's stepson, by exposing him to the virus for several days without medication. This event triggered a massacre of the pequeninos by the humans of Lusitania.
Planter: A pequenino featured prominently in Xenocide. When it was revealed to him that the descolada was manipulating pequenino behavior, he became almost suicidal, insisting that he be deprived of the descolada until death to prove that the pequenino's sentience was not caused by the descolada. Although he never entered the third life as a fathertree, he was awarded the honor of retaining his name after being planted, something which no other brothertree was given.
Glass: Similar to Planter, Glass was the subject of a descolada deprivation test. However, Glass's experiment was the testing of Ela's new recolada virus. He successfully made the transition into the third life as fathertree.
Fire-quencher: The pequenino representative who travels to the planet of the descoladores with Miro, Val, and the others in Children of the Mind.
Arrow: A pequenino mentioned in Speaker for the Dead. His name shows how humans affected pequenino culture.
Characters introduced in Xenocide
Several of the key characters in the Xenocide novel are from the planet of Path. They include:
Han Fei-tzu is a "godspoken" man from the planet of Path, and a reluctant follower of his religion. His treaty ended a burgeoning rebellion within the Hundred Worlds some three thousand years after Ender's Xenocide. Since then he has been retained as an advisor to Starways Congress.
Han Jiang-qing was the wife of Han Fei-tzu. She was named after an ancient revolutionary leader and was a loving godspoken follower of her religion. She died of a brittle bone disease when Qing-jao was four years old.
Han Qing-jao is the daughter of Han Fei-tzu and Han Jiang-qing, also godspoken like her parents. When confronted with evidence that the godspoken affliction is not a sign of deitic favor but rather a genetic modification, giving her and all other godspoken both genius-level intelligence and obsessive-compulsive disorder, she is unable to cope with the truth and clings to her old traditions, spending the rest of her life doing nothing but carrying out her obsessive-compulsive ritual of tracing grains in wooden floors. Some of the phrases she mutters while doing so were later compiled into a book. Her name means "Gloriously Bright".
Si Wang-mu is Qing-jao's "secret maid", an ambitious and extremely bright commoner whom Qing-jao takes under her wing. She met Qing-Jao after she encountered her working in the rice paddy field after bribing her guard with sex. She is named after the Queen Mother of the West, a powerful figure in Chinese mythology. When the godspoken genes are studied in hopes of retaining the genius-level intellect but removing the OCD, it is discovered that Wang-mu has naturally mutated into such a condition, and her genes are treated as a model of what the revision is intended to do. Later, she accompanies the reborn Peter Wiggin on his quest to stop the destruction of Lusitania, and eventually marries him.
Characters from Ender in Exile
Shakespeare planet
Alessandra Toscano is an Italian girl whose mother encourages her to seduce Ender. Ender rebuffs her attempts, and at the end of Ender in Exile she opts to stay on Shakespeare instead of travelling with her mother.
Sel Menach is a xenobiologist who was involved in numerous discoveries about the ecology of Shakespeare and eventually was honored with a currency named after him. On the flight to Shakespeare, he is alerted to Quincy Morgan's plans to become governor instead of Ender.
Vitaly Denisovitch Kolmogorov is an admiral who alerted Menach to Quincy Morgan's plans.
Ix Tolo
Po
Abra is the boy who Ender was with at the end of Ender's Game, when Ender discovered the cocooned Hive Queen at the End of the World the Buggers built for him. In Ender in Exile, Abra is revealed to be a bright boy of eleven years old who can fix nearly any machine. Abra is not really accepted by the children of his age because he is seen as someone who is at the level of an adult, while the adults mostly see him as a child.
Quincy Morgan is the captain of the ship travelling to Shakespeare. He attempts to usurp Ender as the governor of the colony, but is forced to stay aboard his ship upon landing and leaves the planet thwarted.
Ganges planet
Randall Firth: Originally named Achilles Flanders II, Firth is the missing ninth child of Bean and Petra. Randall was born prematurely and appears to have Anton's Key turned. His mother, Nichelle Firth, also known as Randi, believes Achilles is a hero assassinated by foul enemies. Nichelle allows Achilles to implant an embryo, believing that she would be carrying Achilles' child. To avoid persecution by Peter Wiggin, Randi determines to leave Earth and live in a colony, where she can raise her child and return him to Earth later to become the new Achilles. Nichelle ends up as a part of the colony Ganges led by Virlomi. Randall, called "Achilles" by Nichelle, is raised to see Peter the Hegemon and Julian Delphiki (otherwise known as Bean) as monsters, and to believe that Achilles was a true hero. Randall was one of the first to read "The Hive Queen" and treat it like a holy book, and thus he was also the first to paint Ender in a negative light, as Ender "The Xenocide". When Ender encounters Randall on Ganges, Randall plots to provoke Ender so that Ender will strike out and kill Randall. He thinks if this can be done, the universe will realize that Ender was a dangerous criminal. However, Ender does not strike out and instead tells Randall about his true mother and father: Petra Arkanian and Julian Delphiki. Randall is so enraged by this that he proceeds to brutally beat Ender, but Ender does not retaliate at all. Just before he delivers the final blow, Randall realizes that what Ender has told him is true, and he takes Ender to a doctor immediately. Randall then decides to rename himself Arkanian Delphiki, after his true parents.
Virlomi: see Other Battle School students
Characters introduced in the Ender's Shadow/Bean Quartet series
Anton is a scientist of European descent who discovers two genetic modifications which will allow the human brain unlimited growth, at the cost of unlimited physical growth. This discovery is named "Anton's Key" in his honor. However, research into human genetic engineering was outlawed by the international community, and when the nature of his work was discovered, he was subjected to classical conditioning to make it difficult for him to continue or even discuss his research.
Volescu is an unethical scientist of European descent, and the brother of Bean's father. He stole Bean's parent's embryos and illegally modified all 23, "turning" Anton's Key within them; only one, Bean himself, ever grew to maturity. Volescu was later discovered and had to destroy all his "research," but Bean escaped him by, at the age of 9 months, hiding himself in the tank of a toilet. Volescu was later imprisoned for his crimes.
Poke is an orphan girl from the streets of Rotterdam, the leader of a "crew" of fellow orphans who eventually take in Bean — and Achilles. Poke gave Bean his name, which he was originally unfond of, but later recognizes himself as Bean and ignores Colonel Graff, who tells Bean his true identity as Julian Delphiki. In Rotterdam, Bean, on some instinct, tells Poke to kill Achilles when she has the chance; she refuses, and Achilles later kills her, after kissing her, by stabbing her in the eye and then throwing her in the Rhine. Bean witnessed the kiss in the dark and, after leaving the scene, came to the realization that Poke was unsafe. He rushes back to find Poke already dead; Bean then blames himself for Poke's death. When Bean tells the story of Poke to Ender's jeesh on the journey to Eros, he decides to trust Petra, saying to her, "You cried for Poke, and that makes us friends."
Sergeant is the second in command of Poke's crew, and later Achilles' family. He finds out Achilles killed Poke, but keeps this a secret for his, and everyone else's, protection.
Sister Carlotta is a Catholic nun who works as a recruiter for Battle School. Like Poke, she takes in both Bean and Achilles; however, her battery of psychological tests manage to identify Achilles for who he truly is. Later, when he escapes from a mental institution in Belgium and begins his reign of terror, she and Bean go undercover to oppose him, eventually linking up with Peter Wiggin. She, like Poke, meets her death at Achilles' hands; Bean is never able to forgive himself for these deaths.
Ullysses is a bully in Rotterdam. To help his family receive food from a soup kitchen, Achilles makes a point of beating up Ullysses. When he is released from a hospital he gloats about getting even with him. Ullysses is later killed by Achilles.
Andrew 'Ender' Delphiki is Bean and Petra's son who travels in the relativistic spaceship with Bean and his two siblings. He is one of four children in which Anton's Key is turned. He is determined to find a cure for Anton's Key. When he and his siblings find a new world to settle in, he devises and administers a virus that will develop an organelle to shut off their growth genome, leaving their intelligence intact but saving them from the giantism half of Anton's Key.
Rymus Ojman is the chairman of the cabinet of Starways Congress around the year 1970 S.C..
Jakt is Valentine Wiggin's husband. He is originally from Trondheim, where he was one of the most respected lords of a fishing fleet on the planet. He chooses to depart from Trondheim with Valentine while in his sixties.
Syfte is Jakt and Valentine's daughter. She departs her homeworld of Trondheim with her parents and newlywed husband Lars.
Ro is Jakt and Valentine's child.
Varsam is Jakt and Valentine's child.
Plikt is a young student of Ender's from Trondheim. After his departure, she independently figures out that the man she knows as Andrew Wiggin is the original Speaker for the Dead as well as Ender Wiggin the Xenocide. She becomes a long-time friend and tutor of Valentine's family and departs Trondheim with them.
References
^ a b c d e Orson Scott Card, Ender's Game, Rev. mass-marketed., NY: Tor, 1994.
^ Scott Card, Orson (2009). Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show An Anthology. Tom Doherty Associates.
^ Smith, Grady (2012-03-13). "Viola Davis | 'Ender's Game': Meet the Cast! | Photo 9 of 17". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
vteWorks by Orson Scott CardEnder's Game seriesBooksEnder Series
Ender's Game (1985)
Speaker for the Dead (1986)
Xenocide (1991)
Children of the Mind (1996)
Ender in Exile (2008)
Shadow Saga
Ender's Shadow (1999)
Shadow of the Hegemon (2001)
Shadow Puppets (2002)
Shadow of the Giant (2005)
Shadows in Flight (2012)
The Last Shadow (2021)
Formic Wars
Earth Unaware (2012)
Earth Afire (2013)
Earth Awakens (2014)
The Swarm (2016)
The Hive (2019)
The Queens (TBA)
First Meetings (2002)
A War of Gifts: An Ender Story (2007)
Children of the Fleet (2017)
Short stories
"Ender's Game" (1977)
"Gloriously Bright" (1991)
"Investment Counselor"
"The Polish Boy"
"Teacher's Pest"
"Mazer in Prison"
"Pretty Boy"
"Cheater"
"A Young Man with Prospects"
"The Gold Bug"
"Ender's Stocking"
"Ender's Homecoming"
"Ender in Flight"
"Renegat"
"Governor Wiggin"
"Messenger"
Other media
Comics
Film
Characters
Ender Wiggin
Formics
Jane
The Tales of Alvin MakerBooks
Seventh Son (1987)
Red Prophet (1988)
Prentice Alvin (1989)
Alvin Journeyman (1995)
Heartfire (1998)
The Crystal City (2003)
Other media
"Prentice Alvin and the No-Good Plow" (poem, 1989)
Red Prophet: The Tales of Alvin Maker (comic book, 2006)
The Worthing seriesBooks
Capitol (1979)
Hot Sleep (1979)
The Worthing Chronicle (1983)
The Worthing Saga (1990)
Other worksHomecoming Saga
The Memory of Earth (1992)
The Call of Earth (1992)
The Ships of Earth (1994)
Earthfall (1995)
Earthborn (1995)
Women of Genesis
Sarah (2000)
Rebekah (2001)
Rachel and Leah (2004)
The Wives of Israel (TBA)
Mithermages series
Sandmagic (1979)
Stonefather (2008)
The Lost Gate (2011)
The Gate Thief (2013)
Gatefather (2015)
Mayflower series
Lovelock (1994)
Rasputin (TBA)
The Empire duet
Empire (2006)
Hidden Empire (2009)
The Pathfinder series
Pathfinder (2010)
Ruins (2012)
Visitors (2014)
Standalone novels
A Planet Called Treason (1979)
Songmaster (1980)
Hart's Hope (1983)
Saints (1984)
Wyrms (1987)
Treason (1988)
The Abyss (1989)
Lost Boys (1992)
Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996)
Treasure Box (1996)
Stone Tables (1997)
Homebody (1998)
Enchantment (1999)
Magic Street (2005)
Invasive Procedures (2007)
Bully and the Beast (TBA)
Story collections
Unaccompanied Sonata and Other Stories (1980)
Cardography (1987)
The Folk of the Fringe (1989)
Maps in a Mirror (1990)
Keeper of Dreams (2008)
Other works
Listen, Mom and Dad (1977)
Ainge (1981)
Saintspeak (1981)
Eye for Eye (1987)
Loom (1990)
The Secret of Monkey Island (1990)
The Dig (1995)
NeoHunter (1996)
Magic Mirror (1999)
Robota (2003)
An Open Book (2004)
Ultimate Iron Man (2005)
Advent Rising (2005)
InterGalactic Medicine Show (2005)
Hamlet's Father (2011)
Firefall (2014) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_literature.svg"},{"link_name":"incomplete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ender%27s_Game_characters&action=edit"},{"link_name":"First Formic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Formic_War"},{"link_name":"Ender's Game series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game_(series)"}],"text":"This literature-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it to include characters from the First Formic War trilogy.This is a partial list of characters in the Ender's Game series.","title":"List of Ender's Game characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew \"Ender\" Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_%22Ender%22_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"International Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_force"},{"link_name":"Battle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_academy"},{"link_name":"Formics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formics"},{"link_name":"xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"Speaker for the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"sociopath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"sadistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadistic_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"Hegemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemon"},{"link_name":"Demosthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosthenes"},{"link_name":"demagoguery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagogue"},{"link_name":"Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon"}],"text":"Andrew \"Ender\" Wiggin is the protagonist of the Ender quintet and is present in the Bean quartet. He is enlisted in the International Fleet's Battle School for his strategic ability and leadership skills. He is eventually tricked into leading battles in the war against the Formics, resulting in the almost-complete destruction of that race. He spends most of his life attempting to find absolution for his unknowing act of \"xenocide\" by becoming a Speaker for the Dead.\nPeter Wiggin is Ender's older brother. A sociopath, he takes sadistic pleasure in manipulating and brutalizing other children, especially Ender. Peter is rejected from Battle School ostensibly due to his violence, but it is later revealed that his rejection was due to Graff believing that his men would never love him as a commander. In Ender's Game, he helps end a global war (with Valentine's reluctant assistance). In later books, he becomes Hegemon of the free world and founds the Free People of Earth, the Enderverse's first world government.\nValentine Wiggin is Ender's older sister, being the middle child of the Wiggin family. Rejected from Battle School for being too sensitive, she serves as the intermediary between Ender and Peter during the former's childhood. Later, she helps Peter on his rise to power by becoming \"Demosthenes\", an essayist whose rabble-rousing demagoguery is contrasted strongly against Peter's statesmanlike essays as \"Locke\". After the end of the Formic War, she leaves with Ender on an odyssey through time and space, turning Demosthenes into a historian whose essays are considered the definitive word on whatever subject they address. After marrying on the planet Trondheim, she eventually uproots her family to follow Ender to Lusitania, where she helps to defuse the onrushing Lusitania Fleet and save the alien inhabitants from xenocide.\nJohn Paul Wiggin and Theresa Wiggin are Ender's parents. Ender's Game portrays them as being dull and oblivious despite the genius children they raised. However, both characters were expanded upon in later works and revealed to be more intelligent than even their children imagined. John Paul is Catholic and Theresa Mormon. Furthermore, Colonel Graff revealed that Ender's father was baptized with the surname Wieczorek, hinting at his Polish roots, and was born the seventh of nine children, a serious offense in the Enderverse's overpopulation sanctions, both of which he has cast himself away from. It is also later revealed that John Paul was originally accepted to Battle School, but he declined, causing Graff to move him to America in the hopes that he might marry someone brilliant and foster children worthy of leading the war against the Formics.","title":"Wiggin family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle School students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achilles de Flandres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_de_Flandres"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"North African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-salamu_alaykum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-1"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Igbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Peter Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Ender's Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(continent)"},{"link_name":"Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Peruvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvians"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Cheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheater_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"Yuan Shikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Shadow of the Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Giant"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bernard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-1"},{"link_name":"Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_(Enderverse)"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Formics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formics"}],"sub_title":"Ender's army","text":"Ender's army is a collection of his closest friends at Battle School, particularly those who serve under him in the Dragon Army in Battle School before serving as team leads under his command during the Third Invasion, ending with the destruction of the Formic homeworld. As chronicled in the Bean Quartet, many of them move into positions of international significance during the chaotic years after the end of the Formic War, particularly due to the machinations of Achilles de Flandres. Ender's jeesh is the group that works under Ender in fighting the Formics.Alai (pronounced ah-lie) is a Muslim of North African descent. In Battle School, he was an exceptional student, adroit in the battle room, and was one of the first children to befriend Ender, with the word \"salaam\" and a kiss on the cheek.[1]: 69 They became the best of friends. He also helped lead the special training sessions Ender conducted, and later, during the Third Invasion, became one of the most trusted members of Ender's jeesh, due to his innate talent. After his return to Earth, he is eventually elected Caliph of a unified Muslim world.\nBean is a student of Greek and Igbo descent from the streets of Rotterdam. Though the smallest and youngest member of the jeesh, he is also the smartest and most fair-minded. Ender initially notes that he isolates Bean as Ender himself was once isolated to force Bean to flourish. Though only a supporting character in Ender's Game, Bean (real name Julian Delphiki II) is the lead character of the parallel storyline book series known as the \"Bean Quartet\" or \"Shadow Quartet\", revealing his role as the behind-the-scenes facilitator of most of the main events of that time period (the victory against the Formics, the uniting of Earth under Peter Wiggin, and so on); being \"behind the scenes\" is a central theme in these works.\nDink Meeker is a Battle School student of Dutch descent. He is portrayed as one of those who refuses to play the teacher's game. He says that he was offered command of an army twice, but refused to play. He was paranoid about the game, convinced that the teachers were the enemy and that the Bugger War was fake so that all children with the ability for command were in the hands of the International Fleet; however, he loved the game, so he stayed as a toon leader. Eventually, he agreed to become a commander in Ender's Shadow.\nCarn Carby is an Australian veteran who commands Rabbit Army. In the original short story version of Ender's Game, Ender held a low opinion of him: In the novel, when Bean was transferred into Rabbit Army, Ender says, \"How can they put you under an idiot like Carby!\", but in the expanded novel, Ender's reply is, \"Carby's a good man; I hope he recognizes you for what you're worth.\" Carby's Rabbit Army was the first to battle Ender's Dragon Army and was beaten badly. When Carby told the other commanders of Ender's new tactics, they didn't believe him, so Carby told Ender \"to beat the snot out of them\" in battle, as a personal favor. His honest and sympathetic behavior made Ender \"mentally [add] him to his private list of people who also qualified as human beings\". He is transferred to Command School and serves under Ender during the Third Invasion, one of the few Army members who were never in an army with Ender during Battle School.\nCrazy Tom is a British student. He is a veteran soldier who leads \"C\" Toon in Dragon Army. He got his nickname due to his temperament, as he couldn't stand working under commanders he considered stupid. He wrecked rooms and once sent a message to every kid in the school about how bad his commander was.\nDumper is the leader of \"E\" toon in Dragon Army. He is described by Bean as being among the most worshipful of Ender. Along with the other toon leaders, he is part of Ender's jeesh. He is of Peruvian descent, and his real name is Champi T'it'u.\nFly Molo is a Filipino veteran soldier who leads \"A\" Toon in Dragon Army. He is portrayed initially as being contemptuous of Ender's five-toon formation but later accepts it as wise, after arguing the concept with Bean. He was acting blatantly insubordinate and saying that it was a real \"loser strategy\", and when Bean stood up for Ender, who was at the time a very young commander, he got mad and almost hurt Bean, but finally, he had to accept that Bean was smarter than he was and that it was a good strategy.\nHan Tzu (nicknamed Hot Soup) is a veteran soldier from China who leads \"D\" Toon in Dragon Army. Eventually, he was shipped to Command School to become a member of Ender's Army and was one of the commanders that served under him during the end of the Formic War. After the war, Han Tzu returned to China before being kidnapped by Achilles. He later returned and became involved in military planning. He is the subject of the 2006 short story 'Cheater' and a descendant of Yuan Shikai.[2]\nPetra Arkanian is an Armenian student who is the only female in the jeesh. During Earth's invasion of the Bugger worlds, Ender relies on her heavily, often giving her complicated and critical assignments; she is the first student to burn out, falling asleep during a battle. She is a major character later on in the Shadow Series. She and Bean travel around the world to stay alive and eventually get married. Together they have children (nine embryos, one implanted in Petra and the other eight stolen by Achilles; all but one are recovered by the end of Shadow of the Giant) and facilitate the downfall of Achilles.\nShen is a Japanese student who is part of Ender's group of launchies. He is introduced as the kid who has a big butt that wriggles when he walks and is constantly mocked by Bernard and his gang. Ender steps in and sends a number of messages under pseudonyms (such as \"Cover your butt. Bernard is watching. - God\") to break Bernard's control over the room. He becomes Ender's first friend in Battle School.[1]: 53 He later guides Bean and tells him why the students love Ender.\nVlad was born in Belarus under the New Warsaw Pact. He is known as being a solid student who was always passed up in favor of more ambitious students in the various Battle School armies. Vlad is one of the 40 students chosen to serve in the Dragon Army under Ender's command, where he is made leader of \"B\" Toon. Vlad is one of the eleven students chosen to be in Ender's jeesh, helping command the warships of the International Fleet against the Formics in the Third Invasion.","title":"Battle School students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"murdering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Shadow Puppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Puppets"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Shadow Puppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Puppets"},{"link_name":"Ender Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Ender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Alai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Alai"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Ender's Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Shadow of the Hegemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Hegemon"},{"link_name":"Orson Scott Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card"},{"link_name":"ectopic pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Ender Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"2013 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-1"},{"link_name":"Ender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Bonzo Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonzo_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Dink Meeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dink_Meeker"},{"link_name":"A War of Gifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_War_of_Gifts"},{"link_name":"orthodox Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Ender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"Major Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Ender%27s_Game_series#International_Fleet_personnel"},{"link_name":"Ender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-1"},{"link_name":"Bonzo Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bonzo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSC-1"}],"sub_title":"Other Battle School students","text":"Achilles de Flandres is the main villain of the Bean Quartet. Like Bean, he grew up in Rotterdam, an orphan on the streets; like Peter, he displays sociopathic tendencies, particularly by murdering anyone who has ever seen or made him helpless. During the years after the Formic War, he takes steps to begin unifying the world under his rule, causing a series of costly wars between India, China, Russia, a united Islam, and large parts of Europe and southeast Asia. He gets assassinated at the end of Shadow Puppets by Bean after he gets tricked by Suriyawong who didn't kill Bean as promised.\nSuriyawong is a Battle School grad from Thailand who becomes Bean's friend during the wars caused by Achilles. He was known as \"Surly\" due to his pugilistic disposition, but during his time with Bean, he develops into a mature and capable commander.\nVirlomi is a Battle School grad from India who is instrumental in rousting Achilles from his power base in India. In Shadow Puppets, as the conflict between China and India increases, she returns to rural India to devise and encourage civil disobedience there, where she begins to cultivate a divine image. In Ender in Exile, she becomes governor of an Indian colony on the planet Ganges.\nWilliam Bee is a minor character who is primarily notable due to his involvement in one of the more unusual battles in the \"Battle Room\". In the Battle School's first numerically handicapped battle, Ender Wiggin, commander of Dragon Army, was required to face both Bee's Griffin Army, as well as Talo Momoe's Tiger Army.\nBernard is part of Ender's launch group and treats the precocious Ender with great contempt (mostly because Ender had broken Bernard's arm on the shuttle to the Battle School). Bernard is also seen as a ringleader and the main antagonist in the first few chapters of the book, and he takes great delight in picking on Ender and Shen, a young boy who is also in the launch group. However, his stranglehold on the clique falls apart when Ender and Alai become friends in the battle room, and after Ender manages to hack into the computer system and posts a message saying \"Cover your butts, Bernard is watching,\" signed \"God\". Later Ender also writes another note, seemingly by Bernard, saying \"I love your butt, let me kiss it. - Bernard.\" Bernard is one of the six students who accompanies Bonzo Madrid when he fights Ender in the bathroom.\nNikolai Delphiki is a major character of the book Ender's Shadow and a side character in Shadow of the Hegemon by Orson Scott Card. Nikolai is one of twenty-four fertilized eggs produced by Greek natives Elena Delphiki and Julian Delphiki Sr. A defect in one of Elena's fallopian tube and an ectopic pregnancy in the other made it impossible for her to conceive. In their hopes for a child, Elena had several eggs taken out, and Julian's sperm was harvested to produce numerous fertilized eggs. The healthiest were cloned, and then the twenty-four healthiest of those were chosen. One was implanted, producing Nikolai.\nBonzo Madrid is an antagonistic supporting character, serving to bring out Ender's brutal nature while at Battle School. Bonzo, whose real name is Bonito de Madrid, is described as a strikingly beautiful boy of aristocratic Spanish lineage from the town of Cartagena. As commander of Salamander Army, the autocratic Bonzo suddenly has Ender Wiggin thrust upon him when Ender is promoted from his launch group. He is accidentally killed in a confrontation with Ender, bringing six students with him to attack Ender in a bathroom. In the 2013 film adaptation, he survives with a career ending head injury.\nTalo Momoe is the commander of one of the numerous armies at Battle School. He is paired up with William Bee's army in a battle against Ender's undefeated Dragon Army. Momoe favors a very direct approach, and argues with Bee that, because they outnumber Ender, they should do a frontal assault. Bee's disagreement leads to a prolonged war of words. After Ender comes out with a formation, Momoe orders his army to rebound and assault the army directly.[1]: 53217–218 \nRose de Nose, although his first name is Rosen, is the commander of Rat Army when Ender is transferred there. Rose de Nose is also the only Jewish commander at the time in Battle School, which he uses as a crutch of sorts, as military legend has it that Jewish commanders never lose. Rose de Nose treats Ender with considerably more decency than does Bonzo Madrid, the commander of Ender's first army, Salamander Army. He is also much more lax about rules; the Rat Army barracks are messy when compared to the discipline and order of Salamander. Rose attempts to impose rules on Ender, but Dink Meeker tells Ender not to listen. As a result, Rose sends Ender out on what is, in essence, a suicide run at the beginning of Ender's first battle with Rat Army so that he will get immediately frozen. Instead, due to his unique \"legs first\" strategy, he is able to disable or freeze many of the enemies' soldiers to give Rat Army a sizable advantage. Rose gives up picking on Ender, and leaves him to do things his own way. By the time Ender and his group of companions rise to prominence, Rose de Nose has already graduated from Battle School.\nPol Slattery is a recurring commander that Ender twice faces at Battle School. In their first known battle, Ender was still a soldier in Bonzo's Salamander Army and Slattery was the new commander of the lowly Leopard Army. What everyone expected to be an easy battle turned into an upset by Slattery. Ender, who had been given orders by Bonzo to stay in the corridor until four minutes after everyone had gone through and then stay in the corner of the battle room, begins to observe Slattery's strategies and is impressed. Despite being young, Slattery is sharp and has new ideas; he always keeping his army moving against the stolid Salamanders who are unable to adapt to the situation. Eventually Leopard annihilates the entire Salamander Army, not including Ender. When Slattery is about to send his remaining men to open the gates, Ender ambushes them and takes out enough men to end the game in a draw. Despite helping Salamander Army achieve a tie, Bonzo is furious at Ender for disobeying his orders and would later cause more troubles for Ender.\nZeck Morgan (Zechariah Morgan) is an American boy, mentioned only in the novella, A War of Gifts. Zeck is a member of Rat army, but due to his orthodox Christian upbringing, is a pacifist and refuses to fire in the Battleroom. Throughout the novella, he comes into conflict with Dink and Ender, ruining Dink's latest rebellion, but at the end, he is accepted as a person and treated as such. His future after Battle School's closing is unknown.\nPinual is a minor character mentioned briefly when Ender encounters the Giant's Drink puzzle in the \"Mind Game\", a fantasy game meant to evaluate the students personality for the benefit of the Battle School teachers and commanders. Major Anderson mentions that Ender seems like Pinual because he keeps returning to the Giant's Drink, to which Hyrum Graff replies that \"Everybody looks like Pinual at one time or another. But he's the only one who killed himself.\"[1]: 54 When Ender returns to Earth after Bonzo Madrid's death, Major Imbu mentions that Pinual is the only student in the history of the Battle School to have committed suicide.[1]: 226 \nWu is the only girl in Dragon Army. She is given the nickname \"Woo-hoo\" during her time in battle school. Because of her name, she is most likely of Asian origin. She is one of the few soldiers whom Bean managed to nab for the Dragon Army roster. Wu is a brilliant soldier both academically and physically, but always refuses to become a Toon Leader. When a commander asks her to, she puts in a transfer request and refuses to fight until it is granted.","title":"Battle School students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_(school)"},{"link_name":"Hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"hive mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)"},{"link_name":"relativistic speeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_speed"},{"link_name":"Ender Wiggin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_Wiggin"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football"},{"link_name":"Viola Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Davis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Polemarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemarch"}],"text":"Colonel Hyrum Graff is the principal of Battle School, and personally supervised much of Ender's training. After the war he is put on trial for his controversial actions there, but is given a position within the Hegemony as Minister of Colonization, responsible for sending humanity out to colonize the now-deserted worlds formerly held by the Formics.\nMazer Rackham is the half-Māori captain who singlehandedly stopped the Second Invasion by realizing that the Buggers are a hive mind. Due to his inability to pass on his knowledge, he was forced to spend fifty years at relativistic speeds (eight years for Rackham) so that he could train the next commander, Ender Wiggin. After the end of the war, he joins Graff's crusade to keep the human race from destroying itself.\nMajor Anderson was Graff's second-in-command at Battle School, generally seen in the epistolary conversations from Ender's Game attempting to moderate his superior's unorthodox training of Ender. His passion is the Battle Room; after the war's end, he accepts the post of commissioner for an American football league, and does not appear in the latter three books of either the Ender or Bean quartets. In the film, Major Gwen Anderson is a psychologist who looks after the Battle School students, and is portrayed by Viola Davis.[3]\nAdmiral Chamrajnagar is the ranking Admiral at Eros, the International Fleet's headquarters, during the final stages of the Formic War; he was not Polemarch during that time, and has assumed that post by the time Achilles de Flandres begins his power plays.","title":"International Fleet personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_(Ender%27s_Game)"},{"link_name":"Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game"}],"text":"The Hive Queen is the physical embodiment of the central consciousness of the Formics.\nVictor Delgado is a mechanic born on the free mining ship El Cavador, that mined asteroids in the Kuiper Belt. When the Formic's scout ship was discovered and deemed as a real threat, he was sent on a quick ship to Luna to report the news. On Luna, he was promptly arrested, but freed by Imala. After, he and Imala began teaming up with Lem Jukes to infiltrate the Formic ship and were successful in doing so. They were able to replicate the infiltration mission with a team of MOPs and were successful in destroying the Formic scout ship.\nJane is an AI that exists within the ansible network.\nStilson is a bully in Ender's Game. In the very first chapter of the book, he and three friends gang up on Ender, who decides to win thoroughly. Ender's counterattacks are so effective that Stilson, unbeknownst to Ender, suffers enough injuries to later die in hospital.","title":"Other Ender's Game characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Speaker for the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead"}],"text":"Characters from the planet Lusitania as introduced in the book Speaker for the Dead","title":"Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speaker for the dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_dead"}],"sub_title":"Figueira family","text":"Pipo (PEE-po fee-GAY-ra; born João Figueira Alvarez; died 1948) is the first xenologer of Lusitania. He is one of the few people on the planet who treats Novinha as a real person, and becomes her beloved father-figure during her teenage years. He is the first human killed by the piggies, an alien species, and his death prompts Novinha to call for a speaker for the dead.\nConceição Figueira, is Pipo's wife and the archivist of Lusitania.\nLibo (LEE-bo; Liberdade Graças a Deus Figueira de Medici; 1931-1965) is Pipo's son and the xenologer after his death. Libo is Novinha's first love. Unfortunately, like his father he is vivisected by the pequeninos. His apprentice, Miro, calls for a speaking of his death, which Ender performs. Libo is the father of Novinha's children.\nPipinho (João) is Libo's sibling.\nMaria (d. 1936) was Libo's sibling who died of the Descolada.\nBimba (Abençoada) is Libo's sibling.\nPatinha (Isolde) is Libo's sibling.\nRã (Tomãs) is Libo's sibling.\nBruxinha (Portuguese for \"little witch\"; born Cleopatra Figueira) is Libo's wife.\nOuanda Quenhatta Figueira Mucumbi (b. 1951), is Libo and Bruxinha's eldest child and a xenologer, who falls in love with Miro.\nChina Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.\nPrega Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.\nZinha Figueira is Ouanda's sibling.","title":"Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beatification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"beatification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"xenobiologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiologist"},{"link_name":"Descolada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descolada"},{"link_name":"dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland"},{"link_name":"cuckoldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoldry"},{"link_name":"xenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenology"},{"link_name":"brain damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_damage"},{"link_name":"Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_(Ender%27s_Game)"},{"link_name":"xenobiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiologist"},{"link_name":"descolada virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descolada"},{"link_name":"atheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist"},{"link_name":"Christian evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"martyred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"binocular vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binocular_vision"},{"link_name":"depth perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_perception"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"faster-than-light travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster-than-light_travel"},{"link_name":"hyperspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperspace_(science_fiction)"},{"link_name":"Xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocide"}],"sub_title":"Os Venerados family","text":"Gusto (Vladimir Tiago Gussman; d. 1936) was Cida's husband, Novinha's father, and a xenobiologist of Lusitania. He helped cure the Descolada virus before succumbing to it. He and his wife Cida were known as Os Venerados after their beatification.\nCida (Ekaterina Maria Aparecida do Norte von Hesse-Gussman; d 1936) was Gusto's wife, Novinha's mother, and a xenobiologist of Lusitania. She helped cure the Descolada virus before succumbing to it themselves. She and her husband were known as Os Venerados after their beatification.\nNovinha (no-VEEN-ya; born Ivanova Santa Catarina von Hesse; b. 1931) is the daughter of Lusitania's xenobiologists. Orphaned, Novinha became distant and formal until finding a scientific sanctuary with Pipo and Libo. Though she and Libo are in love, she refuses to marry and give him legal access to her xenobiology files, which she believes caused Pipo's death. She instead marries the abusive Marcão. Her pain, sorrow, and isolation draws Ender Wiggin to Lusitania, and the two eventually marry. Despite this, Novinha never loses her fragility and fear of losing those dearest to her.\nMingo (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.\nAmado (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.\nGuti (d. 1936) was Novinha's sibling who died of the Descolada.\nMarcão (mar-COWNG; born Marcos Maria Ribeira; aka \"Big Marcos\"; d. 1970), is Novinha's late husband. He is known for his fearsome stature, surly temper, and habit of beating his wife, traits which earned him the epithet \"cão\", dog; he dies a few weeks before Ender arrives at Lusitania, of a congenital disease which caused his glands to turn to fatty tissues. Among other things, this rendered him sterile, and it is revealed during Ender's speaking of his death that none of Novinha's children are actually his, but rather Libo's; the two agreed to this form of cuckoldry before getting married.\nMiro (MIE-roe; Marcos Vladimir Ribeira von Hesse; b. 1951) is Novinha's eldest child. He follows Libo into xenology and falls in love with Ouanda, Libo's firstborn daughter by his (actual) wife. In response to this and other factors, he attempts to cross the nerve-stimulating fence separating the piggies from the human compound, suffering brain damage and becoming crippled. He is sent out into space to greet Valentine Wiggin and her family, and later becomes a key player in the events leading up to the almost-second Xenocide. Miro is later healed by Jane.\nEla (EH-la; Ekaterina Elanora Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1952) is Novinha's second child. Like all the females in her line, she becomes a xenobiologist, and is one of the first members of the Ribeira family to warm to Ender. Later in life, she is instrumental in the destruction of the descolada virus, and its replacement with a far-more-benign variant, the recolada.\nQuim (KEENG; Estevão Rei Ribeira von Hesse; b.1955) is Novinha's third child. He is extremely pious and at first resists Andrew Wiggin on grounds of his atheistic avocation, but later warms to the Speaker, partially for his reputation as a crusader. He later becomes the first Christian evangelist to the pequeninos and holds great respect among them, but is martyred by a particularly heretical forest who believe that the descolada is the Holy Ghost and that it is the pequeninos' duty to judge all humans with it.\nOlhado (ol-YAH-doe; Lauro Suleimão Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1958) is Novinha's fourth child. He is also called \"the guy with the eyes\", because a freak laser accident blinded him in his youth, requiring the implant of metal replacements. He has reduced binocular vision and depth perception but can plug a computer jack directly into one eye to upload visual recordings. Due to the resulting ostracism, he becomes a keen observer of human nature and interaction. Later in life he becomes a brickmaker (or at least a manager of them) because, to him, family is a far more important calling than the sciences that took his relatives; nonetheless he has revolutionary ways of looking at physics and metaphysics, and is crucial in the development of faster-than-light travel (via a modified hyperspace mechanic related to philotic theory). Like Ela, he quickly warms to Ender; as he relates to Valentine in Xenocide, his greatest secret is that, while alone with Ender, they call each other \"Father\" and \"Son\".\nQuara (KWA-rah; Lembrança das Milagres de Jesus Ribeira von Hesse, 1963) is Novinha's fifth child. Throughout her life she exhibits stubbornness and contrariness, generally doing whatever the people who love her don't want her to do. She also becomes a xenobiologist, and assists Ela in \"truncating\" the descolada, despite discovering that the virus is quite possibly sentient and is certainly able to communicate with other individuals of its species.\nGrego (GRE-goe; Gerão Gregorio Ribeira von Hesse, b. 1964) is Novinha's sixth child, only six years old when Ender arrives. As a child he showed a disturbing capacity for destruction, modeled on his father's habit of domestic violence, a temper which does not subside during later years. After Quim's death, he attempts to whip a mob into a frenzy to attack the responsible forest, only to have them jump on the nearest one to hand Human and Rooter's forest after being chewed out by Valentine, Grego tries to end the massacre with as little bloodshed as possible, eventually placing himself between the surviving piggies and his own riot. He later collaborates with Olhado on faster-than-light travel.","title":"Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of the Catholic church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"}],"sub_title":"Other colonists","text":"Bosquinha (Faria Lima Maria do Bosque) is governor of Lusitania and mayor of the colony Milagre.\nPeregrino (Armão Cebola) is the Bishop of the Catholic church of Lusitania.\nDom Cristão (Amai a Tudomundo Para Que Deus Vos Ame, Portuguese for Ye Must Love Everyone So That God Will Love You) is the abbott the Filhos de Mente de Cristo, Children of the Mind of Christ.\nDona Cristã (Detestai o Pecado e Fazei o Direito, Portuguese for Hate Sin and Do the Right) is the principal monk of the order of the Children of the Mind of Christ.","title":"Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"},{"link_name":"Xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocide"},{"link_name":"Children of the Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_the_Mind"},{"link_name":"Speaker for the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead"}],"sub_title":"Pequeninos","text":"The Pequeninos (Portuguese for \"Little Ones\"), also known as Lusitanian Aborigines or piggies, are an alien species in the category ramen, or sentient non-human. They are forest-dwelling and technologically primitive, but incredibly intelligent species able to learn languages extremely quickly. They are given the nickname \"piggy\" by the colonists of the planet Lusitania where part of the series is set due to their pig-like appearance.Rooter: One of the first pequeninos introduced in the series, Rooter was the most inquisitive of the piggies and had a strong relationship with Libo before he was abruptly brought into his third life as a father-tree.\nMandachuva: When Pipo discovered that the Descolada virus, which had nearly destroyed the human population of Lusitania, was a part of the pequeninos' normal physiology, he went to share that information with the pequeninos. The pequenino Mandachuva brought that news back to the wives, along with the implication that the humans were not all-powerful and godlike, and that in some respects pequeninos were even more powerful than humans. It was a revelation to be rewarded, but when Pipo was asked to bring Mandachuva to the \"third life\", Pipo, not understanding the nature of pequenino transformation, thought he was being asked to kill Mandachuva. He refused, preferring to lose his own life in the process. Mandachuva, and the pequeninos in general, thought that they were rewarding Pipo by killing him, bringing him on to his third life, not understanding that no such thing existed for humans. The first crisis in human-pequenino relations occurred with the death of the first xenologer, Pipo Figueira, at the hands of the pequeninos.\nLeaf-eater: Seventeen years after the incident involving Pipo and Mandachuva, the new xenologer and Pipo's son, Libo Figueira, suffered a similar fate. The piggy Leaf-eater had convinced the wives to let many more little mothers conceive than normal and then convinced Libo to help them out with the famine that they were sure to face. It was an enormous risk because if Libo refused to help that whole generation of pequeinos would have starved, but the humans did in fact step in and provide assistance. After the first amaranth harvest, Libo was, like Pipo before him, asked to bring Leaf-eater to the third life, and, like his father, refused, thinking that he was saving Leaf-eater's life. Leaf-eater killed Libo, thinking on his part that he was helping Libo achieve his third life even though humans did not have a third life.\nHuman: One of the sons of Rooter. Human was offered a chance to be brought into the third life as a fathertree, but only if Ender performed the ritual. Like Pipo and Libo before him, Ender showed extreme distaste at the concept, but he managed to do so with a full understanding of the consequences of his actions. Soon after, Ender wrote a biography called \"Life of Human\" in memory of his friend. The name \"Human\" was given to him by the Pequeninos \"because he was very smart\".\nStar-looker: One of the wives. She represented the pequeninos in their treaty with the humans. She is also called \"Shouter\" by the brothers behind her back because of her loud voice.\nWarmaker: A pequenino that died and entered the \"third life\" as a tree. He convinced a tribe of Pequeninos that the Descolada virus was a form of the Holy Ghost of Christ and that it should be spread to all humans on the Hundred Worlds. The tribe kidnapped and tortured Father Estevão, Ender's stepson, by exposing him to the virus for several days without medication. This event triggered a massacre of the pequeninos by the humans of Lusitania.\nPlanter: A pequenino featured prominently in Xenocide. When it was revealed to him that the descolada was manipulating pequenino behavior, he became almost suicidal, insisting that he be deprived of the descolada until death to prove that the pequenino's sentience was not caused by the descolada. Although he never entered the third life as a fathertree, he was awarded the honor of retaining his name after being planted, something which no other brothertree was given.\nGlass: Similar to Planter, Glass was the subject of a descolada deprivation test. However, Glass's experiment was the testing of Ela's new recolada virus. He successfully made the transition into the third life as fathertree.\nFire-quencher: The pequenino representative who travels to the planet of the descoladores with Miro, Val, and the others in Children of the Mind.\nArrow: A pequenino mentioned in Speaker for the Dead. His name shows how humans affected pequenino culture.","title":"Characters introduced in Speaker for the Dead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xenocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocide"},{"link_name":"genetic modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_modification"},{"link_name":"obsessive-compulsive disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder"},{"link_name":"Queen Mother of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"OCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder"},{"link_name":"mutated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"}],"text":"Several of the key characters in the Xenocide novel are from the planet of Path. They include:Han Fei-tzu is a \"godspoken\" man from the planet of Path, and a reluctant follower of his religion. His treaty ended a burgeoning rebellion within the Hundred Worlds some three thousand years after Ender's Xenocide. Since then he has been retained as an advisor to Starways Congress.\nHan Jiang-qing was the wife of Han Fei-tzu. She was named after an ancient revolutionary leader and was a loving godspoken follower of her religion. She died of a brittle bone disease when Qing-jao was four years old.\nHan Qing-jao is the daughter of Han Fei-tzu and Han Jiang-qing, also godspoken like her parents. When confronted with evidence that the godspoken affliction is not a sign of deitic favor but rather a genetic modification, giving her and all other godspoken both genius-level intelligence and obsessive-compulsive disorder, she is unable to cope with the truth and clings to her old traditions, spending the rest of her life doing nothing but carrying out her obsessive-compulsive ritual of tracing grains in wooden floors. Some of the phrases she mutters while doing so were later compiled into a book. Her name means \"Gloriously Bright\".\nSi Wang-mu is Qing-jao's \"secret maid\", an ambitious and extremely bright commoner whom Qing-jao takes under her wing. She met Qing-Jao after she encountered her working in the rice paddy field after bribing her guard with sex. She is named after the Queen Mother of the West, a powerful figure in Chinese mythology. When the godspoken genes are studied in hopes of retaining the genius-level intellect but removing the OCD, it is discovered that Wang-mu has naturally mutated into such a condition, and her genes are treated as a model of what the revision is intended to do. Later, she accompanies the reborn Peter Wiggin on his quest to stop the destruction of Lusitania, and eventually marries him.","title":"Characters introduced in Xenocide "},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters from Ender in Exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ender's Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender%27s_Game"},{"link_name":"Ender in Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ender_in_Exile"}],"sub_title":"Shakespeare planet","text":"Alessandra Toscano is an Italian girl whose mother encourages her to seduce Ender. Ender rebuffs her attempts, and at the end of Ender in Exile she opts to stay on Shakespeare instead of travelling with her mother.\nSel Menach is a xenobiologist who was involved in numerous discoveries about the ecology of Shakespeare and eventually was honored with a currency named after him. On the flight to Shakespeare, he is alerted to Quincy Morgan's plans to become governor instead of Ender.\nVitaly Denisovitch Kolmogorov is an admiral who alerted Menach to Quincy Morgan's plans.\nIx Tolo\nPo\nAbra is the boy who Ender was with at the end of Ender's Game, when Ender discovered the cocooned Hive Queen at the End of the World the Buggers built for him. In Ender in Exile, Abra is revealed to be a bright boy of eleven years old who can fix nearly any machine. Abra is not really accepted by the children of his age because he is seen as someone who is at the level of an adult, while the adults mostly see him as a child.\nQuincy Morgan is the captain of the ship travelling to Shakespeare. He attempts to usurp Ender as the governor of the colony, but is forced to stay aboard his ship upon landing and leaves the planet thwarted.","title":"Characters from Ender in Exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Other Battle School students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Other_Battle_School_students"}],"sub_title":"Ganges planet","text":"Randall Firth: Originally named Achilles Flanders II, Firth is the missing ninth child of Bean and Petra. Randall was born prematurely and appears to have Anton's Key turned. His mother, Nichelle Firth, also known as Randi, believes Achilles is a hero assassinated by foul enemies. Nichelle allows Achilles to implant an embryo, believing that she would be carrying Achilles' child. To avoid persecution by Peter Wiggin, Randi determines to leave Earth and live in a colony, where she can raise her child and return him to Earth later to become the new Achilles. Nichelle ends up as a part of the colony Ganges led by Virlomi. Randall, called \"Achilles\" by Nichelle, is raised to see Peter the Hegemon and Julian Delphiki (otherwise known as Bean) as monsters, and to believe that Achilles was a true hero. Randall was one of the first to read \"The Hive Queen\" and treat it like a holy book, and thus he was also the first to paint Ender in a negative light, as Ender \"The Xenocide\". When Ender encounters Randall on Ganges, Randall plots to provoke Ender so that Ender will strike out and kill Randall. He thinks if this can be done, the universe will realize that Ender was a dangerous criminal. However, Ender does not strike out and instead tells Randall about his true mother and father: Petra Arkanian and Julian Delphiki. Randall is so enraged by this that he proceeds to brutally beat Ender, but Ender does not retaliate at all. Just before he delivers the final blow, Randall realizes that what Ender has told him is true, and he takes Ender to a doctor immediately. Randall then decides to rename himself Arkanian Delphiki, after his true parents.\nVirlomi: see Other Battle School students","title":"Characters from Ender in Exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning"},{"link_name":"toilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_River"},{"link_name":"jeesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jeesh"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"}],"text":"Anton is a scientist of European descent who discovers two genetic modifications which will allow the human brain unlimited growth, at the cost of unlimited physical growth. This discovery is named \"Anton's Key\" in his honor. However, research into human genetic engineering was outlawed by the international community, and when the nature of his work was discovered, he was subjected to classical conditioning to make it difficult for him to continue or even discuss his research.\nVolescu is an unethical scientist of European descent, and the brother of Bean's father. He stole Bean's parent's embryos and illegally modified all 23, \"turning\" Anton's Key within them; only one, Bean himself, ever grew to maturity. Volescu was later discovered and had to destroy all his \"research,\" but Bean escaped him by, at the age of 9 months, hiding himself in the tank of a toilet. Volescu was later imprisoned for his crimes.\nPoke is an orphan girl from the streets of Rotterdam, the leader of a \"crew\" of fellow orphans who eventually take in Bean — and Achilles. Poke gave Bean his name, which he was originally unfond of, but later recognizes himself as Bean and ignores Colonel Graff, who tells Bean his true identity as Julian Delphiki. In Rotterdam, Bean, on some instinct, tells Poke to kill Achilles when she has the chance; she refuses, and Achilles later kills her, after kissing her, by stabbing her in the eye and then throwing her in the Rhine. Bean witnessed the kiss in the dark and, after leaving the scene, came to the realization that Poke was unsafe. He rushes back to find Poke already dead; Bean then blames himself for Poke's death. When Bean tells the story of Poke to Ender's jeesh on the journey to Eros, he decides to trust Petra, saying to her, \"You cried for Poke, and that makes us friends.\"\nSergeant is the second in command of Poke's crew, and later Achilles' family. He finds out Achilles killed Poke, but keeps this a secret for his, and everyone else's, protection.\nSister Carlotta is a Catholic nun who works as a recruiter for Battle School. Like Poke, she takes in both Bean and Achilles; however, her battery of psychological tests manage to identify Achilles for who he truly is. Later, when he escapes from a mental institution in Belgium and begins his reign of terror, she and Bean go undercover to oppose him, eventually linking up with Peter Wiggin. She, like Poke, meets her death at Achilles' hands; Bean is never able to forgive himself for these deaths.\nUllysses is a bully in Rotterdam. To help his family receive food from a soup kitchen, Achilles makes a point of beating up Ullysses. When he is released from a hospital he gloats about getting even with him. Ullysses is later killed by Achilles.\nAndrew 'Ender' Delphiki is Bean and Petra's son who travels in the relativistic spaceship with Bean and his two siblings. He is one of four children in which Anton's Key is turned. He is determined to find a cure for Anton's Key. When he and his siblings find a new world to settle in, he devises and administers a virus that will develop an organelle to shut off their growth genome, leaving their intelligence intact but saving them from the giantism half of Anton's Key.\nRymus Ojman is the chairman of the cabinet of Starways Congress around the year 1970 S.C..\nJakt is Valentine Wiggin's husband. He is originally from Trondheim, where he was one of the most respected lords of a fishing fleet on the planet. He chooses to depart from Trondheim with Valentine while in his sixties.\nSyfte is Jakt and Valentine's daughter. She departs her homeworld of Trondheim with her parents and newlywed husband Lars.\nRo is Jakt and Valentine's child.\nVarsam is Jakt and Valentine's child.\nPlikt is a young student of Ender's from Trondheim. After his departure, she independently figures out that the man she knows as Andrew Wiggin is the original Speaker for the Dead as well as Ender Wiggin the Xenocide. She becomes a long-time friend and tutor of Valentine's family and departs Trondheim with them.","title":"Characters introduced in the Ender's Shadow/Bean Quartet series"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Scott Card, Orson (2009). Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show An Anthology. Tom Doherty Associates.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Grady (2012-03-13). \"Viola Davis | 'Ender's Game': Meet the Cast! | Photo 9 of 17\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2014-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/gallery/enders-game-meet-cast/?slide=368428#368428","url_text":"\"Viola Davis | 'Ender's Game': Meet the Cast! | Photo 9 of 17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ender%27s_Game_characters&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://ew.com/gallery/enders-game-meet-cast/?slide=368428#368428","external_links_name":"\"Viola Davis | 'Ender's Game': Meet the Cast! | Photo 9 of 17\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheung_Shui_Rural_(constituency) | Sheung Shui Rural (constituency) | ["1 Councillors represented","2 Election results","2.1 2010s","3 References"] | Sheung Shui RuralElected constituencyfor the North District CouncilBoundary of Sheung Shui Ruralin North DistrictDistrictNorthLegislative Council constituencyNew Territories NorthPopulation20,757 (2019)Electorate9,343 (2019)Current constituencyCreated1994Number of membersOneMember(s)Simon Hau Fuk-tat (Independent)
Sheung Shui Rural (Chinese: 上水鄉郊) is one of the 17 constituencies in the North District, Hong Kong.
The constituency returns one district councillor to the North District Council, with an election every four years.
Sheung Shui Rural constituency has an estimated population of 21,385.
Councillors represented
Election
Member
Party
1994
Hau Kam-lam
Nonpartisan
2015
Simon Hau Fuk-tat
Nonpartisan
Election results
2010s
North District Council Election, 2019: Sheung Shui Rural
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Nonpartisan
Simon Hau Fuk-tat
3,371
56.56
Ind. democrat
Hau Hiu-tung
2,589
43.44
Majority
782
13.12
Turnout
6,002
64.29
Nonpartisan hold
Swing
References
^ "Recommended District Council Constituency Areas" (PDF). Electoral Affairs Commission.
^ "Age and Sex profile of registered electors by 452 District Council Constituency Areas in 2019" (PDF). Registration and Electoral Office.
^ "2011 District Councils Election - Summary of the District Council Constituency Areas". Hong Kong Government. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
vteNorth District Council (22)Democratic (5)
Cheung Wah
Choi Yuen
Fanling Town
Shek Wu Hui
Tin Ping West
ND (3)
Tin Ping East
Wah Ming
Yan Shing
DAB (1)
Sha Ta
FTU (1)
Shing Fuk
Independent (8)
Ching Ho
Fanling South
Fung Tsui
Luen Wo Hui
Queen's Hill
Sheung Shui Rural
Wah Do
Yu Tai
Ex-officio members: Independent (4)(Ta Kwu Ling Rural Committee; Sheung Shui Rural Committee; Sha Tau Kok Rural Committee; Fanling Rural Committee) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"North District, Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_District,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"North District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_District_Council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sheung Shui Rural (Chinese: 上水鄉郊) is one of the 17 constituencies in the North District, Hong Kong.The constituency returns one district councillor to the North District Council, with an election every four years.Sheung Shui Rural constituency has an estimated population of 21,385.[3]","title":"Sheung Shui Rural (constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Councillors represented"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","title":"Election results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Recommended District Council Constituency Areas\" (PDF). Electoral Affairs Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eac.hk/pdf/distco/2019dc/final/en/N_descriptions(Eng).pdf","url_text":"\"Recommended District Council Constituency Areas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Age and Sex profile of registered electors by 452 District Council Constituency Areas in 2019\" (PDF). Registration and Electoral Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voterregistration.gov.hk/pdf/Age%20and%20Sex%20profile%20of%20registered%20electors%20by%20452%20District%20Council%20Constituency%20Areas%20in%202019PR_M.pdf","url_text":"\"Age and Sex profile of registered electors by 452 District Council Constituency Areas in 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 District Councils Election - Summary of the District Council Constituency Areas\". Hong Kong Government. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elections.gov.hk/dc2011/eng/summaryn.html","url_text":"\"2011 District Councils Election - Summary of the District Council Constituency Areas\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.eac.hk/pdf/distco/2019dc/final/en/N_descriptions(Eng).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Recommended District Council Constituency Areas\""},{"Link":"https://www.voterregistration.gov.hk/pdf/Age%20and%20Sex%20profile%20of%20registered%20electors%20by%20452%20District%20Council%20Constituency%20Areas%20in%202019PR_M.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Age and Sex profile of registered electors by 452 District Council Constituency Areas in 2019\""},{"Link":"http://www.elections.gov.hk/dc2011/eng/summaryn.html","external_links_name":"\"2011 District Councils Election - Summary of the District Council Constituency Areas\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condega | Condega | ["1 Geographical description","2 Topography","3 Road system","4 Archeology","5 Demographics","6 Healthcare","7 Education","7.1 Public Schools","7.2 Private and Religious Schools","8 Agriculture","9 Crafts","10 Media","11 Climate","12 International relations","12.1 Twin towns – sister cities","13 References","14 External links"] | Coordinates: 13°21′N 86°24′W / 13.350°N 86.400°W / 13.350; -86.400Municipality in Estelí Department, NicaraguaCondegaMunicipalityCondegaLocation in NicaraguaCoordinates: 13°21′N 86°24′W / 13.350°N 86.400°W / 13.350; -86.400Country NicaraguaDepartmentEstelí DepartmentGovernment • MayorJairo Arce AvilésArea • Municipality143 sq mi (371 km2)Population (2022 estimate) • Municipality31,257 • Density220/sq mi (84/km2) • Urban12,073
Condega (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a municipality in the Estelí department of Nicaragua. It was officially incorporated on June 9, 1962. Condega is situated on the Pan-American Highway (Route One) at a distance of 185 kilometers north of Managua, and at an altitude of 560 meters (1,837 feet) above sea level.
Geographical description
The Department of Estelí is located in the north central highlands, where the altitude moderates the climate. The mountain areas are covered with forests of oak and pine.
The municipality of Condega is located in the Department of Estelí, near the Estelí River. Condega is the second largest of six municipalities in the Department of Estelí, second is size only to Estelí.
The municipal center is located 185 km north of Managua (about 3 hours by car). Its territorial size is of 398 square kilometers, corresponding to the second place among the six municipalities of the Department of Estelí. According to INTER, 4 the municipality of Condega is located at the coordinates 13° 21' north latitude and 86° 23' west longitude.
The municipality of Condega borders to the north with the municipalities of Palacagüina and Telpaneca that belong to the Department of Madriz; to the south with the municipality of Estelí; to the east with the municipalities of San Sebastián de Yalí that belongs to the Department of Jinotega; and to the west with the municipalities of Pueblo Nuevo and San Juan de Limay.
The Ecological Park of Cantagallo is located twenty-two kilometers away to the east. The park is in the Cantagallo Mountains. A profusion of orchids grow there.
Topography
This municipality has an altitude of 561 meters above sea level (MASL). The Condega area is characterized by a very rugged relief with marked differences in altitude and diversity of terrestrial systems.
It has physiographic slopes that range from steep to extremely steep with tables and small plains, varying its slopes in the plains from mild to strong slopes in the mountains, showing marked differences in altitude, ranging from 550 MASL in the Condega valley up to 1,450 MASL, which includes the micro-regions of El Bramadero, Los Corralitos, and San Jeronimo. The highest elevations are: Cerro El Roble (1,485 MASL), Cerro El Roble (1,470 MASL), Cerro Las Cumbres (1,348 MASL), and El Jilguero Hill (1,345 MASL). The agricultural area of the municipality is characterized by a well-drained alluvial plain that oscillates between 550 and 800 MASL.
Road system
The road system of the municipality is constituted by a total of 156 km of roads of which 11.85% constitutes the primary network, 20.37% the secondary network and 67.78% the tertiary. The road system of the municipality is constituted by a total of 297.15 km of roads, of which 10.43% are the primary network, 4.96% are the secondary network and 4.6% are tertiary. Of the total of roads of the municipality, the 18.35 km of the Pan-American Highway that crosses the municipality of north to the south are included. At the urban level there are 155 blocks, of which 13 are asphalted and 22 paved, for a 29.67% coverage.
Archeology
The site of Condega was inhabited from pre-Hispanic times, as evidenced by the archaeological remains found in the urban area and nearby communities. According to archeologists, these objects are classified in a period between 800 and 1200.
This zone had a great importance of cultural exchange and commercial exchange with other aboriginal populations of the northern zones Ulua-Yojoa, of the present Republic of Honduras, by the found ceramic of the type Ulua Policroma and Babilonio and the molds of mud for emptying of figures.
The type of archaeological pieces include:
Litica: they are objects that were elaborated by means of percussion procedures, giving shape until later the sharpening and polishing of arrow points, lances, blades, axes with flint, chalcedony, jasper, obsidian, etc.
Metates: they were used to grind maize, as seats, throne chairs and for children's games. There are different sizes: medium, large; There are coarse and fine; Without legs, with three or four legs; Round and triangular legs decorated with geometric lines; Simple without decoration and with front decoration with animal head.
Mortars: wooden containers used to crush food and mineral substances, vegetables and animals; To prepare medicines and dyes for ceramics, or to have tissues. There are different sizes and characteristics: round shape, without legs, with legs, globular protuberances and indecisive decoration.
The Museum of Condega (Museo Arqueológico de Condega) has a collection of more than 300 Pre-Columbian artifacts, some dating to 800 years before Christ.
Demographics
The national census of 2005 reported an urban population of 9,894 and a rural population of 18,587 with a total population of 28,481. The census reported 14,307 women and 14,174 men.
The population is largely mestizo.
Healthcare
The Ada María López Primary Hospital opened in 2011 in Condega.
Three hospitals are located in the nearby city of Estelí.
The San Felipe Dental Clinic is available for dental health.
Several pharmacies (farmacias) operate in Condega.
Education
Public Schools
The Ministry of Education renovated the public school at Santa Teresa in 2013, which serves more than five hundred students on three different educational levels. The Juan Castillo School Center is located on Calle Central.
Private and Religious Schools
In addition to the public schools, Condega is the site of several Christian schools. Condega is the location of the Instituto Cristiano Denis Cáceras El Reneuvo, a Christian private school, which enjoys support from Addis International Missions of Addis, Louisiana; the Samaritan Mission school; and the Jesus the Potter School, which is supported by the New Sharon United Methodist Church of New Sharon, Iowa.
There also is a school of boxing at Condega.
Agriculture
Tobacco is grown is Condega and cigars are produced. Coffee is also produced in Condega.
Crafts
Reproductions of Pre-Columbian pottery are produced in Condega.
Media
The Good Samaritan Mission Radio Station broadcasts on frequency modulated (FM) 98.9 megahertz.
Climate
Climate data for Condega (1961–1990)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
29.5(85.1)
30.8(87.4)
32.7(90.9)
32.7(90.9)
32.6(90.7)
31.2(88.2)
29.6(85.3)
30.4(86.7)
30.4(86.7)
30.1(86.2)
29.4(84.9)
29.3(84.7)
29.9(85.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)
21.5(70.7)
22.3(72.1)
24.0(75.2)
25.0(77.0)
25.1(77.2)
24.3(75.7)
23.6(74.5)
24.0(75.2)
23.9(75.0)
23.5(74.3)
22.5(72.5)
21.8(71.2)
23.5(74.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
11.2(52.2)
11.4(52.5)
12.8(55.0)
13.9(57.0)
15.5(59.9)
16.3(61.3)
15.5(59.9)
15.4(59.7)
15.5(59.9)
15.0(59.0)
12.6(54.7)
10.9(51.6)
13.8(56.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
7(0.3)
4(0.2)
11(0.4)
21(0.8)
113(4.4)
131(5.2)
81(3.2)
98(3.9)
141(5.6)
127(5.0)
34(1.3)
14(0.6)
782(30.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
2
1
1
2
8
13
12
12
13
13
6
4
87
Source: NOAA
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Nicaragua
Twin towns – sister cities
Condega is a sister city to two cities in the United States as well as several cities in Europe:
Bend, Oregon
Fairfax, California
Ansfelden, Austria
Herford, Germany
13°21′N 86°24′W / 13.350°N 86.400°W / 13.350; -86.400
vte Estelí DepartmentCapital: EstelíMunicipalities
Condega
Estelí
La Trinidad
Pueblo Nuevo
San Juan de Limay
San Nicolás
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
References
^ Citypopulation.de Population of Condega municipality
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Translation from Spanish language Wikipedia.
^ INTER
^ Ecological Park of Cantagallo
^ Parque Ecológico de Cantagallo
^ Censo de Población y
IV de Vivienda, Población Volumen IV: página 24. Noviembre 2006.
^ Condega cuenta con nuevo hospital primario "Ada María López"
^ "Hospitales de Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
^ "Clinica Dental San Felipe". Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
^ Comunidad de Condega estrena nueva escuela, Canal 19 TV.
^ Instituto Cristiano Denis Cáceras El Reneuvo
^ a b Good Samaritan Mission. YouTube.
^ Condega School in Nicaragua
^ Escuela de Box Condega. YouTube.
^ Interviews AJ in Condega Pt 2 . YouTube.
^ Condega Ceramics. YouTube.
^ "Condega Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
External links
Quaint Village of Condega in Nicaragua
Condega
Museo archeologico de Condega, Esteli, Nicaragua (In Spanish)
Map of Condega | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[konˈdeɣa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Estelí department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estel%C3%AD_Department"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Pan-American Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-American_Highway"},{"link_name":"Managua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managua"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espanol-2"}],"text":"Municipality in Estelí Department, NicaraguaCondega (Spanish pronunciation: [konˈdeɣa]) is a municipality in the Estelí department of Nicaragua. It was officially incorporated on June 9, 1962. 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The mountain areas are covered with forests of oak and pine.The municipality of Condega is located in the Department of Estelí, near the Estelí River. Condega is the second largest of six municipalities in the Department of Estelí, second is size only to Estelí.[2]The municipal center is located 185 km north of Managua (about 3 hours by car). Its territorial size is of 398 square kilometers, corresponding to the second place among the six municipalities of the Department of Estelí. According to INTER, 4 the municipality of Condega is located at the coordinates 13° 21' north latitude and 86° 23' west longitude.[3]The municipality of Condega borders to the north with the municipalities of Palacagüina and Telpaneca that belong to the Department of Madriz; to the south with the municipality of Estelí; to the east with the municipalities of San Sebastián de Yalí that belongs to the Department of Jinotega; and to the west with the municipalities of Pueblo Nuevo and San Juan de Limay.[2]The Ecological Park of Cantagallo is located twenty-two kilometers away to the east. The park is in the Cantagallo Mountains. A profusion of orchids grow there.[4][5]","title":"Geographical description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espanol-2"},{"link_name":"physiographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiographic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espanol-2"}],"text":"This municipality has an altitude of 561 meters above sea level (MASL). The Condega area is characterized by a very rugged relief with marked differences in altitude and diversity of terrestrial systems.[2]It has physiographic slopes that range from steep to extremely steep with tables and small plains, varying its slopes in the plains from mild to strong slopes in the mountains, showing marked differences in altitude, ranging from 550 MASL in the Condega valley up to 1,450 MASL, which includes the micro-regions of El Bramadero, Los Corralitos, and San Jeronimo. The highest elevations are: Cerro El Roble (1,485 MASL), Cerro El Roble (1,470 MASL), Cerro Las Cumbres (1,348 MASL), and El Jilguero Hill (1,345 MASL). The agricultural area of the municipality is characterized by a well-drained alluvial plain that oscillates between 550 and 800 MASL.[2]","title":"Topography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espanol-2"}],"text":"The road system of the municipality is constituted by a total of 156 km of roads of which 11.85% constitutes the primary network, 20.37% the secondary network and 67.78% the tertiary. The road system of the municipality is constituted by a total of 297.15 km of roads, of which 10.43% are the primary network, 4.96% are the secondary network and 4.6% are tertiary. Of the total of roads of the municipality, the 18.35 km of the Pan-American Highway that crosses the municipality of north to the south are included. At the urban level there are 155 blocks, of which 13 are asphalted and 22 paved, for a 29.67% coverage.[2]","title":"Road system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espanol-2"},{"link_name":"Republic of Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Honduras"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espanol-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espanol-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espanol-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espanol-2"},{"link_name":"Pre-Columbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espanol-2"}],"text":"The site of Condega was inhabited from pre-Hispanic times, as evidenced by the archaeological remains found in the urban area and nearby communities. According to archeologists, these objects are classified in a period between 800 and 1200.[2]This zone had a great importance of cultural exchange and commercial exchange with other aboriginal populations of the northern zones Ulua-Yojoa, of the present Republic of Honduras, by the found ceramic of the type Ulua Policroma and Babilonio and the molds of mud for emptying of figures.[2]The type of archaeological pieces include:Litica: they are objects that were elaborated by means of percussion procedures, giving shape until later the sharpening and polishing of arrow points, lances, blades, axes with flint, chalcedony, jasper, obsidian, etc.[2]Metates: they were used to grind maize, as seats, throne chairs and for children's games. There are different sizes: medium, large; There are coarse and fine; Without legs, with three or four legs; Round and triangular legs decorated with geometric lines; Simple without decoration and with front decoration with animal head.[2]Mortars: wooden containers used to crush food and mineral substances, vegetables and animals; To prepare medicines and dyes for ceramics, or to have tissues. There are different sizes and characteristics: round shape, without legs, with legs, globular protuberances and indecisive decoration.[2]The Museum of Condega (Museo Arqueológico de Condega) has a collection of more than 300 Pre-Columbian artifacts, some dating to 800 years before Christ.[2]","title":"Archeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"mestizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo"}],"text":"The national census of 2005 reported an urban population of 9,894 and a rural population of 18,587 with a total population of 28,481. The census reported 14,307 women and 14,174 men.[6]The population is largely mestizo.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Ada María López Primary Hospital opened in 2011 in Condega.[7]Three hospitals are located in the nearby city of Estelí.[8]The San Felipe Dental Clinic is available for dental health.[9]Several pharmacies (farmacias) operate in Condega.","title":"Healthcare"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Public Schools","text":"The Ministry of Education renovated the public school at Santa Teresa in 2013, which serves more than five hundred students on three different educational levels.[10] The Juan Castillo School Center is located on Calle Central.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Addis, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-samaritan-12"},{"link_name":"New Sharon, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Sharon,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Private and Religious Schools","text":"In addition to the public schools, Condega is the site of several Christian schools. Condega is the location of the Instituto Cristiano Denis Cáceras El Reneuvo, a Christian private school,[11] which enjoys support from Addis International Missions of Addis, Louisiana; the Samaritan Mission school;[12] and the Jesus the Potter School, which is supported by the New Sharon United Methodist Church of New Sharon, Iowa.[13]There also is a school of boxing at Condega.[14]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tobacco-15"}],"text":"Tobacco is grown is Condega and cigars are produced.[15] Coffee is also produced in Condega.","title":"Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceramics-16"}],"text":"Reproductions of Pre-Columbian pottery are produced in Condega.[16]","title":"Crafts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-samaritan-12"}],"text":"The Good Samaritan Mission Radio Station broadcasts on frequency modulated (FM) 98.9 megahertz.[12]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-17"}],"text":"Climate data for Condega (1961–1990)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n32.6(90.7)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n24.3(75.7)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n7(0.3)\n\n4(0.2)\n\n11(0.4)\n\n21(0.8)\n\n113(4.4)\n\n131(5.2)\n\n81(3.2)\n\n98(3.9)\n\n141(5.6)\n\n127(5.0)\n\n34(1.3)\n\n14(0.6)\n\n782(30.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2\n\n8\n\n13\n\n12\n\n12\n\n13\n\n13\n\n6\n\n4\n\n87\n\n\nSource: NOAA[17]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Central_America#Nicaragua"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Nicaragua","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"13°21′N 86°24′W / 13.350°N 86.400°W / 13.350; -86.400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Condega¶ms=13_21_N_86_24_W_region:NI_type:city"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Estel%C3%AD_Department"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Estel%C3%AD_Department"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estel%C3%AD_Department"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg"},{"link_name":"Estelí Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estel%C3%AD_Department"},{"link_name":"Estelí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estel%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Condega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Estelí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estel%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"La Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Trinidad,_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Pueblo Nuevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Nuevo,_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"San Juan de Limay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_de_Limay"},{"link_name":"San Nicolás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s,_Nicaragua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esteli_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1012589#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/142328169"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538023905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr88011061"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns – sister cities","text":"Condega is a sister city to two cities in the United States as well as several cities in Europe:13°21′N 86°24′W / 13.350°N 86.400°W / 13.350; -86.400vte Estelí DepartmentCapital: EstelíMunicipalities\nCondega\nEstelí\nLa Trinidad\nPueblo Nuevo\nSan Juan de Limay\nSan NicolásAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"International relations"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Esteli_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg/120px-Esteli_Department_in_Nicaragua.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hospitales de Nicaragua\". Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222113414/http://www.nicacyber.com/hospitales.aspx","url_text":"\"Hospitales de Nicaragua\""},{"url":"http://www.nicacyber.com/hospitales.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clinica Dental San Felipe\". Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222193952/https://www.ciudadguru.com.ni/condega/empresa/clinica-dental-san-felipe/16747453","url_text":"\"Clinica Dental San Felipe\""},{"url":"https://www.ciudadguru.com.ni/condega/empresa/clinica-dental-san-felipe/16747453","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Condega Climate Normals 1961–1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 8 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/NK/00045003.TXT","url_text":"\"Condega Climate Normals 1961–1990\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Condega¶ms=13_21_N_86_24_W_region:NI_type:city","external_links_name":"13°21′N 86°24′W / 13.350°N 86.400°W / 13.350; -86.400"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Condega¶ms=13_21_N_86_24_W_region:NI_type:city(31257)","external_links_name":"13°21′N 86°24′W / 13.350°N 86.400°W / 13.350; -86.400"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Condega¶ms=13_21_N_86_24_W_region:NI_type:city","external_links_name":"13°21′N 86°24′W / 13.350°N 86.400°W / 13.350; -86.400"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/142328169","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538023905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr88011061","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nicaragua/admin/condega/2510/","external_links_name":"Citypopulation.de"},{"Link":"http://www.ineter.gob.ni/","external_links_name":"INTER"},{"Link":"http://www.nicaragua.com/blog/ecological-park-of-cantagallo","external_links_name":"Ecological Park of Cantagallo"},{"Link":"https://vianica.com/sp/atractivo/74/parque-ecologico-de-cantagallo","external_links_name":"Parque Ecológico de Cantagallo"},{"Link":"https://pinoleronic.blogspot.com/2011/06/condega-cuenta-con-nuevo-hospital.html","external_links_name":"Condega cuenta con nuevo hospital primario \"Ada María López\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222113414/http://www.nicacyber.com/hospitales.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Hospitales de Nicaragua\""},{"Link":"http://www.nicacyber.com/hospitales.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222193952/https://www.ciudadguru.com.ni/condega/empresa/clinica-dental-san-felipe/16747453","external_links_name":"\"Clinica Dental San Felipe\""},{"Link":"https://www.ciudadguru.com.ni/condega/empresa/clinica-dental-san-felipe/16747453","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.el19digital.com/articulos/ver/titulo:10207-comunidad-de-condega-estrena-nueva-escuela","external_links_name":"Comunidad de Condega estrena nueva escuela"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/ICDCOER","external_links_name":"Instituto Cristiano Denis Cáceras El Reneuvo"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKIzaPcFR4U","external_links_name":"Good Samaritan Mission."},{"Link":"http://www.newsharonumc.org/condegaschoolnicaragua.htm","external_links_name":"Condega School in Nicaragua"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qj_Al8W3jac","external_links_name":"Escuela de Box Condega"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YqaWWvPiFWE%7CAlex","external_links_name":"Interviews AJ in Condega Pt 2"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_czIt4cYg0","external_links_name":"Condega Ceramics."},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/NK/00045003.TXT","external_links_name":"\"Condega Climate Normals 1961–1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.nicaragua.com/esteli-region/condega/","external_links_name":"Quaint Village of Condega in Nicaragua"},{"Link":"https://vianica.com/nicaragua/esteli/condega/5.1","external_links_name":"Condega"},{"Link":"http://www.manfut.org/esteli/condega.html","external_links_name":"Museo archeologico de Condega, Esteli, Nicaragua"},{"Link":"http://www.solorecursos.com/pueblos/nicaragua/mapa1.php?id=591","external_links_name":"Map of Condega"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bower | Steve Bower | ["1 Early career","2 MUTV","3 Setanta Sports","4 Freelance work","5 Commentating Credits","6 References","7 External links"] | English football commentator
Steve BowerBornStephen Robert Bower1973 (age 50–51)Clatterbridge Hospital, CheshireNationalityEnglishOccupationFootball CommentatorEmployer(s)BBC Sport, TNT Sports, PL Productions, DAZN
Stephen Robert Bower is an English football commentator, one of the main voices for BBC TV's Match of the Day, culminating in being part of the commentary teams for the 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022 FIFA World Cups. Bower commentated on New Zealand's historic draw with Italy and Argentina's 4–1 win over South Korea amongst others.
He can also be heard on TNT Sports covering the Europa League, Serie A, and the Bundesliga, NBCSN covering the Premier League in the US, and ESPN covering international matches. He is the lead presenter on world feed Premier League Productions and presents Premier League football for Amazon Prime Video UK. Previous work includes Setanta Sports, ESPN UK, and MUTV.
Early career
Educated at Calday Grange Grammar School, Bower began his career in 1991 at Radio City (Liverpool), where he presented sports bulletins on the weekday breakfast show. He then began providing commentary and presenting on the stations coverage of local football teams Everton F.C., Liverpool F.C. and Tranmere Rovers matches
In May 1996, Bower was appointed Head of Sport at Piccadilly Radio in Manchester, at the time the youngest sports editor in UK Independent Radio. He also presented various sports programme, and match commentary on Manchester United, Manchester City and Bolton Wanderers. In addition, he gave coverage of UEFA Euro 1996 for Independent Radio News, while in 1998, he gave full match commentary on all England and Scotland matches during the 1998 FIFA World Cup for the entire EMAP radio network.
MUTV
From September 1998 to July 2007, Bower was senior commentator and presenter at Manchester United Television (MUTV) where he provided commentary on Premier League, Champions League, FA Cup and League Cup matches for the full 90-minute delayed broadcast with a co-commentator (including the historic treble winning season of '98-99). He also gave commentary and on-location presentation on pre-season tour matches live around the world in places such as Australia, United States, China, Japan and South Africa, not to mention Reserve and Youth Cup matches (live). He conducted after-match interviews at every game with players and manager, plus special exclusive sit-downs such as with David Beckham on signing in Madrid, Sir Alex Ferguson on announcing his retirement and Roy Keane on 'prawn sandwich' fans. The Roy Keane interview was recorded as part of the series, Roy Keane Plays The Pundit, but was never broadcast due to Keane's reported stinging attack on his fellow Manchester United players.
Bower's role also comprised studio presentation, which included fans' phone-ins and special shows such as with Joel Glazer on his family buying Manchester United. His work as Head of Presentation made him responsible for all presenters and the overall look of the channel. In the Autumn of 2000, he and long time co-commentator from his days at Piccadilly, 1968 European Cup winner, Paddy Crerand were given their own show by MUTV entitled Crerand and Bower...in Extra Time. During this time, Bower was the England reporter for talkSPORT radio during Euro 2000 which saw him conduct daily interviews with manager and players, and offer on-location studio presentation. He also provided studio presentation throughout Euro 2004 for talkSPORT radio in addition to full match commentaries on England qualifiers and Champions League matches. Bower's MUTV commentary work, alongside Paddy Crerand, can be heard in the 2004 film The Day After Tomorrow.
Setanta Sports
In July 2007, Bower made the move to Setanta Sports where he was a commentator and presenter. His work included live Premier League games, live FA Cup matches, live UEFA Cup matches, live World Cup qualifiers, commentary and presentation of live Blue Square Premier (conference) games, including play-off games and a final at Wembley. He also worked on FA Cup matches including build-up to the final, as well as coverage of live England under-21 and under-19 matches, and coverage of the FA Youth Cup (including the Final).
Freelance work
Following Setanta Sports' UK division entering administration in June 2009, Bower began working for ESPN in August 2009, mainly focusing on European football including Portuguese Liga and Eredivise, but also domestic competitions from time to time. His first commentary for the network was the pre-season friendly between S.L. Benfica and A.C. Milan
He has been heard commentating for Sky Sports and on Match of the Day for the BBC. He also lends his voice for ITV Sport's highlights of the UEFA Europa League on ITV4.
In the 2013-14 season he has commentated on live Conference Premier coverage for BT Sport. He continues as the No. 2 commentator for Europa League as well as working Bundesliga and Ligue 1 for BT Sport.
He has also worked for NBC Sports as a play-by-play commentator for Premier League matches as an alternate to Arlo White, and has also hosted studio coverage for the network during the absences of primary host Rebecca Lowe, as well as various on-location segments. He has also hosted the network's Match of the Day and Premier League Download programs.
In 2016, Bower was a lead presenter for ESPN's coverage of Euro 2016.
Now, Bower is the presenter on Sundays for Premier League Productions for worldwide viewers.
Since 2019, Bower presents the live goals show for Amazon Prime UK coverage of the Premier League. He also commentates on the Champions League final every year for DAZN worldwide.
Commentating Credits
FIFA World Cup: 2010 (BBC), 2014 (BBC), 2018 (BBC)
Premier League: 1998–2007 (MUTV), 2007–2009 (Setanta) (Presenter/Commentator), 2009–present (BBC), 2015–2019 (NBC) (Presenter/Commentator), 2019–present (PL Productions) (Lead Presenter), 2019–present (Amazon) (Commentator/Presenter)
UEFA European Championships: 2012 (BBC), 2016 (ESPN) (Presenter), 2020 (BBC)
UEFA Champions League: 2015–present (BT Sport), 2019–present (DAZN) (Lead Commentator)
UEFA Europa League: 2009-2013 (ESPN UK), 2013–present (BT Sport)
FA Cup: 2009–present (BBC), 2009–2013 (ESPN UK), 2013–present (BT Sport)
Bundesliga: 2009–2013 (ESPN UK), 2013–present (BT Sport)
Serie A: 2009–2013 (ESPN UK), 2013–2019 (BT Sport)
UEFA Nations League and Euro 2024 Qualifiers: 2022–present (Channel 4; England matches only)
References
^ @SteveBowercomm (15 June 2018). "Tomorrow s view France/Australia @bbc1 1100 #bbcWorldCup2018" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Kay, Oliver (1 November 2005). "United push panic button after Keane's video nasty". Article from The Times Newspaper (1 November 2005). London. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
External links
MUTV website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"BBC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_TV"},{"link_name":"Match of the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_of_the_Day"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"TNT Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_Sports_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"NBCSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCSN"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Premier League Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Productions"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Video UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"Setanta Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setanta_Sports#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"ESPN UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_UK"}],"text":"Stephen Robert Bower[1] is an English football commentator, one of the main voices for BBC TV's Match of the Day, culminating in being part of the commentary teams for the 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022 FIFA World Cups. Bower commentated on New Zealand's historic draw with Italy and Argentina's 4–1 win over South Korea amongst others. \nHe can also be heard on TNT Sports covering the Europa League, Serie A, and the Bundesliga, NBCSN covering the Premier League in the US, and ESPN covering international matches. He is the lead presenter on world feed Premier League Productions and presents Premier League football for Amazon Prime Video UK. Previous work includes Setanta Sports, ESPN UK, and MUTV.","title":"Steve Bower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calday Grange Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calday_Grange_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Radio City (Liverpool)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_(Liverpool)"},{"link_name":"Everton F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tranmere Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greatest_Hits_Radio_Manchester_and_the_North_West&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1996"},{"link_name":"Independent Radio News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Radio_News"},{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"Educated at Calday Grange Grammar School, Bower began his career in 1991 at Radio City (Liverpool), where he presented sports bulletins on the weekday breakfast show. He then began providing commentary and presenting on the stations coverage of local football teams Everton F.C., Liverpool F.C. and Tranmere Rovers matchesIn May 1996, Bower was appointed Head of Sport at Piccadilly Radio in Manchester, at the time the youngest sports editor in UK Independent Radio. He also presented various sports programme, and match commentary on Manchester United, Manchester City and Bolton Wanderers. In addition, he gave coverage of UEFA Euro 1996 for Independent Radio News, while in 1998, he gave full match commentary on all England and Scotland matches during the 1998 FIFA World Cup for the entire EMAP radio network.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester United Television (MUTV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUTV_(Manchester_United_F.C.)"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"treble winning season of '98-99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Manchester_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Sir Alex Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Roy Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Keane"},{"link_name":"'prawn sandwich' fans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn_sandwich_brigade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Joel Glazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Glazer"},{"link_name":"Paddy Crerand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Crerand"},{"link_name":"talkSPORT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkSPORT"}],"text":"From September 1998 to July 2007, Bower was senior commentator and presenter at Manchester United Television (MUTV) where he provided commentary on Premier League, Champions League, FA Cup and League Cup matches for the full 90-minute delayed broadcast with a co-commentator (including the historic treble winning season of '98-99). He also gave commentary and on-location presentation on pre-season tour matches live around the world in places such as Australia, United States, China, Japan and South Africa, not to mention Reserve and Youth Cup matches (live). He conducted after-match interviews at every game with players and manager, plus special exclusive sit-downs such as with David Beckham on signing in Madrid, Sir Alex Ferguson on announcing his retirement and Roy Keane on 'prawn sandwich' fans. The Roy Keane interview was recorded as part of the series, Roy Keane Plays The Pundit, but was never broadcast due to Keane's reported stinging attack on his fellow Manchester United players.[2]Bower's role also comprised studio presentation, which included fans' phone-ins and special shows such as with Joel Glazer on his family buying Manchester United. His work as Head of Presentation made him responsible for all presenters and the overall look of the channel. In the Autumn of 2000, he and long time co-commentator from his days at Piccadilly, 1968 European Cup winner, Paddy Crerand were given their own show by MUTV entitled Crerand and Bower...in Extra Time. During this time, Bower was the England reporter for talkSPORT radio during Euro 2000 which saw him conduct daily interviews with manager and players, and offer on-location studio presentation. He also provided studio presentation throughout Euro 2004 for talkSPORT radio in addition to full match commentaries on England qualifiers and Champions League matches. Bower's MUTV commentary work, alongside Paddy Crerand, can be heard in the 2004 film The Day After Tomorrow.","title":"MUTV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Setanta Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setanta_Sports"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"}],"text":"In July 2007, Bower made the move to Setanta Sports where he was a commentator and presenter. His work included live Premier League games, live FA Cup matches, live UEFA Cup matches, live World Cup qualifiers, commentary and presentation of live Blue Square Premier (conference) games, including play-off games and a final at Wembley. He also worked on FA Cup matches including build-up to the final, as well as coverage of live England under-21 and under-19 matches, and coverage of the FA Youth Cup (including the Final).","title":"Setanta Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Setanta Sports' UK division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setanta_Sports#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_(UK_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Liga"},{"link_name":"Eredivise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivise"},{"link_name":"S.L. Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"A.C. Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"Sky Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports"},{"link_name":"Match of the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_of_the_Day"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"ITV Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Sport"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"ITV4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV4"},{"link_name":"2013-14 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Conference Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_Premier"},{"link_name":"BT Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Sport"},{"link_name":"Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"NBC Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sports"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Lowe"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Euro 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_2016"},{"link_name":"Premier League Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Productions"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"DAZN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAZN"}],"text":"Following Setanta Sports' UK division entering administration in June 2009, Bower began working for ESPN in August 2009, mainly focusing on European football including Portuguese Liga and Eredivise, but also domestic competitions from time to time. His first commentary for the network was the pre-season friendly between S.L. Benfica and A.C. MilanHe has been heard commentating for Sky Sports and on Match of the Day for the BBC. He also lends his voice for ITV Sport's highlights of the UEFA Europa League on ITV4.In the 2013-14 season he has commentated on live Conference Premier coverage for BT Sport. He continues as the No. 2 commentator for Europa League as well as working Bundesliga and Ligue 1 for BT Sport.He has also worked for NBC Sports as a play-by-play commentator for Premier League matches as an alternate to Arlo White, and has also hosted studio coverage for the network during the absences of primary host Rebecca Lowe, as well as various on-location segments. He has also hosted the network's Match of the Day and Premier League Download programs.In 2016, Bower was a lead presenter for ESPN's coverage of Euro 2016.Now, Bower is the presenter on Sundays for Premier League Productions for worldwide viewers.Since 2019, Bower presents the live goals show for Amazon Prime UK coverage of the Premier League. He also commentates on the Champions League final every year for DAZN worldwide.","title":"Freelance work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"UEFA Nations League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Nations_League"},{"link_name":"Euro 2024 Qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024_qualifying"}],"text":"FIFA World Cup: 2010 (BBC), 2014 (BBC), 2018 (BBC)\nPremier League: 1998–2007 (MUTV), 2007–2009 (Setanta) (Presenter/Commentator), 2009–present (BBC), 2015–2019 (NBC) (Presenter/Commentator), 2019–present (PL Productions) (Lead Presenter), 2019–present (Amazon) (Commentator/Presenter)\nUEFA European Championships: 2012 (BBC), 2016 (ESPN) (Presenter), 2020 (BBC)\nUEFA Champions League: 2015–present (BT Sport), 2019–present (DAZN) (Lead Commentator)\nUEFA Europa League: 2009-2013 (ESPN UK), 2013–present (BT Sport)\nFA Cup: 2009–present (BBC), 2009–2013 (ESPN UK), 2013–present (BT Sport)\nBundesliga: 2009–2013 (ESPN UK), 2013–present (BT Sport)\nSerie A: 2009–2013 (ESPN UK), 2013–2019 (BT Sport)\nUEFA Nations League and Euro 2024 Qualifiers: 2022–present (Channel 4; England matches only)","title":"Commentating Credits"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"@SteveBowercomm (15 June 2018). \"Tomorrow s view France/Australia @bbc1 1100 #bbcWorldCup2018\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/SteveBowercomm/status/1007572943080128512","url_text":"\"Tomorrow s view France/Australia @bbc1 1100 #bbcWorldCup2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Kay, Oliver (1 November 2005). \"United push panic button after Keane's video nasty\". Article from The Times Newspaper (1 November 2005). London. Retrieved 28 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premiership/manchester_united/article585137.ece","url_text":"\"United push panic button after Keane's video nasty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://x.com/SteveBowercomm/status/1007572943080128512","external_links_name":"\"Tomorrow s view France/Australia @bbc1 1100 #bbcWorldCup2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premiership/manchester_united/article585137.ece","external_links_name":"\"United push panic button after Keane's video nasty\""},{"Link":"http://www.mutv.com/","external_links_name":"MUTV website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qurna_District | Al-Qurna District | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 30°53′7″N 47°17′27″E / 30.88528°N 47.29083°E / 30.88528; 47.29083District in Basra, IraqAl-Qurna District
Arabic: قضاء القرنةDistrictA farm in the town of Al QurnaAl-Qurna DistrictCoordinates: 30°53′7″N 47°17′27″E / 30.88528°N 47.29083°E / 30.88528; 47.29083Country IraqGovernorateBasraSeatAl-QurnahPopulation (2018) • Total286,073Time zoneUTC+3 (AST)
Al Kurnah District historical view
Al-Qurna District (Arabic: قضاء القرنة) is a district of Basra Governorate, Iraq. Its seat is the town of Al-Qurna. The West Qurna Field is located in the district.
The Iraqi marsh lands, which are known as the Garden of Eden, surround this area in the lower part of the Mesopotamian basin. The area had played a prominent part in the history of mankind and was inhabited since the dawn of civilization.
References
^ "Al-Qurnah (District, Iraq) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
vteDistricts of Iraq and their capitalsAnbar Governorate
Anah District (Anah)
Fallujah District (Fallujah)
Haditha District (Haditha)
Hit District (Hit)
al-Qa'im District (Al-Qa'im)
Ramadi District (Ramadi)
Rawah District (Rawah)
ar-Rutba District (Ar-Rutbah)
Flag of IraqBabil Governorate
Hashimiya District (Al Hashimiyah)
Al-Hilla District (Hillah)
al-Mahawil District (Al-Mahawil)
al-Musayab District (Musayyib)
Baghdad Governorate
Abu Ghraib District
al-Istiqlal District
al-Mada'in District
Mahmudiya District (Mahmudiya)
Taji District
al-Tarmia District
Baghdad: New Baghdad
Adhamiyah
Kadhimiya
Karrada
Karkh
Mansour
Al Rashid
Rusafa
Sadr City
Basra Governorate
Abu Al-Khaseeb District (Abu Al-Khaseeb)
Basrah District (Basra)
al-Faw District (al-Faw)
al-Midaina District (Al-Midaina)
al-Qurna District (Al-Qurnah)
Shatt Al-Arab District (Shatt al-Arab)
al-Zubair District (Al-Zubair)
Dhi Qar Governorate
al-Chibayish District (Al-Chibayish)
Nasiriyah District (Nasiriyah)
al-Rifa'i District (Al-Rifa'i)
al-Shatrah District (Al-Shatrah)
Suq al-Shuyukh District (Suq Al-Shoyokh)
Diyala Governorate
Balad Ruz District (Balad Ruz)
Ba'quba District (Baqubah)
al Khalis District (Al Khalis)
Khanaqin District (Khanaqin)
Kifri District (Kifri)
al-Miqdadiya District (Al-Miqdadiya)
Duhok Governorate
Akre District (Akre)
Amadiya District (Amadiya)
Duhok District (Duhok)
Simele District (Simele)
Zakho District (Zakho)
Erbil Governorate
Choman District (Choman)
Erbil District (Erbil)
Koy Sinjaq District (Koy Sanjaq)
Makhmur District (Makhmur)
Mergasor District (Mergasor)
Shaqlawa District (Shaqlawa)
Soran District (Soran)
Halabja Governorate
Byara District (Byara)
Halabja District (Halabja)
Khurmal District (Khurmal)
Sirwan District (Sirwan)
Karbala Governorate
al-Hindiya District (Al-Hindiya)
Kerbala District (Karbala)
Ain Al-Tamur District (Ayn al-Tamr)
Kirkuk Governorate
Daquq District (Daquq)
Dibis District (Dibis)
Hawija District (Hawija)
Kirkuk District (Kirkuk)
Maysan Governorate
Ali Al-Gharbi District (Ali Al-Gharbi)
Amara District (Amarah)
al-Kahla District (Al-Kahla)
al-Maimouna District (Al-Maimouna)
al-Mejar Al-Kabi District (Al-Mejar Al-Kabi)
Qal'at Saleh District (Qal'at Saleh)
Muthanna Governorate
al-Khidhir District (Al-Khidhir)
al-Rumaitha District (Al-Rumaitha)
al-Salman District (Al-Salman)
al-Samawa District (Samawah)
Najaf Governorate
Kufa District (Kufa)
al-Manathera District (Al-Manathera)
al-Meshkhab District (Al-Meshkhab)
Najaf District (Najaf)
Nineveh Governorate
al-Ba'aj District (Al-Ba'aj)
al-Hamdaniya District (Qaraqosh)
Hatra District (Al-Hadar)
Mosul District (Mosul)
Shekhan District (Ain Sifni)
Sinjar District (Sinjar)
Tel Afar District (Tal Afar)
Tel Kaif District (Tel Keppe)
al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
Afak District (Afak)
Diwaniya District (Al Diwaniyah)
Hamza District (Hamza)
al-Shamiya District (Al-Shamiya )
Saladin Governorate
Baiji District (Baiji)
Balad District (Balad)
al-Daur District (Ad-Dawr)
Dujail District (Dujail)
Samarra District (Samarra)
al-Shirqat District (Al-Shirqat)
Tikrit District (Tikrit)
Tooz District (Tuz Khurmatu)
Sulaymaniyah Governorate
Chamchamal District (Chamchamal)
Darbandikhan District (Darbandikhan)
Dokan District (Dokan)
Kalar District (Kalar)
Kifri District (Kifri)
Mawat District (Mawat)
Penjwen District (Penjwen)
Pshdar District (Qaladiza)
Qaradagh District (Qaradagh)
Ranya District (Ranya)
Saidsadiq District (Said Sadiq)
Sharazoor District (Zarayan)
Sharbazher District (Sharbazher)
Sulaymaniyah District (Sulaymaniyah)
Wasit Governorate
Al-Aziziyah District (Al-Aziziyah)
Badra District (Badra)
al-Hai District (Al-Hay)
Kut District (Kut)
al-Nu'maniya District (Al-Nu'maniya)
al-Suwaira District (Al-Suwaira)
This Iraq geographical location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confluence_of_the_Tigris_and_Euphrates_near_Al-Qurnah.tif"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Basra Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Al-Qurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qurna"},{"link_name":"West Qurna Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Qurna_Field"}],"text":"District in Basra, IraqAl Kurnah District historical viewAl-Qurna District (Arabic: قضاء القرنة) is a district of Basra Governorate, Iraq. Its seat is the town of Al-Qurna. The West Qurna Field is located in the district.The Iraqi marsh lands, which are known as the Garden of Eden, surround this area in the lower part of the Mesopotamian basin. The area had played a prominent part in the history of mankind and was inhabited since the dawn of civilization.","title":"Al-Qurna District"}] | [{"image_text":"Al Kurnah District historical view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Confluence_of_the_Tigris_and_Euphrates_near_Al-Qurnah.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Confluence_of_the_Tigris_and_Euphrates_near_Al-Qurnah.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Iraq","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/50px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Al-Qurnah (District, Iraq) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/iraq/admin/al_ba%E1%B9%A3rah/1504__al_qurnah/","url_text":"\"Al-Qurnah (District, Iraq) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Qurna_District¶ms=30_53_7_N_47_17_27_E_type:city(286073)_region:IQ","external_links_name":"30°53′7″N 47°17′27″E / 30.88528°N 47.29083°E / 30.88528; 47.29083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Qurna_District¶ms=30_53_7_N_47_17_27_E_type:city(286073)_region:IQ","external_links_name":"30°53′7″N 47°17′27″E / 30.88528°N 47.29083°E / 30.88528; 47.29083"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/iraq/admin/al_ba%E1%B9%A3rah/1504__al_qurnah/","external_links_name":"\"Al-Qurnah (District, Iraq) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Qurna_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_Workers_Centre | Immigrant Workers Centre | ["1 Mission statement","2 History","3 Current activities","4 Campaigns","5 Research and publication","6 References"] | Social justice organization based in Montreal, Canada
The Immigrant Workers Centre (IWC) is a social justice organization based in Montreal, Québec, Canada. Its goal is to defend the rights of immigrants in their workplaces through a community labour approach, serving as a resource and education centre that undertakes services, advocacy, and organizing relevant to the needs and interests of immigrant and migrant workers.
Mission statement
The Immigrant Workers Centre defends the rights of migrant and immigrant workers. The organization's main objectives are to improve the working conditions of the immigrants and to offer them referrals regarding issues at work such as harassment, threat, workplace accident, lack of paid vacation and overtime, or maternity leave. The IWC has a community labour approach, as its goal is to educate not only the immigrant workers but also the population in general on the situation.
History
The IWC was founded in 2000 by a small group of Filipino-Canadian workers and their allies. The idea of a centre came from the experience of two of the founders: Tess Tesalona and Marco Luciano. Both had previously worked as union organizers and became aware of the lack of resources available to immigrant workers. The goal of the centre was therefore to provide a place for workers to talk about their situations and provide a critique of unions A year after its creation, the Immigrant Worker Centre received a grant from the social-justice fund of the Canadian Auto Workers and was able to expand the scope of its activity to address broader immigrant workers' issues by providing educational tools and critical analysis beyond the concern of the unions.
Current activities
The Immigrant Workers Centre offers a broad range of activities to immigrant workers and their communities. The organization helps union organizing in workplaces with an important proportion of immigrants. The IWC also provides individual-rights counselling and workshops on issues like the history of labor movement. In addition, it has offered a program called “Skills for Change”, which teaches computer literacy and gives immigrants the opportunity to learn how to create, format, and edit documents, and become skilled in the use of the Internet. The program also incorporates information on labour rights in Canada and general social policy education. The Immigrant Workers Centre launched, in 2005, a community festival called MayWorks, dedicated to teaching the community about the struggles of immigrant women through artistic projects. The cultural event took place on Women's day and the centre's goal is to raise awareness to the condition of immigrant women by repeating the festival every year.
Following the Haiti earthquake of 2010, the IWC joined with UFCW Canada and made a donation of $10,000 to Doctors Without Borders in order to assist in the relief efforts. “As an organization that works to further migrant rights, we pledge to continue to work in solidarity with the Haitian community of Montreal to support workers’ rights as Haitian workers struggle to aid their family and friends back home", declared Jill Hanley from the Immigrant Workers Centre regarding the IWC's donation
Campaigns
The IWC's campaigns are usually the result of workers seeking the help of the center for specific, personal issues. The first campaign of the IWC occurred in 2000 and aimed to prevent the deportation of a domestic worker, Melca Salvador, who was admitted to Canada under the Live-In Caregiver Program. The IWC helped Salvador win her case and brought the issue of importing immigrant labourers to the public sphere.
The second campaign conducted by the Immigrant Workers Centre concerned the Labour Standards Act. Since most immigrant workers are not unionized, the Act represents their rights and is one of the only resources available to them. In 2002, the IWC and several other social justice groups started a campaign in order to reform the Act and succeed in including the coverage of domestic workers. Although the campaign was considered an important victory, the Labour Standard Act still has many flaws that the Immigrant Workers Center has not been able to change.
The Immigrant Workers Centre initiated many actions related to the North-to-South relocation of production trend that occurred in Montreal since 2003; this tendency resulted in several job losses without proper compensation, especially affecting immigrant employees. The first accomplishment of the centre was to convince the Montreal Jazz Festival to stop selling T-shirts manufactured by Gildan because of their factory closures in Montreal and poor labour practices in locally and in Honduras. The festival consequently adopted an "ethical buying" policy. L’Amour Inc. also followed that pattern of transfers and started to close its operations in the city around 2006 and relocated its factories in South America. Over 600 jobs were lost in the process and former employees, most of whom were immigrants, did not receive compensation. In 2007, a group of workers, unexpectedly laid off by L’Amour Inc., went to the Immigrant Workers Center seeking for help. The campaign eventually expanded to include 70 workers protesting their situation and seeking compensation for years of service. In 2008, the IWC allied with the UNITE HERE union to help laid off workers of manufacturing company Golden Brand get compensation. The company eventually agreed to give $3.5 million to its 540 previous employees but, while this was a historic victory in the clothing industry, most of them still face unemployment On June 12, 2009, the IWC and former textile workers organized a rally at the National Assembly of Quebec to meet with Minister of Employment Sam Hamad and asked for better regulations and retraining programs. Although Hamad promised to remedy the situation and find employment for the laid off immigrant workers, no solutions were actually put in place.
Research and publication
The Immigrant Workers Centre has conducted research, mostly based on real cases brought to them, including the Report on Systemic Discrimination: Employment and Poverty in 2000. In 2009, the book Fight Back: Workplace Justice for Immigrants was published. Drawing on the experience of 50 foreign workers, the book relates the challenges they face when trying to join the workforce in Canada, the exploitation they are victimized by, as well as organizing and activist experiences.
References
^ The Immigrant Worker Centre. "Mandate". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Immigrant Workers Centre. "Mandate". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Immigrant Workers Centre. "About Us". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). "Justice for Immigrant Workers!". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). "Justice for Immigrants Workers!". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). "Justice for Immigrants Workers!". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrants Workers Centre. "About Us". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). "Justice for Immigrants Workers!". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Ateliers and Workshops". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Ateliers and Workshops". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). "Justice for Immigrants Workers!". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). "Justice for Immigrant Workers!". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ UFCW Canada. "UFCW Canada and the Immigrant Workers Centre Donate $10,000 to Haiti Relief Effort". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ UFCW Canada. "UFCW Canada and the Immigrant Workers Centre Donate $10,000 to Haiti Relief Effort". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Campaigns". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Campaigns". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Campaigns". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Campaigns". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Campaigns". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Campaign". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Robb, Heather. "Labour and Loss". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Campaigns". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Christoff, Stefan. "Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Campaign". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre. "Campaign". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Christoff, Stefan. "Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Christoff, Stefan. "Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Robb, Heather. "Labour and Loss". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ Robb, Heather. "Labour and Loss". Retrieved April 8, 2012.
^ The Immigrant Workers Centre (2000). Report on Systemic Discrimination: Employment and Poverty. The Immigrant Workers Centre.
^ Choudry, Aziz; Jill Hanley (2009). Fight Back: Workplace Justice for Immigrants. Fernwood Publishing. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrants"}],"text":"The Immigrant Workers Centre (IWC) is a social justice organization based in Montreal, Québec, Canada. Its goal is to defend the rights of immigrants in their workplaces through a community labour approach, serving as a resource and education centre that undertakes services, advocacy, and organizing relevant to the needs and interests of immigrant and migrant workers.","title":"Immigrant Workers Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harassment"},{"link_name":"workplace accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_accident"},{"link_name":"maternity leave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_leave"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Immigrant Workers Centre defends the rights of migrant and immigrant workers.[1] The organization's main objectives are to improve the working conditions of the immigrants and to offer them referrals regarding issues at work such as harassment, threat, workplace accident, lack of paid vacation and overtime, or maternity leave.[2] The IWC has a community labour approach, as its goal is to educate not only the immigrant workers but also the population in general on the situation.[3]","title":"Mission statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filipino-Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino-Canadian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"union organizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_organizer"},{"link_name":"immigrant workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_workers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Canadian Auto Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Auto_Workers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The IWC was founded in 2000 by a small group of Filipino-Canadian workers and their allies. The idea of a centre came from the experience of two of the founders: Tess Tesalona and Marco Luciano.[4] Both had previously worked as union organizers and became aware of the lack of resources available to immigrant workers.[5] The goal of the centre was therefore to provide a place for workers to talk about their situations and provide a critique of unions [6] A year after its creation, the Immigrant Worker Centre received a grant from the social-justice fund of the Canadian Auto Workers and was able to expand the scope of its activity to address broader immigrant workers' issues by providing educational tools and critical analysis beyond the concern of the unions.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"labor movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_movement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"computer literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_literacy"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"labour rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_rights"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"immigrant women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_women"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Haiti earthquake of 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_earthquake_2010"},{"link_name":"UFCW Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFCW"},{"link_name":"Doctors Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Immigrant Workers Centre offers a broad range of activities to immigrant workers and their communities. The organization helps union organizing in workplaces with an important proportion of immigrants. The IWC also provides individual-rights counselling and workshops on issues like the history of labor movement.[8] In addition, it has offered a program called “Skills for Change”, which teaches computer literacy and gives immigrants the opportunity to learn how to create, format, and edit documents, and become skilled in the use of the Internet.[9] The program also incorporates information on labour rights in Canada and general social policy education.[10] The Immigrant Workers Centre launched, in 2005, a community festival called MayWorks, dedicated to teaching the community about the struggles of immigrant women through artistic projects.[11] The cultural event took place on Women's day and the centre's goal is to raise awareness to the condition of immigrant women by repeating the festival every year.[12]Following the Haiti earthquake of 2010, the IWC joined with UFCW Canada and made a donation of $10,000 to Doctors Without Borders in order to assist in the relief efforts.[13] “As an organization that works to further migrant rights, we pledge to continue to work in solidarity with the Haitian community of Montreal to support workers’ rights as Haitian workers struggle to aid their family and friends back home\",[14] declared Jill Hanley from the Immigrant Workers Centre regarding the IWC's donation","title":"Current activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"deportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation"},{"link_name":"domestic worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_worker"},{"link_name":"Live-In Caregiver Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-In_Caregiver_Program"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Montreal Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Gildan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildan"},{"link_name":"factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"ethical buying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_buying"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"UNITE HERE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNITE_HERE"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Sam Hamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hamad"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The IWC's campaigns are usually the result of workers seeking the help of the center for specific, personal issues.[15] The first campaign of the IWC occurred in 2000 and aimed to prevent the deportation of a domestic worker, Melca Salvador, who was admitted to Canada under the Live-In Caregiver Program.[16] The IWC helped Salvador win her case and brought the issue of importing immigrant labourers to the public sphere.[17]The second campaign conducted by the Immigrant Workers Centre concerned the Labour Standards Act. Since most immigrant workers are not unionized, the Act represents their rights and is one of the only resources available to them.[18] In 2002, the IWC and several other social justice groups started a campaign in order to reform the Act and succeed in including the coverage of domestic workers. Although the campaign was considered[by whom?] an important victory, the Labour Standard Act still has many flaws that the Immigrant Workers Center has not been able to change.[19]The Immigrant Workers Centre initiated many actions related to the North-to-South relocation of production trend that occurred in Montreal since 2003;[20] this tendency resulted in several job losses without proper compensation, especially affecting immigrant employees.[21] The first accomplishment of the centre was to convince the Montreal Jazz Festival to stop selling T-shirts manufactured by Gildan because of their factory closures in Montreal and poor labour practices in locally and in Honduras.[22] The festival consequently adopted an \"ethical buying\" policy. L’Amour Inc. also followed that pattern of transfers and started to close its operations in the city around 2006 and relocated its factories in South America. Over 600 jobs were lost in the process and former employees, most of whom were immigrants, did not receive compensation.[23] In 2007, a group of workers, unexpectedly laid off by L’Amour Inc., went to the Immigrant Workers Center seeking for help.[24] The campaign eventually expanded to include 70 workers protesting their situation and seeking compensation for years of service.[25] In 2008, the IWC allied with the UNITE HERE union to help laid off workers of manufacturing company Golden Brand get compensation.[26] The company eventually agreed to give $3.5 million to its 540 previous employees but, while this was a historic victory in the clothing industry, most of them still face unemployment [27] On June 12, 2009, the IWC and former textile workers organized a rally at the National Assembly of Quebec to meet with Minister of Employment Sam Hamad and asked for better regulations and retraining programs.[28] Although Hamad promised to remedy the situation and find employment for the laid off immigrant workers, no solutions were actually put in place.[29]","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The Immigrant Workers Centre has conducted research, mostly based on real cases brought to them, including the Report on Systemic Discrimination: Employment and Poverty in 2000.[30] In 2009, the book Fight Back: Workplace Justice for Immigrants was published. Drawing on the experience of 50 foreign workers, the book relates the challenges they face when trying to join the workforce in Canada, the exploitation they are victimized by, as well as organizing and activist experiences.[31]","title":"Research and publication"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"The Immigrant Worker Centre. \"Mandate\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Mandate\""}]},{"reference":"Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Mandate\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Mandate\""}]},{"reference":"Immigrant Workers Centre. \"About Us\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). \"Justice for Immigrant Workers!\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","url_text":"\"Justice for Immigrant Workers!\""}]},{"reference":"Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). \"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","url_text":"\"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\""}]},{"reference":"Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). \"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","url_text":"\"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrants Workers Centre. \"About Us\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). \"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","url_text":"\"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Ateliers and Workshops\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Ateliers and Workshops\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Ateliers and Workshops\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Ateliers and Workshops\""}]},{"reference":"Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). \"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","url_text":"\"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\""}]},{"reference":"Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006). \"Justice for Immigrant Workers!\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","url_text":"\"Justice for Immigrant Workers!\""}]},{"reference":"UFCW Canada. \"UFCW Canada and the Immigrant Workers Centre Donate $10,000 to Haiti Relief Effort\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ufcw.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=677&catid=5&Itemid=99&lang=en","url_text":"\"UFCW Canada and the Immigrant Workers Centre Donate $10,000 to Haiti Relief Effort\""}]},{"reference":"UFCW Canada. \"UFCW Canada and the Immigrant Workers Centre Donate $10,000 to Haiti Relief Effort\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ufcw.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=677&catid=5&Itemid=99&lang=en","url_text":"\"UFCW Canada and the Immigrant Workers Centre Donate $10,000 to Haiti Relief Effort\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Campaigns\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Campaigns\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Campaigns\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Campaigns\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Campaigns\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Campaigns\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Campaigns\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Campaigns\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Campaigns\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Campaigns\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Campaign\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Robb, Heather. \"Labour and Loss\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.montrealmirror.com/2009/062509/news1.html","url_text":"\"Labour and Loss\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Campaigns\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Campaigns\""}]},{"reference":"Christoff, Stefan. \"Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hour.ca/2008/07/10/getting-their-cut/","url_text":"\"Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Campaign\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre. \"Campaign\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://iwc-cti.org/","url_text":"\"Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Christoff, Stefan. \"Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hour.ca/2008/07/10/getting-their-cut/","url_text":"\"Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut\""}]},{"reference":"Christoff, Stefan. \"Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hour.ca/2008/07/10/getting-their-cut/","url_text":"\"Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut\""}]},{"reference":"Robb, Heather. \"Labour and Loss\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.montrealmirror.com/2009/062509/news1.html","url_text":"\"Labour and Loss\""}]},{"reference":"Robb, Heather. \"Labour and Loss\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.montrealmirror.com/2009/062509/news1.html","url_text":"\"Labour and Loss\""}]},{"reference":"The Immigrant Workers Centre (2000). Report on Systemic Discrimination: Employment and Poverty. The Immigrant Workers Centre.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Choudry, Aziz; Jill Hanley (2009). Fight Back: Workplace Justice for Immigrants. Fernwood Publishing.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Mandate\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Mandate\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","external_links_name":"\"Justice for Immigrant Workers!\""},{"Link":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","external_links_name":"\"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\""},{"Link":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","external_links_name":"\"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","external_links_name":"\"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Ateliers and Workshops\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Ateliers and Workshops\""},{"Link":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","external_links_name":"\"Justice for Immigrants Workers!\""},{"Link":"http://canadiandimension.com/articles/1855","external_links_name":"\"Justice for Immigrant Workers!\""},{"Link":"http://www.ufcw.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=677&catid=5&Itemid=99&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"UFCW Canada and the Immigrant Workers Centre Donate $10,000 to Haiti Relief Effort\""},{"Link":"http://www.ufcw.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=677&catid=5&Itemid=99&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"UFCW Canada and the Immigrant Workers Centre Donate $10,000 to Haiti Relief Effort\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Campaigns\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Campaigns\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Campaigns\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Campaigns\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Campaigns\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Campaign\""},{"Link":"http://www.montrealmirror.com/2009/062509/news1.html","external_links_name":"\"Labour and Loss\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Campaigns\""},{"Link":"http://hour.ca/2008/07/10/getting-their-cut/","external_links_name":"\"Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Campaign\""},{"Link":"http://iwc-cti.org/","external_links_name":"\"Campaign\""},{"Link":"http://hour.ca/2008/07/10/getting-their-cut/","external_links_name":"\"Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut\""},{"Link":"http://hour.ca/2008/07/10/getting-their-cut/","external_links_name":"\"Montreal Textile Industry Moves South: getting Their Cut\""},{"Link":"http://www.montrealmirror.com/2009/062509/news1.html","external_links_name":"\"Labour and Loss\""},{"Link":"http://www.montrealmirror.com/2009/062509/news1.html","external_links_name":"\"Labour and Loss\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voghji/Ox%C3%A7u_(river) | Voghji (river) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 39°01′53″N 46°45′23″E / 39.0314526°N 46.7562675°E / 39.0314526; 46.7562675This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
River in Armenia, AzerbaijanVoghjiOkchuchayThe Voghji river in KapanLocationCountriesArmenia, AzerbaijanPhysical characteristicsSource • locationMount Kaputjugh • coordinates39°09′22″N 46°01′01″E / 39.1560878°N 46.0170085°E / 39.1560878; 46.0170085
MouthAras • coordinates39°01′53″N 46°45′23″E / 39.0314526°N 46.7562675°E / 39.0314526; 46.7562675Length82 km (51 mi)Basin featuresProgressionAras→ Kura→ Caspian SeaTributaries • rightVachagan
The Voghji (Armenian: Ողջի, romanized: Oġǰi) or Okchuchay (Azerbaijani: Oxçuçay) is a river on the south slopes of the Lesser Caucasus range, and is a left tributary of the Aras. It flows through the territory of Armenia and Azerbaijan.
In its upper reaches, the Voghji has formed a deep canyon which, near the city of Kapan, turns into a wide valley. It is fed by a range of sources.
The cities of Zangilan and Mincivan in Azerbaijan and Kajaran and Kapan in Armenia lie along the banks of the river.
The Kapan and Voghji hydroelectric power stations are located along the river.
See also
List of rivers of Armenia
List of lakes of Armenia
Rivers and lakes in Azerbaijan
Geography of Armenia
Geography of Azerbaijan
References
"Geographic Characteristic of the Republic of Armenia" (PDF). Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Enderlein, Rainer (2007). Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders - First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwater. p. 109. ISBN 978-9211169720.
This article related to a river in Armenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article related to a river in Azerbaijan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Lesser Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Aras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_(river)"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Kapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapan"},{"link_name":"Zangilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangilan"},{"link_name":"Mincivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mincivan,_Zangilan"},{"link_name":"Kajaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaran"},{"link_name":"Kapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapan"}],"text":"River in Armenia, AzerbaijanThe Voghji (Armenian: Ողջի, romanized: Oġǰi) or Okchuchay (Azerbaijani: Oxçuçay) is a river on the south slopes of the Lesser Caucasus range, and is a left tributary of the Aras. It flows through the territory of Armenia and Azerbaijan.In its upper reaches, the Voghji has formed a deep canyon which, near the city of Kapan, turns into a wide valley. It is fed by a range of sources.The cities of Zangilan and Mincivan in Azerbaijan and Kajaran and Kapan in Armenia lie along the banks of the river.The Kapan and Voghji hydroelectric power stations are located along the river.","title":"Voghji (river)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of rivers of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Armenia"},{"title":"List of lakes of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Armenia"},{"title":"Rivers and lakes in Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_and_lakes_in_Azerbaijan"},{"title":"Geography of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia"},{"title":"Geography of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan"}] | [{"reference":"\"Geographic Characteristic of the Republic of Armenia\" (PDF). Retrieved April 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_10_3.pdf","url_text":"\"Geographic Characteristic of the Republic of Armenia\""}]},{"reference":"Enderlein, Rainer (2007). Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders - First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwater. p. 109. ISBN 978-9211169720.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9211169720","url_text":"978-9211169720"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Voghji_(river)¶ms=39.0314526_N_46.7562675_E_type:river","external_links_name":"39°01′53″N 46°45′23″E / 39.0314526°N 46.7562675°E / 39.0314526; 46.7562675"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Voghji_(river)¶ms=39.1560878_N_46.0170085_E_","external_links_name":"39°09′22″N 46°01′01″E / 39.1560878°N 46.0170085°E / 39.1560878; 46.0170085"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Voghji_(river)¶ms=39.0314526_N_46.7562675_E_type:river","external_links_name":"39°01′53″N 46°45′23″E / 39.0314526°N 46.7562675°E / 39.0314526; 46.7562675"},{"Link":"http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_10_3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Characteristic of the Republic of Armenia\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voghji_(river)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voghji_(river)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162_Laurentia | 162 Laurentia | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Main-belt asteroid
162 LaurentiaA three-dimensional model of 162 Laurentia based on its light curve.DiscoveryDiscovered byPaul Henry and Prosper HenryDiscovery siteParisDiscovery date21 April 1876DesignationsMPC designation(162) LaurentiaPronunciation/lɒˈrɛnʃiə/Named afterJoseph Jean Pierre LaurentAlternative designationsA876 HBMinor planet categorymain beltOrbital characteristicsEpoch 31 July 2016 (JD 2457600.5)Uncertainty parameter 0Observation arc113.88 yr (41596 d)Aphelion3.5574 AU (532.18 Gm)Perihelion2.4779 AU (370.69 Gm)Semi-major axis3.0177 AU (451.44 Gm)Eccentricity0.17887Orbital period (sidereal)5.24 yr (1914.7 d)Mean anomaly300.020°Mean motion0° 11m 16.872s / dayInclination6.0977°Longitude of ascending node35.539°Argument of perihelion116.277°Earth MOID1.49465 AU (223.596 Gm)Jupiter MOID1.47116 AU (220.082 Gm)TJupiter3.214Physical characteristicsDimensions97.021±0.493 kmMass(1.452 ± 0.658/0.289)×1018 kgMean density3.037 ± 1.376/0.604 g/cm3Synodic rotation period11.8686 h (0.49453 d)Geometric albedo0.051±0.006Spectral typeCAbsolute magnitude (H)9.16
162 Laurentia is a large and dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on 21 April 1876, and named after Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent, an amateur astronomer who discovered asteroid 51 Nemausa.
An occultation by Laurentia was observed from Clive, Alberta on 21 November 1999.
Photometric observations of this asteroid from multiple observatories during 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 11.8686 ± 0.0004 hours and a brightness variation of 0.40 ± 0.05 in magnitude. This is in agreement with previous studies in 1994 and 2007.
References
^ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language"Laurentian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ a b c d e Yeomans, Donald K., "162 Laurentia", JPL Small-Body Database Browser, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, retrieved 12 May 2016.
^ a b Fienga, A.; Avdellidou, C.; Hanuš, J. (February 2020). "Asteroid masses obtained with INPOP planetary ephemerides". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 492 (1). doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3407.
^ a b Oey, Julian; Krajewski, Ric (June 2008), "Lightcurve Analysis of Asteroids from Kingsgrove and Other Collaborating Observatories in the First Half of 2007", The Minor Planet Bulletin, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 47–48, Bibcode:2008MPBu...35...47O.
External links
162 Laurentia at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site
Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info
162 Laurentia at the JPL Small-Body Database Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters
vteMinor planets navigator
161 Athor
162 Laurentia
163 Erigone
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This article about an S-type asteroid native to the asteroid belt is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"main-belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt"},{"link_name":"asteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid"},{"link_name":"Paul Henry and Prosper Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henry_and_Prosper_Henry"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jean_Pierre_Laurent"},{"link_name":"51 Nemausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51_Nemausa"},{"link_name":"occultation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultation"},{"link_name":"Clive, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Photometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"light curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_curve"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OeyKrajewski2008-4"}],"text":"162 Laurentia is a large and dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on 21 April 1876, and named after Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent, an amateur astronomer who discovered asteroid 51 Nemausa.An occultation by Laurentia was observed from Clive, Alberta on 21 November 1999.[citation needed]Photometric observations of this asteroid from multiple observatories during 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 11.8686 ± 0.0004 hours and a brightness variation of 0.40 ± 0.05 in magnitude. This is in agreement with previous studies in 1994 and 2007.[4]","title":"162 Laurentia"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Laurentian\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Laurentian","url_text":"\"Laurentian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Yeomans, Donald K., \"162 Laurentia\", JPL Small-Body Database Browser, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, retrieved 12 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=162","url_text":"\"162 Laurentia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"Fienga, A.; Avdellidou, C.; Hanuš, J. (February 2020). \"Asteroid masses obtained with INPOP planetary ephemerides\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_Ja%27far | Usman Ja'far | ["1 Early life and education","2 Retail career","3 Political career","3.1 Governor of West Kalimantan","3.2 People's Representative Council","4 Death","5 References"] | Usman Ja'farUsman Ja'far as governorGovernor of West KalimantanIn office13 January 2003 – 14 January 2008Preceded byAspar AswinSucceeded byCornelisMember of the People's Representative CouncilIn office1 October 2009 – 15 May 2015Succeeded byFirmansyah Mardanus
Personal detailsBorn(1951-09-10)10 September 1951Sekadau, Kalimantan, IndonesiaDied15 May 2015(2015-05-15) (aged 63)Jakarta, IndonesiaPolitical partyUnited Development Party
Usman Ja'far (10 September 1951 – 15 May 2015) was an Indonesian politician and businessman who served as the Governor of West Kalimantan between 2003 and 2008, and as a member of the People's Representative Council from 2009 until his death in 2015.
Early life and education
Usman Ja'far was born in Sekadau, today part of West Kalimantan, on 10 September 1951. His father died when he was five, and he completed elementary and middle school in Sekadau. When he enrolled at high school in Pontianak, he lived with his uncle Abdussjukur, an Indonesian National Party politician who at that time served as speaker of the provincial legislature. His uncle was relocated to Jakarta after six months when he was elected to the People's Representative Council (DPR), the lower house of Indonesia's parliament, and Usman Ja'far followed him and continued his education there. He then enrolled at a management academy, graduating in 1974.
Retail career
By 1974, he was working as an accounting staff in Jakarta, being promoted to his company's accounting and purchasing department by 1977. He was then hired as general manager of PT Pasaraya Tosersajaya, a department store company, where he worked from 1981 to 1991. In 1992, he was appointed as a director of the company. It was one of the largest retail chains in Indonesia at the time. He was eventually appointed to lead a number of companies owned by businessman Abdul Latief, and also as the president director of Lativi. He was particularly well-known in the retail industry, and was considered a pioneer in the market.
Political career
Governor of West Kalimantan
He entered politics and ran for governor of West Kalimantan in 2002, with the endorsement of the United Development Party. In the voting by the West Kalimantan Regional People's Representative Council, Usman Ja'far and his running mate Laurentius Herman Kadir managed to secure 32 of 54 votes to win the election. He was the first locally born governor to be elected in West Kalimantan in nearly forty years. They were sworn in on 13 January 2003. The pair represented the ethnic composition of the province: Usman Ja'far was an ethnically Malay Muslim, while Kadir was a Dayak Christian. In his reelection bid, however, he lost to Cornelis in the 2007 direct election, winning 659,279 votes to Cornelis' 930,679.
People's Representative Council
After the end of his tenure as governor, Usman Ja'far successfully ran for election to the DPR in the 2009 election, being elected as a representative of West Kalimantan with 81,963 votes. He was elected for his second term in 2014. During his tenure in DPR, he had served as a member of the council's honour board.
Death
Usman Ja'far died on 15 May 2015 at Jakarta's Medistra Hospital from heart disease after several days of treatment. He was buried the same day at San Diego Hills cemetery. Shortly prior to his death, Usman Ja'far had been investigated as a suspect for graft. Under suspicion of misusing Rp 22 billion in social aid funds, Usman Ja'far was questioned for 12 hours by police, before falling comatose after a bypass surgery several days after in March 2015.
References
^ "Sidang Paripurna DPR Lantik Tiga Anggota PAW" (in Indonesian). 12 October 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b "Profil - Usman Ja'far". Merdeka (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b "Pulang Membangun Kampung". tokoh.id (in Indonesian). 11 January 2003. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b Wajah DPR dan DPD, 2009-2014: latar belakang pendidikan dan karier (in Indonesian). Penerbit Buku Kompas. 2010. ISBN 978-979-709-471-3.
^ Indonesian Mining and Mineral Prospective Industry. Fery Agung Corporation. 2003. p. 203. ISBN 978-979-96927-3-3.
^ "Anggota Komisi VI DPR Usman Jafar Meninggal Dunia". dpr.go.id (in Indonesian). 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b "Usman Djafar Gubernur Kalbar". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 16 December 2002. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Setijadi, Charlotte (September 24, 2018). "West Kalimantan Gubernatorial Election 2018: Identity Politics Proves Decisive" (PDF). ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
^ Suara Muhammadiyah (in Indonesian). Vol. 88. Suara Muhammadiyah. 2003. H. USMAN JA'FAR Dewan Penyantun Universitas Muhammadiyah Pontianak Dilantik sebagai Gubernur Kepala Daerah Kalimantan Barat Periode 2003-2008 oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri atas nama Presiden RI Pada Hari Senin , 13 Januari 2003
^ Ode, M. D. La (2 May 2012). Etnis Cina Indonesia dalam Politik: Politik Etnis Cina dan Singkawang di era Reformasi 1998-2008 (in Indonesian). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. p. 21. ISBN 978-979-461-817-2.
^ "Cornelis akan Ditetapkan Sebagai Pemenang Pilkada Kalbar". detiknews (in Indonesian). 27 November 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Cek di Sini Daftar 560 Anggota DPR 2014-2019". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 15 May 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Ketua Komisi Diminta Usir Anggota yang Merokok Saat Rapat". Okezone (in Indonesian). 15 March 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Kusumadewi, Anggi (15 May 2015). "Anggota DPR Usman Ja'far Wafat". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Wibowo, Kukuh S. (15 May 2015). "Usman Jaffar Meninggal, Status Tersangka Korupsi Gugur". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Mantan Gubernur Kalbar Koma". Tribun Pontianak (in Indonesian). 26 March 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
vteGovernors of West Kalimantan
Oevaang Oeray
Soemadi
Kadarusno
Soedjiman
Parjoko Suryokusumo
Aspar Aswin
Usman Ja'far
Cornelis
Sutarmidji | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor of West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"People's Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council"}],"text":"Usman Ja'far (10 September 1951 – 15 May 2015) was an Indonesian politician and businessman who served as the Governor of West Kalimantan between 2003 and 2008, and as a member of the People's Representative Council from 2009 until his death in 2015.","title":"Usman Ja'far"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sekadau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekadau_Regency"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Pontianak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"People's Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merdeka-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Usman Ja'far was born in Sekadau, today part of West Kalimantan, on 10 September 1951. 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He was then hired as general manager of PT Pasaraya Tosersajaya, a department store company, where he worked from 1981 to 1991. In 1992, he was appointed as a director of the company.[4] It was one of the largest retail chains in Indonesia at the time.[5] He was eventually appointed to lead a number of companies owned by businessman Abdul Latief,[6] and also as the president director of Lativi.[7] He was particularly well-known in the retail industry, and was considered a pioneer in the market.[2][3]","title":"Retail career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"United Development Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Development_Party"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan Regional People's Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan_Regional_People%27s_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"Laurentius Herman Kadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurentius_Herman_Kadir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Herman_Kadir"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lip6-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Indonesian"},{"link_name":"Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cornelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_(Indonesian_politician)"},{"link_name":"2007 direct election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_West_Kalimantan_gubernatorial_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Governor of West Kalimantan","text":"He entered politics and ran for governor of West Kalimantan in 2002, with the endorsement of the United Development Party. In the voting by the West Kalimantan Regional People's Representative Council, Usman Ja'far and his running mate Laurentius Herman Kadir [id] managed to secure 32 of 54 votes to win the election.[7] He was the first locally born governor to be elected in West Kalimantan in nearly forty years.[8] They were sworn in on 13 January 2003.[9] The pair represented the ethnic composition of the province: Usman Ja'far was an ethnically Malay Muslim, while Kadir was a Dayak Christian.[10] In his reelection bid, however, he lost to Cornelis in the 2007 direct election, winning 659,279 votes to Cornelis' 930,679.[11]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Indonesian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpr-4"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Indonesian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"People's Representative Council","text":"After the end of his tenure as governor, Usman Ja'far successfully ran for election to the DPR in the 2009 election, being elected as a representative of West Kalimantan with 81,963 votes.[4] He was elected for his second term in 2014.[12] During his tenure in DPR, he had served as a member of the council's honour board.[13]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Hills"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"bypass surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Usman Ja'far died on 15 May 2015 at Jakarta's Medistra Hospital from heart disease after several days of treatment. He was buried the same day at San Diego Hills cemetery.[14] Shortly prior to his death, Usman Ja'far had been investigated as a suspect for graft. Under suspicion of misusing Rp 22 billion in social aid funds, Usman Ja'far was questioned for 12 hours by police, before falling comatose after a bypass surgery several days after in March 2015.[15][16]","title":"Death"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sidang Paripurna DPR Lantik Tiga Anggota PAW\" (in Indonesian). 12 October 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/14435/t/Sidang+Paripurna+DPR+Lantik+Tiga+Anggota+PAW","url_text":"\"Sidang Paripurna DPR Lantik Tiga Anggota PAW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profil - Usman Ja'far\". Merdeka (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merdeka.com/usman-jafar/profil","url_text":"\"Profil - Usman Ja'far\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pulang Membangun Kampung\". tokoh.id (in Indonesian). 11 January 2003. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tokoh.id/biografi/2-direktori/pulang-membangun-kampung/","url_text":"\"Pulang Membangun Kampung\""}]},{"reference":"Wajah DPR dan DPD, 2009-2014: latar belakang pendidikan dan karier (in Indonesian). Penerbit Buku Kompas. 2010. ISBN 978-979-709-471-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i5UP5the_QkC&dq=usman+jafar+1951&pg=PA498","url_text":"Wajah DPR dan DPD, 2009-2014: latar belakang pendidikan dan karier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-709-471-3","url_text":"978-979-709-471-3"}]},{"reference":"Indonesian Mining and Mineral Prospective Industry. Fery Agung Corporation. 2003. p. 203. ISBN 978-979-96927-3-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_i84TELhVLwC&q=usman+jafar+latief","url_text":"Indonesian Mining and Mineral Prospective Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-96927-3-3","url_text":"978-979-96927-3-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Anggota Komisi VI DPR Usman Jafar Meninggal Dunia\". dpr.go.id (in Indonesian). 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/10289/t/Anggota+Komisi+VI+DPR+Usman+Jafar+Meninggal+Dunia","url_text":"\"Anggota Komisi VI DPR Usman Jafar Meninggal Dunia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Usman Djafar Gubernur Kalbar\". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 16 December 2002. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/46452/usman-djafar-gubernur-kalbar","url_text":"\"Usman Djafar Gubernur Kalbar\""}]},{"reference":"Setijadi, Charlotte (September 24, 2018). \"West Kalimantan Gubernatorial Election 2018: Identity Politics Proves Decisive\" (PDF). ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. Retrieved 2023-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/[email protected]","url_text":"\"West Kalimantan Gubernatorial Election 2018: Identity Politics Proves Decisive\""}]},{"reference":"Suara Muhammadiyah (in Indonesian). Vol. 88. Suara Muhammadiyah. 2003. H. USMAN JA'FAR Dewan Penyantun Universitas Muhammadiyah Pontianak Dilantik sebagai Gubernur Kepala Daerah Kalimantan Barat Periode 2003-2008 oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri atas nama Presiden RI Pada Hari Senin , 13 Januari 2003","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h2ZwAAAAMAAJ&q=usman+jafar+13+januari+2003","url_text":"Suara Muhammadiyah"}]},{"reference":"Ode, M. D. La (2 May 2012). Etnis Cina Indonesia dalam Politik: Politik Etnis Cina dan Singkawang di era Reformasi 1998-2008 (in Indonesian). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. p. 21. ISBN 978-979-461-817-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S6fUCwAAQBAJ&dq=usman+jafar+melayu&pg=PA21","url_text":"Etnis Cina Indonesia dalam Politik: Politik Etnis Cina dan Singkawang di era Reformasi 1998-2008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-461-817-2","url_text":"978-979-461-817-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Cornelis akan Ditetapkan Sebagai Pemenang Pilkada Kalbar\". detiknews (in Indonesian). 27 November 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.detik.com/berita/d-857975/cornelis-akan-ditetapkan-sebagai-pemenang-pilkada-kalbar","url_text":"\"Cornelis akan Ditetapkan Sebagai Pemenang Pilkada Kalbar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cek di Sini Daftar 560 Anggota DPR 2014-2019\". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 15 May 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liputan6.com/indonesia-baru/read/2050146/cek-di-sini-daftar-560-anggota-dpr-2014-2019","url_text":"\"Cek di Sini Daftar 560 Anggota DPR 2014-2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ketua Komisi Diminta Usir Anggota yang Merokok Saat Rapat\". Okezone (in Indonesian). 15 March 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.okezone.com/read/2013/03/15/339/776140/ketua-komisi-diminta-usir-anggota-yang-merokok-saat-rapat","url_text":"\"Ketua Komisi Diminta Usir Anggota yang Merokok Saat Rapat\""}]},{"reference":"Kusumadewi, Anggi (15 May 2015). \"Anggota DPR Usman Ja'far Wafat\". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20150515105651-32-53378/anggota-dpr-usman-jafar-wafat","url_text":"\"Anggota DPR Usman Ja'far Wafat\""}]},{"reference":"Wibowo, Kukuh S. (15 May 2015). \"Usman Jaffar Meninggal, Status Tersangka Korupsi Gugur\". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nasional.tempo.co/read/666511/usman-jaffar-meninggal-status-tersangka-korupsi-gugur","url_text":"\"Usman Jaffar Meninggal, Status Tersangka Korupsi Gugur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mantan Gubernur Kalbar Koma\". Tribun Pontianak (in Indonesian). 26 March 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pontianak.tribunnews.com/2015/03/26/mantan-gubernur-kalbar-koma","url_text":"\"Mantan Gubernur Kalbar Koma\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/14435/t/Sidang+Paripurna+DPR+Lantik+Tiga+Anggota+PAW","external_links_name":"\"Sidang Paripurna DPR Lantik Tiga Anggota PAW\""},{"Link":"https://www.merdeka.com/usman-jafar/profil","external_links_name":"\"Profil - Usman Ja'far\""},{"Link":"https://tokoh.id/biografi/2-direktori/pulang-membangun-kampung/","external_links_name":"\"Pulang Membangun Kampung\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i5UP5the_QkC&dq=usman+jafar+1951&pg=PA498","external_links_name":"Wajah DPR dan DPD, 2009-2014: latar belakang pendidikan dan karier"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_i84TELhVLwC&q=usman+jafar+latief","external_links_name":"Indonesian Mining and Mineral Prospective Industry"},{"Link":"https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/10289/t/Anggota+Komisi+VI+DPR+Usman+Jafar+Meninggal+Dunia","external_links_name":"\"Anggota Komisi VI DPR Usman Jafar Meninggal Dunia\""},{"Link":"https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/46452/usman-djafar-gubernur-kalbar","external_links_name":"\"Usman Djafar Gubernur Kalbar\""},{"Link":"https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/[email protected]","external_links_name":"\"West Kalimantan Gubernatorial Election 2018: Identity Politics Proves Decisive\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h2ZwAAAAMAAJ&q=usman+jafar+13+januari+2003","external_links_name":"Suara Muhammadiyah"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S6fUCwAAQBAJ&dq=usman+jafar+melayu&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"Etnis Cina Indonesia dalam Politik: Politik Etnis Cina dan Singkawang di era Reformasi 1998-2008"},{"Link":"https://news.detik.com/berita/d-857975/cornelis-akan-ditetapkan-sebagai-pemenang-pilkada-kalbar","external_links_name":"\"Cornelis akan Ditetapkan Sebagai Pemenang Pilkada Kalbar\""},{"Link":"https://www.liputan6.com/indonesia-baru/read/2050146/cek-di-sini-daftar-560-anggota-dpr-2014-2019","external_links_name":"\"Cek di Sini Daftar 560 Anggota DPR 2014-2019\""},{"Link":"https://news.okezone.com/read/2013/03/15/339/776140/ketua-komisi-diminta-usir-anggota-yang-merokok-saat-rapat","external_links_name":"\"Ketua Komisi Diminta Usir Anggota yang Merokok Saat Rapat\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20150515105651-32-53378/anggota-dpr-usman-jafar-wafat","external_links_name":"\"Anggota DPR Usman Ja'far Wafat\""},{"Link":"https://nasional.tempo.co/read/666511/usman-jaffar-meninggal-status-tersangka-korupsi-gugur","external_links_name":"\"Usman Jaffar Meninggal, Status Tersangka Korupsi Gugur\""},{"Link":"https://pontianak.tribunnews.com/2015/03/26/mantan-gubernur-kalbar-koma","external_links_name":"\"Mantan Gubernur Kalbar Koma\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senhaja | Sanhaja | ["1 Triad","2 Origins","3 History","4 Present day","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"] | Medieval Berber tribal confederation
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Distribution of Berber-speaking groups today. The pink areas depict Western Berber languages: Zenaga to the West, Mauritania and Senegal; Tetserret to the East, Niger.
The Sanhaja (Arabic: صنهاجة, Ṣanhaja or زناگة Znaga; Berber languages: Aẓnag, pl. Iẓnagen, and also Aẓnaj, pl. Iẓnajen) were once one of the largest Berber tribal confederations, along with the Zanata and Masmuda confederations. Many tribes in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Tunisia and Western Sahara bore and still carry this ethnonym, especially in its Berber form. Other names for the population include Zenaga, Znaga, Sanhája, Sanhâdja and Senhaja.
Triad
Ibn Khaldun and others defined the Sanhaja as a grouping made up of three separate confederations, not as a single confederation. The distinction is usually made with a diacritical point placed above or below that is present in the Arabic text and often lost in English.
Danhāǧa/Sanhaja is a confederation of: Kutāma-Zawāwa of the Kabyle mountains, including some areas like Algiers and Constantine that no longer speak Taqbaylit dialects (they occupied all the northern part of the region of the Constantincis, between the Awrās/Aures and the sea, that is the region containing the towns of Īkd̲j̲ān, Seṭīf, Bāg̲h̲āya, Ngaus/Niḳāwus, Tiguist/Tikist, Mīla, Constantine, Skīkda, D̲j̲id̲j̲ellī, Bellezma). This confederation includes the Massissenses of the Quinquegentiani, which we identify with the Msisna/Imsissen/Masinissa of the Massylii, on the right bank of the Soumam. The Zirid Dynasty, Hammadid Dynasty, Fatimid Caliphate, Taifa of Alpuente, Taifa of Granada, Kingdom of Ait Abbas and Kingdom of Kuku originate from this confederation.
Aznag/Iẓnagen (زناگة, Znaga) is a confederation of: Lemta, Massufa, Warith/Banū Warit, Lamtuna/Ilemteyen, Gudāla/Djudalla/Gazzula/Geuzula/Gaetuli, Anifa, Charta, Mandala. The Gezoula-Heskoura are defined as the brothers of the Aznag (from Teskee) as opposed to being part of the Aznag confederation. The Tebo/Tebou/Toubou speakers of Tebu are defined as Znaga according to Agnosti, Lemta by al-Yaqubi. This confederation is located primarily around the Western Sahara, Mauritania and Senegal. The Almoravids stem from the Lamtuna confederation.
Ṣanhāja is a confederation of: Maṣmūda-(G̲h̲umāra/Hintata/Barghawata) speakers of Shilha. This confederation is located primarily in the area of the Moroccan Atlas' Shilha speakers. Some Riffians today have these tribe names (Sanhadjan Rif, as a result of the later Zenati integration into this branch of the Sanhaja under the Almohads). The Almohads and Hafsid Dynasty stem from this confederation.
Origins
Berber tribes such as the Sanhadja or Kutama are often attributed Himyarite origins by Arab historians (which the Sanhadja likely adopted themselves for political legitimacy), but other genealogical sources and modern genetic testing reveal this supposed origin to likely be a myth, given the predominant Berber Y haplogroup is E, and the predominant Arab Y haplogroup is J. The historian Al-Idrīsī presents one example of the Himyarite myth as following:
He then traced the origin of the Ṣanhādja and Lamṭa tribes to their common male ancestor Lamṭ, son of Za‘zā‘, who was from the children (min awlād) of Ḥimyar, and thus attributed to both of them the South Arabian roots. The similar origin is also ascribed to the “brother” of Ṣanhādj and Lamṭ by maternal line, Hawwār, whose forefather was al-Muṣawwir, son of al-Muthannā, son of Kalā‘, son of Ayman, son of Sa‘īd, son of Ḥimyar. According to a legend, his and his tribe’s abode was in Hejaz, but they left it in search of lost camels, so that crossed the Nile and reached the Maghrib, where al-Muṣawwir married Tāzikāy, the mother of Ṣanhādj and Lamṭ.— Anastasia V Stepanova, Origin of the Berber Tribal Confederation of Ṣanhādja
History
Dance group of Sanhaja from the western Sahara at the National Folklore Festival at Marrakech
After the arrival of the religion of Islam, the Sanhaja spread out to the borders of the Sudan as far as the Senegal River and the Niger.
Sanhaja Berbers were a large part of the Berber population. From the 9th century, Sanhaja tribes were established in the Middle Atlas range, in the Rif Mountains and on the Atlantic coast of Morocco as well as large parts of the Sanhaja, such as the Kutâma, were settled in central and eastern parts Algeria (Kabylia, Setif, Algiers, Msila) and also in northern Niger. The Kutama created the empire of the Fatimids conquering all North African countries and parts of the Middle East. The Sanhaja dynasties of the Zirids and Hammâdids controlled Ifriqiya until the 12th century and established their rule in all of the countries in the Maghreb region.
In the mid-11th century, a group of Sanhaja chieftains returning from the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) invited the theologian Ibn Yasin to preach among their tribes. Ibn Yasin united the tribes in the alliance of the Almoravids in the middle of the 11th century. This confederacy subsequently established Morocco, and conquered western Algeria and Al-Andalus (part of present-day Spain).
The Almoravid realm at its greatest extent, c. 1120
The Sanhaja tribes would remain in roles as either exploited semi-sedentary agriculturalists and fishermen, or higher up on the social ladder, as religious (Marabout or Zawiya) tribes. Though often Arabized in culture and language, they are believed to be descended from Sanhaja Berber population present in the area before the arrival of the Arab Maqil tribes in the 12th century, which was finally subjected to domination by Arab-descended warrior castes in the 17th century Char Bouba war.
According to Mercer, the words Zenaga or Znaga (from the Berber root ẓnag or ẓnaj, giving the noun Aẓnag or Aẓnaj with the additional masculine singular prefix a-, or Taẓnagt or Taẓnajt with the additional feminine singular circumfix ta--t, or Iẓnagen or Iẓnajen with the additional masculine plural circumfix i--en, or Tiẓnagen or Tiẓnajen with the additional feminine plural circumfix ti--en) are thought to be a romanized distortion of Zenata and Sanhaja from Arabic.
Present day
Map of the Sanhaja de Srayr tribes and their respective territories in the Rif
The descendants of the Sanhaja and their languages are still found today in the Middle Atlas mountains, eastern Morocco, northern Morocco (Rif), western Algeria, Kabylia and Kabyle territories.
The Zenaga, a group believed to be of Gudala (the southernmost Sanhaja tribe) origin, inhabit southwestern Mauritania and parts of northern Senegal. However, they are a small population.
See also
Masmuda
Zenaga language
Tekna
Reguibat
References
^ a b Nelson, Harold D. (1985). Morocco, a country study. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: The American University. p. 14.
^ "Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale". Impr. du Gouvernement. 1856.
^ Genealogy and knowledge in Muslim societies: Understanding the past. January 2014.
^ https://archive.org/download/Hassouni_241/MafakhirBerber.pdf
^ "L'Athenaeum Francais (Copies), 1852 - 1856 | Archives at Yale".
^ African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century, Volume 1: Pg 92
^ An Atlas of African History by J. D. Fage: Pg 11
^ Stepanova, Anastasia V. (5 September 2018). "Origin of the Berber Tribal Confederation of Ṣanhādja". Oriental Studies. 11 (2): 2–13.
^ "Le Royaume de Tigidda". www.ingall-niger.org. 26 December 2017. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
^ African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century, Volume 1: Pg 92
^ An Atlas of African History by J. D. Fage: Pg 11
^ Nelson 15-16
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-08-06. Retrieved 2010-08-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Sanhaja tribe", Library of Congress
Further reading
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Zenága".
John O. Hunwick (ed.), West Africa, Islam and the Arab World: Studies in Honor of Basil Davidson Paperback
John Mercer (1976), Spanish Sahara, George Allen & Unwin Ltd (ISBN 0-04-966013-6)
Anthony G. Pazzanita (2006), Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Scarecrow Press
Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (1980), The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict, Barnes & Noble Books (ISBN 0-389-20148-0)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Berber_languages.svg"},{"link_name":"Western Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Berber_languages"},{"link_name":"Zenaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenaga_language"},{"link_name":"Tetserret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetserret_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Berber languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"Zanata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata"},{"link_name":"Masmuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masmuda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-locmorocco-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages"}],"text":"Distribution of Berber-speaking groups today. The pink areas depict Western Berber languages: Zenaga to the West, Mauritania and Senegal; Tetserret to the East, Niger.The Sanhaja (Arabic: صنهاجة, Ṣanhaja or زناگة Znaga; Berber languages: Aẓnag, pl. Iẓnagen, and also Aẓnaj, pl. Iẓnajen) were once one of the largest Berber tribal confederations, along with the Zanata and Masmuda confederations.[1] Many tribes in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Tunisia[citation needed] and Western Sahara bore and still carry this ethnonym, especially in its Berber form. Other names for the population include Zenaga, Znaga, Sanhája, Sanhâdja and Senhaja.","title":"Sanhaja"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kutāma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutama"},{"link_name":"Zawāwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igawawen"},{"link_name":"Kabyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_people"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Taqbaylit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_language"},{"link_name":"Quinquegentiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinquegentiani"},{"link_name":"Msisna/Imsissen/Masinissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinissa"},{"link_name":"Massylii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massylii"},{"link_name":"Soumam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soummam_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Zirid Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hammadid Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Alpuente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Alpuente"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ait Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ait_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku"},{"link_name":"Lamtuna/Ilemteyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamtuna"},{"link_name":"Gudāla/Djudalla/Gazzula/Geuzula/Gaetuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godala"},{"link_name":"Tebo/Tebou/Toubou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toubou_people"},{"link_name":"Tebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebu_languages"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Almoravids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Maṣmūda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masmuda"},{"link_name":"G̲h̲umāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghomaras"},{"link_name":"Hintata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hintata"},{"link_name":"Barghawata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barghawata"},{"link_name":"Shilha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha_language"},{"link_name":"Riffians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifians"},{"link_name":"Sanhadjan Rif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhaja_de_Srair_language"},{"link_name":"Almohads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Hafsid Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty"}],"text":"Ibn Khaldun and others defined the Sanhaja as a grouping made up of three separate confederations, not as a single confederation.[2][3][4] The distinction is usually made with a diacritical point placed above or below that is present in the Arabic text and often lost in English.Danhāǧa/Sanhaja [Sanhaja of the first type] is a confederation of: Kutāma-Zawāwa of the Kabyle mountains, including some areas like Algiers and Constantine that no longer speak Taqbaylit dialects (they occupied all the northern part of the region of the Constantincis, between the Awrās/Aures [q.v.] and the sea, that is the region containing the towns of Īkd̲j̲ān, Seṭīf, Bāg̲h̲āya, Ngaus/Niḳāwus, Tiguist/Tikist, Mīla, Constantine, Skīkda, D̲j̲id̲j̲ellī, Bellezma). This confederation includes the Massissenses of the Quinquegentiani, which we identify with the Msisna/Imsissen/Masinissa of the Massylii, on the right bank of the Soumam.[5] The Zirid Dynasty, Hammadid Dynasty, Fatimid Caliphate,[6][7] Taifa of Alpuente, Taifa of Granada, Kingdom of Ait Abbas and Kingdom of Kuku originate from this confederation.\nAznag/Iẓnagen (زناگة, Znaga) [Sanhaja of the second type (\"Sanhaja of the veil\" in reference to the blue face covering)] is a confederation of: Lemta, Massufa, Warith/Banū Warit, Lamtuna/Ilemteyen, Gudāla/Djudalla/Gazzula/Geuzula/Gaetuli, Anifa, Charta, Mandala. The Gezoula-Heskoura are defined as the brothers of the Aznag (from Teskee) as opposed to being part of the Aznag confederation. The Tebo/Tebou/Toubou speakers of Tebu are defined as Znaga according to Agnosti, Lemta by al-Yaqubi. [citation needed] This confederation is located primarily around the Western Sahara, Mauritania and Senegal. The Almoravids stem from the Lamtuna confederation.\nṢanhāja [Sanhaja of the third type] is a confederation of: Maṣmūda-(G̲h̲umāra/Hintata/Barghawata) speakers of Shilha. This confederation is located primarily in the area of the Moroccan Atlas' Shilha speakers. Some Riffians today have these tribe names (Sanhadjan Rif, as a result of the later Zenati integration into this branch of the Sanhaja under the Almohads). The Almohads and Hafsid Dynasty stem from this confederation.","title":"Triad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kutama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutama"},{"link_name":"Himyarite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"genetic testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"predominant Arab Y haplogroup is J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_the_Near_East"},{"link_name":"Al-Idrīsī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Berber tribes such as the Sanhadja or Kutama are often attributed Himyarite origins by Arab historians (which the Sanhadja likely adopted themselves for political legitimacy), but other genealogical sources and modern genetic testing reveal this supposed origin to likely be a myth, given the predominant Berber Y haplogroup is E, and the predominant Arab Y haplogroup is J. The historian Al-Idrīsī presents one example of the Himyarite myth as following:He then traced the origin of the Ṣanhādja and Lamṭa tribes to their common male ancestor Lamṭ, son of Za‘zā‘, who was from the children (min awlād) of Ḥimyar, and thus attributed to both of them the South Arabian roots. The similar origin is also ascribed to the “brother” of Ṣanhādj and Lamṭ by maternal line, Hawwār, whose forefather was al-Muṣawwir, son of al-Muthannā, son of Kalā‘, son of Ayman, son of Sa‘īd, son of Ḥimyar. According to a legend, his and his tribe’s abode was in Hejaz, but they left it in search of lost camels, so that crossed the Nile and reached the Maghrib, where al-Muṣawwir married Tāzikāy, the mother of Ṣanhādj and Lamṭ.— Anastasia V Stepanova, Origin of the Berber Tribal Confederation of Ṣanhādja[8]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dansgroep_uit_de_westelijke_Sahara_tijdens_het_Nationaal_Folkore_Festival_te_Marrakech_TMnr_20017655.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marrakech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakech"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-locmorocco-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rif Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Kabylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabylia"},{"link_name":"Fatimids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimids"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Almoravids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravids"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_almoravide.PNG"},{"link_name":"Almoravid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_empire"},{"link_name":"Arabized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization"},{"link_name":"Maqil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqil"},{"link_name":"Char Bouba war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_Bouba_war"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"circumfix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumfix"},{"link_name":"circumfix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumfix"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Dance group of Sanhaja from the western Sahara at the National Folklore Festival at MarrakechAfter the arrival of the religion of Islam, the Sanhaja spread out to the borders of the Sudan as far as the Senegal River and the Niger.[1][9]Sanhaja Berbers were a large part of the Berber population. From the 9th century, Sanhaja tribes were established in the Middle Atlas range, in the Rif Mountains and on the Atlantic coast of Morocco as well as large parts of the Sanhaja, such as the Kutâma, were settled in central and eastern parts Algeria (Kabylia, Setif, Algiers, Msila) and also in northern Niger. The Kutama created the empire of the Fatimids conquering all North African countries and parts of the Middle East.[10][11] The Sanhaja dynasties of the Zirids and Hammâdids controlled Ifriqiya until the 12th century and established their rule in all of the countries in the Maghreb region.In the mid-11th century, a group of Sanhaja chieftains returning from the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) invited the theologian Ibn Yasin to preach among their tribes. Ibn Yasin united the tribes in the alliance of the Almoravids in the middle of the 11th century. This confederacy subsequently established Morocco, and conquered western Algeria and Al-Andalus (part of present-day Spain).[12]The Almoravid realm at its greatest extent, c. 1120The Sanhaja tribes would remain in roles as either exploited semi-sedentary agriculturalists and fishermen, or higher up on the social ladder, as religious (Marabout or Zawiya) tribes. Though often Arabized in culture and language, they are believed to be descended from Sanhaja Berber population present in the area before the arrival of the Arab Maqil tribes in the 12th century, which was finally subjected to domination by Arab-descended warrior castes in the 17th century Char Bouba war.[13][unreliable source?][dead link]According to Mercer, the words Zenaga or Znaga (from the Berber root ẓnag or ẓnaj, giving the noun Aẓnag or Aẓnaj with the additional masculine singular prefix a-, or Taẓnagt or Taẓnajt with the additional feminine singular circumfix ta--t, or Iẓnagen or Iẓnajen with the additional masculine plural circumfix i--en, or Tiẓnagen or Tiẓnajen with the additional feminine plural circumfix ti--en) are thought to be a romanized distortion of Zenata and Sanhaja from Arabic.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanhajas_de_Srayr.PNG"},{"link_name":"Rif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif"},{"link_name":"Middle Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Gudala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godala"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Map of the Sanhaja de Srayr tribes and their respective territories in the RifThe descendants of the Sanhaja and their languages are still found today in the Middle Atlas mountains, eastern Morocco, northern Morocco (Rif), western Algeria, Kabylia and Kabyle territories.The Zenaga, a group believed to be of Gudala (the southernmost Sanhaja tribe) origin, inhabit southwestern Mauritania and parts of northern Senegal. However, they are a small population.[14]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Zenága","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Zen%C3%A1ga"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-04-966013-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-966013-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-389-20148-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-389-20148-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Berber"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Berber"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berber"},{"link_name":"Berbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"Bavares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavares"},{"link_name":"Banioubae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banioubae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaetuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetuli"},{"link_name":"Garamantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garamantes"},{"link_name":"Koidamousii/Ucutumani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutama"},{"link_name":"Leuathae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguatan"},{"link_name":"Libu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libu"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Libya"},{"link_name":"Macae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macae_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Machlyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machlyes"},{"link_name":"Marmaridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaridae"},{"link_name":"Mauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauri"},{"link_name":"Bakouatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccuates"},{"link_name":"Makanitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macenites&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mauretania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania"},{"link_name":"Meshwesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshwesh"},{"link_name":"Musulamii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulamii"},{"link_name":"Nasamones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasamones"},{"link_name":"Numidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidians"},{"link_name":"Masaesyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaesyli"},{"link_name":"Massylii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massylii"},{"link_name":"Numidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia"},{"link_name":"Quinquegentiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinquegentiani"},{"link_name":"Psylli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psylli"},{"link_name":"Adjissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adjissa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Awerba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awerba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Awregha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awregha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Azdeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azdeja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bahlula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahlula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barghawata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barghawata"},{"link_name":"Fazaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fazaz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fendelawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fendelawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghomaras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gazoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gazoula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghiatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghiatas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Godala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godala"},{"link_name":"Guanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanches"},{"link_name":"Haskura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haskura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hawwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawwara"},{"link_name":"Kutama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutama"},{"link_name":"Luwata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguatan"},{"link_name":"Madyuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madyuna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Masmuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masmuda"},{"link_name":"Hintata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hintata"},{"link_name":"Matmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Matmatas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nafzawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nafzawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sanhaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lamtuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamtuna"},{"link_name":"Zanata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata"},{"link_name":"Banu Ifran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran"},{"link_name":"Jarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Maghrawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrawa"},{"link_name":"Brabers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brabers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chaouis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoui_people"},{"link_name":"Chenouas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenouas"},{"link_name":"Ghomaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghomaras"},{"link_name":"Hawwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawwara"},{"link_name":"Jerbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerba_people"},{"link_name":"Berber Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Jews"},{"link_name":"Kabyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_people"},{"link_name":"Matmatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matmata_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mozabites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozabite_people"},{"link_name":"Nafusis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nafusi_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Riffians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffians"},{"link_name":"Sanhajas de Srayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanhajas_de_Srayr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shilha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha_people"},{"link_name":"Siwis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwi_people"},{"link_name":"Teknas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekna"},{"link_name":"Tuaregs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people"},{"link_name":"Zayanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayanes"},{"link_name":"Script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifinagh"},{"link_name":"Latin script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers_and_Islam"},{"link_name":"Arab-Berbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-Berber"},{"link_name":"Arabized Berbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabized_Berber"},{"link_name":"Berber diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Canadians"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers_in_France"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Americans"},{"link_name":"Berberism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberism"},{"link_name":"Kabyle nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism"},{"link_name":"flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_flag"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1510021#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11983351z"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11983351z"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/027888444"}],"text":"Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article \"Zenága\".John O. Hunwick (ed.), West Africa, Islam and the Arab World: Studies in Honor of Basil Davidson Paperback\nJohn Mercer (1976), Spanish Sahara, George Allen & Unwin Ltd (ISBN 0-04-966013-6)\nAnthony G. Pazzanita (2006), Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Scarecrow Press\nVirginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (1980), The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict, Barnes & Noble Books (ISBN 0-389-20148-0)vteBerbersAncient\nBavares\nBanioubae\nGaetuli\nGaramantes\nKoidamousii/Ucutumani\nLeuathae\nLibu\nLibya\nMacae\nMachlyes\nMarmaridae\nMauri\nBakouatae\nMakanitae\nMauretania\nMeshwesh\nMusulamii\nNasamones\nNumidae\nMasaesyli\nMassylii\nNumidia\nQuinquegentiani\nPsylli\nMedieval\nAdjissa\nAwerba\nAwregha\nAzdeja\nBahlula\nBarghawata\nFazaz\nFendelawa\nGhumara\nGazoula\nGhiatta\nGodala\nGuanches\nHaskura\nHawwara\nKutama\nLuwata\nMadyuna\nMasmuda\nHintata\nMatmata\nNafzawa\nSanhaja\nLamtuna\nZanata\nBanu Ifran\nJarawa\nMaghrawa\nModern\nBrabers\nChaouis\nChenouas\nGhomaras\nHawwara\nJerbis\nBerber Jews\nKabyles\nMatmatas\nMozabites\nNafusis\nRiffians\nSanhajas de Srayr\nShilha\nSiwis\nTeknas\nTuaregs\nZayanes\nRelated topics\nScript\nLatin script\nReligion\nIslam\nArab-Berbers\nArabized Berbers\nBerber diaspora\nBelgium\nCanada\nFrance\nNetherlands\nUnited States\nBerberism\nKabyle nationalism\nflagAuthority control databases National\nFrance\nBnF data\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Distribution of Berber-speaking groups today. 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(1985). Morocco, a country study. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: The American University. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001298165","url_text":"Morocco, a country study"}]},{"reference":"\"Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale\". Impr. du Gouvernement. 1856.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LwEoAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale\""}]},{"reference":"Genealogy and knowledge in Muslim societies: Understanding the past. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokra_(settlement) | Kokra (settlement) | ["1 Church","2 Other cultural heritage","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°20′13.51″N 14°30′41.24″E / 46.3370861°N 14.5114556°E / 46.3370861; 14.5114556
Place in Upper Carniola, SloveniaKokraKokraLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°20′13.51″N 14°30′41.24″E / 46.3370861°N 14.5114556°E / 46.3370861; 14.5114556Country SloveniaTraditional regionUpper CarniolaStatistical regionUpper CarniolaMunicipalityPreddvorArea • Total52.74 km2 (20.36 sq mi)Elevation898.9 m (2,949.1 ft)Population (2002) • Total266
Kokra (pronounced ; German: Kanker) is a settlement scattered along a 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) stretch of the road from Kranj to Jezersko Peak in the Kokra Valley in the Municipality of Preddvor in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
Church
Immaculate Conception Church
The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception. It was completed in 1797 and dedicated in 1802.
Other cultural heritage
There is also a monument to the local victims of the Second World War in the settlement.
References
^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
^ Leksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 6: Kranjsko. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 54.
^ Preddvor municipal site
^ "Kokra". Družina. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
^ Kokra at Kam.si (in Slovene)
^ "Official Journal of the Municipality of Preddvor 12(4), 19 October 2006, with list of declared cultural monuments in the municipality" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
External links
Media related to Kokra at Wikimedia Commons
Kokra on Geopedia
vteMunicipality of PreddvorSettlementsAdministrative seat: Preddvor
Bašelj
Breg ob Kokri
Hraše pri Preddvoru
Hrib
Kokra
Mače
Možjanca
Nova Vas
Potoče
Spodnja Bela
Srednja Bela
Tupaliče
Zgornja BelaLandmarks
Storžič
Lake Črnava
Turn Castle
Hrib Castle
Dvor Castle
St. Lawrence's Church
St. Peter's Parish Church
Notable people
Josipina Turnograjska
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
This article about the Municipality of Preddvor in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈkoːkɾa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leksikon-2"},{"link_name":"Kranj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranj"},{"link_name":"Jezersko Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebergsattel"},{"link_name":"Kokra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokra"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Preddvor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Preddvor"},{"link_name":"Upper Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Place in Upper Carniola, SloveniaKokra (pronounced [ˈkoːkɾa]; German: Kanker[2]) is a settlement scattered along a 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) stretch of the road from Kranj to Jezersko Peak in the Kokra Valley in the Municipality of Preddvor in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.[3]","title":"Kokra (settlement)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kokra_Preddvor_Slovenia_-_church.jpg"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Immaculate Conception ChurchThe parish church in the settlement is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception.[4] It was completed in 1797 and dedicated in 1802.[5]","title":"Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"There is also a monument to the local victims of the Second World War in the settlement.[6]","title":"Other cultural heritage"}] | [{"image_text":"Immaculate Conception Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kokra_Preddvor_Slovenia_-_church.jpg/200px-Kokra_Preddvor_Slovenia_-_church.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kokra\". Družina. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://druzina.si/ICD/spletnastran.nsf/zupnija/zupnija-kokra","url_text":"\"Kokra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Journal of the Municipality of Preddvor 12(4), 19 October 2006, with list of declared cultural monuments in the municipality\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005231139/http://www.preddvor.si/uradno_glasilo/objave2006/042006.pdf","url_text":"\"Official Journal of the Municipality of Preddvor 12(4), 19 October 2006, with list of declared cultural monuments in the municipality\""},{"url":"http://www.preddvor.si/uradno_glasilo/objave2006/042006.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kokra_(settlement)¶ms=46_20_13.51_N_14_30_41.24_E_region:SI_type:city(266)","external_links_name":"46°20′13.51″N 14°30′41.24″E / 46.3370861°N 14.5114556°E / 46.3370861; 14.5114556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kokra_(settlement)¶ms=46_20_13.51_N_14_30_41.24_E_region:SI_type:city(266)","external_links_name":"46°20′13.51″N 14°30′41.24″E / 46.3370861°N 14.5114556°E / 46.3370861; 14.5114556"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.si/eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia"},{"Link":"http://www.preddvor.si/","external_links_name":"Preddvor municipal site"},{"Link":"https://druzina.si/ICD/spletnastran.nsf/zupnija/zupnija-kokra","external_links_name":"\"Kokra\""},{"Link":"http://www.kam.si/romarske_cerkve/kokra.html","external_links_name":"Kokra at Kam.si (in Slovene)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005231139/http://www.preddvor.si/uradno_glasilo/objave2006/042006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Official Journal of the Municipality of Preddvor 12(4), 19 October 2006, with list of declared cultural monuments in the municipality\""},{"Link":"http://www.preddvor.si/uradno_glasilo/objave2006/042006.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2473:4452_x1613127.5882974667_y5833191.577216791_s13_b2345","external_links_name":"Kokra on Geopedia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1152699&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokra_(settlement)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renton_Nicholson | Renton Nicholson | ["1 Childhood and early career","2 Writing","3 Garrick's Head and Town Hotel","4 Cremorne Gardens","5 Poses plastiques","6 Later performances","7 Later life and family","8 References","9 Bibliography"] | Portrait of Renton Nicholson as a judge, by Archibald Henning
Renton Nicholson (4 April 1809 – 18 May 1861) was an English impresario, businessman, actor, and writer. He is best known for his Judge and Jury Society performances and for his ownership of the newspaper The Town.
After being orphaned at a young age, Nicholson was raised by his sisters, and became an apprentice to a pawnbroker. He then opened a series of unsuccessful businesses that often catered to the lower classes of London, selling cigars, wine and jewels. These ventures were frequently unsuccessful, and he often faced insolvency.
After a stint in the gambling industry, he began serving as the editor of The Town newspaper. It typically covered scandals in London high society. A public feud later erupted between Nicholson and another editor, Barnard Gregory, who published a competing paper. Nicholson also published other periodicals and several literary works, including an autobiography. After leaving the newspaper industry, Nicholson began operating a hotel. There Nicholson began his Judge and Jury Society performances, which lasted for two decades. These acts mocked and satirised members of London society and the preoccupations of the popular press. Though his acts were derided by some for their crudeness, they were attended by many aristocrats, politicians, and other prominent citizens. He hosted the performances at other venues in London and around England, producing the Judge and Jury Society for almost two decades.
Nicholson also staged poses plastiques performances at his establishments. These acts consisted of barely clothed women posing in imitation of well-known works of art. Nicholson catered beverages to a number of racecourses outside of London. He was briefly the owner of Cremorne Gardens. The changes that he made to the pleasure gardens there had a lasting influence on the park's reputation. Though he often encountered financial difficulties, by the time of his death he was known for his frequent acts of generosity to the poor.
Childhood and early career
Nicholson was born in suburban East London and lived on Hackney Road as a child. He was orphaned at a young age, and moved to Islington to be raised by his two sisters, who ran a school there. They raised him as though he were a child of their own. The income from the school allowed them to live a comfortable lifestyle. He was taught by Henry Butter, a well-respected author who had written a much-read treatise on teaching spelling. As a child, Nicholson was fascinated by clowns, and often spent time watching them. Nicholson moved to Shadwell as a young man, and began working as an apprentice to a pawnbroker.
After working in Shadwell for several years, Nicholson moved to Kensington. There he continued working as a pawnbroker until 1830. This occupation exposed him to many lower-class residents of London. In the early 1830s he opened a jewellery store on Regent Street near Leicester Square. He targeted Demimonde customers, whose penchant for conspicuous consumption caused them to frequently patronise jewellers. His business soon failed and he went bankrupt.
Nicholson soon incurred significant debts. As a result, he was sent to debtors' prison several times. He later claimed to know the city's debtors' prisons better than anyone else. He was sometimes homeless after being released.
Nicholson then began spending much of his time gambling in London. He preferred roulette and billiards. He frequently gambled at suburban racecourses in the summer. In 1836 he married, and soon became a cigar merchant. The cigar shop featured a back room where patrons could drink liquor and gamble. He soon abandoned this venture to begin selling wine at a new location in Leicester Square.
Writing
In 1837 Nicholson began working as the editor of The Town, a new weekly paper in London. First published in June 1837, it featured sensationalism and semi-pornographic content. It frequently covered the scandals of members of London's high society, but also advocated universal suffrage. It was often criticised, because it openly discussed subjects that its competitors considered obscene.
The Town was later targeted by Barnard Gregory, the publisher of The Satirist. Gregory was notorious for publishing reports of scandals or blackmailing people. He published several articles attacking The Town. Nicholson retaliated in The Town, with a series of scathing attacks on Gregory and his paper. Gregory responded by pressing libel charges against Nicholson. The case was not brought to trial due to Gregory's imprisonment on unrelated blackmail charges. Though the feud with Gregory increased the circulation of The Town, the paper's sales diminished after the case was dismissed. The paper soon encountered financial difficulties and closed.
In 1838 Nicholson and Last began publishing a more expensive paper known as The Crown. It took a very different focus from The Town, with a more serious tone, and support of Whig politics and the Church of England. Its first issue carried an editorial written by Nicholson under the pseudonym of "Censor", which attacked The Town for its immorality. This caused some to believe that the serious tone of The Crown was not entirely sincere. The Crown ceased publication in 1840.
While serving as the editor of the two papers, Nicholson published two books on boxing. Nicholson began publishing a magazine known as Illustrated London Life in 1843. It released 25 issues before it folded.
Garrick's Head and Town Hotel
Portrayal of the Judge and Jury Society
In 1842 Nicholson opened the Garrick's Head and Town Hotel on Bow Street in the Covent Garden district of London. The hotel eventually became a popular location frequented by many London residents, including city clerks and gamblers. It also attracted many tourists who visited London for its nightlife.
After purchasing the hotel, Nicholson hired Archibald Henning to paint large portraits on the side of the building, hoping that they would lure curious pedestrians inside. These portraits depicted showed well-known people, such as The Duke of Wellington and Alfred d'Orsay, attending events at the hotel.
The hotel was known for the Judge and Jury Society performances that it hosted. The performances featured Nicholson posing as "The Chief Lord Baron" and holding mock trials. These trials often focused on well-known scandals or controversial issues and were known for humorous repartee, crude jokes, and biting satire. Frequent subjects featured in the trials included divorces and seductions. Clement Scott once described Nicholson's role in the event as a "plebeian Falstaff".
During the performances, Nicholson wore a judge's wig and robe and was referred to as "my lord" by the cast. He sat at a raised desk next to boxes for the prosecutor, witness, and jury. In many instances, men would play the roles of women. The audience sat directly in front of Nicholson's desk. Many of the trials satirised and exaggerated the details of well-known divorce cases, and the actors who portrayed the lawyers often mimicked famous lawyers. The testimonies that were delivered during the performances were generally filled with of innuendos and double entendres. The audiences often included well known citizens and occasionally members of Parliament. The Garrick's Head and Town Hotel charged visitors a one shilling fee for admittance. Once inside, each guest was given a glass of grog and a cigar.
In 1844 the Judge and Jury Society moved to a new location at the Coal Hole Tavern in Strand. At this location, Nicholson began to hold mock parliamentary debates. He also held events in towns outside of London. During the summers, Nicholson served beverages and set up dancing booths at racecourses.
Cremorne Gardens
’'The Dancing Platform at Cremorne Gardens'’ by Phoebus Levin
In 1843 Nicholson purchased a 12-acre (0.049 km2) rural sporting arena in Chelsea, London, on the banks of the River Thames, that had opened eleven years earlier. It featured entrances from King's Road and the River Thames. Originally an unremarkable location, Nicholson made drastic changes soon after his purchase, including a large pagoda that was surrounded by a large dancing platform and housed a large orchestra. The facility was surrounded by gardens. Nicholson added refreshment booths and tables so guests could sit and eat at the gardens. While most of the contemporary pleasure gardens were exclusive venues, Nicholson envisioned Cremorne Gardens as a popular amusement park for common people.
Nicholson's financial situation soon deteriorated, and he was forced to sell the gardens. By this time Nicholson was well known for the licentiousness of The Town and the Judge and Jury Society performances. Because of this association, Cremorne Gardens also came to represent sexual immorality. Even after he sold Cremorne Gardens, it retained its reputation, and in London the name "Cremorne" became a general term for sexual excesses.
Poses plastiques
Woodcut of a poses plastiques act at the Coal Hole, 1854
In 1846 Nicholson began showing poses plastiques, a form of tableau vivant, at Garrick's Head and Town Hotel. The acts, which later became a common form of entertainment in London, featured models reenacting a work of art. Nicholson claimed to have been the first person in London to host such an event. The performances were typically scheduled for the early evening, and after performances in the local theatres concluded. At Nicholson's hotel, the models often stood on a revolving stage that overlooked the audience. The stage was illuminated by blue lights, and the room was covered in mirrors. Nicholson stood near the models as they posed and delivered a lecture on art to the audience, most of whom drank and smoked cigars during the performance. He advertised the events as "representing Pictures from the Manchester Art Galleries and scenes from all the Principal Tragedies, Dramas, Operas". The women were purported to be a musical group known as the "Female American Serenaders". Many of the titles of the acts suggested that nudity would be on display, such as "The Sultan's Favourite returning from the bath" or "Cupid and Psyche". One of the few existing depictions of an event shows two women onstage, unclothed except for a loose skirt below the waist of one, and a sash wrapped between the legs and over the shoulder of the other.
Although the poses plastiques were never considered a serious form of art, Nicholson's version has been described as the most low brow form that it took. A writer visiting from France published a critical account of the show, characterising it as a pretentious form of entertainment. It was also criticised by English social reformers, who characterized the acts as a form of prostitution. After Nicholson moved his events to the Coal Hole tavern, the management officially stopped allowing women into the audience in order to fight this perception. However, some women were still able to gain entry to the events.
Later performances
Nicholson continued to hold events at Garrick's Head and Town Hotel until 1851. That year, he became engaged in a dispute with the management, and moved back to the Coal Hole tavern. He soon encountered financial difficulties, which prompted him to begin performing and receiving a regular salary rather than owning and managing a venue. He often gave three performances per night at the Coal Hole tavern.
Nicholson remained at the Coal Hole tavern until 1858, when he moved to the Cider Cellar on Maiden Lane. At the Cider Cellar, he continued staging the Judge and Jury Society and poses plastiques. There he produced one of his most successful events, an 1858 production of a mock trial satirizing the public attention that was given to prostitution. This was a topic that many newspapers were devoting a significant amount of coverage to at that time, and the address given by Nicholson's primary lawyer was later printed and sold well in London. The trial was accompanied by a poses plastiques performance.
Later life and family
In 1860 Nicholson wrote an autobiography titled Rogue's Progress: The Autobiography of 'Lord Chief Baron' Nicholson. The book covered a variety of events in his life, describing debtors' prisons as well as the Judge and Jury Society. It initially garnered positive reviews from some critics, and was republished in 1965 by Houghton Mifflin.
Late in his life he curtailed some of his activities because of ailments such as dropsy and heart disease. Though he often struggled to stay solvent, Nicholson frequently gave charitably to many poor residents of London. Nicholson died in 1861 while staying at his daughters' house in London. He was buried in Brompton Cemetery in South West London.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Boase & Reynolds 2004
^ a b c d Scott 1899, p. 318
^ a b Scott 1899, p. 319
^ a b Vizetelly 1893, p. 168
^ a b c d Vizetelly 1893, p. 169
^ Blanchard & Bates 1871, p. 327
^ Scott 1899, p. 320
^ a b c Vizetelly 1893, p. 170
^ Paddison et al. 2000, p. 46
^ a b c Paddison et al. 2000, p. 47
^ Donohue 2005, p. 1
^ Donohue 2005, p. 3
^ a b Smith 1997, pp. 51–52
^ Donohue 2005, pp. 3–5
^ Smith 1997, p. 52
^ Donohue 2005, p. 4
^ a b "A Rogue's Tale". The New York Times. 2 August 1965.
^ Blanchard & Bates 1871, pp. 286–287
Bibliography
Blanchard, Edward; Bates, William (1871), "'Baron' Nicholson", Notes and Queries, 4, vol. 7, William Smith
G. C. Boase; K. D. Reynolds (2004), "Nicholson, Renton (1809–1861)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press
Donohue, Joseph (2005), Fantasies of Empire: The Empire Theatre of Varieties and the Licensing Controversy of 1894, University of Iowa Press, ISBN 978-0-87745-960-6
Paddison, Ronan; Philo, Chris; Routledge, Paul; Sharp, Joanne (2000), Entanglements of Power: Geographies of Domination/Resistance, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-18434-2
Scott, Clement (1899), The Drama of Yesterday & To-Day, vol. 1, Macmillan
Smith, Alison (1997), The Victorian nude: sexuality, morality, and art, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-4403-8
Vizetelly, Henry (1893), Glances back through seventy years: autobiographical and other reminiscences, vol. 1, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., ISBN 978-0-415-18434-2
Authority control databases International
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National
Israel
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renton_Nicholson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Archibald Henning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Henning"},{"link_name":"impresario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario"},{"link_name":"The Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Town_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Barnard Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_Gregory"},{"link_name":"Cremorne Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremorne_Gardens,_London"}],"text":"Portrait of Renton Nicholson as a judge, by Archibald HenningRenton Nicholson (4 April 1809 – 18 May 1861) was an English impresario, businessman, actor, and writer. He is best known for his Judge and Jury Society performances and for his ownership of the newspaper The Town.After being orphaned at a young age, Nicholson was raised by his sisters, and became an apprentice to a pawnbroker. He then opened a series of unsuccessful businesses that often catered to the lower classes of London, selling cigars, wine and jewels. These ventures were frequently unsuccessful, and he often faced insolvency.After a stint in the gambling industry, he began serving as the editor of The Town newspaper. It typically covered scandals in London high society. A public feud later erupted between Nicholson and another editor, Barnard Gregory, who published a competing paper. Nicholson also published other periodicals and several literary works, including an autobiography. After leaving the newspaper industry, Nicholson began operating a hotel. There Nicholson began his Judge and Jury Society performances, which lasted for two decades. These acts mocked and satirised members of London society and the preoccupations of the popular press. Though his acts were derided by some for their crudeness, they were attended by many aristocrats, politicians, and other prominent citizens. He hosted the performances at other venues in London and around England, producing the Judge and Jury Society for almost two decades.Nicholson also staged poses plastiques performances at his establishments. These acts consisted of barely clothed women posing in imitation of well-known works of art. Nicholson catered beverages to a number of racecourses outside of London. He was briefly the owner of Cremorne Gardens. The changes that he made to the pleasure gardens there had a lasting influence on the park's reputation. Though he often encountered financial difficulties, by the time of his death he was known for his frequent acts of generosity to the poor.","title":"Renton Nicholson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_(London_sub_region)"},{"link_name":"Hackney Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_Road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scottp318-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scottp318-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadwell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scottp318-2"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scottp318-2"},{"link_name":"Regent Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Street"},{"link_name":"Leicester Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square"},{"link_name":"Demimonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demimonde"},{"link_name":"conspicuous consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scottp319-3"},{"link_name":"homeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"roulette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roulette"},{"link_name":"billiards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiards"},{"link_name":"Leicester Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"Nicholson was born in suburban East London and lived on Hackney Road as a child.[1] He was orphaned at a young age, and moved to Islington to be raised by his two sisters, who ran a school there.[2] They raised him as though he were a child of their own.[1] The income from the school allowed them to live a comfortable lifestyle.[2] He was taught by Henry Butter, a well-respected author who had written a much-read treatise on teaching spelling.[1] As a child, Nicholson was fascinated by clowns, and often spent time watching them. Nicholson moved to Shadwell as a young man, and began working as an apprentice to a pawnbroker.[2]After working in Shadwell for several years, Nicholson moved to Kensington. There he continued working as a pawnbroker until 1830. This occupation exposed him to many lower-class residents of London.[2] In the early 1830s he opened a jewellery store on Regent Street near Leicester Square. He targeted Demimonde customers, whose penchant for conspicuous consumption caused them to frequently patronise jewellers. His business soon failed and he went bankrupt.[1]Nicholson soon incurred significant debts. As a result, he was sent to debtors' prison several times.[1] He later claimed to know the city's debtors' prisons better than anyone else.[3] He was sometimes homeless after being released.[1]Nicholson then began spending much of his time gambling in London. He preferred roulette and billiards. He frequently gambled at suburban racecourses in the summer. In 1836 he married, and soon became a cigar merchant. The cigar shop featured a back room where patrons could drink liquor and gamble. He soon abandoned this venture to begin selling wine at a new location in Leicester Square.[1]","title":"Childhood and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vizetellyp168-4"},{"link_name":"Barnard Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_Gregory"},{"link_name":"The Satirist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Satirist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vizetellyp168-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vizetellyp169-5"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blanchardp320-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"In 1837 Nicholson began working as the editor of The Town, a new weekly paper in London.[1] First published in June 1837, it featured sensationalism and semi-pornographic content. It frequently covered the scandals of members of London's high society, but also advocated universal suffrage.[1] It was often criticised, because it openly discussed subjects that its competitors considered obscene.[4]The Town was later targeted by Barnard Gregory, the publisher of The Satirist. Gregory was notorious for publishing reports of scandals or blackmailing people. He published several articles attacking The Town. Nicholson retaliated in The Town, with a series of scathing attacks on Gregory and his paper.[4] Gregory responded by pressing libel charges against Nicholson. The case was not brought to trial due to Gregory's imprisonment on unrelated blackmail charges. Though the feud with Gregory increased the circulation of The Town, the paper's sales diminished after the case was dismissed. The paper soon encountered financial difficulties and closed.[5]In 1838 Nicholson and Last began publishing a more expensive paper known as The Crown. It took a very different focus from The Town, with a more serious tone, and support of Whig politics and the Church of England. Its first issue carried an editorial written by Nicholson under the pseudonym of \"Censor\", which attacked The Town for its immorality. This caused some to believe that the serious tone of The Crown was not entirely sincere.[6] The Crown ceased publication in 1840.[1]While serving as the editor of the two papers, Nicholson published two books on boxing. Nicholson began publishing a magazine known as Illustrated London Life in 1843. It released 25 issues before it folded.[1]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Judge_and_Jury_Society.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bow Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Street"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vizetellyp169-5"},{"link_name":"Archibald Henning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Henning"},{"link_name":"The Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Alfred d'Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_d%27Orsay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vizetellyp169-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Clement Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Scott"},{"link_name":"plebeian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian"},{"link_name":"Falstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falstaff"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scottp320-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vizetellyp170-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vizetellyp170-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vizetellyp170-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"shilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling"},{"link_name":"grog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grog"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vizetellyp169-5"},{"link_name":"Coal Hole Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Hole,_Strand"},{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"Portrayal of the Judge and Jury SocietyIn 1842 Nicholson opened the Garrick's Head and Town Hotel on Bow Street in the Covent Garden district of London. The hotel eventually became a popular location frequented by many London residents, including city clerks and gamblers. It also attracted many tourists who visited London for its nightlife.[5]After purchasing the hotel, Nicholson hired Archibald Henning to paint large portraits on the side of the building, hoping that they would lure curious pedestrians inside. These portraits depicted showed well-known people, such as The Duke of Wellington and Alfred d'Orsay, attending events at the hotel.[5]The hotel was known for the Judge and Jury Society performances that it hosted. The performances featured Nicholson posing as \"The Chief Lord Baron\" and holding mock trials. These trials often focused on well-known scandals or controversial issues and were known for humorous repartee, crude jokes, and biting satire. Frequent subjects featured in the trials included divorces and seductions.[1] Clement Scott once described Nicholson's role in the event as a \"plebeian Falstaff\".[7]During the performances, Nicholson wore a judge's wig and robe and was referred to as \"my lord\" by the cast. He sat at a raised desk next to boxes for the prosecutor, witness, and jury.[8] In many instances, men would play the roles of women.[1] The audience sat directly in front of Nicholson's desk.[8] Many of the trials satirised and exaggerated the details of well-known divorce cases, and the actors who portrayed the lawyers often mimicked famous lawyers.[8] The testimonies that were delivered during the performances were generally filled with of innuendos and double entendres. The audiences often included well known citizens and occasionally members of Parliament.[1] The Garrick's Head and Town Hotel charged visitors a one shilling fee for admittance. Once inside, each guest was given a glass of grog and a cigar.[5]In 1844 the Judge and Jury Society moved to a new location at the Coal Hole Tavern in Strand. At this location, Nicholson began to hold mock parliamentary debates. He also held events in towns outside of London. During the summers, Nicholson served beverages and set up dancing booths at racecourses.[1]","title":"Garrick's Head and Town Hotel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cremorne_The_Dancing_Platform_at_Cremorne_Gardens_by_Phoebus_Levin_1864.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoebus Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebus_Levin"},{"link_name":"Chelsea, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"King's Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Road"},{"link_name":"pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paddisonp46-9"},{"link_name":"amusement park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paddisonp47-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paddisonp47-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paddisonp47-10"}],"text":"’'The Dancing Platform at Cremorne Gardens'’ by Phoebus LevinIn 1843 Nicholson purchased a 12-acre (0.049 km2) rural sporting arena in Chelsea, London, on the banks of the River Thames, that had opened eleven years earlier. It featured entrances from King's Road and the River Thames. Originally an unremarkable location, Nicholson made drastic changes soon after his purchase, including a large pagoda that was surrounded by a large dancing platform and housed a large orchestra. The facility was surrounded by gardens.[9] Nicholson added refreshment booths and tables so guests could sit and eat at the gardens. While most of the contemporary pleasure gardens were exclusive venues, Nicholson envisioned Cremorne Gardens as a popular amusement park for common people.[10]Nicholson's financial situation soon deteriorated, and he was forced to sell the gardens.[1] By this time Nicholson was well known for the licentiousness of The Town and the Judge and Jury Society performances. Because of this association, Cremorne Gardens also came to represent sexual immorality.[10] Even after he sold Cremorne Gardens, it retained its reputation, and in London the name \"Cremorne\" became a general term for sexual excesses.[10]","title":"Cremorne Gardens"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coal_Hole_Pose.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coal Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Hole,_Strand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"tableau vivant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableau_vivant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donohuep1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donohuep3-12"},{"link_name":"Cupid and Psyche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithp51-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donohuep3-5-14"},{"link_name":"low brow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_culture"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithp52-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithp51-13"}],"text":"Woodcut of a poses plastiques act at the Coal Hole, 1854In 1846 Nicholson began showing poses plastiques,[1] a form of tableau vivant, at Garrick's Head and Town Hotel. The acts, which later became a common form of entertainment in London, featured models reenacting a work of art. Nicholson claimed to have been the first person in London to host such an event. The performances were typically scheduled for the early evening, and after performances in the local theatres concluded.[11] At Nicholson's hotel, the models often stood on a revolving stage that overlooked the audience. The stage was illuminated by blue lights, and the room was covered in mirrors.[12] Nicholson stood near the models as they posed and delivered a lecture on art to the audience, most of whom drank and smoked cigars during the performance. He advertised the events as \"representing Pictures from the Manchester Art Galleries and scenes from all the Principal Tragedies, Dramas, Operas\". The women were purported to be a musical group known as the \"Female American Serenaders\". Many of the titles of the acts suggested that nudity would be on display, such as \"The Sultan's Favourite returning from the bath\" or \"Cupid and Psyche\".[13] One of the few existing depictions of an event shows two women onstage, unclothed except for a loose skirt below the waist of one, and a sash wrapped between the legs and over the shoulder of the other.[14]Although the poses plastiques were never considered a serious form of art, Nicholson's version has been described as the most low brow form that it took. A writer visiting from France published a critical account of the show, characterising it as a pretentious form of entertainment. It was also criticised by English social reformers, who characterized the acts as a form of prostitution.[15] After Nicholson moved his events to the Coal Hole tavern, the management officially stopped allowing women into the audience in order to fight this perception. However, some women were still able to gain entry to the events.[13]","title":"Poses plastiques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donohuep4-16"}],"text":"Nicholson continued to hold events at Garrick's Head and Town Hotel until 1851. That year, he became engaged in a dispute with the management, and moved back to the Coal Hole tavern. He soon encountered financial difficulties, which prompted him to begin performing and receiving a regular salary rather than owning and managing a venue. He often gave three performances per night at the Coal Hole tavern.[1]Nicholson remained at the Coal Hole tavern until 1858, when he moved to the Cider Cellar on Maiden Lane. At the Cider Cellar, he continued staging the Judge and Jury Society and poses plastiques. There he produced one of his most successful events, an 1858 production of a mock trial satirizing the public attention that was given to prostitution.[1] This was a topic that many newspapers were devoting a significant amount of coverage to at that time, and the address given by Nicholson's primary lawyer was later printed and sold well in London. The trial was accompanied by a poses plastiques performance.[16]","title":"Later performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnyt-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blanchardp287-18"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnyt-17"},{"link_name":"dropsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"heart disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scottp319-3"},{"link_name":"Brompton Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"South West London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_(London_sub_region)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"In 1860 Nicholson wrote an autobiography titled Rogue's Progress: The Autobiography of 'Lord Chief Baron' Nicholson. The book covered a variety of events in his life, describing debtors' prisons as well as the Judge and Jury Society.[17] It initially garnered positive reviews from some critics,[18] and was republished in 1965 by Houghton Mifflin.[17]Late in his life he curtailed some of his activities because of ailments such as dropsy and heart disease.[1] Though he often struggled to stay solvent, Nicholson frequently gave charitably to many poor residents of London.[3] Nicholson died in 1861 while staying at his daughters' house in London. He was buried in Brompton Cemetery in South West London.[1]","title":"Later life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanchard, Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Litt_Laman_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"Notes and Queries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_and_Queries"},{"link_name":"G. C. 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C. Boase; K. D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0akabenta | Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta | ["1 Biography","2 Treaty of Belgrade","3 Title","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 External links"] | Arsenije IVArchbishop of Peć and Serbian PatriarchChurchSerbian Patriarchate of PećSeePatriarchal Monastery of PećInstalled1725Term ended1748PredecessorMojsije ISuccessorJoanikije IIIPersonal detailsBorn1698Peć, Ottoman EmpireDied18 January 1748 (aged 50)Sremski Karlovci, Habsburg monarchy
Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta (Serbian Cyrillic: Арсеније IV Јовановић Шакабента, Serbian pronunciation: ; 1698 – 18 January 1748) was the Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch from 1725 to 1737 and Head of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Habsburg Monarchy from 1737 to his death in 1748.
He commissioned the Slavic heraldic bearings called Stemmatographia. He opened the first official Academy of Painting on the territory of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci after the artistic and cultural reforms were commenced under the auspices and blessing of Vikentije Jovanović, his predecessor. He was succeeded by Joannicius III of Constantinople.
Biography
Treaty of Belgrade
Confirmation of Serbian Privileges, issued by Maria Theresa in 1743
With the 1739 Treaty of Belgrade which ended the Austro-Turkish War (1737–1739), the Kingdom of Serbia ceased to exist. The Ottoman sultan deposed the pro-Serbian Patriarch of Peć Arsenije IV and in his place appointed the Greek Joannicius, who took the title of Archbishop of Peć and Patriarch of the Serbs.
The previous Patriarch Arsenije IV moved north to the Habsburg monarchy along with many Serbs, in what is known as the Second Serbian Migration. Arsenije IV became Metropolitan of Karlovci, maintaining however deep connections with the Serbs who remained in the Ottoman Empire, particularly the Kosovo Vilayet, now under the Phanariote jurisdiction of Joannicius. Joannicius remained Patriarch of Peć until 1746, when, burdened with debts due to his high-living, he was forced to sell the title to pay his creditors. He was succeeded by Atanasije II (Gavrilović).
Title
Arsenije signed himself "Arsenije, By the Grace of God, Archbishop of Peć and Patriarch of all Serbs and Bulgarians and all of Illyria". Another style was "Archbishop of All Serbs, Bulgarians, Western Pomorje, Dalmatia, Bosnia, both halves of Danube and all of Illyria".
See also
Great Serb Migrations
Metropolitanate of Karlovci
List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church
References
^ Вуковић 1996, p. 33-34.
^ R. Aubert (2000). "Joannikios III". Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques. Vol. 27. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. 1379-80. ISBN 2-7063-0210-0.
^ Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti (1950). Posebna izdanja. Док се Арсеније у својим писмима обично потписује „Арсеније божиеју милостију архиепископ пекски и всем Србљем и Блгаром и всего Илирика патриарх' (Јов. Радонић, Прилози за историју Срба у Угарској (Нови Сад 1909), 138) ...
^ Recherches sur l'art. Vol. 26. Matica. 1990. p. 284. У првом наслову кььиге сто]и да ]е патриарх Арсен^е IV архиепископ свих Срба, Бугара, западног Помор]а, Далмаци ю, Боене, обе половине Дунава и целог Илирика. То ]е поновлено и испод патри)арховог портрета и испод ...
Sources
Вуковић, Сава (1996). Српски јерарси од деветог до двадесетог века (Serbian Hierarchs from the 9th to the 20th Century). Београд: Евро.
External links
Official site of the Serbian Orthodox Church: Serbian Archbishops and Patriarchs Archived 2017-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded byMojsije I
Serbian Patriarch 1725–1737 (1748)
Succeeded byJoanikije III
Preceded byVićentije II
Metropolitan of Karlovci 1737–1748
Succeeded byIsaija II
vtePrimates of the Serbian Orthodox ChurchList of heads of the Serbian Orthodox ChurchArchbishops1219–1346
Sava (St.)
Arsenije Sremac (St.)
Sava II (St.)
Danilo I (St.)
Joanikije I (St.)
Jevstatije I (St.)
Jakov (St.)
Jevstatije II (St.)
Sava III (St.)
Nikodim I (St.)
Danilo II (St.)
Joanikije II (St.)
Patriarchs (since 1346)1346–1463
Joanikije II (St.)
Sava IV
Jefrem (St.)
Spiridon (St.)
Danilo III
Sava V
Danilo IV
Kirilo I (St.)
Nikon I (St.)
Teofan I
Nikodim II
Arsenije II
1557–1766
Makarije I (St.)
Antonije I
Gerasim I
Savatije I
Nikanor I
Jerotej I
Filip I
Jovan II
Pajsije I
Gavrilo I (St.)
Maksim I
Arsenije III
Kalinik I
Atanasije I
Mojsije I
Arsenije IV
Joanikije III
Atanasije II
Gavrilo II
Gavrilo III
Vikentije I
Pajsije II
Gavrilo IV
Kirilo II
Vasilije
Kalinik II
since 1920
Dimitrije
Varnava
Gavrilo V
Vikentije II
German
Pavle
Irinej
Porfirije
Heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Habsburg monarchy (1690–1920)Metropolitans of Karlovci 1690–1848
Arsenije III Čarnojević
Isaija Đaković
Sofronije Podgoričanin
Vikentije Popović-Hadžilavić
of Belgrade and Karlovci:
Mojsije Petrović
Vikentije Jovanović
Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta
Isaija Antonović
Pavle Nenadović
Jovan Georgijević
Vićentije Jovanović Vidak
Mojsije Putnik
Stefan Stratimirović
Stefan Stanković
Josif Rajačić
Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Karlovci 1848–1920
Josif Rajačić
Samuilo Maširević
Prokopije Ivačković
German Anđelić
Georgije Branković
Lukijan Bogdanović
Metropolitans of Belgrade1831–1920
Melentije Pavlović
Petar Jovanović
Mihailo Jovanović
Teodosije Mraović
Inokentije Pavlović
Dimitrije Pavlović
Metropolitans of Montenegro1766–1920
Sava Petrović
Arsenije Plamenac
Petar I
Petar II
Danilo II
Nikanor Ivanović
Ilarion Roganović
Visarion Ljubiša
Mitrofan Ban
Christianity portal Serbia portal
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
People
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У првом наслову кььиге сто]и да ]е патриарх Арсен^е IV архиепископ свих Срба, Бугара, западног Помор]а, Далмаци ю, Боене, обе половине Дунава и целог Илирика. То ]е поновлено и испод патри)арховог портрета и испод ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-J-fAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Recherches sur l'art"}]},{"reference":"Вуковић, Сава (1996). Српски јерарси од деветог до двадесетог века (Serbian Hierarchs from the 9th to the 20th Century). Београд: Евро.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava_Vukovi%C4%87_(bishop)","url_text":"Вуковић, Сава"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VBzkAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Српски јерарси од деветог до двадесетог века (Serbian Hierarchs from the 9th to the 20th Century)"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UwESD8ORlbcC","external_links_name":"Posebna izdanja"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-J-fAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Recherches sur l'art"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VBzkAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Српски јерарси од деветог до двадесетог века (Serbian Hierarchs from the 9th to the 20th Century)"},{"Link":"http://www.spc.rs/eng/church","external_links_name":"Official site of the Serbian Orthodox Church: Serbian Archbishops and Patriarchs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171227013028/http://www.spc.rs/eng/church","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/252740/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000028938966","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/43401759","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfRB8Mw7c8r7qjttBV9jC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1048419746","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88204291","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1048419746.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukedom_(game) | Dukedom (video game) | ["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 References","4 External links"] | 1976 video game
1976 video gameDukedomDeveloper(s)Vince TalbotPlatform(s)PL/1, Personal computerRelease1976Genre(s)Turn-based strategy
Dukedom is a turn-based strategy text-based video game about land management and was created as an expanded version of Hamurabi.
Gameplay
The player is one of several Dukes chosen by the High King to help run the Kingdom. Their Duchy is not in the best of shape, the gameplay goal is to build up its population, land holdings, and grain reserves, ultimately hoping to become powerful enough to overthrow the High King.
The player has to manage their duchy, while paying taxes and sending, on occasion, peasants to the King's service, undergoing epidemics, locusts and rival lords secretly helped by the High King; they can buy and sell land, itself divided in several categories depending on fertility, and engaging in offensive or defensive warfare, sending both subjects and mercenaries against the enemy and winning land and grain.
Development
Dukedom was written in PL/I D by Vince Talbot in 1976 as an expanded version of Kingdom, which itself is an expanded version of Hamurabi. The game was rewritten (with extensive revision) in I.T.S. EXBASIC by Jamie E. Hanrahan. It was adapted for /GAMES/ by David C. Barber. It was re-written from I.T.S. EXBASIC to Hewlett-Packard level F BASIC then to DEC RSTS/E BASIC-PLUS.
The game was converted to Microsoft BASIC by Richard A. Kaapke. The BASIC version appeared in Creative Computing in February 1980 and was republished in Big Computer Games (1984).
A Small Basic version called Dukedom Small Basic Version exists in source code form on CodePlex.
A complete Python version is also available on GitHub.
It inspired the game Manor, which purported to be more historically accurate.
References
^ "CodePlex Archive". CodePlex Archive.
^ "Big Computer Games: Dukedom - Challenging land management game". www.atariarchives.org.
^ "retro/dukedom". GitHub. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
^ Leon. "Back to BASICs". Leon's Web Pages. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
^ "Manor". MMReference. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
External links
1984 Big Computer Games edited by David H. Ahl | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turn-based strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn-based_strategy"},{"link_name":"text-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-based_game"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Hamurabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamurabi_(video_game)"}],"text":"1976 video gameDukedom is a turn-based strategy text-based video game about land management and was created as an expanded version of Hamurabi.","title":"Dukedom (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epidemics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemics"},{"link_name":"locusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locusts"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_(soil)"},{"link_name":"offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_(military)"},{"link_name":"defensive warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_war"},{"link_name":"mercenaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenaries"}],"text":"The player is one of several Dukes chosen by the High King to help run the Kingdom. Their Duchy is not in the best of shape, the gameplay goal is to build up its population, land holdings, and grain reserves, ultimately hoping to become powerful enough to overthrow the High King.The player has to manage their duchy, while paying taxes and sending, on occasion, peasants to the King's service, undergoing epidemics, locusts and rival lords secretly helped by the High King; they can buy and sell land, itself divided in several categories depending on fertility, and engaging in offensive or defensive warfare, sending both subjects and mercenaries against the enemy and winning land and grain.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PL/I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/I"},{"link_name":"Hamurabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamurabi_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"DEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"RSTS/E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSTS/E"},{"link_name":"BASIC-PLUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC-PLUS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Microsoft BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_BASIC"},{"link_name":"Richard A. Kaapke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_A._Kaapke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Creative Computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Computing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Small Basic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Basic"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"CodePlex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodePlex"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"GitHub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Dukedom was written in PL/I D by Vince Talbot in 1976 as an expanded version of Kingdom, which itself is an expanded version of Hamurabi. The game was rewritten (with extensive revision) in I.T.S. EXBASIC by Jamie E. Hanrahan. It was adapted for /GAMES/ by David C. Barber. It was re-written from I.T.S. EXBASIC to Hewlett-Packard level F BASIC then to DEC RSTS/E BASIC-PLUS.[1]The game was converted to Microsoft BASIC by Richard A. Kaapke. The BASIC version appeared in Creative Computing in February 1980 and was republished in Big Computer Games (1984).[2]A Small Basic version called Dukedom Small Basic Version exists in source code form on CodePlex.[citation needed]A complete Python version is also available on GitHub.[3]It inspired the game Manor, which purported to be more historically accurate.[4][5]","title":"Development"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"CodePlex Archive\". CodePlex Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://dukedomsbv.codeplex.com/documentation","url_text":"\"CodePlex Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Computer Games: Dukedom - Challenging land management game\". www.atariarchives.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atariarchives.org/bigcomputergames/showpage.php?page=11","url_text":"\"Big Computer Games: Dukedom - Challenging land management game\""}]},{"reference":"\"retro/dukedom\". GitHub. Retrieved November 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/fruitnuke/retro/tree/master/dukedom","url_text":"\"retro/dukedom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"Leon. \"Back to BASICs\". Leon's Web Pages. Retrieved November 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://peyre.x10.mx/GWBASIC/index.htm#Manor","url_text":"\"Back to BASICs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manor\". MMReference. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141204104645/http://mmreference.com/product/manor/","url_text":"\"Manor\""},{"url":"http://mmreference.com/product/manor/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://dukedomsbv.codeplex.com/documentation","external_links_name":"\"CodePlex Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.atariarchives.org/bigcomputergames/showpage.php?page=11","external_links_name":"\"Big Computer Games: Dukedom - Challenging land management game\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/fruitnuke/retro/tree/master/dukedom","external_links_name":"\"retro/dukedom\""},{"Link":"http://peyre.x10.mx/GWBASIC/index.htm#Manor","external_links_name":"\"Back to BASICs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141204104645/http://mmreference.com/product/manor/","external_links_name":"\"Manor\""},{"Link":"http://mmreference.com/product/manor/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.atariarchives.org/bigcomputergames/index.php","external_links_name":"1984 Big Computer Games"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1traballa | Mátraballa | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Politics","4 References"] | Village in Heves, HungaryMátraballaVillageSaint Nicholas church
Coat of armsMátraballaLocation in HungaryCoordinates: 47°59′10″N 20°01′19″E / 47.98611°N 20.02194°E / 47.98611; 20.02194Country HungaryCountyHevesDistrictPétervásáraFirst mentioned1311Government • MayorHenriett Gyuricza, Mrs. Pádár (Ind.)Area • Total26.36 km2 (10.18 sq mi)Population (2022) • Total668 • Density25/km2 (66/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code3247Area code36Websitewww.matraballa.hu
Mátraballa is a village in Heves County, Hungary, under the Mátra mountain range, beside of the Balla creek. As of 2022 census, it has a population of 668 (see Demographics). The village located 18.8 km from the main road 21 and 40.8 km from the M25 expressway. The (Nr. 84) Kisterenye–Kál-Kápolna railway line going across the village. Although the settlement has its own railway station, public transport on the railway line ceased on 3 March 2007 . The closest train station with public transport is in Bátonyterenye 18.9 km away.
History
The first documented mention of the settlement was in the form of Ballya, in 1447 it was already known as Barla. Due to the destruction by the Ottomans, it became depopulated in the 16th century. The owner of the village was Gábor Perényi , then Kristóf Országh , and then the crown. King Maximilian pledged it in 1575 to the chief captain of Eger, Baron Christoph von Ungnad. His widow Anna Losonczi donated it to her second husband, Count Sigismund Forgách, and then in 1603 Baron Sigismund Rákóczi bought it. After several changes of ownership, the other part of the village was sold by Count Ferenc Wesselényi to György Semsey in 1654, who obtained a royal donation for it. The settlement's church was built of stone in 1696. Count Antal Grassalkovich acquired the right of ownership over the village from 1730. The Orczy family built the clergy house in 1806, which still stands today as a listed building. Count György Károlyi became the new owner of the village in 1847. The settlement also created a Palóc folk museum, which preserves the objects of daily use in the village. The writer József Solymár spent his childhood in the settlement, who wrote several works about the everyday life of Palóc people. The monument to the Millennium Deer was built in 2000, the work of Róbert Király was built on a 30-ton stone.
Demographics
According the 2022 census, 93.0% of the population were of Hungarian ethnicity, 0.6% were Gypsies and 7.0% were did not wish to answer. The religious distribution was as follows: 58.9% Roman Catholic, 3.6% Calvinist, 8.9% non-denominational, and 25.9% did not wish to answer. 670 people live in the village and only one person in farm.
Population by years:
Year
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1941
Population
978
852
970
1014
1118
1208
1268
1291
Year
1949
1960
1970
1980
1990
2001
2011
2022
Population
1186
1265
1245
1142
1028
903
823
668
Politics
Mayors since 1990:
1990–1994: János Bíró (independent)
1994–2014: János László Forgó (independent)
2014–2019: Róbert Dudás (Jobbik)
2019–: Henriett Gyuricza, Mrs. Pádár (independent)
References
^ "Tourism, attractions, history" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 5 February 2024.
^ "Mátraballa". ksh.hu. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
^ "Population number, population density". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
^ "Mátraballa settlement election results" (txt) (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
^ "Mátraballa settlement election results" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
^ "Mátraballa settlement election results" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
^ "Mátraballa settlement election results" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
^ "Mátraballa settlement election results" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
^ "Mátraballa settlement election results" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
^ "Mátraballa settlement election results" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
^ "Mátraballa settlement election results" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.
vteTowns and villages of Pétervására DistrictTown (1)
Pétervására (district seat)
Large villages (2)
Parád
Recsk
Villages (17)
Bodony
Bükkszék
Bükkszenterzsébet
Erdőkövesd
Fedémes
Istenmezeje
Ivád
Kisfüzes
Mátraballa
Mátraderecske
Parádsasvár
Sirok
Szajla
Szentdomonkos
Tarnalelesz
Terpes
Váraszó
vteHeves CountyCity with county rights
Eger (county seat)
Towns
Bélapátfalva
Füzesabony
Gyöngyös
Gyöngyöspata
Hatvan
Heves
Kisköre
Lőrinci
Pétervására
Verpelét
Large villages
Kál
Parád
Recsk
Villages
Abasár
Adács
Aldebrő
Andornaktálya
Apc
Átány
Atkár
Balaton
Bátor
Bekölce
Besenyőtelek
Boconád
Bodony
Boldog
Bükkszék
Bükkszenterzsébet
Bükkszentmárton
Csány
Demjén
Detk
Domoszló
Dormánd
Ecséd
Egerbakta
Egerbocs
Egercsehi
Egerfarmos
Egerszalók
Egerszólát
Erdőkövesd
Erdőtelek
Erk
Fedémes
Feldebrő
Felsőtárkány
Gyöngyöshalász
Gyöngyösoroszi
Gyöngyössolymos
Gyöngyöstarján
Halmajugra
Heréd
Hevesaranyos
Hevesvezekény
Hort
Istenmezeje
Ivád
Kápolna
Karácsond
Kerecsend
Kisfüzes
Kisnána
Kömlő
Kompolt
Ludas
Maklár
Markaz
Mátraballa
Mátraderecske
Mátraszentimre
Mezőszemere
Mezőtárkány
Mikófalva
Mónosbél
Nagyfüged
Nagykökényes
Nagyréde
Nagytálya
Nagyút
Nagyvisnyó
Noszvaj
Novaj
Ostoros
Parádsasvár
Pálosvörösmart
Pély
Petőfibánya
Poroszló
Rózsaszentmárton
Sarud
Sirok
Szajla
Szarvaskő
Szentdomonkos
Szihalom
Szilvásvárad
Szúcs
Szűcsi
Tarnabod
Tarnalelesz
Tarnaméra
Tarnaörs
Tarnaszentmária
Tarnaszentmiklós
Tarnazsadány
Tenk
Terpes
Tiszanána
Tófalu
Újlőrincfalva
Vámosgyörk
Váraszó
Vécs
Visonta
Visznek
Zagyvaszántó
Zaránk
Other topics
History
Geography
Government
Economy
Culture
Tourism
Media related to Mátraballa at Wikimedia Commons
This Heves county location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heves County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heves_County"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Mátra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1tra"},{"link_name":"main road 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_road_21_(Hungary)"},{"link_name":"M25 expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_expressway_(Hungary)"},{"link_name":"Kisterenye–Kál-Kápolna railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisterenye%E2%80%93K%C3%A1l-K%C3%A1polna_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3 March 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_Hungarian_railway_closures&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007-es_magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_vas%C3%BAtbez%C3%A1r%C3%A1sok"},{"link_name":"Bátonyterenye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1tonyterenye"}],"text":"Mátraballa is a village in Heves County, Hungary, under the Mátra mountain range, beside of the Balla creek. As of 2022 census, it has a population of 668 (see Demographics). The village located 18.8 km from the main road 21 and 40.8 km from the M25 expressway. The (Nr. 84) Kisterenye–Kál-Kápolna railway line going across the village. Although the settlement has its own railway station, public transport on the railway line ceased on 3 March 2007 [hu]. The closest train station with public transport is in Bátonyterenye 18.9 km away.","title":"Mátraballa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gábor Perényi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A1bor_Per%C3%A9nyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%A9nyi_G%C3%A1bor_(orsz%C3%A1gb%C3%ADr%C3%B3)"},{"link_name":"Kristóf Országh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krist%C3%B3f_Orsz%C3%A1gh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsz%C3%A1gh_Krist%C3%B3f"},{"link_name":"King Maximilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Anna Losonczi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Losonczi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losonci_Anna"},{"link_name":"Count Sigismund Forgách","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsigmond_Forg%C3%A1ch"},{"link_name":"Baron Sigismund Rákóczi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi"},{"link_name":"Count Ferenc Wesselényi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Wessel%C3%A9nyi"},{"link_name":"Count Antal Grassalkovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antal_Grassalkovich"},{"link_name":"Orczy family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orczy_family&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_Orczy"},{"link_name":"clergy house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy_house"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Count György Károlyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gy%C3%B6rgy_K%C3%A1rolyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rolyi_Gy%C3%B6rgy_(f%C5%91isp%C3%A1n)"},{"link_name":"Palóc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%B3c"},{"link_name":"folk museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_museum"},{"link_name":"József Solymár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zsef_Solym%C3%A1r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solym%C3%A1r_J%C3%B3zsef"},{"link_name":"Palóc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%B3c"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The first documented mention of the settlement was in the form of Ballya, in 1447 it was already known as Barla. Due to the destruction by the Ottomans, it became depopulated in the 16th century. The owner of the village was Gábor Perényi [hu], then Kristóf Országh [hu], and then the crown. King Maximilian pledged it in 1575 to the chief captain of Eger, Baron Christoph von Ungnad. His widow Anna Losonczi [hu] donated it to her second husband, Count Sigismund Forgách, and then in 1603 Baron Sigismund Rákóczi bought it. After several changes of ownership, the other part of the village was sold by Count Ferenc Wesselényi to György Semsey in 1654, who obtained a royal donation for it. The settlement's church was built of stone in 1696. Count Antal Grassalkovich acquired the right of ownership over the village from 1730. The Orczy family [fr] built the clergy house in 1806, which still stands today as a listed building. Count György Károlyi [hu] became the new owner of the village in 1847. The settlement also created a Palóc folk museum, which preserves the objects of daily use in the village. The writer József Solymár [hu] spent his childhood in the settlement, who wrote several works about the everyday life of Palóc people. The monument to the Millennium Deer was built in 2000, the work of Róbert Király was built on a 30-ton stone.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gypsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_village_data-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"According the 2022 census, 93.0% of the population were of Hungarian ethnicity, 0.6% were Gypsies and 7.0% were did not wish to answer. The religious distribution was as follows: 58.9% Roman Catholic, 3.6% Calvinist, 8.9% non-denominational, and 25.9% did not wish to answer. 670 people live in the village and only one person in farm.[2]Population by years:[3]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jobbik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobbik"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Pádár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_names#Married_names"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Mayors since 1990:1990–1994: János Bíró (independent)[4]\n1994–2014: János László Forgó (independent)[5][6][7][8][9]\n2014–2019: Róbert Dudás (Jobbik)[10]\n2019–: Henriett Gyuricza, Mrs. Pádár (independent)[11]","title":"Politics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tourism, attractions, history\" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 5 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://matraballa.hu/2015/07/10/idegenforgalom-latnivalok-tortenet/","url_text":"\"Tourism, attractions, history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mátraballa\". ksh.hu. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 5 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=19965","url_text":"\"Mátraballa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Central_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Hungarian Central Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Population number, population density\". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 2024-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksh.hu/nepszamlalas/docs/tables/regional/10/10_4_1_1_1_en.xls","url_text":"\"Population number, population density\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\" (txt) (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.valasztas.hu/letoltesek/valasztasi_eredmenyek_1990-2019.tar","url_text":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://valtor.valasztas.hu/valtort/jsp/teljkv.jsp?EA=11&MAZ=10&TAZ=067&W=4","url_text":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://valtor.valasztas.hu/valtort/jsp/teljkv.jsp?EA=16&MAZ=10&TAZ=067&W=4","url_text":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. 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Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.valasztas.hu/dyn/onk14/szavossz/hu/M10/T067/tjk.html","url_text":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\" (in Hungarian). National Election Office. Retrieved 2024-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.valasztas.hu/telepules-adatlap_onk2019?_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet_formDate=32503680000000&p_p_id=onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet__prpVlId=294&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet__prpVltId=687&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet__prpMegyeKod=10&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet__prpTelepulesKod=067&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet_settlement=M%C3%A1traballa","url_text":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M%C3%A1traballa¶ms=47_59_10_N_20_01_19_E_type:city(668)_region:HU","external_links_name":"47°59′10″N 20°01′19″E / 47.98611°N 20.02194°E / 47.98611; 20.02194"},{"Link":"http://matraballa.hu/","external_links_name":"www.matraballa.hu"},{"Link":"http://matraballa.hu/2015/07/10/idegenforgalom-latnivalok-tortenet/","external_links_name":"\"Tourism, attractions, history\""},{"Link":"https://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=19965","external_links_name":"\"Mátraballa\""},{"Link":"http://www.ksh.hu/nepszamlalas/docs/tables/regional/10/10_4_1_1_1_en.xls","external_links_name":"\"Population number, population density\""},{"Link":"https://static.valasztas.hu/letoltesek/valasztasi_eredmenyek_1990-2019.tar","external_links_name":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""},{"Link":"https://valtor.valasztas.hu/valtort/jsp/teljkv.jsp?EA=11&MAZ=10&TAZ=067&W=4","external_links_name":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""},{"Link":"https://valtor.valasztas.hu/valtort/jsp/teljkv.jsp?EA=16&MAZ=10&TAZ=067&W=4","external_links_name":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""},{"Link":"https://valtor.valasztas.hu/valtort/jsp/teljkv.jsp?EA=19&MAZ=10&TAZ=067&W=4","external_links_name":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""},{"Link":"https://valtor.valasztas.hu/valtort/jsp/teljkv.jsp?EA=25&MAZ=10&TAZ=067&W=4","external_links_name":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""},{"Link":"https://static.valasztas.hu/dyn/ov10/outroot/onktjk3/10/tjk10067.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""},{"Link":"https://static.valasztas.hu/dyn/onk14/szavossz/hu/M10/T067/tjk.html","external_links_name":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""},{"Link":"https://www.valasztas.hu/telepules-adatlap_onk2019?_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet_formDate=32503680000000&p_p_id=onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet__prpVlId=294&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet__prpVltId=687&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet__prpMegyeKod=10&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet__prpTelepulesKod=067&_onknavigacio_WAR_nvinvrportlet_settlement=M%C3%A1traballa","external_links_name":"\"Mátraballa settlement election results\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1traballa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafjord | Tafjord | ["1 Climate","2 Tafjord avalanch disaster","3 References"] | Coordinates: 62°13′57″N 7°25′04″E / 62.2324°N 7.4177°E / 62.2324; 7.4177Village in Western Norway, NorwayTafjordVillageTowards Tafjord from NorddalsfjordTafjordLocation in Møre og RomsdalShow map of Møre og RomsdalTafjordTafjord (Norway)Show map of NorwayCoordinates: 62°13′57″N 7°25′04″E / 62.2324°N 7.4177°E / 62.2324; 7.4177CountryNorwayRegionWestern NorwayCountyMøre og RomsdalDistrictSunnmøreMunicipalityFjord MunicipalityElevation6 m (20 ft)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Post Code6213 Tafjord
Tafjord is a village in Fjord Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is in a valley located at the end of the Tafjorden, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southeast of the municipal centre of Sylte, and just west of the borders of Reinheimen National Park. In the park, the mountains Tordsnose, Karitinden, and Puttegga all lie about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the southeast of Tafjord in the Tafjordfjella mountain range.
Landslide scar still visible, seen from Tafjord village
The village is very isolated and (other than by boat) the only way into the valley is by road from the village of Sylte. The road is composed almost entirely of two tunnels through the very steep mountains along the edge of the Tafjorden: the 5.3-kilometre (3.3 mi) Heggur Tunnel and the 700-metre (2,300 ft) long Skjegghammar Tunnel.
Climate
The weather station in Tafjord have been recording since 1925, and holds the record for the warmest temperature in Norway in November at 21.8 °C (71.2 °F). The January record 18.7 °C (65.7 °F) was recorded the night before 29 January 2024. These warm temperatures in winter and late autumn are primarily due to foehn wind.
Climate data for Tafjord 1991-2020 (11 m, extremes 1930-2024)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
18.7(65.7)
17.1(62.8)
18.1(64.6)
21.2(70.2)
28.7(83.7)
31.8(89.2)
33.8(92.8)
30.6(87.1)
26.5(79.7)
25.5(77.9)
21.8(71.2)
17.7(63.9)
33.8(92.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
5(41)
4.5(40.1)
6.7(44.1)
11.1(52.0)
15.2(59.4)
18(64)
20(68)
19.3(66.7)
15.8(60.4)
11(52)
7.8(46.0)
5.4(41.7)
11.7(53.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)
1.9(35.4)
1.4(34.5)
3.3(37.9)
6.7(44.1)
9.9(49.8)
12.7(54.9)
15(59)
14.6(58.3)
11.7(53.1)
7.7(45.9)
4.8(40.6)
2.2(36.0)
7.7(45.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−0.6(30.9)
−1.1(30.0)
0.4(32.7)
3.2(37.8)
6(43)
9.1(48.4)
11.7(53.1)
11.5(52.7)
8.5(47.3)
4.8(40.6)
2.2(36.0)
−0.4(31.3)
4.6(40.3)
Record low °C (°F)
−16.6(2.1)
−15.4(4.3)
−14.1(6.6)
−7(19)
−2(28)
0.6(33.1)
3.5(38.3)
2.1(35.8)
−1.6(29.1)
−7.7(18.1)
−10.8(12.6)
−15(5)
−16.6(2.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
123.2(4.85)
99.1(3.90)
94.1(3.70)
55.7(2.19)
44(1.7)
56.2(2.21)
55.3(2.18)
66.7(2.63)
89.9(3.54)
99(3.9)
105.2(4.14)
123.1(4.85)
1,011.5(39.79)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
13
12
12
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
11
14
136
Source 1: yr.no/eklima (means, precipitation, extremes - data by met.no)
Source 2: NOAA - WMO averages 91-2020 Norway
Tafjord avalanch disaster
On 7 April 1934, a rockslide of about 2,000,000 cubic metres (2,600,000 cu yd) of rock fell off the mountain Langhamaren from a height of about 700 metres (2,300 ft). The rock landed in the Tafjorden which created a local tsunami which killed 34 people living on the shore of the fjord. The waves reached a height of 62 metres (203 ft) near the landslide, about 7 metres (23 ft) at Sylte, and about 16 metres (52 ft) at Tafjord. It was one of the worst natural disasters in Norway in the 20th century.
References
^ "Tafjord, Norddal (Møre og Romsdal)". yr.no. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
^ a b Store norske leksikon. "Tafjord" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2010-10-11.
^ "www.yr.no".
^ "NOAA WMO normals Norway 1991-2020".
^ Furseth, Astor (1985). Dommedagsfjellet. Tafjord 1934 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This Møre og Romsdal location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fjord Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjord_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Møre og Romsdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Tafjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafjorden"},{"link_name":"Sylte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylte,_Norddal"},{"link_name":"Reinheimen National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinheimen_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Tordsnose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordsnose"},{"link_name":"Karitinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karitinden"},{"link_name":"Puttegga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puttegga"},{"link_name":"Tafjordfjella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafjordfjella"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tafjord_ras.JPG"},{"link_name":"tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_tunnel"},{"link_name":"Tafjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafjorden"},{"link_name":"Heggur Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heggur_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Skjegghammar Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skjegghammar_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-2"}],"text":"Village in Western Norway, NorwayTafjord is a village in Fjord Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is in a valley located at the end of the Tafjorden, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southeast of the municipal centre of Sylte, and just west of the borders of Reinheimen National Park. In the park, the mountains Tordsnose, Karitinden, and Puttegga all lie about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the southeast of Tafjord in the Tafjordfjella mountain range.Landslide scar still visible, seen from Tafjord villageThe village is very isolated and (other than by boat) the only way into the valley is by road from the village of Sylte. The road is composed almost entirely of two tunnels through the very steep mountains along the edge of the Tafjorden: the 5.3-kilometre (3.3 mi) Heggur Tunnel and the 700-metre (2,300 ft) long Skjegghammar Tunnel.[2]","title":"Tafjord"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foehn wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foehn_wind"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The weather station in Tafjord have been recording since 1925, and holds the record for the warmest temperature in Norway in November at 21.8 °C (71.2 °F). The January record 18.7 °C (65.7 °F) was recorded the night before 29 January 2024. These warm temperatures in winter and late autumn are primarily due to foehn wind.Climate data for Tafjord 1991-2020 (11 m, extremes 1930-2024)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n33.8(92.8)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n33.8(92.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n5(41)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n18(64)\n\n20(68)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n11(52)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n11.7(53.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n1.4(34.5)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n15(59)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n7.7(45.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n−1.1(30.0)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n6(43)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−16.6(2.1)\n\n−15.4(4.3)\n\n−14.1(6.6)\n\n−7(19)\n\n−2(28)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n−1.6(29.1)\n\n−7.7(18.1)\n\n−10.8(12.6)\n\n−15(5)\n\n−16.6(2.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n123.2(4.85)\n\n99.1(3.90)\n\n94.1(3.70)\n\n55.7(2.19)\n\n44(1.7)\n\n56.2(2.21)\n\n55.3(2.18)\n\n66.7(2.63)\n\n89.9(3.54)\n\n99(3.9)\n\n105.2(4.14)\n\n123.1(4.85)\n\n1,011.5(39.79)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n13\n\n12\n\n12\n\n9\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n11\n\n12\n\n12\n\n11\n\n14\n\n136\n\n\nSource 1: yr.no/eklima (means, precipitation, extremes - data by met.no)[3]\n\n\nSource 2: NOAA - WMO averages 91-2020 Norway [4]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rockslide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockslide"},{"link_name":"Tafjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafjorden"},{"link_name":"tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sylte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylte,_Norddal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-2"}],"text":"On 7 April 1934, a rockslide of about 2,000,000 cubic metres (2,600,000 cu yd) of rock fell off the mountain Langhamaren from a height of about 700 metres (2,300 ft). The rock landed in the Tafjorden which created a local tsunami which killed 34 people[5] living on the shore of the fjord. The waves reached a height of 62 metres (203 ft) near the landslide, about 7 metres (23 ft) at Sylte, and about 16 metres (52 ft) at Tafjord. It was one of the worst natural disasters in Norway in the 20th century.[2]","title":"Tafjord avalanch disaster"}] | [{"image_text":"Landslide scar still visible, seen from Tafjord village","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tafjord_ras.JPG/200px-Tafjord_ras.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tafjord, Norddal (Møre og Romsdal)\". yr.no. Retrieved 2019-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yr.no/place/Norway/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal/Norddal/Tafjord/","url_text":"\"Tafjord, Norddal (Møre og Romsdal)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr.no","url_text":"yr.no"}]},{"reference":"Store norske leksikon. \"Tafjord\" (in Norwegian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulle_Ogier | Bulle Ogier | ["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Selected filmography","4 Bibliography","5 Honours and distinctions","6 References","7 External links"] | French actress and screenwriter (born 1939)
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Bulle OgierOgier in 2008BornMarie-France Thielland (1939-08-09) 9 August 1939 (age 84)Boulogne-Billancourt, FranceOccupation(s)Actress, ScreenwriterSpouseBarbet Schroeder
Bulle Ogier (born Marie-France Thielland; 9 August 1939) is a French actress and screenwriter.
Career
She adopted the professional surname Ogier, which was her mother's maiden name. Her first appearance on screen was in Voilà l'Ordre, a short film directed by Jacques Baratier with a number of the then-emerging young singers of the 1960s in France, including Boris Vian, Claude Nougaro, etc.
She worked with Jacques Rivette (L'amour fou, Céline et Julie vont en bateau, Duelle, Le Pont du Nord, La Bande des Quatre), Luis Buñuel (Le charme discret de la bourgeoisie), Alain Tanner (La Salamandre), René Allio, Claude Lelouch, Jean-Paul Civeyrac (All the Fine Promises Prix Jean Vigo), Marguerite Duras, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Barbet Schroeder, and others.
Ogier was awarded the Prix Suzanne Bianchetti in 1972.
Personal life
She had a daughter, Pascale (1958–1984), born of a relationship with the musician Gilles Nicolas, from whom she separated when their daughter was two years old. Pascale adopted her mother's professional surname "Ogier" and was also an actress.
Ogier is married to producer and director Barbet Schroeder.
Selected filmography
Juliet Berto, Bulle Ogier, and Marie Dubois in 1972
L'Amour fou (1969, by Jacques Rivette) – Claire
Paulina s'en va (1969, by André Téchiné) - Paulina
Les Stances à Sophie (Sophie's Ways) (1970, by Moshé Mizrahi)
Out 1 : Noli me tangere (1971, by Jacques Rivette) – Pauline/Emilie
Rendez-vous a Bray (1971, by André Delvaux) – Odile
La Salamandre (1971, by Alain Tanner)
Out 1 : Spectre (1971, by Jacques Rivette) – Pauline/Emilie
La Vallée (1972, by Barbet Schroeder) – Vivian
Le charme discret de la bourgeoisie (1972, by Luis Buñuel)
Io e lui (1973, by Luciano Salce) – Irene
La Paloma (1974, by Daniel Schmid) – La mère d'Isidore
Céline et Julie vont en bateau (1974, by Jacques Rivette) – Camille
A Happy Divorce (1975, by Henning Carlsen) – Marguerite
Maîtresse (1975, by Barbet Schroeder) – Ariane
Duelle (1976, by Jacques Rivette) – Viva
Surreal Estate (1976, by Eduardo de Gregorio) - Ariane
The Third Generation (1979, by Rainer Werner Fassbinder) – Hilde Krieger
Le Pont du Nord (1981, by Jacques Rivette) – Marie
Aspern (1984, by Eduardo de Gregorio) – Mlle Tita
Cheaters (Tricheurs) (1984, by Barbet Schroeder) – Suzie
Mon cas (1986, by Manoel de Oliveira) – Actrice n° 1
Candy Mountain (1987, by Robert Frank) – Cornelia
The Distant Land (1987, by Luc Bondy) – Genia
Gang of Four (1988, by Jacques Rivette) – Constance
Don't Forget You're Going to Die (1995, by Xavier Beauvois) – Benoît's mother
Le Fils de Gascogne (1995, by Pascal Aubier)
Irma Vep (1995, by Olivier Assayas) – Mireille
The Color of Lies (1998, by Claude Chabrol) – Yveline Bordier
Somewhere in the City (1998, by Ramin Niami) – Brigitte
Venus Beauty Institute (Vénus beauté (institut)) (1998, by Tonie Marshall) – Madame Nadine
Shattered Image (1998, by Raoul Ruiz) – Mrs. Ford
Stolen Life (1998, by Yves Angelo) – The woman in cemetery
The Color of Lies (1999, by Claude Chabrol) – Évelyne Bordier
Confusion of Genders (2000, by Ilan Duran Cohen) – Mère de Laurence
Deux (2001, by Werner Schroeter) – Anna
All the Fine Promises (2002, by Jean-Paul Civeyrac) – Béatrice
Merci Docteur Rey (2002, by Andrew Litvack) – Claude Sabrié
Seaside (2002, by Julie Lopes-Curval) – Rose
Good Girl (2005)
Belle Toujours (2006, by Manoel de Oliveira)
The Duchess of Langeais (2007, by Jacques Rivette) – Princesse de Blamont-Chauvry
Let's Dance (Faut que ça danse!) (2007) – Geneviève Bellinsky
Passe-passe (2008, by Tonie Marshall) – Madeleine
Wandering Streams (2010) – Lucie
Chantrapas (2010) – Catherine
Boomerang (2015, by François Favrat) – Blanche Rey
Encore heureux (2016, by Benoît Graffin) – Louise
Capitaine Marleau (2016, by Josée Dayan) – Katel Meyer (1 Episode)
Wonders in the Suburbs (2019, by Jeanne Balibar) – Delphine Souriceau
Both Sides of the Blade (2022, by Claire Denis) – Nelly
Bibliography
J'ai oublié, Paris, Seuil, 2019 ISBN 978-2-02-141722-7
Honours and distinctions
1994: Officière of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
2009: Officière of the Legion of Honour
2021: Commandeure of the Ordre national du Mérite
References
^ a b Bulle Ogier at IMDb
^ "LA COMÉDIENNE BULLE OGIER REÇOIT LE PRIX SUZANNE-BIANCHETTI". Le Monde (in French). 2 March 1972. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Couston, Jérémie (6 February 2019). "A Pascale Ogier, sa sœur reconnaissante". Télérama.
^ Florin, Thomas E. (November 2018). "À la poursuite d'une étoile filante". Vanity Fair. France. No. 63. pp. 110–117.
^ "La Légion d'honneur du Nouvel An". Le Figaro (in French). 1 January 2009. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
^ "Décret du 24 novembre 2021 portant promotion et nomination dans l'ordre national du Mérite" (in French). Légifrance. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bulle Ogier.
Bulle Ogier at IMDb
vtePrix Suzanne Bianchetti
Junie Astor (1937)
Janine Darcey (1938)
Sylvia Bataille (1939)
Micheline Presle (1940)
No award (1941–1945)
Simone Signoret (1947)
Odile Versois (1948)
Arlette Thomas (1949)
Christiane Lenier (1950)
Nadine Alari (1951)
Nadine Basile (1952)
Etchika Choureau (1953)
Marina Vlady (1954)
Geneviève Kervine (1955)
Annie Girardot (1956)
Anne Doat (1957)
Pascale Petit (1958)
Roger Dumas (1959)*
Perrette Pradier (1960)
Renée Marie Potet (1961)
Corinne Marchand (1962)
Marie Dubois (1963)
Colette Castel (1964)
Macha Méril (1965)
Geneviève Bujold (1966)
Caroline Cellier (1967)
Danièle Evenou (1968)
Ludmila Mikaël (1970
Bulle Ogier (1972)
Isabelle Adjani (1974)
Isabelle Huppert (1976)
Dominique Laffin (1980)
Juliette Binoche (1986)
Marianne Basler (1988)
Dominique Blanc (1990)
Anouk Grinberg (1991)
Charlotte Kady (1993)
Isabelle Carré (1994)
Clotilde Courau (1995)
Sandrine Kiberlain (1996)
Virginie Ledoyen (1999)
Audrey Tautou (2000)
Barbara Schulz (2001)
Françoise Gillard (2002)
Mélanie Doutey (2003)
Sara Forestier & Sophie Quinton (2004)
Chloé Lambert (2005)
Nathalie Boutefeu (2006)
Déborah François (2007)
Clotilde Hesme (2008)
Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey (2009)
Élodie Navarre (2010)
Anaïs Demoustier (2011)
Marie Kremer (2012)
Pauline Étienne (2013)
Adèle Haenel (2014)
Marine Vacth (2015)
Camille Cottin (2016)
Suliane Brahim (2017)
Camélia Jordana (2018)
Rebecca Marder (2019)
Authority control databases International
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Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merci_Docteur_Rey"},{"link_name":"Seaside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_(film)"},{"link_name":"Julie Lopes-Curval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Lopes-Curval"},{"link_name":"Good Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"Belle Toujours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Toujours"},{"link_name":"Manoel de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"The Duchess of Langeais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Langeais"},{"link_name":"Let's Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Passe-passe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passe-passe"},{"link_name":"Tonie Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonie_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Wandering 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Paulina\nLes Stances à Sophie (Sophie's Ways) (1970, by Moshé Mizrahi)\nOut 1 : Noli me tangere (1971, by Jacques Rivette) – Pauline/Emilie\nRendez-vous a Bray (1971, by André Delvaux) – Odile\nLa Salamandre (1971, by Alain Tanner)\nOut 1 : Spectre (1971, by Jacques Rivette) – Pauline/Emilie\nLa Vallée (1972, by Barbet Schroeder) – Vivian\nLe charme discret de la bourgeoisie (1972, by Luis Buñuel)\nIo e lui (1973, by Luciano Salce) – Irene\nLa Paloma [fr] (1974, by Daniel Schmid) – La mère d'Isidore\nCéline et Julie vont en bateau (1974, by Jacques Rivette) – Camille\nA Happy Divorce (1975, by Henning Carlsen) – Marguerite\nMaîtresse (1975, by Barbet Schroeder) – Ariane\nDuelle (1976, by Jacques Rivette) – Viva\nSurreal Estate (1976, by Eduardo de Gregorio) - Ariane\nThe Third Generation (1979, by Rainer Werner Fassbinder) – Hilde Krieger\nLe Pont du Nord (1981, by Jacques Rivette) – Marie\nAspern (1984, by Eduardo de Gregorio) – Mlle Tita\nCheaters (Tricheurs) (1984, by Barbet Schroeder) – Suzie\nMon cas (1986, by Manoel de Oliveira) – Actrice n° 1\nCandy Mountain (1987, by Robert Frank) – Cornelia\nThe Distant Land (1987, by Luc Bondy) – Genia\nGang of Four (1988, by Jacques Rivette) – Constance\nDon't Forget You're Going to Die (1995, by Xavier Beauvois) – Benoît's mother\nLe Fils de Gascogne (1995, by Pascal Aubier)\nIrma Vep (1995, by Olivier Assayas) – Mireille\nThe Color of Lies (1998, by Claude Chabrol) – Yveline Bordier\nSomewhere in the City (1998, by Ramin Niami) – Brigitte\nVenus Beauty Institute (Vénus beauté (institut)) (1998, by Tonie Marshall) – Madame Nadine\nShattered Image (1998, by Raoul Ruiz) – Mrs. Ford\nStolen Life (1998, by Yves Angelo) – The woman in cemetery\nThe Color of Lies (1999, by Claude Chabrol) – Évelyne Bordier\nConfusion of Genders (2000, by Ilan Duran Cohen) – Mère de Laurence\nDeux (2001, by Werner Schroeter) – Anna\nAll the Fine Promises (2002, by Jean-Paul Civeyrac) – Béatrice\nMerci Docteur Rey (2002, by Andrew Litvack) – Claude Sabrié\nSeaside (2002, by Julie Lopes-Curval) – Rose\nGood Girl (2005)\nBelle Toujours (2006, by Manoel de Oliveira)\nThe Duchess of Langeais (2007, by Jacques Rivette) – Princesse de Blamont-Chauvry\nLet's Dance (Faut que ça danse!) (2007) – Geneviève Bellinsky\nPasse-passe (2008, by Tonie Marshall) – Madeleine\nWandering Streams (2010) – Lucie\nChantrapas (2010) – Catherine\nBoomerang (2015, by François Favrat) – Blanche Rey\nEncore heureux (2016, by Benoît Graffin) – Louise\nCapitaine Marleau (2016, by Josée Dayan) – Katel Meyer (1 Episode)\nWonders in the Suburbs (2019, by Jeanne Balibar) – Delphine Souriceau\nBoth Sides of the Blade (2022, by Claire Denis) – Nelly","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-02-141722-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-141722-7"}],"text":"J'ai oublié, Paris, Seuil, 2019 ISBN 978-2-02-141722-7","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres_Officier_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Ordre des Arts et des Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ordre_national_du_Merite_Commandeur_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Ordre national du Mérite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"1994: Officière of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\n2009: Officière of the Legion of Honour[5]\n2021: Commandeure of the Ordre national du Mérite[6]","title":"Honours and distinctions"}] | [{"image_text":"Juliet Berto, Bulle Ogier, and Marie Dubois in 1972","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/OgierBertoDubois1972.jpg/300px-OgierBertoDubois1972.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"LA COMÉDIENNE BULLE OGIER REÇOIT LE PRIX SUZANNE-BIANCHETTI\". Le Monde (in French). 2 March 1972. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1972/03/02/la-comedienne-bulle-ogier-recoit-le-prix-suzanne-bianchetti_2379468_1819218.html","url_text":"\"LA COMÉDIENNE BULLE OGIER REÇOIT LE PRIX SUZANNE-BIANCHETTI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]},{"reference":"Couston, Jérémie (6 February 2019). \"A Pascale Ogier, sa sœur reconnaissante\". Télérama.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telerama.fr/livre/a-pascale-ogier,-sa-soeur-reconnaissante,n6121459.php","url_text":"\"A Pascale Ogier, sa sœur reconnaissante\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9rama","url_text":"Télérama"}]},{"reference":"Florin, Thomas E. (November 2018). \"À la poursuite d'une étoile filante\". Vanity Fair. France. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year%27s_Best_SF_(Book_1) | Year's Best SF (Book 1) | ["1 Contents","2 External links"] | 1996 anthology edited by David G. Hartwell
Year's Best SF Cover of paperback editionAuthorEdited by David G. HartwellCover artistBob EggletonLanguageEnglishSeriesYear's Best SFGenreScience fictionPublished1996 (HarperPrism)Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)Pages479 ppISBN0-06-105641-3OCLC34627174Followed byYear's Best SF 2
Year's Best SF is a science fiction anthology edited by David G. Hartwell that was published in 1996. It is the first in the Year's Best SF series, which was published every year until 2013.
As a "Best Of" anthology, all the stories in this book previously appeared either in science fiction magazines, original short fiction collections, or online publications. Its importance lies in that it, and the competing Year's Best Science Fiction anthology, are representative of the best short science fiction of the year.
Contents
The book itself, as well as each of the stories, has a short
introduction by the editor.
James Patrick Kelly: "Think Like a Dinosaur" (Originally in Asimov's, 1995)
Patricia A. McKillip: "Wonders of the Invisible World" (Originally in Full Spectrum 5, 1995)
Robert Silverberg: "Hot Times in Magma City" (Originally in Omni Online, 1995)
Stephen Baxter: "Gossamer" (Originally in Science Fiction Age, 1995)
Gregory Benford: "A Worm in the Well" (Originally in Analog, 1995)
William Browning Spencer: "Downloading Midnight" (Originally in Tomorrow, 1995)
Joe Haldeman: "For White Hill" (Originally in Far Futures, 1995)
William Barton: "In Saturn Time" (Originally in Amazing Stories: The Anthology, 1995)
Ursula K. Le Guin: "Coming of Age in Karhide" (Originally in New Legends, 1995)
Roger Zelazny: "The Three Descents of Jeremy Baker" (Originally in F&SF, 1995)
Nancy Kress: "Evolution" (Originally in Asimov's, 1995)
Robert Sheckley: "The Day the Aliens Came" (Originally in New Legends, 1995)
Joan Slonczewski: "Microbe" (Originally in Analog, 1995)
Gene Wolfe: "The Ziggurat" (Originally in Full Spectrum 5, 1995)
External links
Year's Best SF title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"David G. Hartwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_G._Hartwell"},{"link_name":"Year's Best SF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year%27s_Best_SF"},{"link_name":"science fiction magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine"},{"link_name":"Year's Best Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year%27s_Best_Science_Fiction"}],"text":"Year's Best SF is a science fiction anthology edited by David G. Hartwell that was published in 1996. It is the first in the Year's Best SF series, which was published every year until 2013.As a \"Best Of\" anthology, all the stories in this book previously appeared either in science fiction magazines, original short fiction collections, or online publications. Its importance lies in that it, and the competing Year's Best Science Fiction anthology, are representative of the best short science fiction of the year.","title":"Year's Best SF (Book 1)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Patrick Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Patrick_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Think Like a Dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_Like_a_Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Asimov's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Patricia A. McKillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_A._McKillip"},{"link_name":"Full Spectrum 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Full_Spectrum_5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Silverberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Silverberg"},{"link_name":"Omni Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omni_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)"},{"link_name":"Science Fiction Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_Fiction_Age&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gregory Benford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Benford"},{"link_name":"Analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact"},{"link_name":"William Browning Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Browning_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Joe Haldeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Haldeman"},{"link_name":"Far Futures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Far_Futures&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Amazing Stories: The Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazing_Stories:_The_Anthology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ursula K. Le Guin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin"},{"link_name":"New Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Legends"},{"link_name":"Roger Zelazny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Zelazny"},{"link_name":"F&SF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Nancy Kress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kress"},{"link_name":"Robert Sheckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sheckley"},{"link_name":"Joan Slonczewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Slonczewski"},{"link_name":"Gene Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Wolfe"}],"text":"The book itself, as well as each of the stories, has a short\nintroduction by the editor.James Patrick Kelly: \"Think Like a Dinosaur\" (Originally in Asimov's, 1995)\nPatricia A. McKillip: \"Wonders of the Invisible World\" (Originally in Full Spectrum 5, 1995)\nRobert Silverberg: \"Hot Times in Magma City\" (Originally in Omni Online, 1995)\nStephen Baxter: \"Gossamer\" (Originally in Science Fiction Age, 1995)\nGregory Benford: \"A Worm in the Well\" (Originally in Analog, 1995)\nWilliam Browning Spencer: \"Downloading Midnight\" (Originally in Tomorrow, 1995)\nJoe Haldeman: \"For White Hill\" (Originally in Far Futures, 1995)\nWilliam Barton: \"In Saturn Time\" (Originally in Amazing Stories: The Anthology, 1995)\nUrsula K. Le Guin: \"Coming of Age in Karhide\" (Originally in New Legends, 1995)\nRoger Zelazny: \"The Three Descents of Jeremy Baker\" (Originally in F&SF, 1995)\nNancy Kress: \"Evolution\" (Originally in Asimov's, 1995)\nRobert Sheckley: \"The Day the Aliens Came\" (Originally in New Legends, 1995)\nJoan Slonczewski: \"Microbe\" (Originally in Analog, 1995)\nGene Wolfe: \"The Ziggurat\" (Originally in Full Spectrum 5, 1995)","title":"Contents"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34627174","external_links_name":"34627174"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?33589","external_links_name":"Year's Best SF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_of_Ferrara | Ippolito II d'Este | ["1 Biography","2 Patronage of the arts","3 Statesman","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 General references"] | Italian cardinal and statesman
Ippolito II d'EsteIppolito II d'EsteBorn25 August 1509Ferrara, ItalyDied2 December 1572(1572-12-02) (aged 63)Noble familyEsteFatherAlfonso I d'EsteMotherLucrezia BorgiaOccupationCardinal of Santa Maria in Aquiro
Ippolito (II) d'Este (25 August 1509 – 2 December 1572) was an Italian cardinal and statesman. He was a member of the House of Este, and nephew of the other Ippolito d'Este, also a cardinal. He is perhaps best known for his despoliation of the then 1,400-year-old Hadrian's Villa, built by the Roman emperor Hadrian, removing marbles and statues from it to decorate his own villa, the Villa d'Este.
Biography
Ippolito was born in Ferrara, Italy, the second son of Duke Alfonso I d'Este and Lucrezia Borgia. His elder brother, Ercole II d'Este, succeeded his father as Duke of Ferrara in 1534. Through their mother, Ippolito and Ercole were grandsons of Pope Alexander VI. Ippolito himself is named after his uncle, Cardinal Ippolito d'Este.
In 1519, at the age of 10, he inherited the archbishopric of Milan from his uncle. This was the first of a long list of ecclesiastical benefices which Ippolito was given over time, the revenue from which was his main source of income. In addition to Milan, at the end of his life Ippolito also held the benefices of the sees/abbeys of Bondeno, Chaalis (1540–1572), Jumieges in Normandy, Lyon, Narbonne, and Saint-Médard in Soissons.
Ippolito d'Este was created Cardinal of Santa Maria in Aquiro by Pope Paul III in the consistory on 20 December 1538. He was only ordained a priest in 1564.
Patronage of the arts
Coat of Arms of Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este.
A lover of luxuries and magnificence, he overhauled the Palazzo San Francesco in Ferrara before his first appointment to the French court. After his elevation to the College of Cardinals in 1538, he refurbished the palace of his cousin, Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga, which he rented as his cardinalatial residence in Rome. He had the Villa d'Este built in Tivoli by Mannerist architect Pirro Ligorio, to match the other palaces he was building in Rome. To decorate his villa, he had much of the marbles and statues taken from the nearby ancient Hadrian's Villa, as a result of which the latter is devoid of most of its original features.
Ippolito d'Este also helped to sponsor the career of the composer Palestrina.
Statesman
At the time of his elevation to Cardinal he was the Ferrarese ambassador to the French court, whose interests he was to see to personally as Cardinal-Protector of France from 1549, in the reign of Henry II. In 1550 he was governor of the French-controlled territory Tivoli. Such was the strength of his relationship with the French court that he was the French candidate in the conclave which elected Pope Julius III, Paul III's successor.
After this defeat he mostly abandoned active ecclesiastical politics, although he continued to visit Rome and, in fact, eventually died in Rome after a short illness. He was buried in Tivoli's church of Santa Maria Maggiore, next to his villa.
A significant number of Ippolito's letters and account books from his household has survived. This collection, including more than 2,000 letters and over 200 account books, is housed in the archives in Modena, a hereditary seat of the Este family. These materials form the basis for Mary Hollingsworth's book, The Cardinal's Hat: Money, Ambition, and Everyday Life in the Court of a Borgia Prince, a social history of Ippolito d'Este and his times.
References
Notes
^ a b c "The Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este", Tibersuperbum
^ Hollingsworth. The Cardinal's Hat. p. 1.
^ Hollingsworth. The Cardinal's Hat. p. 1.
General references
Vincenzo Pacifici (1920), Ippolito II d'Este cardinale di Ferrara, Tivoli, 1920; reprint Tivoli, 1984, Archived 2017-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
Hollingsworth, Mary (2005). The Cardinal's Hat. Woodstock & NY: Overlook Press. ISBN 1-58567-680-2.
Borgia, Roberto (2009). In memoria del cardinale di Ferrara Ippolito II d'Este nel cinquecentesimo anniversario della nascita (1509-2009). Tivoli RM: Liceo classico statale "Amedeo di Savoia" (liceoclassicotivoli.it). ISBN 978-88-902795-5-3. ()
Inventario dei beni del cardinale Ippolito II d'Este trovati nel palazzo e giardino di Tivoli (3-4 dicembre 1572)
vtePrinces of ModenaGenerations start from Ercole I d'Este, first Duke of Modena1st generation
Alfonso I, Duke of Modena
Ippolito, Cardinal d'Este
2nd generation
Ercole II, Duke of Modena
Ippolito, Cardinal d'Este
3rd generation
Alfonso II, Duke of Modena
Cesare, Duke of Modena
Luigi, Cardinal of Ferrera
4th generation
Alfonso III, Duke of Modena
5th generation
Francesco I, Duke of Modena
6th generation
Alfonso IV, Duke of Modena
Rinaldo, Duke of Modena
7th generation
Francesco II, Duke of Modena
Francesco III, Duke of Modena
8th generation
Ercole III, Duke of Modena
10th generation
Francis IV, Duke of Modena*
Prince Ferdinand Karl Joseph*
Prince Maximilian*
Prince Karl Ambrosius*
11th generation
Francis V, Duke of Modena*
Prince Ferdinand Karl Viktor*
*also Archduke of Austria
vteBishops and Archbishops of MilanAncient age
St Barnabas (50–55)
St Anathalon (53–63)
St Caius (63–85)
sede vacante
St Castricianus (97–138)
St Calimerius (138–191)
sede vacante
St Monas (283–313?)
St Mirocles (313–316?)
St Maternus (316–328?)
St Protasius (328–343?)
St Eustorgius I (343–349?)
St Dionysius (349–355)
Auxentius$ (355–374)
St Ambrose (374–397)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"House of Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Este"},{"link_name":"Ippolito d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippolito_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Villa d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_d%27Este"}],"text":"Ippolito (II) d'Este (25 August 1509 – 2 December 1572) was an Italian cardinal and statesman. He was a member of the House of Este, and nephew of the other Ippolito d'Este, also a cardinal. 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Through their mother, Ippolito and Ercole were grandsons of Pope Alexander VI. Ippolito himself is named after his uncle, Cardinal Ippolito d'Este.In 1519, at the age of 10, he inherited the archbishopric of Milan from his uncle. This was the first of a long list of ecclesiastical benefices which Ippolito was given over time, the revenue from which was his main source of income. In addition to Milan, at the end of his life Ippolito also held the benefices of the sees/abbeys of Bondeno, Chaalis (1540–1572), Jumieges in Normandy, Lyon, Narbonne, and Saint-Médard in Soissons.Ippolito d'Este was created Cardinal of Santa Maria in Aquiro by Pope Paul III in the consistory on 20 December 1538. He was only ordained a priest in 1564.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stemma.Card.Este.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ercole Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Villa d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Pirro Ligorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirro_Ligorio"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa"},{"link_name":"Palestrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Coat of Arms of Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este.A lover of luxuries and magnificence, he overhauled the Palazzo San Francesco in Ferrara before his first appointment to the French court. 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In 1550 he was governor of the French-controlled territory Tivoli.[1] Such was the strength of his relationship with the French court that he was the French candidate in the conclave which elected Pope Julius III, Paul III's successor.After this defeat he mostly abandoned active ecclesiastical politics, although he continued to visit Rome and, in fact, eventually died in Rome after a short illness.[1] He was buried in Tivoli's church of Santa Maria Maggiore, next to his villa.A significant number of Ippolito's letters and account books from his household has survived. This collection, including more than 2,000 letters and over 200 account books, is housed in the archives in Modena, a hereditary seat of the Este family. These materials form the basis for Mary Hollingsworth's book, The Cardinal's Hat: Money, Ambition, and Everyday Life in the Court of a Borgia Prince, a social history of Ippolito d'Este and his times.[3]","title":"Statesman"}] | [{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stemma.Card.Este.JPG/160px-Stemma.Card.Este.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hollingsworth. The Cardinal's Hat. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hollingsworth. The Cardinal's Hat. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hollingsworth, Mary (2005). The Cardinal's Hat. Woodstock & NY: Overlook Press. ISBN 1-58567-680-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cardinalshatmone00holl","url_text":"The Cardinal's Hat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-680-2","url_text":"1-58567-680-2"}]},{"reference":"Borgia, Roberto (2009). In memoria del cardinale di Ferrara Ippolito II d'Este nel cinquecentesimo anniversario della nascita (1509-2009). Tivoli RM: Liceo classico statale \"Amedeo di Savoia\" (liceoclassicotivoli.it). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsgi | Hunasagi | ["1 Archaeological sites","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 16°27′27″N 76°31′26″E / 16.45750°N 76.52389°E / 16.45750; 76.52389
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Town in Karnataka, IndiaHunasagiTownHunasagi Taluk MapHunasagiShow map of KarnatakaHunasagiShow map of IndiaCoordinates: 16°27′27″N 76°31′26″E / 16.45750°N 76.52389°E / 16.45750; 76.52389Country IndiaStateKarnatakaDistrictYadgirPopulation (2011) • Total15,000+Languages • OfficialKannadaTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN585215Telephone code08444ISO 3166 codeIN-KAVehicle registrationKA33
Hunasagi (Hunsagi) is a taluk of Yadgir district in the state of Karnataka in India.
A number of early Palaeolithic sites have been found in Hunasagi. Hunasagi is 48 km southwest of the district headquarters, Yadgiri and 33 km from Shorapur. The nearest railhead is in Yadgiri.old name was vikramapura
Some old Stone Age stone cutting equipments have been found and kept in the Hunasagi Grampanchayat office. It looks like a "Mini Museum".
Archaeological sites
One late stage Old Stone Age site, excavated at Hunasagi, contained stone tools and weapons made from a reddish-brown chert. Tools found included longish blades with sharp edges and many multi purpose instruments.
At some sites, large numbers of the tools, used for all sorts of activities, were found, suggesting that these were probably habitation-cum factory sites. In some of the other, smaller sites, there is evidence to suggest that there were locations where just tools were made. Some of the sites were close to springs. Most of the tools were made from the local limestone. About 15000 stone tools have been found there in abundance, considered oldest in India than the Pallavaram in Tamil Nadu.
See also
Kibbanahalli (pre-historic site)
Lingadahalli (pre-historic site)
Hunasagi(taluka headquarters)
Yadgir (district headquarters)
References
^ a b Village code= 00356400 "Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
^ "Yahoomaps India". Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008. Hunsgi, Yadgiri, Karnataka
^ a b "Pre Historic Era In Karnataka". Classicalkannada.org. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012.
^ "Yadgir District Map Showing Railway Line". Yadgir District. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013.
External links
"Official Website of Yadgir District".
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This article related to a location in Yadgir district, Karnataka, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yadgir district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadgir_district"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusindia-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoomaps-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classicalkannada-3"},{"link_name":"Yadgir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadgir"},{"link_name":"railhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railhead"},{"link_name":"Yadgir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadagiri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Town in Karnataka, IndiaHunasagi (Hunsagi) is a taluk of Yadgir district in the state of Karnataka in India.[1][2]\nA number of early Palaeolithic sites have been found in Hunasagi.[3] Hunasagi is 48 km southwest of the district headquarters, Yadgiri and 33 km from Shorapur. The nearest railhead is in Yadgiri.old name was vikramapuraSome old Stone Age stone cutting equipments have been found and kept in the Hunasagi Grampanchayat office. It looks like a \"Mini Museum\".[4]","title":"Hunasagi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"chert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chert"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classicalkannada-3"}],"text":"One late stage Old Stone Age site, excavated at Hunasagi, contained stone tools and weapons made from a reddish-brown chert. Tools found included longish blades with sharp edges and many multi purpose instruments.[3]At some sites, large numbers of the tools, used for all sorts of activities, were found, suggesting that these were probably habitation-cum factory sites. In some of the other, smaller sites, there is evidence to suggest that there were locations where just tools were made. Some of the sites were close to springs. Most of the tools were made from the local limestone. About 15000 stone tools have been found there in abundance, considered oldest in India than the Pallavaram in Tamil Nadu.","title":"Archaeological sites"}] | [] | [{"title":"Kibbanahalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbanahalli"},{"title":"Lingadahalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingadahalli"},{"title":"Hunasagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorapur"},{"title":"Yadgir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadgir"}] | [{"reference":"\"Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above\". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Institute_of_Jazz | Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz | ["1 College program","2 Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz International Competition","2.1 Past winners","3 International Jazz Day","4 Other educational programs","4.1 Jazz in the Classroom","4.2 Performing Arts High Schools Jazz Program","4.3 BeBop to Hip-Hop","4.4 Math, Science & Music","4.5 Jazz in America","4.6 International programs","5 Television specials","6 Artwork and donations by Billy Dee Williams","7 References","8 External links"] | Non-profit music education organization
Herbie Hancock Institute of JazzFounded1986HeadquartersLos AngelesKey peopleHerbie Hancock, Thomas R. CarterWebsitehancockinstitute.orgFormerly calledThelonious Monk Institute of Jazz
The Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz is a non-profit music education organization founded in 1986. Before 2019, it was known as the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz, but was then renamed after its longtime board chairman, Herbie Hancock.
The institute has held its International Jazz Competition annually since 1987 and offered a full scholarship graduate-level college program since 1995. It organizes free jazz education programs in public schools throughout the United States and the world “to encourage imaginative thinking, creativity, a positive self-image and respect for one’s own and others’ cultural heritage.” It is also the lead non-profit responsible for coordinating the annual celebration of International Jazz Day, a United Nations initiative.
College program
One of the institute's earliest goals was to create a unique college-level jazz program where the masters of jazz could pass on their expertise to the next generation of jazz musicians. In September 1995, the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz Performance was launched and the first class of seven students began their intensive training with some of the world's greatest musicians. The performance institute was located at Loyola University New Orleans before relocating in 2011.
Now known as the Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz Performance, the two-year, tuition-free program accepts one ensemble of musicians for each class. All of the students receive full scholarships, as well as stipends to cover their monthly living expenses. The students study both individually and as a small group, receiving personal mentoring, ensemble coaching, and lectures on the jazz tradition. They are also encouraged to experiment in expanding jazz in new directions through their compositions and performances. Alumni include Ambrose Akinmusire, Lionel Loueke, Michael Mayo, Helen Sung, Carmen Staaf, Walter Smith III, Wayne Escoffery, Eli Degibri and Gretchen Parlato. The institute is currently located at the Herb Alpert School of Music at the University of California, Los Angeles. In October 2021, the 13th class was announced, including eight young musicians from the United States and Russia.
In addition to their rigorous course of studies, students in the program perform regularly at venues throughout Los Angeles and serve as mentors and educators both in the local community and on Institute jazz education tours across the United States and internationally. Recent classes have visited Sitka, AK; Phoenix, AZ; Morocco, Havana, Cuba; Saint Petersburg, Russia; Panama City, Panama; and Melbourne, Sydney and Mt. Gambier, Australia.
Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz International Competition
Since 1987, the institute has presented an annual international competition. More than $100,000 in scholarships and prizes is awarded to musicians and composers each year. The competition focuses on a different instrument every year and features a panel of judges. Branford Marsalis, Pat Metheny, Herbie Hancock, Christian McBride, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Dianne Reeves, Hugh Masekela, Arturo Sandoval, Ron Carter, Wayne Shorter, Clark Terry, Marian McPartland, Quincy Jones, and Diana Krall have all served as judges at past competitions.
Finalists in the institute's 2014 Trumpet Competition (from left) Adam O'Farrill (3rd), Marquis Hill (1st) and Billy Buss (2nd) pose with judge Arturo Sandoval backstage after the competition finals at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles.
The competition has been won by Joshua Redman, winner of the 1991 saxophone competition, Marcus Roberts, winner of the 1987 piano competition, Ryan Kisor, winner of the 1990 trumpet competition, and Joey DeFrancesco, a finalist in the 1987 piano competition. The 1993 piano competition winner, Jacky Terrasson, signed with Blue Note Records. The 1998 vocals competition produced: the late Teri Thornton, winner of the competition who signed with Verve Records; second-place winner Jane Monheit who signed with Columbia; semifinalist Tierney Sutton who signed with Telarc; and third-place winner Roberta Gambarini, whose American debut album, Easy to Love, was nominated for a 2007 Grammy for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female. Aaron Parks placed third in the piano competition of 2006 and was subsequently signed by Blue Note Records. Recent winners include GRAMMY Award-winning vocalist Cécile McLorin Salvant (2010), Emmy Award-winning pianist and composer Kris Bowers (2011), saxophonist Melissa Aldana (2013), vocalist Jazzmeia Horn (2015) and guitarist Evgeny Pobozhiy (2019). Dozens of other finalists and semifinalists have forged successful careers as jazz performers and educators.
Past winners
1987: Marcus Roberts, Piano
1988: Ted Rosenthal, Piano
1989: Bill Cunliffe, Piano
1990: Ryan Kisor, Trumpet
1991: Joshua Redman, Saxophone
1992: Harold Summey, Drums
1993: Jacky Terrasson, Piano
1994: Sara Lazarus, Vocals
1995: Jesse van Ruller, Guitar; Darryl Hall, Bass
1996: Jon Gordon, Saxophone
1997: Darren Barrett, Trumpet
1998: Teri Thornton, Vocals
1999: Eric Lewis, Piano
2000: Pedrito Martinez, Afro-Latin Hand Drums
2001: competition not held
2002: Seamus Blake, Saxophone
2003: Andre Hayward, Trombone
2004: Gretchen Parlato, Vocals
2005: Lage Lund, Guitar
2006: Tigran Hamasyan, Piano
2007: Ambrose Akinmusire, Trumpet
2008: Jon Irabagon, Saxophone
2009: Ben Williams, Bass
2010: Cécile McLorin Salvant, Vocals
2011: Kris Bowers, Piano
2012: Jamison Ross, Drums
2013: Melissa Aldana, Saxophone
2014: Marquis Hill, Trumpet
2015: Jazzmeia Horn, Vocals
2016: competition not held
2017: competition not held
2018: Tom Oren, Piano
2019: Evgeny Pobozhiy, Guitar
2023: Jahari Stampley, Piano
Notable runners-up
1987: Joey DeFrancesco, Piano
1991: Chris Potter, Saxophone
1992: Jorge Rossy, Drums
1993: Peter Martin, Piano
1993: Edward Simon, Piano
1997: Avishai Cohen, Trumpet
1998: Tierney Sutton, Vocals
1998: Roberta Gambarini, Vocals
1998: Jane Monheit, Vocals
1999: Orrin Evans, Piano
1999: Sam Yahel, Piano
2002: John Ellis, Saxophone
2002: Marcus Strickland, Saxophone
2002: Jaleel Shaw, Saxophone
2003: Marshall Gilkes, Trombone
2006: Gerald Clayton, Piano
2006: Aaron Parks, Piano
2010: Cyrille Aimée, Vocals
2011: Emmet Cohen, Piano
2013: Tivon Pennicott, Saxophone
2015: Veronica Swift, Vocals
International Jazz Day
Main article: International Jazz Day
In November 2011, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) officially designated April 30 as International Jazz Day to celebrate jazz as a universal language and tool for diplomacy. International Jazz Day is chaired and led by UNESCO Director General Audrey Azoulay and jazz pianist/composer Herbie Hancock, who serves as a UNESCO Ambassador for Intercultural Dialogue. The institute is the lead nonprofit organization charged with planning, promoting and producing this annual celebration, which began in 2012.
International Jazz Day was established to bring together communities, schools, artists, historians, academics, and jazz enthusiasts all over the world to learn about jazz and its roots. This day seeks to raise awareness of the need for intercultural dialogue and mutual understanding; and also to reinforce international cooperation and communication. Each year on April 30, International Jazz Day celebrates jazz as a symbol for promoting peace, fostering dialogue among cultures, allowing freedom of expression, and reinforcing the role of youth for social change.
International Jazz Day is celebrated in more than 190 countries on all seven continents.
Other educational programs
Jazz in the Classroom
Since 1989, the institute has gone into public schools to provide music instruction and instrument training sessions for public school students in Los Angeles, New Orleans, and Washington, D.C., as well as thousands of students in urban, rural, and remote areas of the country. In recent years, the institute has reported a 100% high school graduation rate for students in the program, with more than 90% going on to college and more than 75% of graduating seniors securing significant college scholarships.
Students in the Institute's Performing Arts High Schools program perform with U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona during an event at the Department of Education's Washington, D.C. headquarters.
Performing Arts High Schools Jazz Program
This program brings jazz musicians and educators into public performing arts high schools in order to provide intensive jazz training to students. Through this performance-based program, music students receive instruction in composition, theory, improvisation, history, and musical styles, preparing them to attend leading college, university, and conservatory music programs. The program is offered at the following public performing arts high schools:
Arts High School (Newark, NJ)
Baltimore School for the Arts
Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts (Dallas, TX)
Chicago High School for the Arts
Duke Ellington School of the Arts (Washington, DC)
Kinder High School for the Performing and Visual Arts (Houston, TX)
Los Angeles County High School for the Arts
Music and Performing Arts Academy at Hamilton High School (Los Angeles, CA)
New Orleans Center for Creative Arts
New World School of the Arts (Miami, FL)
Ramon C. Cortines School of Visual and Performing Arts (Los Angeles, CA)
Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts
BeBop to Hip-Hop
Begun in 2004 in the Los Angeles public schools, "Bebop to Hip-Hop" brings together jazz and hip-hop students under the direction of professional jazz musicians and hip-hop artists. Aspiring young musicians study improvisation, lyric writing, music theory, arranging, composition, turntable scratching, and sampling. Recent concerts included performances by Billy Childs, Herbie Hancock, DJ Spark, Doug E. Fresh, Kool Mo Dee, Chali 2na, Supernatural, and Bobby Watson. The free virtual edition of BeBop to Hip-Hop in summer 2020 served over 100 high school musicians from across the U.S. and internationally.
Math, Science & Music
Math, Science & Music uses music as a tool to teach math and science to K-12 and college students. The institute collaborates with math, science, music and education experts at Harvard, MIT, Johns Hopkins, New York University, the University of California Berkeley and other universities to offer a wealth of free engaging curricula, games, apps and other interactive online resources based on the platform's website, mathsciencemusic.org. Math, Science & Music was launched in 2016, with an event at the U.S. Department of Education hosted by Secretary of Education John King.
Jazz in America
Launched in 2000, Jazz in America is an internet-based jazz curriculum designed to be taught in 5th, 8th, and 11th grade public school American history and social studies classrooms in the United States. The curriculum examines the evolution of jazz styles, contributions of important performers, and musical techniques involved in the creation and performance of jazz. As of 2021, the institute notes that the program's public school touring component has directly reached more than 500,000 students and teachers through assembly programs and master classes led by renowned jazz artists including Herbie Hancock, Antonio Hart, Ingrid Jensen, Vanessa Rubin and Bobby Watson. In summer 2020, the institute offered a series of free, virtual webinars introducing students in grades 4–12 to the Jazz in America curriculum.
International programs
Bassist Luca Alemanno and saxophonist Alex Hahn of the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz Performance Class of 2017 perform with Herbie Hancock at International Jazz Day 2017 celebrations in Havana, Cuba.
The institute's students and major jazz artists have traveled around the world as jazz ambassadors, presenting education programs throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. Programs have included:
1995 tour of seven African nations (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, and Swaziland)
1996 tour of India and Thailand
1998 tour of Chile, Argentina and Peru
2001 tour of Egypt
2005 tour of Vietnam to mark the 10th anniversary of the United States and Vietnam resuming diplomatic relations
2009 tour of India commemorating the 50th anniversary of Martin Luther King's visit to study Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolence movement
2010 tour of China with Institute students performing at the 2010 Shanghai Expo and also in Beijing's Forbidden City Concert Hall.
2011 tour of Italy's Basilicata region.
2012 tour of Russia, with concerts in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
2013 tour of Stockholm, Sweden with master classes and performances at the Royal College of Music
2013 appearance by the institute's students alongside vocalist Jane Monheit at the Red Sea Jazz Festival in Eilat, Israel
2014 tour in Mexico, with educational workshops and performances at the Centro Nacional de las Artes and the Escuela Superior de Música
2015 tour of Morocco, with performances and workshops in Rabat and Marrakesh
2019 visit to the Generations in Jazz Festival in Mount Gambier, Australia, where the institute's students performed and taught along with artists including Joey DeFrancesco, Kurt Elling, Lizz Wright and others
2022 tour of Jordan, including engagement with local youth and performances at prominent archaeological sites
For three years beginning in 2002, UNESCO sponsored a tour of Paris, where the institute's college students performed with Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Dianne Reeves, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and T.S. Monk at International Philosophy Day.
Institute of Jazz Performance students have also regularly appeared at the Panama Jazz Festival since 2008.
Television specials
The institute has produced a series of television specials to highlight the importance of jazz. In 1986, the institute produced "Celebrating a Jazz Master: Thelonious Sphere Monk," a PBS tribute concert hosted by Bill Cosby. In 1993, the institute coordinated "A White House Jazz Festival", the first "In Performance at The White House" PBS special taped with President and Mrs. Clinton. In 1996, the institute produced "A Celebration of America's Music", the first network television special devoted to jazz in over 25 years, which aired on ABC. A second "A Celebration of America's Music" aired in 1998. In 2006, President and Mrs. Bush hosted a concert celebrating the institute's 20th anniversary that aired as an "In Performance at The White House" PBS special hosted by Barbara Walters. In addition, the institute's international jazz competitions have been featured as documentaries on Black Entertainment Television and its affiliates.
More recently, in 2016 the institute produced a network television special in honor of the fifth anniversary of International Jazz Day on ABC, “Jazz at the White House,” filmed at the White House and hosted by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. The special was subsequently nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Music Direction by John Beasley. Since 2012, the institute has produced television specials for PBS focusing on the annual celebration of International Jazz Day, with “International Jazz Day 2022” airing nationally in April 2022.
Art for the 2013 Saxophone Competition
Artwork and donations by Billy Dee Williams
Billy Dee Williams has donated artwork that has been used as the cover of the institute's International Jazz Competition since 1990. The artwork corresponds with the instrument being featured in that year's competition.
References
^ Nate Chinen, "The Thelonious Monk Institute Of Jazz Is Now The Herbie Hancock Institute Of Jazz", NPR Music, November 7, 2018.
^ "About Us". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "About". International Jazz Day. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "Alumni - Hancock Institute of Jazz". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz and UCLA Announce Incoming Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz Performance at UCLA Class of 2023". JazzEd Magazine. October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
^ adminqjx (February 3, 2020). "Hancock Institute Ensemble celebrates Black History Month from Alaska to Los Angeles". JazzMonthly.com. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "Institute of Jazz Performance Fellows to Tour Phoenix Public Schools". Hancock Institute of Jazz. February 19, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz Performance at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "Past Winners and Judges". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ Past Winners and Judges of the International Jazz Competition, Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz.
^ Russonello, Giovanni (October 17, 2023). "Jazz's Hancock Competition Returns, Crowning an Electrifying Rising Star". The New York Times.
^ "About". International Jazz Day. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ Robinson, Jennifer (August 5, 2020). "International Jazz Day From Cuba". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "An Impressive Finish for Jazz in the Classroom Class of 2021". Hancock Institute of Jazz. August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "Our History". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "Performing Arts High Schools". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "Watch the 2020 BeBop to Hip-Hop Summer Program Virtual Concert". Hancock Institute of Jazz. September 15, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "About MathScienceMusic". MathMusicScience. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ Balingit, Moriah (April 26, 2016). "Educators want to pair math and music in integrated teaching method". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "Jazz in America Summer Sessions". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "Generations in Jazz". Donvale Christian College. August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ "US embassy organises musical performances, workshops across Jordan by jazz legend Hancock". Jordan Times. May 12, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
^ "International Tours". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ Haga, Evan. "Field Notes: Jazz at the White House". JazzTimes. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ Jazz at the White House (TV Special 2016) - IMDb, retrieved August 20, 2021
^ "International Jazz Day 2022 | Preview – Mountain Lake PBS". Retrieved November 18, 2022.
External links
Official website
International Jazz Day website
Jazz in America website
Math, Science & Music website
vteThelonious Monk
Discography
Compositions
As leader
Genius of Modern Music: Volume 1
Wizard of the Vibes
Genius of Modern Music: Volume 2
Thelonious Monk Trio
Monk
Thelonious Monk and Sonny Rollins
Piano Solo
Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington
The Unique Thelonious Monk
Brilliant Corners
Thelonious Himself
Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers with Thelonious Monk
Monk's Music
Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane
Mulligan Meets Monk
Thelonious Monk Quartet with John Coltrane at Carnegie Hall
The Complete 1957 Riverside Recordings
Thelonious in Action
Misterioso
The Thelonious Monk Orchestra at Town Hall
5 by Monk by 5
Thelonious Alone in San Francisco
Thelonious Monk at the Blackhawk
Monk in France
Thelonious Monk in Italy
Monk's Dream
Criss-Cross
Monk in Tokyo
Miles & Monk at Newport
Big Band and Quartet in Concert
It's Monk's Time
Monk
Solo Monk
Live at the It Club
Live at the Jazz Workshop
Misterioso (Recorded on Tour)
Straight, No Chaser
Thelonious Monk Nonet Live in Paris 1967
Underground
Monk's Blues
With others
Midnight at Minton's
Bird and Diz
Bags' Groove
Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants
Moving Out
Sonny Rollins, Vol. 2
Nica's Tempo
In Orbit
Compositions
"In Walked Bud"
"'Round Midnight"
Related articles
Blue Note Sessions
Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz
Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser
Rewind & Play
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz place | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"International Jazz Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Jazz_Day"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz is a non-profit music education organization founded in 1986. Before 2019, it was known as the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz, but was then renamed after its longtime board chairman, Herbie Hancock.[1]The institute has held its International Jazz Competition annually since 1987 and offered a full scholarship graduate-level college program since 1995. It organizes free jazz education programs in public schools throughout the United States and the world “to encourage imaginative thinking, creativity, a positive self-image and respect for one’s own and others’ cultural heritage.”[2] It is also the lead non-profit responsible for coordinating the annual celebration of International Jazz Day, a United Nations initiative.[3]","title":"Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loyola University New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Akinmusire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Akinmusire"},{"link_name":"Lionel Loueke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Loueke"},{"link_name":"Helen Sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Sung"},{"link_name":"Walter Smith III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Smith_III"},{"link_name":"Wayne Escoffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Escoffery"},{"link_name":"Eli Degibri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Degibri"},{"link_name":"Gretchen Parlato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Parlato"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Herb_Alpert_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"One of the institute's earliest goals was to create a unique college-level jazz program where the masters of jazz could pass on their expertise to the next generation of jazz musicians. In September 1995, the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz Performance was launched and the first class of seven students began their intensive training with some of the world's greatest musicians. The performance institute was located at Loyola University New Orleans before relocating in 2011.Now known as the Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz Performance, the two-year, tuition-free program accepts one ensemble of musicians for each class. All of the students receive full scholarships, as well as stipends to cover their monthly living expenses. The students study both individually and as a small group, receiving personal mentoring, ensemble coaching, and lectures on the jazz tradition. They are also encouraged to experiment in expanding jazz in new directions through their compositions and performances. Alumni include Ambrose Akinmusire, Lionel Loueke, Michael Mayo, Helen Sung, Carmen Staaf, Walter Smith III, Wayne Escoffery, Eli Degibri and Gretchen Parlato.[4] The institute is currently located at the Herb Alpert School of Music at the University of California, Los Angeles. In October 2021, the 13th class was announced, including eight young musicians from the United States and Russia.[5]In addition to their rigorous course of studies, students in the program perform regularly at venues throughout Los Angeles and serve as mentors and educators both in the local community and on Institute jazz education tours across the United States and internationally. Recent classes have visited Sitka, AK;[6] Phoenix, AZ;[7] Morocco, Havana, Cuba; Saint Petersburg, Russia; Panama City, Panama; and Melbourne, Sydney and Mt. Gambier, Australia.[8]","title":"College program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Branford Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"Pat Metheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Metheny"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Christian McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_McBride"},{"link_name":"Dee Dee Bridgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Dee_Bridgewater"},{"link_name":"Dianne Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Hugh Masekela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Masekela"},{"link_name":"Arturo Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Ron Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Carter"},{"link_name":"Wayne Shorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorter"},{"link_name":"Clark Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Terry"},{"link_name":"Marian McPartland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_McPartland"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Diana Krall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Krall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Monk_Competition_Finalists_with_Arturo_Sandoval.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marquis Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_Hill"},{"link_name":"Arturo Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Dolby Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Joshua Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Redman"},{"link_name":"Marcus Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Ryan Kisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Kisor"},{"link_name":"Joey DeFrancesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_DeFrancesco"},{"link_name":"Jacky Terrasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Terrasson"},{"link_name":"Blue Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note"},{"link_name":"Teri Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Verve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_Records"},{"link_name":"Jane Monheit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Monheit"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Tierney Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierney_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Telarc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telarc"},{"link_name":"Roberta Gambarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Gambarini"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy"},{"link_name":"Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Jazz_Vocal_Performance,_Female"},{"link_name":"Aaron Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Parks"},{"link_name":"Blue Note Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note_Records"},{"link_name":"Cécile McLorin Salvant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_McLorin_Salvant"},{"link_name":"Kris Bowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Bowers"},{"link_name":"Melissa Aldana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Aldana"},{"link_name":"Jazzmeia Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzmeia_Horn"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Since 1987, the institute has presented an annual international competition. More than $100,000 in scholarships and prizes is awarded to musicians and composers each year. The competition focuses on a different instrument every year and features a panel of judges. Branford Marsalis, Pat Metheny, Herbie Hancock, Christian McBride, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Dianne Reeves, Hugh Masekela, Arturo Sandoval, Ron Carter, Wayne Shorter, Clark Terry, Marian McPartland, Quincy Jones, and Diana Krall have all served as judges at past competitions.[9]Finalists in the institute's 2014 Trumpet Competition (from left) Adam O'Farrill (3rd), Marquis Hill (1st) and Billy Buss (2nd) pose with judge Arturo Sandoval backstage after the competition finals at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles.The competition has been won by Joshua Redman, winner of the 1991 saxophone competition, Marcus Roberts, winner of the 1987 piano competition, Ryan Kisor, winner of the 1990 trumpet competition, and Joey DeFrancesco, a finalist in the 1987 piano competition. The 1993 piano competition winner, Jacky Terrasson, signed with Blue Note Records. The 1998 vocals competition produced: the late Teri Thornton, winner of the competition who signed with Verve Records; second-place winner Jane Monheit who signed with Columbia; semifinalist Tierney Sutton who signed with Telarc; and third-place winner Roberta Gambarini, whose American debut album, Easy to Love, was nominated for a 2007 Grammy for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female. Aaron Parks placed third in the piano competition of 2006 and was subsequently signed by Blue Note Records. Recent winners include GRAMMY Award-winning vocalist Cécile McLorin Salvant (2010), Emmy Award-winning pianist and composer Kris Bowers (2011), saxophonist Melissa Aldana (2013), vocalist Jazzmeia Horn (2015) and guitarist Evgeny Pobozhiy (2019).[10] Dozens of other finalists and semifinalists have forged successful careers as jazz performers and educators.","title":"Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz International Competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Ted Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"Bill Cunliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cunliffe"},{"link_name":"Ryan Kisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Kisor"},{"link_name":"Joshua Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Redman"},{"link_name":"Jacky Terrasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Terrasson"},{"link_name":"Sara Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Lazarus"},{"link_name":"Jesse van Ruller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_van_Ruller"},{"link_name":"Darryl Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Hall_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"Jon Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Gordon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Darren Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Teri Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Eric Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lewis_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"Pedrito Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedrito_Martinez"},{"link_name":"Seamus Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Blake"},{"link_name":"Gretchen Parlato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Parlato"},{"link_name":"Lage Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lage_Lund"},{"link_name":"Tigran Hamasyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Hamasyan"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Akinmusire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Akinmusire"},{"link_name":"Jon Irabagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Irabagon"},{"link_name":"Ben Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Williams_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Cécile McLorin Salvant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_McLorin_Salvant"},{"link_name":"Kris Bowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Bowers"},{"link_name":"Jamison Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamison_Ross"},{"link_name":"Melissa Aldana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Aldana"},{"link_name":"Marquis Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_Hill"},{"link_name":"Jazzmeia Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzmeia_Horn"},{"link_name":"Tom Oren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Oren"},{"link_name":"Jahari Stampley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahari_Stampley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Joey DeFrancesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_DeFrancesco"},{"link_name":"Chris Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Potter_(jazz_saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Jorge Rossy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Rossy"},{"link_name":"Peter Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Martin_(jazz_pianist)"},{"link_name":"Edward Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Simon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Avishai Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avishai_Cohen_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"Tierney Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierney_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Roberta Gambarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Gambarini"},{"link_name":"Jane Monheit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Monheit"},{"link_name":"Orrin Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrin_Evans"},{"link_name":"Sam Yahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Yahel"},{"link_name":"John Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ellis_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Strickland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Strickland"},{"link_name":"Jaleel Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaleel_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Marshall Gilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Gilkes"},{"link_name":"Gerald Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Aaron Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Parks"},{"link_name":"Cyrille Aimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrille_Aim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Emmet Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmet_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Tivon Pennicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivon_Pennicott"},{"link_name":"Veronica Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Swift"}],"sub_title":"Past winners","text":"1987: Marcus Roberts, Piano\n1988: Ted Rosenthal, Piano\n1989: Bill Cunliffe, Piano\n1990: Ryan Kisor, Trumpet\n1991: Joshua Redman, Saxophone\n1992: Harold Summey, Drums\n1993: Jacky Terrasson, Piano\n1994: Sara Lazarus, Vocals\n1995: Jesse van Ruller, Guitar; Darryl Hall, Bass\n1996: Jon Gordon, Saxophone\n1997: Darren Barrett, Trumpet\n1998: Teri Thornton, Vocals\n1999: Eric Lewis, Piano\n2000: Pedrito Martinez, Afro-Latin Hand Drums\n2001: competition not held\n2002: Seamus Blake, Saxophone\n2003: Andre Hayward, Trombone\n2004: Gretchen Parlato, Vocals\n2005: Lage Lund, Guitar\n2006: Tigran Hamasyan, Piano\n2007: Ambrose Akinmusire, Trumpet\n2008: Jon Irabagon, Saxophone\n2009: Ben Williams, Bass\n2010: Cécile McLorin Salvant, Vocals\n2011: Kris Bowers, Piano\n2012: Jamison Ross, Drums\n2013: Melissa Aldana, Saxophone\n2014: Marquis Hill, Trumpet\n2015: Jazzmeia Horn, Vocals\n2016: competition not held\n2017: competition not held\n2018: Tom Oren, Piano\n2019: Evgeny Pobozhiy, Guitar\n2023: Jahari Stampley, Piano[11]Notable runners-up1987: Joey DeFrancesco, Piano\n1991: Chris Potter, Saxophone\n1992: Jorge Rossy, Drums\n1993: Peter Martin, Piano\n1993: Edward Simon, Piano\n1997: Avishai Cohen, Trumpet\n1998: Tierney Sutton, Vocals\n1998: Roberta Gambarini, Vocals\n1998: Jane Monheit, Vocals\n1999: Orrin Evans, Piano\n1999: Sam Yahel, Piano\n2002: John Ellis, Saxophone\n2002: Marcus Strickland, Saxophone\n2002: Jaleel Shaw, Saxophone\n2003: Marshall Gilkes, Trombone\n2006: Gerald Clayton, Piano\n2006: Aaron Parks, Piano\n2010: Cyrille Aimée, Vocals\n2011: Emmet Cohen, Piano\n2013: Tivon Pennicott, Saxophone\n2015: Veronica Swift, Vocals","title":"Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz International Competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Audrey Azoulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Azoulay"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Intercultural Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercultural_dialogue"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In November 2011, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) officially designated April 30 as International Jazz Day to celebrate jazz as a universal language and tool for diplomacy. International Jazz Day is chaired and led by UNESCO Director General Audrey Azoulay and jazz pianist/composer Herbie Hancock, who serves as a UNESCO Ambassador for Intercultural Dialogue. The institute is the lead nonprofit organization charged with planning, promoting and producing this annual celebration, which began in 2012.International Jazz Day was established to bring together communities, schools, artists, historians, academics, and jazz enthusiasts all over the world to learn about jazz and its roots. This day seeks to raise awareness of the need for intercultural dialogue and mutual understanding; and also to reinforce international cooperation and communication. Each year on April 30, International Jazz Day celebrates jazz as a symbol for promoting peace, fostering dialogue among cultures, allowing freedom of expression, and reinforcing the role of youth for social change.[12]International Jazz Day is celebrated in more than 190 countries on all seven continents.[13]","title":"International Jazz Day"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other educational programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HHIJ_High_School_group_with_Cardona.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miguel Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Cardona"}],"sub_title":"Jazz in the Classroom","text":"Since 1989, the institute has gone into public schools to provide music instruction and instrument training sessions for public school students in Los Angeles, New Orleans, and Washington, D.C., as well as thousands of students in urban, rural, and remote areas of the country. In recent years, the institute has reported a 100% high school graduation rate for students in the program, with more than 90% going on to college and more than 75% of graduating seniors securing significant college scholarships.[14][15]Students in the Institute's Performing Arts High Schools program perform with U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona during an event at the Department of Education's Washington, D.C. headquarters.","title":"Other educational programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Baltimore School for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_School_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_High_School_for_the_Performing_and_Visual_Arts"},{"link_name":"Chicago High School for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_High_School_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Kinder High School for the Performing and Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinder_High_School_for_the_Performing_and_Visual_Arts"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County High School for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_High_School_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Center for Creative Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Center_for_Creative_Arts"},{"link_name":"New World School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Ramon C. Cortines School of Visual and Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_C._Cortines_School_of_Visual_and_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Asawa_San_Francisco_School_of_the_Arts"}],"sub_title":"Performing Arts High Schools Jazz Program","text":"This program brings jazz musicians and educators into public performing arts high schools in order to provide intensive jazz training to students. Through this performance-based program, music students receive instruction in composition, theory, improvisation, history, and musical styles, preparing them to attend leading college, university, and conservatory music programs. The program is offered at the following public performing arts high schools:[16]Arts High School (Newark, NJ)\nBaltimore School for the Arts\nBooker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts (Dallas, TX)\nChicago High School for the Arts\nDuke Ellington School of the Arts (Washington, DC)\nKinder High School for the Performing and Visual Arts (Houston, TX)\nLos Angeles County High School for the Arts\nMusic and Performing Arts Academy at Hamilton High School (Los Angeles, CA)\nNew Orleans Center for Creative Arts\nNew World School of the Arts (Miami, FL)\nRamon C. Cortines School of Visual and Performing Arts (Los Angeles, CA)\nRuth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts","title":"Other educational programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Childs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Childs"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Doug E. Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_E._Fresh"},{"link_name":"Kool Mo Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_Mo_Dee"},{"link_name":"Chali 2na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chali_2na"},{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Watson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"BeBop to Hip-Hop","text":"Begun in 2004 in the Los Angeles public schools, \"Bebop to Hip-Hop\" brings together jazz and hip-hop students under the direction of professional jazz musicians and hip-hop artists. Aspiring young musicians study improvisation, lyric writing, music theory, arranging, composition, turntable scratching, and sampling. Recent concerts included performances by Billy Childs, Herbie Hancock, DJ Spark, Doug E. Fresh, Kool Mo Dee, Chali 2na, Supernatural, and Bobby Watson. The free virtual edition of BeBop to Hip-Hop in summer 2020 served over 100 high school musicians from across the U.S. and internationally.[17]","title":"Other educational programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"University of California Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education"},{"link_name":"John King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Math, Science & Music","text":"Math, Science & Music uses music as a tool to teach math and science to K-12 and college students. The institute collaborates with math, science, music and education experts at Harvard, MIT, Johns Hopkins, New York University, the University of California Berkeley and other universities to offer a wealth of free engaging curricula, games, apps and other interactive online resources based on the platform's website, mathsciencemusic.org.[18] Math, Science & Music was launched in 2016, with an event at the U.S. Department of Education hosted by Secretary of Education John King.[19]","title":"Other educational programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Antonio Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Hart"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Rubin"},{"link_name":"Bobby Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Watson"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Jazz in America","text":"Launched in 2000, Jazz in America is an internet-based jazz curriculum designed to be taught in 5th, 8th, and 11th grade public school American history and social studies classrooms in the United States. The curriculum examines the evolution of jazz styles, contributions of important performers, and musical techniques involved in the creation and performance of jazz. As of 2021, the institute notes that the program's public school touring component has directly reached more than 500,000 students and teachers through assembly programs and master classes led by renowned jazz artists including Herbie Hancock, Antonio Hart, Ingrid Jensen, Vanessa Rubin and Bobby Watson. In summer 2020, the institute offered a series of free, virtual webinars introducing students in grades 4–12 to the Jazz in America curriculum.[20]","title":"Other educational programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TMI_College_Program_2017_Havana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Havana, Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Swaziland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Expo"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Forbidden City Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City_Concert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Basilicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilicata"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Stockholm, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music,_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Red Sea Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Eilat, Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilat"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat"},{"link_name":"Marrakesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh"},{"link_name":"Generations in Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generations_In_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Mount Gambier, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gambier,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Joey DeFrancesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_DeFrancesco"},{"link_name":"Kurt Elling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Elling"},{"link_name":"Lizz Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizz_Wright"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Dianne Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Dee Dee Bridgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Dee_Bridgewater"},{"link_name":"T.S. Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Monk"},{"link_name":"International Philosophy Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Philosophy_Day"},{"link_name":"Panama Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"International programs","text":"Bassist Luca Alemanno and saxophonist Alex Hahn of the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz Performance Class of 2017 perform with Herbie Hancock at International Jazz Day 2017 celebrations in Havana, Cuba.The institute's students and major jazz artists have traveled around the world as jazz ambassadors, presenting education programs throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. Programs have included:1995 tour of seven African nations (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, and Swaziland)\n1996 tour of India and Thailand\n1998 tour of Chile, Argentina and Peru\n2001 tour of Egypt\n2005 tour of Vietnam to mark the 10th anniversary of the United States and Vietnam resuming diplomatic relations\n2009 tour of India commemorating the 50th anniversary of Martin Luther King's visit to study Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolence movement\n2010 tour of China with Institute students performing at the 2010 Shanghai Expo and also in Beijing's Forbidden City Concert Hall.\n2011 tour of Italy's Basilicata region.\n2012 tour of Russia, with concerts in Moscow and St. Petersburg.\n2013 tour of Stockholm, Sweden with master classes and performances at the Royal College of Music\n2013 appearance by the institute's students alongside vocalist Jane Monheit at the Red Sea Jazz Festival in Eilat, Israel\n2014 tour in Mexico, with educational workshops and performances at the Centro Nacional de las Artes and the Escuela Superior de Música\n2015 tour of Morocco, with performances and workshops in Rabat and Marrakesh\n2019 visit to the Generations in Jazz Festival in Mount Gambier, Australia, where the institute's students performed and taught along with artists including Joey DeFrancesco, Kurt Elling, Lizz Wright and others[21]\n2022 tour of Jordan, including engagement with local youth and performances at prominent archaeological sites[22]For three years beginning in 2002, UNESCO sponsored a tour of Paris, where the institute's college students performed with Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Dianne Reeves, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and T.S. Monk at International Philosophy Day.Institute of Jazz Performance students have also regularly appeared at the Panama Jazz Festival since 2008.[23]","title":"Other educational programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"Bill Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"Barbara Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Walters"},{"link_name":"Black Entertainment Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"John Beasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beasley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saxophone_Man_by_Billy_Dee_Williams.jpg"}],"text":"The institute has produced a series of television specials to highlight the importance of jazz. In 1986, the institute produced \"Celebrating a Jazz Master: Thelonious Sphere Monk,\" a PBS tribute concert hosted by Bill Cosby. In 1993, the institute coordinated \"A White House Jazz Festival\", the first \"In Performance at The White House\" PBS special taped with President and Mrs. Clinton. In 1996, the institute produced \"A Celebration of America's Music\", the first network television special devoted to jazz in over 25 years, which aired on ABC. A second \"A Celebration of America's Music\" aired in 1998. In 2006, President and Mrs. Bush hosted a concert celebrating the institute's 20th anniversary that aired as an \"In Performance at The White House\" PBS special hosted by Barbara Walters. In addition, the institute's international jazz competitions have been featured as documentaries on Black Entertainment Television and its affiliates.More recently, in 2016 the institute produced a network television special in honor of the fifth anniversary of International Jazz Day on ABC, “Jazz at the White House,” filmed at the White House and hosted by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama.[24] The special was subsequently nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Music Direction by John Beasley.[25] Since 2012, the institute has produced television specials for PBS focusing on the annual celebration of International Jazz Day, with “International Jazz Day 2022” airing nationally in April 2022.[26]Art for the 2013 Saxophone Competition","title":"Television specials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Dee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dee_Williams"}],"text":"Billy Dee Williams has donated artwork that has been used as the cover of the institute's International Jazz Competition since 1990. The artwork corresponds with the instrument being featured in that year's competition.","title":"Artwork and donations by Billy Dee Williams"}] | [{"image_text":"Finalists in the institute's 2014 Trumpet Competition (from left) Adam O'Farrill (3rd), Marquis Hill (1st) and Billy Buss (2nd) pose with judge Arturo Sandoval backstage after the competition finals at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2014_Monk_Competition_Finalists_with_Arturo_Sandoval.jpg/197px-2014_Monk_Competition_Finalists_with_Arturo_Sandoval.jpg"},{"image_text":"Students in the Institute's Performing Arts High Schools program perform with U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona during an event at the Department of Education's Washington, D.C. headquarters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/HHIJ_High_School_group_with_Cardona.jpg/220px-HHIJ_High_School_group_with_Cardona.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bassist Luca Alemanno and saxophonist Alex Hahn of the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz Performance Class of 2017 perform with Herbie Hancock at International Jazz Day 2017 celebrations in Havana, Cuba.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/TMI_College_Program_2017_Havana.jpg/147px-TMI_College_Program_2017_Havana.jpg"},{"image_text":"Art for the 2013 Saxophone Competition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/Saxophone_Man_by_Billy_Dee_Williams.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"About Us\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". International Jazz Day. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://jazzday.com/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alumni - Hancock Institute of Jazz\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/alumni/","url_text":"\"Alumni - Hancock Institute of Jazz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz and UCLA Announce Incoming Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz Performance at UCLA Class of 2023\". JazzEd Magazine. October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jazzedmagazine.com/news/herbie-hancock-institute-of-jazz-and-ucla-announce-incoming-herbie-hancock-institute-of-jazz-performance-at-ucla-class-of-2023/","url_text":"\"Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz and UCLA Announce Incoming Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz Performance at UCLA Class of 2023\""}]},{"reference":"adminqjx (February 3, 2020). \"Hancock Institute Ensemble celebrates Black History Month from Alaska to Los Angeles\". JazzMonthly.com. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jazzmonthly.com/hancock-institute-ensemble-celebrates-black-history-month-from-alaska-to-los-angeles/","url_text":"\"Hancock Institute Ensemble celebrates Black History Month from Alaska to Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Institute of Jazz Performance Fellows to Tour Phoenix Public Schools\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. February 19, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/2018/02/institute-jazz-performance-fellows-tour-phoenix-public-schools/","url_text":"\"Institute of Jazz Performance Fellows to Tour Phoenix Public Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz Performance at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/education-program/institute-of-jazz-performance/","url_text":"\"Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz Performance at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Winners and Judges\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/competition/past-winners-and-judges/","url_text":"\"Past Winners and Judges\""}]},{"reference":"Russonello, Giovanni (October 17, 2023). \"Jazz's Hancock Competition Returns, Crowning an Electrifying Rising Star\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/17/arts/music/hancock-competition-jazz-jahari-stampley.html","url_text":"\"Jazz's Hancock Competition Returns, Crowning an Electrifying Rising Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". International Jazz Day. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://jazzday.com/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Jennifer (August 5, 2020). \"International Jazz Day From Cuba\". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kpbs.org/news/2020/aug/05/international-jazz-day-cuba/","url_text":"\"International Jazz Day From Cuba\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Impressive Finish for Jazz in the Classroom Class of 2021\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/2021/08/an-impressive-finish-for-jazz-in-the-classroom-class-of-2021/","url_text":"\"An Impressive Finish for Jazz in the Classroom Class of 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/education-program/our-history/","url_text":"\"Our History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Performing Arts High Schools\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/education-program/performing-arts-hs/","url_text":"\"Performing Arts High Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch the 2020 BeBop to Hip-Hop Summer Program Virtual Concert\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. September 15, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/2020/09/watch-the-2020-bebop-to-hip-hop-summer-program-virtual-concert/","url_text":"\"Watch the 2020 BeBop to Hip-Hop Summer Program Virtual Concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"About MathScienceMusic\". MathMusicScience. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathsciencemusic.org/#/project/about-math-science-music","url_text":"\"About MathScienceMusic\""}]},{"reference":"Balingit, Moriah (April 26, 2016). \"Educators want to pair math and music in integrated teaching method\". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/educators-want-to-pair-math-and-music-in-integrated-teaching-method/2016/04/26/2bb1af20-0bd3-11e6-bfa1-4efa856caf2a_story.html","url_text":"\"Educators want to pair math and music in integrated teaching method\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jazz in America Summer Sessions\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/jazz-in-america-summer-sessions/","url_text":"\"Jazz in America Summer Sessions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Generations in Jazz\". Donvale Christian College. August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.donvale.vic.edu.au/news/2019/generations-in-jazz","url_text":"\"Generations in Jazz\""}]},{"reference":"\"US embassy organises musical performances, workshops across Jordan by jazz legend Hancock\". Jordan Times. May 12, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jordantimes.com/news/local/us-embassy-organises-musical-performances-workshops-across-jordan-jazz-legend-hancock","url_text":"\"US embassy organises musical performances, workshops across Jordan by jazz legend Hancock\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Tours\". Hancock Institute of Jazz. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hancockinstitute.org/education-program/international-tours/","url_text":"\"International Tours\""}]},{"reference":"Haga, Evan. \"Field Notes: Jazz at the White House\". JazzTimes. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://jazztimes.com/features/columns/field-notes-jazz-at-the-white-house/","url_text":"\"Field Notes: Jazz at the White House\""}]},{"reference":"Jazz at the White House (TV Special 2016) - IMDb, retrieved August 20, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5640876/","url_text":"Jazz at the White House (TV Special 2016) - IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"International Jazz Day 2022 | Preview – Mountain Lake PBS\". Retrieved November 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mountainlake.org/international-jazz-day-2022-preview/","url_text":"\"International Jazz Day 2022 | Preview – Mountain Lake PBS\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/","external_links_name":"hancockinstitute.org"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/07/665403861/the-thelonious-monk-institute-of-jazz-is-now-the-herbie-hancock-institute-of-jaz","external_links_name":"\"The Thelonious Monk Institute Of Jazz Is Now The Herbie Hancock Institute Of Jazz\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://jazzday.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/alumni/","external_links_name":"\"Alumni - Hancock Institute of Jazz\""},{"Link":"https://www.jazzedmagazine.com/news/herbie-hancock-institute-of-jazz-and-ucla-announce-incoming-herbie-hancock-institute-of-jazz-performance-at-ucla-class-of-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz and UCLA Announce Incoming Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz Performance at UCLA Class of 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.jazzmonthly.com/hancock-institute-ensemble-celebrates-black-history-month-from-alaska-to-los-angeles/","external_links_name":"\"Hancock Institute Ensemble celebrates Black History Month from Alaska to Los Angeles\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/2018/02/institute-jazz-performance-fellows-tour-phoenix-public-schools/","external_links_name":"\"Institute of Jazz Performance Fellows to Tour Phoenix Public Schools\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/education-program/institute-of-jazz-performance/","external_links_name":"\"Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz Performance at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/competition/past-winners-and-judges/","external_links_name":"\"Past Winners and Judges\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/competition/past-winners-and-judges/","external_links_name":"Past Winners and Judges of the International Jazz Competition"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/17/arts/music/hancock-competition-jazz-jahari-stampley.html","external_links_name":"\"Jazz's Hancock Competition Returns, Crowning an Electrifying Rising Star\""},{"Link":"https://jazzday.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://www.kpbs.org/news/2020/aug/05/international-jazz-day-cuba/","external_links_name":"\"International Jazz Day From Cuba\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/2021/08/an-impressive-finish-for-jazz-in-the-classroom-class-of-2021/","external_links_name":"\"An Impressive Finish for Jazz in the Classroom Class of 2021\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/education-program/our-history/","external_links_name":"\"Our History\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/education-program/performing-arts-hs/","external_links_name":"\"Performing Arts High Schools\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/2020/09/watch-the-2020-bebop-to-hip-hop-summer-program-virtual-concert/","external_links_name":"\"Watch the 2020 BeBop to Hip-Hop Summer Program Virtual Concert\""},{"Link":"https://mathsciencemusic.org/#/project/about-math-science-music","external_links_name":"\"About MathScienceMusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/educators-want-to-pair-math-and-music-in-integrated-teaching-method/2016/04/26/2bb1af20-0bd3-11e6-bfa1-4efa856caf2a_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Educators want to pair math and music in integrated teaching method\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/jazz-in-america-summer-sessions/","external_links_name":"\"Jazz in America Summer Sessions\""},{"Link":"https://www.donvale.vic.edu.au/news/2019/generations-in-jazz","external_links_name":"\"Generations in Jazz\""},{"Link":"https://jordantimes.com/news/local/us-embassy-organises-musical-performances-workshops-across-jordan-jazz-legend-hancock","external_links_name":"\"US embassy organises musical performances, workshops across Jordan by jazz legend Hancock\""},{"Link":"https://hancockinstitute.org/education-program/international-tours/","external_links_name":"\"International Tours\""},{"Link":"https://jazztimes.com/features/columns/field-notes-jazz-at-the-white-house/","external_links_name":"\"Field Notes: Jazz at the White House\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5640876/","external_links_name":"Jazz at the White House (TV Special 2016) - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_States) | 40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States) | ["1 Order of battle","2 Unit history","3 References","4 External links"] | 40th Infantry Brigade Combat TeamShoulder sleeve insigniaActive1917–19191926–19742005–2008Country United StatesBranch United States ArmyTypeInfantrySizeBrigadeGarrison/HQSan Diego, California (HQ)Nickname(s)ThunderboltMotto(s)ARMIPOTENT (Mighty in Arms)Engagements
World War I
World War II
Korean War
Operation Iraqi Freedom
DecorationsPhilippine Presidential Unit Citation
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit CitationMilitary unit
The 40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team was an infantry brigade of the United States Army National Guard in the state of California.
Order of battle
1st Battalion 184th Infantry Regiment
1st Battalion 160th Infantry Regiment
1st Squadron 18th Cavalry Regiment
1st Battalion 143rd Field Artillery Regiment
40th Special Troops Battalion
40th Brigade Support Battalion
Unit history
The 40th Infantry Brigade was originally made up of the 50th and 90th Infantry Regiments and served as part of the 20th Infantry Division from October 1918 to February 1919.
Based on the shoulder patch used by this unit, this unit must trace its lineage to that of the 40th Armored Brigade, who was authorized use of the same SSI on 2 February 1970. Constituted in July 1917 the brigade was organized and drafted into federal service in August 1917 at Camp Kearny and was demobilized in April 1919 at the same location. June 1926 found the unit being reconstituted in the California National Guard. The unit headquarters relocated a number of times until it was called into federal service in February 1942. After World War II the unit was inactivated in April 1946, but was called up again in September 1950 due to the Korean War. Having wintered over in Korea in 1951 and 1952 the unit was deactivated in July 1954.
On 29 January 1968, the 40th Infantry Division was deactivated and the 40th Infantry Brigade and 40th Armored Brigade were organized. On 13 January 1974, the California Army National Guard was reorganized. The 40th and 49th Infantry and the 40th Armored Brigades were deactivated and the 40th Infantry Division was reformed.
The 40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) was activated in 2005 as part of the reorganization of the California National Guard, which in turn was part of the restructuring of the total US Army. The Army is restructuring and moving from the division to the brigade as the primary building block of combat power. To this effect the 2nd and 3rd Brigades of the 40th Infantry Division of the California Army National Guard were merged into the 40th IBCT. As of February 2007, most of the brigade is stateside. However, individual soldiers are in Iraq working in other active duty units or are tasked for border security missions in southern California. The 40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team is organized under the Army's new modular brigade structure. The role of the brigade combat team is to act as the Army's basic tactical maneuver unit and the smallest combined-arms unit that can be committed independently. The brigade combat team is designed to conduct offensive, defensive, and stability operations. The core mission is to close with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver; to destroy or capture enemy forces; or to repel their attacks by fire, close combat, and counterattack. The brigade combat team can fight without augmentation, but it also can be tailored to meet the precise needs of its missions.
40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team also had a state mission. In times of emergency, the governor may call the National Guard to assist civil authorities. The self-contained and modular structure of the 40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team makes it well suited to provide this support.
On 1 September 2007, the brigade was again reformed after another reorganization of the 40th Infantry Division. However, on 1 September 2008 the brigade was redesignated the 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States).
References
^ "40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT)". State of California. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
^ John J. McGrath, The Brigade: A History-Its Organization and Employment in the U.S. Army, Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 2004.
^ "40th Armored Brigade". Heraldry and Insignia of the California National Guard. The California Military Museum. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
^ Camp Kearney Archived 31 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ Wickham, Kenneth. "40th Armored Brigade". Lineages and Honors of the California National Guard. The California State Military Museum. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
^ Stein, Barry Jason. "Military Armor Brigade Patches History1". US Army Patches. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
External links
California Army National Guard, unit webpage
Camp Kearny (San Diego County)
US Army Field Manual 3-90.6 4AUG06, "The Brigade Combat Team"
California National Guard website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"United States Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"text":"Military unitThe 40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team was an infantry brigade of the United States Army National Guard in the state of California.","title":"40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"184th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/184th_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"160th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"18th Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"143rd Field Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/143rd_Field_Artillery_Regiment"},{"link_name":"40th Special Troops Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=40th_Special_Troops_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"40th Brigade Support Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=40th_Brigade_Support_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1st Battalion 184th Infantry Regiment\n1st Battalion 160th Infantry Regiment\n1st Squadron 18th Cavalry Regiment\n1st Battalion 143rd Field Artillery Regiment\n40th Special Troops Battalion\n40th Brigade Support Battalion[1]","title":"Order of battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"50th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"90th Infantry Regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"20th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"shoulder patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_Sleeve_Insignia_(US_Army)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Camp Kearny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Elliott#1918_-_1941"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"California National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"40th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"40th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"active duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_duty"},{"link_name":"brigade combat team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_combat_team"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team_(United_States)"}],"text":"The 40th Infantry Brigade was originally made up of the 50th and 90th Infantry Regiments and served as part of the 20th Infantry Division from October 1918 to February 1919.[2]Based on the shoulder patch used by this unit, this unit must trace its lineage to that of the 40th Armored Brigade, who was authorized use of the same SSI on 2 February 1970.[3] Constituted in July 1917 the brigade was organized and drafted into federal service in August 1917 at Camp Kearny and was demobilized in April 1919 at the same location.[4] June 1926 found the unit being reconstituted in the California National Guard. The unit headquarters relocated a number of times until it was called into federal service in February 1942. After World War II the unit was inactivated in April 1946, but was called up again in September 1950 due to the Korean War. Having wintered over in Korea in 1951 and 1952 the unit was deactivated in July 1954.On 29 January 1968, the 40th Infantry Division was deactivated and the 40th Infantry Brigade and 40th Armored Brigade were organized. On 13 January 1974, the California Army National Guard was reorganized. The 40th and 49th Infantry and the 40th Armored Brigades were deactivated and the 40th Infantry Division was reformed.[5][6]The 40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT) was activated in 2005 as part of the reorganization of the California National Guard, which in turn was part of the restructuring of the total US Army. The Army is restructuring and moving from the division to the brigade as the primary building block of combat power. To this effect the 2nd and 3rd Brigades of the 40th Infantry Division of the California Army National Guard were merged into the 40th IBCT. As of February 2007, most of the brigade is stateside. However, individual soldiers are in Iraq working in other active duty units or are tasked for border security missions in southern California. The 40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team is organized under the Army's new modular brigade structure. The role of the brigade combat team is to act as the Army's basic tactical maneuver unit and the smallest combined-arms unit that can be committed independently. The brigade combat team is designed to conduct offensive, defensive, and stability operations. The core mission is to close with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver; to destroy or capture enemy forces; or to repel their attacks by fire, close combat, and counterattack. The brigade combat team can fight without augmentation, but it also can be tailored to meet the precise needs of its missions.40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team also had a state mission. In times of emergency, the governor may call the National Guard to assist civil authorities. The self-contained and modular structure of the 40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team makes it well suited to provide this support.On 1 September 2007, the brigade was again reformed after another reorganization of the 40th Infantry Division. However, on 1 September 2008 the brigade was redesignated the 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States).","title":"Unit history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT)\". State of California. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080421182320/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/40ibct/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"\"40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT)\""},{"url":"http://www.calguard.ca.gov/40ibct/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"40th Armored Brigade\". Heraldry and Insignia of the California National Guard. The California Military Museum. Retrieved 3 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.militarymuseum.org/40ABinsig.html","url_text":"\"40th Armored Brigade\""}]},{"reference":"Wickham, Kenneth. \"40th Armored Brigade\". Lineages and Honors of the California National Guard. The California State Military Museum. Retrieved 3 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.militarymuseum.org/LH40thAB.html","url_text":"\"40th Armored Brigade\""}]},{"reference":"Stein, Barry Jason. \"Military Armor Brigade Patches History1\". US Army Patches. Retrieved 3 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vetshome.com/military_armor_brigade_patches_history1.htm","url_text":"\"Military Armor Brigade Patches History1\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080421182320/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/40ibct/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT)\""},{"Link":"http://www.calguard.ca.gov/40ibct/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.militarymuseum.org/40ABinsig.html","external_links_name":"\"40th Armored Brigade\""},{"Link":"http://www.militarymuseum.org/cpKearney2.html","external_links_name":"Camp Kearney"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140531172537/http://www.militarymuseum.org/cpKearney2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.militarymuseum.org/LH40thAB.html","external_links_name":"\"40th Armored Brigade\""},{"Link":"http://www.vetshome.com/military_armor_brigade_patches_history1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Military Armor Brigade Patches History1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080421182320/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/40ibct/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"California Army National Guard, unit webpage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140531172537/http://www.militarymuseum.org/cpKearney2.html","external_links_name":"Camp Kearny (San Diego County)"},{"Link":"http://www.calguard.ca.gov/","external_links_name":"California National Guard website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Snelling | Arthur Snelling | ["1 External links"] | Sir Arthur Wendell Snelling KCMG KCVO (7 May 1914 – 25 June 1996) was a senior British civil servant and diplomat.
He was educated at Ackworth School, Yorkshire, and University College, London.
He was Study Group Secretary at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1934–1936. He joined the Dominions Office in 1936, and became Private Secretary to the Parliamentary Under-Secretary in 1939. Snelling was Deputy High Commissioner for the UK in New Zealand, 1947–1950, and the Union of South Africa, May 1953–January 1956. He was Assistant Under-Secretary of State at the Commonwealth Relations Office, 1956–1959, and British High Commissioner in Ghana, 1959–1961. Snelling was Deputy Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1961–1969, and Ambassador to the Republic of South Africa, 1970–1973. He was Vice-President of the UK-South Africa Trade Association, 1974–1980.
Amongst friends and family he preferred the name Peter, using his birth name for public affairs and correspondence. He had suffered from, and been treated for, lung cancer but died of emphysema on 25 June 1996 at his home in Kingston upon Thames. He was survived by his wife Frieda (née Barnes) (11 November 1914 – 22 September 2016).
External links
Cambridge University Janus Repository
National Portrait Gallery Pictures of Sir Arthur Wendell Snelling
Bechuanaland Colonial Administrators c.1884-c.1965
Cape Fables Bookshop South Africa Africana Catalogue Q168 - Fables has references to Sir Arthur Snelling highlighting his role as UK Ambassador.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded bySir Ian Maclennan
High Commissioner to Ghana 1959–1961
Succeeded bySir Geoffrey de Freitas
Preceded byJohn Walter Nicholls
British Ambassador to South Africa 1970-73
Succeeded bySir James Bottomley | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ackworth School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackworth_School"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"University College, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of International Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_International_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Dominions Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominions_Office"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Union of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Relations Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Relations_Office"},{"link_name":"British High Commissioner in Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Foreign and Commonwealth Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Republic of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"emphysema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema"}],"text":"He was educated at Ackworth School, Yorkshire, and University College, London.He was Study Group Secretary at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1934–1936. He joined the Dominions Office in 1936, and became Private Secretary to the Parliamentary Under-Secretary in 1939. Snelling was Deputy High Commissioner for the UK in New Zealand, 1947–1950, and the Union of South Africa, May 1953–January 1956. He was Assistant Under-Secretary of State at the Commonwealth Relations Office, 1956–1959, and British High Commissioner in Ghana, 1959–1961. Snelling was Deputy Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1961–1969, and Ambassador to the Republic of South Africa, 1970–1973. He was Vice-President of the UK-South Africa Trade Association, 1974–1980.Amongst friends and family he preferred the name Peter, using his birth name for public affairs and correspondence. He had suffered from, and been treated for, lung cancer but died of emphysema on 25 June 1996 at his home in Kingston upon Thames. He was survived by his wife Frieda (née Barnes) (11 November 1914 – 22 September 2016).","title":"Arthur Snelling"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FRCMS%20113%2F30","external_links_name":"Cambridge University Janus Repository"},{"Link":"http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp69810","external_links_name":"National Portrait Gallery Pictures of Sir Arthur Wendell Snelling"},{"Link":"http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/colad/coloff.htm#n45","external_links_name":"Bechuanaland Colonial Administrators c.1884-c.1965"},{"Link":"http://www.fables.co.za/q168.html#Eastern","external_links_name":"Cape Fables Bookshop South Africa Africana Catalogue Q168"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abegweit_Passage | Abegweit Passage | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 46°11′N 63°43′W / 46.183°N 63.717°W / 46.183; -63.717Abegweit Passage is the narrowest part of the Northumberland Strait, comprising the 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) wide portion between Cape Traverse, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick. Tidal currents in this area can reach up to 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph). This portion of the strait is now spanned by the Confederation Bridge.
The word Abegweit is derived from the Mi'kmaq word Abahquit, meaning "lying parallel with the land", or Epegweit, "lying in the water". It is often loosely translated as meaning "cradled on the waves."
References
^ "Where in the World is the Northumberland Strait?". Northumberland Strait Yachting Association. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
^ "Place names: Abegweit Passage". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
^ Hamilton, William Baillie (1997). Place Names of Atlantic Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 33. ISBN 0-8020-7570-3.
46°11′N 63°43′W / 46.183°N 63.717°W / 46.183; -63.717
This Prince Edward Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This New Brunswick location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northumberland Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_Strait"},{"link_name":"Cape Traverse, Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Traverse,_Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Tormentine,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Confederation Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Mi'kmaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Abegweit Passage is the narrowest part of the Northumberland Strait, comprising the 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) wide portion between Cape Traverse, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick. Tidal currents in this area can reach up to 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph).[1] This portion of the strait is now spanned by the Confederation Bridge.The word Abegweit is derived from the Mi'kmaq word Abahquit, meaning \"lying parallel with the land\", or Epegweit, \"lying in the water\". It is often loosely translated as meaning \"cradled on the waves.\"[2][3]","title":"Abegweit Passage"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Where in the World is the Northumberland Strait?\". Northumberland Strait Yachting Association. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nstya.com/reason.php","url_text":"\"Where in the World is the Northumberland Strait?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Place names: Abegweit Passage\". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.pe.ca/placefinder/index.php3?cgndb=BADOH&formattype=&city=Abegweit%20Passage","url_text":"\"Place names: Abegweit Passage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, William Baillie (1997). Place Names of Atlantic Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 33. ISBN 0-8020-7570-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&q=mikmaq+abahquit&pg=PA33","url_text":"Place Names of Atlantic Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7570-3","url_text":"0-8020-7570-3"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abegweit_Passage¶ms=46_11_N_63_43_W_scale:500000","external_links_name":"46°11′N 63°43′W / 46.183°N 63.717°W / 46.183; -63.717"},{"Link":"http://www.nstya.com/reason.php","external_links_name":"\"Where in the World is the Northumberland Strait?\""},{"Link":"http://www.gov.pe.ca/placefinder/index.php3?cgndb=BADOH&formattype=&city=Abegweit%20Passage","external_links_name":"\"Place names: Abegweit Passage\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&q=mikmaq+abahquit&pg=PA33","external_links_name":"Place Names of Atlantic Canada"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abegweit_Passage¶ms=46_11_N_63_43_W_scale:500000","external_links_name":"46°11′N 63°43′W / 46.183°N 63.717°W / 46.183; -63.717"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abegweit_Passage&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abegweit_Passage&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kilbride_Line | Busby Railway | ["1 History","2 Train service","3 Topography","3.1 Clarkston curves","4 References"] | Busby RailwayOverviewStatusnow part of Glasgow South Western LineLocaleGlasgow, ScotlandTerminiGlasgow South SideEast KilbrideStations8HistoryCompleted1868TechnicalNumber of tracks2Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Route map
Legend
Glasgow South Side
Caledonian Railway
Pollockshaws (now Pollokshaws West)
Busby Junction
GB&NDR
Thornliebank
Giffnock
Clarkston
Busby
Busby Print Works
Thorntonhall
Hairmyres
East Kilbride
The Busby Railway is a short railway line built to the south of Glasgow, connecting the (at the time) small villages of Thornliebank, Giffnock, Clarkston and Busby and later Thorntonhall and East Kilbride with the city. It opened in two stages, in 1866 and 1868, and served industry and encouraged residential development.
The line is still open as part of the Glasgow South Western Line on the city's suburban rail network.
History
In the 1860s, developing residential areas outside the immediate conurbation of Glasgow began to emerge. Local people promoted a line to connect Busby to the growing Glasgow network, and on 11 May 1863 the Busby Railway obtained an authorising Act of Parliament with a capital of £36,000. It was to run from a junction with the Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway (GB&NDR) which at that time was leased to, and worked by, the Caledonian Railway. The line would be 3 miles 43 chains (6 km) in length. The speculative nature of the line was indicated in the prospectus, which described the area served as being ideal for villa residences: business people could live in rural surroundings and travel daily to their places of business in the City. There was also important quarrying activity in the area; their product was much in demand at the time; there were also textile mills in the area served.
The line opened on 1 January 1866, and the point of junction with the main line was named Busby Junction. Train services operated from the South Side station in Glasgow. There was a half mile goods branch to a print works at Busby.
During the construction period the decision was taken to extend the line to the village of East Kilbride, at an additional cost of £45,000. The Caledonian Railway subscribed one-third of this sum. The extension was opened on 1 September 1868.
In 1881 the line was doubled between Busby Junction and Busby.
On 18 July 1881 an Act was passed authorising the Caledonian Railway to absorb the Busby Railway, and in December 1881 it was determined to buy out the remaining shareholders of the Busby Railway Company, and the line passed fully into Caledonian Railway ownership on 2 February 1882. The Caledonian Railway built a line eastwards from East Kilbride to join the Strathaven line near High Blantyre, where there was considerable mining activity; the intervening land was very thinly populated.
When the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway (L&AR) line was opened between Cathcart and Neilston in 1903 a south curve connection was built so that trains could run direct from Blantyre via East Kilbride and Neilston (High) to Ardrossan. The junction on the Busby line was Clarkston East Junction. The intention was to shorten the mileage for mineral trains, but this only lasted for nine months, until the opening of the section of the L&AR from Newton to Cathcart, when nearly all of the mineral traffic ran that way. The Clarkston curve then had very little traffic, and it was closed on 29 October 1907. Clarkston East Junction remained in use as a block post on the Busby line until 1930.
Around the end of the nineteenth century the industrial activity on the line declined, but residential travel increased considerably.
East Kilbride transformed from a village to a New Town from 1947 onward, and this gave new significance to the branch line. However the station, located to suit the core of the earlier village, was not well placed for the centre of the New Town, and there have been numerous initiatives to extend the railway accordingly. None of these has been implemented, and the dispersed nature of the community's housing, and changing travel habits, mean that the station serves better now as a railhead, than as a terminal to which people might walk, and at present, while there is no active proposal to extend, preparatory work began in 2021 for the electrification of the line and its reconstruction with double track throughout.
Train service
The initial passenger train service on the line was three trains each way with an extra train on Saturday. The trains used the GB&NDR terminus at South Side in Glasgow. When that closed in 1877, the trains used Gorbals on the Glasgow, Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway extension to St Enoch as a temporary arrangement, until in June 1879 they transferred to the new Glasgow Central station.
At the present day there is a half-hourly interval passenger service on the line, operated by Class 156 diesel multiple units.
Topography
Busby Junction to Busby opened on 1 January 1866; Busby to East Kilbride opened on 1 September 1868; the line is open at the present day. The altitude of East Kilbride station is 504 feet (154 m).
The line is double track from Busby Junction to Busby, and then single to East Kilbride; there is a passing loop ("Hairmyres Loop") immediately on the East Kilbride side of Hairmyres station.
Entries in italics were not passenger stations; entries in bold are open today.
Busby Junction; junction from Glasgow on the GB&NDR line;
Thornliebank; opened 1 October 1881; note: there had earlier been a station of the same name on the Spiersbridge branch;
Giffnock;
Clarkston; renamed Clarkston and Stamperland between 1952 and 1973;
Busby;
Eaglesham Road; renamed Thornton Hall 1877; renamed Thorntonhall 1944;
Hairmyres; opened 1 September 1868;
East Kilbride.
Clarkston curves
Clarkston curves 1911The configuration of the curves at Clarkston is complex. The Busby Railway line runs south-east to north-west and the later L&AR line runs south-west to north-east. The south curve as described above is shown as in situ but disconnected at both ends on an Ordnance Survey map dated 1911; the junction at the Neilston end is named Clarkston West Junction and the signal box at the Clarkston end is Clarkston East Junction; this is in addition to Clarkston station signal box. An east curve, not referred to by Paterson, is also shown, and is also disconnected at the Clarkston end; it is likely it was never connected as a through route. It ran parallel with the L&AR line and joined it at Muirend station: in effect this was a long siding from Muirend, and was used for wagon storage.
References
^ a b Thomas, John (1984). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume 6, Scotland, the Lowlands and the Borders. revised by J.S. Paterson. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 0-946537-12-7.
^ Carter, E.F. (1959). An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles. London: Cassell.
^ Kernahan, Jack (1980). The Cathcart Circle. Falkirk: Scottish Railway Preservation Society. ISBN 0-904396-01-0.
^ Ross, David (2013). The Caledonian—Scotland's Imperial Railway—A History. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-184-033-5842.
^ East Kilbride Enhancements Network Rail; Retrieved 28 February 2021
^ Quick, M.E. (2002). Railway Passenger Stations in England Scotland and Wales—A Chronology. The Railway and Canal Historical Society.
^ Ordnance Survey Six-inch plans published 1914, surveyed 1911 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Thornliebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornliebank"},{"link_name":"Giffnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giffnock"},{"link_name":"Clarkston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkston,_East_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Busby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busby,_East_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Thorntonhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorntonhall"},{"link_name":"East Kilbride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kilbride"},{"link_name":"Glasgow South Western Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_South_Western_Line"}],"text":"The Busby Railway is a short railway line built to the south of Glasgow, connecting the (at the time) small villages of Thornliebank, Giffnock, Clarkston and Busby and later Thorntonhall and East Kilbride with the city. It opened in two stages, in 1866 and 1868, and served industry and encouraged residential development.The line is still open as part of the Glasgow South Western Line on the city's suburban rail network.","title":"Busby Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Busby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busby,_East_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_Barrhead_and_Neilston_Direct_Railway"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paterson-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carter-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"South Side station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_South_Side_railway_station"},{"link_name":"East Kilbride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kilbride"},{"link_name":"Strathaven line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_and_Strathaven_Railway"},{"link_name":"High Blantyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Blantyre"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire_and_Ayrshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"Cathcart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathcart,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Neilston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilston"},{"link_name":"Blantyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blantyre,_South_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Ardrossan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardrossan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kernahan-3"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ross-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paterson-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"electrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_system"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the 1860s, developing residential areas outside the immediate conurbation of Glasgow began to emerge. Local people promoted a line to connect Busby to the growing Glasgow network, and on 11 May 1863 the Busby Railway obtained an authorising Act of Parliament with a capital of £36,000. It was to run from a junction with the Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway (GB&NDR) which at that time was leased to, and worked by, the Caledonian Railway. The line would be 3 miles 43 chains (6 km) in length. The speculative nature of the line was indicated in the prospectus, which described the area served as being ideal for villa residences: business people could live in rural surroundings and travel daily to their places of business in the City. There was also important quarrying activity in the area; their product was much in demand at the time; there were also textile mills in the area served.[1][page needed][2][page needed]The line opened on 1 January 1866, and the point of junction with the main line was named Busby Junction. Train services operated from the South Side station in Glasgow. There was a half mile goods branch to a print works at Busby.During the construction period the decision was taken to extend the line to the village of East Kilbride, at an additional cost of £45,000. The Caledonian Railway subscribed one-third of this sum. The extension was opened on 1 September 1868.In 1881 the line was doubled between Busby Junction and Busby.On 18 July 1881 an Act was passed authorising the Caledonian Railway to absorb the Busby Railway, and in December 1881 it was determined to buy out the remaining shareholders of the Busby Railway Company, and the line passed fully into Caledonian Railway ownership on 2 February 1882. The Caledonian Railway built a line eastwards from East Kilbride to join the Strathaven line near High Blantyre, where there was considerable mining activity; the intervening land was very thinly populated.When the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway (L&AR) line was opened between Cathcart and Neilston in 1903 a south curve connection was built so that trains could run direct from Blantyre via East Kilbride and Neilston (High) to Ardrossan. The junction on the Busby line was Clarkston East Junction. The intention was to shorten the mileage for mineral trains, but this only lasted for nine months, until the opening of the section of the L&AR from Newton to Cathcart, when nearly all of the mineral traffic ran that way. The Clarkston curve then had very little traffic, and it was closed on 29 October 1907. Clarkston East Junction remained in use as a block post on the Busby line until 1930.[3][page needed][4][page needed]Around the end of the nineteenth century the industrial activity on the line declined, but residential travel increased considerably.East Kilbride transformed from a village to a New Town from 1947 onward, and this gave new significance to the branch line. However the station, located to suit the core of the earlier village, was not well placed for the centre of the New Town, and there have been numerous initiatives to extend the railway accordingly.[1][page needed] None of these has been implemented, and the dispersed nature of the community's housing, and changing travel habits, mean that the station serves better now as a railhead, than as a terminal to which people might walk, and at present, while there is no active proposal to extend, preparatory work began in 2021 for the electrification of the line and its reconstruction with double track throughout.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow, Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow,_Barrhead_and_Kilmarnock_Joint_Railway"},{"link_name":"Class 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_156"}],"text":"The initial passenger train service on the line was three trains each way with an extra train on Saturday. The trains used the GB&NDR terminus at South Side in Glasgow. When that closed in 1877, the trains used Gorbals on the Glasgow, Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway extension to St Enoch as a temporary arrangement, until in June 1879 they transferred to the new Glasgow Central station.At the present day there is a half-hourly interval passenger service on the line, operated by Class 156 diesel multiple units.","title":"Train service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quick-6"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Busby Junction to Busby opened on 1 January 1866; Busby to East Kilbride opened on 1 September 1868; the line is open at the present day. The altitude of East Kilbride station is 504 feet (154 m).The line is double track from Busby Junction to Busby, and then single to East Kilbride; there is a passing loop (\"Hairmyres Loop\") immediately on the East Kilbride side of Hairmyres station.Entries in italics were not passenger stations; entries in bold are open today.Busby Junction; junction from Glasgow on the GB&NDR line;\nThornliebank; opened 1 October 1881; note: there had earlier been a station of the same name on the Spiersbridge branch;\nGiffnock;\nClarkston; renamed Clarkston and Stamperland between 1952 and 1973;\nBusby;\nEaglesham Road; renamed Thornton Hall 1877; renamed Thorntonhall 1944;\nHairmyres; opened 1 September 1868;\nEast Kilbride.[6][page needed]","title":"Topography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarkston_curves_1911.gif"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-os1911-7"}],"sub_title":"Clarkston curves","text":"Clarkston curves 1911The configuration of the curves at Clarkston is complex. The Busby Railway line runs south-east to north-west and the later L&AR line runs south-west to north-east. The south curve as described above is shown as in situ but disconnected at both ends on an Ordnance Survey map dated 1911; the junction at the Neilston end is named Clarkston West Junction and the signal box at the Clarkston end is Clarkston East Junction; this is in addition to Clarkston station signal box. An east curve, not referred to by Paterson, is also shown, and is also disconnected at the Clarkston end; it is likely it was never connected as a through route. It ran parallel with the L&AR line and joined it at Muirend station: in effect this was a long siding from Muirend, and was used for wagon storage.[7]","title":"Topography"}] | [{"image_text":"Clarkston curves 1911","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Clarkston_curves_1911.gif/220px-Clarkston_curves_1911.gif"}] | null | [{"reference":"Thomas, John (1984). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume 6, Scotland, the Lowlands and the Borders. revised by J.S. Paterson. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. ISBN 0-946537-12-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946537-12-7","url_text":"0-946537-12-7"}]},{"reference":"Carter, E.F. (1959). An Historical Geography of the Railways of the British Isles. London: Cassell.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kernahan, Jack (1980). The Cathcart Circle. Falkirk: Scottish Railway Preservation Society. ISBN 0-904396-01-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904396-01-0","url_text":"0-904396-01-0"}]},{"reference":"Ross, David (2013). The Caledonian—Scotland's Imperial Railway—A History. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-184-033-5842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184-033-5842","url_text":"978-184-033-5842"}]},{"reference":"Quick, M.E. (2002). Railway Passenger Stations in England Scotland and Wales—A Chronology. The Railway and Canal Historical Society.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://scotlandsrailway.com/projects/east-kilbride-enhancements","external_links_name":"East Kilbride Enhancements"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiki_Shrine | Iwama Dōjō | ["1 The Ibaraki Dojo","2 Aiki Jinja","3 Tanrenkan","4 Other Iwama dojo","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 36°17′36″N 140°16′52″E / 36.293408°N 140.281023°E / 36.293408; 140.281023
36°17′36″N 140°16′52″E / 36.293408°N 140.281023°E / 36.293408; 140.281023
The Iwama Dōjō is a dōjō built by the founder of aikido, Morihei Ueshiba, who lived there from 1942 until his death in 1969. It is located in the former town of Iwama and became an important historical location for the development of aikido and "a Mecca to the aikido community." This dojo is also where Morihiro Saito, one of the founder's closest students, learned and taught aikido from 1946 until 2002 developing what is often referred to as the Iwama Style.
Iwama was a small farming village in Japan, located 100 km north-east of Tokyo and at the centre of Ibaraki prefecture. Iwama was annexed into the City of Kasama in 2006 (dissolving Nishiibaraki County, which had previously contained Iwama Town). The original Iwama aikido dojo, Aiki Shrine and the neighbouring Tanrenkan are now addressed in the Yoshioka district of Kasama city, Ibaraki.
The Iwama dojo was significantly damaged in the 2011 earthquake. The Aiki Shrine and other dojos in former Iwama Town were also affected by the disaster.
The Ibaraki Dojo
The Ibaraki Branch Dojo (茨城支部道場 Ibaraki Shibu Dojo), also known as the Ibaraki Dojo or the Shibu Dojo, is a small aikido dojo, run by the Aikikai Foundation.
The land on which the dojo and shrine were built was first purchased by Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of aikido, in 1940. In 1943 he built the first part of the current Aiki Jinja and an "outdoor dojo" where he lived a life of "Buno Ichinyo" (the union of agriculture and Budō). This dojo was completed in 1945 and was originally called "The Aiki Shuren Dojo" (合気修練道場, lit. harmonising drill dojo). At first the dojo did not include tatami mats, and students received training directly upon the wooden floor. Eventually 24 mats were installed. The dojo was later moved to the present day location and expanded to 60 mats. When the founder formally established the Aikikai for the promotion of aikido in 1948, the dojo served as the world headquarters for the art and remained so until the opening of the new Aikikai Hombu Dojo in 1956.
After the death of the aikido founder in 1969, Morihiro Saito became the caretaker and chief instructor at the Iwama Dojo and caretaker of the Aiki Shrine and remained so for more than thirty years. After Saito Shihan's death in May 2002, Moriteru Ueshiba became the default Dojo Chief while Saito's son, Hitohiro Saito, assumed the role of Acting Dojo Chief on behalf of the Dōshu. However, in November 2003, Hitohiro Sensei announced his departure from the Aikikai. Hitohiro's organisation was formed following his formal separation from the Aikikai in November 2003. This created a split among students of Morihiro Saito with some joining Hitohira Sensei's new organisation and others (most notably the three that Saitō had promoted to 7th dan, William Witt, Paolo Corallini, and Ulf Evenås) remaining affiliated with the Aikikai.
In December 2003, the dojo was renamed the Ibaraki Branch Dojo with Hiroshi Isoyama taking on the role of Acting Dojo Chief and Senior Instructor. Isoyama first began training in the Iwama dojo in 1949 at the age 12, as a direct student of the Morihei Ueshiba and the registration documents that he signed stated the name: "Daito-ryu Aiki-jujutsu". Isoyama's position was later taken over by Mitsuteru Ueshiba who then became the current Dojo Chief in place of his father in April 2015. Isoyama Shihan remains as chief instructor and Executive Advisor with support from Inagaki Shihan.
On 11 March 2011, the dojo was severely damaged by an earthquake and rendered unusable. Aikido practice continued in the Aiki Shrine from 14 March until 17 September 2011 when the newly repaired dojo reopened for training.
The Ibaraki Branch Dojo has nine regular local instructors, headed by Hiroshi Isoyama (8th dan), with the majority of the teaching (including the live-in student programme) being carried out by Shigemi Inagaki (8th Dan). Additionally, Dojo Chief Mitsuteru Ueshiba and Aikido Doshu Moriteru Ueshiba visit on Wednesdays and Saturdays respectively to teach the general class. General classes are held every day of the week for regular students while live-in students (内弟子 uchi deshi ) practise three times per day in addition to carrying out other duties such as maintaining the dojo and shrine precincts.
Aiki Jinja
The Aiki Shrine in Iwama
Aiki Jinja (合気神社) is the shrine built by Morihei Ueshiba in Iwama in honor of the deities of aikido. (Jinja is the Japanese term for a shrine.) The shrine grounds include the Ibaraki Branch dojo (training hall).
The 42 kami enshrined within the Aiki Jinja include Morihei Ueshiba's Guardian Gods, Saruta Hiko no Ookami, Kunitsu Ryuoh Kuzuryu, Daigongen, Tajikarao no mikoto, Amenomurakumo Kukisamuhara Ryuoh, Ketsumi Miko no Ookami, Wakumusubi no Mikoto, Ryuoh, Daigongen, Ootengu, Daibosatsu, and others.
The first part of the shrine building (the Honden or "Okuden" housing the deities of aikido) was completed in late autumn, 1943. The second bigger part (the Haiden) was erected in front of the Honden in 1962. Both parts were renovated by care-taker Morihiro Saito in 2001-2002 with the approval of Dōshu Moriteru Ueshiba. This renovation also included a fence set up around the compound, and a stone with the carvings "Aiki Jinja" designed by Seiseki Abe, a master of both calligraphy and Aikido, who was also the calligraphy teacher of Morihei Ueshiba. A large statue of the founder of aikido was erected in the shrine grounds and unveiled on 8 November 2009. Surplus material from this monument was used to make a bust of the founder which was unveiled at the newly rebuilt Iwama Station on 24 July 2012.
The Torii gate and Honden were damaged during the Great Tohoku earthquake. The relatively unscathed Haiden was used for aikido training while the dojo was unusable.
When Morihei Ueshiba was alive, once a month he would preside over what was initially a small religious ceremony in the Aiki Jinja called Tsukinamisai (月並み祭), which lasted up to an hour. Food offerings of fruits, vegetables, and fish adorned the kamidana. Later, a small party with the uchi deshi (live-in students) was held inside the dojo. After Ueshiba died, caretaker Morihiro Saito took responsibility for hosting the ceremony every month on the 14th. This tradition is kept up by current Dōshu Moriteru Ueshiba.
Every year on April 29 (the start of the Japanese Golden Week holiday), the annual shrine festival "Aiki Jinja Rei Taisai" (合気神社例大祭 "Grand Festival of the Aiki Shrine") is held by Oomoto priests in commemoration of Ueshiba's death on April 26, 1969. Under former caretaker Morihiro Saito, the event grew to become a very big day for the small town of Iwama. The festival has continued to attract hundreds of Aikido practitioners to the small dojo and shrine under current Dojo Chief Moriteru Ueshiba.
The Aiki Shrine Festival usually starts with a "shubatsu" (a Shinto ritual), "taisai-shukuji" (ritual felicitations) and "tamagushi-hoten" (offering of sacred sprigs) by the Ueshiba family and representatives from the aikido world and local community. The attendees then take part in a ritual prayer and memorial service offered by the Ueshiba family and other dignitaries. A special Shinto prayer called the "Amatsu Norito" is recited before the current Dōshu makes a speech and a ritual demonstration of Aikido called a "hōnō embu" (奉納演武) within the haiden of the shrine. The festival usually closes with "naorai" (a celebratory meal) in the dojo and surrounding gardens, often with the azaleas in bloom.
Tanrenkan
Tanrenkan (鍛錬館, which means "Hardening Hall") is an aikido training hall run by Hitohiro Saito, now Hitohira, who is the son of Morihiro Saito. It is the main dojo of the Iwama Shin-Shin Aiki Shuren-Kai organisation. The Tanrenkan was built in 2000 on Saito family land and exists independently of the original Iwama dojo.
Other Iwama dojo
There are also other aikido dojos in former-Iwama:
Shin-Shin Aiki Juku (神信合氣塾) is located 700 metres south-east from Tanrenkan. It is the old "Shin Dojo" built by Saito Morihiro Shihan. Uchi-deshi from Tanrenkan stay here.
Nisshinkan is a small dojo operated by Nemoto Hiroki (Aikikai 7th dan) next to his "Aiki House" student accommodation.
There is also aikido at Iwama Budokan (Martial Arts Hall). It is located at Iwama Junior High School, 1.3 km north-east from the founder's dojo. It is used by Watahiki (Ibaraki Branch), Nemoto and ISSASK.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "合気会茨城支部道場ＨＰ／トップ". 3.big.or.jp. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ "#1 - Mexico levitra. Online Drug Store, Big Discounts". Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
^ ""News from Iwama following the Japan earthquake," by Stanley Pranin". Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
^ a b "Interview with Hiroshi Isoyama". Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2007.
^ a b Erard, Guillaume (1 March 2017). "Interview with Isoyama Hiroshi Shihan". GuillaumeErard.com.
^ Stanley Pranin, Iwama: Birthplace of Aikido Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Aikido Journal 121. "As Ueshiba was ensconced in Iwama training with a small coterie of disciples and there was virtually no activity at the old Kobukan Dojo in Tokyo in the late 1940s, Iwama became the official headquarters of the Zaidan Hojin Aikikai when the foundation was set up in 1948. It would remain so until headquarters status was returned to Tokyo about 1956 by which time activity at the Shinjuku Dojo had fully revived."
^ "Tak". Takemusuaikidokyokai.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ a b c d "AIKIKAI FOUNDATION Ibaraki Branch Dojo". Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
^ "合気道 ： 笠間市（かさまし） 公式ホームページ". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
^ "A Day in the Life of the Founder Morihei Ueshiba, April 1968". Nippon-kan.org. 26 April 1969. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ "Aikikai/ What'S New!". 3.big.or.jp. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ a b c "Iwama Shinshin Aiki Shuren Kai｜岩間神信合氣修練会 神信合氣塾". Iwamaaikido.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ "Saito Hitohiro Sensei". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
^ a b "Nemoto Sensei Homepage". Nemotosensei.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ Jun Akiyama. "AikiWeb Aikido Forums - An Iwama juku AikiBlog". Aikiweb.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
^ "合気道道場一覧 茨城県 合気道ねっと". Aikido.ne.jp. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
External links
植芝盛平は神様か？ 日本敗戦の日に思う事 Nippon Kan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"36°17′36″N 140°16′52″E / 36.293408°N 140.281023°E / 36.293408; 140.281023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iwama_D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D¶ms=36.293408_N_140.281023_E_"},{"link_name":"dōjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Morihei Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"Iwama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwama,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"aikido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthplace-2"},{"link_name":"dojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojo"},{"link_name":"Morihiro Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihiro_Saito"},{"link_name":"Iwama Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwama_Style"},{"link_name":"Iwama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwama,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Ibaraki prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaraki_prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kasama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasama,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"Nishiibaraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishiibaraki_District,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"2011 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"36°17′36″N 140°16′52″E / 36.293408°N 140.281023°E / 36.293408; 140.281023\nThe Iwama Dōjō is a dōjō built by the founder of aikido, Morihei Ueshiba, who lived there from 1942 until his death in 1969. It is located in the former town of Iwama and became an important historical location for the development of aikido and \"a Mecca to the aikido community.\"[1][2] This dojo is also where Morihiro Saito, one of the founder's closest students, learned and taught aikido from 1946 until 2002 developing what is often referred to as the Iwama Style.Iwama was a small farming village in Japan, located 100 km north-east of Tokyo and at the centre of Ibaraki prefecture. Iwama was annexed into the City of Kasama in 2006 (dissolving Nishiibaraki County, which had previously contained Iwama Town). The original Iwama aikido dojo, Aiki Shrine and the neighbouring Tanrenkan are now addressed in the Yoshioka district of Kasama city, Ibaraki.[1]The Iwama dojo was significantly damaged in the 2011 earthquake. The Aiki Shrine and other dojos in former Iwama Town were also affected by the disaster.[3]","title":"Iwama Dōjō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aikido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido"},{"link_name":"dojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojo"},{"link_name":"Aikikai Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikikai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"Morihei Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"Budō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"mats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_(gymnastics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isoyama-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erard-isoyama-5"},{"link_name":"Aikikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikikai"},{"link_name":"Aikikai Hombu Dojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikikai_Hombu_Dojo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takemusu-6"},{"link_name":"Morihiro Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihiro_Saito"},{"link_name":"Moriteru Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriteru_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"Hitohiro Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitohiro_Saito"},{"link_name":"Dōshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dshu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Isoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Isoyama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isoyama-4"},{"link_name":"Daito-ryu Aiki-jujutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daito-ryu_Aiki-jujutsu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erard-isoyama-5"},{"link_name":"Mitsuteru Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuteru_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Isoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Isoyama"},{"link_name":"Mitsuteru Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuteru_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"Moriteru Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriteru_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"uchi deshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchi_deshi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aikikai-8"}],"text":"The Ibaraki Branch Dojo (茨城支部道場 Ibaraki Shibu Dojo), also known as the Ibaraki Dojo or the Shibu Dojo, is a small aikido dojo, run by the Aikikai Foundation.[1]The land on which the dojo and shrine were built was first purchased by Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of aikido, in 1940. In 1943 he built the first part of the current Aiki Jinja and an \"outdoor dojo\" where he lived a life of \"Buno Ichinyo\" (the union of agriculture and Budō).[1] This dojo was completed in 1945 and was originally called \"The Aiki Shuren Dojo\" (合気修練道場, lit. harmonising drill dojo).[1] At first the dojo did not include tatami mats, and students received training directly upon the wooden floor.[4][5] Eventually 24 mats were installed. The dojo was later moved to the present day location and expanded to 60 mats. When the founder formally established the Aikikai for the promotion of aikido in 1948, the dojo served as the world headquarters for the art and remained so until the opening of the new Aikikai Hombu Dojo in 1956.[6]After the death of the aikido founder in 1969, Morihiro Saito became the caretaker and chief instructor at the Iwama Dojo and caretaker of the Aiki Shrine and remained so for more than thirty years. After Saito Shihan's death in May 2002, Moriteru Ueshiba became the default Dojo Chief while Saito's son, Hitohiro Saito, assumed the role of Acting Dojo Chief on behalf of the Dōshu. However, in November 2003, Hitohiro Sensei announced his departure from the Aikikai. Hitohiro's organisation was formed following his formal separation from the Aikikai in November 2003. This created a split among students of Morihiro Saito with some joining Hitohira Sensei's new organisation and others (most notably the three that Saitō had promoted to 7th dan, William Witt, Paolo Corallini, and Ulf Evenås) remaining affiliated with the Aikikai.[7]In December 2003, the dojo was renamed the Ibaraki Branch Dojo with Hiroshi Isoyama taking on the role of Acting Dojo Chief and Senior Instructor.[1] Isoyama first began training in the Iwama dojo in 1949 at the age 12, as a direct student of the Morihei Ueshiba[4] and the registration documents that he signed stated the name: \"Daito-ryu Aiki-jujutsu\".[5] Isoyama's position was later taken over by Mitsuteru Ueshiba who then became the current Dojo Chief in place of his father in April 2015. Isoyama Shihan remains as chief instructor and Executive Advisor with support from Inagaki Shihan.[1]On 11 March 2011, the dojo was severely damaged by an earthquake and rendered unusable. Aikido practice continued in the Aiki Shrine from 14 March until 17 September 2011 when the newly repaired dojo reopened for training.[1]The Ibaraki Branch Dojo has nine regular local instructors, headed by Hiroshi Isoyama (8th dan), with the majority of the teaching (including the live-in student programme) being carried out by Shigemi Inagaki (8th Dan). Additionally, Dojo Chief Mitsuteru Ueshiba and Aikido Doshu Moriteru Ueshiba visit on Wednesdays and Saturdays respectively to teach the general class. General classes are held every day of the week for regular students while live-in students (内弟子 uchi deshi ) practise three times per day in addition to carrying out other duties such as maintaining the dojo and shrine precincts.[1][8]","title":"The Ibaraki Dojo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aiki_Jinja.JPG"},{"link_name":"shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine"},{"link_name":"Morihei Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"Iwama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwama,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"aikido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_shrine"},{"link_name":"dojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojo"},{"link_name":"kami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aikikai-8"},{"link_name":"Honden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"Haiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiden_(Shinto)"},{"link_name":"Morihiro Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihiro_Saito"},{"link_name":"Dōshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dshu"},{"link_name":"Moriteru Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriteru_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"Seiseki Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiseki_Abe"},{"link_name":"calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aikikai-8"},{"link_name":"Torii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torii"},{"link_name":"Great Tohoku earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aikikai-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"Morihei Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"kamidana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamidana"},{"link_name":"uchi deshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchi-deshi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dōshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dshu"},{"link_name":"Moriteru Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriteru_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibaraki-1"},{"link_name":"Golden Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Week_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Oomoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomoto"},{"link_name":"Morihiro Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihiro_Saito"},{"link_name":"Moriteru Ueshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriteru_Ueshiba"},{"link_name":"tamagushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamagushi"},{"link_name":"Dōshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dshu"},{"link_name":"haiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiden_(Shinto)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Aiki Shrine in IwamaAiki Jinja (合気神社) is the shrine built by Morihei Ueshiba in Iwama in honor of the deities of aikido.[9] (Jinja is the Japanese term for a shrine.) The shrine grounds include the Ibaraki Branch dojo (training hall).The 42 kami enshrined within the Aiki Jinja include Morihei Ueshiba's Guardian Gods, Saruta Hiko no Ookami, Kunitsu Ryuoh Kuzuryu, Daigongen, Tajikarao no mikoto, Amenomurakumo Kukisamuhara Ryuoh, Ketsumi Miko no Ookami, Wakumusubi no Mikoto, Ryuoh, Daigongen, Ootengu, Daibosatsu, and others.[8]The first part of the shrine building (the Honden or \"Okuden\" housing the deities of aikido) was completed in late autumn, 1943.[1] The second bigger part (the Haiden) was erected in front of the Honden in 1962. Both parts were renovated by care-taker Morihiro Saito in 2001-2002 with the approval of Dōshu Moriteru Ueshiba. This renovation also included a fence set up around the compound, and a stone with the carvings \"Aiki Jinja\" designed by Seiseki Abe, a master of both calligraphy and Aikido, who was also the calligraphy teacher of Morihei Ueshiba. A large statue of the founder of aikido was erected in the shrine grounds and unveiled on 8 November 2009. Surplus material from this monument was used to make a bust of the founder which was unveiled at the newly rebuilt Iwama Station on 24 July 2012.[8]The Torii gate and Honden were damaged during the Great Tohoku earthquake.[8] The relatively unscathed Haiden was used for aikido training while the dojo was unusable.[1]When Morihei Ueshiba was alive, once a month he would preside over what was initially a small religious ceremony in the Aiki Jinja called Tsukinamisai (月並み祭), which lasted up to an hour. Food offerings of fruits, vegetables, and fish adorned the kamidana. Later, a small party with the uchi deshi (live-in students) was held inside the dojo. After Ueshiba died, caretaker Morihiro Saito took responsibility for hosting the ceremony every month on the 14th.[10] This tradition is kept up by current Dōshu Moriteru Ueshiba.[1]Every year on April 29 (the start of the Japanese Golden Week holiday), the annual shrine festival \"Aiki Jinja Rei Taisai\" (合気神社例大祭 \"Grand Festival of the Aiki Shrine\") is held by Oomoto priests in commemoration of Ueshiba's death on April 26, 1969. Under former caretaker Morihiro Saito, the event grew to become a very big day for the small town of Iwama. The festival has continued to attract hundreds of Aikido practitioners to the small dojo and shrine under current Dojo Chief Moriteru Ueshiba.The Aiki Shrine Festival usually starts with a \"shubatsu\" (a Shinto ritual), \"taisai-shukuji\" (ritual felicitations) and \"tamagushi-hoten\" (offering of sacred sprigs) by the Ueshiba family and representatives from the aikido world and local community. The attendees then take part in a ritual prayer and memorial service offered by the Ueshiba family and other dignitaries. A special Shinto prayer called the \"Amatsu Norito\" is recited before the current Dōshu makes a speech and a ritual demonstration of Aikido called a \"hōnō embu\" (奉納演武) within the haiden of the shrine. The festival usually closes with \"naorai\" (a celebratory meal) in the dojo and surrounding gardens, often with the azaleas in bloom.[11]","title":"Aiki Jinja"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hitohiro Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitohiro_Saito"},{"link_name":"Morihiro Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihiro_Saito"},{"link_name":"dojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shinshin-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Tanrenkan (鍛錬館, which means \"Hardening Hall\") is an aikido training hall run by Hitohiro Saito, now Hitohira, who is the son of Morihiro Saito. It is the main dojo of the Iwama Shin-Shin Aiki Shuren-Kai organisation.[12] The Tanrenkan was built in 2000 on Saito family land and exists independently of the original Iwama dojo.[13]","title":"Tanrenkan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juku"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shinshin-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nemoto-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shonendan-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nemoto-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shinshin-12"}],"text":"There are also other aikido dojos in former-Iwama:Shin-Shin Aiki Juku (神信合氣塾) is located 700 metres south-east from Tanrenkan. It is the old \"Shin Dojo\" built by Saito Morihiro Shihan.[12] Uchi-deshi from Tanrenkan stay here.\nNisshinkan is a small dojo operated by Nemoto Hiroki (Aikikai 7th dan) next to his \"Aiki House\" student accommodation.[14]\nThere is also aikido at Iwama Budokan (Martial Arts Hall).[15] It is located at Iwama Junior High School, 1.3 km north-east from the founder's dojo. It is used by Watahiki (Ibaraki Branch),[16] Nemoto[14] and ISSASK.[12]","title":"Other Iwama dojo"}] | [{"image_text":"The Aiki Shrine in Iwama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Aiki_Jinja.JPG/260px-Aiki_Jinja.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"合気会茨城支部道場ＨＰ／トップ\". 3.big.or.jp. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www13.big.or.jp/~aikikai","url_text":"\"合気会茨城支部道場ＨＰ／トップ\""}]},{"reference":"\"#1 - Mexico levitra. Online Drug Store, Big Discounts\". Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512081805/http://www.aikidojournal.com/article?articleID=62","url_text":"\"#1 - Mexico levitra. Online Drug Store, Big Discounts\""},{"url":"http://www.aikidojournal.com/article?articleID%3D62","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"News from Iwama following the Japan earthquake,\" by Stanley Pranin\". Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110317005308/http://www.aikidojournal.com/blog/2011/03/14/news-from-iwama-following-the-japan-earthquake-by-stanley-pranin/","url_text":"\"\"News from Iwama following the Japan earthquake,\" by Stanley Pranin\""},{"url":"http://www.aikidojournal.com/blog/2011/03/14/news-from-iwama-following-the-japan-earthquake-by-stanley-pranin/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Hiroshi Isoyama\". Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013161023/http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID=102","url_text":"\"Interview with Hiroshi Isoyama\""},{"url":"http://www.aikidojournal.com/article.php?articleID%3D102","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erard, Guillaume (1 March 2017). \"Interview with Isoyama Hiroshi Shihan\". GuillaumeErard.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guillaumeerard.com/aikido/interviews/interview-with-isoyama-hiroshi-shihan-8th-dan-aikikai","url_text":"\"Interview with Isoyama Hiroshi Shihan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tak\". Takemusuaikidokyokai.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.takemusuaikidokyokai.org/","url_text":"\"Tak\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIKIKAI FOUNDATION Ibaraki Branch Dojo\". Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105041433/http://aikikai.or.jp/eng/ibaragi/ibaragi.htm","url_text":"\"AIKIKAI FOUNDATION Ibaraki Branch Dojo\""},{"url":"http://www.aikikai.or.jp/eng/ibaragi/ibaragi.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"合気道 ： 笠間市（かさまし） 公式ホームページ\". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719092856/http://www.city.kasama.lg.jp/kankou/05taiken/cnt/aikido.html","url_text":"\"合気道 ： 笠間市（かさまし） 公式ホームページ\""},{"url":"http://www.city.kasama.lg.jp/kankou/05taiken/cnt/aikido.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Day in the Life of the Founder Morihei Ueshiba, April 1968\". Nippon-kan.org. 26 April 1969. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nippon-kan.org/senseis_articles/day-in-the-life.html","url_text":"\"A Day in the Life of the Founder Morihei Ueshiba, April 1968\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aikikai/ What'S New!\". 3.big.or.jp. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www13.big.or.jp/~aikikai/e_new.html","url_text":"\"Aikikai/ What'S New!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iwama Shinshin Aiki Shuren Kai｜岩間神信合氣修練会 神信合氣塾\". Iwamaaikido.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110121021302/http://www.iwamaaikido.com/english/","url_text":"\"Iwama Shinshin Aiki Shuren Kai｜岩間神信合氣修練会 神信合氣塾\""},{"url":"http://www.iwamaaikido.com/english/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saito Hitohiro Sensei\". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100816/http://www.aiki.com.au/Hitohiro/index.html","url_text":"\"Saito Hitohiro Sensei\""},{"url":"http://www.aiki.com.au/Hitohiro/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nemoto Sensei Homepage\". Nemotosensei.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160813113131/http://www.nemotosensei.com/pages/en/index.html","url_text":"\"Nemoto Sensei Homepage\""},{"url":"http://www.nemotosensei.com/pages/en/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jun Akiyama. \"AikiWeb Aikido Forums - An Iwama juku AikiBlog\". Aikiweb.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aikiweb.com/blogs/an-iwama-juku-aikiblog-7077/","url_text":"\"AikiWeb Aikido Forums - An Iwama juku AikiBlog\""}]},{"reference":"\"合気道道場一覧 茨城県 合気道ねっと\". Aikido.ne.jp. Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aikido.ne.jp/dojo/ibaraki.html","url_text":"\"合気道道場一覧 茨城県 合気道ねっと\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iwama_D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D¶ms=36.293408_N_140.281023_E_","external_links_name":"36°17′36″N 140°16′52″E / 36.293408°N 140.281023°E / 36.293408; 140.281023"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iwama_D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D¶ms=36.293408_N_140.281023_E_","external_links_name":"36°17′36″N 140°16′52″E / 36.293408°N 140.281023°E / 36.293408; 140.281023"},{"Link":"http://www13.big.or.jp/~aikikai","external_links_name":"\"合気会茨城支部道場ＨＰ／トップ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512081805/http://www.aikidojournal.com/article?articleID=62","external_links_name":"\"#1 - Mexico levitra. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Dace | Common dace | ["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Habitat and biology","4 Angling","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Species of ray-finned fish
Common dace
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Cypriniformes
Family:
Cyprinidae
Subfamily:
Leuciscinae
Genus:
Leuciscus
Species:
L. leuciscus
Binomial name
Leuciscus leuciscus(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Cyprinus leuciscus Linnaeus, 1758
Cyprinus dobula Linnaeus, 1758
Leuciscus dobula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cyprinus grislagine Linnaeus, 1758
Cyprinus graining Walbaum, 1792
Cyprinus squalus Walbaum, 1792
Cyprinus umbra Walbaum, 1792
Cyprinus lancastriensis Shaw, 1804
Cyprinus simus Römer-Büchner, 1827
Leuciscus vulgaris Fleming, 1828
Leuciscus argenteus Fitzinger, 1832
Leuciscus rostratus Agassiz, 1835
Leuciscus rodens Agassiz, 1835
Leuciscus majalis Agassiz, 1835
Cyprinus mugilis Vallot, 1837
Leuciscus rostratus Valenciennes, 1844
Leuciscus saltator Bonaparte, 1846
Squalius lepusculus Heckel, 1852
Squalius chalybeius Heckel, 1852
Cyprinus salax Gronow, 1854
Squalius mehdem Warpachowski, 1897
Idus stagnalis Dubalen, 1913
The common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus) is a species of freshwater and brackish water ray-finned fish from the family Cyprinidae which is native to Europe but which has been introduced to other parts of the world. It is a quarry species for coarse anglers.
Description
The common dace differs from other members in the genus Leuciscus found in Europe by its inferior mouth, slightly longer upper jaw which has the tip of the upper lip level with the centre line of the eye and the lack of an obvious snout. It has a yellowish iris and a body which is covered in large silvery scales, the lateral line having 49–52 scales. The anal fin has a concave margin and the caudal fin is forked. The dorsal fin has 2–3 spines and 7–9 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8–9 soft rays. The maximum size attained is a total length of 30 centimetres (12 in).
Distribution
The common dace is native to Europe and northern Asia where its occurs in the basins of the North Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea and Barents Sea. It also occurs in the basin of the Caspian Sea in the drainage systems of the Volga and Ural Rivers and in the Black Sea basin it is found in the Danube and the Dnieper. In France it occurs in the Seine River drainage and in the drainages of the Rhone and Arc which flow into the Mediterranean. In the Danube main river of Romania as well as in Scandinavia north of 69°N and most of central Finland this species has a localised distribution. The populations from Siberia and East Asia are normally assigned to Leuciscus baicalensis and Leuciscus dzungaricus.
This species has been widely introduced in areas of Europe where it did not previously occur. For example, it has become established in Ireland since the early 1900s, having been taken there as a bait fish to catch larger fish such as pike. Following its introduction in Ireland, it has benefited from parasite release, meaning that with its introduction it has lost its normal set of parasites and might thus have a competitive advantage over native species.
Habitat and biology
The common dace is found in rivers and streams, sometime occurring in lakes or in the brackish water at the mouths of rivers. It is a surface dwelling fish which gather in shoals of adults in the lower reaches of rivers and backwaters during the winter. Some adults remain upstream in the spawning grounds all winter as well. At spawning time, in March and April, they migrate up stream to lay their pale yellow eggs on shallow gravel beds in fast flowing streams, the eggs attach to gravel and stones. The juveniles hide among the cavities and roots in the bankside vegetation and as they mature they move into faster flowing water. The main food for common dace is small invertebrates.
Angling
The common dace is fished for by coarse anglers and the British rod caught record is 1.32 pounds (.599 kg). In some parts of Europe it is eaten but it is not highly regarded as a food fish. It is used as bait by anglers and that is thought to be the mechanism by which it was introduced to and spread in Ireland.
See also
Fried dace with salted black beans, made from a different fish
References
^ Freyhof, J. (2016) . "Leuciscus leuciscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T11887A97808936. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11887A3312583.en. Retrieved 12 March 2020.|date= / |doi= mismatch
^ a b c d e f g Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Leuciscus leuciscus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
^ a b Peter S. Maitland (2000). Hamlyn Guide to Freshwater Fishes of Britain and Europe. Octopus Publishing Group. p. 124. ISBN 0600596907.
^ Tierney, P.A.; Caffrey, J.M.; Matthews, S.M.; Costantini, E.; Holland, C.V. (2020). "Evidence for enemy release in invasive common dace Leuciscus leuciscus in Ireland: a helminth community survey and systematic review". Journal of Helminthology. 94: e191. doi:10.1017/S0022149X20000759. PMID 32924909.
^ British Record (Rod Caught) Fish Committee (19 July 2021). "Coarse Fish Records as at July 2021" (PDF). anglingtrust.net.
^ a b "Leuciscus leuciscus Dace Deas". National Biodiversity Data Centre. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
External links
Media related to Common dace at Wikimedia Commons
dace/leuciscus-leuciscus Dace (Leuciscus leuciscus) media from ARKive
Taxon identifiersLeuciscus leuciscus
Wikidata: Q143326
Wikispecies: Leuciscus leuciscus
ADW: Leuciscus_leuciscus
ARKive: leuciscus-leuciscus
BioLib: 15569
BOLD: 71146
CoL: 6Q433
EoL: 217965
EPPO: LECILE
Fauna Europaea: 304486
Fauna Europaea (new): cdb25a94-89ab-4276-9c69-7763ffa42eeb
FishBase: 4662
GBIF: 4409641
iNaturalist: 104526
IRMNG: 10154340
ISC: 77316
ITIS: 163580
IUCN: 11887
NBN: NHMSYS0000544695
NCBI: 58325
Observation.org: 2070
OBIS: 154599
Open Tree of Life: 847071
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YB_Frauen | BSC YB Frauen | ["1 Honours","1.1 Record in UEFA competitions","2 Current squad","2.1 Former players","3 References"] | Football clubYB FrauenFull nameBerner Sport Club Young Boys FrauenFounded1970GroundStadion Neufeld, BernCapacity14,000ChairmanWerner MüllerManagerRolf KirchhoferLeagueSuper League2022–20235thWebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
BSC YB Frauen is a Swiss women's football team representing BSC Young Boys in the Nationalliga A.
Founded in 1970 as women's division of FC Bern, it is the second most successful team in the championship with 11 titles between 1978 and 2011, and the most successful team in the national Cup with 15 trophies, including 8 titles in a row between 1994 and 2001. This last year saw FC Bern win the last of its 7 doubles to date and become the first Swiss team to take part in the UEFA Women's Cup. However, the 2000s proved less fruitful, and Bern wasn't able to win any titles. In 2009 the club was absorbed by Young Boys, taking its current name, and two years later it ended its decade-long unlucky streak winning its 11th Nationalliga trophy.
Honours
11 Swiss Leagues (1978, 1979, 1984, 1986, 1992, 1995 — 1997, 2000, 2001, 2011)
15 Swiss Cups (1978, 1980, 1982 — 1985, 1991, 1994 — 2001)
Record in UEFA competitions
Season
Competition
Stage
Result
Opponent
2001–02
UEFA Women's Cup
Group Stage
0–4
Arsenal
3–1
Wrocław
7–0
Hapoel Tel Aviv
2011–12
Champions League
Qualifying Stage
3–1
Naše Taksi
7–0
Goliador Chişinău
1–1
PAOK
Round of 32
0–3 1–2
Fortuna Hjørring
Current squad
As of 3 March 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
LIE
Jara Ackermann
3
MF
SUI
Noa Münger
5
DF
SUI
Lorena Bärtschi
6
DF
GER
Henrike Sahlmann
7
MF
GER
Caroline Krawczyk
10
DF
SUI
Julia Schassberger
11
MF
SUI
Stéphanie Waeber
12
MF
USA
Athena Kühn
13
FW
SUI
Malaurie Granges
14
FW
USA
Courtney Strode
15
DF
SUI
Leana Zaugg
18
DF
GER
Wibke Meister
19
MF
SUI
Audrey Remy
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
20
FW
SUI
Rilana Ueltschi
21
MF
POR
Ana Leite
26
DF
SUI
Laura Frey
27
FW
SUI
Naomi Luyet
28
FW
ROU
Cristina Carp
29
GK
GER
Inga Schuldt
31
DF
SUI
Giulia Schlup
34
FW
SUI
Céline Schmid
Former players
For details of current and former players, see Category:BSC YB Frauen players.
References
^ "Frauenfussball: Mit neuem Namen in neue Zukunft". Thuner Tagblatt. 11 August 2009.
^ List of champions in RSSSF.com
^ Lios of champions in RSSSF.com
^ 2010-11 table in Soccerway
This article about a Swiss association football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"BSC Young Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Young_Boys"},{"link_name":"Nationalliga A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalliga_A_(women%27s_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"FC Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bern"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"national Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001-02_UEFA_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Football clubBSC YB Frauen is a Swiss women's football team representing BSC Young Boys in the Nationalliga A.[1]Founded in 1970 as women's division of FC Bern, it is the second most successful team in the championship with 11 titles between 1978 and 2011,[2] and the most successful team in the national Cup with 15 trophies, including 8 titles in a row between 1994 and 2001.[3] This last year saw FC Bern win the last of its 7 doubles to date and become the first Swiss team to take part in the UEFA Women's Cup. However, the 2000s proved less fruitful, and Bern wasn't able to win any titles. In 2009 the club was absorbed by Young Boys, taking its current name, and two years later it ended its decade-long unlucky streak winning its 11th Nationalliga trophy.[4]","title":"BSC YB Frauen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalliga_A_(women%27s_football)"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Women%27s_Cup"}],"text":"11 Swiss Leagues (1978, 1979, 1984, 1986, 1992, 1995 — 1997, 2000, 2001, 2011)\n15 Swiss Cups (1978, 1980, 1982 — 1985, 1991, 1994 — 2001)","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Record in UEFA competitions","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 3 March 2024Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:BSC YB Frauen players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:BSC_YB_Frauen_players"}],"sub_title":"Former players","text":"For details of current and former players, see Category:BSC YB Frauen players.","title":"Current squad"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Frauenfussball: Mit neuem Namen in neue Zukunft\". Thuner Tagblatt. 11 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thunertagblatt.ch/frauenfussball-mit-neuem-namen-in-neue-zukunft-964492410270","url_text":"\"Frauenfussball: Mit neuem Namen in neue Zukunft\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bscyb.ch/frauen","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://www.thunertagblatt.ch/frauenfussball-mit-neuem-namen-in-neue-zukunft-964492410270","external_links_name":"\"Frauenfussball: Mit neuem Namen in neue Zukunft\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwit-womchamp.html","external_links_name":"List of champions"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwit-womcuphist.html","external_links_name":"Lios of champions"},{"Link":"http://es.women.soccerway.com/national/switzerland/nationalliga-a/2010-2011/championship-round/","external_links_name":"2010-11 table"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BSC_YB_Frauen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Scotland | South West Scotland | ["1 References","2 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "South West Scotland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
South West Scotland is a region in Scotland, United Kingdom. It is an ambiguous term that includes Ayrshire, Galloway, Dumfriesshire, and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, as well as Lanarkshire and/or Renfrewshire. However the inclusion or exclusion of these areas is to an extent arbitrary: the only unquestionable boundaries of South West Scotland are the border with the nearby county of Cumberland, now part of Cumbria in North West England and the sea, namely the Solway Firth, the North Channel and the Firth of Clyde.
The area has a complex cultural history. At one time it formed part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, the last stronghold of the Britons in what is now Scotland, after what was then called Lothian and would now be called South East Scotland succumbed to the Anglo Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria. Later it became subject to settlement by Anglo Saxons, Gaels and perhaps Vikings or Norse Gaels. When all of what would today be called South West Scotland became incorporated within Scotland is not entirely clear.
References
External links
South West (Scotland) travel guide from Wikivoyage | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galloway"},{"link_name":"Dumfriesshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshire"},{"link_name":"Stewartry of Kirkcudbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewartry_of_Kirkcudbright"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"North West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"Solway Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solway_Firth"},{"link_name":"North Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Channel_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Firth of Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Strathclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde"},{"link_name":"Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britons_(historical)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian"},{"link_name":"Anglo Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Gaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"Norse Gaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_Gaels"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"}],"text":"South West Scotland is a region in Scotland, United Kingdom. It is an ambiguous term that includes Ayrshire, Galloway, Dumfriesshire, and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, as well as Lanarkshire and/or Renfrewshire. However the inclusion or exclusion of these areas is to an extent arbitrary: the only unquestionable boundaries of South West Scotland are the border with the nearby county of Cumberland, now part of Cumbria in North West England and the sea, namely the Solway Firth, the North Channel and the Firth of Clyde.The area has a complex cultural history. At one time it formed part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, the last stronghold of the Britons in what is now Scotland, after what was then called Lothian and would now be called South East Scotland succumbed to the Anglo Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria. Later it became subject to settlement by Anglo Saxons, Gaels and perhaps Vikings or Norse Gaels. When all of what would today be called South West Scotland became incorporated within Scotland is not entirely clear.","title":"South West Scotland"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22South+West+Scotland%22","external_links_name":"\"South West Scotland\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22South+West+Scotland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22South+West+Scotland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22South+West+Scotland%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22South+West+Scotland%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22South+West+Scotland%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lower_Inn_Valley_Railway | New Lower Inn Valley railway | ["1 History","2 Route: section 1: Kundl-Baumkirchen","2.1 Signalling","3 Planning: section 2: Brannenburg-Kundl","4 References"] | Coordinates: 47°25′43″N 11°53′43″E / 47.42861°N 11.89528°E / 47.42861; 11.89528Key rail transport link in Western Austria
New Lower Inn Valley railwayOverviewNative nameNeue UnterinntalbahnLine number330 01LocaleAustriaServiceRoute number300TechnicalLine length40.236 km (25.001 mi)Number of tracks2Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeElectrification15 kV/16.7 Hz AC overhead catenaryOperating speed220 km/h (135 mph)
Route map
Legend
Planned railway from Brannenburg
Original line from Kufstein
Schaftenau junction
Existing line to Wörgl
Angath
Angerberg
Breitenbach
Inn
Original line from Wörgl
24.262
Radfeld junction
Original line to Jenbach
26.500
Radfeld cutting (L 791 m)
27.291
Münsterer tunnel (L 15.990 m)
Inn
Original line
Existing line
43.269
Jenbach cutting (L 620 m)
Original line from Jenbach
43.890
Stans junction
Existing line to Fritzens-Wattens 2 junction
44.760
Stans cutting (L 514 m)
45.274
Terfner tunnel (L 15.840 m)
Existing line
Vomp passing station planned
Existing line
61,160
Baumkirchen cutting (L 624 m)
61,52461,407
Change of chainage (-117 m)
61,667
Existing line from Stans junction
61.749
Fritzens-Wattens 2 junctionBaumkirchen interconnection
Original line to Innsbruck
Innsbruck bypass to Innsbruck 1 junction
Source: German railway atlas
The New Lower Inn Valley railway (German: Neue Unterinntalbahn) is a partially completed double-track high-speed main line of the Austrian railways. It connects the Brenner railway at Innsbruck and the Innsbruck bypass with the line to Kufstein, connecting with Germany, Salzburg, and eastern Austria. It forms a part of the core of the network of Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). The bypass is part of Line 1 of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T). The first section (Kundl–Baumkirchen), which is designed for speeds up to 220 km/h (140 mph), was opened on 26 November 2012. Since the timetable change on 9 December 2012, it relieves the existing Lower Inn Valley railway between Wörgl and Baumkirchen with trains able to operate at up to 250 km/h (160 mph). In the future, these and other construction projects (including the Brenner Base Tunnel) are expected to reduce travel time on the Munich–Innsbruck route from 1:50 to 0:55 and on the Munich–Verona route from 5:20 to 2:20. The cost of the project amounted to €2.358 billion.
History
The Kundl–Baumkirchen section was opened on 26 December 2012.
Route: section 1: Kundl-Baumkirchen
Looking east: the middle tracks are the end of the Münsterer tunnel, part of the Stans link. The outside tracks are the new route of the original line, which has been in operation since 15 August 2011
The line is 40 km (25 mi) long, of which approximately 32 km (20 mi) is in tunnels or deep cuttings. One segment has been made as an upgrade of the original line while the other is an entirely new line:
The section between Kundl station and the original line is supplemented with a high-capacity line and forms a four-track line to a grade-separated junction at Radfeld.
The new segment, Radfeld Knot - Baumkirchen Knot, 36 km (22 mi), then descends between the tracks of the existing line and runs to the almost 16 km (9.9 mi) long Münsterer tunnel. After passing under the Inn and Jenbach railway station it continues to the grade-separated junction at Stans. The line descends again, and continues through the 15.8 km (9.8 mi)-long Terfner tunnel. In the tunnel there is space for a planned third track to allow overtaking movements, thus increasing line capacity. After underpassing the Fritzens-Wattens station it joins the old line at Baumkirchen where it separates towards Brenner/Verona via the Innsbruck bypass or towards Innsbruck/Arlberg via the original line.
Signalling
The new line is fitted with ETCS Level 2 signalling system. Four new electronic interlocking systems were built to control both the new line and the existing line. These systems are remotely controlled from the new Innsbruck operations control centre (Betriebsfernsteuerzentrale).
Planning: section 2: Brannenburg-Kundl
The approximately 25 km (16 mi) section from Brannenburg in Germany to Kundl is currently in the planning phase with route selection between Schaftenau and Kundl having been completed. The continuation of the route into Germany is currently being negotiated.
Concrete shell for the new line
The selected route south from Schaftenau would leave the existing line via several short tunnels and cuttings to join the route of the A12 autobahn. It would then run through a nearly 10 km (6.2 mi)-long tunnel under the mountains of the southern Angerbergs and under the Inn, the A12 and the built-up areas of Kundl before emerging between the tracks of the existing line and running to the grade-separated junction at Radfeld.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lower Inn Valley railway.
^ Eisenbahnatlas Österreich (Austrian railway atlas). Schweers + Wall. 2010. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-3-89494-138-3.
^ "Neue Unterinntalbahn: Highspeed und höchste Sicherheit" (PDF) (Press release) (in German). ÖBB-Holding AG. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ Brenner Eisenbahn GmbH, ed. (October 2007). "Die neue Unterinntalbahn - Eisenbahntechnik auf höchstem Niveau" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Die letzte Schiene ist verlegt". Tiroler Tageszeitung (in German). 16 December 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ Atlas, High-Speed Rail 2021 on the International Union of Railways (UIC) website.
^ "Section 1 route map" (PDF) (in German). Brenner Eisenbahn GmbH. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
^ "Eisenbahnsicherungstechnik" (in German). ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Trassenauswahlverfahren für zweiten Abschnitt der neuen Unterinntalbahn abgeschlossen (Route selection process for the second section of the new Lower Inn Valley railway completed)" (in German). Austrian Federal Railways. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
^ "Section 2 route map" (in German). Brenner Eisenbahn GmbH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
vte Berlin–Palermo railway axis
Berlin–Halle
Halle–Erfurt
Erfurt–Nuremberg
Nuremberg–Ingolstadt
Munich–Rosenheim
Rosenheim–Kufstein
Kufstein–Wörgl
Wörgl–Innsbruck
Innsbruck bypass
Innsbruck–Franzensfeste (Brenner Base Tunnel)
Franzensfeste–Verona
Verona–Bologna
Bologna–Florence
Florence–Rome
Rome–Naples
Naples–Salerno
Salerno–Reggio di Calabria
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
47°25′43″N 11°53′43″E / 47.42861°N 11.89528°E / 47.42861; 11.89528 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Austrian railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Brenner railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenner_railway"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck_bypass"},{"link_name":"line to Kufstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Inn_Valley_railway"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Austrian Federal Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Federal_Railways"},{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Palermo_railway_axis"},{"link_name":"Trans-European Transport Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-European_Transport_Networks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C3%96BB1-2"},{"link_name":"Lower Inn Valley railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Inn_Valley_railway"},{"link_name":"Brenner Base Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenner_Base_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEG-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-4"}],"text":"Key rail transport link in Western AustriaThe New Lower Inn Valley railway (German: Neue Unterinntalbahn) is a partially completed double-track high-speed main line of the Austrian railways. It connects the Brenner railway at Innsbruck and the Innsbruck bypass with the line to Kufstein, connecting with Germany, Salzburg, and eastern Austria. It forms a part of the core of the network of Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). The bypass is part of Line 1 of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T). The first section (Kundl–Baumkirchen), which is designed for speeds up to 220 km/h (140 mph), was opened on 26 November 2012.[2] Since the timetable change on 9 December 2012, it relieves the existing Lower Inn Valley railway between Wörgl and Baumkirchen with trains able to operate at up to 250 km/h (160 mph). In the future, these and other construction projects (including the Brenner Base Tunnel) are expected to reduce travel time on the Munich–Innsbruck route from 1:50 to 0:55 and on the Munich–Verona route from 5:20 to 2:20.[3] The cost of the project amounted to €2.358 billion.[4]","title":"New Lower Inn Valley railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kundl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundl"},{"link_name":"Baumkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumkirchen"}],"text":"The Kundl–Baumkirchen section was opened on 26 December 2012.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011.05.30_NUIB_von_Jenbach.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UIC_HS-Atlas_2021-5"},{"link_name":"Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn_(river)"},{"link_name":"Jenbach railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenbach_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenner_Pass"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck_bypass"},{"link_name":"Arlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlberg_railway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Looking east: the middle tracks are the end of the Münsterer tunnel, part of the Stans link. The outside tracks are the new route of the original line, which has been in operation since 15 August 2011The line is 40 km (25 mi) long, of which approximately 32 km (20 mi) is in tunnels or deep cuttings. One segment has been made as an upgrade of the original line while the other is an entirely new line:The section between Kundl station and the original line is supplemented with a high-capacity line and forms a four-track line to a grade-separated junction at Radfeld.\nThe new segment, Radfeld Knot - Baumkirchen Knot, 36 km (22 mi),[5] then descends between the tracks of the existing line and runs to the almost 16 km (9.9 mi) long Münsterer tunnel. After passing under the Inn and Jenbach railway station it continues to the grade-separated junction at Stans. The line descends again, and continues through the 15.8 km (9.8 mi)-long Terfner tunnel. In the tunnel there is space for a planned third track to allow overtaking movements, thus increasing line capacity. After underpassing the Fritzens-Wattens station it joins the old line at Baumkirchen where it separates towards Brenner/Verona via the Innsbruck bypass or towards Innsbruck/Arlberg via the original line.[6]","title":"Route: section 1: Kundl-Baumkirchen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ETCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Train_Control_System"},{"link_name":"electronic interlocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocking#Electronic_interlocking"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Signalling","text":"The new line is fitted with ETCS Level 2 signalling system. Four new electronic interlocking systems were built to control both the new line and the existing line. These systems are remotely controlled from the new Innsbruck operations control centre (Betriebsfernsteuerzentrale).[7]","title":"Route: section 1: Kundl-Baumkirchen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brannenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannenburg"},{"link_name":"Schaftenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langkampfen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-route-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unterinntalbahn,_Galerie_Terfens,_Rohbau.jpg"},{"link_name":"A12 autobahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inntal_Autobahn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The approximately 25 km (16 mi) section from Brannenburg in Germany to Kundl is currently in the planning phase with route selection between Schaftenau and Kundl having been completed. The continuation of the route into Germany is currently being negotiated.[8]Concrete shell for the new lineThe selected route south from Schaftenau would leave the existing line via several short tunnels and cuttings to join the route of the A12 autobahn. It would then run through a nearly 10 km (6.2 mi)-long tunnel under the mountains of the southern Angerbergs and under the Inn, the A12 and the built-up areas of Kundl before emerging between the tracks of the existing line and running to the grade-separated junction at Radfeld.[9]","title":"Planning: section 2: Brannenburg-Kundl"}] | [{"image_text":"Looking east: the middle tracks are the end of the Münsterer tunnel, part of the Stans link. The outside tracks are the new route of the original line, which has been in operation since 15 August 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2011.05.30_NUIB_von_Jenbach.jpg/220px-2011.05.30_NUIB_von_Jenbach.jpg"},{"image_text":"Concrete shell for the new line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Unterinntalbahn%2C_Galerie_Terfens%2C_Rohbau.jpg/300px-Unterinntalbahn%2C_Galerie_Terfens%2C_Rohbau.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Österreich (Austrian railway atlas). Schweers + Wall. 2010. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-3-89494-138-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-138-3","url_text":"978-3-89494-138-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Neue Unterinntalbahn: Highspeed und höchste Sicherheit\" (PDF) (Press release) (in German). ÖBB-Holding AG. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130930170147/http://konzern.oebb.at/de/Presse/Presseinformationen_aus_den_Bundeslaendern/Tirol/PDF/2012/Q4/2012_11_26_PI_Infra_Tirol_Unterinntal_final.pdf","url_text":"\"Neue Unterinntalbahn: Highspeed und höchste Sicherheit\""},{"url":"http://konzern.oebb.at/de/Presse/Presseinformationen_aus_den_Bundeslaendern/Tirol/PDF/2012/Q4/2012_11_26_PI_Infra_Tirol_Unterinntal_final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brenner Eisenbahn GmbH, ed. (October 2007). \"Die neue Unterinntalbahn - Eisenbahntechnik auf höchstem Niveau\" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927173104/http://www.beg.co.at/fileadmin/downloads/Beg_AMA.pdf","url_text":"\"Die neue Unterinntalbahn - Eisenbahntechnik auf höchstem Niveau\""},{"url":"http://www.beg.co.at/fileadmin/downloads/Beg_AMA.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Die letzte Schiene ist verlegt\". Tiroler Tageszeitung (in German). 16 December 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tt.com/csp/cms/sites/tt/Nachrichten/3990641-6/die-letzte-schiene-ist-verlegt.csp","url_text":"\"Die letzte Schiene ist verlegt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Section 1 route map\" (PDF) (in German). Brenner Eisenbahn GmbH. Retrieved 13 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beg.co.at/fileadmin/downloads/Trassenplan_07.pdf","url_text":"\"Section 1 route map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eisenbahnsicherungstechnik\" (in German). ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130115001256/http://www.oebb.at/infrastruktur/de/5_0_fuer_Generationen/5_4_Wir_bauen_fuer_Generationen/5_4_1_Schieneninfrastruktur/Brennerachse/Kundl_Radfeld_Baumkirchen/Unterinntalbahn/1_Ausbauschritt_der_neuen_Unterinntalbahn/Infos_zur_Ausruestung_/Eisenbahnsicherungstechnik/index.jsp","url_text":"\"Eisenbahnsicherungstechnik\""},{"url":"http://www.oebb.at/infrastruktur/de/5_0_fuer_Generationen/5_4_Wir_bauen_fuer_Generationen/5_4_1_Schieneninfrastruktur/Brennerachse/Kundl_Radfeld_Baumkirchen/Unterinntalbahn/1_Ausbauschritt_der_neuen_Unterinntalbahn/Infos_zur_Ausruestung_/Eisenbahnsicherungstechnik/index.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trassenauswahlverfahren für zweiten Abschnitt der neuen Unterinntalbahn abgeschlossen (Route selection process for the second section of the new Lower Inn Valley railway completed)\" (in German). Austrian Federal Railways. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095242/http://www.unterinntalbahn.at/news-presse/presseservice/aktuell/presseberichte/trassenauswahlverfahren-fuer-zweiten-abschnitt-der-neuen-unterinntalbahn-abgeschlossen-170909/","url_text":"\"Trassenauswahlverfahren für zweiten Abschnitt der neuen Unterinntalbahn abgeschlossen (Route selection process for the second section of the new Lower Inn Valley railway completed)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Federal_Railways","url_text":"Austrian Federal Railways"},{"url":"http://www.unterinntalbahn.at/news-presse/presseservice/aktuell/presseberichte/trassenauswahlverfahren-fuer-zweiten-abschnitt-der-neuen-unterinntalbahn-abgeschlossen-170909/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Section 2 route map\" (in German). Brenner Eisenbahn GmbH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183243/http://www.beg.co.at/fileadmin/2.Abschnitt/TrassenauswahlN1g.jpg","url_text":"\"Section 2 route map\""},{"url":"http://www.beg.co.at/fileadmin/2.Abschnitt/TrassenauswahlN1g.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Lower_Inn_Valley_railway¶ms=47_25_43_N_11_53_43_E_region:AT-7_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"47°25′43″N 11°53′43″E / 47.42861°N 11.89528°E / 47.42861; 11.89528"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130930170147/http://konzern.oebb.at/de/Presse/Presseinformationen_aus_den_Bundeslaendern/Tirol/PDF/2012/Q4/2012_11_26_PI_Infra_Tirol_Unterinntal_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Neue Unterinntalbahn: Highspeed und höchste Sicherheit\""},{"Link":"http://konzern.oebb.at/de/Presse/Presseinformationen_aus_den_Bundeslaendern/Tirol/PDF/2012/Q4/2012_11_26_PI_Infra_Tirol_Unterinntal_final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927173104/http://www.beg.co.at/fileadmin/downloads/Beg_AMA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Die neue Unterinntalbahn - Eisenbahntechnik auf höchstem Niveau\""},{"Link":"http://www.beg.co.at/fileadmin/downloads/Beg_AMA.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tt.com/csp/cms/sites/tt/Nachrichten/3990641-6/die-letzte-schiene-ist-verlegt.csp","external_links_name":"\"Die letzte Schiene ist verlegt\""},{"Link":"https://uic.org/spip.php?action=telecharger&arg=3456","external_links_name":"Atlas, High-Speed Rail 2021"},{"Link":"http://www.beg.co.at/fileadmin/downloads/Trassenplan_07.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Section 1 route map\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130115001256/http://www.oebb.at/infrastruktur/de/5_0_fuer_Generationen/5_4_Wir_bauen_fuer_Generationen/5_4_1_Schieneninfrastruktur/Brennerachse/Kundl_Radfeld_Baumkirchen/Unterinntalbahn/1_Ausbauschritt_der_neuen_Unterinntalbahn/Infos_zur_Ausruestung_/Eisenbahnsicherungstechnik/index.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Eisenbahnsicherungstechnik\""},{"Link":"http://www.oebb.at/infrastruktur/de/5_0_fuer_Generationen/5_4_Wir_bauen_fuer_Generationen/5_4_1_Schieneninfrastruktur/Brennerachse/Kundl_Radfeld_Baumkirchen/Unterinntalbahn/1_Ausbauschritt_der_neuen_Unterinntalbahn/Infos_zur_Ausruestung_/Eisenbahnsicherungstechnik/index.jsp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095242/http://www.unterinntalbahn.at/news-presse/presseservice/aktuell/presseberichte/trassenauswahlverfahren-fuer-zweiten-abschnitt-der-neuen-unterinntalbahn-abgeschlossen-170909/","external_links_name":"\"Trassenauswahlverfahren für zweiten Abschnitt der neuen Unterinntalbahn abgeschlossen (Route selection process for the second section of the new Lower Inn Valley railway completed)\""},{"Link":"http://www.unterinntalbahn.at/news-presse/presseservice/aktuell/presseberichte/trassenauswahlverfahren-fuer-zweiten-abschnitt-der-neuen-unterinntalbahn-abgeschlossen-170909/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183243/http://www.beg.co.at/fileadmin/2.Abschnitt/TrassenauswahlN1g.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Section 2 route map\""},{"Link":"http://www.beg.co.at/fileadmin/2.Abschnitt/TrassenauswahlN1g.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/303129852","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1035605198","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Lower_Inn_Valley_railway¶ms=47_25_43_N_11_53_43_E_region:AT-7_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"47°25′43″N 11°53′43″E / 47.42861°N 11.89528°E / 47.42861; 11.89528"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKWN | WKWN | ["1 Programming","2 FM Translator","3 History","4 References","5 External links"] | Radio station in Georgia, U.S.WKWNTrenton, Georgia, U.S.Broadcast areaChattanooga, TennesseeFrequency1420 kHzBrandingNews Radio 1420 AM 101.3 FMProgrammingFormatNews Talk Information, OldiesAffiliationsFox News RadioCompass Media NetworksSalem Radio NetworkPremiere NetworksAtlanta Braves Radio NetworkOwnershipOwnerDade County Broadcasting, Inc.Sister stationsWFLI (Chattanooga), WJTWHistoryFormer call signsWADX (1981–1995)Technical informationFacility ID54444ClassDPower2,500 watts day112 watts nightTransmitter coordinates34°51′43.00″N 85°29′59.00″W / 34.8619444°N 85.4997222°W / 34.8619444; -85.4997222Translator(s)101.3 W267CX (Trenton)104.3 MHz W282AY (Chattanooga)LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsiteWKWN Online
WKWN (1420 AM) is a radio station broadcasting both a News Talk Information and an oldies format. It is licensed to Trenton, Georgia, U.S., and is currently owned by Dade County Broadcasting, Inc.
Programming
WKWN features programming from Fox News Radio, Salem Communications and Westwood One including Mike Gallagher, and Todd Starnes. Alongside sister station WFLI, WKWN airs Dick Bartley's Classic Hits, The Wolfman Jack Radio Show, The Rick and Bubba Show, Dick Clark's Rock, Roll & Remember, and American Top 40 The 70's with Casey Kasem.
FM Translator
WKWN has an FM translator, in addition to the main station at 1420 kHz. This FM translator is used to widen the broadcast area and provide better nighttime coverage.
Broadcast translator for WKWN
Call sign
Frequency
City of license
FID
ERP (W)
HAAT
Class
FCC info
Notes
W267CX
101.3 FM
Trenton, Georgia
201253
250
374 m (1,227 ft)
D
LMS
Branded as "101.3 The Wolf"
History
The station went on the air as WADX on April 10, 1981. On November 6, 1995, the station changed its call sign to the current WKWN.
References
^ "WKWN Facility Record". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.
^ "@discoverdade" on Twitter
^ "WKWN Call Sign History". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.
External links
WKWN official website
101.3 The Wolf official website
WKWN Twitter
KWN News Now Facebook
WKWN in the FCC AM station database
WKWN in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
vteRadio stations in the Chattanooga metropolitan area (Tennessee)By AM frequency
980
1070
1110
1150
1260
1280
1370
1420
1450
1490
1590
By FM frequency
88.1
88.9
89.7
90.5
91.5
92.3
93.1
93.5
93.9
94.3
95.3
96.5
97.3
98.1
98.9
99.3
100.7
101.9
102.3
102.7
103.7
105.1
105.5
106.5
107.9
LPFM
94.7
101.1
Translators
92.7
94.7
94.9
99.9
101.5
104.7
106.9
107.3
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
88.1-1
88.1-2
88.9-1
88.9-2
88.9-3
92.3-1
95.3-1
95.3-2
95.3-3
95.3-4
98.9-1
100.7-1
100.7-2
103.7-1
103.7-3
By call sign
W224AZ
W234CZ
W235AO
W260AJ
W268AA
W284AE
W295BI
W297BX
WAAK-LP
WALI
WALV-FM
HD2
HD3
HD4
WBDX
WDEF-FM
WDOD-FM
WDYN
WFLI
WGOW
WGOW-FM
WJBP
WJOC
WJTT
WKWN
WKXJ
HD3
WLMR
WLND
WMBW
HD2
HD3
WMPZ
WNGH-FM
WNOO
WOCE
WOGT
WQCH
WQMT
WRXR-FM
WSAA
WSKZ
WSMC-FM
WUAT
WUIE
WUSY
HD2
WUTC
HD2
WUUQ
WVMG-LP
WXCT
WYBK
Defunct
WDOD (1310 AM)
WSDT (1240 AM)
Radio stations in East Tennessee
Chattanooga
Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol
Knoxville
Other nearby regions
Atlanta
Athens
Gadsden
Huntsville
Nashville
Tullahoma-Manchester
Rome
See also
List of radio stations in Tennessee
vteNews/Talk radio stations in the state of GeorgiaAll-News
WBIN - Atlanta
WMGE - Dry Branch
WYNF - Augusta
News & Talk
WALG – Albany
WAOK – Atlanta
WAYX – Waycross
WBLJ – Dalton
WCGA – Woodbine
WCHM – Clarkesville
WCHZ-FM – Warrenton
WDAK – Columbus
WDDK – Greensboro
WDJY-LP – Dallas
WDMG – Douglas
WDUN – Gainesville
WFOM - Marietta
WGAC – Augusta
WGAU – Athens
WGIG – Brunswick
WGST – Hogansville
WJBB – Winder
WJRB – Young Harris
WKWN – Trenton
WLBB – Carrollton
WMAC – Macon
WMDG – East Point
WRCG – Columbus
WSB – Atlanta
WSBB-FM – Doraville
WSRM – Coosa
WTKS – Savannah
WVGA – Lakeland
WVLD – Valdosta
WWNS – Statesboro
Defunct
WBMQ – Savannah
WGHC – Clayton
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Georgia
This article about a radio station in the state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"News Talk Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Talk_Information"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"link_name":"Trenton, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_Georgia"}],"text":"WKWN (1420 AM) is a radio station broadcasting both a News Talk Information and an oldies format. It is licensed to Trenton, Georgia, U.S., and is currently owned by Dade County Broadcasting, Inc.","title":"WKWN"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox News Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Radio"},{"link_name":"Salem Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Communications"},{"link_name":"Westwood One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"Mike Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gallagher_(political_commentator)"},{"link_name":"Todd Starnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Starnes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"WFLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFLI_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Dick Bartley's Classic Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Bartley%27s_Classic_Hits"},{"link_name":"The Wolfman Jack Radio Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfman_Jack"},{"link_name":"The Rick and Bubba Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_and_Bubba"},{"link_name":"Dick Clark's Rock, Roll & Remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clark%27s_Rock,_Roll_%26_Remember"},{"link_name":"American Top 40 The 70's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Casey Kasem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Kasem"}],"text":"WKWN features programming from Fox News Radio, Salem Communications and Westwood One including Mike Gallagher, and Todd Starnes.[1] Alongside sister station WFLI, WKWN airs Dick Bartley's Classic Hits, The Wolfman Jack Radio Show, The Rick and Bubba Show, Dick Clark's Rock, Roll & Remember, and American Top 40 The 70's with Casey Kasem.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_translator"},{"link_name":"kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"WKWN has an FM translator, in addition to the main station at 1420 kHz.[2] This FM translator is used to widen the broadcast area and provide better nighttime coverage.","title":"FM Translator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The station went on the air as WADX on April 10, 1981. On November 6, 1995, the station changed its call sign to the current WKWN.[3]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"WKWN Facility Record\". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WKWN","url_text":"\"WKWN Facility Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WKWN Call Sign History\". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.","urls":[{"url":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=54444&Callsign=WKWN","url_text":"\"WKWN Call Sign History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WKWN¶ms=34_51_43.00_N_85_29_59.00_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"34°51′43.00″N 85°29′59.00″W / 34.8619444°N 85.4997222°W / 34.8619444; -85.4997222"},{"Link":"http://199.91.56.36:55566/listen","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"https://www.discoverdade.com/kwn/","external_links_name":"WKWN Online"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=201253","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WKWN","external_links_name":"\"WKWN Facility Record\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/discoverdade","external_links_name":"@discoverdade"},{"Link":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=54444&Callsign=WKWN","external_links_name":"\"WKWN Call Sign History\""},{"Link":"https://www.discoverdade.com/kwn/","external_links_name":"WKWN official website"},{"Link":"https://www.discoverdade.com/kwn-2/","external_links_name":"101.3 The Wolf official website"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/discoverdade?lang=en","external_links_name":"WKWN Twitter"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/KWN-News-Now-724413344359369/?ref=nf&hc_ref=ARTXZZ9w2wZJ1mgZ82NROLC1XHHGSaeqaBeopZJaXBXY8PypiPP-pF2nKT4pP9S64lI","external_links_name":"KWN News Now Facebook"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WKWN","external_links_name":"WKWN"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WKWN","external_links_name":"WKWN"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WKWN&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadshah_Abdullah | Ahmadshah Abdullah | ["1 Education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Honours","4.1 Honours of Malaysia","5 References"] | Malaysian civil servant (born 1946)
In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Abdullah is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Ahmadshah. The word "bin" or "binti"/"binte" means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively.
Yang Amat Berbahagia Tun Datuk Seri PanglimaAhmadshah AbdullahSMN SPDK DMK DP PGDK ASDK KMN JPأحمد شاه عبدﷲ9th Yang di-Pertua Negeri of SabahIn office1 January 2003 – 31 December 2010Chief MinisterChong Kah KiatMusa AmanPreceded bySakaran DandaiSucceeded byJuhar Mahiruddin
Personal detailsBorn (1946-12-09) 9 December 1946 (age 77)Inanam, Jesselton, North BorneoSpouseToh Puan Datuk Seri Panglima Dayang Masuyah Awang Japar
Ahmadshah bin Abdullah (Jawi: أحمد شاه عبدﷲ; born 9 December 1946) is a retired Malaysian civil servant who served as Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of the state of Sabah from 2003 to 2010. He is currently a Pro-Chancellor of MARA University of Technology.
Education
Ahmadshah began his education at Government Primary School Darau, Menggatal, Jesselton in 1952 and ended his secondary schooling in 1966 at La Salle Secondary School, Tanjung Aru, Kota Kinabalu. He received a Diploma in Development Administration from South Devon College in the United Kingdom and Bachelor of Science (Political Science) from Indiana State University in the United States.
Career
He started his early career as a junior customs officer at the Royal Customs and Excise Department, Kota Kinabalu on 1 March 1968. Then, he was appointed as Executive Officer (Rural) and was moved to the Beaufort District Office as Assistant District Officer (Rural Affairs) on 10 November 1969. He was then seconded to the National Paddy and Rice Board as Chief Officer from April 1979 until July 1984.
In addition, he also worked as the Secretary of the Sabah State Public Service Commission (August 1984 to October 1986), Dakwah Officer of Sabah Islamic Affairs Council (October 1986 to January 1988), Secretary of Islamic Council of Sabah (January 1988 to June 1994), Secretary to the Internal Affairs and Research Office of Sabah (1994 to 1995) and was later promoted as the Director of the Sabah State Public Service Department (December 1995 to March 1997). His final position before his retirement and later appointment as governor was Deputy State Secretary (Administration) from 22 March 1997 to 29 November 2002.
On 1 January 2003, he was sworn in as the ninth Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah (by then he was already retired from government service since the end of 2002, in which he chose the optional retirement age of 56). He served two full terms and stepped down on 31 December 2010.
Personal life
He is married to Hajah Dayang Masuyah binti Awang Japar (1948-23 March 2020) and the couple are blessed with three sons and a daughter as well as nine grandchildren.
Honours
Honours of Malaysia
Malaysia:
Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (2003)
Sabah:
Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (PGDK) - Datuk (1993)
Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (2004)
Kedah:
Member of the Supreme Order of Sri Mahawangsa (DMK) – Dato' Seri Utama (2008)
References
^ a b "Biodata" (in Malay). Istana Negeri Sabah. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
^ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat". Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
Preceded bySakaran Dandai
Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah 2003–2010
Succeeded byJuhar Mahiruddin
vteGrand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the RealmGrandCommanders
1958: Tunku Kurshiah
1958: Tunku Ismail
1958: Tunku Munawir
1958: Tengku Yahya Petra
1958: Leong Yew Koh
1958: Raja Uda
1958: Tan Cheng Lock
1959: Abdul Razak Hussein
1959: Henry Lee Hau Shik
1959: Tengku Budriah
1961: Abdul Malek Yusuf
1964: Abang Openg
1964: Mustapha Harun
1967: Pengiran Ahmad Raffae
1968: Syed Sheh Shahabudin
1970: Syed Sheh Barakbah
1970: Tuanku Bujang
1970: Sharifah Rodziah Barakbah
1973: Abdul Aziz Abdul Majid
1975: Fuad Stephens
1976: Sardon Jubir
1976: Syed Zahiruddin
1977: Mohd Hamdan Abdullah
1978: Abang Muhammad Salahuddin
1978: Ahmad Koroh
1979: Mohamad Adnan Robert
1982: Abdul Rahman Ya'kub
1982: Awang Hassan
1987: Tunku Ibrahim Ismail
1989: Ahmad Zaidi Adruce
1989: Hamdan Sheikh Tahir
1989: Mohammad Said Keruak
1989: Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin
1996: Sakaran Dandai
2003: Ahmadshah Abdullah
2003: Mahathir Mohamad
2004: Mohd Khalil Yaakob
2009: Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2011: Juhar Mahiruddin
2014: Abdul Taib Mahmud
2020: Mohd Ali Rustam
2021: Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak
2024: Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar
HonoraryGrandCommanders
1958: Lim Yew Hock
1959: Djuanda Kartawidjaja
1960: Gerald Templer
1962: Thanat Khoman
1962: Thanom Kittikachorn
1963: Norodom Monineath
1963: Yusof Ishak
1964: Dhani Nivat
1964: Hayato Ikeda
1964: Masayoshi Ōhira
1964: Norodom Kantol
1964: Prapas Charusathien
1964: Wan Waithayakon
1965: Abdel Hakim Amer
1965: Ali Sabri
1965: Anwar Sadat
1965: Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil
1965: Firyal Irshaid
1965: Hassan bin Talal
1965: Hassan Ibrahim
1965: Hussein el-Shafei
1965: Chung Il-kwon
1965: Muhammad bin Talal
1965: Muna Al Hussein
1965: Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
1965: Hussein ibn Nasser
1965: Wasfi al-Tal
1965: Zakaria Mohieddin
1966: Chang Kay Young
1966: James Beveridge Thomson
1967: Albert II
1967: Eisaku Satō
1970: Adam Malik
1970: Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
1971: Souvanna Phouma
1975: Kukrit Pramoj
1979: Kriangsak Chamanan
1982: Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
1984: Elena Ceaușescu
1984: Prem Tinsulanonda
1989: Jefri Bolkiah
2000: Maha Vajiralongkorn
2000: Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
2001: Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa
2003: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
2003: Marcello Pera
2003: Pier Ferdinando Casini
2005: Victoria
2010: Moza bint Nasser
2011: Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
2012: Naruhito
2012: Masako | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_names#Malay_names"},{"link_name":"surname or family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertua Negeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Pro-Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Chancellor"},{"link_name":"MARA University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA"}],"text":"In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Abdullah is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Ahmadshah. The word \"bin\" or \"binti\"/\"binte\" means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively.Ahmadshah bin Abdullah (Jawi: أحمد شاه عبدﷲ; born 9 December 1946) is a retired Malaysian civil servant who served as Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor) of the state of Sabah from 2003 to 2010. He is currently a Pro-Chancellor of MARA University of Technology.","title":"Ahmadshah Abdullah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menggatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menggatal"},{"link_name":"La Salle Secondary School, Tanjung Aru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Salle_Secondary_School,_Kota_Kinabalu"},{"link_name":"Kota Kinabalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu"},{"link_name":"South Devon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Devon_College"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Indiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Ahmadshah began his education at Government Primary School Darau, Menggatal, Jesselton in 1952 and ended his secondary schooling in 1966 at La Salle Secondary School, Tanjung Aru, Kota Kinabalu. He received a Diploma in Development Administration from South Devon College in the United Kingdom and Bachelor of Science (Political Science) from Indiana State University in the United States.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Customs and Excise Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Customs_Department"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertua Negeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri"}],"text":"He started his early career as a junior customs officer at the Royal Customs and Excise Department, Kota Kinabalu on 1 March 1968. Then, he was appointed as Executive Officer (Rural) and was moved to the Beaufort District Office as Assistant District Officer (Rural Affairs) on 10 November 1969. He was then seconded to the National Paddy and Rice Board as Chief Officer from April 1979 until July 1984.In addition, he also worked as the Secretary of the Sabah State Public Service Commission (August 1984 to October 1986), Dakwah Officer of Sabah Islamic Affairs Council (October 1986 to January 1988), Secretary of Islamic Council of Sabah (January 1988 to June 1994), Secretary to the Internal Affairs and Research Office of Sabah (1994 to 1995) and was later promoted as the Director of the Sabah State Public Service Department (December 1995 to March 1997). His final position before his retirement and later appointment as governor was Deputy State Secretary (Administration) from 22 March 1997 to 29 November 2002.[1]On 1 January 2003, he was sworn in as the ninth Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah (by then he was already retired from government service since the end of 2002, in which he chose the optional retirement age of 56). He served two full terms and stepped down on 31 December 2010.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"He is married to Hajah Dayang Masuyah binti Awang Japar (1948-23 March 2020) and the couple are blessed with three sons and a daughter as well as nine grandchildren.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY_Darjah_Yang_Mulia_Pangkuan_Negara_(Defender_of_the_Realm)_-_SMN.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Defender of the Realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Defender_of_the_Realm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY-SAB_Order_of_Kinabalu_-_PGDK.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Kinabalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Kinabalu#Commander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY-SAB_Order_of_Kinabalu_-_SPDK.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Kinabalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Kinabalu#Grand_Commander"},{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MY-KED_Supreme_Order_of_Sri_Mahawangsa_(DMK).svg"},{"link_name":"Supreme Order of Sri Mahawangsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Sri_Mahawangsa"}],"sub_title":"Honours of Malaysia","text":"Malaysia:\n Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (2003)[2]\n Sabah:\n Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (PGDK) - Datuk (1993)\n Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (2004)\n Kedah:\n Member of the Supreme Order of Sri Mahawangsa (DMK) – Dato' Seri Utama (2008)","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Biodata\" (in Malay). Istana Negeri Sabah. Retrieved 13 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabah.gov.my/istana/Biodata.html","url_text":"\"Biodata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat\". Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929181530/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/","url_text":"\"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat\""},{"url":"http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.sabah.gov.my/istana/Biodata.html","external_links_name":"\"Biodata\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929181530/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/","external_links_name":"\"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat\""},{"Link":"http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auster_J/4 | Auster J/4 | ["1 History","2 Specifications (J/4)","3 See also","4 References"] | Auster J/4
Auster J/4 at PFA Rally held at Cranfield, Bedfordshire, in July 1989
Role
Touring aircraftType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Auster Aircraft Limited
First flight
1946
Number built
27
Developed from
Auster J/2 Arrow
The Auster J/4 was a 1940s British single-engined two-seat high-wing touring monoplane built by Auster Aircraft Limited at Rearsby, Leicestershire.
History
Sales in the United Kingdom of the American-engined Auster J/2 Arrow were limited by import restrictions on the engines, so Auster re-engined the aircraft with a British engine, the 90 hp Blackburn Cirrus Minor I. The first aircraft flew towards the end of 1946. The two-seat aircraft proved less popular than the companies three-seat Auster J/1 Autocrat and only 27 aircraft were built. A number of aircraft were exported to Australia and these were known as the Archer in that country.
Two J4 airframes (G-AIPH & G-AIJT) were modified with Continental O-200 engines in the late 1960s by the Rolls-Royce employees “Merlin Flying Club”. G-AIJT remains airworthy.
On 30 August 1955 an Australian aircraft VH-AET managed to take-off from Bankstown Airport Sydney without a pilot. It was followed out to sea by Royal Australian Navy Hawker Sea Furies and shot down.
Specifications (J/4)
Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1949-50, The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage, British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume IGeneral characteristics
Crew: 2
Length: 22 ft 6 in (6.86 m)
Wingspan: 36 ft 1 in (11.0 m)
Height: 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) tail down, propeller horizontal
Wing area: 185 sq ft (17.2 m2)
Aspect ratio: 6.857
Airfoil: NACA 23012
Empty weight: 955 lb (433 kg)
Gross weight: 1,600 lb (726 kg)
Fuel capacity: Fuel:15 imp gal (18 US gal; 68 L) in fuselage fuel tank, with 13.75 imp gal (16.51 US gal; 62.5 L) under-fuselage auxiliary tank; Oil:2 imp gal (2.4 US gal; 9.1 L) aft of engine.
Powerplant: 1 × Blackburn Cirrus Minor I 4-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line piston engine, 90 hp (67 kW) maximum at 2,600rpm
Propellers: 2-bladed Weybridge wooden fixed pitch propeller
Performance
Maximum speed: 108 mph (174 km/h, 94 kn)
Cruise speed: 92 mph (148 km/h, 80 kn) at 2,300 rpm
Stall speed: 37 mph (60 km/h, 32 kn)
Range: 317 mi (510 km, 275 nmi) in still air
Service ceiling: 12,500 ft (3,800 m)
Rate of climb: 746 ft/min (3.79 m/s)
Wing loading: 8.65 lb/sq ft (42.2 kg/m2)
Fuel consumption: 0.3234 lb/mi (0.0912 kg/km)
Power/mass: 17.1 lb/hp (10.4 kg/kW)
Take-off run: 150 yd (140 m) in 5 mph (4.3 kn; 8.0 km/h) wind
Landing run: 80 yd (73 m) in 5 mph (4.3 kn; 8.0 km/h) wind
See also
Aviation portal
Related lists
List of civil aircraft
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Auster J/4.
^ a b Ellison, N.H.; MacDemitria, R.O. (1966). Auster Aircraft – Aircraft Production List. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. p. 55.
^ Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1949). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1949-50. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. pp. 20c–21c.
^ Selig, M. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
^ Jackson, A. J. (1987). British Civil Aviation since 1919 Volume 1 (2nd with corrections ed.). London: Putnam. pp. 71–74. ISBN 978-0-370-10006-7.
vteTaylorcraft Aeroplanes (UK)/Auster AircraftTaylorcraft
Plus C
Plus D
D1
E
F
G
H
J
Auster I
Auster II
Auster III
Auster IV
Auster V
Auster
Auster A.2/45
J/1 Autocrat
J/1B Aiglet
J/1U Workmaster
J/2 Arrow
J/3 Atom
J/4
J/5 Adventurer
J/5 Autocar
J/5 Aiglet Trainer
J/5 Alpine
AOP6
6A Tugmaster
6B Terrier
Avis
T7
B4
B5
AOP9
B8 Agricola
Antarctic
Atlantic
D4
D5
D6
AOP11 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Auster Aircraft Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auster_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"}],"text":"The Auster J/4 was a 1940s British single-engined two-seat high-wing touring monoplane built by Auster Aircraft Limited at Rearsby, Leicestershire.","title":"Auster J/4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Auster J/2 Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auster_Arrow"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Cirrus Minor I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_Minor_(engine)"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_in_aviation"},{"link_name":"Auster J/1 Autocrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auster_Autocrat"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellison,_1966,_p._55-1"},{"link_name":"Bankstown Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankstown_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Hawker Sea Furies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Fury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellison,_1966,_p._55-1"}],"text":"Sales in the United Kingdom of the American-engined Auster J/2 Arrow were limited by import restrictions on the engines, so Auster re-engined the aircraft with a British engine, the 90 hp Blackburn Cirrus Minor I. The first aircraft flew towards the end of 1946. The two-seat aircraft proved less popular than the companies three-seat Auster J/1 Autocrat and only 27 aircraft were built. A number of aircraft were exported to Australia and these were known as the Archer in that country.[1]Two J4 airframes (G-AIPH & G-AIJT) were modified with Continental O-200 engines in the late 1960s by the Rolls-Royce employees “Merlin Flying Club”. G-AIJT remains airworthy.On 30 August 1955 an Australian aircraft VH-AET managed to take-off from Bankstown Airport Sydney without a pilot. It was followed out to sea by Royal Australian Navy Hawker Sea Furies and shot down.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA49-50-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UUIC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack1_p71-4-4"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 23012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Cirrus Minor I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Cirrus_Minor_I"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"}],"text":"Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1949-50,[2] The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage,[3] British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume I[4]General characteristicsCrew: 2\nLength: 22 ft 6 in (6.86 m)\nWingspan: 36 ft 1 in (11.0 m)\nHeight: 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) tail down, propeller horizontal\nWing area: 185 sq ft (17.2 m2)\nAspect ratio: 6.857\nAirfoil: NACA 23012 \nEmpty weight: 955 lb (433 kg)\nGross weight: 1,600 lb (726 kg)\nFuel capacity: Fuel:15 imp gal (18 US gal; 68 L) in fuselage fuel tank, with 13.75 imp gal (16.51 US gal; 62.5 L) under-fuselage auxiliary tank; Oil:2 imp gal (2.4 US gal; 9.1 L) aft of engine.\nPowerplant: 1 × Blackburn Cirrus Minor I 4-cylinder inverted air-cooled in-line piston engine, 90 hp (67 kW) maximum at 2,600rpm\nPropellers: 2-bladed Weybridge wooden fixed pitch propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 108 mph (174 km/h, 94 kn)\nCruise speed: 92 mph (148 km/h, 80 kn) at 2,300 rpm\nStall speed: 37 mph (60 km/h, 32 kn)\nRange: 317 mi (510 km, 275 nmi) in still air\nService ceiling: 12,500 ft (3,800 m)\nRate of climb: 746 ft/min (3.79 m/s)\nWing loading: 8.65 lb/sq ft (42.2 kg/m2)\nFuel consumption: 0.3234 lb/mi (0.0912 kg/km)\nPower/mass: 17.1 lb/hp (10.4 kg/kW)\nTake-off run: 150 yd (140 m) in 5 mph (4.3 kn; 8.0 km/h) wind\nLanding run: 80 yd (73 m) in 5 mph (4.3 kn; 8.0 km/h) wind","title":"Specifications (J/4)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"List of civil aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft"}] | [{"reference":"Ellison, N.H.; MacDemitria, R.O. (1966). Auster Aircraft – Aircraft Production List. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. p. 55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1949). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1949-50. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. pp. 20c–21c.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Selig, M. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 22 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, A. J. (1987). British Civil Aviation since 1919 Volume 1 (2nd with corrections ed.). London: Putnam. pp. 71–74. ISBN 978-0-370-10006-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-10006-7","url_text":"978-0-370-10006-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","external_links_name":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Harbor | Saxon Harbor | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 46°33′46″N 90°26′04″W / 46.56278°N 90.43444°W / 46.56278; -90.43444Harbor in Iron County, Wisconsin
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Saxon Harbor is located on Lake Superior's Oronto Bay in Iron County, Wisconsin, United States. The harbor, adjacent to Oronto Creek, is a part of a county park that includes deep sea fishing, camping and a sandy beach stretching for four miles westward. Historically, this was near the beginning of an ancient Native American trade route known as the Flambeau Trail and was the site of a fur trading post operated by John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company from 1808 to 1830.
In 2006, a $2.17 million expansion to the harbor was completed. Primarily funded by a Section 154 grant set up by U.S. Representative Dave Obey, the project added a new harbor basin, shoreline protection, new docks and restroom facilities and American Disability Act-complaint sidewalks.
On the night of July 11, 2016, a major storm destroyed the harbor. Oronto Creek spilled over its banks, washing down trees and brush; its water flowed into the harbor, washing away boats, vehicles, asphalt, concrete, and trailers at the campground. One fatality occurred at the harbor. It has since been rebuilt.
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Saxon Harbor
^ "TravelWisconsin.com Travel Item - Saxon Harbor". tourism.state.wi.us. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20.
^ "Iron County Wisconsin Development Zone". www.ironcountywi.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06.
^ http://www.ironwooddailyglobe.com/0919harb.htm
^ "Flooding causes major damage at Saxon Harbor". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
^ Uhlig, Keith (July 20, 2021). "Lake Superior: Saxon Harbor rebuilds after flood disaster". Wausau Daily Herald. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
46°33′46″N 90°26′04″W / 46.56278°N 90.43444°W / 46.56278; -90.43444 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior"},{"link_name":"Oronto Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oronto_Bay"},{"link_name":"Iron County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Jacob Astor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor"},{"link_name":"American Fur Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Fur_Company"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Dave Obey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Obey"},{"link_name":"basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_(maritime)"},{"link_name":"American Disability Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_disabilities_act"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Harbor in Iron County, WisconsinSaxon Harbor is located on Lake Superior's Oronto Bay in Iron County, Wisconsin, United States.[1] The harbor, adjacent to Oronto Creek, is a part of a county park that includes deep sea fishing, camping and a sandy beach stretching for four miles westward.[2][3] Historically, this was near the beginning of an ancient Native American trade route known as the Flambeau Trail and was the site of a fur trading post operated by John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company from 1808 to 1830.In 2006, a $2.17 million expansion to the harbor was completed. Primarily funded by a Section 154 grant set up by U.S. Representative Dave Obey, the project added a new harbor basin, shoreline protection, new docks and restroom facilities and American Disability Act-complaint sidewalks.[4]On the night of July 11, 2016, a major storm destroyed the harbor. Oronto Creek spilled over its banks, washing down trees and brush; its water flowed into the harbor, washing away boats, vehicles, asphalt, concrete, and trailers at the campground. One fatality occurred at the harbor.[5] It has since been rebuilt.[6]","title":"Saxon Harbor"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"TravelWisconsin.com Travel Item - Saxon Harbor\". tourism.state.wi.us. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101120233940/http://tourism.state.wi.us/item_detail/Saxon_Harbor.aspx","url_text":"\"TravelWisconsin.com Travel Item - Saxon Harbor\""},{"url":"http://tourism.state.wi.us/item_detail/Saxon_Harbor.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iron County Wisconsin Development Zone\". www.ironcountywi.com. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081006021259/http://www.ironcountywi.com/camping.aspx","url_text":"\"Iron County Wisconsin Development Zone\""},{"url":"http://www.ironcountywi.com/camping.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Flooding causes major damage at Saxon Harbor\". Duluth News Tribune. 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Retrieved July 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wausaudailyherald.com/story/life/be-wisconsin/2021/07/20/lake-superior-saxon-harbor-rebuilds-after-flood-disaster/7827942002/","url_text":"\"Lake Superior: Saxon Harbor rebuilds after flood disaster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wausau_Daily_Herald","url_text":"Wausau Daily Herald"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saxon_Harbor¶ms=46_33_46_N_90_26_04_W_type:waterbody_region:US-WI_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"46°33′46″N 90°26′04″W / 46.56278°N 90.43444°W / 46.56278; -90.43444"},{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Saxon_Harbor&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Saxon_Harbor","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1580353","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Saxon Harbor"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101120233940/http://tourism.state.wi.us/item_detail/Saxon_Harbor.aspx","external_links_name":"\"TravelWisconsin.com Travel Item - Saxon Harbor\""},{"Link":"http://tourism.state.wi.us/item_detail/Saxon_Harbor.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081006021259/http://www.ironcountywi.com/camping.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Iron County Wisconsin Development Zone\""},{"Link":"http://www.ironcountywi.com/camping.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ironwooddailyglobe.com/0919harb.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.ironwooddailyglobe.com/0919harb.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/4072522-flooding-causes-major-damage-saxon-harbor-one-fatality-reported","external_links_name":"\"Flooding causes major damage at Saxon Harbor\""},{"Link":"https://www.wausaudailyherald.com/story/life/be-wisconsin/2021/07/20/lake-superior-saxon-harbor-rebuilds-after-flood-disaster/7827942002/","external_links_name":"\"Lake Superior: Saxon Harbor rebuilds after flood disaster\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saxon_Harbor¶ms=46_33_46_N_90_26_04_W_type:waterbody_region:US-WI_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"46°33′46″N 90°26′04″W / 46.56278°N 90.43444°W / 46.56278; -90.43444"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Gamblin | Jacques Gamblin | ["1 Life and career","2 Theater","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"] | French actor
This biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Jacques Gamblin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Jacques GamblinJacques Gamblin in 2018OccupationActorYears active1977-present
Jacques Gamblin is a French actor.
Life and career
Gamblin studied at the Centre dramatique de Caen (Caen Dramatic Arts Centre).
He was a professional technician in a theater company before he studied at the Comédie de Caen and acted on stage in Brittany at the Totem Theatre in Saint-Brieuc before joining the National Theatre, directed by Pierre de Rennes Debauche. H
He worked with theatre directors including Pierre Claude Yersin, Michel Dubois, Jeanne Champagne, Philippe Adrien, Alfredo Arias, Charles Tordjman, Jean-Louis Martinelli, Gildas Bourdet, and Anne Bourgeois.
He is also the author of plays including The Touch Hardware and hip (1997).
Theater
Year
Title
Author
Director
Notes
1977
George Dandin ou le Mari confondu
Molière
Bernard Lotti
1978
La Ballade de Billy Peau
Argile
Bernard Lotti
1979
Le Cid
Pierre Corneille
Pierre Debauche
1980
Marion du Faouët
Robert Angebaud
Robert Angebaud
1981
Borgnefesse
Louis-Adhémar-Timothée Le Golif
Jean-Paul Audrain
Le Fétichiste
Michel Tournier
Anne Pekoslawska
1982
L'Étang gris
Daniel Besnehard
Claude Yersin
1983
La Silhouette et l'effigie
Théophile de Viau & Georges Perec
Jean-Pierre Sarrazac
La Ballade de Billy Peau
Argile
Bernard Lotti
La Rosalie, Printemps 17
Jean-Claude Frissung
Jean-Claude Frissung
Where the Cross Is Made
Eugene O'Neill
Claude Yersin
Actes relatifs à la vie, à la mort et à l'œuvre de Monsieur Raymond Roussel, homme de lettres
Raymond Roussel & Leonardo Sciascia
Michel Dubois
1984
La Tour d'amour
Rachilde
Jeanne Champagne
Double Inconstancy
Pierre de Marivaux
Michel Dubois
1986
La Chasse à l'amour
Violette Leduc
Agnès Célérier
A Sorrow Beyond Dreams
Peter Handke
Jeanne Champagne
1987
La Ronde
Arthur Schnitzler
Alfredo Arias
1988
La Reconstitution
Bernard Noël
Charles Tordjman
1989
Le Prince travesti
Pierre de Marivaux
Jean-Louis Martinelli
1990-1991
Bérénice
Jean Racine
Jacques Lassalle
1991
L'Annonce faite à Marie
Paul Claudel
Philippe Adrien
1991-1993
Quincailleries
Jacques Gamblin
Yves Babin
1992
Vendredi, jour de liberté
Hugo Claus
Catherine de Seyne
The Playboy of the Western World
John Millington Synge
Philippe Adrien
1994
Est-ouest
Georges Bensoussan
Jacques Gamblin
Gustave n'est pas moderne
Armando Llamas
Philippe Adrien
1996
The Castle
Franz Kafka
Giorgio Barberio Corsetti
1997
Le Toucher de la hanche
Jacques Gamblin
Jean-Michel Isabel
1999-2001
Raisons de famille
Gérald Aubert
Gildas Bourdet
Nominated - Molière Award for Best Actor
2002
Maladie
Tanguy Viel
Jacques Gamblin
Clémence, à mon bras
Pierre Notte
Jacques Gamblin
2003
Images
Armando Llamas
Jacques Gamblin
2004-2006
Entre courir et voler y a qu'un pas papa
Jacques Gamblin
Claude Baqué
2007
Confidences trop intimes
Jérôme Tonnerre
Patrice Leconte
Nominated - Molière Award for Best Actor
2007-2009
Les Diablogues
Roland Dubillard
Anne Bourgeois
2008
Léger au front
Fernand Léger
Patrice Alexandre, David Chaillou, ...
2010-2012
La nuit sera calme
Romain Gary
Jacques Gamblin
Tout est normal, mon cœur scintille
Jacques Gamblin
Anne Bourgeois
2011-2012
Gamblin jazze, de Wilde sextete
Jacques Gamblin
Jacques Gamblin
2015
1 heure 23’14 et 7 centièmes
Bastien Lefèvre & Jacques Gamblin
Jacques Gamblin
Molière Award for Best ActorNominated - Molière Award for Best One-Man-Show
2015-2017
Ce que le djazz fait à ma djambe !
Jacques Gamblin
Jacques Gamblin
2017-2018
Je parle à un homme qui ne tient pas en place
Jacques Gamblin
Jacques Gamblin
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Director
Notes
1985
Hell Train
Roger Hanin
1986
L'été 36
Alain Mercier
Yves Robert
TV movie
1989
Périgord noir
Rémi
Nicolas Ribowski
1990
There Were Days... and Moons
Husband
Claude Lelouch
Le vagabond des mers
José Varela
TV Mini-Series
1991
Terre rouge
Tom
Jérôme Colin & Ève Heinrich
Années de plumes, années de plomb
Mahler
Nicolas Ribowski
TV movie
1992
Adeus Princesa
Helmut
Jorge Paixão da Costa
La Belle Histoire
The young cop
Claude Lelouch
Pont et soupirs
The man
Gilles Maillard
Short
C'est mon histoire
Julien Delorme
Pierre Joassin
TV series (1 episode)
1993
Fausto
Fausto's father
Rémy Duchemin
La femme à abattre
Cow-Boy
Guy Pinon
Tout ça... pour ça !
Jacques Grandin
Claude Lelouch
Un cercueil pour deux
Jean-Louis Fournier
TV movie
1994
Les Braqueuses
Thierry
Jean-Paul Salomé
Naissances
Frédéric Graziani
Short
Les brouches
Pierre
Alain Tasma
TV movie
Couchettes express
Antoine
Luc Béraud
TV movie
1995
Les Misérables
The beadle
Claude Lelouch
Au petit Marguery
Barnabé
Laurent Bénégui
À la vie, à la mort!
Patrick
Robert Guédiguian
Sans souci
Jean-Michel Isabel
Short
1996
My Man
4th Client
Bertrand Blier
Pédale douce
Adrien Lemoine
Gabriel Aghion
Nominated - César Award for Best Supporting Actor
Une histoire d'amour à la con
Gérard Delmont
Henri-Paul Korchia
La bougeotte
Pierre
Jean-Claude Morin
TV movie
Les clients d'Avrenos
Bernard de Jonsac
Philippe Venault
TV movie
1997
Mauvais genre
Martial Bok
Laurent Bénégui
Tenue correcte exigée
Richard Poulenc
Philippe Lioret
Le leçon de Monsieur Paillasson
Michel Fessler
Short
1998
Dr. Akagi
Pete
Shohei Imamura
1999
The Color of Lies
René Sterne
Claude Chabrol
The Children of the Marshland
Garris
Jean Becker
Cabourg Film Festival - Best Actor
2001
Bella ciao
Orfeo Mancini
Stéphane Giusti
Mademoiselle
Pierre Cassini
Philippe Lioret
2002
Carnage
Jacques
Delphine Gleize
Safe Conduct
Jean Devaivre
Bertrand Tavernier
Berlin International Film Festival - Silver Bear for Best Actor
2003
Dissonances
Nat
Jérôme Cornuau
The Car Keys
Himself
Laurent Baffie
À la petite semaine
Francis
Sam Karmann
2004
Holy Lola
Dr. Pierre Ceyssac
Bertrand Tavernier
25 degrés en hiver
Miguel
Stéphane Vuillet
Le voyageur sans bagage
Gaston
Pierre Boutron
TV movie
2005
Hell
Pierre
Danis Tanović
2006
Serko
Fragonard
Joël Farges
Les irréductibles
Michel
Renaud Bertrand
Les Brigades du Tigre
Jules Bonnot
Jérôme Cornuau
2007
Fragile(s)
Vince
Martin Valente
Nos retrouvailles
Gabriel
David Oelhoffen
The Merry Widow
Léo Labaume
Isabelle Mergault
Les oubliées
Captain Christian Janvier
Hervé Hadmar
TV Mini-Series
2008
The First Day of the Rest of Your Life
Robert Duval
Rémi Bezançon
Nominated - César Award for Best Actor
2009
Bellamy
Noël Gentil
Claude Chabrol
Moi, Van Gogh
Vincent van Gogh
François Bertrand
Short
2010
Nous trois
The father
Renaud Bertrand
The Names of Love
Arthur Martin
Michel Leclerc
Nominated - César Award for Best Actor
2011
The First Man
Jacques Cormery
Gianni Amelio
Holidays by the Sea
Monsieur Cerf-volant
Pascal Rabaté
L'infiltré
Michel Carrat
Giacomo Battiato
TV movie
Une vie française
Paul Blick
Jean-Pierre Sinapi
TV movie
2012
Blind Man
Commandant Lassalle
Xavier Palud
2013
The Finishers
Paul Amblard
Nils Tavernier
Le jour attendra
Victor
Edgar Marie
2014
24 Days
Commandant Delcour
Alexandre Arcady
Hippocrate
Professor Barois
Thomas Lilti
Weekends in Normandy
Jean
Anne Villacèque
2015
En sortant de l'école
Narrator
Charlotte Cambon, Alix Fizet, ...
TV series (13 episodes)
2016
Père Fils Thérapie!
Charles Perronet
Émile Gaudreault
Blaise
Jacques
Dimitri Planchon
TV series (30 episodes)
2018
L'incroyable histoire du facteur Cheval
Joseph-Ferdinand Cheval
Nils Tavernier
References
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacques Gamblin.
Jacques Gamblin at IMDb
vteSilver Bear for Best Actor1956–1975
Burt Lancaster (1956)
Pedro Infante (1957)
Sidney Poitier (1958)
Jean Gabin (1959)
Fredric March (1960)
Peter Finch (1961)
James Stewart (1962)
Sidney Poitier (1963)
Rod Steiger (1964)
Lee Marvin (1965)
Jean-Pierre Léaud (1966)
Michel Simon (1967)
Jean-Louis Trintignant (1968)
Jean Gabin (1971)
Alberto Sordi (1972)
Vlastimil Brodský (1975)
1976–2000
Gerhard Olschewski (1976)
Fernando Fernán Gómez (1977)
Craig Russell (1978)
Michele Placido (1979)
Andrzej Seweryn (1980)
Jack Lemmon / Anatoly Solonitsyn (1981)
Michel Piccoli / Stellan Skarsgård (1982)
Bruce Dern (1983)
Albert Finney (1984)
Fernando Fernán Gómez (1985)
Tuncel Kurtiz (1986)
Gian Maria Volonté (1987)
Manfred Möck / Jörg Pose (1988)
Gene Hackman (1989)
Iain Glen (1990)
Maynard Eziashi (1991)
Armin Mueller-Stahl (1992)
Denzel Washington (1993)
Tom Hanks (1994)
Paul Newman (1995)
Sean Penn (1996)
Leonardo DiCaprio (1997)
Samuel L. Jackson (1998)
Michael Gwisdek (1999)
Denzel Washington (2000)
2001–2020
Benicio del Toro (2001)
Jacques Gamblin (2002)
Sam Rockwell (2003)
Daniel Hendler (2004)
Lou Taylor Pucci (2005)
Moritz Bleibtreu (2006)
Julio Chávez (2007)
Reza Naji (2008)
Sotigui Kouyaté (2009)
Grigoriy Dobrygin / Sergei Puskepalis (2010)
Shahab Hosseini / Babak Karimi / Payman Maadi / Ali-Asghar Shahbazi (2011)
Mikkel Følsgaard (2012)
Nazif Mujić (2013)
Liao Fan (2014)
Tom Courtenay (2015)
Majd Mastoura (2016)
Georg Friedrich (2017)
Anthony Bajon (2018)
Wang Jingchun (2019)
Elio Germano (2020)
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This article about a French actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jacques Gamblin is a French actor.","title":"Jacques Gamblin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre dramatique de Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_dramatique_de_Caen&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Gamblin studied at the Centre dramatique de Caen (Caen Dramatic Arts Centre).He was a professional technician in a theater company before he studied at the Comédie de Caen and acted on stage in Brittany at the Totem Theatre in Saint-Brieuc before joining the National Theatre, directed by Pierre de Rennes Debauche. HHe worked with theatre directors including Pierre Claude Yersin, Michel Dubois, Jeanne Champagne, Philippe Adrien, Alfredo Arias, Charles Tordjman, Jean-Louis Martinelli, Gildas Bourdet, and Anne Bourgeois.He is also the author of plays including The Touch Hardware and hip (1997).","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theater"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jacques+Gamblin%22","external_links_name":"\"Jacques Gamblin\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jacques+Gamblin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jacques+Gamblin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jacques+Gamblin%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jacques+Gamblin%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jacques+Gamblin%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0303826/","external_links_name":"Jacques Gamblin"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121407342","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/78470951","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMC6vDDJ4kF4fvxQfpfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122723712","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122723712","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509425206706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1017437513","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007444942505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003072840","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0150760&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p25067677X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fa2fa6b2-56ae-4559-9170-da74e5857075","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/XsG-nFuBb","external_links_name":"Deutsche Synchronkartei"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6252f3n","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/031525636","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Gamblin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Moger | Sandy Moger | ["1 Career statistics","2 Awards and honours","3 References","4 External links"] | Canadian former ice hockey player (born 1969)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Sandy Moger" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ice hockey player
Sandy MogerBorn
(1969-03-21) March 21, 1969 (age 55)100 Mile House, British Columbia, CanadaHeight
6 ft 3 in (191 cm)Weight
218 lb (99 kg; 15 st 8 lb)Position
Right WingShot
RightPlayed for
NHL Los Angeles Kings Boston Bruins SM-liiga Ässät HIFK DEL Krefeld Pinguine Schwenninger Wild WingsNHL draft
176th overall, 1989Vancouver CanucksPlaying career
1992–2007
Alexander "Sandy" Moger (born March 21, 1969) is a Canadian former ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins and the Los Angeles Kings. Moger was drafted 176th overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft, but never managed to play a game for them. In five NHL seasons, Moger scored 79 points (41 goals and 38 assists) in 236 regular season games, picking up 212 penalty minutes in the process. He also played in seasons between 2001 and 2007 in Europe.
Moger is notable for having scored the first goal at Boston's FleetCenter (now known as the TD Garden) during a game against the New York Islanders on October 7, 1995.
Career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Season
Team
League
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
1986–87
Vernon Lakers
BCJHL
13
5
4
9
10
—
—
—
—
—
1987–88
Yorkton Terriers
SJHL
60
39
41
80
144
16
7
6
13
—
1988–89
Lake Superior State University
NCAA
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1989–90
Lake Superior State University
NCAA
37
5
21
26
28
—
—
—
—
—
1990–91
Lake Superior State University
NCAA
37
5
21
26
28
—
—
—
—
—
1991–92
Lake Superior State University
NCAA
37
5
21
26
28
—
—
—
—
—
1992–93
Hamilton Canucks
AHL
78
23
26
49
57
—
—
—
—
—
1993–94
Hamilton Canucks
AHL
29
9
8
17
41
—
—
—
—
—
1994–95
Providence Bruins
AHL
63
32
29
61
105
—
—
—
—
—
1994–95
Boston Bruins
NHL
18
2
6
8
6
—
—
—
—
—
1995–96
Boston Bruins
NHL
80
15
14
29
65
5
2
2
4
12
1996–97
Boston Bruins
NHL
34
10
3
13
45
—
—
—
—
—
1996–97
Providence Bruins
AHL
3
0
2
2
19
—
—
—
—
—
1997–98
Los Angeles Kings
NHL
62
11
13
24
70
—
—
—
—
—
1998–99
Los Angeles Kings
NHL
42
3
2
5
26
—
—
—
—
—
1999–00
Houston Aeros
IHL
45
13
10
23
43
2
1
1
2
4
2000–01
Houston Aeros
IHL
63
18
24
42
58
7
5
0
5
2
2001–02
Ässät
Liiga
36
13
11
24
79
—
—
—
—
—
2001–02
HIFK
Liiga
12
2
2
4
14
—
—
—
—
—
2002–03
Krefeld Pinguine
DEL
44
11
5
16
52
14
2
2
4
34
2003–04
SERC Wild Wings
Germany2
46
33
26
59
107
3
0
3
3
4
2004–05
SERC Wild Wings
Germany2
32
11
9
20
58
1
1
0
1
2
2005–06
SERC Wild Wings
Germany2
47
28
24
52
120
10
7
5
12
28
2006–07
HC Pustertal Wölfe
Italy
37
29
27
56
102
—
—
—
—
—
NHL totals
236
41
38
79
212
5
2
2
4
12
Awards and honours
Award
Year
All-CCHA Second Team
1991-92
References
^ "CCHA All-Teams". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey winger born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"1989 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"TD Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerAlexander \"Sandy\" Moger (born March 21, 1969) is a Canadian former ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins and the Los Angeles Kings. Moger was drafted 176th overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft, but never managed to play a game for them. In five NHL seasons, Moger scored 79 points (41 goals and 38 assists) in 236 regular season games, picking up 212 penalty minutes in the process. He also played in seasons between 2001 and 2007 in Europe.Moger is notable for having scored the first goal at Boston's FleetCenter (now known as the TD Garden) during a game against the New York Islanders on October 7, 1995.","title":"Sandy Moger"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"CCHA All-Teams\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/ccha_all.html","url_text":"\"CCHA All-Teams\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sandy+Moger%22","external_links_name":"\"Sandy Moger\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sandy+Moger%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sandy+Moger%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sandy+Moger%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sandy+Moger%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sandy+Moger%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/ccha_all.html","external_links_name":"\"CCHA All-Teams\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8457406","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=42412&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/40333-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/m/mogersa01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=3761","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Moger&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmir_Louruz | Valmir Louruz | ["1 Managerial statistics","2 Honors","2.1 Player","2.2 Manager","3 References","4 External links"] | Brazilian footballer and manager
Valmir LouruzPersonal informationDate of birth
(1944-03-13)March 13, 1944Place of birth
Porto Alegre (RS - Brazil)Date of death
April 29, 2015(2015-04-29) (aged 71)Position(s)
DefenderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1967–1968
Pelotas
1968
Palmeiras
1969–1971
Internacional
1971
CSA
Managerial career1981
Juventude1981–1983
Pelotas1984
CSA1984
Juventude1985–1986
Brasil de Pelotas1986
CSA1987
Londrina1987
Vitória1988
Náutico1988–1989
Vitória1990–1993
Kuwait Olympic1994
Santa Cruz1995
Londrina1996
Tuna Luso1997
Paysandu1997
Pelotas1998
Júbilo Iwata1999
Juventude1999
Internacional2000
Juventude2000–2001
Figueirense2001–2002
Vila Nova2003
São José2003
Pelotas2003–2005
Al-Ahli (Jeddah)2005–2006
CSA2006–2007
Pelotas2007–2008
Duque de Caxias2009
CRB
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Valmir Louruz (Porto Alegre, March 13, 1944 – April 29, 2015) was a Brazilian football manager.
Managerial statistics
Team
From
To
Record
G
W
D
L
Win %
Júbilo Iwata
1998
1998
34
26
0
8
076.47
Total
34
26
0
8
076.47
Honors
Player
Internacional
Campeonato Gaúcho: 1969, 1970, 1971
Manager
CSA
Campeonato Alagoano: 1981
Vitória
Campeonato Baiano: 1989
Júbilo Iwata
J. League Cup: 1998
Juventude
Copa do Brasil: 1999
References
^ "Técnico campeão da Copa do Brasil pelo Juventude, Valmir Louruz morre em Porto Alegre". Pioneiro.
^ J.League Data Site(in Japanese)
External links
Valmir Louruz manager profile at J.League (archive) (in Japanese)
vteKuwait football squad – 1992 Summer Olympics
1 Al Majidi
2 Hussain
3 Hajji
4 Al-Anzi
5 Al-Kaledi
6 Al-Dhafairi
7 Marzouq
8 Al-Khodari
9 Marwi
10 Mohamed
11 Wabran
12 Al-Ahmad
13 Al-Dokhi
14 Ben Haji
15 Al-Easa
16 Al-Lanqawi
17 Enad
18 Al-Enazy
19 Al-Fadhli
20 Al-Huwaidi
Coach: Louruz
vteCopa do Brasil winning managers
1989: Duarte
1990: Pereira
1991: Scolari
1992: Lopes
1993: Pinheiro
1994: Scolari
1995: Amorim
1996: Levir
1997: Evaristo
1998: Scolari
1999: Louruz
2000: Aurélio
2001: Tite
2002: Parreira
2003: Luxemburgo
2004: Chamusca
2005: Mancini
2006: Franco
2007: Renato
2008: Nelsinho
2009: Mano
2010: Dorival
2011: Gomes
2012: Scolari
2013: Jayme
2014: Levir
2015: Oliveira
2016: Renato
2017: Mano
2018: Mano
2019: Nunes
2020: Ferreira
2021: Cuca
2022: Dorival
2023: Dorival
Managerial positions
vteJuventude – managers
Daltro (1977)
Andrade (1978–79)
Gainete (1979)
Louruz (1980)
Scolari (1982–83)
Louruz (1984)
Culpi (1986)
Scolari (1986–87)
Maciel (1987)
Almeida (1989)
Fito (1990)
Arenari (1991)
H. dos Anjos (1991)
Davino (1991–92)
Arenari (1993)
Heron (1994–95)
Leão (1995–96)
Geninho (1996)
Murtosa (1997)
Tite (1997)
Nunes (1997)
Cassiá (1997)
Duarte (1998)
Sandri (1998)
Louruz (1999)
Heron (1999)
Nunes (1999)
Roberval (2000)
Geninho (2000)
Louruz (2000)
R. Davino (2000)
Paulo (2000–01)
H. dos Anjos (2001)
Zé Teodoro (2001–02)
Neto (2002)
R. Gomes (2002)
Peres (2003)
Plein (2003)
Plassmann (2003)
Caio Jr. (2004)
Wortmann (2004–05)
Dorival Jr. (2005)
Lazaroni (2005)
H. dos Anjos (2005–06)
Wortmann (2006–07)
Campos c (2007)
Duarte (2007)
Almeida c (2007)
E. Gaúcho (2007–08)
Zetti (2008)
Wortmann (2008)
PC Gusmão (2009)
Iser (2009)
Zé Teodoro (2009)
Freitas c (2009)
Wortmann (2009)
Loss (2010)
Almeida (2010–11)
Picoli (2011–12)
Martins (2012)
Barroso (2012)
Lisca (2012–13)
Delamore (2014)
Roger (2014)
Picoli (2014–15)
Zago (2015–16)
Paulo César (2017)
Dal Pozzo (2017)
Angonese c (2017)
Zago (2017–18)
Angonese c (2018)
J. Camargo (2018)
Winck (2018–19)
M. Santos (2019)
Fahel c (2019)
M. Santos (2020)
Pintado (2020–21)
M. Santos (2021)
J. Ventura (2021–22)
Barros c (2022)
E. Baptista (2022)
Louzer (2022)
Zanella c (2022)
Roth (2022–23)
Adaílton c (2023)
Pintado (2023)
Adaílton c (2023)
Carpini (2023)
Roger (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteCSA – managers
Dória (1975)
Peçanha (1977)
Paulistinha (1978)
Dória (1979–80)
Menezes (1981)
Lima c (1981)
Louruz (1981)
Scolari (1982)
Velha (1982)
China (1983)
Louruz (1984)
Carabina (1984–85)
Fidélis (1985)
Louruz (1986)
Davino (1986–87)
Martins (1987)
Carabina (1988)
Pompéia (1989)
Marcos (1989)
Coimbra (1989)
Givanildo (1990–91)
Mauro (1991)
Montenegro (1991)
Paulo Marcos (1992)
Félix c (1992)
Gainete (1992)
Félix c (1992)
Givanildo (1992)
Félix (1992)
Brida (1993)
Carabina (1993)
Freitas (1994)
Davino (1995)
Maurício (1995)
Freitas (1996)
Davino (1996)
Giba (1997–98)
Celso (1998–99)
Chamusca (1999)
Ubirajara (1999)
Estevam (1999)
Oliveira (2000)
Pinho (2000)
Santero (2000)
Estevam (2001)
Adão (2001)
Heriberto (2001–02)
Ubirajara (2002)
Robertinho (2003–04)
Ferdinando (2005)
Márcio (2005)
Louruz (2005–06)
Gilberto (2006)
Magalhães (2006)
Agnaldo (2006)
Celso (2007–08)
Barros (2008)
Cruz (2008)
Jr Lopes (2008)
Gil (2008)
Barros (2009)
Lorival (2009)
Hugo (2009)
Júlio (2009)
Batista (2009)
Freitas (2009)
Celso (2009)
Lino (2010–11)
Marechal c (2011)
Tilico (2011)
Edson (2011)
Celso (2012)
Círio (2012)
Lorival (2012–13)
Beto (2013)
Lino (2013)
Canindé (2014)
Estevam (2014)
Lino c (2014)
Marlon (2014)
Bagé (2014)
Nedo (2015)
Canindé (2015–17)
Da Matta (2017)
Jacozinho c (2017)
F. Araújo (2017–18)
Jacozinho c (2018)
Cabo (2018–19)
Argel (2019)
Jacozinho c (2019)
Barbieri (2020)
E. Baptista (2020)
Argel (2020)
Adriano c (2020)
Mozart (2020–21)
Adriano c (2021)
Pivetti (2021)
Adriano c (2021)
Ney Franco (2021)
Mozart (2021–22)
Valentim (2022)
Adriano c (2022)
R. Fernandes (2022)
Adriano c (2022)
R. Fonseca (2023)
Bebeto c (2023)
Bergantin (2023)
Cabo (2023)
R. Corrêa (2024)
Cabo (2024)
Bebeto c (2024)
Cristian (2024)
Bebeto c (2024)
Higo (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteBrasil de Pelotas – managers
Kirst (1913)
Kirst (1916)
Maneca (1917)
Romangueira (1918)
Maneca (1919)
Lourenço (1921–23)
Maneca (1925)
O. Marques (1926)
Deoclécio (1927)
D. Delphino (1928)
dos Anjos (1929)
Deoclécio (1931)
J. Domingos (1931)
Deoclécio (1932)
Landarti (1934)
Ramalho (1935)
E. Jorge (1936)
Teotônio (1937)
Cotelari (1937)
Nascimento (1938)
Teotônio (1939)
Cotelari (1940)
Teté (1940–43)
Sófia (1943)
Teotônio (1944)
Cotelari (1944)
Teté (1945–46)
Leal (1947–49)
Fuleiro (1949–51)
Fierro (1952–53)
Galego (1953–55)
Leal (1956)
Seara (1956)
Gita (1956)
Carrapicho (1956)
Cotelari (1956–58)
Fuleiro (1957)
Seara (1957)
Touguinha (1957)
Leal (1958)
Teotônio (1958)
Caruccio (1958–60)
Teotônio (1961)
Seara (1961)
Chiquinho I (1961)
Tito (1961)
Thomáz (1962)
Chiquinho I (1962)
Tibirica (1962)
Galego (1962–66)
Souza (1966)
Barbosa (1966–72)
Urruty (1972–73)
Castelã (1973)
Steiner (1973)
Canhoto (1975)
Birinha (1976)
Canhoto (1976)
Barbosa (1977)
Heinz (1977)
Barbosa (1978)
Urruty (1978)
Buzetto (1978)
Vargas (1978)
Laone (1979)
Castelã (1979)
S. Lopes (1980)
Giampaoli (1981)
Galego (1981)
Barbosa (1981)
Cogo (1982)
Galego (1982–83)
Scolari (1983)
Deca (1984)
Cassiá (1985)
Louruz (1985–86)
Galego (1986)
Poletto (1986)
Wortmann (1987–88)
Tim (1988)
Galego (1989)
Minuca (1990)
Almeida (1990)
D. Menezes (1990)
Galego (1991–92)
Laone (1992–93)
Ceará (1993–94)
Guedes (1994)
Gasperin (1994)
Vacaria (1995)
Roth (1995)
Silva (1996–97)
Vacaria (1997)
H. Vieira (1997–98)
Ceará (1998)
Cavalheiro (1998)
Robertinho (1998–99)
Silva (1999)
Mattos (1999)
Cuca (1999)
Wágner (1999)
Chiquinho II (2000)
Macuglia (2000)
Ceará (2001)
Chiquinho II (2001)
Suca (2002)
H. Vieira (2002)
Menezes (2002)
Knevitz (2002)
Suca (2003)
Freitas (2003)
Zimmermann (2004–06)
Porto (2006)
Quintela (2007)
da Matta (2007)
Suca (2007–08)
Lisca (2008)
Almeida (2008)
Schülle (2008)
Suca (2008)
Dessessards (2009)
Duarte (2009)
Porto (2009)
Ribeiro (2009)
André Luís (2010)
Iser (2010)
H. Vieira (2011)
Almeida (2011)
Ramirez (2011)
L. Vieira (2011–12)
Rospide (2012)
Zimmermann (2012–17)
Clemer (2017–18)
Dal Pozzo (2018)
Zimmermann (2018)
Santos (2019)
Papa (2019)
Zimmermann (2019)
Bolívar (2019)
Papa (2020)
H. Maria (2020)
Tencati (2020–21)
Cirilo c (2021)
Cléber (2021)
Cirilo c (2021)
Testoni (2021–22)
Cirilo c (2022)
T. Gomes (2022)
Zimmermann (2023)
Daitx (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteLondrina – managers
Búrigo (1973)
Renganeschi (1977–78)
Bala (1979–80)
Urubatão (1980)
Espinosa (1981)
Urubatão (1981–82)
Julinho (1982)
Itamar (1983)
Romeu (1986)
Louruz (1987)
Bianchini (1988)
Benê (1989)
Moysés (1989)
Urubatão (1989)
Paquito (1989)
Paiva (1991)
Varlei (1992)
Paiva (1993)
Gainete (1994)
Serrão (1995)
Maia (1996)
Louruz (1996)
Urubatão (1996)
Gainete (1996)
Tadei (1996)
S. Lopes (1997)
Nazareno (1997)
Varlei (1998)
Comelli (1999)
Val (1999–2000)
V. Ferreira (2000)
Fantick c (2000)
Dino c (2000)
Paiva (2000)
F. Nascimento (2001–02)
Cenci (2002)
R. Fernandes (2003)
M. Fernandes (2003)
Plassmann (2004)
Caio Jr. (2004)
Zezito (2004)
R. Fonseca (2005)
J. Pereira (2005)
Vica (2005–06)
E. Vieira (2006)
Ribeiro (2006)
Lio Evaristo (2006)
R. Fonseca (2006–07)
G. Pereira (2007)
Dirceu de M. (2007)
Madureira (2007–08)
Nei César (2008)
G. Pereira (2008–09)
Madureira (2009)
C. Silva (2010)
Tencati (2011–17)
Ricardinho (2018)
Santos (2018)
Soares (2018)
R. Fonseca (2018)
Alemão (2019)
R. Fonseca (2019)
Alemão (2019)
Tencati (2019)
Mazola Jr. (2019)
Silvinho c (2019)
Alemão (2020–21)
Silvinho (2021)
R. Fonseca (2021)
E. Borges c (2021)
M. Fernandes (2021)
Eutrópio (2022)
Edinho c (2022)
Adilson (2022)
Edinho (2023)
Feitosa (2023)
E. Vieira c (2023)
Gallo (2023)
E. Vieira c (2023)
PC Gusmão (2023)
Muller c (2023)
E. Souza (2023)
R. Fonseca (2023)
R. Fonseca Jr. c (2023)
Ávila (2024)
Claudinei (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteVitória – managers
C. Viola (1927)
G. Carvalho (1940)
Mesquita (1941)
Tolentino (1941)
Vani (1942–44)
Barradas (1945)
Barbosa (1946)
Rui Carneiro (1947)
Letona (1948)
Dante (1949)
Luiz Viana (1950)
Paulo Dantas (1950–51)
Sobrinho (1951)
Tintas (1951)
Bengalinha (1952)
Ramiro (1953)
O. Costa (1953)
Jombrega (1953)
H. Viana c (1953)
Volante (1953–55)
Ramiro (1955–56)
Bengalinha (1956)
Volante (1956)
Paulo Dantas (1956)
Bengalinha (1957)
Pedro Rodrigues (1957–58)
Bengalinha (1958)
Ramiro (1958)
Fer Lopes (1959)
Eloy c (1959)
Bengalinha (1959–60)
Tenete Melo c (1960–61)
Pinguela (1961)
Sotero (1961–62)
R. Magalhães (1962)
Nelinho c (1962)
Bengalinha (1962–63)
R. Magalhães (1963)
J. Freitas (1963)
Nelinho c (1963)
Bengalinha (1963)
Sotero (1963)
da Mota (1964)
Bengalinha (1964)
R. Magalhães (1964)
P. Emilio (1965–67)
Fontoura c (1967)
Ouri (1967)
Fontoura (1967)
Palmeira (1967)
Carlão c (1967)
Otonei Veloso (1967–68)
Palmeira (1968)
da Mota (1968–69)
Bengalinha (1969)
Amaro (1969)
Pinguela (1969–70)
Mundinho c (1970)
Velha (1970)
Mundinho c (1970)
Betancourt (1970)
Mundinho c (1970)
Palmeira (1970)
Velha (1971)
Tapioca (1971)
Nelinho c (1971)
R. Magalhães (1971)
Nelinho c (1971)
Jair (1971–72)
Bengalinha (1972)
Djalma Santos (1972)
Vieira (1972)
Paulinho (1972)
Melquizedeque (1973)
Castilho (1973–74)
Bengalinha (1975)
Paulinho (1975)
Bengalinha (1975)
Tim (1975)
Melquizedeque c (1975)
Tim (1976)
Custódio (1976–77)
Sérgio M. (1977)
Melquizedeque (1977)
González (1977–78)
Pinguela (1978)
Barata c (1978)
A. Moreira (1978–79)
Peçanha (1980)
João Vieira (1980)
Nílton Santos (1980)
Belisco c (1980)
Froner (1980)
Pinguela (1980)
Lanzoninho (1981)
Belisco (1981)
Mont'alegre c (1981)
Belisco (1981)
M. Juliato (1981)
Rabelo c (1981)
Daltro (1981)
Belisco (1981)
Froner (1981)
Daltro (1982)
Belisco c (1982)
Eliseu (1982)
Pinguela (1982)
Caiçara (1983)
Raimundo c (1983)
Djalma (1983)
Raimundo (1983)
A. Moreira (1984)
Belisco c (1984)
Wilson Lago (1984)
Luciano (1985)
Gainete (1985–86)
Fito (1986)
Abel (1986–87)
Travaglini (1987)
Louruz (1987)
M. Sérgio (1988)
Raimundo c (1988)
Fantoni (1988)
Louruz (1988)
Catimba (1989)
J. Francisco (1989)
Catimba (1989–90)
Gainete (1990)
Enaldo (1991)
P. Pires (1991)
Catimba (1991)
H. dos Anjos (1991–92)
J. Francisco (1992–93)
Cidinho (1993)
T. Baiano c (1993)
Fito (1993)
J. Francisco (1994)
Ramirez (1994)
Fito (1994)
Geninho (1994)
P. Chamusca (1994–95)
Geninho (1995)
H. dos Anjos (1996)
Edinho (1996)
Arturzinho (1997)
Candinho (1997)
Evaristo (1997)
H. dos Anjos (1998)
Roth (1998)
Geninho (1998)
R. Gomes (1999)
Cerezo (1999)
M. Aurélio (2000)
Arturzinho (2000)
R. Gomes (2000)
M. Sérgio (2001)
P. Chamusca (2001)
Arturzinho (2001)
Espinosa (2001)
Joel (2002–03)
Edinho (2003)
Góes c (2003)
Sandri (2003)
Góes c (2003)
Agnaldo Liz (2004)
Oswaldo (2004)
H. dos Anjos (2004)
Evaristo (2004)
Simões (2005)
Arturzinho (2005–06)
Fito (2006)
Ferreira (2006)
M. Fernandes (2006–07)
Prates c (2007)
Givanildo (2007)
Prates c (2007)
M. Aurélio (2007)
Vadão (2007–08)
Tanajura c (2008)
Mancini (2008–09)
M. Fernandes (2009)
R. Silva c (2009)
Carpegiani (2009)
R. Silva c (2009)
Mancini (2009)
R. Silva (2010)
T. Cecílio (2010)
R. Silva (2010)
A. Lopes (2010–11)
R. Silva c (2011)
Geninho (2011)
R. Silva c (2011)
Benazzi (2011)
Cerezo (2012)
R. Silva c (2012)
Carpegiani (2012)
R. Silva c (2012)
PC Gusmão (2012)
Caio Jr. (2012–13)
Ney Franco (2013–14)
C. Amadeu c (2014)
Jorginho (2014)
Bastos c (2014)
Ney Franco (2014)
Drubscky (2015)
C. Amadeu c (2015)
Claudinei (2015)
W. Carvalho c (2015)
Mancini (2015–16)
Argel (2016–17)
W. Carvalho c (2017)
Petković (2017)
Gallo (2017)
Tanajura c (2017)
Mancini (2017–18)
Burse c (2018)
Carpegiani (2018)
Burse c (2018)
M. Chamusca (2019)
Tencati (2019)
Loss (2019)
C. Amadeu (2019)
Geninho (2019–20)
Pivetti (2020)
Barroca (2020)
R. Chagas c (2020)
Mazola Jr. (2020)
R. Chagas (2020–21)
Ramon (2021)
R. Amadeu c (2021)
W. Lopes (2021)
Cavalcanti (2022)
Geninho (2022)
R. Amadeu c (2022)
Fabiano (2022)
Burse (2022–23)
R. Amadeu c (2023)
Condé (2023–24)
Carpini (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteNáutico – managers
H. Cabelli (1930)
J. Loureiro (1934–35)
H. Cabelli (1935)
J. Loureiro (1936)
Eládio (1938)
H. Cabelli (1938–40)
Tito (1940–41)
Eládio c (1941)
Brotherhood (1941)
Eládio c (1941)
H. Cabelli (1941)
C. Viola (1941–42)
Eládio (1942)
J. Fernandes (1942–43)
Vani (1944)
Lázaro (1944–45)
Munt (1945–47)
Álvaro B. (1947–49)
H. Cabelli (1949)
Palmeira (1950–54)
Ivanildo (1954–55)
Pirilllo (1954–55)
Fiorotti (1955–56)
Ivanildo (1956)
Otto (1956)
G. Carvalho (1956–57)
Diéz (1957–58)
J. Costa (1958)
Ferraz (1958)
Ivanildo (1958)
Palmeira (1958–59)
Diéz (1959–60)
Schiller (1960)
Sávio (1960)
Magalhães (1960)
G. Cardoso (1960–61)
Andrade (1961)
González (1961)
Duque (1962–64)
Mituca (1964)
Duque (1964)
Mituca (1965)
Antoninho (1965)
Mituca (1966)
Dante (1966)
Duque (1966)
Miraglia (1967)
Duque (1967–68)
Manuelzinho (1969)
Paulinho (1969)
Manuelzinho (1969)
Gradim (1969–70)
Pirilllo (1970)
Cido (1970)
Edmur (1971)
Antoninho (1971)
Palmeira (1971)
Lucena (1971)
Gradim (1972)
J. Avelino (1973)
Marão (1973)
Schiller (1973)
Gradim (1973)
Fantoni (1974–75)
Carabina (1976–77)
Jálber (1977)
Duque (1977–78)
Danilo (1978)
Juan Pérez (1979)
Cidinho (1979)
Pinheiro (1979–80)
Cidinho (1980)
P. Emilio (1981)
R. Brida (1981)
Chaves (1981)
Fantoni (1982)
Pepe (1982)
L. Veloso (1983)
Andrade (1984)
Givanildo (1985)
M. Juliato (1985)
L. Veloso (1985)
Carpegiani (1986)
Carlesso (1986)
Borba F. (1987)
Nogueira (1987)
Barbatana (1987)
C.A. Torres (1987–88)
Louruz (1988)
L. Sabino (1988)
Muniz (1989)
Carpegiani (1989)
R. Oliveira (1989)
Otacílio (1990)
Muniz (1991)
Nunes (1991)
Zé Mário (1992)
Muniz (1992)
M. Juliato (1992)
H. dos Anjos (1993)
L. Veloso (1993)
Nunes (1994)
Ozires (1994)
M. Juliato (1994)
M. Fernandes (1995)
Ribeiro (1995)
Givanildo (1996)
Cavalheiro (1997)
M. Fernandes (1997)
Benjamim (1997–98)
Bianchini (1998)
Neto (1998–99)
M. Fernandes (2000)
L.C. Cruz (2000–01)
J. Espinosa (2001)
Muricy (2001)
Estevam (2001)
Muricy (2002)
Benazzi (2002)
Givanildo (2002–03)
Édson c (2003)
Heriberto (2003)
E. Gaúcho (2003)
Édson (2003)
Zé Teodoro (2004)
Heron (2005)
Didi Duarte c (2005)
Galvão (2005)
Cavalo (2005)
Didi Duarte (2006)
Cavalo (2006)
Campos (2006)
H. dos Anjos (2006–07)
Zé do Carmo c (2007)
PC Gusmão (2007)
R. Fernandes (2007–08)
Sangaletti c (2008)
Leandro (2008)
L. Gomes c (2008)
Pintado (2008)
R. Fernandes (2008–09)
China c (2009)
Waldemar (2009)
Bittencourt (2009)
Geninho (2009)
Macuglia (2010)
Édson c (2010)
Gallo (2010)
R. Fernandes (2010–11)
Waldemar (2011–12)
Gallo (2012–13)
L. Gomes c (2013)
Mancini (2013)
L. Gomes c (2013)
Silas (2013)
L. Gomes c (2013)
Zé Teodoro (2013)
Jorginho (2013)
L. Gomes (2013)
Martelotte (2013)
Lisca (2014)
China c (2014)
Sidney (2014)
L. Gomes c (2014)
Dado (2014)
Moacir Jr. (2015)
L. Gomes c (2015)
Lisca (2015)
Dal Pozzo (2015–16)
Gallo (2016)
Givanildo (2016)
Dado (2017)
L. Gomes c (2017)
M. Cruz (2017)
Waldemar (2017)
L. Gomes c (2017)
Campos (2017)
R. Fernandes (2017–18)
Capixaba c (2018)
M. Goiano (2018–19)
Dal Pozzo (2019–20)
Capixaba c (2020)
Kleina (2020)
H. dos Anjos (2020–21)
Chamusca (2021)
H. dos Anjos (2021–22)
M. Rocha c (2022)
Conceição (2022)
Capixaba c (2022)
R. Fernandes (2022)
Capixaba c (2022)
Elano (2022)
Cavalcanti (2022–23)
O. Augusto c (2023)
Marchiori (2023)
Pivetti (2023)
Allan Aal (2024)
Mazola Jr. (2024)
Pivetti (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteSanta Cruz – managers
Magno (1952)
Vieira (1954–55)
Gentil (1959)
Diéz (1959)
Dante (1962)
Duque (1969–70)
Ilzo Nery (1970)
Duque (1971)
Evaristo (1972)
P. Emilio (1973)
Lanzoni (1974)
Froner (1975)
Evaristo (1975)
Andrade (1977)
Gradim (1977)
Evaristo (1977–80)
Duarte (1980)
Chaves (1981)
Nogueira (1981)
Poy (1981)
C.A. Silva (1983–84)
Sandri (1984)
S. Lopes (1985)
Ernesto (1985)
Carabina (1985)
Paulinho (1987)
Moisés (1987)
Abel (1987–88)
Givanildo (1989–90)
M. Simões (1991)
Cosme (1991–92)
Louruz (1994)
Fito (1995)
Givanildo (1998–99)
Nereu (1999)
Otacílio (1999)
Arturzinho (2000)
Ramirez (2000)
Nereu (2000)
Muricy (2001)
Ferdinando (2001)
R. Rocha (2001)
Otacílio (2002)
Heron (2002)
P. Chamusca (2003–04)
Roberval (2004)
Givanildo (2005–06)
Gomes c (2006)
Giba (2006)
Espinosa (2006)
M. Simões (2006)
Fito (2006)
Givanildo (2007)
Muniz c (2007)
M. Fernandes (2007)
Adriano c (2007)
Zé do Carmo (2008)
Nepomuceno c (2008)
Fito (2008)
Bagé (2008)
Muniz c (2008)
Bittencourt (2008–09)
China (2009)
Bittencourt (2009)
Sandri (2010)
Dado (2010)
Givanildo (2010)
Henry c (2010)
Zé Teodoro (2011–12)
Martelotte (2013)
Sandro (2013)
Vica (2013–14)
Ataíde c (2014)
S. Guedes (2014)
Adriano c (2014)
Canindé (2014)
Ricardinho (2015)
Martelotte (2015–16)
Adriano c (2016)
Mendes (2016)
Adriano c (2016)
Doriva (2016)
Adriano c (2016)
Eutrópio (2017)
Adriano c (2017)
Givanildo (2017)
Martelotte (2017)
Adriano c (2017)
Jr. Rocha (2018)
Adriano c (2018)
PC Gusmão (2018)
R. Fernandes (2018)
Leston Jr. (2019)
Mendes (2019)
Itamar (2020)
Martelotte (2020–21)
Brigatti (2021)
Roberto c (2021)
Gallo (2021)
Bolívar (2021)
R. Fernandes (2021)
Leston Jr. (2021–22)
Martelotte (2022)
Ranielle (2023)
Conceição (2023)
Piza (2023)
Itamar (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vtePaysandu – managers
G. Cardoso (1961–63)
J. Álvarez (1965–66)
G. Cardoso (1968)
C. Castilho (1969)
J. Álvarez (1976)
Marão (1977)
Pirilllo (1977)
P. Emilio (1979)
J. Avelino (1981)
J. Pereira (1982)
Portella (1986)
Givanildo (1987–88)
J. Francisco (1990)
Paulinho (1992)
Picerni (1993)
Tata (1993)
Bira (1994)
Fantato (1994)
Tata (1994–95)
Serrão (1995)
L. Pereira (1995–96)
Louruz (1997)
Tata (1997)
Givanildo (2000)
Ramirez (2001)
Givanildo (2001–02)
H. dos Anjos (2002)
Pereyra (2003)
Givanildo (2003)
Wortmann (2003)
Benazzi (2004)
Adilson (2004)
C.A. Torres (2004)
Neto (2004)
Cavalo (2005)
Kleina (2005)
Campos (2005)
Neto (2005)
C.A. Torres (2005)
P.R. Santos (2006)
Peres (2006)
A. Fonseca (2006)
C. César (2006)
Zaluar (2007–08)
Lourenço (2008)
Gaúcho (2009)
Nazareno (2009)
Barbieri (2009)
Guerreiro (2010)
Barbieri (2010)
Naves (2010)
Cosme (2011)
R. Fernandes (2011)
Gaúcho (2011)
Andrade (2011)
Davino (2012)
Lecheva (2012–2013)
Givanildo (2013)
Arturzinho (2013)
Benazzi (2013)
Gameleira c (2013)
Mazola Jr. (2014)
Gameleira c (2014)
Vica (2014)
Mazola Jr. (2014)
Sidney (2015)
Cavalcanti (2015–16)
Dal Pozzo (2016)
Cavalcanti (2016)
Chamusca (2017)
Gameleira c (2017)
M. Santos (2017–18)
Cavalcanti (2018)
Guilherme (2018)
A. Costa c (2018)
Brigatti (2018–19)
Condé (2019)
Niehues c (2019)
H. dos Anjos (2019–20)
Niehues c (2020)
M. Costa (2020)
Niehues c (2020)
Brigatti (2020–21)
A. Costa c (2021)
Schülle (2021)
Bezerra c (2021)
Eutrópio (2021)
R. Fonseca (2021)
Bezerra c (2021)
M. Fernandes (2022–23)
Bezerra c (2023)
M. Santos (2023)
H. dos Anjos (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteInternacional – managers
Poppe Leão (1909)
C. Kluwe (1910–15)
Carvalho (1910–15)
R. Kluwe (1916)
Alves (1917)
Cunha (1918)
C. Kluwe (1919–21)
Godolfim (1922)
Araújo (1923)
De Lorenzi (1923)
Pacheco (1924)
R. Kluwe (1925)
Sales (1926)
Arreguy (1926)
Mendonça (1927)
Correa Lima (1928)
Travassos (1929)
Ryff (1929)
Genta (1930)
De Lorenzi (1931)
Genta (1932)
Ryff (1933–34)
de Abreu (1934–35)
Parrot (1935)
Souto Mayor (1936)
Travassos Souto (1936)
Souza Neto (1937)
Fernandes Bouças (1937)
Goldenberg (1937)
Fernandes Bouças (1938)
Torriani (1939)
Azevedo e Sousa (1940)
Simões (1940)
Bocorni (1941)
Diez (1942)
de Abreu (1942)
Cavedini (1942)
da Silva (1943)
Bocorni (1943)
Cavedini (1944)
Britto (1945)
Letona (1946)
Volante (1946–48)
Magno (1949)
Cavedini (1949)
Alfeu (1949–50)
González (1950)
Teté (1951–57)
Leal (1957)
Francisco (1958)
Engelke (1958)
Rodrigues (1959)
Pirillo (1959)
Teté (1960)
Noronha (1960)
J. C. Cunha (1960–61)
Torres (1961)
Froner (1962)
Figueiró (1962)
Noronha (1963)
J. C. Cunha (1963)
Brunelli (1963)
Mendes Ribeiro (1963)
J. C. Cunha (1963)
Torres (1964)
Reis (1965)
Larry (1965)
Paulinho (1966)
Magno (1966)
Mendes Ribeiro (1966)
Torres (1967)
Figueiró (1967)
Rolla (1968)
Daltro (1968–71)
Sani (1971–74)
Minelli (1974–76)
Castilho (1977)
Gainete (1977–78)
C. Duarte (1978–79)
Zé Duarte (1979)
Ênio (1979–80)
Juliato (1981)
C. Duarte (1981)
Guedes (1982–83)
Sani (1983–84)
Otacílio (1984–85)
Cavalheiro (1986–87)
Andrade (1987)
Gainete (1988)
Chiquinho (1988)
Abel (1988–89)
Carpegiani (1989)
C. Duarte (1989)
Bráulio (1989)
Carbone (1989)
Guedes (1990)
Levir (1990)
Espinosa (1990)
Bianchini (1990)
Ênio (1990–91)
Abel (1991)
C. Duarte (1991)
A. Lopes (1992)
Andrade (1993)
Falcão (1993)
Cardoso (1994)
C. Duarte (1994–95)
Abel (1995)
Rocha (1996)
Nelsinho (1996)
Figueroa (1996)
Roth (1997–98)
Cassiá (1998)
Otacílio (1998)
Autuori (1999)
Louruz (1999)
Leão (1999)
Zé Mário (2000–01)
C. Duarte (2001)
Parreira (2001)
Wortmann (2002)
Guto (2002)
Roth (2002)
C. Duarte (2002)
Muricy (2003)
Sandri (2004)
Joel (2004)
Muricy (2004–05)
Abel (2006–07)
Gallo (2007)
Abel (2007–08)
Guto (2008)
Tite (2008–09)
Mário Sérgio (2009)
Fossati (2010)
Roth (2010–11)
Falcão (2011)
Loss (2011)
Dorival Jr. (2011–12)
Fernandão (2012)
Loss c (2012)
Dunga (2013)
Clemer c (2013)
Abel (2014)
Aguirre (2015)
Odair c (2015)
Argel (2015–16)
Falcão (2016)
Roth (2016)
Lisca (2016)
Zago (2017)
Odair c (2017)
Guto (2017)
Odair (2017–19)
Colbachini c (2019)
Zé Ricardo (2019)
Coudet (2020)
Abel (2020–21)
F. Matias c (2021)
Ramírez (2021)
Loss c (2021)
Aguirre (2021)
Medina (2022)
C. de Almeida c (2022)
Mano (2022–23)
Coudet (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteJúbilo Iwata – managers
K. Nagasawa (1993)
Ooft (1994–96)
Scolari (1997)
Kuwahara (1997)
Valmir (1998)
Kuwahara (1999)
Hadžievski (2000)
M. Suzuki (2000–02)
Yanagishita (2003)
Kuwahara (2004)
M. Suzuki (2004)
Yamamoto (2004–06)
Adilson (2006–07)
Uchiyama (2007–08)
Ooft (2008)
Yanagishita (2009–11)
Morishita (2012–13)
T. Nagasawa (2013)
Sekizuka (2013)
Chamusca (2014)
Nanami (2014–19)
H. Suzuki (2019)
Kobayashic (2019)
Jubero (2019–20)
M. Suzuki (2020–21)
Ito (2022)
Shibuya (2022)
Yokouchi (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteFigueirense – managers
Magno (1944)
Saul (1960)
Nizeta (1962–63)
Antoninho (1973)
Búrigo (1974–76)
S. Lopes (1976)
Ocimar (1976)
Búrigo (1976)
Áureo (1976–77)
Décio (1977)
Antônio J.C. (1977–78)
Passos (1978)
J. Ferreira (1979–80)
Búrigo (1980)
Otacílio (1981)
Vieira (1981)
Gainete (1981)
S. Lopes (1982)
Danilo (1983)
Damasceno (1983)
Balduíno (1983)
Zé Mário (1983)
Damasceno (1984)
Zé Mário (1984)
Búrigo (1984)
Lameiro (1985)
J. Ferreira (1986)
Cavalheiro (1987)
J. Espinosa (1987–88)
Búrigo (1988–89)
Damasceno (1989)
Daltro (1989)
Ademir (1990)
S. Lopes (1990)
Louruz (1991)
S. Lopes (1991)
Ademir (1991)
Nazareno (1991–92)
S. Lopes (1992)
Búrigo (1992–93)
Paiva (1993)
Nazareno (1993)
L.C. Cruz (1994)
Paiva (1995)
Nazareno (1995–96)
Teixeira (1996)
Búrigo (1996–97)
S. Lopes (1997)
Milioli (1998)
Youssef (1998)
Cassiá (1998–99)
Ribeiro (2000)
Louruz (2000–01)
Knevitz (2001)
Benazzi (2001)
Neto (2001)
Davino (2001)
Ribeiro (2002)
Cabralzinho (2002)
Muricy (2002)
Heron (2003)
Benazzi (2003)
Amaral c (2003)
Neto (2003)
L.C. Ferreira (2003)
Dorival Jr. (2003–04)
Comelli (2004–05)
Schülle c (2005)
M. Aurélio (2005)
Zé Mário (2005)
Adilson (2005–06)
W. Lemos (2006)
Heriberto (2006–07)
Micale c (2007)
M. Sérgio (2007)
Coutinho c (2007)
Gallo (2007–08)
Macuglia (2008)
PC Gusmão (2008)
M. Sérgio (2008)
Pintado (2008–09)
Abelha c (2009)
R. Fernandes (2009)
M. Araújo (2009)
Weber (2010)
Goiano (2010–11)
Jorginho (2011)
Branco (2011–12)
Argel (2012)
A. Ribeiro c (2012)
H. dos Anjos (2012)
A. Ribeiro c (2012)
Goiano (2012)
F. Gil c (2012)
Adilson (2013)
Eutrópio (2013–14)
Guto F. (2014)
Argel (2014–15)
Coutinho c (2015)
Simões (2015)
Coutinho (2015–16)
Eutrópio (2016)
Argel (2016)
Tuca c (2016)
Santos (2016–17)
Coelho c (2017)
Goiano (2017)
Cabo (2017)
Coelho c (2017)
Cruz (2017–18)
Micale (2018)
Maria (2019)
Coelho c (2019)
Eutrópio (2019)
Coelho c (2019)
Pintado (2019)
Coelho (2020)
Elano (2020)
Jorginho C. (2020–21)
Jr. Rocha (2022)
Cristóvão (2023)
Bazolli c (2023)
R. Fonseca (2023)
Baier (2023)
Burse (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteVila Nova – managers
Ayrton (1972)
Gérson (1973)
Gérson (1974)
J. Francisco (1977)
Gérson (1977)
Paulinho I (1978)
Vitório (1979–80)
Vail (1980)
Vitório (1981)
Laerte (1981)
Benê (1982)
Vail (1982–1983)
Borba Filho (1983)
Natanael (1984)
Vail (1984)
Gérson (1985)
R. Oliveira (1985)
Brandão (1986)
R. Oliveira (1986)
Luiz Dário (1987)
Vail (1987)
Paulinho II (1988)
R. Oliveira (1989)
Sílvio (1990)
R. Oliveira (1990)
Soares (1991)
Toninho (1991)
Vail (1991)
Davino (1993)
Portella (1994)
Davino (1994)
Paulinho II (1995)
Guarnelli (1996)
Paulinho II (1996)
Walter (1996)
Davino (1996)
J. Francisco (1997)
Davino (1997)
Mauro Fernandes (1997)
Orlando (1997)
Paiva (1998)
Davino (1998)
Comelli (1998)
Tata (1999)
Paiva (1999–2000)
Paulinho II (2000)
Ramírez (2000)
R. Oliveira (2000)
Arturzinho (2001)
Louruz (2001–02)
Rossini (2002)
Cenci (2003)
R. Oliveira (2003)
Marangon (2004)
Evair (2004)
H. Ramos (2004)
Gaúcho (2005)
Galvão (2005)
R. Oliveira (2005)
R. Fernandes (2005–06)
P. Campos (2006)
R. Fernandes (2006)
R. Alves c (2006)
Martins (2006)
M. Simões (2006)
S. Cosme (2007)
Weber (2007–08)
Givanildo (2008–09)
Benazzi (2009)
Arturzinho (2009)
Kleina (2009)
Cavalo (2010)
Comelli (2010)
Ademir (2010)
Gaúcho (2010–11)
H. dos Anjos (2011)
Gaúcho (2011)
Antônio Carlos (2011)
Heron (2011)
Neto (2011)
Cavalo (2011–12)
Da Matta (2012)
Saran (2012)
R. Oliveira (2012)
M. Bittencourt (2013)
Pereyra (2013)
Hermógenes (2013)
Heriberto (2013–14)
Zé Teodoro (2014)
Sidney (2014)
Waldemar (2014)
Lauria c (2014)
Goiano (2014)
Lauria (2014)
W. Araújo (2015)
Márcio Fernandes (2015–16)
Mancini c (2016)
Niehues (2016)
Mancini (2016)
L. Cuca c (2016)
Guilherme (2016)
Mazola Jr. (2017)
H. Maria (2017–18)
Louzer (2019)
E. Baptista (2019)
Cabo (2019)
Toledo c (2019)
Schülle (2019)
Mamede (2020)
Bolívar (2020)
Márcio Fernandes (2020–21)
Higo c (2021)
Lopes (2021)
Higo c (2021)
H. Maria (2021)
Higo (2021–22)
Cavalcanti (2022)
Allan Aal (2022)
Claudinei (2023)
M. Santos (2023)
Lisca (2023)
Higo (2023–24)
Márcio Fernandes (2024)
L. Lopes (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteDuque de Caxias – managers
Dé (2005–06)
M. Neto (2006–08)
Louruz (2008)
P. Sérgio c (2008)
M. Barque (2008–09)
Barroso c (2009)
C. César (2009)
Rodney (2009)
Kleina (2009)
A. Miranda (2009)
Ferraz (2010)
Urtiga c (2010)
Kleina (2010)
A. Bernardes (2011)
W. Lemos (2011)
Sampaio (2011)
Espinosa (2011)
Campos (2011)
Caco c (2011)
M. Marques (2011–12)
Allax (2012)
Amílton (2012)
Mário Jr c (2012)
Eutrópio (2012)
Josué (2012)
Jr Lopes (2012)
M. Marques (2013)
Allax (2013)
Mário Jr c (2013)
César (2014)
Mário Jr c (2014)
Farias (2014)
Mário Jr c (2014)
M. Ribeiro c (2014)
Allax (2014)
M. Ribeiro c (2014)
B. Quadros (2014)
Fahel Jr. (2014)
M. Ribeiro c (2014)
Mário Jr (2015)
J. Marinho (2015)
Sacramento (2015)
Mário Jr. (2016)
Cássio (2016)
J. Marinho (2017)
Palinha (2017)
Orlando (2017)
J. Marinho (2018)
Mário Jr. (2019)
Tinoco (2020)
Allax (2021)
Mário Jr. (2021)
Tinoco (2022–23)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteCRB – managers
Francisco (1973)
J. Vasconcelos (1975–78)
Jalber (1978)
J. Vasconcelos (1978–79)
Jalber (1979)
Caiçara (1979)
J. Vasconcelos (1980)
Pompéia (1981)
Espinosa (1981)
Pompéia (1982)
J. Vasconcelos (1983)
China (1984)
Santero (1984)
Davino (1984–85)
Givanildo (1986–87)
Martins (1987)
Deco (1989)
Careta c (1989)
Barreto (1989)
Minelli (1990)
Barreto (1991)
Pinguela (1991)
Patinha (1991)
Mauro (1992)
Albuquerque c (1992)
Givanildo (1992)
Santero (1992–93)
Estrade (1993)
Teixeira c (1993)
A. Neto (1993)
Pompéia (1993)
Teixeira c (1993)
Bianchini (1993)
Miranda (1993)
Pompéia (1994)
Givanildo (1994)
E. Neto (1994)
Serrão (1994)
Bianchini (1995)
Davino (1997–98)
Teixeira (1998)
Paulo (1999)
Tonho Gil (2000)
Rui Guimarães (2000)
China (2000)
Paiva (2000)
Ademir (2000)
Davino (2001)
Fantato (2001)
L. C. Cruz (2002)
M. Fernandes (2002)
Robertinho (2003)
Lira (2003)
E. Soares (2003)
Ubirajara (2003)
Robertinho (2003)
Lira (2004)
M. Chamusca (2004)
da Matta (2005)
Ubirajara (2005)
F. Barros (2005)
Geraldão (2005)
L. C. Cruz (2005)
Teixeira (2006)
Cavalo (2006)
Sodré (2006)
Ubirajara (2006)
R. Oliveira (2007)
Guedes (2007)
J. Paulista c (2007)
Barroso (2007)
João Carlos (2007)
M. Oliveira (2008)
Davino (2008)
João Carlos (2008)
M. Simões (2008)
J. Espinosa (2008–09)
Louruz (2009)
Lira (2009)
Neves (2009)
J. Paulista (2009)
Ghilardi (2010)
Knevitz (2010)
Teixeira (2010)
Freitas (2010)
Edson F. (2010–11)
Rabello (2011)
J. Paulista c (2011)
F. Lopes (2011)
J. Paulista c (2011)
Comelli (2011–12)
R. Fonseca (2012)
Pintado (2012)
Davino (2012)
Heriberto (2013)
Ademir (2013)
Ivanildo c (2013)
Goiano (2013)
Davino (2013–14)
E. Souza (2014)
Ademir (2014–15)
Barroso (2015)
Mazola Jr. (2015–16)
Condé (2017)
Cavalcanti (2017)
Mazola Jr. (2017–18)
Jr. Rocha (2018)
Doriva (2018)
R. Fernandes (2018–19)
M. Chamusca (2019)
Cabo (2019–20)
Ramon (2020)
R. Fernandes (2020–21)
Allan Aal (2021–22)
Cabo (2022)
D. Paulista (2022)
D. Barboza c (2022)
Louzer (2023)
D. Paulista (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
This biographical article related to a Brazilian association football defender born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article related to association football in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porto Alegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Valmir Louruz (Porto Alegre, March 13, 1944 – April 29, 2015) was a Brazilian football manager.[1]","title":"Valmir Louruz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"[2]","title":"Managerial statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Gaúcho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Ga%C3%BAcho"}],"sub_title":"Player","text":"InternacionalCampeonato Gaúcho: 1969, 1970, 1971","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Alagoano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Alagoano"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Baiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Baiano"},{"link_name":"J. League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_J._League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Copa do Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Copa_do_Brasil"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"CSACampeonato Alagoano: 1981VitóriaCampeonato Baiano: 1989Júbilo IwataJ. League Cup: 1998JuventudeCopa do Brasil: 1999","title":"Honors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Técnico campeão da Copa do Brasil pelo Juventude, Valmir Louruz morre em Porto Alegre\". Pioneiro.","urls":[{"url":"http://pioneiro.clicrbs.com.br/rs/esportes/noticia/2015/04/tecnico-campeao-da-copa-do-brasil-pelo-juventude-valmir-louruz-morre-em-porto-alegre-4750136.html","url_text":"\"Técnico campeão da Copa do Brasil pelo Juventude, Valmir Louruz morre em Porto Alegre\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://pioneiro.clicrbs.com.br/rs/esportes/noticia/2015/04/tecnico-campeao-da-copa-do-brasil-pelo-juventude-valmir-louruz-morre-em-porto-alegre-4750136.html","external_links_name":"\"Técnico campeão da Copa do Brasil pelo Juventude, Valmir Louruz morre em Porto Alegre\""},{"Link":"https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX07/?staff_id=1066","external_links_name":"J.League Data Site"},{"Link":"https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX07/?staff_id=1066","external_links_name":"Valmir Louruz manager profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX07/?staff_id=1066","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"http://www.j-league.or.jp/club/iwata/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valmir_Louruz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valmir_Louruz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse | Coat of arms of Hesse | ["1 History","2 References","3 See also"] | Coat of arms of the German state of Hesse
The coat of arms of the German state of Hesse was introduced in 1949. It is based on the historical coat of arms of the Ludovingian landgraves of Hesse and Thuringia. The lion on the modern arms does not wear a crown or hold a sword, as it does on the arms of the Grand Duchy.
Coat of arms of HesseArmigerThe Hesse State GovernmentShieldAzure a lion rampant barry of ten argent and gules, armed orOther elementsleaf crown
History
The Ludovingian lion barry in the Ingeram Codex of 1459, given as the coat of arms of the landgraves of Hesse and Thuringia
Coat of arms of the landgrave of Hesse in Siebmacher's Wappenbuch (1703)
Lesser coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, using the coat of arms of the duchy itself, with the crown of a Grand Duchy and two lions as supporters (1806 to 1918)
Greater coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1902
The coat of arms of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau
Design by Gerhard Matzat (1949)
References
^ "Bedeutung und wappengeschichtliche Herkunft | Informationsportal Hessen". www.hessen.de (in German). Retrieved 2018-05-13.
^ Siebmacher, Johann (1703). Erneuertes und vermehrtes Wappenbuch... Nürnberg: Adolph Johann Helmers. pp. Part I Table 8.
See also
Coat of arms of Prussia
Coat of arms of Germany
Coat of arms of Thuringia, which has a similar appearance.
Origin of the coats of arms of German federal states.
vteCoats of arms of GermanyGerman states
Baden-Württemberg
Bavaria
Berlin
Brandenburg
Bremen
Hamburg
Hesse
Lower Saxony
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
North Rhine-Westphalia
Rhineland-Palatinate
Saarland
Saxony
Saxony-Anhalt
Schleswig-Holstein
Thuringia
vteCoats of arms of states of the German Empire
German coat of arms
German Empire (1871–1918)
Kingdoms
Prussia
Bavaria
Saxony
Württemberg
Grand duchies
Baden
Hesse
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Oldenburg
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Duchies
Anhalt
Brunswick
Saxe-Altenburg
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Saxe-Meiningen
Principalities
Lippe
Reuss Junior Line
Reuss Elder line
Schaumburg-Lippe
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
Waldeck-Pyrmont
Free Imperial Cities
Bremen
Hamburg
Lübeck
This heraldry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Germany-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"German state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_states"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Ludovingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovingian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The coat of arms of the German state of Hesse was introduced in 1949. It is based on the historical coat of arms of the Ludovingian landgraves of Hesse and Thuringia. The lion on the modern arms does not wear a crown or hold a sword, as it does on the arms of the Grand Duchy.[1]","title":"Coat of arms of Hesse"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ingeram_Codex_043.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ingeram Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeram_Codex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Landgraf_Hessen.gif"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_Coat_of_arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_(1902-1918).svg"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Hesse-Nassau.svg"},{"link_name":"Prussian 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Solomon | Mariana Solomon | ["1 Achievements","2 References"] | Romanian triple jumper
Mariana Solomon (born 8 September 1980 in Nehoiu) is a Romanian triple jumper.
Her personal best jump is 14.42 metres, achieved at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens (this was not enough to progress from the qualifying round). The result places her fifth on the all-time Romanian performers list, behind Rodica Mateescu, Adelina Gavrilă, Cristina Nicolau and Mihaela Gândila.
Achievements
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Notes
Representing Romania
1998
World Junior Championships
Annecy, France
2nd
13.75 m (wind: +0.3 m/s) PB
2001
European U23 Championships
Amsterdam, Netherlands
15th (q)
12.26 m (wind: 0.5 m/s)
2003
Universiade
Daegu, South Korea
3rd
14.09 m PB
References
Mariana Solomon at World Athletics
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
This biographical article relating to Romanian athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nehoiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehoiu"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"triple jumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_jump"},{"link_name":"2004 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"qualifying round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_triple_jump"},{"link_name":"Rodica Mateescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodica_Mateescu"},{"link_name":"Adelina Gavrilă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelina_Gavril%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Cristina Nicolau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Nicolau"},{"link_name":"Mihaela Gândila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihaela_G%C3%A2ndila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=O/ageGroup=N/season=0/gender=W/discipline=TJ/legal=A/index.html"}],"text":"Mariana Solomon (born 8 September 1980 in Nehoiu) is a Romanian triple jumper.Her personal best jump is 14.42 metres, achieved at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens (this was not enough to progress from the qualifying round). The result places her fifth on the all-time Romanian performers list, behind Rodica Mateescu, Adelina Gavrilă, Cristina Nicolau and Mihaela Gândila. [1]","title":"Mariana Solomon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=O/ageGroup=N/season=0/gender=W/discipline=TJ/legal=A/index.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14295933","external_links_name":"Mariana Solomon"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14295933","external_links_name":"World Athletics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariana_Solomon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Sandberg | Per Sandberg | ["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","2.1 Early political career","2.2 Member of Parliament","2.3 Minister of Fisheries","2.4 Minister of Justice, Public Security and Immigration","3 Political positions","3.1 Law and order","3.2 Immigration","3.3 Other","4 Controversies","4.1 Vacation to Iran","5 Threats and assaults","6 Personal life","7 Bibliography","8 References"] | Norwegian politician (born 1960)
For the Swedish footballer, see Per Sandberg (footballer).
Per SandbergMPMinister of FisheriesIn office16 December 2015 – 13 August 2018Prime MinisterErna SolbergPreceded byElisabeth AspakerSucceeded byHarald T. NesvikMinister of Justice, Public Security and Immigration ActingIn office20 March 2018 – 4 April 2018Prime MinisterErna SolbergPreceded bySylvi ListhaugSucceeded byTor Mikkel WaraFirst Deputy Leader of the Progress PartyIn office6 May 2006 – 13 August 2018LeaderSiv JensenPreceded bySiv JensenSucceeded bySylvi ListhaugMinister of Migration and Integration ActingIn office5 March 2017 – 2 July 2017Prime MinisterErna SolbergPreceded bySylvi ListhaugSucceeded bySylvi ListhaugMember of the Norwegian ParliamentIn office1 October 2005 – 30 September 2017ConstituencySør-TrøndelagIn office1 October 1997 – 30 September 2005ConstituencyNord-Trøndelag
Personal detailsBorn (1960-02-06) 6 February 1960 (age 64)Levanger, Nord-Trøndelag, NorwayPolitical partyCapitalist Progress (formerly)SpouseLine Miriam Haugan (Separated)Children3
Per Sandberg (born 6 February 1960) is a Norwegian politician for the Capitalist Party and formerly the Progress Party who served as the Norwegian Minister of Fisheries from 2015 to 2018. Sandberg was a member of the Norwegian parliament from 1997 to 2017 (2005–2017 from the Sør-Trøndelag constituency, and before that from Nord-Trøndelag), and served as chair of the parliamentary standing committees on Justice, and Transport and Communications. He has additionally held the position of first deputy leader of the Progress Party from 2006 to 2018. In 1997 he was convicted of assault and battery of an asylum seeker. His status as a convicted felon has made him controversial in Norwegian politics.
An outspoken politician with a blue-collar working background, Sandberg has stoked controversy on numerous occasions, and has been described, by former party chairman Carl I. Hagen as well as the media, as the "proto-typical Progress Party person" (Norwegian: Ur-FrP'eren).
Early life and education
Sandberg was born in Levanger, Nord-Trøndelag to self-employed businessman Rolf Sandberg (1926–2010) and part-time worker Rannveig Ertsås (1930–2006). He has three siblings, sister Mona, and brothers Harald and Stig (Stig committed suicide in 1997).
He has described his upbringing as "rough", partly due to his father, who he describes as being "incredibly strict and manipulative". According to Sandberg, his father would regularly lock him up in the outhouse or the cellar as punishment. He would also resort to corporal punishment on his siblings regularly. So great was the abuse, that Sandberg claims: "Had my father acted like that today, child welfare would have been there. And it would have been an immediate takeover by the child protection services".
After finishing Upper Secondary school, he held numerous different jobs including as a bartender and waiter at a Ski resort in Ustaoset, and later as a process operator at Norske Skog Skogn from 1982 to 1997, where he became the local trade union representative. In 1981 he settled in Levanger. Sandberg was in the service of UNIFIL in Southern Lebanon in 1986 during the Lebanese civil war, where he worked as a cook.
Political career
Early political career
Sandberg modestly started his career in the Progress Party by lending his name to the party's local list in Levanger, as a favour to a friend, for the 1987 municipal election, but surprisingly ended up securing a seat in the municipal assembly. He had originally joined the party after meeting resistance from public regulations when trying to build a house earlier in the 1980s. He was a member of the Nord-Trøndelag county council from 1995 to 1997, until the 1997 parliamentary election in which he secured the party nomination, beating his friend (and future minister) Robert Eriksson. During the election campaign, he attended BBQs and events through the whole constituency in a borrowed Volvo 240 with only party stickers as election material. He ended up, winning the seat, with 140 votes ahead of the Center Party favourite Marit Arnstad.
Member of Parliament
Serving as a member of the Storting since 1997, the first terms from Nord-Trøndelag, he has since 2005 been represented from the neighbouring county of Sør-Trøndelag. Sandberg chaired the parliamentary Standing Committee on Justice from 2009 to 2013, and from 2005 to 2009 chaired the Standing Committee on Transport and Communications. He became deputy leader of the Progress Party in 2006.
While being central in the negotiations leading to the Progress Party joining the Solberg Cabinet after the 2013 election, Sandberg claimed to have turned down offers for two different cabinet positions. On 28 October 2013, Sandberg announced that he was stepping down as deputy leader of the party in 2014, citing a "...lack of motivation to continue the work", but in early 2014 retracted his statement and said he would continue.
Shortly after making his later retracted announcement to step down as deputy leader, Sandberg published his political autobiography Mot min vilje - oppklaringen av et politisk liv ("Against my will - clarification of a political life"), in which he severely criticised several members of the Progress Party, as well as the political direction the party had taken following the 2011 Norway attacks.
Minister of Fisheries
On 16 December 2015 Sandberg was appointed Minister of Fisheries in Solberg's Cabinet.
Minister of Justice, Public Security and Immigration
On 20 March 2018 Sandberg was appointed as acting Minister of Justice, Public Security and Immigration in Solberg's Cabinet after Sylvi Listhaug resigned. He was later succeeded by Tor Mikkel Wara.
Political positions
Law and order
Sandberg has been highly critical of newer prisons such as the Halden prison, which he claims to have "hotel-standard", this according to him being a mockery against most people. He has also been critical of the fact that the prison have better facilities than most public nursing homes and child protection institutions. In addition he has claimed that criminal foreigners and Eastern European gangs "laugh" at the Norwegian prison conditions.
Immigration
Sandberg proposed in 1999 that the government should be able to expel foreigners from Norway if their children committed serious crimes. In 2002 he proposed a complete stop of immigration from countries outside the Schengen Area.
In 2003, Sandberg stated that "different races, religions and cultures must not be mixed" if there are to be a "harmonious society in Norway", leading to strong reactions from other politicians. Sandberg in addition claimed to have backing for his statements from the chief of police, which caused the chief of police to strongly distance herself from Sandberg's claims. Sandberg also made the claim that ethnic Norwegians would soon become a minority in Norway.
The same year he also proposed to introduce electronic tags on asylum seekers to stop them from escaping while their asylum application is processed. Sandberg has also feared the growth of Muslims in Norway, and claimed that certain areas could eventually be subdued to Sharia law.
Sandberg has been accused of stirring up anti-Roma sentiment by stating, in 2013: "At the borders, police can stop organized groups of Roma, Bulgarians or French because we know from experience that these people disrupt the peace and it has also been proven that many of them engage in criminal activities."
Other
In 2007 Sandberg claimed Al Gore of being "a big fraud", a "Christian-fundamentalist" and "super-capitalist who have earned over 600 million NOK on the climate cause".
Sandberg in 2014 claimed Norway's Crown Prince Haakon of being a "leftist", which he says has strengthened his position against the monarchy.
Controversies
He made headlines when in January 1997 he headbutted and punched an asylum seeker from Yugoslavia in the face after the latter had called him "pale-white, fat and rich" and "racist". Sandberg was fined 3,000 NOK.
In mid-autumn 2006, Sandberg, who then was his party's spokesman for transport, was caught driving at a speed of 100 km/h in a 60 km/h zone i Målselv in Troms fylke, for which he got a suspended sentence of 21 days, lost his driver's license for eight months and was fined NOK 9,000.
On 12 December 2006 Sandberg addressed the Norwegian parliament having consumed three shots of Akvavit and a beer. The president of the parliament, Thorbjørn Jagland, said that "to address parliament under the influence of alcohol is something one just does not do. It has got to do with respect for parliament and for one self". The incident caused a media sensation. As a result of this incident, subsequent intense pressure from the media, heavy workload and losing his mother around the same time, Sandberg later wrote that he slipped into a depression, and that he contemplated suicide, only to be saved at the last minute by a phone call from his fiancé. Sandberg would later claim that Thorbjørn Jagland himself had been consuming red wine along with the rest of the presidency at the time, before they voted in parliament.
In November 2011, in the middle of a public Labour-Progress feud and a heated session in parliament, Sandberg accused the Labour Party of exploiting the Utøya massacre for political gain. This caused Labour party member Helga Pedersen to storm out of the parliament, apparently weeping, while others left the session. Sandberg immediately apologized for the comments, which was accepted. Party leader Siv Jensen also publicly apologized on Sandbergs behalf the next day, before launching another attack at the Labour Party leadership.
During the Progress Party's annual congress in 2013, according to newspaper Verdens Gang, Sandberg had to be pulled off another senior party member after Sandberg reportedly had forced the other politician against a wall while shouting angrily at him. The dispute was thought to be part of a years-long internal dispute in the party's Troms chapter.
Vacation to Iran
In late July 2018 Sandberg went on an unannounced private vacation to Iran while still serving as Minister of Fisheries. Accompanying him on the trip was 28-year old Bahareh Letnes (née Nasserabad), an Iranian-born woman who had immigrated to Norway in her teens and subsequently was adopted by a Norwegian couple. Maritime business newspaper Fiskeribladet first reported on the case and wrote that Letnes was registered as the owner of a company involved in the exporting of seafood. Multiple politicians reacted to the news and questioned Sandberg's relation to Letnes, whether a conflict of interest existed, as well as whether the trip was approved by the prime ministers office. Sandberg explained that the trip as planned last-minute after his initial plan to vacation in Turkey was scrapped, this was due to an ongoing conflict with his estranged wife and that he informed the prime minister only after he had arrived in Iran.
Prime Minister Erna Solberg later informed the Storting that Sandberg had violated government regulations by not notifying his ministry about the vacation. Criticism towards Sandberg also increased after it was revealed that he had declined the security briefing that the Norwegian Police Security Service usually provide for Norwegian politicians who travel to countries where there is a high risk of espionage. Sandberg proceeded to break protocol by bringing his work phone along to Iran, and while he first claimed that he had hardly used it, he had in fact sent 153 text messages and made 22 phone calls. Many politicians, including party colleges Mazyar Keshvari and Christian Tybrig-Gjedde, also criticised Sandberg for seemingly "glorying" the Iranian regime when he appeared on a radio show where he spoke warmly of Iran as a travel destination. The criticism also increased when it was revealed that Sandberg, in February 2018, had accompanied Letnes to an event organized by the Iranian embassy in Norway that celebrated the Iranian revolution of 1979.
After weeks of mounting pressure from the media, opposition and fellow politicians Sandberg resigned as cabinet minister and First deputy leader of the Progress Party on 13 August.
Threats and assaults
Sandberg has on several occasions been the victim of physical assaults. In January 2008, Sandberg was physically assaulted by being gripped by the throat and kicked by a man outside the Norwegian parliament. He managed to escape as Socialist Left politician Hallgeir Langeland happened to be nearby and came to his rescue. In July the same man, who had mental problems and had been given residence permit in Norway on humanitarian grounds, also punched down Labour Party politician Knut Storberget.
On another occasion, three men approached him, along with his political aide at a restaurant in Oslo, and according to Sandberg "was ready to attack", the situation was resolved when the men were evicted from the restaurant and Sandberg was promptly whisked out the back-door. On 27 March 2009, he was attacked by three youths while riding the tram in Oslo. The attack ceased when fellow passengers came to his rescue, the attackers fled before the police arrived.
Personal life
While working at Ustaoset in 1976, he met Danish waitress Ulla Kjær Frandsen. They have two children together. He married his first wife, Line Miriam Sandberg (née Haugan) on 7 August 2010. Together they have a son. He used to divide his time three-way between his parliamentary office in Oslo, his parliamentary constituency in Sør-Trøndelag and his home in Lenvik, Troms, on the island of Senja, where he used to live with his family. The commute from his home in Senja, which covers a 3,160 km long flight, was called "one of Norway's most extreme daily commutes" as he commuted the trip on a daily basis during the weeks of the 2013 government coalition negotiations. In May 2018 Sandberg separated from his wife and relocated from their home in Senja to a flat in Mandal.
In August 2018, Sandberg confirmed that he was in a relationship with businesswoman Bahareh Letnes and that they were in the process of moving in together. In April 2023, he confirmed that he and Letnes had separated.
Bibliography
Sandberg, Per; Bjørn Borge Lunde; Roger Pihl (2013). Mot min vilje - oppklaringen av et politisk liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Juritzen forl. ISBN 9788282053525.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Per Sandberg.
^ "Per Sandberg blir ny justisminister". Tv2.no. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
^ "Per Sandberg changes parties: -I promised a brutal comeback" (in Norwegian). Nettavisen. 13 September 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
^ "– En krangel på et utested for 20 år siden hindrer meg ikke i å gjøre en god jobb som justisminister". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
^ "- Per Sandberg er selve ur-Frperen", Nordlys, 31.10.2013
^ "Sandberg: Frp skal ha makta i 50 år", NRK, 03.05.2014
^ a b c "Sandberg, Per ( 1960- )". Stortinget.no (in Norwegian). 9 March 2008.
^ Johnsen, Vibeke (31 May 2013). "Sandbergs bror tok sitt eget liv". Nettavisen.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 21 December 2013.
^ Johnsen, Nilas. "Per Sandberg om sin far: - Utrolig streng". Vg.no. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ Agerlie, Kristin (17 June 2006). "Tilfeldig at det blei Frp". NRK (in Norwegian).
^ Sandberg, Per (2013). Mot min vilje: En oppklaring av et politsk liv (in Norwegian). p. 74.
^ Sandberg, Per (2013). Mot min vilje: En oppklaring av et politisk liv (in Norwegian). pp. 82–83.
^ "Frps Per Sandberg takket nei til to statsrådposter", TV 2, 15.10.2013
^ Hultgreen, Gunnar (28 October 2013). "- Jeg går av som nestleder". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 28 October 2013.
^ "– Er nok ikke alle som er glade for at jeg fortsetter", Vårt Land, 03.02.2014
^ Kristiansen, Bjørn S.; Sørenes, Kjetil Magne; Ringheim, Gunnar (13 November 2013). "- Personlig har jeg gitt opp Korsberg for lenge siden". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 December 2013.
^ "Progress 'no longer speaks for man on street'", The Local, 12.11 2013
^ "Har tro på Sandberg som ny fiskeriminister". NRK (in Norwegian). 16 December 2015.
^ "Offisielt fra Statsråd" (Press release) (in Norwegian). Office of the Prime Minister. 20 March 2018.
^ Kristoffersen, Randi; Kvalvik, Victoria (11 February 2010). "Per Sandberg langer ut mot det nye fengselet i Halden". Fredriksstad Blad (in Norwegian).
^ Staude (24 August 2009). "Hissig debatt bak murenefirst=Tone". NRK (in Norwegian).
^ a b c Raja, Abid Q. (5 May 2006). "Per Sandberg, en bleik, feit riking?". Morgenbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.
^ "- Kun vestlige innvandrere". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). 29 November 2002.
^ "Raser mot Frp-Sandberg", Utrop, 05.02.2003
^ "Frp: – Uten oss får Norge sharialover". VG Nett (in Norwegian). 2 May 2006.
^ Dougherty, Sarah (21 November 2013). "14 unbelievably racist things European politicians are saying about the Roma". Globalpost.com. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
^ "- Al Gore er en bløffmaker og kristen- fundamentalist". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). 31 December 2007.
^ "Norway's Crown Prince is a 'lefty': Populist leader", The Local, 05.05.2014
^ Midtbø, Mia Kristin (14 December 2006). "Sandbergs tidligere tabber". Adressa (in Norwegian).
^ Stenersen, Robin (29 November 2006). "Per Sandberg mistet lappen". VG Nett (in Norwegian).
^ Heyerdahl, Nicoloi (14 December 2006). "Drakk tre akevitt før han talte i Stortinget". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 16 December 2006.
^ Krekling, Daniel Vojislav. "Per Sandberg i ny bok: Nær ved å ta mitt eget liv". Nrk.no. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
^ "Sandberg hevder Jagland drakk selv". Nrk.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 21 December 2013.
^ "Hvor forsvant Utøya-verdigheten? | Gunnar Stavrum". Archived from the original on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
^ Hegtun, Hallvor (24 November 2011). "Beklaget Sandberg-utspill og angrep Eskil Pederse". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
^ "Progress's Per Sandberg in party meet scuffle", The Local, 30.10.2013
^ Torsvik, Nils (27 July 2018). "Sandberg i Iran på feriereise med fiskeeksportør". Fiskeribladet. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
^ "Sandberg vil ikke gi opp fiskeeksport til Iran". e24. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
^ Torsvik, Nils. "- Sandberg's Iran-forhold bør avklares med Erna". Fiskeribladet. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
^ AS, TV 2. "Sandberg sendte 153 SMS-er i Iran". TV 2 (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2018-09-03.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Skille, Øyvind Bye. "Sandberg i Iran: Sendte 153 SMS-er og hadde 22 telefonsamtaler". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2018-09-03.
^ Strand, Tormod. "Frp-kollega Keshvari mener Per Sandberg bør vurdere sin framtid i Frp". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2018-09-03.
^ "- I beste fall svært dårlig dømmekraft". Dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
^ Kaladzjic, Pedja (13 August 2018). "Per Sandberg går av som statsråd og Frp-nestleder". NRK. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
^ "Norway minister loses job over Iran trip". BBC News. 2018-08-13. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
^ Strømsheim, Gro Wold (18 April 2008). "- Vi kan ikke la oss knekke av trusler". Dagbladet (in Norwegian).
^ Tvedten, Hilde Marie (12 July 2008). "Storberget slått og sparket på åpen gate". Dagbladet (in Norwegian).
^ a b Sandberg, Per (2013). Mot min vilje: En oppklaring av et politisk liv. p. 388.
^ Sandberg, Per (2013). Mot min vilje: En oppklaring av et politisk liv. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9788282053525.
^ Sandberg, Per (2013). Mot min vilje: En oppklaring av et politisk liv. p. 224.
^ Simonsen, Maria Holm. "Takk, Line". Folkebladet.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 21 December 2013.
^ "Norway politician starts 3,000km commute", The Local, 17.09.2013
^ Skarvøy, Lars. "Frps superpar Per og Line Miriam Sandberg separeres". Retrieved 6 October 2018.
^ Krosby, Silje. "Letnes og Sandberg avviser at de er samboere, men: – Nå skal vi flytte sammen". Tv2.no. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
^ "Brudd mellom Per Sandberg og Bahareh Letnes" (in Norwegian). NRK. 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
Political offices
Preceded byElisabeth Aspaker
Minister of Fisheries 2015–2018
Succeeded byHarald T. Nesvik
Preceded byPetter Løvik
Chair of the Standing Committee on Transport 2005–2009
Succeeded byKnut Arild Hareide
vteMembers of the Parliament of Norway 2001–05Aust-Agder
Olsen
T. Andersen
Halvorsen
Duesund
Vest-Agder
Lilletun
Andersen, A.B.
Klungland
Eriksen, D.
Gitmark
Akershus
Sjøli
Bjørnstad
Sanner
Evje
Reikvam
Fossli
Onarheim
Holstad
Kvakkestad
Engebretsen
Christiansen
Arnøy
Høglund
Haga
Dahl
Buskerud
Jagland
Helleland
Knudsen
Eng
Bergo
Hundhammer
Marthinsen
Finnmark
Schjøtt-Pedersen
Ballo
Robertsen
Nielsen
Hedmark
Brustad
Faldet
Andersen, K.
Hernæs
Bredvold
Storberget
Gløtvold
Nilssen
Hordaland
Akselsen
Sortevik
E. Solberg
Henriksen
Hagesæter
Sørfonn
Lydvo
Halleraker
Valle
Sponheim
Woldseth
Teigen
Skjælaaen
T. Hansen
Dåvøy
Møre og Romsdal
Grimstad
Kristoffersen
Løvik
Solholm
Aukan
Bekkemellem
Jacobsen
Nørve
Nesvik
Øveraas
Nordland
Solberg
Hansen, G.K.
Svendsen
Kristiansen
Pedersen
Sahl
Bastesen
Enoksen
Strøm
Elvik
Ellingsen
Voie
Oppland
Blankenborg
Brørby
Thommessen
Enger
Bjørklund
Nistad
Rudihagen
Oslo
Lønning
Stoltenberg
Halvorsen, K.
Larssen
Hagen
Nybakk
Rafiq
Holmås
Froyn
Rise
Jensen, S.
Grande
Eriksen, I.
Sørensen
Kjæstad
Hildeng
Rogaland
Høie
Steensnæs
Simonsen
Nordtun
Vallersnes
Tørresdal
Langeland
Vaksdal
Starrfelt
Meling
Kleppa
Sogn og Fjordane
Sandal
Ringstad
Osmundnes
Hoddevik
Røys
Telemark
Hansen, S.O.
Alvheim
Holmberg
Molvik
Olsen, G.
Rahm
Troms
Arnesen
Konradsen
Jensen, L.
Korsberg
Østberg
Konglevoll
Nord-Trøndelag
Hanssen
Arnstad
Gaundal
Ryan
Sandberg
Lyngstad
Sør-Trøndelag
Øyangen
Momyr
Djupedal
Giske
Stensaker
Lånke
Helleland
Gjul
Malvik
Lund
Vestfold
Flåtten
Kosmo
Width
Hogsnes
Thorkildsen
Skarbøvik
Rui
Monsen
Østfold
Øye
Engeset
Hedstrøm
Hansen, S.R.
Holten
Hansen, M.
Schou
Rød
vteMembers of the Parliament of Norway 2005–09Aust-Agder
de Ruiter
T. Andersen
Løite
Duesund
Vest-Agder
Skumsvoll
Klungland
Eriksen
Gitmark
Schmidt
Larsen
Akershus
Myrli
Høglund
J. Petersen
Bjørnstad
Asmyhr
Sanner
Eldegard
Reikvam
Tenden
Kjos
Aasen
Sjøli
Kjernli
Thomsen
Dahl
Haga
Buskerud
Jagland
Knudsen
Eng
Helleland
Rytman
Christoffersen
Bergo
Micaelsen
Lundteigen
Finnmark
Nielsen
Jakobsen
Fredriksen
Ballo
Lysklætt
Hedmark
Trettebergstuen
Faldet
Bredvold
Skulstad
Vedum
Breen
K. Andersen
Gundersen
Hordaland
Akselsen
Sortevik
E. Solberg
Henriksen
Hagesæter
Sørfonn
Lydvo
Halleraker
Valle
Sponheim
Woldseth
Teigen
Skjælaaen
T. Hansen
Dåvøy
Møre og Romsdal
Nesvik
Kristoffersen
Løvik
Solholm
Bekkemellem
Grimstad
Øveraas
Kongshaug
Jacobsen
Nordland
H-M. Solberg
Svendsen
Strøm
Elvik
Ellingsen
T. Pedersen
Samuelsen
Kristiansen
Ljunggren
Sahl
Oppland
Brørby
Enger
Hagebakken
Johnsen
Nistad
Rudihagen
Thommessen
Oslo
Nybakk
Foss
Hagen
Bøhler
Holmås
Dørum
Eriksen Søreide
Hildeng
Jensen
Marthinsen
Chaudhry
Lønning
Khan
Tybring-Gjedde
Grande
Wickholm
Syversen
Rogaland
Vaksdal
Nordtun
Høie
Høybråten
Horne
Sund
Solvik-Olsen
Vallersnes
Kvassheim
Opheim
Lode
Langeland
Tørresdal
Sogn og Fjordane
Sandal
Sande
Starheim
Heggø
Ludvigsen
Telemark
S.O. Hansen
Hoksrud
Olsen
Aasland
Fostervold
Holmberg
Troms
Arnesen
Korsberg
Bjørnflaten
Amundsen
Jensen
Knutsen
Aspaker
Nord-Trøndelag
Kristoffersen
Stokkan-Grande
Brustad Moe
Eriksson
Ryan
Skjelstad
Sør-Trøndelag
Gjul
Asphjell
Sandberg
Brende
Djupedal
E.K. Hansen
Moe
Lien
Haugen
Lånke
Vestfold
Mandt-Bartholsen
Width
Flåtten
Gullvåg
Anundsen
Kosmo
Thorkildsen
Østfold
Øye
Leirstein
S.R. Hansen
Gåsvatn
Engeset
Johansen
Giltun
M. Hansen
Hjemdal
vteMembers of the Parliament of Norway 2009–13Aust-Agder
de Ruiter
Godskesen
Harberg
Ropstad
Vest-Agder
Michaelsen
Henriksen
Gitmark
Eriksen
Skumsvoll
Holmelid
Akershus
Huitfeldt
Høglund
Sanner
Myrli
Kjos
Sjøli
Aasen
Asmyhr
Eldegard
Graham
Solhjell
Kjernli
Tenden
Thomsen
Dahl
Hareide
Buskerud
Kolberg
Knudsen
Helleland
Christoffersen
Rytman
Micaelsen
Werp
Gustavsen
Lundteigen
Finnmark
Pedersen
Fredriksen
Simensen
Olsen
Jensen
Hedmark
Storberget
Trettebergstuen
Bredvold
Breen
Vedum
Gundarsen
Sønsterud
K. Andersen
Hordaland
Strøm-Erichsen
Sortevik
E. Solberg
Henriksen
Hagesæter
Halleraker
Lydvo
Dåvøy
Woldseth
Teigen
Warloe
Toppe
Lysbakken
Rommetveit
Reiertsen
Møre og Romsdal
Botten
Nesvik
Nørve
Gjelseth
Grimstad
Torve
Klinge
Eide
Hanekamhaug
Nordland
Strøm
Ljunggren
Svendsen
Kristiansen
Ellingsen
Sivertsen
Nordås
L. Hansen
G-K. Hansen
Trældal
Oppland
Rudihagen
Aasrud
Johansen
Hagebakken
Wøien
Thommessen
Hagen
Oslo
Stoltenberg
Foss
Jensen
Nybakk
Halvorsen
Søreide
Bøhler
Tybring-Gjedde
Støre
Grande
Tetzschner
Marthinsen
Myhre
Holmås
Tajik
Astrup
Syversen
Rogaland
Solvik-Olsen
Nordtun
Høie
Horne
Sund
Høybråten
Meling
Vaksdal
Opheim
Kleppa
Kambe
Thorsen
Langeland
Sogn og Fjordane
Heggø
Navarsete
Starheim
Bremer
Lødemel
Telemark
Aasland
Hoksrud
Olsen
Isaksen
S. O. Hansen
Bekkevold
Troms
Arnesen
Korsberg
Bjørnflaten
Aspaker
Amundsen
Knutsen
Nordahl
Nord-Trøndelag
Kristoffersen
Stokkan-Grande
Eriksson
Brekk
Bratli
Myraune
Sør-Trøndelag
Giske
Sandberg
Gjul
Helleland
Asphjell
Lien
E. K. Hansen
Valen
Moe
Håbrekke
Vestfold
D. T. Andersen
Anundsen
Flåtten
Mandt-Bartholsen
P. A. Olsen
Gullvåg
Thorkildsen
Østfold
S. R. Hansen
Leirstein
I. Johansen
Schou
Gåsvatn
Forsberg
W. Olsen
Giltun
Hjemdal
vteMembers of the Parliament of Norway 2013–17Akershus
Sanner (Elvenes)
Huitfeldt
Kjos
Graham
Myrli
Trøen
Aasen
Limi
Mathisen
Raja
Aukrust
Asheim
Thomsen
Eldegard
Jegstad
Tønder
Solhjell
Aust-Agder
de Ruiter
Harberg
Godskesen
Ropstad
Buskerud
Kolberg
Helleland
Rytman
Christoffersen
Werp
Micaelsen
Wold
Johnsen
Lundteigen
Finnmark
Pedersen
Bakke-Jensen
Simensen
Fredriksen
Bergstø
Hedmark
Storberget
Trettebergstuen
Gundersen
Johnsen
Sønsterud
Vedum
K. Andersen
Hordaland
Solberg (Skutle)
P.R. Henriksen
Hagesæter (Reiertsen)
Halleraker
Christensen
Frølich
Hareide
Njåstad
Rommetveit
Eidsheim
Breivik
Grung
Lysbakken
Hille
Toppe
Trellevik
Møre og Romsdal
Orten
Botten
Nesvik
Nørve
Bjørdal
Grimstad
Eide
Klinge
Farstad
Nord-Trøndelag
Kjerkol
Grande
Arnstad
Agdestein
Skjelstad
Nordland
Berg-Hansen
O. Henriksen
Svendsen
Sivertsen
Ebbesen
Ljunggren
Ellingsen
Juvik
Nordås
Oppland
Aasrud
Hagebakken
Thommessen
Johansen
Wøien
Håheim
Kjenseth
Oslo
Stoltenberg (Wickholm)
Søreide (Lunde)
Tajik
Astrup
Jensen (Keshvari)
Støre
Tetzschner
Grande
Holmås
Marthinsen
Vinje
Hansson
Tybring-Gjedde
Bøhler
Kapur
Nybakk
Elvestuen
Heggelund
Syversen
Rogaland
Høie (Stensland)
Sund
Horne (Thorheim)
Meling
Bollestad
Solberg
Thorsen
Kambe
Liadal
Bru
Pollestad
Steffensen
Toskedal
Nybø
Sogn og Fjordane
Heggø
Navarsete
Lødemel
Rotevatn
Sør-Trøndelag
Giske
Helleland (Aarbergsbotten from 2015)
E.K. Hansen
Sandberg (Sandaune from 2015)
Jenssen
Asphjell
Tung
Greni
Bjørnstad
Valen
Telemark
Aasland
Isaksen (Abrahamsen)
Hoksrud
Norheim (until 2015)
Vågslid
Bjørnø
Bekkevold
Troms
M. Henriksen
Aspaker (Alexandrova)
Korsberg
Knutsen
Gudmundsen
Fylkesnes
Vest-Agder
Foss
K. Henriksen
Michaelsen
Grøvan
Benestad
Omland
Vestfold
Flåtten
D.T. Andersen
Anundsen (Holthe)
Løvaas
Mandt
Stordalen
Tyvand
Østfold
S.R. Hansen
Schou
Leirstein
Johansen
Wenstøb
Lauvås
Wiborg
Milde
Hjemdal
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Per Sandberg (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Sandberg_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"Capitalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Progress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Fisheries_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"Sør-Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Nord-Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(crime)"},{"link_name":"asylum seeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_seeker"},{"link_name":"convicted felon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convicted_felon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"blue-collar working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"Carl I. Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_I._Hagen"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the Swedish footballer, see Per Sandberg (footballer).Per Sandberg (born 6 February 1960) is a Norwegian politician for the Capitalist Party[2] and formerly the Progress Party who served as the Norwegian Minister of Fisheries from 2015 to 2018. Sandberg was a member of the Norwegian parliament from 1997 to 2017 (2005–2017 from the Sør-Trøndelag constituency, and before that from Nord-Trøndelag), and served as chair of the parliamentary standing committees on Justice, and Transport and Communications. He has additionally held the position of first deputy leader of the Progress Party from 2006 to 2018. In 1997 he was convicted of assault and battery of an asylum seeker. His status as a convicted felon has made him controversial in Norwegian politics.[3]An outspoken politician with a blue-collar working background, Sandberg has stoked controversy on numerous occasions, and has been described, by former party chairman Carl I. Hagen as well as the media, as the \"proto-typical Progress Party person\" (Norwegian: Ur-FrP'eren).[4][5]","title":"Per Sandberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanger"},{"link_name":"Nord-Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stort-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"outhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse"},{"link_name":"corporal punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ustaoset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustaoset"},{"link_name":"Norske Skog Skogn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norske_Skog_Skogn"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"UNIFIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Lebanese civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_civil_war"},{"link_name":"cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stort-6"}],"text":"Sandberg was born in Levanger, Nord-Trøndelag to self-employed businessman Rolf Sandberg (1926–2010) and part-time worker Rannveig Ertsås (1930–2006).[6] He has three siblings, sister Mona, and brothers Harald and Stig (Stig committed suicide in 1997).[7]He has described his upbringing as \"rough\", partly due to his father, who he describes as being \"incredibly strict and manipulative\". According to Sandberg, his father would regularly lock him up in the outhouse or the cellar as punishment. He would also resort to corporal punishment on his siblings regularly. So great was the abuse, that Sandberg claims: \"Had my father acted like that today, child welfare would have been there. And it would have been an immediate takeover by the child protection services\".[8]After finishing Upper Secondary school, he held numerous different jobs including as a bartender and waiter at a Ski resort in Ustaoset, and later as a process operator at Norske Skog Skogn from 1982 to 1997, where he became the local trade union representative. In 1981 he settled in Levanger. Sandberg was in the service of UNIFIL in Southern Lebanon in 1986 during the Lebanese civil war, where he worked as a cook.[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1987 municipal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Norwegian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1997 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Norwegian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Robert Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Eriksson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"BBQs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBQ"},{"link_name":"Volvo 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_240"},{"link_name":"Center Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Marit Arnstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marit_Arnstad"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Early political career","text":"Sandberg modestly started his career in the Progress Party by lending his name to the party's local list in Levanger, as a favour to a friend, for the 1987 municipal election, but surprisingly ended up securing a seat in the municipal assembly. He had originally joined the party after meeting resistance from public regulations when trying to build a house earlier in the 1980s.[9] He was a member of the Nord-Trøndelag county council from 1995 to 1997, until the 1997 parliamentary election in which he secured the party nomination, beating his friend (and future minister) Robert Eriksson.[10] During the election campaign, he attended BBQs and events through the whole constituency in a borrowed Volvo 240 with only party stickers as election material. He ended up, winning the seat, with 140 votes ahead of the Center Party favourite Marit Arnstad.[11]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Storting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"Nord-Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Sør-Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Standing Committee on Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_Justice"},{"link_name":"Standing Committee on Transport and Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_Transport_and_Communications"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stort-6"},{"link_name":"Solberg Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solberg%27s_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2011 Norway attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Member of Parliament","text":"Serving as a member of the Storting since 1997, the first terms from Nord-Trøndelag, he has since 2005 been represented from the neighbouring county of Sør-Trøndelag. Sandberg chaired the parliamentary Standing Committee on Justice from 2009 to 2013, and from 2005 to 2009 chaired the Standing Committee on Transport and Communications. He became deputy leader of the Progress Party in 2006.[6]While being central in the negotiations leading to the Progress Party joining the Solberg Cabinet after the 2013 election, Sandberg claimed to have turned down offers for two different cabinet positions.[12] On 28 October 2013, Sandberg announced that he was stepping down as deputy leader of the party in 2014, citing a \"...lack of motivation to continue the work\",[13] but in early 2014 retracted his statement and said he would continue.[14]Shortly after making his later retracted announcement to step down as deputy leader, Sandberg published his political autobiography Mot min vilje - oppklaringen av et politisk liv (\"Against my will - clarification of a political life\"), in which he severely criticised several members of the Progress Party, as well as the political direction the party had taken following the 2011 Norway attacks.[15][16]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solberg's Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solberg%27s_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Minister of Fisheries","text":"On 16 December 2015 Sandberg was appointed Minister of Fisheries in Solberg's Cabinet.[17]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solberg's Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solberg%27s_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Sylvi Listhaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvi_Listhaug"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tor Mikkel Wara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Mikkel_Wara"}],"sub_title":"Minister of Justice, Public Security and Immigration","text":"On 20 March 2018 Sandberg was appointed as acting Minister of Justice, Public Security and Immigration in Solberg's Cabinet after Sylvi Listhaug resigned.[18] He was later succeeded by Tor Mikkel Wara.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halden prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halden_prison"},{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"nursing homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_home"},{"link_name":"child protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_protection"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Eastern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Law and order","text":"Sandberg has been highly critical of newer prisons such as the Halden prison, which he claims to have \"hotel-standard\", this according to him being a mockery against most people. He has also been critical of the fact that the prison have better facilities than most public nursing homes and child protection institutions.[19] In addition he has claimed that criminal foreigners and Eastern European gangs \"laugh\" at the Norwegian prison conditions.[20]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abraj-21"},{"link_name":"Schengen Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"asylum seekers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_seeker"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abraj-21"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Sharia law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_law"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"anti-Roma sentiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiziganism"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Immigration","text":"Sandberg proposed in 1999 that the government should be able to expel foreigners from Norway if their children committed serious crimes.[21] In 2002 he proposed a complete stop of immigration from countries outside the Schengen Area.[22]In 2003, Sandberg stated that \"different races, religions and cultures must not be mixed\" if there are to be a \"harmonious society in Norway\", leading to strong reactions from other politicians. Sandberg in addition claimed to have backing for his statements from the chief of police, which caused the chief of police to strongly distance herself from Sandberg's claims. Sandberg also made the claim that ethnic Norwegians would soon become a minority in Norway.[23]The same year he also proposed to introduce electronic tags on asylum seekers to stop them from escaping while their asylum application is processed.[21] Sandberg has also feared the growth of Muslims in Norway, and claimed that certain areas could eventually be subdued to Sharia law.[24]Sandberg has been accused of stirring up anti-Roma sentiment by stating, in 2013: \"At the borders, police can [under existing laws] stop organized groups of Roma, Bulgarians or French because we know from experience that these people disrupt the peace and it has also been proven that many of them engage in criminal activities.\"[25]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"NOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_krone"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Haakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon,_Crown_Prince_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"In 2007 Sandberg claimed Al Gore of being \"a big fraud\", a \"Christian-fundamentalist\" and \"super-capitalist who have earned over 600 million NOK on the climate cause\".[26]Sandberg in 2014 claimed Norway's Crown Prince Haakon of being a \"leftist\", which he says has strengthened his position against the monarchy.[27]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"headbutted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headbutt"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"NOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_krone"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abraj-21"},{"link_name":"Målselv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5lselv"},{"link_name":"Troms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms"},{"link_name":"driver's license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s_license"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Akvavit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvavit"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Thorbjørn Jagland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B8rn_Jagland"},{"link_name":"media sensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalism"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"red wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wine"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Utøya massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks"},{"link_name":"Helga Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Pedersen_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Verdens Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdens_Gang"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"He made headlines when in January 1997 he headbutted and punched an asylum seeker from Yugoslavia in the face after the latter had called him \"pale-white, fat and rich\" and \"racist\".[28] Sandberg was fined 3,000 NOK.[21]In mid-autumn 2006, Sandberg, who then was his party's spokesman for transport, was caught driving at a speed of 100 km/h in a 60 km/h zone i Målselv in Troms fylke, for which he got a suspended sentence of 21 days, lost his driver's license for eight months and was fined NOK 9,000.[29]On 12 December 2006 Sandberg addressed the Norwegian parliament having consumed three shots of Akvavit and a beer.[30] The president of the parliament, Thorbjørn Jagland, said that \"to address parliament under the influence of alcohol is something one just does not do. It has got to do with respect for parliament and for one self\". The incident caused a media sensation. As a result of this incident, subsequent intense pressure from the media, heavy workload and losing his mother around the same time, Sandberg later wrote that he slipped into a depression, and that he contemplated suicide, only to be saved at the last minute by a phone call from his fiancé.[31] Sandberg would later claim that Thorbjørn Jagland himself had been consuming red wine along with the rest of the presidency at the time, before they voted in parliament.[32]In November 2011, in the middle of a public Labour-Progress feud and a heated session in parliament, Sandberg accused the Labour Party of exploiting the Utøya massacre for political gain. This caused Labour party member Helga Pedersen to storm out of the parliament, apparently weeping, while others left the session.[33] Sandberg immediately apologized for the comments, which was accepted. Party leader Siv Jensen also publicly apologized on Sandbergs behalf the next day, before launching another attack at the Labour Party leadership.[34]During the Progress Party's annual congress in 2013, according to newspaper Verdens Gang, Sandberg had to be pulled off another senior party member after Sandberg reportedly had forced the other politician against a wall while shouting angrily at him. The dispute was thought to be part of a years-long internal dispute in the party's Troms chapter.[35]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Minister of Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Fisheries_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nils-36"},{"link_name":"Fiskeribladet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiskeribladet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Erna Solberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Solberg"},{"link_name":"Storting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Police Security Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Mazyar Keshvari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazyar_Keshvari"},{"link_name":"Christian Tybrig-Gjedde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Tybring-Gjedde"},{"link_name":"Iranian regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Iranian revolution of 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Progress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Vacation to Iran","text":"In late July 2018 Sandberg went on an unannounced private vacation to Iran while still serving as Minister of Fisheries. Accompanying him on the trip was 28-year old Bahareh Letnes (née Nasserabad), an Iranian-born woman who had immigrated to Norway in her teens and subsequently was adopted by a Norwegian couple.[36] Maritime business newspaper Fiskeribladet first reported on the case and wrote that Letnes was registered as the owner of a company involved in the exporting of seafood.[37] Multiple politicians reacted to the news and questioned Sandberg's relation to Letnes, whether a conflict of interest existed, as well as whether the trip was approved by the prime ministers office. Sandberg explained that the trip as planned last-minute after his initial plan to vacation in Turkey was scrapped, this was due to an ongoing conflict with his estranged wife and that he informed the prime minister only after he had arrived in Iran.[38]Prime Minister Erna Solberg later informed the Storting that Sandberg had violated government regulations by not notifying his ministry about the vacation. Criticism towards Sandberg also increased after it was revealed that he had declined the security briefing that the Norwegian Police Security Service usually provide for Norwegian politicians who travel to countries where there is a high risk of espionage. Sandberg proceeded to break protocol by bringing his work phone along to Iran, and while he first claimed that he had hardly used it, he had in fact sent 153 text messages and made 22 phone calls.[39][40] Many politicians, including party colleges Mazyar Keshvari and Christian Tybrig-Gjedde, also criticised Sandberg for seemingly \"glorying\" the Iranian regime when he appeared on a radio show where he spoke warmly of Iran as a travel destination.[41] The criticism also increased when it was revealed that Sandberg, in February 2018, had accompanied Letnes to an event organized by the Iranian embassy in Norway that celebrated the Iranian revolution of 1979.[42]After weeks of mounting pressure from the media, opposition and fellow politicians Sandberg resigned as cabinet minister and First deputy leader of the Progress Party on 13 August.[43][44]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Socialist Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Hallgeir Langeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallgeir_Langeland"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Knut Storberget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Storberget"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fe-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fe-47"}],"text":"Sandberg has on several occasions been the victim of physical assaults. In January 2008, Sandberg was physically assaulted by being gripped by the throat and kicked by a man outside the Norwegian parliament. He managed to escape as Socialist Left politician Hallgeir Langeland happened to be nearby and came to his rescue.[45] In July the same man, who had mental problems and had been given residence permit in Norway on humanitarian grounds, also punched down Labour Party politician Knut Storberget.[46]On another occasion, three men approached him, along with his political aide at a restaurant in Oslo, and according to Sandberg \"was ready to attack\", the situation was resolved when the men were evicted from the restaurant and Sandberg was promptly whisked out the back-door.[47] On 27 March 2009, he was attacked by three youths while riding the tram in Oslo. The attack ceased when fellow passengers came to his rescue, the attackers fled before the police arrived.[47]","title":"Threats and assaults"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmv-48"},{"link_name":"Line Miriam Sandberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Miriam_Sandberg"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Sør-Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Lenvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenvik"},{"link_name":"Troms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms"},{"link_name":"island of Senja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senja_(island)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandal"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"While working at Ustaoset in 1976, he met Danish waitress Ulla Kjær Frandsen. They have two children together.[48] He married his first wife, Line Miriam Sandberg (née Haugan) on 7 August 2010. Together they have a son.[49] He used to divide his time three-way between his parliamentary office in Oslo, his parliamentary constituency in Sør-Trøndelag and his home in Lenvik, Troms, on the island of Senja, where he used to live with his family.[50] The commute from his home in Senja, which covers a 3,160 km long flight, was called \"one of Norway's most extreme daily commutes\" as he commuted the trip on a daily basis during the weeks of the 2013 government coalition negotiations.[51] In May 2018 Sandberg separated from his wife and relocated from their home in Senja to a flat in Mandal.[52]In August 2018, Sandberg confirmed that he was in a relationship with businesswoman Bahareh Letnes and that they were in the process of moving in together.[53] In April 2023, he confirmed that he and Letnes had separated.[54]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788282053525","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788282053525"}],"text":"Sandberg, Per; Bjørn Borge Lunde; Roger Pihl (2013). Mot min vilje - oppklaringen av et politisk liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Juritzen forl. ISBN 9788282053525.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Sandberg, Per; Bjørn Borge Lunde; Roger Pihl (2013). Mot min vilje - oppklaringen av et politisk liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Juritzen forl. ISBN 9788282053525.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788282053525","url_text":"9788282053525"}]},{"reference":"\"Per Sandberg blir ny justisminister\". Tv2.no. Retrieved 24 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tv2.no/a/9753995/","url_text":"\"Per Sandberg blir ny justisminister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Per Sandberg changes parties: -I promised a brutal comeback\" (in Norwegian). Nettavisen. 13 September 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/per-sandberg-bytter-parti--jeg-lovet-et-brutalt-comeback/3424018076.html","url_text":"\"Per Sandberg changes parties: -I promised a brutal comeback\""}]},{"reference":"\"– En krangel på et utested for 20 år siden hindrer meg ikke i å gjøre en god jobb som justisminister\". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 24 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/politikk/i/7l49BK/Per-Sandberg-sier-tja-til-fast-justisministerjobb","url_text":"\"– En krangel på et utested for 20 år siden hindrer meg ikke i å gjøre en god jobb som justisminister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sandberg, Per ( 1960- )\". Stortinget.no (in Norwegian). 9 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=PES","url_text":"\"Sandberg, Per ( 1960- )\""}]},{"reference":"Johnsen, Vibeke (31 May 2013). \"Sandbergs bror tok sitt eget liv\". Nettavisen.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 21 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.side2.no/livsstil/article3630445.ece","url_text":"\"Sandbergs bror tok sitt eget liv\""}]},{"reference":"Johnsen, Nilas. \"Per Sandberg om sin far: - Utrolig streng\". Vg.no. Retrieved 29 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/frp/per-sandberg-om-sin-far-utrolig-streng/a/10130925/","url_text":"\"Per Sandberg om sin far: - Utrolig streng\""}]},{"reference":"Agerlie, Kristin (17 June 2006). \"Tilfeldig at det blei Frp\". NRK (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nrk_trondelag/valg_2009_trondelag/1.6656185","url_text":"\"Tilfeldig at det blei Frp\""}]},{"reference":"Sandberg, Per (2013). Mot min vilje: En oppklaring av et politsk liv (in Norwegian). p. 74.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sandberg, Per (2013). 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NRK (in Norwegian). 16 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrk.no/sapmi/har-tro-pa-sandberg-som-ny-fiskeriminister-1.12706943","url_text":"\"Har tro på Sandberg som ny fiskeriminister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offisielt fra Statsråd\" (Press release) (in Norwegian). Office of the Prime Minister. 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/offisielt-fra-statsrad-20.-mars-2018/id2594402","url_text":"\"Offisielt fra Statsråd\""}]},{"reference":"Kristoffersen, Randi; Kvalvik, Victoria (11 February 2010). \"Per Sandberg langer ut mot det nye fengselet i Halden\". Fredriksstad Blad (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.f-b.no/nyheter/per-sandberg-langer-ut-mot-det-nye-fengselet-i-halden-1.3376100","url_text":"\"Per Sandberg langer ut mot det nye fengselet i Halden\""}]},{"reference":"Staude (24 August 2009). \"Hissig debatt bak murenefirst=Tone\". 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VG Nett (in Norwegian). 2 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/norsk-politikk/artikkel.php?artid=303934","url_text":"\"Frp: – Uten oss får Norge sharialover\""}]},{"reference":"Dougherty, Sarah (21 November 2013). \"14 unbelievably racist things European politicians are saying about the Roma\". Globalpost.com. Retrieved 20 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/131118/14-unbelievably-racist-things-politicians-said-about-roma","url_text":"\"14 unbelievably racist things European politicians are saying about the Roma\""}]},{"reference":"\"- Al Gore er en bløffmaker og kristen- fundamentalist\". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). 31 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2007/12/31/522528.html","url_text":"\"- Al Gore er en bløffmaker og kristen- fundamentalist\""}]},{"reference":"Midtbø, Mia Kristin (14 December 2006). \"Sandbergs tidligere tabber\". 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ISBN 9788282053525.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788282053525","url_text":"9788282053525"}]},{"reference":"Sandberg, Per (2013). Mot min vilje: En oppklaring av et politisk liv. p. 224.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Simonsen, Maria Holm. \"Takk, Line\". Folkebladet.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 21 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.folkebladet.no/nyheter/article8613841.ece","url_text":"\"Takk, Line\""}]},{"reference":"Skarvøy, Lars. \"Frps superpar Per og Line Miriam Sandberg separeres\". Retrieved 6 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/bKbqpv/frps-superpar-per-og-line-miriam-sandberg-separeres","url_text":"\"Frps superpar Per og Line Miriam Sandberg separeres\""}]},{"reference":"Krosby, Silje. \"Letnes og Sandberg avviser at de er samboere, men: – Nå skal vi flytte sammen\". Tv2.no. 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Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrk.no/norge/brudd-mellom-per-sandberg-og-bahareh-letnes-1.16376199","url_text":"\"Brudd mellom Per Sandberg og Bahareh Letnes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK","url_text":"NRK"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.tv2.no/a/9753995/","external_links_name":"\"Per Sandberg blir ny justisminister\""},{"Link":"https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/per-sandberg-bytter-parti--jeg-lovet-et-brutalt-comeback/3424018076.html","external_links_name":"\"Per Sandberg changes parties: -I promised a brutal comeback\""},{"Link":"https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/politikk/i/7l49BK/Per-Sandberg-sier-tja-til-fast-justisministerjobb","external_links_name":"\"– En krangel på et utested for 20 år siden hindrer meg ikke i å gjøre en god jobb som justisminister\""},{"Link":"http://www.nordlys.no/nyheter/article6954034.ece","external_links_name":"\"- Per Sandberg er selve 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lappen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061216005139/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/article1569623.ece","external_links_name":"\"Drakk tre akevitt før han talte i Stortinget\""},{"Link":"http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/article1569623.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nrk.no/norge/sandberg-var-naer-ved-a-ta-eget-liv-1.11351317","external_links_name":"\"Per Sandberg i ny bok: Nær ved å ta mitt eget liv\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrk.no/trondelag/sandberg-hevder-jagland-drakk-selv-1.11353822","external_links_name":"\"Sandberg hevder Jagland drakk selv\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111125145950/http://stavrum.nettavisen.no/?p=3876","external_links_name":"\"Hvor forsvant Utøya-verdigheten? | Gunnar Stavrum\""},{"Link":"http://stavrum.nettavisen.no/?p=3876","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Jackson_(soccer) | Larry Jackson (soccer) | ["1 Career","1.1 College and amateur","1.2 Professional","2 References","3 External links"] | American soccer player and manager
Larry JacksonPersonal informationDate of birth
(1990-09-28) September 28, 1990 (age 33)Place of birth
San Francisco, California, United StatesHeight
6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Position(s)
GoalkeeperYouth career
IMG AcademyCollege careerYears
Team
Apps
(Gls)2009–2012
Santa Clara Broncos
Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2014
New England Revolution
0
(0)2015
Wilmington Hammerheads
5
(0)2016
Burlingame Dragons
1
(0)2018
Fresno FC
0
(0)2019
Oakland Roots
3
(0)Managerial career2017
Cal State East Bay Pioneers (men's & women's asst.)2019
Oakland Roots (asst.)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of August 31, 2019
Larry Jackson (born September 28, 1990) is an American soccer player-manager who last played and assistant managed for Oakland Roots SC in the National Independent Soccer Association.
Career
College and amateur
Jackson played college soccer at Santa Clara University between 2009 and 2012.
Professional
Jackson went undrafted in the 2013 MLS SuperDraft, later trialing with Colorado Rapids. He signed his first professional contract with MLS club New England Revolution on April 9, 2014. He was released by the club on December 8, 2014.
Jackson signed with USL side Wilmington Hammerheads on March 3, 2015.
On July 15, 2019, Jackson joined Oakland Roots as a player-coach.
References
^ "Larry Jackson". Santa CLara Athletics. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ German Sferra (April 11, 2013). "Former Santa Clara GK Larry Jackson joins Rapids training". ColoradoRapids.com. MLS. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ "Revolution signs goalkeeper Larry Jackson". revolutionsoccer.net. MLS. April 9, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ "2015 MLS Transactions". MLSsoccer.com. MLS. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ "Goalkeeper Larry Jackson Joins Hammerheads | Wilmington Hammerheads". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
^ "Oakland Roots Introduce Assistant Coaches Larry Jackson and Jordan Ferrell". OaklandRootsSC.com. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
External links
Santa Clara profile
CSUEB profile
vteWest Coast Conference Men's Soccer Player of the YearPlayer of the Year (1988–2020)
1988: Benedetti
1989: Baicher
1990: Holocher
1991: Guarda
1992: Adair
1993: Søbye
1994: Søbye
1995: Jara
1996: O'Brien
1997: McAllister
1998: O'Brien
1999: Casey & O'Connor
2000: Coiner & Torres
2001: Stewart
2002: Coiner
2003: Salazar
2004: Chandler
2005: Ballouchy
2006: Valentino
2007: Lowry
2008: Chinn
2009: Peterman
2010: Wallen
2011: Delgado
2012: Hurtado
2013: Hamer
2014: Brandt
2015: Smith
2016: Sanchez
2017: Schwarzer
2018: Riley
2019: Berry & Engebretsen
2020: Caliskan
Offensive Player of the Year
2021: Caliskan
2022: Cambridge
2023: Tunbridge
Midfielder of the Year
2021: Caliskan
2022: Caliskan
2023: Fernandez
Defender of the Year
1989: Rast
1990: Nguyen
1991: Rast
1992: Cochran & Lindqvist
1993: Lindqvist
1994: Lindqvist
1995: Cannon
1998: Alexander & Utush
1999: Eyre
2000: Stewart
2001: Neerhof & Stewart
2002: Burcar
2003: Burcar
2004: Kovar
2005: Valentino
2006: Robles
2007: Roberts
2008: Barclay
2009: Grider
2010: Downes
2011: Kawulok
2012: Newquist
2013: Phillips
2014: Ringhof
2015: Vieyra
2016: Johnson
2017: Blackmon
2018: Verstraaten
2019: Zattarin
2020: Lopez
2021: Dauchot
2022: Dillon
2023: Bonilla
Goalkeeper of the Year
2011: Roslund
2012: L. Jackson
2013: Blanchette
2014: Rawls
2015: Blanchette & McIntosh
2016: Christensen
2017: Christensen
2018: Prieur
2019: Prieur
2020: J. Jackson
2021: J. Jackson
2022: Dubrovich & Tasouris
2023: Waltz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"player-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-manager"},{"link_name":"Oakland Roots SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Roots_SC"},{"link_name":"National Independent Soccer Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Independent_Soccer_Association"}],"text":"Larry Jackson (born September 28, 1990) is an American soccer player-manager who last played and assistant managed for Oakland Roots SC in the National Independent Soccer Association.","title":"Larry Jackson (soccer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"College and amateur","text":"Jackson played college soccer at Santa Clara University between 2009 and 2012.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 MLS SuperDraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_MLS_SuperDraft"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rapids"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"MLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS"},{"link_name":"New England Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wilmington Hammerheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Hammerheads"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oakland Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Roots_SC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Professional","text":"Jackson went undrafted in the 2013 MLS SuperDraft, later trialing with Colorado Rapids.[2] He signed his first professional contract with MLS club New England Revolution on April 9, 2014.[3] He was released by the club on December 8, 2014.[4]Jackson signed with USL side Wilmington Hammerheads on March 3, 2015.[5]On July 15, 2019, Jackson joined Oakland Roots as a player-coach.[6]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Larry Jackson\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_systems | Adaptive system | ["1 The law of adaptation","2 Benefit of self-adjusting systems","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | System that can adapt to the environment
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Adaptive system" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
An adaptive system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole that together are able to respond to environmental changes or changes in the interacting parts, in a way analogous to either continuous physiological homeostasis or evolutionary adaptation in biology. Feedback loops represent a key feature of adaptive systems, such as ecosystems and individual organisms; or in the human world, communities, organizations, and families. Adaptive systems can be organized into a hierarchy.
Artificial adaptive systems include robots with control systems that utilize negative feedback to maintain desired states.
The law of adaptation
The law of adaptation may be stated informally as:
Every adaptive system converges to a state in which all kind of stimulation ceases.
Formally, the law can be defined as follows:
Given a system
S
{\displaystyle S}
, we say that a physical event
E
{\displaystyle E}
is a stimulus for the system
S
{\displaystyle S}
if and only if the probability
P
(
S
→
S
′
|
E
)
{\displaystyle P(S\rightarrow S'|E)}
that the system suffers a change or be perturbed (in its elements or in its processes) when the event
E
{\displaystyle E}
occurs is strictly greater than the prior probability that
S
{\displaystyle S}
suffers a change independently of
E
{\displaystyle E}
:
P
(
S
→
S
′
|
E
)
>
P
(
S
→
S
′
)
{\displaystyle P(S\rightarrow S'|E)>P(S\rightarrow S')}
Let
S
{\displaystyle S}
be an arbitrary system subject to changes in time
t
{\displaystyle t}
and let
E
{\displaystyle E}
be an arbitrary event that is a stimulus for the system
S
{\displaystyle S}
: we say that
S
{\displaystyle S}
is an adaptive system if and only if when t tends to infinity
(
t
→
∞
)
{\displaystyle (t\rightarrow \infty )}
the probability that the system
S
{\displaystyle S}
change its behavior
(
S
→
S
′
)
{\displaystyle (S\rightarrow S')}
in a time step
t
0
{\displaystyle t_{0}}
given the event
E
{\displaystyle E}
is equal to the probability that the system change its behavior independently of the occurrence of the event
E
{\displaystyle E}
. In mathematical terms:
-
P
t
0
(
S
→
S
′
|
E
)
>
P
t
0
(
S
→
S
′
)
>
0
{\displaystyle P_{t_{0}}(S\rightarrow S'|E)>P_{t_{0}}(S\rightarrow S')>0}
-
lim
t
→
∞
P
t
(
S
→
S
′
|
E
)
=
P
t
(
S
→
S
′
)
{\displaystyle \lim _{t\rightarrow \infty }P_{t}(S\rightarrow S'|E)=P_{t}(S\rightarrow S')}
Thus, for each instant
t
{\displaystyle t}
will exist a temporal interval
h
{\displaystyle h}
such that:
P
t
+
h
(
S
→
S
′
|
E
)
−
P
t
+
h
(
S
→
S
′
)
<
P
t
(
S
→
S
′
|
E
)
−
P
t
(
S
→
S
′
)
{\displaystyle P_{t+h}(S\rightarrow S'|E)-P_{t+h}(S\rightarrow S')<P_{t}(S\rightarrow S'|E)-P_{t}(S\rightarrow S')}
Benefit of self-adjusting systems
In an adaptive system, a parameter changes slowly and has no preferred value. In a self-adjusting system though, the parameter value “depends on the history of the system dynamics”. One of the most important qualities of self-adjusting systems is its “adaptation to the edge of chaos” or ability to avoid chaos. Practically speaking, by heading to the edge of chaos without going further, a leader may act spontaneously yet without disaster. A March/April 2009 Complexity article further explains the self-adjusting systems used and the realistic implications. Physicists have shown that adaptation to the edge of chaos occurs in almost all systems with feedback.
See also
Evolutionary biology portal
Autopoiesis
Adaptive immune system
Artificial neural network
Complex adaptive system
Diffusion of innovations
Ecosystems
Gaia hypothesis
Gene expression programming
Genetic algorithms
Learning
Neural adaptation
Notes
^ José Antonio Martín H., Javier de Lope and Darío Maravall: "Adaptation, Anticipation and Rationality in Natural and Artificial Systems: Computational Paradigms Mimicking Nature" Natural Computing, December, 2009. Vol. 8(4), pp. 757-775. doi
^ Hübler, A. & Wotherspoon, T.: "Self-Adjusting Systems Avoid Chaos". Complexity. 14(4), 8 – 11. 2008
^ Wotherspoon, T.; Hubler, A. (2009). "Adaptation to the edge of chaos with random-wavelet feedback". J Phys Chem A. 113 (1): 19–22. Bibcode:2009JPCA..113...19W. doi:10.1021/jp804420g. PMID 19072712.
References
Martin H., Jose Antonio; Javier de Lope; Darío Maravall (2009). "Adaptation, Anticipation and Rationality in Natural and Artificial Systems: Computational Paradigms Mimicking Nature". Natural Computing. 8 (4): 757–775. doi:10.1007/s11047-008-9096-6. S2CID 2723451.
External links
Look up anapoiesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up practopoiesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homeostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis"},{"link_name":"adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"Feedback loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_loops"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems"},{"link_name":"organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisms"},{"link_name":"communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communities"},{"link_name":"organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizations"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Families"},{"link_name":"robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots"},{"link_name":"control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_system"},{"link_name":"negative feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_feedback"}],"text":"An adaptive system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole that together are able to respond to environmental changes or changes in the interacting parts, in a way analogous to either continuous physiological homeostasis or evolutionary adaptation in biology. Feedback loops represent a key feature of adaptive systems, such as ecosystems and individual organisms; or in the human world, communities, organizations, and families. Adaptive systems can be organized into a hierarchy.Artificial adaptive systems include robots with control systems that utilize negative feedback to maintain desired states.","title":"Adaptive system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The law of adaptation may be stated informally as:Every adaptive system converges to a state in which all kind of stimulation ceases.[1]Formally, the law can be defined as follows:Given a system \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n, we say that a physical event \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n is a stimulus for the system \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n if and only if the probability \n \n \n \n P\n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n \n |\n \n E\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(S\\rightarrow S'|E)}\n \n that the system suffers a change or be perturbed (in its elements or in its processes) when the event \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n occurs is strictly greater than the prior probability that \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n suffers a change independently of \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n:P\n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n \n |\n \n E\n )\n >\n P\n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(S\\rightarrow S'|E)>P(S\\rightarrow S')}Let \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n be an arbitrary system subject to changes in time \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n and let \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n be an arbitrary event that is a stimulus for the system \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n: we say that \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is an adaptive system if and only if when t tends to infinity \n \n \n \n (\n t\n →\n ∞\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (t\\rightarrow \\infty )}\n \n the probability that the system \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n change its behavior \n \n \n \n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (S\\rightarrow S')}\n \n in a time step \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{0}}\n \n given the event \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n is equal to the probability that the system change its behavior independently of the occurrence of the event \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n. In mathematical terms:- \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n \n |\n \n E\n )\n >\n \n P\n \n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n )\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{t_{0}}(S\\rightarrow S'|E)>P_{t_{0}}(S\\rightarrow S')>0}\n \n\n- \n \n \n \n \n lim\n \n t\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n P\n \n t\n \n \n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n \n |\n \n E\n )\n =\n \n P\n \n t\n \n \n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{t\\rightarrow \\infty }P_{t}(S\\rightarrow S'|E)=P_{t}(S\\rightarrow S')}Thus, for each instant \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n will exist a temporal interval \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n such that:P\n \n t\n +\n h\n \n \n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n \n |\n \n E\n )\n −\n \n P\n \n t\n +\n h\n \n \n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n )\n <\n \n P\n \n t\n \n \n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n \n |\n \n E\n )\n −\n \n P\n \n t\n \n \n (\n S\n →\n \n S\n ′\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{t+h}(S\\rightarrow S'|E)-P_{t+h}(S\\rightarrow S')<P_{t}(S\\rightarrow S'|E)-P_{t}(S\\rightarrow S')}","title":"The law of adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adaptation to the edge of chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_chaos"},{"link_name":"chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory"},{"link_name":"edge of chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_chaos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"},{"link_name":"edge of chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_chaos"},{"link_name":"feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In an adaptive system, a parameter changes slowly and has no preferred value. In a self-adjusting system though, the parameter value “depends on the history of the system dynamics”. One of the most important qualities of self-adjusting systems is its “adaptation to the edge of chaos” or ability to avoid chaos. Practically speaking, by heading to the edge of chaos without going further, a leader may act spontaneously yet without disaster. A March/April 2009 Complexity article further explains the self-adjusting systems used and the realistic implications.[2] Physicists have shown that adaptation to the edge of chaos occurs in almost all systems with feedback.[3]","title":"Benefit of self-adjusting systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11047-008-9096-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2009JPCA..113...19W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPCA..113...19W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/jp804420g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp804420g"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19072712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19072712"}],"text":"^ José Antonio Martín H., Javier de Lope and Darío Maravall: \"Adaptation, Anticipation and Rationality in Natural and Artificial Systems: Computational Paradigms Mimicking Nature\" Natural Computing, December, 2009. Vol. 8(4), pp. 757-775. doi\n\n^ Hübler, A. & Wotherspoon, T.: \"Self-Adjusting Systems Avoid Chaos\". Complexity. 14(4), 8 – 11. 2008\n\n^ Wotherspoon, T.; Hubler, A. (2009). \"Adaptation to the edge of chaos with random-wavelet feedback\". J Phys Chem A. 113 (1): 19–22. Bibcode:2009JPCA..113...19W. doi:10.1021/jp804420g. PMID 19072712.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg"},{"title":"Evolutionary biology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology"},{"title":"Autopoiesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis"},{"title":"Adaptive immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system"},{"title":"Artificial neural network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network"},{"title":"Complex adaptive system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system"},{"title":"Diffusion of innovations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations"},{"title":"Ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems"},{"title":"Gaia hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis"},{"title":"Gene expression programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression_programming"},{"title":"Genetic algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithms"},{"title":"Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning"},{"title":"Neural adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_adaptation"}] | [{"reference":"Wotherspoon, T.; Hubler, A. (2009). \"Adaptation to the edge of chaos with random-wavelet feedback\". J Phys Chem A. 113 (1): 19–22. Bibcode:2009JPCA..113...19W. doi:10.1021/jp804420g. PMID 19072712.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPCA..113...19W","url_text":"2009JPCA..113...19W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp804420g","url_text":"10.1021/jp804420g"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19072712","url_text":"19072712"}]},{"reference":"Martin H., Jose Antonio; Javier de Lope; Darío Maravall (2009). \"Adaptation, Anticipation and Rationality in Natural and Artificial Systems: Computational Paradigms Mimicking Nature\". Natural Computing. 8 (4): 757–775. doi:10.1007/s11047-008-9096-6. S2CID 2723451.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_Antonio_Martin_H.&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Martin H., Jose Antonio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javier_de_Lope&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Javier de Lope"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dar%C3%ADo_Maravall&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Darío Maravall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11047-008-9096-6","url_text":"10.1007/s11047-008-9096-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2723451","url_text":"2723451"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Adaptive+system%22","external_links_name":"\"Adaptive system\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Adaptive+system%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Adaptive+system%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Adaptive+system%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Adaptive+system%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Adaptive+system%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11047-008-9096-6","external_links_name":"doi"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JPCA..113...19W","external_links_name":"2009JPCA..113...19W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp804420g","external_links_name":"10.1021/jp804420g"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19072712","external_links_name":"19072712"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11047-008-9096-6","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11047-008-9096-6"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2723451","external_links_name":"2723451"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejar%C3%ADa_Todo | Dejaría Todo | ["1 Background and composition","2 Promotion and reception","3 Cover versions","4 Formats and track listings","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 See also","7 References"] | 1998 single by Chayanne"Dejaría Todo"Mexican CD single coverSingle by Chayannefrom the album Atado a Tu Amor ReleasedSeptember 1998 (1998-09)Genre
Rock
Length4:43LabelSony DiscosSongwriter(s)EstéfanoProducer(s)EstéfanoChayanne singles chronology
"You Are My Home" / "Refugio de Amor" (1998)
"Dejaría Todo" (1998)
"Salomé" (1999)
Music video"Dejaría Todo" on YouTube
"Dejaría Todo" (transl. "I'd Leave Everything") is a song by Puerto Rican singer Chayanne from his ninth studio album, Atado a Tu Amor (1998). The song was written and produced by Estéfano and released as the lead single from the album in September 1998 by Sony Discos.The rock ballad details everything the singer is capable of doing for his lover. The song received generally positive reactions from music critics and is listed among Chayanne's best songs. A music video for the song was filmed and features a dark scenery. Commercially, it topped the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Latin Pop Airplay charts in the United States. The track was nominated for Pop Song of the Year at the 11th Lo Nuestro Awards and Song of the Year at the inaugural Ritmo Latino Music Awards in 1999 and was acknowledged as an award-winning song at the 2000 Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) Latin Awards.
"Dejaría Todo" has been covered by Brazilian singer Leonardo, Puerto Rican singer Johnny Ray, and Latin American boy band CNCO. Leonardo recorded the Portuguese version, "Deixaria Tudo", which reached number two in Brazil, while Johnny Ray's cover peaked at number 15 on the Tropical Airplay in the US. CNCO's rendition was included on their covers album, Déjà Vu (2021). It peaked at number four on the Monitor Latino Peruvian pop charts.
Background and composition
On February 6, 1998, Chayanne announced during the 39th Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile that he was set to start recording a new album in June. Further details about the album were revealed during a press conference in August at the Plaza Hotel in New York City including its name, Atado a Tu Amor, and release date on September 29, 1998. Chayanne described the record as "in the same style that I have been maintaining all my career. It's pop music, with a Caribbean influence, and the romantic ballads. It's for couples. It's for love." Recorded in Puerto Rico and Los Angeles, it features compositions written by musicians that Chayanne had collaborated before including Estéfano of Donato & Estéfano. One of the four songs Estéfano wrote for Atado a Tu Amor was "Dejaría Todo", which also he produced.
"Dejaría Todo" is a rock romantic ballad, that, lyrically, addresses everything the singer is capable of doing for his loved one. In the lyrics, he sings: "Lo dejaría todo porque te quedaras, mi credo, mi familia, mi religion" ("I'd leave everything behind so that you'll stay, my family, my religion"). Chayanne regarded the track as one of his favorites in 2016, stating: "Dejaría Todo was a marvelous record. I already had experience, I’d done several kinds of tours, I was established, I had mass recognition, enthusiasm, and it all came together with "Dejaría Todo"." In 2021, the artist revealed the song was inspired by a past relationship he had with a former lover. A Portuguese-language version of the song, "Deixaria Tudo" was also recorded for the Brazilian market with the lyrics being adapted by Lucas Robles.
Promotion and reception
"Dejaría Todo" was released as the lead single for Atado a Tu Amor on the first week of September 1998 by Sony Discos. The original recording was also featured on his greatest hits album Grandes Éxitos (2002). A live version of the track was included on the albums Vivo (2008) and A Solas Con Chayanne (2012). A live version of the track was included on the albums Vivo (2008) and A Solas Con Chayanne (2012), A music video for the track was filmed. A writer for Los 40 described it as a "claustrophobic scenario that speaks about the sadness of love in this video created by narrow corridors, dark colors, large pillars in which the singer gets and even a cage in which a model appears".
El Norte critic Deborah Davis cited it as one of the tracks that makes the album "a successful resurrection". Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle called it a "pleasant enough ballad with some nice acoustic guitar work". El Nuevo Diario critic Edgard Barberna S. praised it as a "impressive ballad that gets under skin as a prayer of love". Eliseo Cardona, who wrote a more critical review of Atado a Tu Amor for El Nuevo Herald, felt that "Dejaría Todo", along with the title track, "stand out in a banal repertoire made for the staging of the live show." A writer for Clarín listed it as one of the singer's "15 Greatest Hits", while an editor from El Debate cited the track as of the five songs that made him famous.
Commercially, it reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Latin Pop Airplay charts in the United States. "Dejaría Todo" was Chayanne's first number single on the Hot Latin Songs chart in over six years since "El Centro de Mi Corazón" in 1992 and was the best-performing Latin pop song of the year in the US. At the 11th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards in 1999, the song was nominated in the category of Pop Song of the Year, which was awarded to Ricky Martin's "La Copa de la Vida". In the same year, at the inaugural Ritmo Latino Music Awards, the track was nominated Song of the Year, but lost to "Esperanza" (1998) by Enrique Iglesias. It was acknowledged as an award-winning song at the 2000 BMI Latin Awards.
Cover versions
The Portuguese version, "Deixaria Tudo", was covered by Brazilian singer Leonardo on his studio album, Quero Colo (2000), and reached number two in Brazil according to Billboard. Leonardo performed it live as part of a medley with his son and musician Zé Felipe in 2013 which was recorded for the live album 30 Anos (2014). Puerto Rican musician Johnny Ray recorded a salsa rendition of the track on his studio album, Romántico con Salsa (2001). It peaked at number 15 on the Tropical Airplay chart in the US.
Latin American boy band CNCO included the song on their covers album Déjà Vu (2021). Cristina Jaleru of the Associated Press complimented CNCO's take as a "livelier sound" in comparison to the original recording. CNCO's version peaked at number four on the Peruvian pop charts according to Monitor Latino. The band sung "Dejaria Todo" live at the Premio Lo Nuestro 2021 along with several other songs from the album.
Formats and track listings
Brazilian promotional single
Deixaria Tudo – 4:44
Deixaria Tudo (Samba Pra Ti) – 5:08
Deixaria Tudo (Samba Pra Festa) – 6:25
Deixaria Tudo (Samba Pra Festa) (edit) – 5:06
Dejaría Todo – 4:43
European promotional single
"Dejaría Todo" – 4:43
Mexican promotional single
Dejaría Todo (remix) – 5:19
Dejaría Todo – 4:43
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart positions for "Dejaría Todo"
Chart (1998)
Peakposition
US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)
1
US Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard)
1
Weekly chart positions for Leonardo's cover
Chart (2000)
Peakposition
Brazil (Billboard)
2
Weekly chart positions for Johnny Ray's cover
Chart (2001)
Peakposition
US Tropical Airplay (Billboard)
15
Weekly chart positions for CNCO's cover
Chart (2021)
Peakposition
Peru Pop (Monitor Latino)
14
Year-end charts
1999 year-end chart performance for "Dejaría Todo"
Chart (1999)
Position
US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)
8
US Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard)
1
See also
Billboard Hot Latin Songs Year-End Chart
List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1998
List of Billboard Latin Pop Airplay number ones of 1998
List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1999
List of Billboard Latin Pop Airplay number ones of 1999
References
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^ O'Brien, Jon. "Chayanne – Atado a Tu Amor". AllMusic. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
^ a b Lannert, John (August 20, 2005). "Latin Superstars Shine With Estéfan's Touch". Billboard. Vol. 117, no. 34. p. 34. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
^ Tarradell, Mario (May 10, 1999). "Steamed Up: Chayanne's Smooth Moves Send Audience". The Dallas Morning News. p. 25A.
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^ a b Deixaria Tudo (Media notes). Chayanne. Brazil: Sony Music Brasil. 1998. 899.656/2-492267.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Sabias que...". El Norte (in Spanish). December 6, 1998. p. 53. ProQuest 316113000. Retrieved May 19, 2022 – via ProQuest.
^ a b Dejaría Todo (CD single) (CD single liner notes). Chayanne. Europe: Sony Discos. 1998. SAMPCS 6062.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
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^ "Chayanne – A Solas con Chayanne". AllMusic. Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
^ "Videoclip – Dejaría todo" (in Spanish). Los 40. January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on September 29, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
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^ "15 grandes éxitos de Chayanne". Clarín (in Spanish). August 25, 2014. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
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^ "Leonardo compartilha vídeo em que canta com o filho" (in Portuguese). Viola Show. June 3, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
^ Bonacich, Drago. "Romantico con Salsa – Johnny Ray | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
^ a b "Tropical Airplay: Week of October 20, 2001". Billboard. October 20, 1998. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
^ Flores, Griselda (February 5, 2021). "CNCO Break Down 6 Essential Tracks on New Covers Album 'Deja Vu'". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
^ Jaleru, Cristina (February 4, 2021). "Review: CNCO Gives Fans a Swanky 'Déjà Vu' on Covers Album". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
^ a b "Peru – Top 20 Pop" (in Spanish). Monitor Latino. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
^ Flores, Griselda (February 19, 2021). "CNCO Perform 'Tan Enamorados' With Ricardo Montaner at Premio Lo Nuestro 2021". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
^ Dejaría Todo – Remix (Media notes). Chayanne. Mexico: Sony Music México. 1998. PRCD 9751.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
vteChayanne
Discography
Studio albums
Es mi nombre
Sangre Latina
Chayanne (1987)
Chayanne (1988)
Tiempo de Vals
Provócame
Influencias
Volver a Nacer
Atado a Tu Amor
Simplemente
Sincero
Cautivo
Mi tiempo
No Hay Imposibles
En Todo Estaré
Bailemos Otra Vez
Compilations
Grandes Éxitos
Desde Siempre
De Piel a Piel
Live albums
Chayanne: Vivo
A Solas Con Chayanne
Singles
"Fiesta En América"
"Fuiste un Trozo de Hielo en la Escarcha"
"Mi Primer Amor"
"Completamente Enamorados"
"Solamente Tu Amor"
"Dejaría Todo"
"Salomé"
"Yo Te Amo"
"Torero"
"Humanos a Marte" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chayanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanne"},{"link_name":"Atado a Tu Amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atado_a_Tu_Amor"},{"link_name":"Estéfano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9fano"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Sony Discos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Discos"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Pop Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Nuestro_Award_for_Pop_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"11th Lo Nuestro Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Lo_Nuestro_1999"},{"link_name":"Broadcast Music, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMI_Awards"},{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro_e_Leonardo"},{"link_name":"CNCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNCO"},{"link_name":"Tropical Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Déjà Vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_Vu_(CNCO_album)"}],"text":"1998 single by Chayanne\"Dejaría Todo\" (transl. \"I'd Leave Everything\") is a song by Puerto Rican singer Chayanne from his ninth studio album, Atado a Tu Amor (1998). The song was written and produced by Estéfano and released as the lead single from the album in September 1998 by Sony Discos.The rock ballad details everything the singer is capable of doing for his lover. The song received generally positive reactions from music critics and is listed among Chayanne's best songs. A music video for the song was filmed and features a dark scenery. Commercially, it topped the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Latin Pop Airplay charts in the United States. The track was nominated for Pop Song of the Year at the 11th Lo Nuestro Awards and Song of the Year at the inaugural Ritmo Latino Music Awards in 1999 and was acknowledged as an award-winning song at the 2000 Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) Latin Awards.\"Dejaría Todo\" has been covered by Brazilian singer Leonardo, Puerto Rican singer Johnny Ray, and Latin American boy band CNCO. Leonardo recorded the Portuguese version, \"Deixaria Tudo\", which reached number two in Brazil, while Johnny Ray's cover peaked at number 15 on the Tropical Airplay in the US. CNCO's rendition was included on their covers album, Déjà Vu (2021). It peaked at number four on the Monitor Latino Peruvian pop charts.","title":"Dejaría Todo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viña del Mar International Song Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1a_del_Mar_International_Song_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Plaza Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Atado a Tu Amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atado_a_Tu_Amor"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres"},{"link_name":"romantic ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Estéfano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9fano"},{"link_name":"Donato & Estéfano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donato_%26_Est%C3%A9fano"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-estefano-5"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"romantic ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Debate-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brazil_single-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"On February 6, 1998, Chayanne announced during the 39th Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile that he was set to start recording a new album in June.[1] Further details about the album were revealed during a press conference in August at the Plaza Hotel in New York City including its name, Atado a Tu Amor, and release date on September 29, 1998. Chayanne described the record as \"in the same style that I have been maintaining all my career. It's pop music, with a Caribbean influence, and the romantic ballads. It's for couples. It's for love.\"[2] Recorded in Puerto Rico and Los Angeles, it features compositions written by musicians that Chayanne had collaborated before including Estéfano of Donato & Estéfano.[3] One of the four songs Estéfano wrote for Atado a Tu Amor was \"Dejaría Todo\", which also he produced.[4][5]\"Dejaría Todo\" is a rock romantic ballad, that, lyrically, addresses everything the singer is capable of doing for his loved one.[6][7] In the lyrics, he sings: \"Lo dejaría todo porque te quedaras, mi credo, mi familia, mi religion\" (\"I'd leave everything behind so that you'll stay, my family, my religion\").[8] Chayanne regarded the track as one of his favorites in 2016, stating: \"Dejaría Todo was a marvelous record. I already had experience, I’d done several kinds of tours, I was established, I had mass recognition, enthusiasm, and it all came together with \"Dejaría Todo\".\"[9] In 2021, the artist revealed the song was inspired by a past relationship he had with a former lover.[10] A Portuguese-language version of the song, \"Deixaria Tudo\" was also recorded for the Brazilian market with the lyrics being adapted by Lucas Robles.[11][12]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Discos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Latin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europe_single-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Grandes Éxitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_%C3%89xitos_(Chayanne_album)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_version"},{"link_name":"Vivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanne:_Vivo"},{"link_name":"A Solas Con Chayanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Solas_Con_Chayanne"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Los 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_40"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"El Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Norte_(Monterrey)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"El Nuevo Diario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Nuevo_Diario"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"El Nuevo Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Nuevo_Herald"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Clarín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"El Debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Debate_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Debate-7"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinsongs-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinpopsongs-26"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-estefano-5"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinsongs-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearend1999-27"},{"link_name":"11th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Lo_Nuestro_1999"},{"link_name":"Pop Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Nuestro_Award_for_Pop_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-univision-lonuestro-1999-28"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"La Copa de la Vida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Copa_de_la_Vida"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Esperanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_(Enrique_Iglesias_song)"},{"link_name":"Enrique Iglesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"BMI Latin Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMI_Awards"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"\"Dejaría Todo\" was released as the lead single for Atado a Tu Amor on the first week of September 1998 by Sony Discos.[13][14][15] The original recording was also featured on his greatest hits album Grandes Éxitos (2002).[16] A live version of the track was included on the albums Vivo (2008) and A Solas Con Chayanne (2012). A live version of the track was included on the albums Vivo (2008) and A Solas Con Chayanne (2012),[17][18] A music video for the track was filmed. A writer for Los 40 described it as a \"claustrophobic scenario that speaks about the sadness of love in this video created by narrow corridors, dark colors, large pillars in which the singer gets and even a cage in which a model appears\".[19]El Norte critic Deborah Davis cited it as one of the tracks that makes the album \"a successful resurrection\".[20] Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle called it a \"pleasant enough ballad with some nice acoustic guitar work\".[21] El Nuevo Diario critic Edgard Barberna S. praised it as a \"impressive ballad that gets under skin as a prayer of love\".[22] Eliseo Cardona, who wrote a more critical review of Atado a Tu Amor for El Nuevo Herald, felt that \"Dejaría Todo\", along with the title track, \"stand out in a banal repertoire made for the staging of the live show.\"[23] A writer for Clarín listed it as one of the singer's \"15 Greatest Hits\", while an editor from El Debate cited the track as of the five songs that made him famous.[7][24]Commercially, it reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Latin Pop Airplay charts in the United States.[25][26] \"Dejaría Todo\" was Chayanne's first number single on the Hot Latin Songs chart in over six years since \"El Centro de Mi Corazón\" in 1992 and was the best-performing Latin pop song of the year in the US.[5][25][27] At the 11th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards in 1999, the song was nominated in the category of Pop Song of the Year,[28] which was awarded to Ricky Martin's \"La Copa de la Vida\".[29] In the same year, at the inaugural Ritmo Latino Music Awards, the track was nominated Song of the Year, but lost to \"Esperanza\" (1998) by Enrique Iglesias.[30][31] It was acknowledged as an award-winning song at the 2000 BMI Latin Awards.[32]","title":"Promotion and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro_e_Leonardo"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brasil-34"},{"link_name":"Zé Felipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Felipe"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"salsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_music"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Tropical Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical-37"},{"link_name":"CNCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNCO"},{"link_name":"Déjà Vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_Vu_(CNCO_album)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peru-40"},{"link_name":"Premio Lo Nuestro 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Lo_Nuestro_2021"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The Portuguese version, \"Deixaria Tudo\", was covered by Brazilian singer Leonardo on his studio album, Quero Colo (2000),[33] and reached number two in Brazil according to Billboard.[34] Leonardo performed it live as part of a medley with his son and musician Zé Felipe in 2013 which was recorded for the live album 30 Anos (2014).[35] Puerto Rican musician Johnny Ray recorded a salsa rendition of the track on his studio album, Romántico con Salsa (2001).[36] It peaked at number 15 on the Tropical Airplay chart in the US.[37]Latin American boy band CNCO included the song on their covers album Déjà Vu (2021).[38] Cristina Jaleru of the Associated Press complimented CNCO's take as a \"livelier sound\" in comparison to the original recording.[39] CNCO's version peaked at number four on the Peruvian pop charts according to Monitor Latino.[40] The band sung \"Dejaria Todo\" live at the Premio Lo Nuestro 2021 along with several other songs from the album.[41]","title":"Cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brazil_single-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europe_single-13"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Brazilian promotional single[11]Deixaria Tudo – 4:44\nDeixaria Tudo (Samba Pra Ti) – 5:08\nDeixaria Tudo (Samba Pra Festa) – 6:25\nDeixaria Tudo (Samba Pra Festa) (edit) – 5:06\nDejaría Todo – 4:43European promotional single[13]\"Dejaría Todo\" – 4:43Mexican promotional single[42]Dejaría Todo (remix) – 5:19\nDejaría Todo – 4:43","title":"Formats and track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejar%C3%ADa_Todo&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinsongs-25"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinpopsongs-26"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brasil-34"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical-37"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peru-40"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejar%C3%ADa_Todo&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearend1999-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearend1999-27"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart positions for \"Dejaría Todo\"\n\n\nChart (1998)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[25]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard)[26]\n\n1\n\n\n\nWeekly chart positions for Leonardo's cover\n\n\nChart (2000)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nBrazil (Billboard)[34]\n\n2\n\n\n\nWeekly chart positions for Johnny Ray's cover\n\n\nChart (2001)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Tropical Airplay (Billboard)[37]\n\n15\n\n\n\nWeekly chart positions for CNCO's cover\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nPeru Pop (Monitor Latino)[40]\n\n14\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n1999 year-end chart performance for \"Dejaría Todo\"\n\n\nChart (1999)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[27]\n\n8\n\n\nUS Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard)[27]\n\n1","title":"Charts"}] | [] | [{"title":"Billboard Hot Latin Songs Year-End Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_Latin_Songs_Year-End_Chart"},{"title":"List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_Billboard_Hot_Latin_Tracks_of_1998"},{"title":"List of Billboard Latin Pop Airplay number ones of 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Latin_Pop_Airplay_number_ones_of_1998"},{"title":"List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_Billboard_Hot_Latin_Tracks_of_1999"},{"title":"List of Billboard Latin Pop Airplay number ones of 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Latin_Pop_Airplay_number_ones_of_1999"}] | [{"reference":"\"En Breve\". Reforma (in Spanish). February 6, 1998. p. 8. ProQuest 311625251. Retrieved May 31, 2022 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/311625251","url_text":"\"En Breve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/311625251","url_text":"311625251"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest","url_text":"ProQuest"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Pamela (August 29, 1998). \"Dancing with His Fans\". Hartford Courant. p. F1. ProQuest 256117284. Retrieved May 31, 2022 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/256117284","url_text":"\"Dancing with His Fans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/256117284","url_text":"256117284"}]},{"reference":"Camarena, Ricardo (November 11, 1998). \"Atado a Chayanne\". La Opinión (in Spanish). p. 1B. ProQuest 368230325. Retrieved May 31, 2022 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/368230325","url_text":"\"Atado a Chayanne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Opini%C3%B3n","url_text":"La Opinión"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/368230325","url_text":"368230325"}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, Jon. \"Chayanne – Atado a Tu Amor\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/atado-a-tu-amor-mw0000047432","url_text":"\"Chayanne – Atado a Tu Amor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211022163031/https://www.allmusic.com/album/atado-a-tu-amor-mw0000047432","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lannert, John (August 20, 2005). \"Latin Superstars Shine With Estéfan's Touch\". Billboard. Vol. 117, no. 34. p. 34. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5RIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34","url_text":"\"Latin Superstars Shine With Estéfan's Touch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220516230621/https://books.google.com/books?id=5RIEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&pg=PA34","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tarradell, Mario (May 10, 1999). \"Steamed Up: Chayanne's Smooth Moves Send Audience\". The Dallas Morning News. p. 25A.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"Pamela de la Rocha (December 13, 2020). \"Estas son las 5 canciones de Chayanne que lo llevaron al estrellato\". El Debate (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.debate.com.mx/show/Estas-son-las-5-canciones-de-Chayanne-que-lo-llevaron-al-estrellato-20201213-0100.html","url_text":"\"Estas son las 5 canciones de Chayanne que lo llevaron al estrellato\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Debate_(Mexico)","url_text":"El Debate"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220519143856/https://www.debate.com.mx/show/Estas-son-las-5-canciones-de-Chayanne-que-lo-llevaron-al-estrellato-20201213-0100.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alvarez, Ethel (September 28, 1998). \"'Quiero tener un hijo tuyo!'\". Palabra (in Spanish). p. 3. ProQuest 376961736. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170_(number) | 170 (number) | ["1 In mathematics","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "170" number – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Natural number
← 169
170
171 →
← 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 → List of numbersIntegers← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 →Cardinalone hundred seventyOrdinal170th(one hundred seventieth)Factorization2 × 5 × 17Divisors1, 2, 5, 10, 17, 34, 85, 170Greek numeralΡΟ´Roman numeralCLXXBinary101010102Ternary200223Senary4426Octal2528Duodecimal12212HexadecimalAA16
170 (one hundred seventy) is the natural number following 169 and preceding 171.
In mathematics
170 is the smallest n for which φ(n) and σ(n) are both square (64 and 324 respectively). But 170 is never a solution for φ(x), making it a nontotient. Nor is it ever a solution to x - φ(x), making it a noncototient.
170 is a repdigit in base 4 (2222) and base 16 (AA), as well as in bases 33, 84, and 169. It is also a sphenic number.
170 is the largest integer for which its factorial can be stored in IEEE 754 double-precision floating-point format. This is probably why it is also the largest factorial that Google's built-in calculator will calculate, returning the answer as 170! = 7.25741562 × 10306.
There are 170 different cyclic Gilbreath permutations on 12 elements, and therefore there are 170 different real periodic points of order 12 on the Mandelbrot set.
See also
170s
E170 (disambiguation)
F170 (disambiguation)
List of highways numbered 170
United States Supreme Court cases, Volume 170
United Nations Security Council Resolution 170
Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 170
References
^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000048". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
^ Diaconis, Persi; Graham, Ron (2012), "Chapter 5: From the Gilbreath Principle to the Mandelbrot Set", Magical Mathematics: the mathematical ideas that animate great magic tricks, Princeton University Press, pp. 61–83.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 170 (number).
The Number 170
Number Facts and Trivia: 170
The Positive Integer 170
Prime curiosities: 170
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But 170 is never a solution for φ(x), making it a nontotient. Nor is it ever a solution to x - φ(x), making it a noncototient.170 is a repdigit in base 4 (2222) and base 16 (AA), as well as in bases 33, 84, and 169. It is also a sphenic number.170 is the largest integer for which its factorial can be stored in IEEE 754 double-precision floating-point format. This is probably why it is also the largest factorial that Google's built-in calculator will calculate, returning the answer as 170! = 7.25741562 × 10306.[citation needed]There are 170 different cyclic Gilbreath permutations on 12 elements,[1] and therefore there are 170 different real periodic points of order 12 on the Mandelbrot set.[2]","title":"In mathematics"}] | [] | [{"title":"170s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170s"},{"title":"E170 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E170_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"F170 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F170_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"List of highways numbered 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highways_numbered_170"},{"title":"United States Supreme Court cases, Volume 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_170"},{"title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_170"},{"title":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives,_District_170"}] | [{"reference":"Sloane, N. 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A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A000048","url_text":"\"Sequence A000048\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Diaconis, Persi; Graham, Ron (2012), \"Chapter 5: From the Gilbreath Principle to the Mandelbrot Set\", Magical Mathematics: the mathematical ideas that animate great magic tricks, Princeton University Press, pp. 61–83","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persi_Diaconis","url_text":"Diaconis, Persi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Graham_(mathematician)","url_text":"Graham, Ron"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22170%22+number","external_links_name":"\"170\" number"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22170%22+number+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22170%22+number&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22170%22+number+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22170%22+number","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22170%22+number&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000048","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A000048\""},{"Link":"http://www.numdic.com/170","external_links_name":"The Number 170"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091023061038/http://athensohio.net/reference/number/170/","external_links_name":"Number Facts and Trivia: 170"},{"Link":"http://www.positiveintegers.org/170","external_links_name":"The Positive Integer 170"},{"Link":"http://primes.utm.edu/curios/page.php/170.html","external_links_name":"Prime curiosities: 170"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_Boussod_et_Valadon | Goupil & Cie | ["1 History","1.1 Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil","1.2 Origins","1.3 Global presence in the 19th and 20th centuries","2 Goupil & Cie in the 21st Century","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | International auction house
For other uses, see Goupil (disambiguation).
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Galerie Goupil, place de l'Opéra Paris.
Goupil & Cie is an international auction house and merchant of contemporary art and collectibles. Jean-Baptiste Adophe Goupil founded Goupil & Cie in 1850. Goupil & Cie became a leading art dealership in 19th-century France, with its headquarters in Paris. Step by step, Goupil established a worldwide trade in fine art reproductions of paintings and sculptures, with a network of branches and agents in London and other major art capitals across Continental Europe as well as in New York City and Australia. Les Ateliers Photographiques, their workshop north of Paris, in Asnières, was instrumental in their expansion from 1869. The leading figure of Goupil & Cie was Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil (1806–1893). His daughter Marie married the French artist Jean-Léon Gérôme.
History
Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil
Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil (1806–1893)
Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil, was born on March 7, 1806 in Paris. He was the son of Auguste Goupil, pharmacist, and Anne Lutton (1774–1849) and ancestor of Hubert Drouais. He became a leader of the art and publishing industry and one of the most important art dealers and publishers of the 19th century. From 1827, Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil engaged in the business of printing and publishing original prints and interpretation in several countries, most importantly in France, England and Germany. He married Victoire Brincard (1808–1886), originally from Belfort, in August 1829, and had five children: Léon, Amélie, Albert, Marie and Blanche. After the disappearance of his first partner, Henry Rittner in 1840, Goupil found a new partner Théodore Vibert (1816–1850) the following year in 1841. Between 1845 and 1848, Goupil and Vibert opened a branch in London and then in New York at 289 Broadway. Vibert died in 1850, leaving several children that Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil took care of. In addition to a printer-publisher, Goupil also became a dealer in paintings and drawings. Goupil signed a contract in 1845 with the painter Charles Landelle, who undertook not to dispose of his reproduction rights before having offered it to Maison Goupil. Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil founded the international company Goupil & Cie in 1850, which in a few decades became one of the greatest art dealers of the 19th century. Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil was elected mayor of Saint-Martin-aux-Chartrains (Calvados) from 1875 to 1893 where he owned the "castle of the whole city". He was appointed officer of the Legion of Honor in 1877. Having already lost his eldest son in 1855, Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil decided to gradually retire from business from 1884, when his second son Albert died. Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil died on May 9, 1893, in Saint-Martin-aux-Chartrains.
Origins
The seascape painter, Charles Louis Mozin, introduced Rittner to the young Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil, who descended from a celebrated family of painters, the Drouais. Together, they created the maison Goupil in 1829. The business premise was printing and selling prints (engravings and lithographs) in Blvd. Montmartre in Paris. From the outset, the house specialised in the sale of engravings after pictures by Ingres, Hippolyte Delaroche and Léopold Robert. After Rittner's death, Goupil formed a partnership with Théodore Vibert, which was formalized in Paris in 1842. In a ground-breaking move, the firm opened in New York in 1848 as Goupil, Vibert et cie. William Schaus became the first director of the New York branch, but was replaced by Adolphe Goupil's son, Léon, and then in 1855 by Michel Knoedler, who eventually bought out Goupil's interest in 1857.
Adolphe Goupil formed Goupil & Cie in 1850. Over the next 34 years the partners were Adolphe Goupil 1850–84, Alfred Mainguet 1850–56, Léon Goupil 1854–55, Léon Boussod 1856–84, Vincent van Gogh 1861–72, Albert Goupil 1872–84, René Valadon 1878–84. Until 1861 the firm concentrated on buying, selling and editing prints. To feed an emerging middle-class market with inexpensive art, Goupil's workshop outside Paris employed skilled craftsmen to produce engraved, etched, photographic and even sculptural copies of paintings in vast quantities. Goupil's reproductions made Jean-Léon Gérôme, in particular, a well known artist. Maison Goupil also promoted via their print reproductions, a significant number of works by Italian painters who worked for the publishing house during the 1870s, including paintings by Alberto Pasini and Francesco Paolo Michetti among others. When Vincent van Gogh (1820–1888) , the uncle of painter Vincent van Gogh, known as Uncle Cent by Vincent and his brother Theo, entered the firm, the business expanded to paintings and drawings, finally in 1872 to industrial images, including photographic and héliographic procedures.
Uncle Cent moved to Paris in 1858 and took residence at 9 Rue Chaptal, which housed Goupil's headquarters, too. In 1861, he became partner of Goupil & Cie. As Uncle Cent had no children, his nephews were evidently supposed to follow him up in the firm: Vincent entered in 1869, Theo in 1873. When Vincent was sacked by Léon Boussod in 1876, the balance between the shareholders suffered – and so Theo got his chance. Called to the Paris office for the time of the World Fair 1878, he was offered to stay in Paris. Between 1881 and 1890, Theo was manager of Goupil & Cie's branch on Boulevard Montmartre, from which he sold about 1,000 paintings, including works by members of the Barbizon School like Corot and Daubigny.
In these years, Vincent took up his vocation and began to study art, based on the Cours de dessin, compiled by Charles Bargue "in collaboration with J.-L. Gérôme" and edited by Goupil & Cie, 1868–1873. In 1880, he asked his former director Herman Gijsbert Tersteeg, at Goupil's in The Hague, to lend him a copy, which he finally received with the support of his brother Theo.
Vincent van Gogh fell ill and retired in 1872 due to his degrading health, to settle in Princenhage for the summers and in Menton for the winters, but remained a partner until 1878. His duties were taken over by René Valadon. From then on, the firm was completely in the hands of the Goupil family and their sons-in-law Léon Boussod and René Valadon. Adolphe Goupil (1840–1884) joined his father in 1877. In 1867 Albert had taken over the business oo Vincent van Gogh (uncle Cent). Both families have been associates to manage the Dutch branch. Vincent and Théodore van Gogh were also employed in London and Paris.
Goupil & Cie, rue Chaptal (c.1860).
Global presence in the 19th and 20th centuries
Paris
9 Rue Chaptal (Administration, gallery of paintings and storerooms)
Paris
19 Boulevard Montmartre
It was in Boulevard Montmartre (originally nos 12 and 15) that Adolphe Goupil first went into business. No. 19 became a simple sales room when the administration was moved to Rue Chaptal. From 1881 this branch was run by Theo van Gogh.
Paris
2 Place de l'Opéra
Goupil's main sales room established in 1870
New York
289 Broadway
Established in 1848.
The Hague
Plaats 14, since 1861 and moved in 1880 to Plaats 20
Established in the 1830s by Vincent van Gogh on Spuistraat, the gallery was transferred to Plaats 14, in 1861, when combined with Goupil
Brussels
58 Rue Montagne de la Cour / Hofberg 58
Established in 1865 by H. W. van Gogh; after his retirement this branch was run by V. Schmidt.
London
Established by Ernest Gambart. 17 Southampton Street. Moved to 25 Bedford Street, Strand in 1875 when Goupil & Cie took over Holloway & Sons and their salerooms. Goupil's manager in London was at this time Charles Obach.
Berlin
Charlottenstrasse 63
Goupil & Cie in the 21st Century
Today, Goupil & Cie specializes in modern and contemporary art as well as luxury and exceptional products. Sales and auctions are mainly organized online.
See also
Vincent van Gogh chronology
References
^ "Goupil & Cie, b. 1829". National Portrait Gallery people. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
^ a b c d Lafont-Couturier, Hélène (1996). "La maison Goupil ou la notion d'oeuvre originale remise en question". Revue de l'Art. 112 (1): 59–69. doi:10.3406/rvart.1996.348269.
^ Linda Whiteley, 'Art et commerce d'art en France avant l'époque impressionniste', Romantisme, 40, 1983, pp. 73–74.
^ Penot, Agnès (January 8, 2017). "The Perils and Perks of Trading Art Overseas: Goupil's New York Branch". Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide. 16 (1). doi:10.29411/ncaw.2017.16.1.4. S2CID 188797433 – via www.19thc-artworldwide.org.
^ Ken Johnson, (April 20, 2001), A Return to the Junction Of Art and Commerce New York Times.
^ Rosalba Dinoia, ' The Maison Goupil and the Triumph of Italian Painters', Print Quarterly, XXXI, 2014, 2, pp.195–198.
^ http://www.vggallery.com/photos/cent.htm
^ Judith H. Dobrzynski, (June 13, 1999), ART REVIEW; A Return to the Junction Of Art and Commerce New York Times.
^ Martin Bailey, Van Gogh in England, Barbican Art Gallery, London 1992, p. 11
Further reading
Agnès Penot, La maison Goupil, Galerie d'art internationale au XIXe siècle, Paris, Mare & Martin, 2017
John Rewald, Theo van Gogh, Goupil, and the Impressionists, Gazette des Beaux-Arts, January & February 1973, p. 1–107
Chris Stolwijk & Richard Thompson, ed. Theo van Gogh (1857–1891), Art dealer, collector and brother of Vincent. Waanders, Zwolle 1999. ISBN 90-400-9359-8
Gérôme & Goupil: Art and Enterprise, Réunion de musées nationaux, Paris 2000 ISBN 2-7118-4152-9
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goupil & Cie.
Official website
Musée Goupil, Bordeaux Archived 2018-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
Goupil & Cie and Boussod, Valadon & Co. Records, 1846–1919. Research Library at the Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California.
Goupil & Cie/Boussod, Valadon & Cie Stock Books. Getty Provenance Index at the Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California.
Goupil Stock Books Dataset A CSV dataset that contains 43,750 records transcribed from the 15 stock books of Goupil & Cie/Boussod, Valadon & Cie in Paris (1846–1919).
Collections Online | British Museum
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Spain
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
Photographers' Identities
ULAN
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goupil (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goupil_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galerie_Goupil.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"art dealership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_dealer"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Asnières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Jean-Léon Gérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me"}],"text":"For other uses, see Goupil (disambiguation).Galerie Goupil, place de l'Opéra Paris.Goupil & Cie is an international auction house and merchant of contemporary art and collectibles. Jean-Baptiste Adophe Goupil founded Goupil & Cie in 1850.[1] Goupil & Cie became a leading art dealership in 19th-century France, with its headquarters in Paris. Step by step, Goupil established a worldwide trade in fine art reproductions of paintings and sculptures, with a network of branches and agents in London and other major art capitals across Continental Europe as well as in New York City and Australia. Les Ateliers Photographiques, their workshop north of Paris, in Asnières, was instrumental in their expansion from 1869. The leading figure of Goupil & Cie was Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil (1806–1893). His daughter Marie married the French artist Jean-Léon Gérôme.","title":"Goupil & Cie"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adolphe_Goupil.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil","text":"Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil (1806–1893)Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil, was born on March 7, 1806[2] in Paris. He was the son of Auguste Goupil, pharmacist, and Anne Lutton (1774–1849) and ancestor of Hubert Drouais.[2] He became a leader of the art and publishing industry and one of the most important art dealers and publishers of the 19th century. From 1827, Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil engaged in the business of printing and publishing original prints and interpretation in several countries, most importantly in France, England and Germany. He married Victoire Brincard (1808–1886), originally from Belfort, in August 1829, and had five children: Léon, Amélie, Albert, Marie and Blanche. After the disappearance of his first partner, Henry Rittner in 1840, Goupil found a new partner Théodore Vibert (1816–1850) the following year in 1841. Between 1845 and 1848, Goupil and Vibert opened a branch in London and then in New York at 289 Broadway. Vibert died in 1850, leaving several children that Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil took care of. In addition to a printer-publisher, Goupil also became a dealer in paintings and drawings. Goupil signed a contract in 1845 with the painter Charles Landelle, who undertook not to dispose of his reproduction rights before having offered it to Maison Goupil. Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil founded the international company Goupil & Cie in 1850, which in a few decades became one of the greatest art dealers of the 19th century. Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil was elected mayor of Saint-Martin-aux-Chartrains (Calvados) from 1875 to 1893 where he owned the \"castle of the whole city\".[citation needed] He was appointed officer of the Legion of Honor in 1877. Having already lost his eldest son in 1855, Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil decided to gradually retire from business from 1884, when his second son Albert died. Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil died on May 9, 1893, in Saint-Martin-aux-Chartrains.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Louis Mozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mozin"},{"link_name":"Drouais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drouais_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Ingres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingres"},{"link_name":"Hippolyte Delaroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Delaroche"},{"link_name":"Léopold Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Robert"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh (1820–1888)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_van_Gogh_(1820%E2%80%931888)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh_(kunsthandelaar)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Theo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(art_dealer)"},{"link_name":"Theo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(art_dealer)"},{"link_name":"World Fair 1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charles Bargue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bargue"},{"link_name":"J.-L. Gérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Princenhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princenhage"},{"link_name":"Menton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galerie_Goupil2.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The seascape painter, Charles Louis Mozin, introduced Rittner to the young Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil, who descended from a celebrated family of painters, the Drouais. Together, they created the maison Goupil in 1829.[2] The business premise was printing and selling prints (engravings and lithographs) in Blvd. Montmartre in Paris.[2] From the outset, the house specialised in the sale of engravings after pictures by Ingres, Hippolyte Delaroche and Léopold Robert. After Rittner's death, Goupil formed a partnership with Théodore Vibert, which was formalized in Paris in 1842.[3] In a ground-breaking move, the firm opened in New York in 1848 as Goupil, Vibert et cie. William Schaus became the first director of the New York branch, but was replaced by Adolphe Goupil's son, Léon, and then in 1855 by Michel Knoedler, who eventually bought out Goupil's interest in 1857.[4]Adolphe Goupil formed Goupil & Cie in 1850. Over the next 34 years the partners were Adolphe Goupil 1850–84, Alfred Mainguet 1850–56, Léon Goupil 1854–55, Léon Boussod 1856–84, Vincent van Gogh 1861–72, Albert Goupil 1872–84, René Valadon 1878–84. Until 1861 the firm concentrated on buying, selling and editing prints. To feed an emerging middle-class market with inexpensive art, Goupil's workshop outside Paris employed skilled craftsmen to produce engraved, etched, photographic and even sculptural copies of paintings in vast quantities. Goupil's reproductions made Jean-Léon Gérôme, in particular, a well known artist.[5] Maison Goupil also promoted via their print reproductions, a significant number of works by Italian painters who worked for the publishing house during the 1870s, including paintings by Alberto Pasini and Francesco Paolo Michetti among others.[6] When Vincent van Gogh (1820–1888) [nl],[7] the uncle of painter Vincent van Gogh, known as Uncle Cent by Vincent and his brother Theo, entered the firm, the business expanded to paintings and drawings, finally in 1872 to industrial images, including photographic and héliographic procedures.Uncle Cent moved to Paris in 1858 and took residence at 9 Rue Chaptal, which housed Goupil's headquarters, too. In 1861, he became partner of Goupil & Cie. As Uncle Cent had no children, his nephews were evidently supposed to follow him up in the firm: Vincent entered in 1869, Theo in 1873. When Vincent was sacked by Léon Boussod in 1876, the balance between the shareholders suffered – and so Theo got his chance. Called to the Paris office for the time of the World Fair 1878, he was offered to stay in Paris. Between 1881 and 1890, Theo was manager of Goupil & Cie's branch on Boulevard Montmartre, from which he sold about 1,000 paintings, including works by members of the Barbizon School like Corot and Daubigny.[8]In these years, Vincent took up his vocation and began to study art, based on the Cours de dessin, compiled by Charles Bargue \"in collaboration with J.-L. Gérôme\" and edited by Goupil & Cie, 1868–1873. In 1880, he asked his former director Herman Gijsbert Tersteeg, at Goupil's in The Hague, to lend him a copy, which he finally received with the support of his brother Theo.Vincent van Gogh fell ill and retired in 1872 due to his degrading health, to settle in Princenhage for the summers and in Menton for the winters, but remained a partner until 1878. His duties were taken over by René Valadon. From then on, the firm was completely in the hands of the Goupil family and their sons-in-law Léon Boussod and René Valadon. Adolphe Goupil (1840–1884) joined his father in 1877. In 1867 Albert had taken over the business oo Vincent van Gogh (uncle Cent). Both families have been associates to manage the Dutch branch. Vincent and Théodore van Gogh were also employed in London and Paris.Goupil & Cie, rue Chaptal (c.1860).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boulevard Montmartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Montmartre"},{"link_name":"Theo van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(art_dealer)"},{"link_name":"Place de l'Opéra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Ernest Gambart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gambart"},{"link_name":"Southampton Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Street,_London"},{"link_name":"Bedford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Street"},{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Global presence in the 19th and 20th centuries","text":"Paris9 Rue Chaptal (Administration, gallery of paintings and storerooms)Paris19 Boulevard Montmartre\nIt was in Boulevard Montmartre (originally nos 12 and 15) that Adolphe Goupil first went into business. No. 19 became a simple sales room when the administration was moved to Rue Chaptal. From 1881 this branch was run by Theo van Gogh.Paris2 Place de l'Opéra\nGoupil's main sales room established in 1870New York289 Broadway\nEstablished in 1848.The HaguePlaats 14, since 1861 and moved in 1880 to Plaats 20\nEstablished in the 1830s by Vincent van Gogh on Spuistraat, the gallery was transferred to Plaats 14, in 1861, when combined with GoupilBrussels58 Rue Montagne de la Cour / Hofberg 58\nEstablished in 1865 by H. W. van Gogh; after his retirement this branch was run by V. Schmidt.LondonEstablished by Ernest Gambart. 17 Southampton Street. Moved to 25 Bedford Street, Strand in 1875 when Goupil & Cie took over Holloway & Sons and their salerooms.[9] Goupil's manager in London was at this time Charles Obach.BerlinCharlottenstrasse 63","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Today, Goupil & Cie specializes in modern and contemporary art as well as luxury and exceptional products. Sales and auctions are mainly organized online.","title":"Goupil & Cie in the 21st Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-400-9359-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-400-9359-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7118-4152-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7118-4152-9"}],"text":"Agnès Penot, La maison Goupil, Galerie d'art internationale au XIXe siècle, Paris, Mare & Martin, 2017\nJohn Rewald, Theo van Gogh, Goupil, and the Impressionists, Gazette des Beaux-Arts, January & February 1973, p. 1–107\nChris Stolwijk & Richard Thompson, ed. Theo van Gogh (1857–1891), Art dealer, collector and brother of Vincent. Waanders, Zwolle 1999. ISBN 90-400-9359-8\nGérôme & Goupil: Art and Enterprise, Réunion de musées nationaux, Paris 2000 ISBN 2-7118-4152-9","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Galerie Goupil, place de l'Opéra Paris.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Galerie_Goupil.jpg/300px-Galerie_Goupil.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jean-Baptiste Adolphe Goupil (1806–1893)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Adolphe_Goupil.jpg/220px-Adolphe_Goupil.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goupil & Cie, rue Chaptal (c.1860).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Galerie_Goupil2.jpg/300px-Galerie_Goupil2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Vincent van Gogh chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh_chronology"}] | [{"reference":"\"Goupil & Cie, b. 1829\". National Portrait Gallery people. Retrieved 2021-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portrait.gov.au/people/goupil-cie-1829/","url_text":"\"Goupil & Cie, b. 1829\""}]},{"reference":"Lafont-Couturier, Hélène (1996). \"La maison Goupil ou la notion d'oeuvre originale remise en question\". Revue de l'Art. 112 (1): 59–69. doi:10.3406/rvart.1996.348269.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/rvart_0035-1326_1996_num_112_1_348269","url_text":"\"La maison Goupil ou la notion d'oeuvre originale remise en question\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frvart.1996.348269","url_text":"10.3406/rvart.1996.348269"}]},{"reference":"Penot, Agnès (January 8, 2017). \"The Perils and Perks of Trading Art Overseas: Goupil's New York Branch\". Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide. 16 (1). doi:10.29411/ncaw.2017.16.1.4. S2CID 188797433 – via www.19thc-artworldwide.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/spring17/penot-on-the-perils-and-perks-of-trading-art-overseas-goupils-new-york-branch","url_text":"\"The Perils and Perks of Trading Art Overseas: Goupil's New York Branch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.29411%2Fncaw.2017.16.1.4","url_text":"10.29411/ncaw.2017.16.1.4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:188797433","url_text":"188797433"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Goupil_%26_Cie&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Goupil_%26_Cie","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"http://www.portrait.gov.au/people/goupil-cie-1829/","external_links_name":"\"Goupil & Cie, b. 1829\""},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/rvart_0035-1326_1996_num_112_1_348269","external_links_name":"\"La maison Goupil ou la notion d'oeuvre originale remise en question\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frvart.1996.348269","external_links_name":"10.3406/rvart.1996.348269"},{"Link":"http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/spring17/penot-on-the-perils-and-perks-of-trading-art-overseas-goupils-new-york-branch","external_links_name":"\"The Perils and Perks of Trading Art Overseas: Goupil's New York Branch\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.29411%2Fncaw.2017.16.1.4","external_links_name":"10.29411/ncaw.2017.16.1.4"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:188797433","external_links_name":"188797433"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/20/arts/art-review-a-return-to-the-junction-of-art-and-commerce.html","external_links_name":"A Return to the Junction Of Art and Commerce"},{"Link":"http://www.vggallery.com/photos/cent.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.vggallery.com/photos/cent.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/13/travel/travel-advisory-amsterdam-s-van-gogh-museum-reopens.html","external_links_name":"ART REVIEW; A Return to the Junction Of Art and Commerce"},{"Link":"https://goupilandcie.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.culture.gouv.fr/GOUPIL/FILES/","external_links_name":"Musée Goupil, Bordeaux"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180225132437/http://www.culture.gouv.fr/GOUPIL/FILES/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://primo.getty.edu/GRI:ALMA_DIGITAL:GETTY_ALMA21134399430001551","external_links_name":"Goupil & Cie and Boussod, Valadon & Co. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_39_PH | Freedom 39 PH | ["1 Production","2 Design","3 Operational history","4 See also","5 References"] | Sailboat class
Freedom 39 PHDevelopmentDesignerRon Holland and Gary HoytLocationUnited StatesYear1983Builder(s)Freedom YachtsRoleCruiserNameFreedom 39 PHBoatDisplacement18,500 lb (8,391 kg)Draft5.50 ft (1.68 m)HullTypeMonohullConstructionFiberglassLOA39.00 ft (11.89 m)LWL31.00 ft (9.45 m)Beam12.83 ft (3.91 m)Engine typePerkins Engines 50 hp (37 kW) diesel engineHull appendagesKeel/board typefin keelBallast5,300 lb (2,404 kg)Rudder(s)skeg-mounted rudderRigRig typeCat-rigged schoonerP mainsail luff44.50 ft (13.56 m)E mainsail foot17.50 ft (5.33 m)SailsSailplanCat-rigged schoonerMainsail area456 sq ft (42.4 m2)Jib/genoa area288 sq ft (26.8 m2)Total sail area744 sq ft (69.1 m2)
The Freedom 39 PH is an American pilothouse schooner sailboat that was designed by Ron Holland and Gary Hoyt as a cruiser and first built in 1983.
The Freedom 39 PH was introduced at the same time as the related Freedom 39 design, a boat with a similar hull, but a ketch rig and a conventional aft cockpit, without a pilothouse.
Production
The boat was built by Tillotson Pearson in the United States for Freedom Yachts, starting in 1983.
Design
The Freedom 39 PH is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass using a balsa core, with wooden trim. It is a cat-rigged schooner, with carbon-fiber conventional booms and two free-standing carbon-fiber masts. It has an aft cockpit and a low-mounted pilothouse forward of the cockpit. It features a raked stem, a slightly reverse transom, a skeg-mounted rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel. The pilothouse has a second wheel for steering. The design displaces 18,500 lb (8,391 kg) and carries 5,300 lb (2,404 kg) of ballast.
The boat has a draft of 5.50 ft (1.68 m) with the standard keel fitted.
The boat is fitted with a British Perkins Engines 50 hp (37 kW) for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds 100 U.S. gallons (380 L; 83 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 160 U.S. gallons (610 L; 130 imp gal).
The design has sleeping accommodations for six people. It has a private, aft, double cabin, under the cockpit, accessed from the pilothouse, a double settee berth in the pilothouse and a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin. There is a captain's chair in the pilothouse, along with a navigation station. The galley is U-shaped and located just aft of the bow cabin. It includes a three-burner propane stove, an oven and double sinks. There are two separate heads, one just aft of the bow cabin on the starboard side, opposite the galley and another in the aft cabin on the port side. The forward head includes a molded fiberglass shower.
Ventilation is provided by two opening ports in the aft cabin and four hatches, located over the bow cabin, the forward head, the galley and the main cabin.
All sail controls are led to the cockpit which includes two winches and sheet stoppers. The halyards, the reefing lines and the boom vang for the aft mast are all controlled from the cockpit.
Operational history
In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "this cruiser was designed to offer the advantages of a schooner but with improved windward sailing characteristics. Since there is no forestay it cannot sag, and upwind performance is improved. The pilothouse is very low and does not block vision from the cockpit."
See also
List of sailing boat types
Related development
Freedom 39
Similar sailboats
Baltic 40
Cal 39
Cal 39 Mark II
Cal 39 (Hunt/O'Day)
Corbin 39
Islander 40
Nautical 39
Nordic 40
References
^ a b c d e f McArthur, Bruce (2020). "Freedom 39 PH sailboat". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
^ McArthur, Bruce (2020). "Ron Holland". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
^ McArthur, Bruce (2020). "Gary Hoyt". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h Sherwood, Richard M.: A Field Guide to Sailboats of North America, Second Edition, pages 332-333. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994. ISBN 0-395-65239-1
^ McArthur, Bruce (2020). "Freedom 39 sailboat". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
^ McArthur, Bruce (2020). "Freedom Yachts". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
vtePearson Yachts sailboatsPearson Yachts named designs
Ariel
Alberg35
Electra
Ensign
Lark
Renegade
Triton
Vanguard
Wanderer
Pearson Yachts numbered designs
21
22
23
23C
24
25
26
27
28
28-2
30
303
Triton series designs
21
22
25
27
28
30
Freedom Yachts designs
21
24
25
28
28 Cat Ketch
30
35
36
36 Cat Ketch
38
39
39 PH
42
45
Independence 20
Other designs
International 210
Navy 44 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pilothouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilothouse"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"sailboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboat"},{"link_name":"Ron Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Holland"},{"link_name":"Gary Hoyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Hoyt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-4"},{"link_name":"Freedom 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_39"},{"link_name":"ketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Data-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Freedom 39 PH is an American pilothouse schooner sailboat that was designed by Ron Holland and Gary Hoyt as a cruiser and first built in 1983.[1][2][3][4]The Freedom 39 PH was introduced at the same time as the related Freedom 39 design, a boat with a similar hull, but a ketch rig and a conventional aft cockpit, without a pilothouse.[1][5]","title":"Freedom 39 PH"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tillotson Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillotson_Pearson"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Freedom Yachts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Yachts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Data-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The boat was built by Tillotson Pearson in the United States for Freedom Yachts, starting in 1983.[1][4][6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"keelboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelboat"},{"link_name":"fiberglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass"},{"link_name":"balsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsa"},{"link_name":"cat-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catboat"},{"link_name":"carbon-fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-fiber"},{"link_name":"booms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"raked stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raked_stem"},{"link_name":"reverse transom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transom"},{"link_name":"skeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeg"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Data-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Data-1"},{"link_name":"Perkins Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkins_Engines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Data-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-4"},{"link_name":"galley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)"},{"link_name":"propane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane"},{"link_name":"heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-4"},{"link_name":"halyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halyard"},{"link_name":"reefing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefing"},{"link_name":"boom vang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_vang"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-4"}],"text":"The Freedom 39 PH is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass using a balsa core, with wooden trim. 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The pilothouse is very low and does not block vision from the cockpit.\"[4]","title":"Operational history"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of sailing boat types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sailing_boat_types"},{"title":"Freedom 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_39"},{"title":"Baltic 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_40"},{"title":"Cal 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_39"},{"title":"Cal 39 Mark II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_39_Mark_II"},{"title":"Cal 39 (Hunt/O'Day)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_39_(Hunt/O%27Day)"},{"title":"Corbin 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbin_39"},{"title":"Islander 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islander_40"},{"title":"Nautical 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_39"},{"title":"Nordic 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_40"}] | [{"reference":"McArthur, Bruce (2020). \"Freedom 39 PH sailboat\". sailboatdata.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannock_High_School | Brannock High School | ["1 Feeder schools","2 Language and Communication Support Centre","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°48′38.58″N 3°57′33.96″W / 55.8107167°N 3.9594333°W / 55.8107167; -3.9594333
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Secondary school in Newarthill, Motherwell, ScotlandBrannock High SchoolBrannock High Main BuildingAddressLoanhead RoadNewarthill, Motherwell, ML1 5AUScotlandInformationTypeSecondary SchoolMottoConcordiaEstablished18 August 1982HeadteacherKevin McConnachieEnrolment630HousesIsle of Arran, Isle of Bute & Isle of LewisColour(s) Light Blue, Navy Blue, Gold and BlackWebsitehttps://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/brannock/
Brannock High School is a non-denominational, co-educational comprehensive secondary school in Newarthill, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is situated on Loanhead Road.
Feeder schools
The school catchment area takes in Carfin, Holytown, New Stevenston and Newarthill, in which the associated primary schools are Holytown Primary School, Keir Hardie Memorial Primary School, New Stevenston Primary School and Newarthill Primary School. A number of pupils from the Bellshill area also attend.
Language and Communication Support Centre
There is a Language and Communication Support Centre based within the school for young people with ASD.
References
^ a b ""About Brannock High School"". Retrieved 18 August 2018.
External links
School website
School Facebook Page
55°48′38.58″N 3°57′33.96″W / 55.8107167°N 3.9594333°W / 55.8107167; -3.9594333
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
This article about a school in Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-denominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational"},{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-educational"},{"link_name":"comprehensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Us_|_Brannock_High_School-1"},{"link_name":"Newarthill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newarthill"},{"link_name":"North Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lanarkshire"}],"text":"Secondary school in Newarthill, Motherwell, ScotlandBrannock High School is a non-denominational, co-educational comprehensive secondary school[1] in Newarthill, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is situated on Loanhead Road.","title":"Brannock High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfin"},{"link_name":"Holytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holytown"},{"link_name":"New Stevenston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Stevenston"},{"link_name":"Newarthill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newarthill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Us_|_Brannock_High_School-1"},{"link_name":"Bellshill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellshill"}],"text":"The school catchment area takes in Carfin, Holytown, New Stevenston and Newarthill, in which the associated primary schools are Holytown Primary School, Keir Hardie Memorial Primary School, New Stevenston Primary School and Newarthill Primary School.[1] A number of pupils from the Bellshill area also attend.","title":"Feeder schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum"}],"text":"There is a Language and Communication Support Centre based within the school for young people with ASD.","title":"Language and Communication Support Centre"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"\"About Brannock High School\"\". Retrieved 18 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/brannock/parent-zone/about-us/","url_text":"\"\"About Brannock High School\"\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brannock_High_School¶ms=55_48_38.58_N_3_57_33.96_W_type:edu_region:GB","external_links_name":"55°48′38.58″N 3°57′33.96″W / 55.8107167°N 3.9594333°W / 55.8107167; -3.9594333"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brannock_High_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/brannock/","external_links_name":"https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/brannock/"},{"Link":"https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/brannock/parent-zone/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"\"About Brannock High School\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.brannock.n-lanark.sch.uk/","external_links_name":"School website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/brannockhighschool/","external_links_name":"School Facebook Page"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brannock_High_School¶ms=55_48_38.58_N_3_57_33.96_W_type:edu_region:GB","external_links_name":"55°48′38.58″N 3°57′33.96″W / 55.8107167°N 3.9594333°W / 55.8107167; -3.9594333"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/243236466","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2012008762","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brannock_High_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Wedding_Crashers | The Real Wedding Crashers | ["1 Episodes","2 Series cast","2.1 Notable guest star","3 References","4 External links"] | American TV series or program
The Real Wedding CrashersGenreComedy, RealityCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes6ProductionRunning time60 minutesProduction companiesKatalyst FilmsNew Line TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseApril 23 (2007-04-23) –May 28, 2007 (2007-05-28)
The Real Wedding Crashers was an American prank/hidden camera series on NBC, inspired by the 2005 comedy film Wedding Crashers, that premiered on April 23, 2007. Ashton Kutcher, who helped create the concept, has explored a similar idea in Punk'd.
The series was produced by the aforementioned Ashton Kutcher, Karey Burke, Rich Meehan, Jon Kroll, Jim Rosenthal, and Jason Goldberg with RDF USA, the production company of shows such as Wife Swap, in association with New Line Television, part of the studio that produced the film. No one among the show's main cast and crew were involved in the original film, nor were the cast and crew of the film involved with the series.
It was announced on May 7, 2007, that the series would be pulled after the final four episodes. NBC subsequently announced the show was defunct on May 28, 2007. NBC announced on July 20, 2007 that the show was not renewed. The last two episodes both aired on NBC and on the Style Network.
Episodes
Episode number
Date
Couple
Viewersmillions
Note
1
Apr 23, 2007
Jonnie and Derek
6.7
2
Apr 30, 2007
Jennifer and Jay
5.6
3
May 7, 2007
Melissa and Eric
14.8
4
May 14, 2007
Jina and Christian
18.9
Rescheduled twice from June 25 and July 2, 2007
5
May 21, 2007
Erica and Manoli
15.5
Rescheduled from July 9, 2007
6
May 28, 2007
Denise and Steve
3.9
Rescheduled from July 16, 2007
Series cast
Ben Gleib
Steve Byrne
Catherine Reitman
Gareth Reynolds
Desi Lydic
Notable guest star
Robin Bain
References
^ Official Website at NBC.com Archived 2009-06-22 at the Wayback Machine
^ tvbuddy.com The Real Wedding Crashers related article
^ tvseriesfinale.com
^ bridestelevision.com
External links
Official website
The Real Wedding Crashers at IMDb
This article relating to reality television in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Wedding Crashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_Crashers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ashton Kutcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher"},{"link_name":"Punk'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk%27d"},{"link_name":"Ashton Kutcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher"},{"link_name":"Jon Kroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Kroll"},{"link_name":"Jim Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"Jason Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Wife Swap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife_Swap_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"New Line Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Television"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Style Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_Network"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Real Wedding Crashers was an American prank/hidden camera series on NBC, inspired by the 2005 comedy film Wedding Crashers, that premiered on April 23, 2007.[1] Ashton Kutcher, who helped create the concept, has explored a similar idea in Punk'd.The series was produced by the aforementioned Ashton Kutcher, Karey Burke, Rich Meehan, Jon Kroll, Jim Rosenthal, and Jason Goldberg with RDF USA, the production company of shows such as Wife Swap, in association with New Line Television, part of the studio that produced the film.[2] No one among the show's main cast and crew were involved in the original film, nor were the cast and crew of the film involved with the series.It was announced on May 7, 2007, that the series would be pulled after the final four episodes.[3] NBC subsequently announced the show was defunct on May 28, 2007. NBC announced on July 20, 2007 that the show was not renewed. The last two episodes both aired on NBC and on the Style Network.[4]","title":"The Real Wedding Crashers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Gleib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Gleib"},{"link_name":"Steve Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Byrne"},{"link_name":"Catherine Reitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Reitman"},{"link_name":"Gareth Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Desi Lydic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desi_Lydic"}],"text":"Ben Gleib\nSteve Byrne\nCatherine Reitman\nGareth Reynolds\nDesi Lydic","title":"Series cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robin Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Bain"}],"sub_title":"Notable guest star","text":"Robin Bain","title":"Series cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.nbc.com/The_Real_Wedding_Crashers/","external_links_name":"Official Website at NBC.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090622023051/http://www.nbc.com/The_Real_Wedding_Crashers/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.buddytv.com/articles/the-real-wedding-crashers/the-real-wedding-crashers-5794.aspx","external_links_name":"tvbuddy.com"},{"Link":"http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/the-real-wedding-crashers-nbc-wants-a-divorce/","external_links_name":"tvseriesfinale.com"},{"Link":"http://bridestelevision.com/tv/profile/summary.php?id=838","external_links_name":"bridestelevision.com"},{"Link":"http://www.nbc.com/The_Real_Wedding_Crashers","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1002739/","external_links_name":"The Real Wedding Crashers"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Real_Wedding_Crashers&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
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