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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakil_Mosque	Vakil Mosque	["1 Specifications","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 29°36′51.01″N 52°32′42.6″E / 29.6141694°N 52.545167°E / 29.6141694; 52.545167Mosque in Shiraz, Iranian national heritage site Vakil Mosqueمسجد وکیلMasjed e VakilView of southern iwanReligionAffiliationShia IslamProvinceFars ProvinceRegionIslamStatusActiveLocationLocationShiraz, IranMunicipalityShiraz CountyShown within IranGeographic coordinates29°36′51.01″N 52°32′42.6″E / 29.6141694°N 52.545167°E / 29.6141694; 52.545167ArchitectureTypeMosqueStyleIranian architectureGroundbreaking1751Completed1773Minaret(s)2 The Vakil Mosque (Persian: مسجد وکیل - Masjed-e Vakil) is a mosque in Shiraz, southern Iran, situated to the west of the Vakil Bazaar next to its entrance. This mosque was built between 1751 and 1773, during the Zand period; however, it was restored in the 19th century during the Qajar period. Vakil means regent, which was the title used by Karim Khan, the founder of Zand Dynasty. Shiraz was the seat of Karim Khan's government and he endowed many buildings, including this mosque. Specifications Vakil Mosque covers an area of 8,660 square meters. It has only two iwans instead of the usual four, on the northern and southern sides of a large open court. Gallery Entrance door Entrance door ceiling Facade of entrance arcade Shabestan (prayer hall) Shabestan pillars Shabestan ceiling tile work View of northern Iwan from prayer hall One of the minarets Details of northern Iwan Ceiling of the northern Iwan Flight of steps leading to minbar See also List of Mosques in Iran References ^ "Arch Net Library". Archived from the original on 2010-10-25. Retrieved 2009-12-05. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vakil Mosque. 360 Panoramic Image of Vakil Mosque Vakil Mosque Pictures 3D Vakil Mosque : Monshizadeh vteMosques in IranArdabil Jome Mosque Jameh Mosque of Germi Jameh Mosque of Namin East Azerbaijan Jameh Mosque of Ahar Jameh Mosque of Tabriz Jameh Mosque of Sarab Hajj Safar Ali Mosque Saheb-ol-Amr Mosque Jameh Mosque of Marand Jameh Mosque of Mehrabad Blue Mosque, Tabriz Stone Tark Mosque Mirpanj Mosque Gilan Espi Mazget Hajj Samad Khan Mosque Chahar Padshahan Fars Jameh Mosque of Atigh Vakil Mosque Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque Jameh Mosque of Lar Jameh Mosque of Kabir Neyriz Jameh Mosque of Jahrom Jameh Mosque of Darab Jameh Mosque of Arsanjan Hormozgan Malek bin Abbas Mosque Jameh Mosque of Bastak Jameh Mosque of Bandar Abbas Jameh Mosque of Qiblah Jameh Mosque of Qeshm Isfahan Agha Bozorg Mosque Jameh Mosque of Ashtarjan Jameh Mosque of Isfahan Jameh Mosque of Khansar Jameh Mosque of Khozan Jameh Mosque of Meymeh Jameh Mosque of Zavareh Jameh Mosque of Golpayegan Jameh Mosque of Nain Jameh Mosque of Natanz Jameh Mosque of Nushabad Jarchi Mosque Agha Nour Mosque Ali Gholi Agha Mosque Barsian mosque and minaret Darvazeh No Mosque Dashti Mosque Rahim Khan Mosque Gar mosque and minaret Ilchi Mosque Roknolmolk Mosque Kaj Mosque Maghsoudbeyk Mosque Meydan Mosque, Kashan Mohammad Jafar Abadei Mosque Hakim Mosque, Isfahan Seyyed Mosque (Isfahan) Shah Mosque (Isfahan) Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque Safa Mosque Tabriziha Mosque Lonban Mosque Mesri Mosque Hafshuye Mosque Kerman Jameh Mosque of Kerman Malek Mosque Hajj Agha Ali Mosque Pamenar Mosque, Kerman Kermanshah Jameh Mosque of Kermanshah Jameh Mosque of Shafei Emad o dolah Mosque Abdullah ibn Umar Mosque Hajj Shahbazkhan Mosque Khuzestan Jameh Mosque of Dezful Jameh Mosque of Shushtar Rangooniha Mosque Jameh Mosque of Khorramshahr Kurdistan Dar ul-Ihsan Mosque Hajar Khatoon Mosque Domenareh Mosque Lorestan Jameh Mosque of Borujerd Soltani Mosque of Borujerd Markazi Jameh Mosque of Arak Agha Zia ol Din Mosque Jameh Mosque of Saveh Mazandaran Farahabad Mosque Jameh Mosque of Amol Jameh Mosque of Babol Jameh Mosque of Sari Qazvin Jameh Mosque of Qazvin Al-Nabi Mosque, Qazvin Heidarieh Mosque, Qazvin Jameh Mosque of Qerveh Qom Jameh Mosque of Qom Jameh Mosque of Pachian Imam Hasan al-Askari Mosque Azam Mosque of Qom Chehel Akhtaran Mosque Jamkaran Mosque Razavi Khorasan Qadamgah Mosque Haji Jalal Mosque Khosrow Shir Mosque Gonbad Kabud Mosque Goharshad Mosque Shah Mosque (Mashhad) Jameh Mosque of Radkan Jameh Mosque of Sabzevar Jameh Mosque of Kashmar Jameh Mosque of Khalilabad Jameh Mosque of Gonabad Jameh Mosque of Marandiz Jameh Mosque of Nishapur Sheikh Fayz Mosque Pamenar Mosque, Sabzevar Semnan Imam Mosque, Semnan Jameh Mosque of Aradan Jameh Mosque of Damghan Jameh Mosque of Farumad Jameh Mosque of Semnan Jameh Mosque of Shahrud Pamenar Mosque, Mehdishahr Sheikh Bastami Mosque Tarikhaneh South Khorasan Mahvid Mosque Jameh Mosque of Fathabad Jameh Mosque of Ferdows Jameh Mosque of Raqqeh Tehran Fakhr al-Dawla Mosque Hedayat Mosque Jameh Mosque of Damavand Jameh Mosque of Tehran Jameh Mosque of Varamin Lorzadeh Mosque Mirza Mousa Mosque Qoba Mosque Sepahsalar Mosque Shah Mosque (Tehran) West Azerbaijan Jameh Mosque of Urmia Jameh Mosque of Takab Dash Aghlian Mosque Sardar Mosque Menareh Mosque Hojjatieh Mosque Yazd Jameh Mosque of Ardakan Amir Chakhmaq Mosque Jameh Mosque of Abarkuh Jameh Mosque of Eslamiyeh Jameh Mosque of Fahraj Jameh Mosque of Yazd Zir Deh Mosque Chahar Suq And Hajj Muhammad Husayn Mosque Zanjan Province Khanom Mosque Jameh Mosque of Zanjan Jameh Mosque of Sojas Other provinces Jameh Mosque of Makki Jameh Mosque of Sarabi Jameh Mosque of Gorgan Haram And Tomb Imam Reza shrine Fatima Masumeh Shrine Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine Tomb of Daniel Tomb of Hassan Modarres Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami mausoleum complex Hajar Khatoon Mosque Monar Jonban Kushk Complex Category Islam in Iran Mosques by country vteFars province, IranCapital Shiraz Countiesand citiesAbadeh County Abadeh Bahman Izadkhvast Soghad Surmaq Bakhtegan County Abadeh Tashk Arsanjan County Arsanjan Beyza County Beyza Bavanat County Surian Chenar Shahijan County Qaemiyeh Darab County Darab Jannat Shahr Eqlid County Eqlid Sedeh Estahban County Estahban Ij Runiz Evaz County Evaz Bidshahr Fishvar Farashband County Farashband Dehram Nujin Fasa County Fasa Now Bandegan Sheshdeh Zahedshahr Firuzabad County Firuzabad Meymand Gerash County Gerash Arad Jahrom County Jahrom Duzeh Qotbabad Kavar County Kavar Kazerun County Kazerun Baladeh Khesht Konartakhteh Nowdan Kharameh County Kharameh Khonj County Khonj Khorrambid County Safashahr Qaderabad Lamerd County Lamerd Ahel Alamarvdasht Eshkanan Chah Varz Larestan County Lar Beyram Banaruiyeh Juyom Khur Latifi Mamasani County Nurabad Khumeh Zar Marvdasht County Marvdasht Kamfiruz Ramjerd Seyyedan Mohr County Mohr Asir Galleh Dar Varavi Neyriz County Neyriz Meshkan Qatruyeh Pasargad County Saadat Shahr Qir and Karzin County Qir Efzar Karzin Rostam County Masiri Sarchehan County Korehi Sarvestan County Sarvestan Sepidan County Ardakan Hamashahr Zarqan County Lapui Zarqan Shiraz County Shiraz Darian Zarrin Dasht County Hajjiabad Dowbaran Shahr-e Pir Khafr County Bab Anar Khavaran Landmarks Afif-Abad Garden Amir's dam Arg of Karim Khan Barmdelak lagoon Bishapur Delgosha Garden Eram Garden Istakhr Ghal'eh Dokhtar Ka'ba-ye Zartosht Kazerun fire temple Lake Parishan Naqsh-e Rajab Naqsh-e Rustam Palace of Ardashir Sangtarashan cave Pars Museum Pasargadae Persepolis Qavam House Qur'an Gate Saadi's mausoleum Sarvestan Sassanian palace Shah Cheragh Colossal Statue of Shapur I in Shapur cave Tangeh Bolaghi Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz Hāfezieh Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn Tounbbot Vakil Bath Vakil Bazaar Vakil Mosque Populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Fars Province	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Shiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Vakil Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakil_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Zand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qajar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Karim Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Khan"},{"link_name":"Zand Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Mosque in Shiraz, Iranian national heritage siteThe Vakil Mosque (Persian: مسجد وکیل - Masjed-e Vakil) is a mosque in Shiraz, southern Iran, situated to the west of the Vakil Bazaar next to its entrance. This mosque was built between 1751 and 1773, during the Zand period; however, it was restored in the 19th century during the Qajar period. Vakil means regent, which was the title used by Karim Khan, the founder of Zand Dynasty. Shiraz was the seat of Karim Khan's government and he endowed many buildings, including this mosque.[1]","title":"Vakil Mosque"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iwans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan"}],"text":"Vakil Mosque covers an area of 8,660 square meters. It has only two iwans instead of the usual four, on the northern and southern sides of a large open court.","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_masjed-e-vakil_shiraz.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vakil_mosque.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vakil_Entrance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vakil_mosque_Panorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shiraz_Vakil_mosque_columns.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vakil_Mosque_Shabestan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shiraz_Vakil_mosque_courtyard_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vakil_Mosque_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vakil_Mosque_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vakil_Iwan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vakil_Mosque_08.jpg"}],"text":"Entrance door\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance door ceiling\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFacade of entrance arcade\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShabestan (prayer hall)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShabestan pillars\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShabestan ceiling tile work\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of northern Iwan from prayer hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the minarets\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetails of northern Iwan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCeiling of the northern Iwan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlight of steps leading to minbar","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Mosques in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mosques_in_Iran"}]	[{"reference":"\"Arch Net Library\". Archived from the original on 2010-10-25. Retrieved 2009-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101025133355/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2388","url_text":"\"Arch Net Library\""},{"url":"http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2388","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vakil_Mosque&params=29_36_51.01_N_52_32_42.6_E_region:IR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"29°36′51.01″N 52°32′42.6″E / 29.6141694°N 52.545167°E / 29.6141694; 52.545167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vakil_Mosque&params=29_36_51.01_N_52_32_42.6_E_region:IR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"29°36′51.01″N 52°32′42.6″E / 29.6141694°N 52.545167°E / 29.6141694; 52.545167"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101025133355/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2388","external_links_name":"\"Arch Net Library\""},{"Link":"http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2388","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://gravity.ir/galleries/architecture/vakil-mosque/","external_links_name":"360 Panoramic Image of Vakil Mosque"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110505024542/http://www.pachian.ir/post-20.aspx","external_links_name":"Vakil Mosque Pictures"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912042040/http://www.cgmon.net/1389/11/06/post-1/","external_links_name":"3D Vakil Mosque : Monshizadeh"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Film_Bulletin	The Monthly Film Bulletin	["1 History","2 Contributors","3 References"]	Periodical of the British Film Institute The Monthly Film BulletinCategoriesFilm criticismFrequencyMonthlyFirst issueFebruary 1934; 90 years ago (1934-02)Final issueNumberApril 1991 (1991-04)v. 58, no. 687CompanyBritish Film InstituteCountryUnited KingdomBased inLondonLanguageEnglishISSN0027-0407 The Monthly Film Bulletin was a periodical of the British Film Institute published monthly from February 1934 to April 1991, when it merged with Sight & Sound. It reviewed all films on release in the United Kingdom, including those with a narrow arthouse release. History The Monthly Film Bulletin was edited in the mid-1950s by David Robinson, in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Peter John Dyer, and then by Tom Milne. By the end of the 1960s, when the character and tone of its reviews changed considerably with the arrival of a new generation of critics influenced by the student culture and intellectual tumult of the time (not least the overthrow of old ideas of "taste" and quality), David Wilson was the editor. It was then edited by Jan Dawson (1938 – 1980), for two years from 1971, and from 1973 until its demise by the New Zealand-born critic Richard Combs. In 1991, The Monthly Film Bulletin was merged with Sight & Sound, which had until then been published quarterly. Sight & Sound then became a monthly publication and took up The Monthly Film Bulletin's remit to review all films released in the UK. The Monthly Film Bulletin was originally published to allow UK cinema managers to decide what films to show, hence the complete cast and production lists, full plot followed by a thorough critique. Only films that had been registered with the UK government trade authority were covered each month. During the years of full supporting programmes, The Monthly Film Bulletin printed long lists of B-features and short films with brief capsule reviews; by the 1970s, the tone and style of its reviews had changed considerably, and was increasingly influenced in some cases by the auteur theory and Marxist-influenced film theory, though some more traditional critics such as John Gillett remained, and others such as David McGillivray and Paul Taylor took exploitation movies more seriously than had previously been considered acceptable, while Steve Jenkins wrote a lengthy defence in 1981 of Glen or Glenda. Another change was that all reviews had a byline – up to September 1968, only the reviews of films considered more significant by the BFI had a partial byline of initials only (so Tom Milne would be "T.M."). From January 1971, all films were listed in alphabetical order, mainly because a new wave of critics who were influencing the magazine had already overturned the assumptions implicit in the separation of films (for example, several by Sergio Leone and many from the stable of Roger Corman were only included in the "shorter notices" section). From the July 1982 issue, The Monthly Film Bulletin changed again to include more feature articles, interviews, and photographs. Contributors The Monthly Film Bulletin's contributors included: Gilbert Adair (joined in 1979 and was a regular through the early 1980s) Martyn Auty (1978 – at least 1987) Anne Billson (1984–1990) Geoff Brown (1974–1991) Richard Combs (1969–1991; editor from 1973) Pam Cook (1985-1991; associate editor and contributor) Peter Cowie (1961–65) Jan Dawson (1967–1980; editor from 1971–1973) Raymond Durgnat (often at odds with the BFI in earlier years, but contributed regularly in the 1980s) Peter John Dyer (at least 1956 – 1966; editor in late 1950s and early 1960s) John Gillett (at least 1954 to at least 1983 – an unusually long run during a period when the magazine changed beyond recognition) Verina Glaessner (1969–1991) Penelope Houston (c. 1950 – mid-1970s) Steve Jenkins (joined in 1980 as associate editor; continued as a contributor for most of that decade) Gavin Lambert (c. 1950 – c. 1956/1957) David McGillivray (a regular throughout the 1970s) Tom Milne (1962–91; editor from c. 1963–1968) Kim Newman (1982–91) David Pirie (1969 – mid-1970s) Derek Prouse (mainly in 1950s; created the London Film Festival in 1957) Tim Pulleine (1977–1991) John Pym (1975–1991) Tony Rayns (1970–1991) Eric Rhode (mainly in late 1950s and early 1960s) David Robinson (mainly in 1950s – editor 1955–1956 but continued sporadically into the 1970s) Cynthia Rose (early 1980s) Jonathan Rosenbaum (assistant editor, 1974–1977; contributor, 1974–1977 and sporadically afterwards) Richard Roud (mainly in late 1950s and early 1960s) Elizabeth Sussex (mid-1960s) John Russell Taylor (first contributed in 1959; continued for much of the 1960s and into the 1970s) Paul Taylor (1978 – at least 1986) Robert Vas (mainly in late 1950s and early 1960s) David Wilson (1965 – at least 1987, though very sporadic in later years; editor from c. 1968–1971) Robin Wood (often at odds with the BFI, but briefly contributed c. 1972/1973.) References ^ Richard Roud (ed) Cinema: a Critical Dictionary; The Major Film Makers, 1980, Secker & Warburg, p. v	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"Sight & Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound"},{"link_name":"arthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_film"}],"text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin was a periodical of the British Film Institute published monthly from February 1934 to April 1991, when it merged with Sight & Sound. It reviewed all films on release in the United Kingdom, including those with a narrow arthouse release.","title":"The Monthly Film Bulletin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Robinson_(film_critic_and_author)"},{"link_name":"Tom Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Milne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sight & Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound"},{"link_name":"auteur theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteur_theory"},{"link_name":"John Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gillett"},{"link_name":"David McGillivray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McGillivray_(producer/screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Paul Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Taylor_(film_critic)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"exploitation movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_movie"},{"link_name":"Steve Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Jenkins_(film_critic)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glen or Glenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_or_Glenda"},{"link_name":"Sergio Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Leone"},{"link_name":"Roger Corman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Corman"}],"text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin was edited in the mid-1950s by David Robinson, in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Peter John Dyer, and then by Tom Milne. By the end of the 1960s, when the character and tone of its reviews changed considerably with the arrival of a new generation of critics influenced by the student culture and intellectual tumult of the time (not least the overthrow of old ideas of \"taste\" and quality), David Wilson was the editor. It was then edited by Jan Dawson (1938[1] – 1980), for two years from 1971, and from 1973 until its demise by the New Zealand-born critic Richard Combs.In 1991, The Monthly Film Bulletin was merged with Sight & Sound, which had until then been published quarterly. Sight & Sound then became a monthly publication and took up The Monthly Film Bulletin's remit to review all films released in the UK.The Monthly Film Bulletin was originally published to allow UK cinema managers to decide what films to show, hence the complete cast and production lists, full plot followed by a thorough critique. Only films that had been registered with the UK government trade authority were covered each month. During the years of full supporting programmes, The Monthly Film Bulletin printed long lists of B-features and short films with brief capsule reviews; by the 1970s, the tone and style of its reviews had changed considerably, and was increasingly influenced in some cases by the auteur theory and Marxist-influenced film theory, though some more traditional critics such as John Gillett remained, and others such as David McGillivray and Paul Taylor took exploitation movies more seriously than had previously been considered acceptable, while Steve Jenkins wrote a lengthy defence in 1981 of Glen or Glenda. Another change was that all reviews had a byline – up to September 1968, only the reviews of films considered more significant by the BFI had a partial byline of initials only (so Tom Milne would be \"T.M.\"). From January 1971, all films were listed in alphabetical order, mainly because a new wave of critics who were influencing the magazine had already overturned the assumptions implicit in the separation of films (for example, several by Sergio Leone and many from the stable of Roger Corman were only included in the \"shorter notices\" section). From the July 1982 issue, The Monthly Film Bulletin changed again to include more feature articles, interviews, and photographs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin's contributors included:","title":"Contributors"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0027-0407","external_links_name":"0027-0407"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et_exspecto_resurrectionem_mortuorum	Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum	["1 History","2 Instrumentation","3 Movements","4 Discography (selected)","5 References","6 Further reading"]	Résurrection des morts (Resurrection of the dead). Stained glass, around 1200, in the Sainte-Chapelle Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum (And I await the resurrection of the dead) is a suite for wind orchestra and percussion instruments by Olivier Messiaen, written in 1964 and first performed the following year. It is composed of five movements. The piece is dedicated to the dead of the first and second world wars. History Messiaen was approached in October 1963 by André Malraux, Minister of Cultural Affairs under Charles de Gaulle, with a commission for a sacred work to commemorate the dead of the two World Wars. Originally envisioned as a work for chorus, large orchestra and brass, to be performed in June 1964 at the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris and at Notre-Dame de Chartres, the concept of the work and projected date of performance changed several times over the following year. Composition began in early July 1964, while Messiaen was vacationing at the Lac de Pétichet in the Hautes-Alpes, and the orchestration was completed early in January 1965 (Hill and Simeone 2005, 257–60). The title is taken from the penultimate line of the Nicene Creed: "Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum, et vitam venturi sæculi" (And I await the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the coming age). It was premiered in the Sainte-Chapelle at 11:00 in the morning on 7 May 1965 (Cheong 2004, 115), and was performed for the second time in the morning of 20 June of the same year following a Solemn Mass at Chartres Cathedral and in the presence of President Charles de Gaulle, who warmly congratulated the composer after the performance (Hill and Simeone 2005, 263). Both performances were conducted by Serge Baudo, and the general rehearsal in Chartres on 19 June was filmed for television, later broadcast in the series Les grandes répétitions (Simeone 2010, 195). In his prefaces to the second and third movements, Messiaen also paraphrases passages from "The Resurrection," from the supplement to the third part of the Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas (Bruhn 2008, 20–21). Instrumentation The piece is scored for woodwind, brass and percussion. Woodwinds 2 piccolos 3 flutes 3 oboes cor anglais clarinet in E♭ 3 clarinets bass clarinet 3 bassoons contrabassoon Brass 6 horns trumpet in D 3 trumpets in C 3 trombones bass trombone tuba bass saxhorn in B♭ Percussion 3 sets of cowbells (C5–D7, C4–C5 and F3–B3) tubular bells 6 gongs 3 tam-tams Movements The piece has five movements, lasting approximately 35 minutes in total: "Des profondeurs de l'abîme, je crie vers toi, Seigneur: Seigneur, écoute ma voix!""Le Christ, ressuscité des morts, ne meurt plus; la mort n'a plus sur lui d'empire.""L'heure vient où les morts entendront la voix du Fils de Dieu...""Ils ressusciteront, glorieux, avec un nom nouveau -- dans le concert joyeux des étoiles et les acclamations des fils du ciel.""Et j'entendis la voix d'une foule immense..." Discography (selected) Yvonne Loriod, piano (in Couleurs de la cité céleste); Groupe instrumental à percussion de Strasbourg, Orchestre du Domaine Musical, conductor: Pierre Boulez. Erato 2292-45505-2/III ECD 71587, 1966-71. Originally issued on LP, 1967. References Bruhn, Siglind. 2008. Messiaen's Interpretation of Holiness and Trinity: Echoes of Medieval Theology in the Oratorio, Organ Meditations, and Opera. Dimension and Diversity: Studies in 20th-Century Music 10, Mark DeVoto, general editor. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. ISBN 978-1-57647-139-5. Cheong, Wai-Ling. 2004. "Composing with Pre-composed Chords in the Finale of Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum". Revue de Musicologie 90, no. 1:115–32. Hill, Peter, and Nigel Simeone. 2005. Messiaen. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10907-5. Simeone, Nigel. 2010. "'Une œuvre simple, solennelle ...': Messiaen's Commission from André Malraux". In Messiaen the Theologian, edited by Andrew Shenton, 185–98. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Further reading Aubigny, Benoît. 2009. "Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum d'Olivier Messiaen: Perspectives apocalyptiques". In Sept regards sur l’oeuvre d’Olivier Messiaen, edited by Michel Fischer, 43–56. Observatoire Musical Français: Conférences et séminaires, No. 38. Paris: Université de Paris IV (Observatoire Musical Français). ISBN 978-2-84591-166-6. Bruhn, Siglind. 2008. Messiaen's Explorations of Love and Death: Musico-poetic Signification in the Tristan Trilogy and Three Related Song Cycles. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. ISBN 978-1-57647-136-4. Bruhn, Siglind. 2007. Messiaen's Contemplations of Covenant and Incarnation: Musical Symbols of Faith in the Two Great Piano Cycles of the 1940s. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. ISBN 978-1-57647-129-6. Harper, William Hudson. 1986. "Olivier Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum". PhD diss. Rochester: University of Rochester, Eastman School of Music. Lee, Chi-Kuen (Martin). 2010. "Biblical Narrative and Musical Symbolism in Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum". In Olivier Messiaen: The Centenary Papers, edited by Judith Crispin and Larry Sitsky, 122–57. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-2498-9. Lee, Chi-Kuen (Martin). 2011. "The Charm of Impossibilities: Musical Language, Theology, and Narrative Discourse in Olivier Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum". PhD diss. Buffalo: University of Buffalo, State University of New York. Nelson, David L. 2010. "Stratification of Music and Symbol in the Fourth Movement of Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum". In Olivier Messiaen: The Centenary Papers, edited by Judith Crispin and Larry Sitsky, 205–31. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-2498-9. Renshaw, Jeffrey. 1991. "Olivier Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum: An Interpretive Analysis". The Instrumentalist (November): 28–34. Von Gunden, Heidi Cecilia. 1977. "Timbre as Symbol in Selected Works of Olivier Messiaen". PhD diss. La Jolla: University of California, San Diego. Authority control databases BRAHMS MusicBrainz work vteOlivier MessiaenList of compositionsOpera Saint François d'Assise (1975–83) Orchestral L'Ascension (1932–33) Trois petites liturgies de la présence divine (1943–44) Turangalîla-Symphonie (1946–48) Oiseaux exotiques (1955–56) Chronochromie (1959–60) Sept haïkaï (1962) Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum (1964) La Transfiguration de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ (1965–69) Des Canyons aux étoiles... (1971–74) Éclairs sur l'au-delà... (1988–92) Concert à quatre (1990–91) Chamber Thème et variations (1932) Fête des belles eaux (1937) Quatuor pour la fin du temps (1940–41) Le Merle noir (1952) Feuillets inédits (2001) Solo organ Le Banquet Céleste (1928) Offrande au Saint Sacrement (ca. 1928) Prélude (ca. 1929) Diptyque (1930) Apparition de l'église éternelle (1932) La Nativité du Seigneur (1935) Les Corps glorieux (1939) Messe de la Pentecôte (1949–50) Livre d'orgue (1951–52) Verset pour la fête de la Dédicace (1960) Monodie (1963) Méditations sur le Mystère de la Sainte Trinité (1969) Le Livre du Saint-Sacrement (1984) Piano Préludes (1928–29) Visions de l'Amen (1943) Vingt Regards sur l'enfant-Jésus (1944) Cantéyodjayâ (1949) Quatre Études de rythme (1949–50) Réveil des Oiseaux (1953) Catalogue d'oiseaux (1956–58) La Fauvette des jardins (1970) Petites esquisses d'oiseaux (1985) Vocal O sacrum convivium! (1937) Song cycles Poèmes pour Mi (1936–37) Chants de Terre et de Ciel (1938) Harawi (1944) Family Claire Delbos (first wife) Yvonne Loriod (second wife) Related Olivier Messiaen Competition Biomusic Mode of limited transposition La jeune France Ondes Martenot Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wind orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_orchestra"},{"link_name":"Olivier Messiaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"world wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war"}],"text":"Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum (And I await the resurrection of the dead) is a suite for wind orchestra and percussion instruments by Olivier Messiaen, written in 1964 and first performed the following year. It is composed of five movements.The piece is dedicated to the dead of the first and second world wars.","title":"Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"André Malraux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame de Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Chartres"},{"link_name":"Lac de Pétichet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_de_P%C3%A9tichet"},{"link_name":"Hautes-Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes-Alpes"},{"link_name":"Hill and Simeone 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHill_and_Simeone2005"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"Cheong 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCheong2004"},{"link_name":"Hill and Simeone 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHill_and_Simeone2005"},{"link_name":"Serge Baudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Baudo"},{"link_name":"Simeone 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSimeone2010"},{"link_name":"Summa Theologica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Bruhn 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBruhn2008"}],"text":"Messiaen was approached in October 1963 by André Malraux, Minister of Cultural Affairs under Charles de Gaulle, with a commission for a sacred work to commemorate the dead of the two World Wars. Originally envisioned as a work for chorus, large orchestra and brass, to be performed in June 1964 at the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris and at Notre-Dame de Chartres, the concept of the work and projected date of performance changed several times over the following year. Composition began in early July 1964, while Messiaen was vacationing at the Lac de Pétichet in the Hautes-Alpes, and the orchestration was completed early in January 1965 (Hill and Simeone 2005, 257–60). The title is taken from the penultimate line of the Nicene Creed: \"Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum, et vitam venturi sæculi\" (And I await the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the coming age).It was premiered in the Sainte-Chapelle at 11:00 in the morning on 7 May 1965 (Cheong 2004, 115), and was performed for the second time in the morning of 20 June of the same year following a Solemn Mass at Chartres Cathedral and in the presence of President Charles de Gaulle, who warmly congratulated the composer after the performance (Hill and Simeone 2005, 263). Both performances were conducted by Serge Baudo, and the general rehearsal in Chartres on 19 June was filmed for television, later broadcast in the series Les grandes répétitions (Simeone 2010, 195).In his prefaces to the second and third movements, Messiaen also paraphrases passages from \"The Resurrection,\" from the supplement to the third part of the Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas (Bruhn 2008, 20–21).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodwinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument"},{"link_name":"piccolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo"},{"link_name":"flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"oboes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"cor anglais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_anglais"},{"link_name":"clarinet in E♭","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-flat_clarinet"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"bassoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"contrabassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabassoon"},{"link_name":"Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"trumpet in D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"trombones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"bass trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_trombone"},{"link_name":"tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"saxhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxhorn"},{"link_name":"Percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"cowbells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowbell"},{"link_name":"tubular bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_bells"},{"link_name":"gongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong"},{"link_name":"tam-tams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam-tam"}],"text":"The piece is scored for woodwind, brass and percussion.Woodwinds\n\n2 piccolos\n3 flutes\n3 oboes\ncor anglais\nclarinet in E♭\n3 clarinets\nbass clarinet\n3 bassoons\ncontrabassoon\n\n\nBrass\n\n6 horns\ntrumpet in D\n3 trumpets in C\n3 trombones\nbass trombone\ntuba\nbass saxhorn in B♭\n\n\nPercussion\n\n3 sets of cowbells (C5–D7, C4–C5 and F3–B3)\ntubular bells\n6 gongs\n3 tam-tams","title":"Instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The piece has five movements, lasting approximately 35 minutes in total:\"Des profondeurs de l'abîme, je crie vers toi, Seigneur: Seigneur, écoute ma voix!\"\"Le Christ, ressuscité des morts, ne meurt plus; la mort n'a plus sur lui d'empire.\"\"L'heure vient où les morts entendront la voix du Fils de Dieu...\"\"Ils ressusciteront, glorieux, avec un nom nouveau -- dans le concert joyeux des étoiles et les acclamations des fils du ciel.\"\"Et j'entendis la voix d'une foule immense...\"","title":"Movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yvonne Loriod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Loriod"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boulez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"}],"text":"Yvonne Loriod, piano (in Couleurs de la cité céleste); Groupe instrumental à percussion de Strasbourg, Orchestre du Domaine Musical, conductor: Pierre Boulez.\nErato 2292-45505-2/III ECD 71587, 1966-71. Originally issued on LP, 1967.","title":"Discography (selected)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-84591-166-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84591-166-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57647-136-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-136-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57647-129-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-129-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4438-2498-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2498-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4438-2498-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2498-9"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3059136#identifiers"},{"link_name":"BRAHMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brahms.ircam.fr/works/work/10591/"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/work/daa0fc46-de19-4bd9-85a7-d1b4e7d83eb1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Olivier_Messiaen"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Olivier_Messiaen"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olivier_Messiaen"},{"link_name":"Olivier Messiaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen"},{"link_name":"List of compositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Olivier_Messiaen"},{"link_name":"Saint François d'Assise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise"},{"link_name":"L'Ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ascension"},{"link_name":"Trois petites liturgies de la présence divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_petites_liturgies_de_la_pr%C3%A9sence_divine"},{"link_name":"Turangalîla-Symphonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turangal%C3%AEla-Symphonie"},{"link_name":"Oiseaux exotiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiseaux_exotiques"},{"link_name":"Chronochromie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronochromie"},{"link_name":"Sept haïkaï","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sept_ha%C3%AFka%C3%AF"},{"link_name":"Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"La Transfiguration de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Transfiguration_de_Notre_Seigneur_J%C3%A9sus-Christ"},{"link_name":"Des Canyons aux étoiles...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Canyons_aux_%C3%A9toiles..."},{"link_name":"Éclairs sur l'au-delà...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clairs_sur_l%27au-del%C3%A0..."},{"link_name":"Concert à quatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_%C3%A0_quatre"},{"link_name":"Thème et variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8me_et_variations_(Messiaen)"},{"link_name":"Fête des belles eaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAte_des_belles_eaux"},{"link_name":"Quatuor pour la fin du temps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_pour_la_fin_du_temps"},{"link_name":"Le Merle noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Merle_noir"},{"link_name":"Feuillets inédits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuillets_in%C3%A9dits"},{"link_name":"Le Banquet Céleste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Banquet_C%C3%A9leste"},{"link_name":"Offrande au Saint Sacrement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offrande_au_Saint_Sacrement"},{"link_name":"Prélude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_for_Organ_(Messiaen)"},{"link_name":"Diptyque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptyque_(Messiaen)"},{"link_name":"Apparition de l'église éternelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparition_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_%C3%A9ternelle"},{"link_name":"La Nativité du Seigneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nativit%C3%A9_du_Seigneur"},{"link_name":"Les Corps glorieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Corps_glorieux"},{"link_name":"Messe de la Pentecôte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messe_de_la_Pentec%C3%B4te"},{"link_name":"Livre d'orgue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_d%27orgue_(Messiaen)"},{"link_name":"Verset pour la fête de la Dédicace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verset_pour_la_f%C3%AAte_de_la_D%C3%A9dicace"},{"link_name":"Monodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodie"},{"link_name":"Méditations sur le Mystère de la Sainte Trinité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ditations_sur_le_Myst%C3%A8re_de_la_Sainte_Trinit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Le Livre du Saint-Sacrement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Livre_du_Saint-Sacrement"},{"link_name":"Préludes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preludes_(Messiaen)"},{"link_name":"Visions de l'Amen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visions_de_l%27Amen"},{"link_name":"Vingt Regards sur l'enfant-Jésus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingt_Regards_sur_l%27enfant-J%C3%A9sus"},{"link_name":"Cantéyodjayâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant%C3%A9yodjay%C3%A2"},{"link_name":"Quatre Études de rythme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatre_%C3%89tudes_de_rythme"},{"link_name":"Réveil des Oiseaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9veil_des_Oiseaux"},{"link_name":"Catalogue d'oiseaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_d%27oiseaux"},{"link_name":"La Fauvette des jardins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fauvette_des_jardins"},{"link_name":"Petites esquisses d'oiseaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petites_esquisses_d%27oiseaux"},{"link_name":"O sacrum convivium!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_sacrum_convivium!"},{"link_name":"Poèmes pour Mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A8mes_pour_Mi"},{"link_name":"Chants de Terre et de Ciel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chants_de_Terre_et_de_Ciel"},{"link_name":"Harawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harawi_(Messiaen)"},{"link_name":"Claire Delbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Delbos"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Loriod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Loriod"},{"link_name":"Olivier Messiaen Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen_Competition"},{"link_name":"Biomusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomusic"},{"link_name":"Mode of limited transposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_limited_transposition"},{"link_name":"La jeune France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_jeune_France"},{"link_name":"Ondes Martenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondes_Martenot"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Olivier_Messiaen"}],"text":"Aubigny, Benoît. 2009. \"Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum d'Olivier Messiaen: Perspectives apocalyptiques\". In Sept regards sur l’oeuvre d’Olivier Messiaen, edited by Michel Fischer, 43–56. Observatoire Musical Français: Conférences et séminaires, No. 38. Paris: Université de Paris IV [Paris-Sorbonne] (Observatoire Musical Français). ISBN 978-2-84591-166-6.\nBruhn, Siglind. 2008. Messiaen's Explorations of Love and Death: Musico-poetic Signification in the Tristan Trilogy and Three Related Song Cycles. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. ISBN 978-1-57647-136-4.\nBruhn, Siglind. 2007. Messiaen's Contemplations of Covenant and Incarnation: Musical Symbols of Faith in the Two Great Piano Cycles of the 1940s. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. ISBN 978-1-57647-129-6.\nHarper, William Hudson. 1986. \"Olivier Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum\". PhD diss. Rochester: University of Rochester, Eastman School of Music.\nLee, Chi-Kuen (Martin). 2010. \"Biblical Narrative and Musical Symbolism in Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum\". In Olivier Messiaen: The Centenary Papers, edited by Judith Crispin and Larry Sitsky, 122–57. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-2498-9.\nLee, Chi-Kuen (Martin). 2011. \"The Charm of Impossibilities: Musical Language, Theology, and Narrative Discourse in Olivier Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum\". PhD diss. Buffalo: University of Buffalo, State University of New York.\nNelson, David L. 2010. \"Stratification of Music and Symbol in the Fourth Movement of Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum\". In Olivier Messiaen: The Centenary Papers, edited by Judith Crispin and Larry Sitsky, 205–31. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-2498-9.\nRenshaw, Jeffrey. 1991. \"Olivier Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum: An Interpretive Analysis\". The Instrumentalist (November): 28–34.\nVon Gunden, Heidi Cecilia. 1977. \"Timbre as Symbol in Selected Works of Olivier Messiaen\". PhD diss. La Jolla: University of California, San Diego.Authority control databases \nBRAHMS\nMusicBrainz workvteOlivier MessiaenList of compositionsOpera\nSaint François d'Assise (1975–83)\nOrchestral\nL'Ascension (1932–33)\nTrois petites liturgies de la présence divine (1943–44)\nTurangalîla-Symphonie (1946–48)\nOiseaux exotiques (1955–56)\nChronochromie (1959–60)\nSept haïkaï (1962)\nEt exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum (1964)\nLa Transfiguration de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ (1965–69)\nDes Canyons aux étoiles... (1971–74)\nÉclairs sur l'au-delà... (1988–92)\nConcert à quatre (1990–91)\nChamber\nThème et variations (1932)\nFête des belles eaux (1937)\nQuatuor pour la fin du temps (1940–41)\nLe Merle noir (1952)\nFeuillets inédits (2001)\nSolo organ\nLe Banquet Céleste (1928)\nOffrande au Saint Sacrement (ca. 1928)\nPrélude (ca. 1929)\nDiptyque (1930)\nApparition de l'église éternelle (1932)\nLa Nativité du Seigneur (1935)\nLes Corps glorieux (1939)\nMesse de la Pentecôte (1949–50)\nLivre d'orgue (1951–52)\nVerset pour la fête de la Dédicace (1960)\nMonodie (1963)\nMéditations sur le Mystère de la Sainte Trinité (1969)\nLe Livre du Saint-Sacrement (1984)\nPiano\nPréludes (1928–29)\nVisions de l'Amen (1943)\nVingt Regards sur l'enfant-Jésus (1944)\nCantéyodjayâ (1949)\nQuatre Études de rythme (1949–50)\nRéveil des Oiseaux (1953)\nCatalogue d'oiseaux (1956–58)\nLa Fauvette des jardins (1970)\nPetites esquisses d'oiseaux (1985)\nVocal\nO sacrum convivium! (1937)\nSong cycles\nPoèmes pour Mi (1936–37)\nChants de Terre et de Ciel (1938)\nHarawi (1944)\nFamily\nClaire Delbos (first wife)\nYvonne Loriod (second wife)\nRelated\nOlivier Messiaen Competition\nBiomusic\nMode of limited transposition\nLa jeune France\nOndes Martenot\n Category","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Résurrection des morts (Resurrection of the dead). Stained glass, around 1200, in the Sainte-Chapelle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Resurrection_dead_MNMA_DS_1893.jpg/220px-Resurrection_dead_MNMA_DS_1893.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Bruhn, Siglind. 2008. Messiaen's Interpretation of Holiness and Trinity: Echoes of Medieval Theology in the Oratorio, Organ Meditations, and Opera. Dimension and Diversity: Studies in 20th-Century Music 10, Mark DeVoto, general editor. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. ISBN 978-1-57647-139-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-139-5","url_text":"978-1-57647-139-5"}]},{"reference":"Cheong, Wai-Ling. 2004. \"Composing with Pre-composed Chords in the Finale of Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum\". Revue de Musicologie 90, no. 1:115–32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hill, Peter, and Nigel Simeone. 2005. Messiaen. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10907-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10907-5","url_text":"0-300-10907-5"}]},{"reference":"Simeone, Nigel. 2010. \"'Une œuvre simple, solennelle ...': Messiaen's Commission from André Malraux\". In Messiaen the Theologian, edited by Andrew Shenton, 185–98. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Aubigny, Benoît. 2009. \"Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum d'Olivier Messiaen: Perspectives apocalyptiques\". In Sept regards sur l’oeuvre d’Olivier Messiaen, edited by Michel Fischer, 43–56. Observatoire Musical Français: Conférences et séminaires, No. 38. Paris: Université de Paris IV [Paris-Sorbonne] (Observatoire Musical Français). ISBN 978-2-84591-166-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84591-166-6","url_text":"978-2-84591-166-6"}]},{"reference":"Harper, William Hudson. 1986. \"Olivier Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum\". PhD diss. Rochester: University of Rochester, Eastman School of Music.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lee, Chi-Kuen (Martin). 2010. \"Biblical Narrative and Musical Symbolism in Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum\". In Olivier Messiaen: The Centenary Papers, edited by Judith Crispin and Larry Sitsky, 122–57. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-2498-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2498-9","url_text":"978-1-4438-2498-9"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Chi-Kuen (Martin). 2011. \"The Charm of Impossibilities: Musical Language, Theology, and Narrative Discourse in Olivier Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum\". PhD diss. Buffalo: University of Buffalo, State University of New York.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nelson, David L. 2010. \"Stratification of Music and Symbol in the Fourth Movement of Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum\". In Olivier Messiaen: The Centenary Papers, edited by Judith Crispin and Larry Sitsky, 205–31. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-2498-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2498-9","url_text":"978-1-4438-2498-9"}]},{"reference":"Renshaw, Jeffrey. 1991. \"Olivier Messiaen's Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum: An Interpretive Analysis\". The Instrumentalist (November): 28–34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Von Gunden, Heidi Cecilia. 1977. \"Timbre as Symbol in Selected Works of Olivier Messiaen\". PhD diss. La Jolla: University of California, San Diego.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://brahms.ircam.fr/works/work/10591/","external_links_name":"BRAHMS"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/daa0fc46-de19-4bd9-85a7-d1b4e7d83eb1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_Beverage_Labeling_Act	Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act	["1 References"]	American law The Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act warning on a beer can The warning on a wine bottle The Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act (ABLA) of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 100–690, 102 Stat. 4181, enacted November 18, 1988, H.R. 5210, is a United States federal law requiring that (among other provisions) the labels of alcoholic beverages carry a warning label. The warning reads: GOVERNMENT WARNING: (1) According to the Surgeon General, women should not drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects. (2) Consumption of alcoholic beverages impairs your ability to drive a car or operate machinery, and may cause health problems. The ABLA also contains a declaration of policy and purpose, which states that the United States Congress finds that the American public should be informed about the health hazards that may result from the consumption or abuse of alcoholic beverages, and has determined that it would be beneficial to provide a clear, nonconfusing reminder of such hazards, and that there is a need for national uniformity in such reminders in order to avoid the promulgation of incorrect or misleading information and to minimize burdens on interstate commerce. Research evidence suggests that the current American fetal warnings aren't very effective. Many people don't notice them. The labels have been criticized for being so poorly-designed as to be almost useless. They are small, black-and-white, and entirely text-based, unlike tobacco packaging warning messages, which now mostly use images. Although drinking alcohol is harmful to health under all circumstances, the labels warn only about not drinking under specific circumstances, with messages about impaired driving and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. All of these traits have been shown to make labels less effective, in lab and virtual studies. Tim Stockwell, one of the researchers designing the Northern Territories Alcohol Labels Study, described evidence on the effectiveness of the labels mandated by the Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act as "pretty moot because the labels are so bad." References ^ a b c Giesbrecht, N; Reisdorfer, E; Rios, I (16 September 2022). "Alcohol Health Warning Labels: A Rapid Review with Action Recommendations". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (18): 11676. doi:10.3390/ijerph191811676. PMC 9517222. PMID 36141951. ^ Special Issue of Alcohol and Alcoholism: Hassan, L; Shiu, E (1 January 2018). "Communicating Messages About Drinking". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 53 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agx112. PMID 29281048. ^ a b Wilt, James (January 16, 2018). "It Was Only When I Quit Drinking That I Realized How Bad It Was For Me". www.vice.comCE Canada. Retrieved 23 November 2022. This article relating to law in the United States or its constituent jurisdictions is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Tree_IPA.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2002_Monticello_Sangiovese,_hand_numbered_bottles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1988"},{"link_name":"Pub. 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L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 100–690, 102 Stat. 4181, enacted November 18, 1988, H.R. 5210, is a United States federal law requiring that (among other provisions) the labels of alcoholic beverages carry a warning label.The warning reads:GOVERNMENT WARNING:\n(1) According to the Surgeon General, women should not drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects.\n\n(2) Consumption of alcoholic beverages impairs your ability to drive a car or operate machinery, and may cause health problems.The ABLA also contains a declaration of policy and purpose, which states that the United States Congress finds thatthe American public should be informed about the health hazards that may result from the consumption or abuse of alcoholic beverages, and has determined that it would be beneficial to provide a clear, nonconfusing reminder of such hazards, and that there is a need for national uniformity in such reminders in order to avoid the promulgation of incorrect or misleading information and to minimize burdens on interstate commerce.Research evidence suggests that the current American fetal warnings aren't very effective. Many people don't notice them.[1]The labels have been criticized for being so poorly-designed as to be almost useless. They are small, black-and-white, and entirely text-based, unlike tobacco packaging warning messages, which now mostly use images. Although drinking alcohol is harmful to health under all circumstances,[1] the labels warn only about not drinking under specific circumstances, with messages about impaired driving and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.[2][3] All of these traits have been shown to make labels less effective, in lab and virtual studies.[1] Tim Stockwell, one of the researchers designing the Northern Territories Alcohol Labels Study, described evidence on the effectiveness of the labels mandated by the Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act as \"pretty moot because the labels are so bad.\"[3]","title":"Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act"}]	[{"image_text":"The Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act warning on a beer can","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Big_Tree_IPA.jpg/220px-Big_Tree_IPA.jpg"},{"image_text":"The warning on a wine bottle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2002_Monticello_Sangiovese%2C_hand_numbered_bottles.jpg/220px-2002_Monticello_Sangiovese%2C_hand_numbered_bottles.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Giesbrecht, N; Reisdorfer, E; Rios, I (16 September 2022). \"Alcohol Health Warning Labels: A Rapid Review with Action Recommendations\". 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PMID 29281048.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagx112","url_text":"\"Communicating Messages About Drinking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagx112","url_text":"10.1093/alcalc/agx112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29281048","url_text":"29281048"}]},{"reference":"Wilt, James (January 16, 2018). \"It Was Only When I Quit Drinking That I Realized How Bad It Was For Me\". www.vice.comCE Canada. Retrieved 23 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/59wqek/it-was-only-when-i-quit-drinking-that-i-realized-how-bad-it-was-for-me","url_text":"\"It Was Only When I Quit Drinking That I Realized How Bad It Was For Me\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/100/690","external_links_name":"100–690"},{"Link":"https://legislink.org/us/stat-102-4181","external_links_name":"4181"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/100th-congress/house-bill/5210","external_links_name":"H.R. 5210"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9517222","external_links_name":"\"Alcohol Health Warning Labels: A Rapid Review with Action Recommendations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph191811676","external_links_name":"10.3390/ijerph191811676"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9517222","external_links_name":"9517222"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36141951","external_links_name":"36141951"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagx112","external_links_name":"\"Communicating Messages About Drinking\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagx112","external_links_name":"10.1093/alcalc/agx112"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29281048","external_links_name":"29281048"},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/59wqek/it-was-only-when-i-quit-drinking-that-i-realized-how-bad-it-was-for-me","external_links_name":"\"It Was Only When I Quit Drinking That I Realized How Bad It Was For Me\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_Beverage_Labeling_Act&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPV17	MPV17	["1 Function","2 Structure","2.1 Gene","2.2 Protein","3 Clinical significance","4 Interactions","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens MPV17IdentifiersAliasesMPV17, MTDPS6, SYM1, mitochondrial inner membrane protein, mitochondrial inner membrane protein CMT2EEExternal IDsOMIM: 137960; MGI: 97138; HomoloGene: 39746; GeneCards: MPV17; OMA:MPV17 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 2 (human)Band2p23.3Start27,309,492 bpEnd27,325,680 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 5 (mouse)Band5\|5 B1Start31,297,998 bpEnd31,311,595 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inright adrenal glandright adrenal cortexleft adrenal glandleft adrenal cortexright hemisphere of cerebellumright lobe of thyroid glandanterior pituitaryleft lobe of thyroid glandright frontal lobeislet of LangerhansTop expressed inright kidneytail of embryoyolk sacgenital tubercledentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cellneural layer of retinaproximal tubuleepithelium of lensmuscle of thighright ventricleMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function molecular function Cellular component integral component of membrane mitochondrial inner membrane peroxisome membrane mitochondrion peroxisomal membrane cytosol cytoplasm Biological process inner ear development regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process mitochondrial genome maintenance glomerular basement membrane development homeostatic process cellular response to reactive oxygen species protein targeting to peroxisome Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez435817527EnsemblENSG00000115204ENSMUSG00000107283UniProtP39210P19258RefSeq (mRNA)NM_002437NM_001294322NM_001294324NM_008622NM_001310527NM_001310528RefSeq (protein)NP_002428NP_001281251NP_001281253NP_001297456NP_001297457NP_032648Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 27.31 – 27.33 MbChr 5: 31.3 – 31.31 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Protein MPV17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MPV17 gene. It is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein, which has a so far largely unknown role in mtDNA maintenance. Protein MPV17 is expressed in human pancreas, kidney, muscle, liver, lung, placenta, brain and heart. Human MPV17 is the orthologue of the mouse kidney disease gene, Mpv17. Loss of function has been shown to cause hepatocerebral mtDNA depletion syndromes (MDS) with oxidative phosphorylation failure and mtDNA depletion both in affected individuals and in Mpv17−/− mice. Function This protein was first thought to be a peroxisomal protein, but in 2006, Spinazzola et al. demonstrated that it is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that is implicated in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Restoration of Mpv17 expression in Mpv17-/- mice restores mtDNA copy number, suggesting MPV17 is involved in mtDNA copy number, and in mtDNA maintenance. MPV17 seems to be also involved in apoptosis in podocytes, and involved in ROS. Structure Gene The human MPV17 gene is located on chromosome 2 at p21-23, comprising eight exons encoding 176 amino acids. Protein MPV17 belongs to a family of integral membrane proteins consisting of four members (PXMP2, MPV17, MP-L, and FKSG24 (MPV17L2)) in mammals and two members (Sym1 and Yor292) in yeast. The amino acid sequence of MPV17 (176 amino acids) contains four cysteine residues and three putative phosphorylation sites implies that this protein may act as a redox- and ATP-sensitive channel. Clinical significance Mutations in this gene have been associated with the hepatocerebral form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS), a mutation in this protein leads to an mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) copy number decrease. By 2013, MDS caused by MPV17 mutations had been reported in 32 patients with the clinical manifestations including early progressive liver failure, neurological abnormalities, hypoglycaemia and raised blood lactate. In addition, MPV17 mutations have also been associated with autosomal recessive adult-onset neuropathy and leukoencephalopathy with multiple mtDNA deletions in skeletal muscle. Thus, MPV17 mutations can lead to recessive MDS or recessive multiple mtDNA deletion disorders. Interactions MPV17 has been shown to interact with Prkdc protein during Adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice. See also Navajo neurohepatopathy References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115204 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000107283 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Karasawa M, Zwacka RM, Reuter A, Fink T, Hsieh CL, Lichter P, Francke U, Weiher H (Nov 1993). "The human homolog of the glomerulosclerosis gene Mpv17: structure and genomic organization". Human Molecular Genetics. 2 (11): 1829–34. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.11.1829. PMID 8281143. ^ a b c Spinazzola A, Viscomi C, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Carrara F, D'Adamo P, Calvo S, Marsano RM, Donnini C, Weiher H, Strisciuglio P, Parini R, Sarzi E, Chan A, DiMauro S, Rötig A, Gasparini P, Ferrero I, Mootha VK, Tiranti V, Zeviani M (May 2006). "MPV17 encodes an inner mitochondrial membrane protein and is mutated in infantile hepatic mitochondrial DNA depletion". Nature Genetics. 38 (5): 570–5. doi:10.1038/ng1765. hdl:11577/3321860. PMID 16582910. S2CID 17999433. ^ a b c "Entrez Gene: MPV17 MpV17 mitochondrial inner membrane protein". ^ a b Uusimaa J, Evans J, Smith C, Butterworth A, Craig K, Ashley N, Liao C, Carver J, Diot A, Macleod L, Hargreaves I, Al-Hussaini A, Faqeih E, Asery A, Al Balwi M, Eyaid W, Al-Sunaid A, Kelly D, van Mourik I, Ball S, Jarvis J, Mulay A, Hadzic N, Samyn M, Baker A, Rahman S, Stewart H, Morris AA, Seller A, Fratter C, Taylor RW, Poulton J (Feb 2014). "Clinical, biochemical, cellular and molecular characterization of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome due to novel mutations in the MPV17 gene". European Journal of Human Genetics. 22 (2): 184–91. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.112. PMC 3895632. PMID 23714749. ^ Viscomi C, Spinazzola A, Maggioni M, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Massa V, Pagano C, Vettor R, Mora M, Zeviani M (Jan 2009). "Early-onset liver mtDNA depletion and late-onset proteinuric nephropathy in Mpv17 knockout mice". Human Molecular Genetics. 18 (1): 12–26. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn309. PMC 2644642. PMID 18818194. ^ Bottani E, Giordano C, Civiletto G, Di Meo I, Auricchio A, Ciusani E, Marchet S, Lamperti C, d'Amati G, Viscomi C, Zeviani M (Jan 2014). "AAV-mediated liver-specific MPV17 expression restores mtDNA levels and prevents diet-induced liver failure". Molecular Therapy. 22 (1): 10–7. doi:10.1038/mt.2013.230. PMC 3880585. PMID 24247928. ^ Casalena G, Krick S, Daehn I, Yu L, Ju W, Shi S, Tsai SY, D'Agati V, Lindenmeyer M, Cohen CD, Schlondorff D, Bottinger EP (Jun 2014). "Mpv17 in mitochondria protects podocytes against mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 306 (11): F1372-80. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2013. PMC 4042102. PMID 24598802. ^ Antonenkov VD, Isomursu A, Mennerich D, Vapola MH, Weiher H, Kietzmann T, Hiltunen JK (May 2015). "The Human Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome Gene MPV17 Encodes a Non-selective Channel That Modulates Membrane Potential". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (22): 13840–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.608083. PMC 4447960. PMID 25861990. ^ Blakely EL, Butterworth A, Hadden RD, Bodi I, He L, McFarland R, Taylor RW (Jul 2012). "MPV17 mutation causes neuropathy and leukoencephalopathy with multiple mtDNA deletions in muscle". Neuromuscular Disorders. 22 (7): 587–91. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2012.03.006. PMC 3387382. PMID 22508010. ^ Papeta N, Zheng Z, Schon EA, Brosel S, Altintas MM, Nasr SH, Reiser J, D'Agati VD, Gharavi AG (Nov 2010). "Prkdc participates in mitochondrial genome maintenance and prevents Adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (11): 4055–64. doi:10.1172/JCI43721. PMC 2964992. PMID 20978358. Further reading Schenkel J, Zwacka RM, Rutenberg C, Reuter A, Waldherr R, Weiher H (Jul 1995). "Functional rescue of the glomerulosclerosis phenotype in Mpv17 mice by transgenesis with the human Mpv17 homologue" (PDF). Kidney International. 48 (1): 80–4. doi:10.1038/ki.1995.270. PMID 7564095. Weiher H (1993). "Glomerular sclerosis in transgenic mice: the Mpv-17 gene and its human homologue". Advances in Nephrology from the Necker Hospital. 22: 37–42. PMID 8427063. Iida R, Yasuda T, Tsubota E, Takatsuka H, Masuyama M, Matsuki T, Kishi K (Feb 2003). "M-LP, Mpv17-like protein, has a peroxisomal membrane targeting signal comprising a transmembrane domain and a positively charged loop and up-regulates expression of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (8): 6301–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210886200. PMID 12471025. Calvo S, Jain M, Xie X, Sheth SA, Chang B, Goldberger OA, Spinazzola A, Zeviani M, Carr SA, Mootha VK (May 2006). "Systematic identification of human mitochondrial disease genes through integrative genomics". Nature Genetics. 38 (5): 576–82. doi:10.1038/ng1776. PMID 16582907. S2CID 11573946. Iida R, Yasuda T, Tsubota E, Takatsuka H, Matsuki T, Kishi K (Jun 2006). "Human Mpv17-like protein is localized in peroxisomes and regulates expression of antioxidant enzymes". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 344 (3): 948–54. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.008. PMID 16631601. Karadimas CL, Vu TH, Holve SA, Chronopoulou P, Quinzii C, Johnsen SD, Kurth J, Eggers E, Palenzuela L, Tanji K, Bonilla E, De Vivo DC, DiMauro S, Hirano M (Sep 2006). "Navajo neurohepatopathy is caused by a mutation in the MPV17 gene". American Journal of Human Genetics. 79 (3): 544–8. doi:10.1086/506913. PMC 1559552. PMID 16909392. Wong LJ, Brunetti-Pierri N, Zhang Q, Yazigi N, Bove KE, Dahms BB, Puchowicz MA, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Schmitt ES, Truong CK, Hoppel CL, Chou PC, Wang J, Baldwin EE, Adams D, Leslie N, Boles RG, Kerr DS, Craigen WJ (Oct 2007). "Mutations in the MPV17 gene are responsible for rapidly progressive liver failure in infancy". Hepatology. 46 (4): 1218–27. doi:10.1002/hep.21799. hdl:2027.42/142478. PMID 17694548. S2CID 6198280. This article on a gene on human chromosome 2 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8281143-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16582910-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"},{"link_name":"membrane protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_protein"},{"link_name":"mtDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA"},{"link_name":"pancreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23714749-8"},{"link_name":"mtDNA depletion syndromes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA_depletion_syndrome"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16582910-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18818194-9"}],"text":"Protein MPV17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MPV17 gene.[5][6][7] It is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein, which has a so far largely unknown role in mtDNA maintenance. Protein MPV17 is expressed in human pancreas, kidney, muscle, liver, lung, placenta, brain and heart.[8] Human MPV17 is the orthologue of the mouse kidney disease gene, Mpv17. Loss of function has been shown to cause hepatocerebral mtDNA depletion syndromes (MDS) with oxidative phosphorylation failure and mtDNA depletion both in affected individuals and in Mpv17−/− mice.[6][9]","title":"MPV17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peroxisomal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisomal"},{"link_name":"reactive oxygen species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16582910-6"},{"link_name":"mtDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24247928-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24598802-11"}],"text":"This protein was first thought to be a peroxisomal protein, but in 2006, Spinazzola et al. demonstrated that it is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that is implicated in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).[6]Restoration of Mpv17 expression in Mpv17-/- mice restores mtDNA copy number, suggesting MPV17 is involved in mtDNA copy number, and in mtDNA maintenance.[10]MPV17 seems to be also involved in apoptosis in podocytes, and involved in ROS.[11]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chromosome 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_2"},{"link_name":"exons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exons"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acids"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"}],"sub_title":"Gene","text":"The human MPV17 gene is located on chromosome 2 at p21-23, comprising eight exons encoding 176 amino acids.[7]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"membrane proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_proteins"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"cysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine"},{"link_name":"phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"redox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25861990-12"}],"sub_title":"Protein","text":"MPV17 belongs to a family of integral membrane proteins consisting of four members (PXMP2, MPV17, MP-L, and FKSG24 (MPV17L2)) in mammals and two members (Sym1 and Yor292) in yeast. The amino acid sequence of MPV17 (176 amino acids) contains four cysteine residues and three putative phosphorylation sites implies that this protein may act as a redox- and ATP-sensitive channel.[12]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA_depletion_syndrome"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"mtDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"},{"link_name":"liver failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_failure"},{"link_name":"hypoglycaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycaemia"},{"link_name":"lactate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23714749-8"},{"link_name":"neuropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathy"},{"link_name":"leukoencephalopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukoencephalopathy"},{"link_name":"skeletal muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22508010-13"}],"text":"Mutations in this gene have been associated with the hepatocerebral form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS), a mutation in this protein leads to an mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) copy number decrease.[7] By 2013, MDS caused by MPV17 mutations had been reported in 32 patients with the clinical manifestations including early progressive liver failure, neurological abnormalities, hypoglycaemia and raised blood lactate.[8] In addition, MPV17 mutations have also been associated with autosomal recessive adult-onset neuropathy and leukoencephalopathy with multiple mtDNA deletions in skeletal muscle.[13] Thus, MPV17 mutations can lead to recessive MDS or recessive multiple mtDNA deletion disorders.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"Prkdc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-PKcs"},{"link_name":"Adriamycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriamycin"},{"link_name":"nephropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephropathy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20978358-14"}],"text":"MPV17 has been shown to interact with Prkdc protein during Adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice.[14]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Functional rescue of the glomerulosclerosis phenotype in Mpv17 mice by transgenesis with the human Mpv17 homologue\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//repository.essex.ac.uk/8359/1/1-s2.0-S008525381559042X-main.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/ki.1995.270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fki.1995.270"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7564095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7564095"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8427063","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8427063"},{"link_name":"\"M-LP, Mpv17-like protein, has a peroxisomal membrane targeting signal comprising a transmembrane domain and a positively charged loop and up-regulates expression of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M210886200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M210886200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M210886200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12471025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12471025"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/ng1776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1776"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16582907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16582907"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11573946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11573946"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2006.04.008"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16631601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16631601"},{"link_name":"\"Navajo neurohepatopathy is caused by a mutation in the MPV17 gene\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559552"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/506913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F506913"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1559552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559552"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16909392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16909392"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/hep.21799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhep.21799"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027.42/142478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F142478"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17694548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17694548"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6198280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6198280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.svg"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_2"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MPV17&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-2-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-2-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-2-stub"}],"text":"Schenkel J, Zwacka RM, Rutenberg C, Reuter A, Waldherr R, Weiher H (Jul 1995). \"Functional rescue of the glomerulosclerosis phenotype in Mpv17 mice by transgenesis with the human Mpv17 homologue\" (PDF). Kidney International. 48 (1): 80–4. doi:10.1038/ki.1995.270. PMID 7564095.\nWeiher H (1993). \"Glomerular sclerosis in transgenic mice: the Mpv-17 gene and its human homologue\". Advances in Nephrology from the Necker Hospital. 22: 37–42. PMID 8427063.\nIida R, Yasuda T, Tsubota E, Takatsuka H, Masuyama M, Matsuki T, Kishi K (Feb 2003). \"M-LP, Mpv17-like protein, has a peroxisomal membrane targeting signal comprising a transmembrane domain and a positively charged loop and up-regulates expression of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (8): 6301–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210886200. PMID 12471025.\nCalvo S, Jain M, Xie X, Sheth SA, Chang B, Goldberger OA, Spinazzola A, Zeviani M, Carr SA, Mootha VK (May 2006). \"Systematic identification of human mitochondrial disease genes through integrative genomics\". Nature Genetics. 38 (5): 576–82. doi:10.1038/ng1776. PMID 16582907. S2CID 11573946.\nIida R, Yasuda T, Tsubota E, Takatsuka H, Matsuki T, Kishi K (Jun 2006). \"Human Mpv17-like protein is localized in peroxisomes and regulates expression of antioxidant enzymes\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 344 (3): 948–54. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.008. PMID 16631601.\nKaradimas CL, Vu TH, Holve SA, Chronopoulou P, Quinzii C, Johnsen SD, Kurth J, Eggers E, Palenzuela L, Tanji K, Bonilla E, De Vivo DC, DiMauro S, Hirano M (Sep 2006). \"Navajo neurohepatopathy is caused by a mutation in the MPV17 gene\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 79 (3): 544–8. doi:10.1086/506913. PMC 1559552. PMID 16909392.\nWong LJ, Brunetti-Pierri N, Zhang Q, Yazigi N, Bove KE, Dahms BB, Puchowicz MA, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Schmitt ES, Truong CK, Hoppel CL, Chou PC, Wang J, Baldwin EE, Adams D, Leslie N, Boles RG, Kerr DS, Craigen WJ (Oct 2007). \"Mutations in the MPV17 gene are responsible for rapidly progressive liver failure in infancy\". Hepatology. 46 (4): 1218–27. doi:10.1002/hep.21799. hdl:2027.42/142478. PMID 17694548. S2CID 6198280.This article on a gene on human chromosome 2 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Navajo neurohepatopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo_neurohepatopathy&action=edit&redlink=1"}]	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=4358","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=17527","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Karasawa M, Zwacka RM, Reuter A, Fink T, Hsieh CL, Lichter P, Francke U, Weiher H (Nov 1993). \"The human homolog of the glomerulosclerosis gene Mpv17: structure and genomic organization\". Human Molecular Genetics. 2 (11): 1829–34. doi:10.1093/hmg/2.11.1829. PMID 8281143.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F2.11.1829","url_text":"10.1093/hmg/2.11.1829"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8281143","url_text":"8281143"}]},{"reference":"Spinazzola A, Viscomi C, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Carrara F, D'Adamo P, Calvo S, Marsano RM, Donnini C, Weiher H, Strisciuglio P, Parini R, Sarzi E, Chan A, DiMauro S, Rötig A, Gasparini P, Ferrero I, Mootha VK, Tiranti V, Zeviani M (May 2006). \"MPV17 encodes an inner mitochondrial membrane protein and is mutated in infantile hepatic mitochondrial DNA depletion\". Nature Genetics. 38 (5): 570–5. doi:10.1038/ng1765. hdl:11577/3321860. PMID 16582910. S2CID 17999433.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1765","url_text":"10.1038/ng1765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577%2F3321860","url_text":"11577/3321860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16582910","url_text":"16582910"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17999433","url_text":"17999433"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: MPV17 MpV17 mitochondrial inner membrane protein\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4358","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: MPV17 MpV17 mitochondrial inner membrane protein\""}]},{"reference":"Uusimaa J, Evans J, Smith C, Butterworth A, Craig K, Ashley N, Liao C, Carver J, Diot A, Macleod L, Hargreaves I, Al-Hussaini A, Faqeih E, Asery A, Al Balwi M, Eyaid W, Al-Sunaid A, Kelly D, van Mourik I, Ball S, Jarvis J, Mulay A, Hadzic N, Samyn M, Baker A, Rahman S, Stewart H, Morris AA, Seller A, Fratter C, Taylor RW, Poulton J (Feb 2014). \"Clinical, biochemical, cellular and molecular characterization of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome due to novel mutations in the MPV17 gene\". European Journal of Human Genetics. 22 (2): 184–91. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.112. PMC 3895632. PMID 23714749.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3895632","url_text":"\"Clinical, biochemical, cellular and molecular characterization of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome due to novel mutations in the MPV17 gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.112","url_text":"10.1038/ejhg.2013.112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3895632","url_text":"3895632"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23714749","url_text":"23714749"}]},{"reference":"Viscomi C, Spinazzola A, Maggioni M, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Massa V, Pagano C, Vettor R, Mora M, Zeviani M (Jan 2009). \"Early-onset liver mtDNA depletion and late-onset proteinuric nephropathy in Mpv17 knockout mice\". Human Molecular Genetics. 18 (1): 12–26. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn309. PMC 2644642. PMID 18818194.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2644642","url_text":"\"Early-onset liver mtDNA depletion and late-onset proteinuric nephropathy in Mpv17 knockout mice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddn309","url_text":"10.1093/hmg/ddn309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2644642","url_text":"2644642"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18818194","url_text":"18818194"}]},{"reference":"Bottani E, Giordano C, Civiletto G, Di Meo I, Auricchio A, Ciusani E, Marchet S, Lamperti C, d'Amati G, Viscomi C, Zeviani M (Jan 2014). \"AAV-mediated liver-specific MPV17 expression restores mtDNA levels and prevents diet-induced liver failure\". Molecular Therapy. 22 (1): 10–7. doi:10.1038/mt.2013.230. PMC 3880585. PMID 24247928.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880585","url_text":"\"AAV-mediated liver-specific MPV17 expression restores mtDNA levels and prevents diet-induced liver failure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmt.2013.230","url_text":"10.1038/mt.2013.230"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880585","url_text":"3880585"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24247928","url_text":"24247928"}]},{"reference":"Casalena G, Krick S, Daehn I, Yu L, Ju W, Shi S, Tsai SY, D'Agati V, Lindenmeyer M, Cohen CD, Schlondorff D, Bottinger EP (Jun 2014). \"Mpv17 in mitochondria protects podocytes against mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro\". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 306 (11): F1372-80. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2013. PMC 4042102. PMID 24598802.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4042102","url_text":"\"Mpv17 in mitochondria protects podocytes against mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajprenal.00608.2013","url_text":"10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4042102","url_text":"4042102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24598802","url_text":"24598802"}]},{"reference":"Antonenkov VD, Isomursu A, Mennerich D, Vapola MH, Weiher H, Kietzmann T, Hiltunen JK (May 2015). \"The Human Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome Gene MPV17 Encodes a Non-selective Channel That Modulates Membrane Potential\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (22): 13840–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.608083. PMC 4447960. PMID 25861990.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447960","url_text":"\"The Human Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome Gene MPV17 Encodes a Non-selective Channel That Modulates Membrane Potential\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M114.608083","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M114.608083"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447960","url_text":"4447960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25861990","url_text":"25861990"}]},{"reference":"Blakely EL, Butterworth A, Hadden RD, Bodi I, He L, McFarland R, Taylor RW (Jul 2012). \"MPV17 mutation causes neuropathy and leukoencephalopathy with multiple mtDNA deletions in muscle\". Neuromuscular Disorders. 22 (7): 587–91. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2012.03.006. PMC 3387382. PMID 22508010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387382","url_text":"\"MPV17 mutation causes neuropathy and leukoencephalopathy with multiple mtDNA deletions in muscle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nmd.2012.03.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.nmd.2012.03.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387382","url_text":"3387382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22508010","url_text":"22508010"}]},{"reference":"Papeta N, Zheng Z, Schon EA, Brosel S, Altintas MM, Nasr SH, Reiser J, D'Agati VD, Gharavi AG (Nov 2010). \"Prkdc participates in mitochondrial genome maintenance and prevents Adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice\". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (11): 4055–64. doi:10.1172/JCI43721. PMC 2964992. PMID 20978358.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964992","url_text":"\"Prkdc participates in mitochondrial genome maintenance and prevents Adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI43721","url_text":"10.1172/JCI43721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964992","url_text":"2964992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20978358","url_text":"20978358"}]},{"reference":"Schenkel J, Zwacka RM, Rutenberg C, Reuter A, Waldherr R, Weiher H (Jul 1995). \"Functional rescue of the glomerulosclerosis phenotype in Mpv17 mice by transgenesis with the human Mpv17 homologue\" (PDF). Kidney International. 48 (1): 80–4. doi:10.1038/ki.1995.270. PMID 7564095.","urls":[{"url":"http://repository.essex.ac.uk/8359/1/1-s2.0-S008525381559042X-main.pdf","url_text":"\"Functional rescue of the glomerulosclerosis phenotype in Mpv17 mice by transgenesis with the human Mpv17 homologue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fki.1995.270","url_text":"10.1038/ki.1995.270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7564095","url_text":"7564095"}]},{"reference":"Weiher H (1993). \"Glomerular sclerosis in transgenic mice: the Mpv-17 gene and its human homologue\". Advances in Nephrology from the Necker Hospital. 22: 37–42. PMID 8427063.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8427063","url_text":"8427063"}]},{"reference":"Iida R, Yasuda T, Tsubota E, Takatsuka H, Masuyama M, Matsuki T, Kishi K (Feb 2003). \"M-LP, Mpv17-like protein, has a peroxisomal membrane targeting signal comprising a transmembrane domain and a positively charged loop and up-regulates expression of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (8): 6301–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210886200. PMID 12471025.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M210886200","url_text":"\"M-LP, Mpv17-like protein, has a peroxisomal membrane targeting signal comprising a transmembrane domain and a positively charged loop and up-regulates expression of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M210886200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M210886200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12471025","url_text":"12471025"}]},{"reference":"Calvo S, Jain M, Xie X, Sheth SA, Chang B, Goldberger OA, Spinazzola A, Zeviani M, Carr SA, Mootha VK (May 2006). \"Systematic identification of human mitochondrial disease genes through integrative genomics\". Nature Genetics. 38 (5): 576–82. doi:10.1038/ng1776. PMID 16582907. S2CID 11573946.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1776","url_text":"10.1038/ng1776"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16582907","url_text":"16582907"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11573946","url_text":"11573946"}]},{"reference":"Iida R, Yasuda T, Tsubota E, Takatsuka H, Matsuki T, Kishi K (Jun 2006). \"Human Mpv17-like protein is localized in peroxisomes and regulates expression of antioxidant enzymes\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 344 (3): 948–54. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.008. PMID 16631601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2006.04.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16631601","url_text":"16631601"}]},{"reference":"Karadimas CL, Vu TH, Holve SA, Chronopoulou P, Quinzii C, Johnsen SD, Kurth J, Eggers E, Palenzuela L, Tanji K, Bonilla E, De Vivo DC, DiMauro S, Hirano M (Sep 2006). \"Navajo neurohepatopathy is caused by a mutation in the MPV17 gene\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 79 (3): 544–8. doi:10.1086/506913. PMC 1559552. PMID 16909392.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559552","url_text":"\"Navajo neurohepatopathy is caused by a mutation in the MPV17 gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F506913","url_text":"10.1086/506913"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559552","url_text":"1559552"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16909392","url_text":"16909392"}]},{"reference":"Wong LJ, Brunetti-Pierri N, Zhang Q, Yazigi N, Bove KE, Dahms BB, Puchowicz MA, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Schmitt ES, Truong CK, Hoppel CL, Chou PC, Wang J, Baldwin EE, Adams D, Leslie N, Boles RG, Kerr DS, Craigen WJ (Oct 2007). \"Mutations in the MPV17 gene are responsible for rapidly progressive liver failure in infancy\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Jocelyn	Matthew Jocelyn	["1 Career","2 References"]	Canadian theatre director This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Matthew Jocelyn" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Matthew Jocelyn" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Matthew Jocelyn (born 1958) is the former artistic and general director of Canadian Stage, a not-for-profit theatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Prior to his appointment at Canadian Stage, Jocelyn was the artistic and general director of the Atelier du Rhin in Alsace, France for 10 years. He was named Chevalier des Art et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters), by the French Ministry of Culture in July 2008. Career Jocelyn has worked as a theatre and opera director, arts administrator, producer, opera librettist, and translator. Born in Canada, he studied at Mount Allison University, l'Université d'Aix-Marseille, McGill University and Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. He moved to France in 1982, where he held the position of lecteur d'anglais at the École Normale Supérieure, rue d'Ulm. He co-founded the Théâtre de l'Autre Rive in Paris in 1983, and the Théâtre Des-Hérités in 1992. In 1995, he joined the Centre de Formation Lyrique of the Paris National Opera, in charge of stage work. In 1998, Jocelyn was named artistic and general director of the Atelier du Rhin, Centre Dramatique, in Colmar, France. Sara Angel in Maclean's Magazine called Jocelyn "one of this country's most brilliant creative forces - and one of its most controversial." References ^ Ouzounian, Richard (September 17, 2010). "Matthew Jocelyn: A man of many, many ghosts". Toronto Star. ^ Sara Angel. "The vindication of CanStage's Matthew Jocelyn". Maclean's Magazine. Retrieved 27 July 2015. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Stage"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Chevalier des Art et des Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres"},{"link_name":"French Ministry of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Culture"}],"text":"Matthew Jocelyn (born 1958) is the former artistic and general director of Canadian Stage, a not-for-profit theatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[1] Prior to his appointment at Canadian Stage, Jocelyn was the artistic and general director of the Atelier du Rhin in Alsace, France for 10 years. He was named Chevalier des Art et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters), by the French Ministry of Culture in July 2008.","title":"Matthew Jocelyn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mount Allison University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Allison_University"},{"link_name":"Université d'Aix-Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Rhodes Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"École Normale Supérieure, rue d'Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Paris National Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_National_Opera"},{"link_name":"Maclean's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jocelyn has worked as a theatre and opera director, arts administrator, producer, opera librettist, and translator.[citation needed]Born in Canada, he studied at Mount Allison University, l'Université d'Aix-Marseille, McGill University and Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. He moved to France in 1982, where he held the position of lecteur d'anglais at the École Normale Supérieure, rue d'Ulm. He co-founded the Théâtre de l'Autre Rive in Paris in 1983, and the Théâtre Des-Hérités in 1992. In 1995, he joined the Centre de Formation Lyrique of the Paris National Opera, in charge of stage work. In 1998, Jocelyn was named artistic and general director of the Atelier du Rhin, Centre Dramatique, in Colmar, France.Sara Angel in Maclean's Magazine called Jocelyn \"one of this country's most brilliant creative forces - and one of its most controversial.\"[2]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ouzounian, Richard (September 17, 2010). \"Matthew Jocelyn: A man of many, many ghosts\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polwhele_House_School	Polwhele House School	["1 History","2 School site","3 Curriculum","4 Extracurricular activities","5 List of heads","6 Notable former pupils","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 50°17′08″N 5°02′13″W / 50.28549°N 5.03700°W / 50.28549; -5.03700 Private day and boarding school in Truro, Cornwall, EnglandPolwhele House SchoolAddressPolwhele HouseTruro, Cornwall, TR4 9AEEnglandCoordinates50°17′08″N 5°02′13″W / 50.28549°N 5.03700°W / 50.28549; -5.03700InformationTypePrivate day and boarding schoolMottoKarenza whelas Karenza(Cornish for Love begets Love)Established1981; 43 years ago (1981)HeadmistressHilary MannGenderMixedAge range3–16Enrolment105 (2020) AffiliationIndependent Association of Prep SchoolsWebsitepolwhelehouse.co.uk Polwhele House School is a private day and boarding preparatory school at Polwhele House, near Truro, Cornwall. It follows the thirteen-plus Common Entrance Examination syllabus. In 2020, the school announced plans to provide senior school education, slowly extending its leaving age to sixteen, with a Year 9 class to be launched in September 2021. History In 1976 one the school’s founders, Rosemary White, launched a nursery and pre-prep school in her family home in Truro, calling it Boscawen Rose School. This was a school for children aged between three and eight. By 1981, the high demand for places had encouraged Rosemary and her husband Richard White to open a new school at Polwhele House, transferring most of the Boscawen Rose School pupils there and including older children. They were joint heads of the new enterprise, which was to be a co-educational non-denominational Christian preparatory school. The leaving age increased to thirteen. After Truro Cathedral School closed in July 1982, its task of educating and training the cathedral's boy choristers was transferred to Polwhele House, and the number of choristers is now eighteen. The Chapter of the Cathedral pays half of their school fees, and voice trials take place once a year in January, for boys aged between seven and nine. Girl choristers attend Truro School. The Whites retired as joint heads in 2002, but remain the owners of the school, and Richard White (born 1943) is chairman of the Managing Council. School site Aerial view of the school Polwhele House is a Grade II listed manor house, standing in 32 acres of parkland, playing fields, gardens, and woods, about two miles north of Truro. The earliest parts of the main house date from the 16th century, and granite arches from that time are the oldest features still to be seen. Richard Polwhele, a clergyman and local historian, inherited the property from his father and in the 1820s renovated the coach house. In the 1860s, Thomas Carne Polwhele had the house remodelled and enlarged by Giles Gilbert Scott. The Polwhele family motto, "Karenza Whelas Karenza", meaning "Love begets Love", is engraved on a stone chimneypiece in the drawing room of the house and has been adopted as the school’s motto. Curriculum Polwhele House follows a syllabus leading to the Common Entrance Examination at 13-plus. There is a focus on music and drama, with concerts and productions taking place regularly throughout the year and most children taking part in them. A new Year 9 class will begin in September 2020, with the school’s leaving age then slowly rising to sixteen. The head, Hilary Mann, said in January 2020 "The school will grow by one senior year group each year, slowly and steadily. Our current buildings give scope for the first year expansion, and in time we can plan a redesign of the buildings and look to add any necessary new buildings." Extracurricular activities The school has its own ponies, and most children learn to ride. There is a pony club at weekends and during the school holidays which is open to children who are not at the school. In May 2012, the Olympic torch came to the school. In May 2017, it was visited by a Royal Navy Merlin maritime helicopter based at RNAS Culdrose, and children were able to explore and discuss it with its crew. List of heads 1981–2002: Rosemary and Richard White (jointly) 2002–2009: Jeremy Mason, previously deputy head at the Pilgrims' School, Winchester 2009–2019: Alex McCullough, previously Director of Studies at Foremarke Hall 2019– Hilary Mann, previously head of Roselyon Preparatory School, Lanlivery A deputy head of the school, Dominic Floyd, went on to become head of Ashdown House, and then of Hazlegrove and the Mount Kelly Prep School. Notable former pupils Charlie Shreck (born 1978), cricketer References ^ a b History of Polwhele House at polwhelehouse.co.uk, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ a b c Charlotte Becquart, Everything we know about the new secondary school set to open in Cornwall, cornwalllive.com, 26 January 2020, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ a b c Prep school to offer secondary school education, businesscornwall.co.uk, 15 January 2020, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ a b c d e f g h i Head of Polwhele House: Information for applicants at cloudfront.net, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ a b c Polwhele House School at TES, accessed 21 June 2020 ^ British Music Education Yearbook (Rhinegold Publishing Limited, 2008), p. 15 ^ Truro Cathedral Choir at archive.org, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ Music: Truro Cathedral Choir at archive.org, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ Filing History of Polwhele House Limited "Certificate of Incorporation", 7 Dec 2010, accessed 23 June 2020 ^ a b Polwhele at britishlistedbuildings.co.uk, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ "Rev. Richard Polwhele" (obituary) in The Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 163 (1838), pp. 545–549 ^ Hilary Mann, Thinking Long-Term: Polwhele House School, independentschoolparent.com, January 2020, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ Olympic torch visits Polwhele House school, falmouthpacket.co.uk, 25 May 2012, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ Peter Johnstone, Culdrose Merlin lands at Polwhele House, falmouthpacket.co.uk, 1 June 2017, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ New head at Polwhele House at businesscornwall.co.uk, 4 September 2019, accessed 22 June 2020 ^ New head of Mount Kelly Prep chosen for ‘commitment’, tavistock-today.co.uk, 23 March 2016 External links Head of Polwhele House: Information for applicants at cloudfront.net Polwhele House School at Independent Schools Inspectorate Polwhele House School at schoolsmith.co.uk vte Schools in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Primary Five Islands Academy St Mabyn C of E Primary School Secondary Bodmin College Brannel School Budehaven Community School Callington Community College Camborne Science & International Academy Cape Cornwall School Falmouth School Five Islands Academy Fowey River Academy Hayle Academy Helston Community College Humphry Davy School Launceston College Liskeard School & Community College Looe Community Academy Mounts Bay Academy Mullion School Newquay Tretherras Penair School Penrice Academy Penryn College Poltair School Pool Academy Redruth School Richard Lander School The Roseland Academy St Ives School Saltash Community School Sir James Smith's School Torpoint Community College Treviglas Academy Wadebridge School Independent Polwhele House School Truro High School Truro School Further education Callywith College Cornwall College Truro and Penwith College Defunct Camborne Grammar School Falmouth Grammar School Highfields Private School Redruth Grammar School St Michael's Secondary School Truro Cathedral School Cornwall Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Common Entrance Examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Entrance_Examination"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BC-3"}],"text":"Private day and boarding school in Truro, Cornwall, EnglandPolwhele House School is a private day and boarding preparatory school at Polwhele House, near Truro, Cornwall. It follows the thirteen-plus Common Entrance Examination syllabus.In 2020, the school announced plans to provide senior school education, slowly extending its leaving age to sixteen, with a Year 9 class to be launched in September 2021.[3]","title":"Polwhele House School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-head-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tes-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-head-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tes-5"},{"link_name":"Truro Cathedral School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro_Cathedral_School"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Truro School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-head-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BC-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1976 one the school’s founders, Rosemary White, launched a nursery and pre-prep school in her family home in Truro, calling it Boscawen Rose School.[4] This was a school for children aged between three and eight.[5] By 1981, the high demand for places had encouraged Rosemary and her husband Richard White to open a new school at Polwhele House, transferring most of the Boscawen Rose School pupils there and including older children. They were joint heads of the new enterprise, which was to be a co-educational non-denominational Christian preparatory school.[4] The leaving age increased to thirteen.[5]After Truro Cathedral School closed in July 1982, its task of educating and training the cathedral's boy choristers was transferred to Polwhele House, and the number of choristers is now eighteen.[6] The Chapter of the Cathedral pays half of their school fees, and voice trials take place once a year in January, for boys aged between seven and nine.[7] Girl choristers attend Truro School.[8]The Whites retired as joint heads in 2002, but remain the owners of the school,[4] and Richard White (born 1943) is chairman of the Managing Council.[3][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polwhele_House_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1352519.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tes-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-10"},{"link_name":"Richard Polwhele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Polwhele"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Giles Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Gilbert_Scott"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"}],"text":"Aerial view of the schoolPolwhele House is a Grade II listed manor house, standing in 32 acres of parkland, playing fields, gardens, and woods, about two miles north of Truro.[5][10]The earliest parts of the main house date from the 16th century, and granite arches from that time are the oldest features still to be seen.[10] Richard Polwhele, a clergyman and local historian, inherited the property from his father and in the 1820s renovated the coach house.[11] In the 1860s, Thomas Carne Polwhele had the house remodelled and enlarged by Giles Gilbert Scott. The Polwhele family motto, \"Karenza Whelas Karenza\", meaning \"Love begets Love\", is engraved on a stone chimneypiece in the drawing room of the house and has been adopted as the school’s motto.[1]","title":"School site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-head-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-head-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BC-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cornwalllive-2"}],"text":"Polwhele House follows a syllabus leading to the Common Entrance Examination at 13-plus.[4]There is a focus on music and drama, with concerts and productions taking place regularly throughout the year and most children taking part in them.[4]A new Year 9 class will begin in September 2020, with the school’s leaving age then slowly rising to sixteen.[3][12] The head, Hilary Mann, said in January 2020 \"The school will grow by one senior year group each year, slowly and steadily. Our current buildings give scope for the first year expansion, and in time we can plan a redesign of the buildings and look to add any necessary new buildings.\"[2]","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cornwalllive-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-head-4"},{"link_name":"Olympic torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_flame"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Merlin maritime helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101"},{"link_name":"RNAS Culdrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAS_Culdrose_(HMS_Seahawk)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The school has its own ponies,[2] and most children learn to ride. There is a pony club at weekends and during the school holidays which is open to children who are not at the school.[4]In May 2012, the Olympic torch came to the school.[13] In May 2017, it was visited by a Royal Navy Merlin maritime helicopter based at RNAS Culdrose, and children were able to explore and discuss it with its crew.[14]","title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-head-4"},{"link_name":"Pilgrims' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pilgrims%27_School"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-head-4"},{"link_name":"Foremarke Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foremarke_Hall,_Repton_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-head-4"},{"link_name":"Lanlivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanlivery"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ashdown House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdown_House,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Hazlegrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazlegrove_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"Mount Kelly Prep School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kelly_School"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"1981–2002: Rosemary and Richard White (jointly)[4]\n2002–2009: Jeremy Mason, previously deputy head at the Pilgrims' School, Winchester[4]\n2009–2019: Alex McCullough, previously Director of Studies at Foremarke Hall[4]\n2019– Hilary Mann, previously head of Roselyon Preparatory School, Lanlivery[15]A deputy head of the school, Dominic Floyd, went on to become head of Ashdown House, and then of Hazlegrove and the Mount Kelly Prep School.[16]","title":"List of heads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Shreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Shreck"}],"text":"Charlie Shreck (born 1978), cricketer","title":"Notable former pupils"}]	[{"image_text":"Aerial view of the school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Polwhele_House_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1352519.jpg/200px-Polwhele_House_School_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1352519.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Polwhele_House_School&params=50.28549_N_5.037_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"50°17′08″N 5°02′13″W / 50.28549°N 5.03700°W / 50.28549; -5.03700"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Polwhele_House_School&params=50.28549_N_5.037_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"50°17′08″N 5°02′13″W / 50.28549°N 5.03700°W / 50.28549; -5.03700"},{"Link":"http://polwhelehouse.co.uk/","external_links_name":"polwhelehouse.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.polwhelehouse.co.uk/the-school/history/","external_links_name":"History of Polwhele House"},{"Link":"https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/everything-know-new-secondary-school-3774851.amp","external_links_name":"Everything we know about the new secondary school set to open in Cornwall"},{"Link":"https://businesscornwall.co.uk/news-by-location/truro-business-news/2020/01/prep-school-to-offer-secondary-school-education/","external_links_name":"Prep school to offer secondary school education"},{"Link":"https://d3giikteahxfyn.cloudfront.net/29173288-b823-475e-82db-40d9721e0199/12e2a46a-40b3-49b0-8971-115f13632cf4","external_links_name":"Head of Polwhele House: Information for applicants"},{"Link":"https://www.tes.com/jobs/employer/polwhele-house-school-1024959","external_links_name":"Polwhele House School"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041223215927/http://www.trurocathedral.org.uk/day-to-day/choir.html","external_links_name":"Truro Cathedral Choir"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041223215927/http://www.trurocathedral.org.uk/day-to-day/choir.html","external_links_name":"Music: Truro Cathedral Choir"},{"Link":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07462894/filing-history","external_links_name":"Filing History of Polwhele House Limited"},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101141114-polwhele-st-clement#.XvAixSV4WEc","external_links_name":"Polwhele"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xA42AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA545","external_links_name":"\"Rev. Richard Polwhele\""},{"Link":"https://www.independentschoolparent.com/school/polwhele-house-school/","external_links_name":"Thinking Long-Term: Polwhele House School"},{"Link":"https://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/9727533.olympic-torch-visits-polwhele-house-school/","external_links_name":"Olympic torch visits Polwhele House school"},{"Link":"https://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/15322106.culdrose-merlin-lands-at-polwhele-house/","external_links_name":"Culdrose Merlin lands at Polwhele House"},{"Link":"https://businesscornwall.co.uk/news-by-industry/appointments/2019/09/new-head-at-polwhele-house/","external_links_name":"New head at Polwhele House"},{"Link":"http://www.tavistock-today.co.uk/article.cfm?id=412430&headline=New%20head%20of%20Mount%20Kelly%20Prep%20chosen%20for%20%E2%80%98commitment%E2%80%99&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2016","external_links_name":"New head of Mount Kelly Prep chosen for ‘commitment’"},{"Link":"https://d3giikteahxfyn.cloudfront.net/29173288-b823-475e-82db-40d9721e0199/12e2a46a-40b3-49b0-8971-115f13632cf4","external_links_name":"Head of Polwhele House: Information for applicants"},{"Link":"https://www.isi.net/school/polwhele-house-school-6787","external_links_name":"Polwhele House School"},{"Link":"https://www.schoolsmith.co.uk/school/polwhele-house-school-truro-tr4/","external_links_name":"Polwhele House School"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Textiles_(India)	Ministry of Textiles	["1 Main functions of the Ministry","2 Organizations","2.1 Attached Offices","2.2 Subordinate Offices","2.3 Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs)[3]","2.4 Statutory Bodies[4]","2.5 Advisory Bodies","2.6 Autonomous Bodies","3 Cabinet Ministers","4 Ministers of State","5 National Handlooms & Handicrafts Museum","6 References","7 External links"]	Government of India Ministry This article is about the ministry of India. For the Bangladesh ministry, see Ministry of Textiles and Jute. For the Pakistan ministry, see Ministry of Commerce and Textile Industry. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Ministry of Textiles" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ministry of TextilesBranch of Government of IndiaMinistry of TextilesMinistry overviewJurisdictionGovernment of IndiaHeadquartersUdyog Bhawan, New DelhiAnnual budget₹4,389.34 crore (US$530 million) (2023-24 est.)Ministers responsibleGiriraj Singh, Cabinet MinisterPabitra Margherita, Minister of StateWebsiteministryoftextiles.gov.in The Ministry of Textiles is an Indian government national agency responsible for the formulation of policy, planning, development, export promotion and regulation of the textile industry in India. This includes all natural, artificial, and cellulosic fibers that go into the making of textiles, clothing and Handicrafts. The current Minister of Textiles is Giriraj Singh. Main functions of the Ministry Textile Policy & Coordination Man-made Fibre/ Filament Yarn Industry Cotton Textile Industry Jute Industry Silk and Silk Textile Industry Wool & Woollen Industry Decentralised Powerloom Sector Export Promotion Planning & Economic Analysis Organizations Attached Offices Office of the Development Commissioner for Hand-looms Office of the Development Commissioner for Handicrafts Subordinate Offices Office of the Textile Commissioner Office of the Jute Commissioner Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) National Textile Corporation Ltd. (NTC) British India Corporation Ltd. (BIC) Cotton Corporation Of India Ltd. (CCI) Jute Corporation of India (JCI) National Jute Manufactures Corporation Limited (NJMC) Central Cottage Industries Corporation (CCIC) National Handloom Development Corporation Ltd. (NHDC) Statutory Bodies Jute Manufacturers Development Council Central Silk Board Textile Committee Commissioner of Payments National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) Advisory Bodies Development Council for Textile Industry Co-ordination Council for Textile Research Associations Co-ordination Committee of Textiles Export Promotion Council Autonomous Bodies Central Wool Development Board National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles & Management, Coimbatore Indian Institutes of Handloom Technology Cabinet Ministers Note: MoS, I/C – Minister of State (Independent Charge) No. Portrait Minister(Birth-Death)Constituency Term of office Political party Ministry Prime Minister From To Period Minister of Supply and Textiles 1 Chandrashekhar Singh(1927–1986)MP for Banka(MoS, I/C) 30 March1985 25 September1985 179 days Indian National Congress (I) Rajiv II Rajiv Gandhi Minister of Textiles 2 Khurshed Alam Khan(1919–2013)MP for Farrukhabad(MoS, I/C) 15 November1985 22 October1986 341 days Indian National Congress (I) Rajiv II Rajiv Gandhi 3 Ram Niwas Mirdha(1924–2010)MP for Barmer(MoS, I/C until 15 February 1988) 22 October1986 2 December1989 3 years, 41 days 4 Sharad Yadav(1947–2023)MP for Badaun 6 December1989 10 November1990 339 days Janata Dal Vishwanath Vishwanath Pratap Singh 5 Hukmdev Narayan Yadav(born 1939)MP for Sitamarhi 21 November1990 21 June1991 212 days Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) Chandra Shekhar Chandra Shekhar 6 Ashok Gehlot(born 1951)MP for Jodhpur(MoS, I/C) 21 June1991 18 January1993 1 year, 211 days Indian National Congress (I) Rao P. V. Narasimha Rao 7 Gaddam Venkatswamy(1929–2014)MP for Peddapalli(MoS, I/C until 10 February 1995) 18 January1993 15 September1995 2 years, 240 days 8 Kamal Nath(born 1946)MP for Chhindwara(MoS, I/C) 15 September1995 20 February1996 158 days 9 Gaddam Venkatswamy(1929–2014)MP for Peddapalli 20 February1996 16 May1996 86 days – Atal Bihari Vajpayee(1924–2018)MP for Lucknow(Prime Minister) 16 May1996 1 June1996 16 days Bharatiya Janata Party Vajpayee I Atal Bihari Vajpayee – H. D. Deve Gowda(born 1933)Unelected(Prime Minister) 1 June1996 29 June1996 28 days Janata Dal Deve Gowda H. D. Deve Gowda 10 R. L. Jalappa(1925–2021)MP for Chikballapur(MoS, I/C until 6 July 1996) 29 June1996 21 April1997 1 year, 205 days 21 April1997 20 January1998 Gujral I. K. Gujral 11 Bolla Bulli Ramaiah(1926–2018)MP for Eluru(MoS, I/C) 20 January1998 19 March1998 58 days Telugu Desam Party 12 Kashiram Rana(1938–2012)MP for Surat 19 March1998 13 October1999 5 years, 66 days Bharatiya Janata Party Vajpayee II Atal Bihari Vajpayee 13 October1999 24 May2003 Vajpayee III 13 Syed Shahnawaz Hussain(born 1968)MP for Kishanganj 24 May2003 22 May2004 364 days 14 Shankersinh Vaghela(born 1940)MP for Kapadvanj 23 May2004 22 May2009 4 years, 364 days Indian National Congress Manmohan I Manmohan Singh 15 Dayanidhi Maran(born 1966)MP for Chennai Central 28 May2009 12 July2011 2 years, 45 days Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Manmohan II 16 Anand Sharma(born 1953)Rajya Sabha MP for Rajasthan 12 July2011 17 June2013 1 year, 340 days Indian National Congress 17 Kavuri Samba Siva Rao(born 1943)MP for Eluru 17 June2013 3 April2014 290 days (16) Anand Sharma(born 1953)Rajya Sabha MP for Rajasthan 3 April2014 26 May2014 53 days 18 Santosh Kumar Gangwar(born 1948)MP for Bareilly(MoS, I/C) 26 May2014 5 July2016 2 years, 40 days Bharatiya Janata Party Modi I Narendra Modi 19 Smriti Irani(born 1976)Rajya Sabha MP for Gujarat, until 2019MP for Amethi, from 2019 5 July2016 30 May2019 5 years, 2 days 31 May2019 7 July2021 Modi II 20 Piyush Goyal(born 1964)Rajya Sabha MP for Maharashtra 7 July2021 9 June2024 2 years, 338 days 21 Giriraj Singh(born 1957)MP for Begusarai 10 June2024 Incumbent 9 days Modi III Ministers of State No. Portrait Minister(Birth-Death)Constituency Term of office Political party Ministry Prime Minister From To Period 1 Rafique Alam(1929–2011)Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 25 June1988 4 July1989 1 year, 9 days Indian National Congress (I) Rajiv II Rajiv Gandhi 2 Saroj KhapardeRajya Sabha MP for Maharashtra 4 July1989 2 December1989 151 days 3 Gingee N. Ramachandran(born 1944)MP for Tindivanam 13 October1999 30 September2000 353 days Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Vajpayee III Atal Bihari Vajpayee 4 V. Dhananjay Kumar(1951–2019)MP for Mangalore 30 September2000 1 July2002 1 year, 274 days Bharatiya Janata Party 5 Basangouda Patil Yatnal(born 1963)MP for Bijapur 1 July2002 8 September2003 1 year, 69 days (3) Gingee N. Ramachandran(born 1944)MP for Tindivanam 8 September2003 30 December2003 113 days Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 6 E. V. K. S. Elangovan(born 1948)MP for Gobichettipalayam 29 January2006 22 May2009 3 years, 113 days Indian National Congress Manmohan I Manmohan Singh 7 Panabaka Lakshmi(born 1958)MP for Bapatla 28 May2009 31 October2012 3 years, 156 days Manmohan II 8 Ajay Tamta(born 1972)MP for Almora 5 July2016 30 May2019 2 years, 329 days Bharatiya Janata Party Modi I Narendra Modi 9 Darshana Jardosh(born 1961)MP for Surat 7 July2021 9 June2024 2 years, 338 days Bharatiya Janata Party Modi II 10 Pabitra Margherita(born 1974)Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 10 June2024 Incumbent 9 days Modi III National Handlooms & Handicrafts Museum Main article: National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, New Delhi National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, New Delhi was set up at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi under the administrative control of the Ministry of Textiles. The Museum is a structured village complex consisting of 15 structures representing village dwellings, courtyards and shrines from different states spread over an area of 5 hectares. The museum collection contains about 20,000 most rare and distinctive pieces reflecting the continuing tradition of Indian craftsmen. References ^ "Budget data" (PDF). www.indiabudget.gov.in. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018. ^ Desk, Internet (5 July 2016). "Javdekar gets HRD, Irani shifted to Textiles". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com. ^ "Public Sector Undertakings". Ministry of Textiles. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2013. ^ "STATUTORY BODIES". Ministry of Textiles. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2013. ^ "National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum". Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2007. ^ "National Handlooms & Handicrafts Museum (NHHM)". Ministry of Textiles. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013. External links Ministry of Textiles - Official website vteGovernment ministries of IndiaPresident (List) • Vice President (List) • Government of India • Prime Minister (List • Office) • Deputy Prime Minister • Council of MinistersCurrentKey Defence External Affairs Finance Home Affairs Economy & Industry Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Commerce and Industry Communications Co-operation Corporate Affairs Electronics and Information Technology Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Steel Textiles Tourism Infrastructure Development of North Eastern Region Jal Shakti Ports, Shipping and Waterways Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Housing and Urban Affairs Food Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Food Processing Industries Energy & Climate Change Coal Environment, Forest and Climate Change New and Renewable Energy Petroleum and Natural Gas Power Science, Education & Health AYUSH Earth Sciences Education Health and Family Welfare Science and Technology Skill Development and Entrepreneurship General Administration Culture Law and Justice Minority Affairs Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions Planning Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Tribal Affairs Women and Child Development Youth Affairs and Sports Defunct Communications and Information Technology Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Drinking Water and Sanitation Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Ministers Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare Communications Defence Education External Affairs Finance Home Affairs Housing and Urban Affairs Law and Justice Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Road Transport and Highways Secretaries Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Personnel DepartmentsCurrent Atomic Energy Biotechnology Economic Affairs Higher Education Official Language Science and Technology Military Affairs Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Space Technical Education Telecommunications Defunct Criminal Intelligence Thagi and Dakaiti	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Textiles and Jute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Textiles_and_Jute"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Commerce and Textile Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Textile_Industry"},{"link_name":"textile industry in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India"},{"link_name":"Minister of Textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Textiles_(India)"},{"link_name":"Giriraj Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giriraj_Singh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the ministry of India. For the Bangladesh ministry, see Ministry of Textiles and Jute. For the Pakistan ministry, see Ministry of Commerce and Textile Industry.The Ministry of Textiles is an Indian government national agency responsible for the formulation of policy, planning, development, export promotion and regulation of the textile industry in India. This includes all natural, artificial, and cellulosic fibers that go into the making of textiles, clothing and Handicrafts.The current Minister of Textiles is Giriraj Singh.[2]","title":"Ministry of Textiles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Textile Policy & Coordination\nMan-made Fibre/ Filament Yarn Industry\nCotton Textile Industry\nJute Industry\nSilk and Silk Textile Industry\nWool & Woollen Industry\nDecentralised Powerloom Sector\nExport Promotion\nPlanning & Economic Analysis","title":"Main functions of the Ministry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Development Commissioner for Handicrafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_Commissioner_(Handicrafts)"}],"sub_title":"Attached Offices","text":"Office of the Development Commissioner for Hand-looms\nOffice of the Development Commissioner for Handicrafts","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subordinate Offices","text":"Office of the Textile Commissioner\nOffice of the Jute Commissioner","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Textile Corporation Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Textile_Corporation"},{"link_name":"British India Corporation Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Cotton Corporation Of India Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Corporation_of_India"},{"link_name":"Jute Corporation of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute_Corporation_of_India"},{"link_name":"National Jute Manufactures Corporation Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Jute_Manufactures_Corporation_Limited"}],"sub_title":"Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs)[3]","text":"National Textile Corporation Ltd. (NTC)\nBritish India Corporation Ltd. (BIC)\nCotton Corporation Of India Ltd. (CCI)\nJute Corporation of India (JCI)\nNational Jute Manufactures Corporation Limited (NJMC)\nCentral Cottage Industries Corporation (CCIC)\nNational Handloom Development Corporation Ltd. (NHDC)","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Silk Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Silk_Board"}],"sub_title":"Statutory Bodies[4]","text":"Jute Manufacturers Development Council\nCentral Silk Board\nTextile Committee\nCommissioner of Payments\nNational Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Advisory Bodies","text":"Development Council for Textile Industry\nCo-ordination Council for Textile Research Associations\nCo-ordination Committee of Textiles Export Promotion Council","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institute of Fashion Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology"},{"link_name":"Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles & Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_International_School_of_Textiles_%26_Management"},{"link_name":"Coimbatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore"},{"link_name":"Indian Institutes of Handloom Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Handloom_Technology"}],"sub_title":"Autonomous Bodies","text":"Central Wool Development Board\nNational Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)\nSardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles & Management, Coimbatore\nIndian Institutes of Handloom Technology","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: MoS, I/C – Minister of State (Independent Charge)","title":"Cabinet Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ministers of State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Handicrafts_and_Handlooms_Museum,_New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pragati Maidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragati_Maidan"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, New Delhi[5] was set up at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi under the administrative control of the Ministry of Textiles.[6] The Museum is a structured village complex consisting of 15 structures representing village dwellings, courtyards and shrines from different states spread over an area of 5 hectares. The museum collection contains about 20,000 most rare and distinctive pieces reflecting the continuing tradition of Indian craftsmen.","title":"National Handlooms & Handicrafts Museum"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Budget data\" (PDF). www.indiabudget.gov.in. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180304170727/http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf","url_text":"\"Budget data\""},{"url":"http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Desk, Internet (5 July 2016). \"Javdekar gets HRD, Irani shifted to Textiles\". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Javdekar-gets-HRD-Irani-shifted-to-Textiles/article14472676.ece","url_text":"\"Javdekar gets HRD, Irani shifted to Textiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public Sector Undertakings\". Ministry of Textiles. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045128/http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_08.htm","url_text":"\"Public Sector Undertakings\""},{"url":"http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_08.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"STATUTORY BODIES\". Ministry of Textiles. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045131/http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_06.htm","url_text":"\"STATUTORY BODIES\""},{"url":"http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_06.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum\". Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090619065723/http://texmin.nic.in/tex_10.htm","url_text":"\"National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum\""},{"url":"http://texmin.nic.in/tex_10.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Handlooms & Handicrafts Museum (NHHM)\". Ministry of Textiles. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130916123954/http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_10.htm","url_text":"\"National Handlooms & Handicrafts Museum (NHHM)\""},{"url":"http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_10.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ministry+of+Textiles%22","external_links_name":"\"Ministry of Textiles\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ministry+of+Textiles%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ministry+of+Textiles%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ministry+of+Textiles%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ministry+of+Textiles%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ministry+of+Textiles%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Textiles&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/","external_links_name":"ministryoftextiles.gov.in"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180304170727/http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Budget data\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/eb/sbe95.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Javdekar-gets-HRD-Irani-shifted-to-Textiles/article14472676.ece","external_links_name":"\"Javdekar gets HRD, Irani shifted to Textiles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045128/http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_08.htm","external_links_name":"\"Public Sector Undertakings\""},{"Link":"http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_08.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045131/http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_06.htm","external_links_name":"\"STATUTORY BODIES\""},{"Link":"http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_06.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090619065723/http://texmin.nic.in/tex_10.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum\""},{"Link":"http://texmin.nic.in/tex_10.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130916123954/http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_10.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Handlooms & Handicrafts Museum (NHHM)\""},{"Link":"http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/aboutus/tex_10.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ministryoftextiles.gov.in/","external_links_name":"Ministry of Textiles - Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_414	Florida State Road 414	["1 Route description","1.1 Free section","1.2 Toll road","1.3 Phase 2","2 Future","3 Exit list","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: State highway in Florida State Road 414SR 414 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by FDOT and CFXLength15.837 mi (25.487 km)Existed2009–presentMajor junctionsWest end US 441 / SR 429 in ApopkaMajor intersections SR 451 in Apopka US 441 in Lockhart SR 434 in Altamonte Springs I-4 in MaitlandEast end US 17 / US 92 in Maitland LocationCountryUnited StatesStateFlorida Highway system Florida State Highway System Interstate US State Former Pre‑1945 Toll Scenic ← SR 408→ SR 415 State Road 414 (SR 414) is an expressway in the U.S. state of Florida encompassing the John Land Apopka Expressway and Maitland Boulevard. Route description Free section The free section is an expressway, with few at-grade intersections at minor roads, and interchanges at major roads. The road was once numbered State Road 426A. From east to west, the road begins at an interchange with U.S. Route 17 and U.S. Route 92 in Maitland, Florida. It then intersects County Road 427. The road then widens to six lanes briefly at the Interstate 4 Interchange, and enters the business center of Maitland Summit. The road then briefly travels through Seminole County, Florida and the city of Altamonte Springs, with an interchange with State Road 434 before ending at U.S. Highway 441 in Lockhart, Florida in Orange County, Florida. The road previously ended here prior to the opening of the toll road section further west. Toll road A freeway extension to the west has been built around the south side of Apopka and back to U.S. Highway 441 (SR 500) via State Road 429. During planning and construction, it was called the Apopka Bypass or the Maitland Boulevard Extension. It was named after Apopka mayor John Land in December 2005. The tollway is owned and operated by the Central Florida Expressway Authority (CFX). Phase 1 of the toll road section runs from U.S. Highway 441 at an interchange, widens to 6 lanes west and continues west. Passing by exits with Hiawassese Road and limited access Keene Road, A Sunpass/Epass supported toll area, and an interchange with State Road 451 and State Road 429 (Western Beltway) south of Apopka. Ground broke on the project on January 19, 2007 at the southeast corner of SR 414 and US 441. Construction ran way ahead of schedule and the roadway from Exit 4 to Exit 8 was opened on February 14, 2009 for vehicles with SunPass and E-Pass transponders. Exit 6 was not included in the early opening. The entire road opened for all vehicles on May 15, 2009. On signage, the eastbound control city is Maitland and the westbound control city is Apopka. Some of the additions and modifications in Phase 1 include: Nearly the entire toll road is elevated. The intersection of SR 414 and US 441 was shifted slightly southward and turned into a grade-separated half-folded diamond interchange. SR 414 passes over US 441. The 7-11 at the southeast corner of the interchange was demolished to accomplish this. The Florida Central Railroad bridge over US 441 just to the north of the intersection with State Road 414 was demolished during June 2007. Railroad tracks that had continued east to Forest City, Florida were removed. This location is the site of westbound exit and entrance ramps with US 441. Apopka Blvd. (CR 424) was broken where SR 414 passes through. Before construction, Apopka Blvd. ran parallel to US 441 to its west, but 20 feet (6.1 m) above US 441's grade. The north side was diverted to end at US 441 at SR 414's new westbound off ramps, with a cul-de-sac sticking out briefly to the south. The south side simply ends in a cul-de-sac. SR 414 is six lanes, three in each direction over the entire currently constructed distance. A SPUI interchange was constructed at Hiawassee Road, with SR 414 passing to the south of the recently opened Wekiva High School (Orange County Public Schools). A westbound off-ramp to, and an eastbound on-ramp from Keene Road has been built. Coral Hills Road, a side-street to the west of Clarcona Road (CR 435), was closed where SR 414 passes through and ends in cul-de-sacs on both sides. This is the location of the only mainline toll plaza in Phase 1 of SR 414. The mainline toll is $1.25 cash, less for those with a transponder. Continuing west, State Road 414 originally ended at the interchange at SR 429. When the toll road first opened, there was a direct ramp to northbound State Road 429 but traffic desiring to go southbound on State Road 429 had to exit onto County Road 437A (Ocoee-Apopka Road) and travel one-quarter-mile to the State Road 429 southbound on-ramp. Southbound traffic on State Road 429 desiring to travel eastbound on State Road 414 had a direct ramp however northbound traffic on State Road 429 desiring to travel eastbound on State Road 414 also had to exit onto CR 437A. On May 14, 2012, new SR 429 Exit 31 opened which fully connected the two toll roads and eliminated the need to leave the expressway system. On January 19, 2013, Phase 2 of SR 414 then opened. This wall is at the hill on SR 414 westbound before Ocoee-Apopka Road but it no longer exists. Phase 2 Construction on Phase 2 began with earth movement during June, 2010 at the former western terminus of SR 414 and opened on January 19, 2013. The new section is signed concurrently as both SR 414 and SR 429 and continues west and then north to an interchange a quarter-mile north of Plymouth-Sorrento Road at U.S. Route 441 where the SR 414 designation ends. A surface road has been built at that location connecting to US 441 and Plymouth-Sorrento Road. SR 414 terminates here although the road continues signed only as SR 429. There are no exit or entrance ramps on the Phase 2 section. There are no toll facilities on the Phase 2 section however it is impossible to travel on Phase 2 without paying a toll elsewhere. Half-mile Markers correspond with SR 429 only. What was previously SR 429 north of the current SR 414 junction has been resigned as State Road 451. However, there are no direct connections from SR 451 southbound to SR 429 northbound nor from SR 429 southbound to SR 451 northbound. The road is entirely concurrent until the SR 414 designation ends at an access road for US 441. SR 429 extends further north, and will eventually reach Interstate 4 and SR 417. Plans for further extension, eventually to meet Interstate 4 in Sanford, are part of a corridor known as the Wekiva Parkway, part of SR 429. Future As part of an I-4 Ultimate project SR 414 was entirely reconstructed between the I-4 interchange and Maitland Summit Boulevard. The project is effectively completed except for some final work on the pedestrian overpass. CFX is also looking at extending the tolled section of SR 414 eastward from US 441 (Orange Blossom Trail) to SR 434, meeting the existing freeway section of SR 414. The toll lanes are proposed to be elevated above the median, while existing at-grade lanes will be maintained for local access. Exit list CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes OrangeApopka0.00.0– SR 429 northContinuation north 34 To US 441 (Orange Blossom Trail) / CR 437 (Plymouth-Sorrento Road)Single-point urban interchange; access via connector road; US 441 is unsigned SR 500 3.45.530 (EB)4A (WB) SR 429 south – Orlando, Tampa, Ocoee, Winter GardenDirectional T interchange; eastern terminus of SR 429 overlap 4.26.84B SR 451 north – ApopkaHalf-Y interchange; westbound exit and eastbound entrance; southern terminus of SR 451 4.57.25Marden RoadHalf dumbbell interchange; westbound exit and eastbound entrance 5.819.35Coral Hills Mainline Plaza 6.4910.446Keene RoadHalf-Y interchange; westbound exit and eastbound entrance (tolled); to CR 435 (Clarcona Road) Hiawassee7.9312.768Hiawassee RoadSingle-point urban interchange; tolled westbound exit and eastbound entrance Lockhart9.3815.109 US 441 (Orange Blossom Trail)Trumpet/partial cloverleaf interchange; road is unsigned SR 500 Eastern end of freeway section SeminoleAltamonte Springs11.8018.99– SR 434 (Forest City Road) – Seminole State CollegeSingle-point urban interchange 12.019.3–Gateway DriveWestbound exit only OrangeMaitland12.67020.390–Maitland Summit BoulevardDiamond interchange; eastbound exit to Keller Road 13.01020.938–Keller Road to Lake Destiny RoadHalf diamond interchange; westbound exit and eastbound entrance 13.7522.13– I-4 – Tampa, Daytona BeachCloverstack interchange; exit 90 on I-4 (SR 400) 13.8722.32–Hope Road to Wymore RoadNo westbound access to Hope Road south 15.15724.393– CR 427 (Maitland Avenue)At-grade intersection 15.83725.487– US 17 / US 92Trumpet interchange with Orlando Avenue (also unsigned SR 15 / SR 600) 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access Tolled Route transition See also Central Florida Expressway Authority References ^ a b FDOT straight line diagrams Archived March 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, accessed December 2013 ^ New expressway to be named after Apopka Mayor John Land, December 8, 2005 ^ a b c d "Redesigned I-4/Maitland Boulevard (S.R. 414) Interchange" (PDF). Florida Department of Transportation. April 6, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ^ "SR 429 will be widened; SR 414 being studied". The Apopka Chief. May 28, 2021. p. 1A. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2022. ^ "Project Development & Environment (PD&E) Study: SR 414 Expressway Extension". Central Florida Expressway Authority. 2021. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Florida State Road 414KML is not from Wikidata SR 414 (Apopka Expressway) – Central Florida Expressway Authority	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road"}],"text":"State highway in FloridaState Road 414 (SR 414) is an expressway in the U.S. state of Florida encompassing the John Land Apopka Expressway and Maitland Boulevard.","title":"Florida State Road 414"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road"},{"link_name":"at-grade intersections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-grade_intersection"},{"link_name":"interchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_(road)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_92"},{"link_name":"Maitland, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland,_Florida"},{"link_name":"County Road 427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=County_Road_427&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maitland Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maitland_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seminole County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Altamonte Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamonte_Springs"},{"link_name":"State Road 434","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Road_434"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_441_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Lockhart, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockhart,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Orange County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida"}],"sub_title":"Free section","text":"The free section is an expressway, with few at-grade intersections at minor roads, and interchanges at major roads. The road was once numbered State Road 426A. From east to west, the road begins at an interchange with U.S. Route 17 and U.S. Route 92 in Maitland, Florida. It then intersects County Road 427. The road then widens to six lanes briefly at the Interstate 4 Interchange, and enters the business center of Maitland Summit. The road then briefly travels through Seminole County, Florida and the city of Altamonte Springs, with an interchange with State Road 434 before ending at U.S. Highway 441 in Lockhart, Florida in Orange County, Florida. The road previously ended here prior to the opening of the toll road section further west.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"Apopka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apopka_(FL)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_441_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"SR 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_500_(FL)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tollway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollway"},{"link_name":"Central Florida Expressway Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Florida_Expressway_Authority"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_441_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"State Road 451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Road_451"},{"link_name":"State Road 429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Road_429_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Western Beltway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Beltway_(Orlando)"},{"link_name":"SunPass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunPass"},{"link_name":"E-Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Pass"},{"link_name":"control city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_city"},{"link_name":"Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Apopka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apopka"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"Florida Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Central_Railroad_(current)"},{"link_name":"Forest City, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"SPUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange"},{"link_name":"Orange County Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"SR 429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_429"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enormous-wall-at-fl-sr414-exit-429-oard.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Toll road","text":"A freeway extension to the west has been built around the south side of Apopka and back to U.S. Highway 441 (SR 500) via State Road 429. During planning and construction, it was called the Apopka Bypass or the Maitland Boulevard Extension. It was named after Apopka mayor John Land in December 2005.[2] The tollway is owned and operated by the Central Florida Expressway Authority (CFX).Phase 1 of the toll road section runs from U.S. Highway 441 at an interchange, widens to 6 lanes west and continues west. Passing by exits with Hiawassese Road and limited access Keene Road, A Sunpass/Epass supported toll area, and an interchange with State Road 451 and State Road 429 (Western Beltway) south of Apopka. Ground broke on the project on January 19, 2007 at the southeast corner of SR 414 and US 441. Construction ran way ahead of schedule and the roadway from Exit 4 to Exit 8 was opened on February 14, 2009 for vehicles with SunPass and E-Pass transponders. Exit 6 was not included in the early opening. The entire road opened for all vehicles on May 15, 2009. On signage, the eastbound control city is Maitland and the westbound control city is Apopka.Some of the additions and modifications in Phase 1 include:Nearly the entire toll road is elevated.\nThe intersection of SR 414 and US 441 was shifted slightly southward and turned into a grade-separated half-folded diamond interchange. SR 414 passes over US 441. The 7-11 at the southeast corner of the interchange was demolished to accomplish this.\nThe Florida Central Railroad bridge over US 441 just to the north of the intersection with State Road 414 was demolished during June 2007. Railroad tracks that had continued east to Forest City, Florida were removed. This location is the site of westbound exit and entrance ramps with US 441.\nApopka Blvd. (CR 424) was broken where SR 414 passes through. Before construction, Apopka Blvd. ran parallel to US 441 to its west, but 20 feet (6.1 m) above US 441's grade. The north side was diverted to end at US 441 at SR 414's new westbound off ramps, with a cul-de-sac sticking out briefly to the south. The south side simply ends in a cul-de-sac.\nSR 414 is six lanes, three in each direction over the entire currently constructed distance.\nA SPUI interchange was constructed at Hiawassee Road, with SR 414 passing to the south of the recently opened Wekiva High School (Orange County Public Schools).\nA westbound off-ramp to, and an eastbound on-ramp from Keene Road has been built.\nCoral Hills Road, a side-street to the west of Clarcona Road (CR 435), was closed where SR 414 passes through and ends in cul-de-sacs on both sides. This is the location of the only mainline toll plaza in Phase 1 of SR 414.\nThe mainline toll is $1.25 cash, less for those with a transponder.\nContinuing west, State Road 414 originally ended at the interchange at SR 429. When the toll road first opened, there was a direct ramp to northbound State Road 429 but traffic desiring to go southbound on State Road 429 had to exit onto County Road 437A (Ocoee-Apopka Road) and travel one-quarter-mile to the State Road 429 southbound on-ramp. Southbound traffic on State Road 429 desiring to travel eastbound on State Road 414 had a direct ramp however northbound traffic on State Road 429 desiring to travel eastbound on State Road 414 also had to exit onto CR 437A. On May 14, 2012, new SR 429 Exit 31 opened which fully connected the two toll roads and eliminated the need to leave the expressway system. On January 19, 2013, Phase 2 of SR 414 then opened.This wall is at the hill on SR 414 westbound before Ocoee-Apopka Road but it no longer exists.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plymouth-Sorrento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plymouth-Sorrento&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"Plymouth-Sorrento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plymouth-Sorrento&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"State Road 451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_451"},{"link_name":"US 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_441"},{"link_name":"Interstate 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_4_(FL)"},{"link_name":"Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Wekiva Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wekiva_Parkway"}],"sub_title":"Phase 2","text":"Construction on Phase 2 began with earth movement during June, 2010 at the former western terminus of SR 414 and opened on January 19, 2013. The new section is signed concurrently as both SR 414 and SR 429 and continues west and then north to an interchange a quarter-mile north of Plymouth-Sorrento Road at U.S. Route 441 where the SR 414 designation ends. A surface road has been built at that location connecting to US 441 and Plymouth-Sorrento Road. SR 414 terminates here although the road continues signed only as SR 429.There are no exit or entrance ramps on the Phase 2 section. There are no toll facilities on the Phase 2 section however it is impossible to travel on Phase 2 without paying a toll elsewhere. Half-mile Markers correspond with SR 429 only. What was previously SR 429 north of the current SR 414 junction has been resigned as State Road 451. However, there are no direct connections from SR 451 southbound to SR 429 northbound nor from SR 429 southbound to SR 451 northbound. The road is entirely concurrent until the SR 414 designation ends at an access road for US 441. SR 429 extends further north, and will eventually reach Interstate 4 and SR 417.Plans for further extension, eventually to meet Interstate 4 in Sanford, are part of a corridor known as the Wekiva Parkway, part of SR 429.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-4_(FL)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-i4ultimate-3"},{"link_name":"US 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"Orange Blossom Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Blossom_Trail"},{"link_name":"median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_strip"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"As part of an I-4 Ultimate project SR 414 was entirely reconstructed between the I-4 interchange and Maitland Summit Boulevard. The project is effectively completed except for some final work on the pedestrian overpass.[3]CFX is also looking at extending the tolled section of SR 414 eastward from US 441 (Orange Blossom Trail) to SR 434, meeting the existing freeway section of SR 414. The toll lanes are proposed to be elevated above the median, while existing at-grade lanes will be maintained for local access.[4][5]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exit list"}]	[{"image_text":"This wall is at the hill on SR 414 westbound before Ocoee-Apopka Road but it no longer exists.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Enormous-wall-at-fl-sr414-exit-429-oard.jpg/220px-Enormous-wall-at-fl-sr414-exit-429-oard.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Central Florida Expressway Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Florida_Expressway_Authority"}]	[{"reference":"\"Redesigned I-4/Maitland Boulevard (S.R. 414) Interchange\" (PDF). Florida Department of Transportation. April 6, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://i4ultimate.com/alertemails/4750-Maitland-Blvd-interchange-improvement-handout.pdf","url_text":"\"Redesigned I-4/Maitland Boulevard (S.R. 414) Interchange\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Florida Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"SR 429 will be widened; SR 414 being studied\". The Apopka Chief. May 28, 2021. p. 1A. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theapopkachief.com/sr-429-will-be-widened-to-six-lanes-sr-414-being-studied/","url_text":"\"SR 429 will be widened; SR 414 being studied\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Apopka_Chief&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"The Apopka Chief"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210615222916/https://theapopkachief.com/sr-429-will-be-widened-to-six-lanes-sr-414-being-studied/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Project Development & Environment (PD&E) Study: SR 414 Expressway Extension\". Central Florida Expressway Authority. 2021. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastshore_State_Park	McLaughlin Eastshore State Park	["1 History","1.1 Improvement projects funded in 2016","2 Adjacent parks","3 Notes","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°52′5″N 122°18′30″W / 37.86806°N 122.30833°W / 37.86806; -122.30833State park and wildlife refuge McLaughlin Eastshore State ParkMcLaughlin Eastshore State Park, December 2023LocationSan Francisco Bay Area (Alameda County, California)Area1854 acresOperated byEast Bay Regional Park District Map of Eastshore State Park McLaughlin Eastshore State Park is a state park and wildlife refuge along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of the East Bay between the cities of Richmond, Albany, Berkeley, Emeryville, and Oakland. It encompasses remnant natural wetlands, restored wetlands, as well as landfill west of the Eastshore Freeway. Its shoreline is 8.5 miles (13.7 km) long, and its total area is 1,854 acres (750 ha), which includes both tidelands and uplands. Originally named just Eastshore State Park, it was renamed in October 2012 to honor the late Save the Bay founder Sylvia McLaughlin, who, along with the late Dwight Steele of Citizens for Eastshore Park (now Citizens for East Shore Parks), drove the establishment of the park. Prior to 2013, it was jointly managed by the California State Parks and East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD). The state agency and EBRPD executed a 30-year agreement for EBRPD to manage the park. History McLaughlin Eastshore State Park in 2023 During the 1960s, it became obvious that the East Shore of the San Francisco Bay was suffering from rapid commercial development and the accumulation of trash. In particular, a 72-acre (29 ha) tract north of the Bay Bridge that extended between the cities of Emeryville and Richmond attracted the attention of commercial developers and environmental activists alike, though for different reasons. The waterfront property, primarily owned by Catellus Development Corporation—a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (Santa Fe for short)—was already worth many millions of dollars, and would be worth far more if developed with shopping centers and high-rise hotels. Sylvia McLaughlin, a local housewife turned environmental activist, was alarmed enough by the situation to recruit friends and associates to form the non-profit Save San Francisco Bay Association, later renamed as Save the Bay. The newly formed association leaped into action, forming a shoreline park committee that began discussing how to raise funds for a small park in Berkeley in 1963. However, Save the Bay leaders soon realized that halting the dumping of material into the bay was a more urgent problem. In 1969 the state's Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) went from being an interim agency to a permanent state planning and regulatory entity. BCDC backed the idea that the state park system should buy the land. However California State Parks, which had little experience managing urban land and little interest in the complicated challenges of this particular polluted parcel, showed no interest in taking on the property. EBRPD, which was already operating eight urban shoreline parks, thought Cal Parks should be the lead agency. Furthermore, Santa Fe's owners felt certain that their property would become much more valuable if it remained in their hands. Santa Fe had a temporary setback in 1972, when the Berkeley City Council voted against allowing a proposed regional shopping center to be built atop a landfill. Santa Fe sued the city but lost the case in 1980, when the Supreme Court of California rejected the planned construction. A second setback had already occurred when the BCDC rejected Santa Fe's plan to build several high-rise buildings over wetlands in Emeryville. The Emeryville project became known by local people as "stilt city". Soon after the Supreme Court ruling, the California State Park and Recreation Commission put the shoreline park on its list of priority projects to fund and issued an official East Bay Shoreline Report recommending establishment of an East Bay shoreline park and identified key lands for inclusion. Further progress on the park stopped when Republican George Deukmejian was elected Governor in 1983. Santa Fe continued its strategy of promoting large-scale development projects along the shorelines of Emeryville, Berkeley, and Albany. Its real estate subsidiary, Catellus Development Company, lost more court battles in the three cities before giving up in 1990. In 1998, with the state's finances recovering, voters approved two bond issues, one state and one regional, raising $40 million for purchasing land for the new Eastshore park. Also, a 1998 act in the California State Legislature authorized EBRPD to act for the state and use state funds to buy land for and operate the new Eastshore park. EBRPD had bought properties known as the Emeryville Crescent, Albany Mudflats, and part of Hoffman Marsh by 1992. By 1998 it had also purchased the Berkeley Meadow, Brickyard Cove, and the North Basin Strip (together considered of greater value than the narrow shoreline parcels). Catellus wanted $80 million for the former Santa Fe tract, but ultimately settled for $27.5 million after EBRPD threatened to employ eminent domain to acquire the property. In addition to the complicated process of buying parcels of land and landfill that would become the future state park, how areas were to be used was and remains controversial. The City of Berkeley was to have contributed its former landfill to become one of the larger areas of "upland" (dry land) for the park but held it back, apparently out of concerns that recreation would be overly restricted. (That 90 acres or so of capped landfill is now Cesar Chavez Park.) Albany's former landfill, the Albany Bulb, was hotly disputed—on one end of the spectrum, some wanted it to be entirely a conservation area that did not allow people; on the other, park users wanted continued access and recreation—and set aside to be transferred at some later point into the state park. (As of 2020, that has not happened.) North Point Isabel, a toxic landfill that was remediated and capped in the mid-1980s, had been popular for recreation, including off-leash dog walking. Sierra Club, Citizens for East Shore Parks, Golden Gate Audubon Society and others worked to restrict recreation on that spit of land and require dogs to be on-leash-only. In response to tremendous public support, state park planners authorized the continued use of North Point Isabel for off-leash recreation. Sierra Club opposed that. Improvement projects funded in 2016 In March 2016, EBRPD announced that it would spend $2 million to extend the San Francisco Bay Trail, remove debris, toxic soil and invasive plants from two sections of the park, and remove the 53 foot (16 m) high dirt pile that has been considered an eyesore for more than ten years. The height of the pile will be lowered 15 feet (4.6 m) by grading, using the dirt to create small hills that would act as a buffer between the park and the adjacent freeway. The hills are to be seeded with native grasses, adding or improving habitat for shorebirds and other wildlife. A second contract will simultaneously complete the previously approved restoration of Albany Beach, which includes "... beach and dune enhancements, a non-motorized boat launch, restroom, parking and about a mile of the Bay Trail west of Golden Gate Fields." Adjacent parks Aquatic Park César Chávez Park Point Isabel Regional Shoreline Albany Bulb Notes See also San Francisco Bay Area portal San Francisco Bay Trail Citizens for East Shore Parks (CESP) References ^ a b " McLaughlin Eastshore State Park improvements." Santa Cruz Sentinel. March 21, 2016. Accessed June 10, 2017. ^ "McLoughlin Eastshore State Park". East Bay Regional Park District. Retrieved September 6, 2015. ^ "Berkeley Voice community briefs: Regional parks contract at Eastshore extended; arrests in smartphone thefts; University Village project discussion." Mercury News. June 5, 2013. Accessed June 10, 2017. ^ a b c d e f Krieger, Lisa (March 28, 2017). "How the East Bay Shoreline Became a Park for the People". Bay Nature. Retrieved June 11, 2017. External links Eastshore State Park - East Bay Parks official site Eastshore State Park - CA.gov official site vteEast Bay Regional ParksParks Alvarado Park Anthony Chabot Briones Castle Rock Contra Loma Coyote Hills Crockett Hills Del Valle Diablo Foothills Dublin Hills Dry Creek Pioneer Garin Lake Chabot Pleasanton Ridge Redwood Ridgelands Sobrante Ridge Tassajara Ridge Temescal Tilden Vargas Plateau Wildcat Canyon Shorelines Antioch/Oakley Big Break Brooks Island Carquinez Strait Hayward Martin Luther King Jr. Middle Harbor Miller/Knox Oyster Bay Point Isabel Point Pinole Radke Martinez Preserves/open spaces Bishop Ranch Black Diamond Mines Brushy Peak Claremont Canyon Five Canyons Huckleberry Leona Canyon Mission Peak Morgan Territory Sibley Round Valley Sobrante Ridge Sycamore Valley Vasco Caves Waterbird Wilderness areas Las Trampas Ohlone Sunol Recreation areas Cull Canyon Don Castro Kennedy Grove Quarry Lakes Roberts Shadow Cliffs Trails Alameda Creek Iron Horse Other Ardenwood Historic Farm Browns Island Crown Memorial State Beach Eastshore State Park Hoffman Marsh Little Hills Picnic Ranch Point Molate Beach Park Breuner Marsh (now Dotson Family Marsh) vteRichmond, CaliforniaNeighborhoods Atchison Village Brickyard Cove Carriage Hills Campus Bay Chevron Richmond Refinery Downtown Richmond El Sobrante Hills Hilltop Hilltop Green Iron Triangle Marina Bay North & East Parchester Village Point Isabel Point Richmond Pullman Richmond Annex Richmond Heights Parks Brooks Island McLaughlin Eastshore State Park Kennedy Grove Miller / Knox Point Isabel Point Pinole Point Molate Beach Park Potrero Ridge Red Rock Cove Richmond Greenway Rosie the Riveter World War II Home Front National Historical Park San Pablo Peninsula Sobrante Ridge Wildcat Canyon Pointsof interest Brother Islands Castro Rocks East Brother Island Lighthouse Ford Richmond Plant Golden State Model Railroad Museum East Bay Science and Technology Center Macdonald 80 Shopping Center Masquers Playhouse Mechanics Bank Pacific East Mall The Plunge Point Molate Naval Fuel Depot Red Rock Island SS Red Oak Victory Ship Museum Richmond Country Club Richmond Medical Center Richmond Shipyards Richmond Transit Village (Metro Walk) West County Detention Center Winehaven Education Contra Costa College West Contra Costa Unified School District De Anza High School John F. Kennedy High School Richmond High School Salesian College Preparatory TransportationPublictransit AC Transit Richmond Ferry Terminal San Francisco Bay Ferry Richmond Parkway Transit Center Richmond station BART California Zephyr Capitol Corridor San Joaquins Roads 23rd Street Cutting Boulevard I-580 Richmond–San Rafael Bridge I-80 Macdonald Avenue Richmond Parkway San Pablo Avenue (SR 123) Port of Richmond Richmond Pacific Railroad Richmond–San Rafael Ferry Company Shipyard RailwayPolitics 2006 Richmond, California city election 2014 Richmond, California city election City Council Richmond Globe Richmond Post Richmond Progressive Alliance vteProtected areas of CaliforniaNational Park SystemParks Channel Islands Death Valley Joshua Tree Kings Canyon Lassen Volcanic Pinnacles Redwood Sequoia Yosemite PreservesMojaveMonuments Cabrillo Castle Mountains César E. Chávez Devils Postpile Lava Beds Muir Woods Tule Lake Seashores Point Reyes Historical Parks Rosie the Riveter World War II Home Front San Francisco Maritime Historic Sites Eugene O'Neill Fort Point John Muir Manzanar Memorials Port Chicago Naval Magazine Recreation Areas Golden Gate Santa Monica Mountains Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity California State ParksParks Ahjumawi Lava Springs Andrew Molera Angel Island Año Nuevo Anza-Borrego Desert Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland Bidwell–Sacramento River Big Basin Redwoods Border Field Bothe-Napa Valley Burton Creek Butano Calaveras Big Trees Castle Crags Castle Rock Caswell Memorial China Camp Chino Hills Clear Lake Coast Dairies Crystal Cove Cuyamaca Rancho D. L. Bliss Del Norte Coast Redwoods Donner Memorial Dos Rios Ranch Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point Emerald Bay The Forest of Nisene Marks Fort Ord Dunes Fremont Peak Garrapata Gaviota Great Valley Grasslands Grizzly Creek Redwoods Grover Hot Springs Hearst San Simeon Hendy Woods Henry Cowell Redwoods Henry W. Coe Humboldt Lagoons Humboldt Redwoods Jedediah Smith Redwoods Julia Pfeiffer Burns Leo Carrillo Limekiln MacKerricher Malibu Creek Manchester McArthur–Burney Falls Memorial McLaughlin Eastshore Mendocino Headlands Mendocino Woodlands Montaña de Oro Morro Bay Mount Diablo Mount San Jacinto Mount Tamalpais Navarro River Redwoods Pacheco Palomar Mountain Pfeiffer Big Sur Placerita Canyon Plumas-Eureka Point Mugu Portola Redwoods Prairie Creek Redwoods Red Rock Canyon Richardson Grove Rio de Los Angeles Robert Louis Stevenson Russian Gulch Saddleback Butte Salt Point Samuel P. Taylor San Bruno Mountain Sinkyone Wilderness South Yuba River Sue-meg Sugarloaf Ridge Sutter Buttes Tolowa Dunes Tomales Bay Topanga Trione-Annadel Van Damme Washoe Meadows Wilder Ranch Natural Reserves Antelope Valley California Poppy Armstrong Redwoods Azalea Caspar Headlands John B. Dewitt John Little Jug Handle Kruse Rhododendron Los Osos Oaks Mailliard Redwoods Mono Lake Tufa Montgomery Woods Point Lobos Smithe Redwoods Torrey Pines Tule Elk Marine Reserves Albany Anacapa Island SMR Asilomar Begg Rock Big Creek Bodega Head Cabrillo Carmel Pinnacles Carrington Point Del Mar Landing Elkhorn Slough Emeryville Crescent Estero de Limantour and Drakes Estero Fitzgerald Gerstle Cove Gull Island Harris Point Judith Rock Laguna Beach Long Point Lovers Point Montara and Pillar Point Moro Cojo Slough Morro Bay Natural Bridges Piedras Blancas Point Arena Point Buchon Point Cabrillo Point Dume Point Lobos Point Reyes Point Sur Richardson Rock Russian River Santa Barbara Island Scorpion Sea Lion Gulch Skunk Point South Cape Mendocino Stewarts Point Vandenberg Historic Parks Anderson Marsh Antelope Valley Indian Museum Bale Grist Mill Benicia Capitol Bidwell Mansion Bodie California Citrus California State Indian Museum Chumash Painted Cave Colonel Allensworth Columbia El Presidio de Santa Barbara Empire Mine Folsom Powerhouse Fort Humboldt Fort Ross Fort Tejon Governor's Mansion Hearst Castle Indian Grinding Rock Jack London La Purísima Mission Leland Stanford Mansion Los Angeles Los Encinos Malakoff Diggins Marconi Conference Center Marsh Creek Marshall Gold Discovery Monterey Old Sacramento Old Town San Diego Olompali Pigeon Point Light Station Pío Pico Point Sur Railtown 1897 Rancho Petaluma Adobe San Juan Bautista San Pasqual Battlefield Santa Cruz Mission Santa Susana Pass Shasta Sonoma Sutter's Fort Tomo-Kahni Wassama Round House Watts Towers Weaverville Joss House Will Rogers William B. Ide Adobe Woodland Opera House Beaches Asilomar Bean Hollow Bolsa Chica Cardiff Carlsbad Carmel River Carpinteria Caspar Headlands Cayucos Corona del Mar Crown Memorial Dockweiler Doheny El Capitán Emma Wood Gray Whale Cove Greenwood Half Moon Bay Huntington Leucadia Lighthouse Field Little River Malibu Lagoon Mandalay Manresa Marina McGrath Montara Monterey Moonlight Morro Strand Moss Landing Natural Bridges New Brighton Pacifica Pelican Pescadero Pismo Point Dume Point Sal Pomponio Refugio Robert H. Meyer Memorial Salinas River San Buenaventura San Clemente San Elijo San Gregorio San Onofre Santa Monica Schooner Gulch Seacliff Silver Strand Sonoma Coast South Carlsbad Sunset Thornton Torrey Pines Trinidad Twin Lakes Westport-Union Landing Will Rogers William Randolph Hearst Memorial Zmudowski Recreation Areas Admiral William Standley Auburn Austin Creek Benbow Benicia Bethany Reservoir Brannan Island Candlestick Point Castaic Lake Colusa-Sacramento River Folsom Lake Franks Tract George J. Hatfield Harry A. Merlo Kenneth Hahn Kings Beach Lake Del Valle Lake Oroville Lake Perris Lake Valley Martial Cottle McConnell Millerton Lake Picacho Providence Mountains Salton Sea San Luis Reservoir Silverwood Lake Standish-Hickey Tahoe Turlock Lake Woodson Bridge VehicularRecreation Areas Carnegie Clay Pit Heber Dunes Hollister Hills Hungry Valley Oceano Dunes Ocotillo Wells Prairie City Other Burleigh H. Murray Ranch California State Capitol Museum California State Mining and Mineral Museum California State Railroad Museum Castro Adobe Delta Meadows Estero Bay Hatton Canyon Indio Hills Palms Point Cabrillo Light Ishxenta State Park Point Montara Light Reynolds Wayside Campground San Timoteo Canyon Stone Lake Verdugo Mountains Ward Creek Wildwood Canyon National Forests and GrasslandsNational Forestsand Grasslands Angeles Butte Valley NG Cleveland Eldorado Humboldt–Toiyabe Inyo Klamath Lake Tahoe Basin Lassen Los Padres Mendocino Modoc Plumas Rogue River–Siskiyou San Bernardino Sequoia Shasta–Trinity Sierra Six Rivers Stanislaus Tahoe National WildernessPreservation System Agua Tibia Ansel Adams Bucks Lake Caribou Carson–Iceberg Castle Crags Cucamonga Desolation Dick Smith Dinkey Lakes Emigrant Golden Trout Hoover Inyo Mountains Ishi Jennie Lakes John Muir Kaiser Marble Mountain Mokelumne Mount Shasta Wilderness North Fork Pine Creek San Gabriel San Jacinto San Rafael Sanhedrin Sespe Siskiyou Snow Mountain South Fork Eel River South Sierra South Warner Thousand Lakes Trinity Alps Ventana Yolla Bolly–Middle Eel Yuki National Monumentsand Recreation Areas Giant Sequoia National Monument San Gabriel Mountains National Monument Sand to Snow National Monument Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Smith River National Recreation Area Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area State Forests Boggs Mountain Demonstration Ellen Pickett Jackson Demonstration Las Posadas LaTour Demonstration Mount Zion Demonstration Mountain Home Demonstration Soquel Demonstration National Wildlife Refuges Antioch Dunes Bitter Creek Blue Ridge Butte Sink Castle Rock Clear Lake Coachella Valley Colusa Delevan Don Edwards San Francisco Bay Ellicott Slough Farallon Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Hopper Mountain Humboldt Bay Imperial Kern Lower Klamath Marin Islands Merced Modoc Pixley Sacramento Sacramento River Salinas River San Diego Bay San Diego San Joaquin River San Luis San Pablo Bay Seal Beach Sonny Bono Salton Sea Stone Lakes Sutter Tijuana Slough Tule Lake State Wildlife AreasWildlifeAreas Antelope Valley Ash Creek Bass Hill Battle Creek Big Lagoon Big Sandy Biscar Butte Valley Buttermilk Country Cache Creek Camp Cady Cantara/Ney Springs Cedar Roughs Cinder Flats Collins Eddy Colusa Bypass Coon Hollow Cottonwood Creek Crescent City Marsh Crocker Meadows Daugherty Hill Decker Island Doyle Dutch Flat Eastlker River Eel River Elk Creek Wetlands Elk River Fay Slough Feather River Fitzhugh Creek Fremont Weir Grass Lake Gray Lodge Green Creek Grizzly Island Hallelujah Junction Heenan Lake Hill Slough Hollenbeck Canyon Honey Lake Hope Valley Horseshoe Ranch Imperial Indian Valley Kelso Peak and Old Dad Mountains Kinsman Flat Knoxville Laguna Lake Berryessa Lake Earl Lake Sonoma Little Panoche Reservoir Los Banos Lower Sherman Island Mad River Slough Marble Mountains Mendota Merrill's Landing Miner Slough Monache Meadows Morro Bay Moss Landing Mouth of Cottonwood Creek Napa-Sonoma Marshes North Grasslands O'Neill Forebay Oroville Petaluma Marsh Pickel Meadow Pine Creek Point Edith Putah Creek Rector Reservoir Red Lake Rhode Island Sacramento River San Felipe Valley San Jacinto San Luis Obispo San Luis Reservoir San Pablo Bay Santa Rosa Shasta Valley Silver Creek Slinkard/Little Antelope Smithneck Creek South Fork Spenceville Surprise Valley Sutter Bypass Tehama Truckee River Upper Butte Basin Volta Warner Valley Waukell Creek West Hilmar Westlker River White Slough Willow Creek Yolo Bypass EcologicalReserves Albany Mudflats Alkali Sink Allensworth Atascadero Creek Marsh Bair Island Baldwin Lake Batiquitos Lagoon Blue Sky Boden Canyon Boggs Lake Bolsa Chica Bonny Doon Buena Vista Lagoon Butler Slough Butte Creek Canyon Butte Creek House Buttonwillow By Day Creek Calhoun Cut Canebrake Carlsbad Highlands Carmel Bay Carrizo Canyon Carrizo Plains China Point Clover Creek Coachella Valley Coal Canyon Corte Madera Marsh Crestridge Dairy Mart Ponds Dales Lake Del Mar Landing Eden Landing Elkhorn Slough Estelle Mountain Fall River Mills Fish Slough Fremont Valley Goleta Slough Indian Joe Spring Kaweah Kerman King Clone Laguna Laurel Loch Lomond Vernal Pool Lokern Magnesia Spring Marin Islands Mattole River McGinty Mountain Morro Dunes Morro Rock Napa River North Table Mountain Oasis Spring Panoche Hills Peytonia Slough Phoenix Vernal Pools Pine Hill Piute Creek Pleasant Valley Rancho Jamul Redwood Shores River Springs Lakes Saline Valley San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon San Felipe Creek San Joaquin River Santa Rosa Plateau Springville Stone Corral Sycamore Canyon Sycuan Peak Thomes Creek Tomales Bay Upper Newport Bay Watsonville Slough West Mojave Desert Woodbridge Yaudanchi MarineProtectedAreas Abalone Cove and Point Vicente Anacapa Island SMCA Año Nuevo Arrow Point to Lion Head Point Batiquitos Lagoon Big Creek Bodega Head Bolsa Chica Cambria Campus Point Carmel Bay Cat Harbor Crystal Cove Dana Point Duxbury Reef Edward F. Ricketts Elkhorn Slough Estero Americano Estero de Limantour and Drakes Estero Estero de San Antonio Fagan Marsh Famosa Slough Farnsworth Onshore and Offshore Goleta Slough Greyhound Rock Lovers Cove and Casino Point MacKerricher Marin Islands Morro Bay Naples Pacific Grove Marine Gardens Painted Cave Piedras Blancas Point Arena Point Buchon Point Dume Point Reyes Point Sur Portuguese Ledge Pyramid Point Robert E. Badham Robert W. Crown Russian Gulch Russian River Salt Point San Diego-Scripps San Dieguito Lagoon San Elijo Lagoon Saunders Reef Sea Lion Cove Sonoma Coast Soquel Canyon South La Jolla South Point Southeast Farallon Island Stewarts Point Swami's Tijuana River Mouth Upper Newport Bay Van Damme Vandenberg White Rock (Cambria) Bureau of Land Management National Conservation LandsNational Monuments Berryessa Snow Mountain California Coastal Carrizo Plain Cascade–Siskiyou Fort Ord Mojave Trails Sand to Snow Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains NationalConservation Areas California Desert King Range Wilderness Areas Argus Range Big Maria Mountains Bigelow Cholla Garden Bighorn Mountain Black Mountain Bright Star Bristol Mountains Cadiz Dunes Carrizo Gorge Chemehuevi Mountains Chimney Peak Chuckwalla Mountains Chumash Cleghorn Lakes Clipper Mountain Coso Range Coyote Mountains Darwin Falls Dead Mountains Dick Smith El Paso Mountains Fish Creek Mountains Funeral Mountains Garcia Golden Valley Grass Valley Headwaters Forest Reserve Hollow Hills Ibex Indian Pass Inyo Mountains Jacumba Kelso Dunes Kiavah Kingston Range Little Chuckwalla Mountains Little Picacho Machesna Mountain Malpais Mesa Manly Peak Matilija Mecca Hills Mesquite Newberry Mountains Nopah Range North Algodones Dunes North Mesquite Mountains Old Woman Mountains Orocopia Mountains Otay Mountain Owens Peak Pahrump Valley Palen/McCoy Palo Verde Mountains Picacho Peak Piper Mountain Piute Mountains Red Buttes Resting Spring Range Rice Valley Riverside Mountains Rodman Mountains Sacatar Trail Saddle Peak Hills San Gorgonio Santa Lucia Santa Rosa Sawtooth Mountains Sespe Sheephole Valley South Nopah Range Stateline Stepladder Mountains Surprise Canyon Sylvania Mountains Trilobite Turtle Mountains Whipple Mountains National Marine Sanctuaries Channel Islands Cordell Bank Greater Farallones Monterey Bay National Estuarine Research Reserves Elkhorn Slough San Francisco Bay Tijuana River University of California Natural Reserve System Angelo Coast Range Año Nuevo Island Blue Oak Ranch Bodega Marine Box Springs Burns Piñon Ridge Carpinteria Salt Marsh Chickering American River Coal Oil Point Dawson Los Monos Canyon Eagle Lake Field Station Elliott Chaparral Emerson Oaks Fort Ord Hans Jenny Pygmy Forest Hastings James San Jacinto Mountains Jepson Prairie Kendall-Frost Mission Bay Marsh Landels-Hill Big Creek Lassen Field Station McLaughlin Merced Vernal Pools and Grassland Motte Rimrock Philip L. Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Point Reyes Field Station Quail Ridge Rancho Marino Sagehen Creek Field Station San Joaquin Marsh Santa Cruz Island Scripps Coastal Sedgwick Stebbins Cold Canyon Steele Burnand Anza-Borrego Desert Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Valentine Eastern Sierra White Mountain Younger Lagoon Private Conservation Land Trusts Agua Hedionda Lagoon Arastradero Preserve Arroyo Conejo Open Space Audubon Canyon Ranch Bear Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve Blue Ridge Berryessa Natural Area Bluff Lake Big Sur Land Trust California Rangeland Trust Catalina Island Conservancy Claremont Canyon Conservancy Cosumnes River Preserve Fairfield Osborn Preserve Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County Pacific Forest Trust Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy Peninsula Open Space Trust Pepperwood Preserve Sanctuary Forest Santa Cruz Island Santa Lucia Preserve Sempervirens Fund Sierra Nevada Alliance Sogorea Te Land Trust The Nature Conservancy Trust for Public Land The Wildlands Conservancy Heritage registers National Natural Landmarks vteSan Francisco Bay watershedOutline Hydrography Ecology List of tributaries List of lakes Subdivisions Major San Francisco Bay Suisun Bay San Pablo Bay Minor Golden Gate Grizzly Bay Richardson Bay San Rafael Bay Richmond Inner Harbor San Leandro Bay Former Yerba Buena Cove Mission Bay Waterways Rivers San Joaquin Sacramento Napa Guadalupe Petaluma Creeks (discharging into the Bay) Alameda Baxter Cerrito Codornices Coyote (Santa Clara) Coyote (Marin) San Leandro San Lorenzo Schoolhouse Temescal Sausal Redwood San Mateo Sonoma Corte Madera Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio San Rafael Miller Novato Tolay San Francisquito Pacheco Alhambra Adobe Rodeo Refugio Pinole Garrity Rheem Karlson San Pablo Castro Wildcat Fluvius Innominatus Marin (Alameda County) Strawberry Easton Mission Creek Reservoirs Calaveras Reservoir Lafayette Reservoir Straits and estuaries Clifton Court Forebay Carquinez Strait Oakland Estuary Raccoon Strait Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel Watersheds Laguna Creek Watershed Guadalupe watershed Parks andprotected areas Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge Eden Landing Ecological Reserve Hayward Regional Shoreline Hayward Shoreline Interpretive Center Crown Memorial State Beach McLaughlin Eastshore State Park Emeryville Crescent State Marine Reserve Point Isabel Regional Shoreline César Chávez Park Brooks Island Regional Preserve Point Pinole Regional Shoreline Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge Coyote Point Recreation Area Middle Harbor Shoreline Park National Estuarine Research Reserve China Camp State Park San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park SF Bay Trail Oyster Bay Regional Shoreline Big Break Regional Shoreline Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve Islands andpeninsulas Major islands Alameda Alcatraz Angel Treasure Island Yerba Buena Minor Brooks Bair Bay Farm Belvedere Brother Castro Rocks Coast Guard Greco Hooks Island Mare Red Rock The Sisters Marin Islands Roe Ryer Seal Islands Peninsulas/infill Albany Bulb Brisbane Baylands Point Isabel Foster City Fleming Point Hunters Point Sierra Point Steamboat Point Wetlands Baylands Belmont Chelsea Cordelia Crissy Field Hoffman Meeker Mowry Napa Sonoma Point Molate Salt ponds Seal Stege Steinberger Suisun Westpoint Bridgesand tubes Bridges San Francisco–Oakland Eastern span replacement Richmond–San Rafael San Mateo–Hayward Dumbarton Dumbarton Rail Bridge (inactive) Golden Gate Benicia–Martinez Antioch Carquinez Leimert Park Street Fruitvale High Street Bay Farm Island Tubes Posey/Webster Street Transbay Ferries Angel Island–Tiburon Ferry Blue & Gold Fleet Golden Gate Ferry San Francisco Bay Ferry (WETA) Ports andmarinas Port of San Francisco Port of Oakland Port of Richmond Hunters Point Naval Shipyard Mare Island Naval Shipyard Port of Redwood City Berkeley Marina Oyster Point Marina/Park Westpoint Harbor Foster City Marina (proposed) Other History Delta and Dawn Discovery Site Humphrey the Whale San Leandro Oyster Beds Richmond Shipyards U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model Harold Gilliam Marincello Ecology Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve Cosco Busan oil spill Thicktail chub Delta smelt Conservation and Development Commission The Watershed Project Save The Bay Citizens for East Shore Parks Friends of Five Creeks Urban Creeks Council 1971 oil spill Greenbelt Alliance The Bay Institute Reber Plan San Francisco Baykeeper San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science Estuary Partnership Transportation Water Trail Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area Portal Category 37°52′5″N 122°18′30″W / 37.86806°N 122.30833°W / 37.86806; -122.30833	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EastshoreSPmap.png"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"East Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_California"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_California"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"Emeryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeryville,_California"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"remnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remnant_natural_area"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"Eastshore Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastshore_Freeway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCS-1"},{"link_name":"Save the Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Bay"},{"link_name":"Sylvia McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California State Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Parks"},{"link_name":"East Bay Regional Park District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Regional_Park_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MercNews-3"}],"text":"State park and wildlife refugeMap of Eastshore State ParkMcLaughlin Eastshore State Park is a state park and wildlife refuge along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of the East Bay between the cities of Richmond, Albany, Berkeley, Emeryville, and Oakland. It encompasses remnant natural wetlands, restored wetlands, as well as landfill west of the Eastshore Freeway. Its shoreline is 8.5 miles (13.7 km) long, and its total area is 1,854 acres (750 ha), which includes both tidelands and uplands.[1] Originally named just Eastshore State Park, it was renamed in October 2012 to honor the late Save the Bay founder Sylvia McLaughlin,[2] who, along with the late Dwight Steele of Citizens for Eastshore Park (now Citizens for East Shore Parks), drove the establishment of the park. Prior to 2013, it was jointly managed by the California State Parks and East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD). The state agency and EBRPD executed a 30-year agreement for EBRPD to manage the park.[3]","title":"McLaughlin Eastshore State Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McLaughlin_Eastshore_State_Park_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"Bay Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Catellus Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catellus_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krieger-4"},{"link_name":"Sylvia McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"Save the Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Bay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krieger-4"},{"link_name":"landfill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krieger-4"},{"link_name":"George Deukmejian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Deukmejian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krieger-4"},{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krieger-4"},{"link_name":"eminent domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krieger-4"}],"text":"McLaughlin Eastshore State Park in 2023During the 1960s, it became obvious that the East Shore of the San Francisco Bay was suffering from rapid commercial development and the accumulation of trash. In particular, a 72-acre (29 ha) tract north of the Bay Bridge that extended between the cities of Emeryville and Richmond attracted the attention of commercial developers and environmental activists alike, though for different reasons. The waterfront property, primarily owned by Catellus Development Corporation—a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (Santa Fe for short)—was already worth many millions of dollars, and would be worth far more if developed with shopping centers and high-rise hotels.[4]Sylvia McLaughlin, a local housewife turned environmental activist, was alarmed enough by the situation to recruit friends and associates to form the non-profit Save San Francisco Bay Association, later renamed as Save the Bay. The newly formed association leaped into action, forming a shoreline park committee that began discussing how to raise funds for a small park in Berkeley in 1963. However, Save the Bay leaders soon realized that halting the dumping of material into the bay was a more urgent problem. In 1969 the state's Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) went from being an interim agency to a permanent state planning and regulatory entity. BCDC backed the idea that the state park system should buy the land. However California State Parks, which had little experience managing urban land and little interest in the complicated challenges of this particular polluted parcel, showed no interest in taking on the property. EBRPD, which was already operating eight urban shoreline parks, thought Cal Parks should be the lead agency. Furthermore, Santa Fe's owners felt certain that their property would become much more valuable if it remained in their hands.[4]Santa Fe had a temporary setback in 1972, when the Berkeley City Council voted against allowing a proposed regional shopping center to be built atop a landfill. Santa Fe sued the city but lost the case in 1980, when the Supreme Court of California rejected the planned construction. A second setback had already occurred when the BCDC rejected Santa Fe's plan to build several high-rise buildings over wetlands in Emeryville. The Emeryville project became known by local people as \"stilt city\".[4] Soon after the Supreme Court ruling, the California State Park and Recreation Commission put the shoreline park on its list of priority projects to fund and issued an official East Bay Shoreline Report recommending establishment of an East Bay shoreline park and identified key lands for inclusion. Further progress on the park stopped when Republican George Deukmejian was elected Governor in 1983.[4]Santa Fe continued its strategy of promoting large-scale development projects along the shorelines of Emeryville, Berkeley, and Albany. Its real estate subsidiary, Catellus Development Company, lost more court battles in the three cities before giving up in 1990. In 1998, with the state's finances recovering, voters approved two bond issues, one state and one regional, raising $40 million for purchasing land for the new Eastshore park. Also, a 1998 act in the California State Legislature authorized EBRPD to act for the state and use state funds to buy land for and operate the new Eastshore park.[4]EBRPD had bought properties known as the Emeryville Crescent, Albany Mudflats, and part of Hoffman Marsh by 1992. By 1998 it had also purchased the Berkeley Meadow, Brickyard Cove, and the North Basin Strip (together considered of greater value than the narrow shoreline parcels). Catellus wanted $80 million for the former Santa Fe tract, but ultimately settled for $27.5 million after EBRPD threatened to employ eminent domain to acquire the property.[4]In addition to the complicated process of buying parcels of land and landfill that would become the future state park, how areas were to be used was and remains controversial. The City of Berkeley was to have contributed its former landfill to become one of the larger areas of \"upland\" (dry land) for the park but held it back, apparently out of concerns that recreation would be overly restricted. (That 90 acres or so of capped landfill is now Cesar Chavez Park.) Albany's former landfill, the Albany Bulb, was hotly disputed—on one end of the spectrum, some wanted it to be entirely a conservation area that did not allow people; on the other, park users wanted continued access and recreation—and set aside to be transferred at some later point into the state park. (As of 2020, that has not happened.) North Point Isabel, a toxic landfill that was remediated and capped in the mid-1980s, had been popular for recreation, including off-leash dog walking. Sierra Club, Citizens for East Shore Parks, Golden Gate Audubon Society and others worked to restrict recreation on that spit of land and require dogs to be on-leash-only. In response to tremendous public support, state park planners authorized the continued use of North Point Isabel for off-leash recreation. Sierra Club opposed that.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Trail"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCS-1"}],"sub_title":"Improvement projects funded in 2016","text":"In March 2016, EBRPD announced that it would spend $2 million to extend the San Francisco Bay Trail, remove debris, toxic soil and invasive plants from two sections of the park, and remove the 53 foot (16 m) high dirt pile that has been considered an eyesore for more than ten years. The height of the pile will be lowered 15 feet (4.6 m) by grading, using the dirt to create small hills that would act as a buffer between the park and the adjacent freeway. The hills are to be seeded with native grasses, adding or improving habitat for shorebirds and other wildlife. A second contract will simultaneously complete the previously approved restoration of Albany Beach, which includes \"... beach and dune enhancements, a non-motorized boat launch, restroom, parking and about a mile of the Bay Trail west of Golden Gate Fields.\"[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aquatic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_Park_(Berkeley)"},{"link_name":"César Chávez Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez_Park"},{"link_name":"Point Isabel Regional Shoreline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Isabel_Regional_Shoreline"},{"link_name":"Albany Bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Bulb"}],"text":"Aquatic Park\nCésar Chávez Park\nPoint Isabel Regional Shoreline\nAlbany Bulb","title":"Adjacent parks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Eastshore State Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/EastshoreSPmap.png/220px-EastshoreSPmap.png"},{"image_text":"McLaughlin Eastshore State Park in 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/McLaughlin_Eastshore_State_Park_3.jpg/220px-McLaughlin_Eastshore_State_Park_3.jpg"}]	[{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"title":"San Francisco Bay Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Trail"},{"title":"Citizens for East Shore Parks (CESP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_East_Shore_Parks_(CESP)"}]	[{"reference":"\"McLoughlin Eastshore State Park\". East Bay Regional Park District. Retrieved September 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/eastshore","url_text":"\"McLoughlin Eastshore State Park\""}]},{"reference":"Krieger, Lisa (March 28, 2017). \"How the East Bay Shoreline Became a Park for the People\". Bay Nature. Retrieved June 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://baynature.org/article/east-bay-shoreline-became-park-people","url_text":"\"How the East Bay Shoreline Became a Park for the People\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=McLaughlin_Eastshore_State_Park&params=37_52_5_N_122_18_30_W_type:landmark_scale:10000_region:US","external_links_name":"37°52′5″N 122°18′30″W / 37.86806°N 122.30833°W / 37.86806; -122.30833"},{"Link":"http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/article/ZZ/20160321/NEWS/160329433","external_links_name":"\" McLaughlin Eastshore State Park improvements.\" Santa Cruz Sentinel. March 21, 2016."},{"Link":"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/eastshore","external_links_name":"\"McLoughlin Eastshore State Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.mercurynews.com/2013/06/05/berkeley-voice-community-briefs-regional-parks-contract-at-eastshore-extended-arrests-in-smartphone-thefts-university-village-project-discussion/","external_links_name":"\"Berkeley Voice community briefs: Regional parks contract at Eastshore extended; arrests in smartphone thefts; University Village project discussion.\" Mercury News. June 5, 2013."},{"Link":"https://baynature.org/article/east-bay-shoreline-became-park-people","external_links_name":"\"How the East Bay Shoreline Became a Park for the People\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/eastshore","external_links_name":"Eastshore State Park"},{"Link":"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=520","external_links_name":"Eastshore State Park"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=McLaughlin_Eastshore_State_Park&params=37_52_5_N_122_18_30_W_type:landmark_scale:10000_region:US","external_links_name":"37°52′5″N 122°18′30″W / 37.86806°N 122.30833°W / 37.86806; -122.30833"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Mure%C8%99an	Mihai Mureșan	["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Honours","3.1 CSM Știința Baia Mare","4 References","5 External links"]	Romanian rugby union player Rugby playerMihai MureșanFull nameAlexandru Mihai MureșanDate of birth (2002-10-02) 2 October 2002 (age 21)Place of birthRomaniaHeight1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Weight81 kg (12 st 11 lb; 179 lb)Rugby union careerPosition(s) Fly-halfCurrent team CSM Știința Baia MareYouth career2017–2021 Clubul Sportiv Școlar 2 Baia MareSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2021–present CSM Știința Baia Mare 8 (37) Correct as of 8 September 2023International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2021–2022 Romania U-20 6 (0)2022–present Romania 3 (5) Correct as of 8 September 2023 Mihai Mureșan (born 2 October 2002) is a Romanian rugby union player who plays for CSM Știința Baia Mare in the Liga Națională de Rugby. Club career Mureșan began his senior career at CSM Știința Baia Mare in 2021, has quickly become a regular name in the starting line-up for Baia Mare since 2023. International career Mureșan represented Romania at age grade level during the 2021 and 2022 editions of the Rugby Europe Under-20 Championship. Mureșan had amassed 6 caps for the U20s team across the two years, although without scoring any points. Mureșan made his debut for the Romanian senior national team in 2022 against Los Teros in the 2022 mid-year rugby union tests. Honours CSM Știința Baia Mare Liga Națională de Rugby: 2021, 2022 References ^ "Muresan Alexandru Mihai Player Profile". FRR (in Romanian). Retrieved 8 September 2023. ^ "România pentru Uruguay! 5 schimbări în Primul XV față de primul meci cu Los Teros și 2 debutanți". FRR (in Romanian). 16 July 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023. External links Mihai Mureșan at ItsRugby.co.uk {{#if: 4984 \| Mihai Mureșan at Romanian Rugby SuperLiga (in Romanian) vteRomania squad – 2023 Rugby World CupForwards Bărdașu Boboc Burțilă Chirică (c) Cojocaru Crețu Gajion Gordaș Gorin (replaced Macovei) Harțig Iancu Iftimiciuc Irimescu Macovei Moțoc Neculau Roșu Savin Ser Strătilă Backs Boldor Conache Gontineac Lama (replaced Mureșan) Manumua Mureșan Onuțu Pop Popoaia Rupanu Sikuea (replaced Popoaia) Simionescu Surugiu Tangimana Tomane Vaovasa Head coach: Eugen Apjok	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"CSM Știința Baia Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSM_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Ba_Baia_Mare"},{"link_name":"Liga Națională de Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Rugby playerMihai Mureșan (born 2 October 2002) is a Romanian rugby union player who plays for CSM Știința Baia Mare in the Liga Națională de Rugby.[1]","title":"Mihai Mureșan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CSM Știința Baia Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSM_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Ba_Baia_Mare"}],"text":"Mureșan began his senior career at CSM Știința Baia Mare in 2021, has quickly become a regular name in the starting line-up for Baia Mare since 2023.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby Europe Under-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Under-20_Championship"},{"link_name":"Los Teros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2022 mid-year rugby union tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_mid-year_rugby_union_tests"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mureșan represented Romania at age grade level during the 2021 and 2022 editions of the Rugby Europe Under-20 Championship. Mureșan had amassed 6 caps for the U20s team across the two years, although without scoring any points.Mureșan made his debut for the Romanian senior national team in 2022 against Los Teros in the 2022 mid-year rugby union tests. [2]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liga Națională de Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Rugby"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_SuperLiga_season"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Liga_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Rugby_season"}],"sub_title":"CSM Știința Baia Mare","text":"Liga Națională de Rugby: 2021, 2022","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Muresan Alexandru Mihai Player Profile\". FRR (in Romanian). Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rugbyromania.ro/profil-jucator/?pj=4984","url_text":"\"Muresan Alexandru Mihai Player Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Rugby_Federation","url_text":"FRR"}]},{"reference":"\"România pentru Uruguay! 5 schimbări în Primul XV față de primul meci cu Los Teros și 2 debutanți\". FRR (in Romanian). 16 July 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rugbyromania.ro/romania-pentru-uruguay-5-schimbari-in-primul-xv-fata-de-primul-meci-cu-los-teros-si-2-debutanti/","url_text":"\"România pentru Uruguay! 5 schimbări în Primul XV față de primul meci cu Los Teros și 2 debutanți\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Rugby_Federation","url_text":"FRR"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://rugbyromania.ro/profil-jucator/?pj=4984","external_links_name":"\"Muresan Alexandru Mihai Player Profile\""},{"Link":"https://rugbyromania.ro/romania-pentru-uruguay-5-schimbari-in-primul-xv-fata-de-primul-meci-cu-los-teros-si-2-debutanti/","external_links_name":"\"România pentru Uruguay! 5 schimbări în Primul XV față de primul meci cu Los Teros și 2 debutanți\""},{"Link":"https://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player-sum-53554.html","external_links_name":"Mihai Mureșan"},{"Link":"https://rugbyromania.ro/profil-jucator/?pj=4984","external_links_name":"Mihai Mureșan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_local_elections	Hong Kong local elections	["1 Background","2 Electoral System","3 Electoral Results","4 Division of Districts and Constituencies","5 Nominations","5.1 Candidacy requirement","6 References","7 External links"]	Politics and government of Hong Kong Laws Basic Law Drafting Committee Consultative Committee Article 23 (national security laws) 2020 law 2024 law Article 45 Article 46 Article 69 One country, two systems Sino–British Joint Declaration Criminal law Capital punishment in Hong Kong Criminal procedure Jury system Law enforcement in Hong Kong Human rights LGBT rights in Hong Kong Internet censorship in Hong Kong Executive Chief Executive: John Lee Office of the Chief Executive Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR Principal officials Chief Secretary: Eric Chan Financial Secretary: Paul Chan Secretary for Justice: Paul Lam Executive Council Convenor: Regina Ip Government Secretariat and Government agencies Civil Service Bureau Joint Secretariat for the Advisory Bodies on Civil Service and Judicial Salaries and Conditions of Service Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau Registration and Electoral Office Offices in the Mainland and Taiwan Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau Leisure and Cultural Services Department Tourism Commission Education Bureau University Grants Committee Secretariat Working Family and Student Financial Assistance Agency Environment and Ecology Bureau Environmental Protection Department Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Food and Environmental Hygiene Department Hong Kong Observatory Government Laboratory Health Bureau Department of Health Home and Youth Affairs Bureau Home Affairs Department Information Services Department Labour and Welfare Bureau Social Welfare Department Security Bureau Hong Kong Police Force Hong Kong Fire Services Department Hong Kong Correctional Services Customs and Excise Department Immigration Department Government Flying Service Civil Aid Service Auxiliary Medical Service Transport and Logistics Bureau Transport Department Civil Aviation Department Highways Department Marine Department Housing Bureau Housing Department Commerce and Economic Development Bureau Intellectual Property Department Invest Hong Kong Office of the Communications Authority Post Office Trade and Industry Department Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices (Overseas) Radio Television Hong Kong Development Bureau Architectural Services Department Buildings Department Civil Engineering and Development Department Drainage Services Department Electrical and Mechanical Services Department Lands Department Land Registry Planning Department Water Supplies Department Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau Census and Statistics Department Companies Registry Government Logistics Department Government Property Agency Inland Revenue Department Official Receiver's Office Rating and Valuation Department Treasury Innovation, Technology and Industry Bureau Efficiency Office Office of the Government Chief Information Officer Innovation and Technology Commission Hong Kong Civil Service Administrative Officer Political Appointments System Legislature Legislative Council President: Andrew Leung List of Members of the Legislative Council Political camps: Pro-Beijing camp Pro-democracy camp Localist camp JudiciaryCourt of Final Appeal Chief Justice: Andrew Cheung High Court Chief Judge: Jeremy Poon Court of Appeal President of the Court of Appeal Court of First Instance District Court Chief District Judge: Justin Ko Magistrates' Court Chief Magistrate: So Wai-tak Special courts and tribunals: Coroner’s Court Labour Tribunal Lands Tribunal Market Misconduct Tribunal Obscene Articles Tribunal Small Claims Tribunal DistrictsDistrict Officers District Councils Central and Western Eastern Islands Kowloon City Kwai Tsing Kwun Tong North Sai Kung Sha Tin Sham Shui Po Southern Tai Po Tsuen Wan Tuen Mun Wan Chai Wong Tai Sin Yau Tsim 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Hong Kong portalvte The Hong Kong local elections (Chinese: 區議會選舉) are elections in Hong Kong for the members of District Councils (known as District Boards before 2000). First held in 1982, the elections are held at 4-year intervals for returning a total of 452 elected members as at 2019. The last election was held on 24 November 2019. Background The Green Paper: A Pattern of District Administration in Hong Kong was published on 6 June 1980 for public consultations on reforming local administration in Hong Kong. The Green Paper recommended that: District Boards (區議會) be established in each district with some members of District Boards be returned by elections. Upon the conclusion of public consultations, the White Paper: District Administration in Hong Kong in Hong Kong was published in January 1981 affirming the Government's commitment to establish District Boards in each district by March 1982. District Boards in New Territories were to be established by reconstituting existing District Consultation Committees. The Government subsequently enacted the District Board Ordinance (Cap. 366) to provide for the formation of District Boards: to be composed of elected members, appointed or elected members of the Urban Council or chairmen of Rural Committees, appointed unofficial members and main official members of corresponding District Management Committees; to be formed by around 25-30 members, with an unofficial majority; to be initially chaired by officials, but chairmen to be elected among members as soon as possible; and with 1-2 members per constituency, elected through first-past-the-post voting or single non-transferable vote. The first elections for District Boards on Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon were held on 4 March 1982, while elections for District Boards in the New Territories were held on 23 September 1982. Electoral System The elections are conducted by simple plurality since 1982, with each constituency having an average population of around 17,000 people. Changes to the composition and electoral system of elected District Council members are outlined as follows: Election Voting system Total number of elected seats District magnitude 1982 first-past-the-post voting / single non-transferable vote 132 seats 1-2 seats 1985 237 seats 1988 264 seats 1991 274 seats 1994 first-past-the-post voting 346 seats 1 seat 1999 390 seats 2003 400 seats 2007 405 seats 2011 412 seats 2015 431 seats 2019 452 seats Electoral Results District Council elections Election Largest faction inelected seats Composition of elected seats (by alignment) % of popular vote won by the largest faction in elected seats Turnout 1994 Pro-Beijing camp 146:4:196 54.12% 33.14% 1999 157:1:232 54.69% 35.82% 2003 198:1:201 46.48% 44.10% 2007 127:2:276 53.98% 38.83% 2011 103:8:301 55.42% 41.49% 2015 126:7:298 54.61% 47.01% 2019 Pro-democracy camp 388:2:62 57.09% 71.23% 2023 Pro-Beijing camp 470 100% 27.54% Division of Districts and Constituencies A total of 18 District Councils were established, each with 11 to 37 elected members depending on the respective population. Historically, there were 19 District Councils but Mong Kok District Council was merged with the Yau Tsim District Council to form the Yau Tsim Mong District Council, named after a neologism that incorporates words from three major areas of the district into its name. Existing District Councils are listed as follows: Hong Kong Island Central & Western District Eastern District Southern District Wan Chai District Kowloon (including New Kowloon) Kowloon City District Kwun Tong District Sham Shui Po District Wong Tai Sin District Yau Tsim Mong District New Territories (excluding New Kowloon) Islands District Kwai Tsing District North District Sai Kung District Sha Tin District Tai Po District Tsuen Wan District Tuen Mun District Yuen Long District Nominations Lists for parties and for individuals may be nominated during a two-week nomination period ending five weeks before polling day. Candidacy requirement Candidates have to fulfill the following requirements: has reached 21 years of age; is a permanent resident of Hong Kong; is registered and eligible for registration as an elector for geographical constituencies; has ordinary resided in Hong Kong for the 3 years immediately preceding the nomination; and does not hold office as the chairman of a Rural Committee References ^ The Hong Kong Government (1980). Green Paper: A Pattern of District Administration in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Government Printer. ^ The Hong Kong Government (1981). White Paper: District Administration in Hong Kong in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Government Printer. ^ "District Board Ordinance (Cap. 366)". Hong Kong e-Legislation. ^ , "Guidelines on Election-related Activities in respect of the District Council Elections", Electoral Affairs Commission External links Website for the 2007 District Council elections Factors affecting participation of Hong Kong people in District Council vte Elections and referendums in Hong KongChief Executive elections 1996 2002 2005 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 Election Committee elections 1998 2000 2002 2005 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 Legislative Council elections 1985 1988 1991 1995 1996 1998 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2021 2025 Sanitary Board and municipal elections 1888 1891 1894 1899 1901 1903 1906 1909 1912 1914 1915 1916 1917 1919 1920 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1929 1930 1932 (May) 1932 (Nov) 1933 1935 1936 1937 1939 1940 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1986 1989 1991 1995 District Council elections 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 Rural Representative elections 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 2027 National People's Congress elections 1997 2002 2008 2012 2017 2022 2027 Plebiscite 1896 Electoral Affairs Commission Registration and Electoral Office List of Hong Kong by-elections	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"District Councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Hong_Kong_local_elections"},{"link_name":"last election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections"}],"text":"The Hong Kong local elections (Chinese: 區議會選舉) are elections in Hong Kong for the members of District Councils (known as District Boards before 2000). First held in 1982, the elections are held at 4-year intervals for returning a total of 452 elected members as at 2019. The last election was held on 24 November 2019.","title":"Hong Kong local elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"District Boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_councils_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"New Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Territories"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting"},{"link_name":"single non-transferable vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote"},{"link_name":"first elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Hong_Kong_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island"},{"link_name":"Kowloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon"},{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Hong_Kong_local_elections"},{"link_name":"New Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Territories"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Green Paper: A Pattern of District Administration in Hong Kong was published on 6 June 1980 for public consultations on reforming local administration in Hong Kong. The Green Paper recommended that:[1] District Boards (區議會) be established in each district with some members of District Boards be returned by elections.Upon the conclusion of public consultations, the White Paper: District Administration in Hong Kong in Hong Kong was published in January 1981 affirming the Government's commitment to establish District Boards in each district by March 1982. District Boards in New Territories were to be established by reconstituting existing District Consultation Committees.[2] The Government subsequently enacted the District Board Ordinance (Cap. 366) to provide for the formation of District Boards:to be composed of elected members, appointed or elected members of the Urban Council or chairmen of Rural Committees, appointed unofficial members and main official members of corresponding District Management Committees;\nto be formed by around 25-30 members, with an unofficial majority;\nto be initially chaired by officials, but chairmen to be elected among members as soon as possible; and\nwith 1-2 members per constituency, elected through first-past-the-post voting or single non-transferable vote.The first elections for District Boards on Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon were held on 4 March 1982, while elections for District Boards in the New Territories were held on 23 September 1982.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The elections are conducted by simple plurality since 1982, with each constituency having an average population of around 17,000 people. Changes to the composition and electoral system of elected District Council members are outlined as follows:","title":"Electoral System"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central & Western District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_%26_Western_District"},{"link_name":"Eastern District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_District,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Southern District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_District,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Wan Chai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Chai_District"},{"link_name":"Kowloon City District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_City_District"},{"link_name":"Kwun Tong District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tong_District"},{"link_name":"Sham Shui Po District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Shui_Po_District"},{"link_name":"Wong Tai Sin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_District"},{"link_name":"Yau Tsim Mong District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yau_Tsim_Mong_District"},{"link_name":"Islands District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_District"},{"link_name":"Kwai Tsing District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwai_Tsing_District"},{"link_name":"North District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_District,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Sai Kung District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Kung_District"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_District"},{"link_name":"Tai Po District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Po_District"},{"link_name":"Tsuen Wan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_District"},{"link_name":"Tuen Mun District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuen_Mun_District"},{"link_name":"Yuen Long District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Long_District"}],"text":"A total of 18 District Councils were established, each with 11 to 37 elected members depending on the respective population. Historically, there were 19 District Councils but Mong Kok District Council was merged with the Yau Tsim District Council to form the Yau Tsim Mong District Council, named after a neologism that incorporates words from three major areas of the district into its name.Existing District Councils are listed as follows:Hong Kong IslandCentral & Western District\nEastern District\nSouthern District\nWan Chai DistrictKowloon (including New Kowloon)Kowloon City District\nKwun Tong District\nSham Shui Po District\nWong Tai Sin District\nYau Tsim Mong DistrictNew Territories (excluding New Kowloon)Islands District\nKwai Tsing District\nNorth District\nSai Kung District\nSha Tin District\nTai Po District\nTsuen Wan District\nTuen Mun District\nYuen Long District","title":"Division of Districts and Constituencies"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lists for parties and for individuals may be nominated during a two-week nomination period ending five weeks before polling day.","title":"Nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Candidacy requirement","text":"Candidates have to fulfill the following requirements:[4]has reached 21 years of age;\nis a permanent resident of Hong Kong;\nis registered and eligible for registration as an elector for geographical constituencies;\nhas ordinary resided in Hong Kong for the 3 years immediately preceding the nomination; and\ndoes not hold office as the chairman of a Rural Committee","title":"Nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"The Hong Kong Government (1980). Green Paper: A Pattern of District Administration in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Government Printer.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Hong Kong Government (1981). White Paper: District Administration in Hong Kong in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Government Printer.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"District Board Ordinance (Cap. 366)\". Hong Kong e-Legislation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap366@1997-06-30T00:00:00","url_text":"\"District Board Ordinance (Cap. 366)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap366@1997-06-30T00:00:00","external_links_name":"\"District Board Ordinance (Cap. 366)\""},{"Link":"https://www.eac.hk/pdf/distco/2019dc/guideline/en/dc_full_guide.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071118075911/http://www.elections.gov.hk/dc2007/eng/index.html","external_links_name":"Website for the 2007 District Council elections"},{"Link":"http://inews.i-cable.com/webapps/news_detail.php?id=253102&category=1","external_links_name":"Factors affecting participation of Hong Kong people in District Council"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Kuwaiti_Premier_League	1983–84 Kuwaiti Premier League	["1 Overview","2 League standings","3 References"]	Football league season1983–84 Kuwaiti Premier LeagueSeason1983–84← 1982–83 1984–85 → Statistics of Kuwaiti Premier League for the 1983–84 season. Overview It was contested by 14 teams, and Al Arabi Kuwait won the championship. League standings Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 1 Al Arabi Kuwait 26 20 5 1 67 13 +54 65 2 Al Salmiya Club 26 19 5 2 43 16 +27 62 3 Kazma Sporting Club 26 17 5 4 68 20 +48 56 4 Al Kuwait Kaifan 26 16 6 4 53 21 +32 54 5 Al Qadisiya Kuwait 26 14 7 5 49 26 +23 49 6 Tadamon 26 12 5 9 40 35 +5 41 7 Al-Shabab 26 7 9 10 39 46 −7 30 8 Naser 26 5 13 8 27 33 −6 28 9 Fahaheel 26 7 6 13 25 45 −20 27 10 Sahel 26 6 5 15 24 44 −20 23 11 Sulaibikhat 26 6 3 17 35 59 −24 21 12 Al Yarmouk 26 5 5 16 26 56 −30 20 13 Khaitan 26 4 8 14 18 48 −30 20 14 Al Jahra 26 0 6 20 17 69 −52 6 Source: rsssf.com References Kuwait - List of final tables (RSSSF) vteKuwaiti Premier League seasons Kuwait portal 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 This article about a Kuwaiti football competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuwaiti Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_Premier_League"}],"text":"Statistics of Kuwaiti Premier League for the 1983–84 season.","title":"1983–84 Kuwaiti Premier League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Arabi Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Arabi_SC_(Kuwait)"}],"text":"It was contested by 14 teams, and Al Arabi Kuwait won the championship.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kuwchamp.html"}],"text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"League standings"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kuwchamp.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesk/kuwchamp.html","external_links_name":"Kuwait - List of final tables (RSSSF)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_Kuwaiti_Premier_League&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Yemen	Telecommunications in Yemen	["1 Infrastructure","2 Radio and television","3 Internet usage","4 Providers","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Telecommunications in Yemen provides information about the telephone, Internet, radio, and television infrastructure in Yemen. Infrastructure Since unification in 1990, efforts have been made to create a national telecommunications network. The infrastructure of the domestic system consists of microwave radio relay, cable, tropospheric scatter, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and CDMA. Fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity remains low by regional standards. The international network consists of three Intelsat (two Indian Ocean, and one Atlantic Ocean), one Intersputnik, and two Arabsat satellite earth stations, and a microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti. Yemen is a landing point for the international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG). In 2005 TeleYemen announced it would invest in the FALCON high-capacity loop cable system, which will improve Internet access, including broadband capability, and also expand international call accessibility. Radio and television Main articles: Radio in Yemen and Television in Yemen The state-run Republic of Yemen Television and Republic of Yemen Radio operate the country's television and radio networks, respectively. There are two state-run TV stations; two state-run national radio stations and five local stations; stations from Oman and Saudi Arabia can be accessed (2007). Internet usage Main article: Internet in Yemen Yemen had 2.349 million Internet users in 2011, up from 295,232 in 2008, and 270,000 in 2006. These low numbers are attributed to the high cost of computer equipment and connections in combination with the population's low level of income, as well as to the restricted bandwidth available on Yemen's outdated telephone network. There were 33,206 Internet hosts in 2012. There are five Internet service providers in Yemen. The top-level domain for Yemen is .ye. Providers TeleYemen is the exclusive provider of international telecommunications for Yemen—fixed-line and wireless mobile companies, telex, and Internet services—and is one of the mobile-phone operators. In 2003 the government-owned Public Telecommunications Corporation assumed full control of TeleYemen, and a year later it awarded a five-year management contract to France Telecom. In 2001 two private companies won 15-year licenses to provide mobile phone services. The growth of the companies' networks has resulted in coverage of about 60 percent of the population, but threats to internal security coupled with poor consumer payment history remain obstacles to future growth. In August 2005, the government awarded a contract to a joint venture between China Mobile and a group of Yemeni investors to take a 55 percent stake in Yemen's third mobile network; the government will retain a 25 percent share. In August 2006, the same conglomerate was awarded a contract for a fourth mobile network. The four mobile network providers currently present in the mobile phone market are MTN Yemen (Spacetel Yemen until 2006), Sabafon, Yemen Mobile, and Y (Y Telecom). Rank Operator Technology Subscribers(in millions) Ownership 1 Spacetel Yemen GSM LTE 7.0 (March 2009) MTN (83%) 2 Sabafon GSM LTE 3.0 (December 2008) Yemen Mobile Phone Company, Batelco (26.942%) 3 Yemen Mobile CDMA2000/1xLTE 6 (2008-2009) Yemen Mobile 4 Y-Telecom (Y) GPS 1 (2008-2009) Y-Telecom See also Media of Yemen Internet in Yemen References ^ a b c d e f "Yemen", World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, retrieved 16 February 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b c d e f Country profile: Yemen. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (August 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b c d Telecommunication ministry of Yemen, Arabic website. (26-Apr-2009 ). ^ "MTN reaches the 100 million subscriber milestone". www.mtn.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved 2023-04-22. ^ Annual Report 2008: Herutage, Innovation, and Transformation Archived 2013-05-14 at the Wayback Machine, Batelco, 23 February 2009 External links Media and Telecommunications Lansdcape in Yemen, a infoasaid guide Archived 2011-12-28 at the Wayback Machine, February 2012, 118 pp. vteTelecommunications in AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal vteTelecommunicationsHistory Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Data compression audio DCT image video Digital media Internet video online video platform social media streaming Drums Edholm's law Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Information Age Information revolution Internet Mass media Mobile phone Smartphone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Phryctoria Semiconductor device MOSFET transistor Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter (teletype) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television digital streaming Undersea telegraph line Videotelephony Whistled language Wireless revolution Pioneers Nasir Ahmed Edwin Howard Armstrong Mohamed M. Atalla John Logie Baird Paul Baran John Bardeen Alexander Graham Bell Emile Berliner Tim Berners-Lee Francis Blake (telephone) Jagadish Chandra Bose Charles Bourseul Walter Houser Brattain Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Yogen Dalal Daniel Davis Jr. Donald Davies Amos Dolbear Thomas Edison Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Oliver Heaviside Robert Hooke Erna Schneider Hoover Harold Hopkins Gardiner Greene Hubbard Internet pioneers Bob Kahn Dawon Kahng Charles K. Kao Narinder Singh Kapany Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Robert Metcalfe Antonio Meucci Samuel Morse Jun-ichi Nishizawa Charles Grafton Page Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Tivadar Puskás Johann Philipp Reis Claude Shannon Almon Brown Strowger Henry Sutton Charles Sumner Tainter Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Thomas A. Watson Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmissionmedia Coaxial cable Fiber-optic communication optical fiber Free-space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves wireless Transmission line telecommunication circuit Network topologyand switching Bandwidth Links Nodes terminal Network switching circuit packet Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbital angular-momentum Code-division Concepts Communication protocol Computer network Data transmission Store and forward Telecommunications equipment Types of network Cellular network Ethernet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN Public Switched Telephone Radio Television Telex UUCP WAN Wireless network Notable networks ARPANET BITNET CYCLADES FidoNet Internet Internet2 JANET NPL network Toasternet Usenet Locations Africa Americas North South Antarctica Asia Europe Oceania (Global telecommunications regulation bodies) Telecommunication portal Category Outline Commons	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Telecommunications in Yemen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"Global System for Mobile Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications"},{"link_name":"CDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"Intelsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Intersputnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersputnik"},{"link_name":"Arabsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsat"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-Optic_Link_Around_the_Globe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"FALCON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FALCON_(cable_system)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-2"}],"text":"Since unification in 1990, efforts have been made to create a national telecommunications network.[1]The infrastructure of the domestic system consists of microwave radio relay, cable, tropospheric scatter, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and CDMA.[1] Fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity remains low by regional standards.The international network consists of three Intelsat (two Indian Ocean, and one Atlantic Ocean), one Intersputnik, and two Arabsat satellite earth stations, and a microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti. Yemen is a landing point for the international submarine cable Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG).[1]In 2005 TeleYemen announced it would invest in the FALCON high-capacity loop cable system, which will improve Internet access, including broadband capability, and also expand international call accessibility.[2]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-Yemen-1"}],"text":"The state-run Republic of Yemen Television and Republic of Yemen Radio operate the country's television and radio networks, respectively.[2] There are two state-run TV stations; two state-run national radio stations and five local stations; stations from Oman and Saudi Arabia can be accessed (2007).[1]","title":"Radio and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"Internet service providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain"},{"link_name":".ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ye"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-Yemen-1"}],"text":"Yemen had 2.349 million Internet users in 2011, up from 295,232 in 2008, and 270,000 in 2006.[2][3] These low numbers are attributed to the high cost of computer equipment and connections in combination with the population's low level of income, as well as to the restricted bandwidth available on Yemen's outdated telephone network.[2] There were 33,206 Internet hosts in 2012.[1]There are five Internet service providers in Yemen.[citation needed]The top-level domain for Yemen is .ye.[1]","title":"Internet usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex"},{"link_name":"France Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Telecom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-2"},{"link_name":"China Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobile"},{"link_name":"MTN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTN_Group"},{"link_name":"Spacetel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetel"},{"link_name":"Sabafon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabafon"},{"link_name":"Yemen Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Mobile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp-2"}],"text":"TeleYemen is the exclusive provider of international telecommunications for Yemen—fixed-line and wireless mobile companies, telex, and Internet services—and is one of the mobile-phone operators. In 2003 the government-owned Public Telecommunications Corporation assumed full control of TeleYemen, and a year later it awarded a five-year management contract to France Telecom.[2]In 2001 two private companies won 15-year licenses to provide mobile phone services. The growth of the companies' networks has resulted in coverage of about 60 percent of the population, but threats to internal security coupled with poor consumer payment history remain obstacles to future growth. In August 2005, the government awarded a contract to a joint venture between China Mobile and a group of Yemeni investors to take a 55 percent stake in Yemen's third mobile network; the government will retain a 25 percent share. In August 2006, the same conglomerate was awarded a contract for a fourth mobile network. The four mobile network providers currently present in the mobile phone market are MTN Yemen (Spacetel Yemen until 2006), Sabafon, Yemen Mobile, and Y (Y Telecom).[2]","title":"Providers"}]	[]	[{"title":"Media of Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Yemen"},{"title":"Internet in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Yemen"}]	[{"reference":"\"MTN reaches the 100 million subscriber milestone\". www.mtn.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved 2023-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110101100456/http://www.mtn.com/media/overviewdetail.aspx?pk=381","url_text":"\"MTN reaches the 100 million subscriber milestone\""},{"url":"http://www.mtn.com/media/overviewdetail.aspx?pk=381","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen/","external_links_name":"\"Yemen\""},{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Yemen.pdf","external_links_name":"Country profile: Yemen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225112937/http://www.mtit.gov.ye/index.php?q=news_d&id=354","external_links_name":"Telecommunication ministry of Yemen, Arabic website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110101100456/http://www.mtn.com/media/overviewdetail.aspx?pk=381","external_links_name":"\"MTN reaches the 100 million subscriber milestone\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtn.com/media/overviewdetail.aspx?pk=381","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.batelco.com/annual_report_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"Annual Report 2008: Herutage, Innovation, and Transformation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070434/http://www.batelco.com/annual_report_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://infoasaid.org/sites/infoasaid.org/files/Yemen%20media%20and%20telecoms%20landscape%20guide%20%20010212.pdf","external_links_name":"Media and Telecommunications Lansdcape in Yemen"},{"Link":"http://infoasaid.org/","external_links_name":"infoasaid guide"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111228071036/http://infoasaid.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Gazette	Kenya Gazette	["1 Contents","2 Publication frequency","3 Archive search","4 References","5 External links"]	Government gazette of Kenya Kenya GazetteTypeWeekly newspaperOwner(s)Government of KenyaPublisherKenya Government PressLanguageEnglishHeadquartersNairobi, Kenya The Kenya Gazette is an official publication of the government of the Republic of Kenya, a government gazette. Contents The Kenya Gazette publishes the following: Notices of new legislation Notices required to be published by law or policy Announcements for general public information Publication frequency Publication takes place every week, usually on Friday, with occasional releases of special or supplementary editions within the week. Archive search A search engine for the Kenya Gazette Archive has been developed by the National Council for Law Reporting and Google Inc to enable full-text search within and across Kenya Gazette editions spanning over a century. References ^ Kenya Gazette. 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2015-06-24. ^ "Kenya Law: March 2011 (LNs 19-30)". kenyalaw.org. Retrieved 2015-06-24. External links Government Press Website vte Media in KenyaBroadcast news divisions: Africa 24 Citizen TV NTV (Kenya) K24 TV Kenya Broadcasting Corporation Kenya Television Network National and Internationalsatellite channels Al Jazeera BBC World News CGTN Africa CNBC Africa CNN Radio: 98.4 Capital FM CRI Nairobi 91.9 FM Nation FM (formerly Easy FM) Pamoja FM Radio Maria Newspapers and magazines: The African Executive Business Daily Africa Daily Nation The EastAfrican Kenya Gazette Kenya Times The Standard The Star Media groups: Nation Media Group Mediamax Network Radio Africa Group Royal Media Services Standard Media Group Government agencies: Communications Authority Kenya Film Commission Kenya Film Classification Board Kenya News Agency	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"government gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_gazette"}],"text":"The Kenya Gazette is an official publication of the government of the Republic of Kenya, a government gazette.","title":"Kenya Gazette"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-1"}],"text":"The Kenya Gazette publishes the following:[1]Notices of new legislation\nNotices required to be published by law or policy\nAnnouncements for general public information","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Publication takes place every week, usually on Friday, with occasional releases of special or supplementary editions within the week.","title":"Publication frequency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Inc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kenyalaw-2"}],"text":"A search engine for the Kenya Gazette Archive has been developed by the National Council for Law Reporting and Google Inc to enable full-text search within and across Kenya Gazette editions spanning over a century.[2]","title":"Archive search"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Kenya Gazette. 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2015-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SiZddRcP0BcC","url_text":"Kenya Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenya Law: March 2011 (LNs 19-30)\". kenyalaw.org. Retrieved 2015-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=768","url_text":"\"Kenya Law: March 2011 (LNs 19-30)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SiZddRcP0BcC","external_links_name":"Kenya Gazette"},{"Link":"http://www.kenyalaw.org/klr/index.php?id=768","external_links_name":"\"Kenya Law: March 2011 (LNs 19-30)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130122091546/http://www.governmentpress.go.ke/","external_links_name":"Government Press Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dolphin	The Day of the Dolphin	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 Differences from the novel and other sources of inspiration","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	1973 film by Mike Nichols The Day of the DolphinTheatrical release film poster by Tom JungDirected byMike NicholsScreenplay byBuck HenryBased onThe Day of the Dolphin by Robert MerleProduced byRobert E. RelyeaJoseph E. LevineStarringGeorge C. ScottTrish Van DeverePaul SorvinoCinematographyWilliam A. FrakerEdited bySam O'SteenMusic byGeorges DelerueDistributed byAvco Embassy PicturesRelease date December 19, 1973 (1973-12-19) Running time104 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$8.1 million The Day of the Dolphin is a 1973 American science fiction thriller film directed by Mike Nichols and starring George C. Scott. Based on the 1967 novel Un animal doué de raison (lit. A Sentient Animal), by French writer Robert Merle, the screenplay was written by American Buck Henry. Plot A brilliant and driven scientist, Jake Terrell, and his wife, Maggie, along with their small team, are training dolphins to communicate with humans at their remote island research facility. They teach Alpha ("Fa"), a dolphin they have raised in captivity for four years, to speak simple English. They introduce him to a female dolphin captured from the wild, whom they name Beta ("Bea"). Fa regresses to his "native language" for a while, but soon teaches Bea to understand English, too. Terrell's research is funded by the Franklin Foundation, headed by Harold DeMilo (Fritz Weaver). An undercover government agent for hire, Curtis Mahoney (Paul Sorvino), blackmails DeMilo into allowing him access to Terrell's facility under the guise of a freelance journalist writing about dolphin research. Although Terrell and his team attempt to stonewall Mahoney, he finds out the truth about Fa and Bea and threatens to publish his findings. To prevent this, Terrell agrees with DeMilo to reveal his progress to the Foundation board of directors, and travels to the mainland for a press conference. Once he and Maggie are there, the press conference is mysteriously cancelled, and Fa and Bea are stolen from the island. After the dolphins are kidnapped, Mahoney reveals that the Franklin Institute is planning to further train the dolphins to carry out a political assassination, using a magnetic limpet mine to kill the President of the United States. One of Terrell's team, David, is revealed to have been an undercover operative of the Institute, and is helping them train the dolphins for the assassination attempt. Fa escapes and returns to the Terrells, and the conspirators set Bea off to place the mine on the President's yacht. Realizing what is happening, Jake tells Fa to stop Bea; Fa intercepts Bea, and redirects her to place the mine on the conspirators' boat, which is destroyed in the ensuing explosion, killing David and most of the board. Fa and Bea return to the Terrells, but as DeMilo approaches the island in a seaplane, Jake instructs Fa and Bea to escape and live free in the ocean. Fa is reluctant to go, having formed a bond with Jake and Maggie, but Jake gruffly orders him to leave; eventually, both dolphins escape, leaving Jake and Maggie awaiting DeMilo and reflecting on what happened. Cast George C. Scott as Dr. Jake Terrell Trish Van Devere as Maggie Terrell Paul Sorvino as Curtis Mahoney Fritz Weaver as Harold DeMilo Jon Korkes as David Edward Herrmann as Mike Leslie Charleson as Maryanne John David Carson as Larry Victoria Racimo as Lana John Dehner as Wallingford Severn Darden as Schwinn William Roerick as Dunhill Elizabeth Wilson as Mrs. Rome Phyllis Davis as Receptionist Production The novel was translated into English by Helen Weaver and published in the US in 1969 under the title The Day of the Dolphin. The film version was originally going to be directed by Roman Polanski for United Artists in 1969, with Polanski writing the script. However, while Polanski was in London, England, scouting locations in August 1969, his pregnant wife, the actress Sharon Tate, was murdered in their Beverly Hills home by disciples of Charles Manson. Polanski returned to the United States and abandoned the project. The following year it was announced Franklin Schaffner would make the movie for the Mirisch Corporation. These plans were frustrated and Joseph Levine ended up buying the project from United Artists for Mike Nichols. Scott was paid $750,000 for his role. The film was mostly shot on Abaco Island in The Bahamas. Production was extremely difficult. Scott allegedly held up production for three days at the start of the shoot. Nichols later described it as the toughest shoot he had done to date. Reception The film received mixed reviews when released in 1973. Pauline Kael, the film critic for The New Yorker, suggested that if the best subject that Nichols and Henry could think of was talking dolphins, then they should quit making movies altogether. Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune penned a positive review commenting that, "Ultimately, The Day of the Dolphin works because of the values it celebrates and Scott communicates. The values are communication and love. In spite of their material, Nichols and Scott have given us a film that reminds us what love and care can do not so much for the object of affection, but for the person who tenders it. On that level, The Day of the Dolphin is really a fable." Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote 'The whole thing seems to have been shoved through the cameras as glibly as possible, so that everyone could grab the money and run. I called the picture a failure, but that implies attempt. I feel a real effort in only the first four or five minutes". The film was not successful commercially, though it was nominated for two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score (Georges Delerue) and Best Sound (Richard Portman and Larry Jost). Levine also claimed the movie had guaranteed pre-sales of $8,450,000 to cover costs, including a sale to NBC, which had expressed interest into turning the story into a TV series. Alpha the dolphin was named best animal actor in the 24th Patsy Awards. Levine admitted the film was not a success: The rushes looked great. But it just didn't gel somehow. I really think Mike was the wrong guy to direct. And George C. Scott! ... He got paid $750,000 for that movie—and ran us over schedule. The first three days of shooting he reported in with a "virus". As of March 2022, The Day of the Dolphin holds a rating of 43% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 28 reviews. Differences from the novel and other sources of inspiration Merle's novel, a satire of the Cold War, is supposedly the basis for this film, but the film's plot was substantially different from that of the novel. The movie is instead inspired in part from the scientist John C. Lilly's life. A physician, biophysicist, neuroscientist, and inventor, Lilly specialized in the study of consciousness. In 1959, he founded the Communications Research Institute at St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands and served as its director until 1968. There he worked with dolphins exploring dolphin intelligence and human-dolphin communication. See also Bottlenose dolphin communication and John Lilly and cetacean communication. See also List of American films of 1973 Military dolphin Orca (1977 film) References ^ a b c Nora E. Taylor. The (Dec 27, 1973). "Mike Nichols's latest: filming with dolphins". Christian Science Monitor. p. B5. ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (May 16, 1969). "Tanked Bond". The New York Times. p. 45. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2016. a provacative and altogether chilling science fiction thriller – an Ian Fleming with humanity. ^ "The Bookshelf: Man Is About to Draft His Friend, the Dolphin". Wall Street Journal. June 6, 1969. p. 16. ^ Martin, Betty (Apr 25, 1969). "MOVIE CALL SHEET: 'New Leaf' Next for Weston". Los Angeles Times. p. i12. ^ Champlin, Charles. (Aug 10, 1969). "THE WORLD OF HOLLYWOOD: Tragedy Strikes Those Who Beat Odds Against Success HOLLYWOOD ODDS". Los Angeles Times. p. B. ^ GELMIS, JOSEPH. (Dec 26, 1973). "Dreams, Nightmares of Roman Polanski: ROMAN POLANSKI". Los Angeles Times. p. d20. ^ A.H. WEILER (Feb 15, 1970). "Son Of 'Help!': Son of 'Help!'". New York Times. p. 93. ^ A. H. WEILER (Mar 12, 1972). "Mike Nichols' 'Dolphin': Mike Nichols". New York Times. p. D13. ^ a b "Disrepects Paid Scott By Levine". Variety. November 13, 1974. p. 26. ^ a b c Baltake, Joe (December 10, 1978). "Levine: Hollywood's lion roars". Chicago Tribune. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. p. 40, section 6. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015. ^ Campell, Mary. (Dec 23, 1973). "Movies: Levine in the land of moguls, where exploitation is king". Chicago Tribune. p. e10. ^ Smith, Cecil (March 29, 1974). "The Script and the Role Are His". Los Angeles Times. p. Section IV, page 25. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Siskel, Gene (December 21, 1973). "Film with a porpoise: Detente with dolphins..." Chicago Tribune. p. Section II, pg. 1. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Kauffmann, Stanley (1974). Living Images Film Comment and Criticism. Harper & Row Publishers. p. 250. ^ "The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2011-08-28. ^ Parrott, Jennings (May 8, 1974). "He's Underworked, Overpaid---and Fed Up". Los Angeles Times. Newsmakers (column). p. A2. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2017. ^ "The Day of the Dolphin (1973) - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2020-03-27. External links The Day of the Dolphin at IMDb The Day of the Dolphin at the TCM Movie Database The Day of the Dolphin at AllMovie The Day of the Dolphin at Rotten Tomatoes vteMike Nichols On screen and stage Awards and nominations Unrealized projects Feature films Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) The Graduate (1967) Catch-22 (1970) Carnal Knowledge (1971) The Day of the Dolphin (1973) The Fortune (1975) Gilda Live (1980) Silkwood (1983) Heartburn (1986) Biloxi Blues (1988) Working Girl (1988) Postcards from the Edge (1990) Regarding Henry (1991) Wolf (1994) The Birdcage (1996) Primary Colors (1998) What Planet Are You From? (2000) Closer (2004) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) Television Wit (2001) Angels in America (2003) Related Nichols and May Mike Nichols: American Masters (2016 documentary) Becoming Mike Nichols (2016 documentary) vteFilms by Buck HenryAs director Heaven Can Wait (1978) First Family (1980) As writer The Troublemaker (1964) The Graduate (1967) Candy (1968) Catch-22 (1970) The Owl and the Pussycat (1970) What's Up, Doc? (1972) The Day of the Dolphin (1973) Protocol (1984) To Die For (1995) Town & Country (2001) The Humbling (2014)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_film"},{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Mike Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nichols"},{"link_name":"George C. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Scott"},{"link_name":"Un animal doué de raison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Dolphin_(book)"},{"link_name":"Robert Merle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Merle"},{"link_name":"Buck Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Henry"}],"text":"The Day of the Dolphin is a 1973 American science fiction thriller film directed by Mike Nichols and starring George C. Scott. Based on the 1967 novel Un animal doué de raison (lit. A Sentient Animal), by French writer Robert Merle, the screenplay was written by American Buck Henry.","title":"The Day of the Dolphin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Language"},{"link_name":"Fritz Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Weaver"},{"link_name":"Paul Sorvino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sorvino"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"limpet mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpet_mine"}],"text":"A brilliant and driven scientist, Jake Terrell, and his wife, Maggie, along with their small team, are training dolphins to communicate with humans at their remote island research facility. They teach Alpha (\"Fa\"), a dolphin they have raised in captivity for four years, to speak simple English. They introduce him to a female dolphin captured from the wild, whom they name Beta (\"Bea\"). Fa regresses to his \"native language\" for a while, but soon teaches Bea to understand English, too.Terrell's research is funded by the Franklin Foundation, headed by Harold DeMilo (Fritz Weaver). An undercover government agent for hire, Curtis Mahoney (Paul Sorvino), blackmails DeMilo into allowing him access to Terrell's facility under the guise of a freelance journalist writing about dolphin research. Although Terrell and his team attempt to stonewall Mahoney, he finds out the truth about Fa and Bea and threatens to publish his findings. To prevent this, Terrell agrees with DeMilo to reveal his progress to the Foundation board of directors, and travels to the mainland for a press conference. Once he and Maggie are there, the press conference is mysteriously cancelled, and Fa and Bea are stolen from the island.After the dolphins are kidnapped, Mahoney reveals that the Franklin Institute is planning to further train the dolphins to carry out a political assassination, using a magnetic limpet mine to kill the President of the United States. One of Terrell's team, David, is revealed to have been an undercover operative of the Institute, and is helping them train the dolphins for the assassination attempt.Fa escapes and returns to the Terrells, and the conspirators set Bea off to place the mine on the President's yacht. Realizing what is happening, Jake tells Fa to stop Bea; Fa intercepts Bea, and redirects her to place the mine on the conspirators' boat, which is destroyed in the ensuing explosion, killing David and most of the board. Fa and Bea return to the Terrells, but as DeMilo approaches the island in a seaplane, Jake instructs Fa and Bea to escape and live free in the ocean. Fa is reluctant to go, having formed a bond with Jake and Maggie, but Jake gruffly orders him to leave; eventually, both dolphins escape, leaving Jake and Maggie awaiting DeMilo and reflecting on what happened.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George C. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Scott"},{"link_name":"Trish Van Devere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trish_Van_Devere"},{"link_name":"Paul Sorvino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sorvino"},{"link_name":"Fritz Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Weaver"},{"link_name":"Jon Korkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Korkes"},{"link_name":"Edward Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Herrmann"},{"link_name":"Leslie Charleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Charleson"},{"link_name":"John David Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_David_Carson"},{"link_name":"John Dehner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dehner"},{"link_name":"Severn Darden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Darden"},{"link_name":"William Roerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Roerick"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Davis"}],"text":"George C. Scott as Dr. Jake Terrell\nTrish Van Devere as Maggie Terrell\nPaul Sorvino as Curtis Mahoney\nFritz Weaver as Harold DeMilo\nJon Korkes as David\nEdward Herrmann as Mike\nLeslie Charleson as Maryanne\nJohn David Carson as Larry\nVictoria Racimo as Lana\nJohn Dehner as Wallingford\nSevern Darden as Schwinn\nWilliam Roerick as Dunhill\nElizabeth Wilson as Mrs. Rome\nPhyllis Davis as Receptionist","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helen Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Weaver"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Roman Polanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Polanski"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sharon Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Tate"},{"link_name":"murdered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate%E2%80%93LaBianca_murders"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills"},{"link_name":"Charles Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Manson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Franklin Schaffner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Schaffner"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disrespect-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune-10"},{"link_name":"Abaco Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaco_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mike-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disrespect-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The novel was translated into English by Helen Weaver and published in the US in 1969 under the title The Day of the Dolphin.[2][3]The film version was originally going to be directed by Roman Polanski for United Artists in 1969, with Polanski writing the script.[4] However, while Polanski was in London, England, scouting locations in August 1969, his pregnant wife, the actress Sharon Tate, was murdered in their Beverly Hills home by disciples of Charles Manson. Polanski returned to the United States and abandoned the project.[5][6]The following year it was announced Franklin Schaffner would make the movie for the Mirisch Corporation.[7] These plans were frustrated and Joseph Levine ended up buying the project from United Artists for Mike Nichols.[8]Scott was paid $750,000 for his role.[9][10]The film was mostly shot on Abaco Island in The Bahamas.[1] Production was extremely difficult. Scott allegedly held up production for three days at the start of the shoot.[9][10] Nichols later described it as the toughest shoot he had done to date.[11]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pauline Kael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Kael"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gene Siskel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Siskel"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stanley Kauffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kauffmann"},{"link_name":"The New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Original Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score"},{"link_name":"Georges Delerue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Delerue"},{"link_name":"Best Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound_Mixing"},{"link_name":"Richard Portman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Portman"},{"link_name":"Larry Jost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Jost"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscars1974-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mike-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune-10"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The film received mixed reviews when released in 1973. Pauline Kael, the film critic for The New Yorker, suggested that if the best subject that Nichols and Henry could think of was talking dolphins, then they should quit making movies altogether.[12] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune penned a positive review commenting that, \"Ultimately, The Day of the Dolphin works because of the values it celebrates and Scott communicates. The values are communication and love. In spite of their material, Nichols and Scott have given us a film that reminds us what love and care can do not so much for the object of affection, but for the person who tenders it. On that level, The Day of the Dolphin is really a fable.\"[13] Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote 'The whole thing seems to have been shoved through the cameras as glibly as possible, so that everyone could grab the money and run. I called the picture a failure, but that implies attempt. I feel a real effort in only the first four or five minutes\".[14]The film was not successful commercially, though it was nominated for two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score (Georges Delerue) and Best Sound (Richard Portman and Larry Jost).[15] Levine also claimed the movie had guaranteed pre-sales of $8,450,000 to cover costs, including a sale to NBC, which had expressed interest into turning the story into a TV series.[1]Alpha the dolphin was named best animal actor in the 24th Patsy Awards.[16]Levine admitted the film was not a success:The rushes looked great. But it just didn't gel somehow. I really think Mike [Nichols] was the wrong guy to direct. And George C. Scott! ... He got paid $750,000 for that movie—and ran us over schedule. The first three days of shooting he reported in with a \"virus\".[10]As of March 2022, The Day of the Dolphin holds a rating of 43% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 28 reviews.[17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"John C. Lilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Lilly"},{"link_name":"biophysicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysics"},{"link_name":"neuroscientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscientist"},{"link_name":"consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"dolphin intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Bottlenose dolphin communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin#Communication"},{"link_name":"John Lilly and cetacean communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication#Lilly"}],"text":"Merle's novel, a satire of the Cold War, is supposedly the basis for this film, but the film's plot was substantially different from that of the novel. The movie is instead inspired in part from the scientist John C. Lilly's life. A physician, biophysicist, neuroscientist, and inventor, Lilly specialized in the study of consciousness. In 1959, he founded the Communications Research Institute at St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands and served as its director until 1968. There he worked with dolphins exploring dolphin intelligence and human-dolphin communication.See also Bottlenose dolphin communication and John Lilly and cetacean communication.","title":"Differences from the novel and other sources of inspiration"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of American films of 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1973"},{"title":"Military dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dolphin"},{"title":"Orca (1977 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca_(1977_film)"}]	[{"reference":"Nora E. Taylor. The (Dec 27, 1973). \"Mike Nichols's latest: filming with dolphins\". Christian Science Monitor. p. B5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (May 16, 1969). \"Tanked Bond\". The New York Times. p. 45. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2016. a provacative and altogether chilling science fiction thriller – an Ian Fleming with humanity.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lehmann-Haupt","url_text":"Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher"},{"url":"http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/05/16/90105899.html?pageNumber=45","url_text":"\"Tanked Bond\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210501230723/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/05/16/90105899.html?pageNumber=45","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bookshelf: Man Is About to Draft His Friend, the Dolphin\". Wall Street Journal. June 6, 1969. p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin, Betty (Apr 25, 1969). \"MOVIE CALL SHEET: 'New Leaf' Next for Weston\". Los Angeles Times. p. i12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Champlin, Charles. (Aug 10, 1969). \"THE WORLD OF HOLLYWOOD: Tragedy Strikes Those Who Beat Odds Against Success HOLLYWOOD ODDS\". Los Angeles Times. p. B.","urls":[]},{"reference":"GELMIS, JOSEPH. (Dec 26, 1973). \"Dreams, Nightmares of Roman Polanski: ROMAN POLANSKI\". Los Angeles Times. p. d20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A.H. WEILER (Feb 15, 1970). \"Son Of 'Help!': Son of 'Help!'\". New York Times. p. 93.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A. H. WEILER (Mar 12, 1972). \"Mike Nichols' 'Dolphin': Mike Nichols\". New York Times. p. D13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Disrepects Paid Scott By Levine\". Variety. November 13, 1974. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Baltake, Joe (December 10, 1978). \"Levine: Hollywood's lion roars\". Chicago Tribune. Knight-Ridder Newspapers. p. 40, section 6. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1978/12/10/page/232/article/levine-hollywoods-lion-roars/","url_text":"\"Levine: Hollywood's lion roars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Ridder","url_text":"Knight-Ridder Newspapers"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911224247/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1978/12/10/page/232/article/levine-hollywoods-lion-roars/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Campell, Mary. (Dec 23, 1973). \"Movies: Levine in the land of moguls, where exploitation is king\". Chicago Tribune. p. e10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Cecil (March 29, 1974). \"The Script and the Role Are His\". Los Angeles Times. p. Section IV, page 25. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/381547606/","url_text":"\"The Script and the Role Are His\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210501230723/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/381547606/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Siskel, Gene (December 21, 1973). \"Film with a porpoise: Detente with dolphins...\" Chicago Tribune. p. Section II, pg. 1. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27081236/chicago_tribune/","url_text":"\"Film with a porpoise: Detente with dolphins...\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150210/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27081236/chicago_tribune/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kauffmann, Stanley (1974). Living Images Film Comment and Criticism. Harper & Row Publishers. p. 250.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners\". oscars.org. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2011-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974","url_text":"\"The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003953/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Parrott, Jennings (May 8, 1974). \"He's Underworked, Overpaid---and Fed Up\". Los Angeles Times. Newsmakers (column). p. A2. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/157562013.html","url_text":"\"He's Underworked, Overpaid---and Fed Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105942/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/157562013.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Day of the Dolphin (1973) - Rotten Tomatoes\". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2020-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/day_of_the_dolphin","url_text":"\"The Day of the Dolphin (1973) - Rotten Tomatoes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200925121817/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/day_of_the_dolphin","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/05/16/90105899.html?pageNumber=45","external_links_name":"\"Tanked Bond\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210501230723/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/05/16/90105899.html?pageNumber=45","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1978/12/10/page/232/article/levine-hollywoods-lion-roars/","external_links_name":"\"Levine: Hollywood's lion roars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911224247/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1978/12/10/page/232/article/levine-hollywoods-lion-roars/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/381547606/","external_links_name":"\"The Script and the Role Are His\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210501230723/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/381547606/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27081236/chicago_tribune/","external_links_name":"\"Film with a porpoise: Detente with dolphins...\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150210/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27081236/chicago_tribune/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974","external_links_name":"\"The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003953/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1974","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/157562013.html","external_links_name":"\"He's Underworked, Overpaid---and Fed Up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105942/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/157562013.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/day_of_the_dolphin","external_links_name":"\"The Day of the Dolphin (1973) - Rotten Tomatoes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200925121817/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/day_of_the_dolphin","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069946/","external_links_name":"The Day of the Dolphin"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/72425/enwp","external_links_name":"The Day of the Dolphin"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v12622","external_links_name":"The Day of the Dolphin"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/day_of_the_dolphin","external_links_name":"The Day of the Dolphin"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Hardy	Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet	["1 Early life","2 Mediterranean and Nelson","3 Command and the Nile","4 Baltic and Copenhagen","5 Mediterranean and West Indies Campaign","6 Trafalgar","7 Later commands","8 Flag rank","9 Family","10 Hardy Monument","11 Literary tribute","12 Honours","13 References","14 Sources","15 Further reading","16 External links"]	Royal Navy Vice-Admiral (1769–1839) Not to be confused with Thomas Hardy (Royal Navy officer, died 1732). For other people named Thomas Hardy, see Thomas Hardy (disambiguation). SirThomas HardyHardy in 1809, by Domenico PellegriniBirth nameThomas Masterman HardyBorn(1769-04-05)5 April 1769Kingston Russell, Dorset, EnglandDied20 September 1839(1839-09-20) (aged 70)Greenwich, London, EnglandAllegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyYears of service1790–1839RankVice-AdmiralCommands heldHMS MutineHMS VanguardHMS FoudroyantHMS Princess CharlotteHMS San JosefHMS St GeorgeHMS IsisHMS AmphionHMS VictoryHMS Triumph HMS BarfleurHMS RamilliesHMS Princess AugustaSouth America StationGreenwich HospitalBattles/wars French Revolutionary Wars Action of 19 December 1796 Battle of Cape St. Vincent Battle of the Nile Battle of Copenhagen Napoleonic Wars Battle of Trafalgar War of 1812 AwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Hardy by Richard Evans Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, 1st Baronet, GCB (5 April 1769 – 20 September 1839) was a British Royal Navy officer. He took part in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent in February 1797, the Battle of the Nile in August 1798 and the Battle of Copenhagen in April 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars. He served as flag captain to Admiral Lord Nelson, and commanded HMS Victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805 during the Napoleonic Wars. Nelson was shot as he paced the decks with Hardy, and as he lay dying, Nelson's famous remark of "Kiss me, Hardy" was directed at him. Hardy went on to become First Naval Lord in November 1830 and in that capacity refused to become a Member of Parliament and encouraged the introduction of steam warships. Early life Born the second son of Joseph Hardy and Nanny Hardy (née Masterman) at Kingston Russell House in Long Bredy (or according to some sources in Winterborne St Martin), Hardy joined the navy with his entry aboard the brig HMS Helena on 30 November 1781 as a captain's servant, but left her in April 1782 to attend Crewkerne Grammar School. During his time at school his name was carried on the books of the sixth-rate HMS Seaford and the third-rate HMS Carnatic. Mediterranean and Nelson Hardy joined the fifth-rate HMS Hebe on 5 February 1790 as a midshipman; he later transferred to the sixth-rate HMS Tisiphone under Captain Anthony Hunt, and then followed Hunt to the sixth-rate HMS Amphitrite in May 1793, going out to the Mediterranean in her. Hardy served off Marseilles and Toulon and was commissioned second lieutenant of the fifth-rate HMS Meleager under Captain Charles Tyler on 10 November 1793. Command of Meleager passed to Captain George Cockburn in June 1794; Cockburn took command of the fifth-rate HMS Minerve in August 1796 and Hardy went with him, subsequently becoming his first lieutenant. Horatio Nelson, then a commodore, moved his broad pennant to Minerve in December 1796. While en route to Gibraltar, in the action of 19 December 1796, Minerve and her consort, the fifth-rate HMS Blanche, engaged two Spanish frigates and forced Santa Sabina to surrender. Lieutenants Hardy and Culverhouse were sent aboard Santa Sabina with a prize crew, and the three ships continued on towards Gibraltar. Before the night was out, Nelson ran into the Spanish fleet and only managed to get away when Hardy drew the Spanish away from Minerve and fought until being dismasted and captured. Hardy and Culverhouse were almost immediately exchanged for the captain of Santa Sabina, Don Jacobo Stuart, and were able to rejoin Minerve at Gibraltar on 9 February 1797. Three days later Minerve left Gibraltar to join the main fleet off the south-east coast of Spain under Sir John Jervis. With two enemy ships pursuing him, Cockburn ordered more sail. During this operation, a topman fell overboard. The ship hove to and a boat with Hardy in it was lowered to search for the missing mariner. As the enemy ships were closing fast, Cockburn thought it prudent to withdraw, but Nelson overruled him crying "By God, I'll not lose Hardy, back that mizzen topsail!" This confused the Spaniards who checked their own progress, allowing Hardy to return to his ship and make good his escape. Command and the Nile Hardy remained with Minerve until May 1797 when, following a successful cutting out expedition of which he was in charge, he was promoted to master and commander of the newly captured corvette HMS Mutine. Under Hardy's command, Mutine joined a squadron under Captain Thomas Troubridge which met up with Nelson off Toulon in June 1798, located Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt and destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile in August 1798. Afterwards, Nelson's flag captain, Edward Berry was sent home with dispatches and Hardy was promoted to captain of Nelson's flagship, HMS Vanguard, in his place on 2 October 1798. Blue plaque commemorating the former use of the Church Hall at Crewkerne as Crewkerne Grammar School where Hardy was a pupil HMS Vanguard carried King Ferdinand IV and the British ambassador Sir William Hamilton and his wife Emma from Naples to safety in Sicily in December 1798: Hardy did not altogether approve of Lady Hamilton who had once tried to intervene on behalf of a boat's crew – Hardy had the crew flogged twice, once for the original offence and again for petitioning the lady. Nelson transferred his flag to the third-rate HMS Foudroyant on 8 June 1799, taking Hardy with him. In June 1799, the main fleet, led by Foudroyant, landed marines at Naples to assist with the overthrow of the Parthenopean Republic so allowing Ferdinand's kingdom to be re-established. Hardy handed over command of Foudroyant to Sir Edward Berry on 13 October 1799, transferred to the fifth-rate HMS Princess Charlotte and returned to England. Baltic and Copenhagen After a year ashore, Hardy went to Plymouth Dock in December 1800 to take command of the first-rate HMS San Josef, which had just been refitted. He transferred to the second-rate HMS St George and became Nelson's flag captain once more in February 1801. Nelson was appointed second in command of the Baltic fleet, which had been sent to force the Danes to withdraw from the League of Armed Neutrality. On the night of 1 April 1801, Hardy was sent in a boat to take soundings around the anchored Danish fleet. Hardy's ship drew too much water and so took no part in the Battle of Copenhagen the following day, though his work proved to be of great value. The only two ships that went aground, the third-rates HMS Agamemnon and HMS Bellona, were taken in by local pilots and did not follow Hardy's recommended route. Hardy stayed on as flag captain to the new fleet commander, Vice-Admiral Charles Pole, until August 1801 when he took command of the fourth-rate HMS Isis. Mediterranean and West Indies Campaign In July 1802, Hardy was appointed to the fifth-rate HMS Amphion which after taking the new British ambassador to Lisbon, returned to Portsmouth. Nelson was in Portsmouth, as he was due to hoist his flag in the first-rate HMS Victory in May 1803, but on finding the ship not ready for him, transferred his flag to the Amphion and set sail for the Mediterranean. Nelson and Hardy finally transferred to Victory off Toulon on 31 July 1803. Nelson's fleet continued to blockade Toulon until April 1805, when the French escaped and were pursued to the West Indies and back. After a brief stop at Spithead between 20 August and 14 September 1805, they set sail for Cádiz arriving on 29 September 1805. George Murray, Nelson's captain of the fleet, was obliged to remain in England and Hardy unofficially replaced him in addition to serving as flag captain. The Battle of Trafalgar by J. M. W. Turner (oil on canvas, 1822–1824) shows the last three letters of the famous signal, "England expects that every man will do his duty" flying from Victory. Trafalgar As Victory approached the enemy line on the morning of 21 October 1805, Hardy urged Nelson to transfer to another ship to avoid the inevitable melee, but Nelson refused. Victory, leading the weather column, came under heavy fire in the opening stages of the Battle of Trafalgar. At one point, a splinter took the buckle from Hardy's shoe, to which Nelson remarked, "This is too warm work Hardy, to last for long". Hardy was with Nelson when he was shot and, towards the end of the battle, as Nelson lay below dying, the two had a number of conversations together. Hardy was able to tell Nelson that 14 or 15 enemy ships had struck their flags: Nelson replied that he had "bargained for 20". In their last conversation, Nelson reminded Hardy to anchor the fleet. Nelson went on to say "take care of my dear Lady Hamilton, Hardy, take care of poor Lady Hamilton" and then when the moment came for the two men to part for the last time, Nelson then very close to death, asked Hardy to kiss him. Hardy kissed him on the cheek; "Now I am satisfied," said Nelson, "Thank God I have done my duty". Hardy stood up and then having spent a few moments looking down silently at his friend, knelt and kissed him again on the forehead. "Who is that?" asked Nelson, now barely able to see. "It is Hardy" Hardy replied. "God bless you Hardy" was Nelson's last response. Victory was towed to Gibraltar, arriving on 28 October 1805, where she underwent major repairs, before setting set sail for England on 4 November 1805 and arriving at Portsmouth on 5 December 1805. There Nelson's body was transferred to the Sheerness Commissioner, Sir George Grey, 1st Baronet's yacht Chatham to proceed to Greenwich. Hardy carried one of the banners at Nelson's funeral procession on 9 January 1806. The gravestone of Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Greenwich Hospital Cemetery, London (telephoto) Later commands Hardy was created a baronet on 29 January 1806 and was given command of the third-rate HMS Triumph on the North American Station in May 1806. While in Nova Scotia, he married Anna Louisa Berkeley, the daughter of his commander-in-chief, Sir George Cranfield Berkeley. When Admiral Berkeley was sent to Lisbon, Hardy went with him as his flag captain in the second-rate HMS Barfleur. Hardy was made a commodore in the Portuguese Navy in 1811. In August 1812, Hardy was given command of the third-rate HMS Ramillies and was sent back to North America at the outbreak of the War of 1812. On 11 July 1814, Hardy in his flagship, assisted by Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Pilkington, led four other warships and several transports carrying 2,000 men of the 102nd Regiment of Foot and a company of Royal Artillery against Fort Sullivan in Eastport, Maine. The American defending force of 70 regulars and 250 militiamen gave up without a fight. Hardy and Pilkington issued a proclamation making it clear Great Britain considered Eastport and the several nearby islands to be British territory. Townspeople were required to take an oath of allegiance to the crown or leave. Two-thirds of the inhabitants took the oath, while 500 departed. For the few weeks he remained at the place, Hardy became a favourite of the locals, gaining great respect and popularity. However, Hardy's next venture, the 9–11 August bombardment of Stonington, Connecticut was a defeat; Royal Navy cannonading set 20 buildings on fire while killing a horse and a goose, while reports indicate the sizeable American defending force killed 21 and wounded 50 British attackers. Hardy was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815. Hardy was given command of the royal yacht HMS Princess Augusta in July 1816 and, then having been promoted to commodore, became Commander-in-Chief on the South America Station, hoisting his broad pennant in third-rate HMS Superb in August 1819, with a mission to prevent the Spanish from interfering in the newly emerging republics of Mexico, Colombia and Argentina. Flag rank Promoted to rear admiral on 27 May 1825, Hardy hoisted his flag aboard the third-rate HMS Wellesley and escorted 4,000 British troops to Lisbon, where they helped to quell a revolution by the eight-year-old queen's uncle in December 1826. He was subsequently given command of an experimental squadron in the Channel, moving his flag from the fifth-rate HMS Sybille to the sixth-rate HMS Pyramus before going ashore for the last time on 21 October 1827. Hardy's monument on Black Down, Dorset. Memorial to Hardy by William Behnes in the Old Royal Naval College chapel at Greenwich. Hardy became First Naval Lord in the Grey ministry in November 1830 and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 13 September 1831. As first Naval Lord he refused to become a Member of Parliament and encouraged the introduction of steam warships. He resigned in August 1834 to become Governor of Greenwich Hospital. Hardy was promoted to vice admiral on 10 January 1837. He died at Greenwich on 20 September 1839. He is buried in the officers vault in Greenwich Hospital Cemetery, just west of National Maritime Museum. The grave lies in the enclosed railed area of the now mainly cleared graveyard, which now serves as a pocket park. The baronetcy became extinct on his death. Family On 17 November 1807 Hardy married Louisa Emily Anna Berkeley, daughter of Admiral Sir George Cranfield Berkeley; they had three daughters: Louisa Georgina Hardy (7 December 1808 – 1875). Emily Georgina Hardy (30 December 1809 – 8 April 1887); married in 1850 William Pollett Brown Chatteris (1810–1889), of Sandleford Priory, Berkshire. Mary Charlotte Hardy (20 March 1813 – 1896); married in 1833 Sir John Murray-Macgregor, 3rd Baronet. Lady Hardy had "a kind of love affair on paper" with the poet Lord Byron, a distant relative of hers, in around 1822. Hardy Monument The Hardy Monument is a 72-foot (22 m) high monument erected on Dorset's Black Down hill in 1844 by public subscription in memory of Hardy. Admiral Hardy had lived in nearby Portesham, and his family owned the Portesham estate which stretched from the middle of Portesham to Black Down. The monument's site was chosen because the Hardy family wanted a monument which could be used as a landmark for shipping. The monument has been shown on navigational charts since 1846 and is visible from a distance of 60 miles (97 kilometres). Literary tribute Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration Sir Thomas Hardy. to Richard Evans' portrait, describes aspects of Hardy's career. This was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836 Honours His honours included: Knight Grand Cross of the Bath (GCB) – 13 September 1831 Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB) – 2 January 1815 Baronet – 29 January 1806 References ^ "Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 April 2024. ^ Broadley, p. 12 ^ Hutchins, p. 760 ^ a b c d Laughton, J. K. (2004). "Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12293. Retrieved 13 January 2013. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b Heathcote, p. 77 ^ Broadley, p. 26 ^ a b Heathcote, p. 78 ^ Broadley, p. 27 ^ Broadley, p. 28 ^ Broadley, p. 29 ^ Broadley, p. 32 ^ Heathcote, p. 79 ^ Broadley, p. 36 ^ Heathcote p. 80 ^ Broadley, p. 41 ^ Broadley, p. 42 ^ Broadley, p. 43 ^ Broadley, p. 55 ^ Broadley, p. 61 ^ a b Heathcote p. 81 ^ Broadley, p. 74 ^ Broadley, p. 98 ^ Broadley, p. 108 ^ Broadley, p. 110 ^ Broadley, p. 125 ^ Broadley, p. 138 ^ Broadley, p. 142 ^ a b c Broadley, p. 143 ^ Broadley, p. 146 ^ Hibbert, p. 382 ^ "No. 15881". The London Gazette. 14 January 1806. p. 54. ^ a b "No. 15885". The London Gazette. 28 January 1806. p. 128. ^ Broadley, p. 155 ^ Heathcote, p. 86 ^ Broadley, p. 160 ^ a b Broadley, p. 161 ^ Broadley, p. 164 ^ Ellis, pp. 181–183 ^ Ellis, pp. 186–189 ^ a b "No. 16972". The London Gazette. 4 January 1815. p. 19. ^ Broadley, p. 177 ^ "No. 18141". The London Gazette. 28 May 1825. p. 933. ^ Broadley, p. 199 ^ a b Heathcote, p. 87 ^ Sainty, J C (1975). "'Lord High Admiral and Commissioners of the Admiralty 1660–1870', Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660–1870". pp. 18–31. Retrieved 13 January 2013. ^ a b "No. 18851". The London Gazette. 16 September 1831. p. 1899. ^ "No. 19146". The London Gazette. 15 April 1834. p. 676. ^ "No. 19456". The London Gazette. 10 January 1837. p. 70. ^ Burke's Extinct Baronetcies 1841 ^ Debrett's Baronetage of England 1838 ^ Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle etc (Portsmouth, England), Saturday, 31 August 1850; Issue 2656 ^ McCarthy, Fiona (2003). Byron: Life and Legend. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0571179978. ^ "Hardy monument". Retrieved 12 March 2014. ^ Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1835). "poetical illustration". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836. Fisher, Son & Co.Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1835). "picture". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836. Fisher, Son & Co. Sources Broadley, Alexander (1906). The Three Dorset Captains at Trafalgar. J. Murray. ISBN 978-1146226820. Ellis, James (2009). A Ruinous and Unhappy War: New England and the War of 1812. New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0875866901. Hibbert, Christopher (1994). Nelson A Personal History. Basic Books. ISBN 0-201-40800-7. Hutchins, John (1861). History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset, 3rd edition, II. ASIN B0018KJHLO. Heathcote, Tony (2005). Nelson's Trafalgar Captains and Their Battles. Leo Cooper Ltd. ISBN 978-1844151820. Laughton, John Knox (1890). "Hardy, Thomas Masterman" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Further reading White, Colin (2005). The Trafalgar Captains. Chatham Publishing, London. ISBN 1-86176-247-X. External links Animation of the Battle of Trafalgar Research article on birth place of Thomas Hardy Royal Naval Museum Biography of Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy The Three Dorset Captains at Trafalgar Military offices Preceded bySir George Cockburn First Naval Lord 1830–1834 Succeeded byGeorge Dundas Preceded bySir Richard Keats Governor, Greenwich Hospital 1834–1839 Succeeded bySir Robert Stopford Baronetage of the United Kingdom New creation Baronet(of the Navy) 1806–1839 Extinct Preceded byPrevost baronets Hardy baronets of the Navy 4 February 1806 Succeeded byBromhead baronets vteFirst Sea Lords of the Royal NavySenior Naval Lords (1689–1771) Arthur Herbert Sir John Chicheley Edward Russell Henry Priestman Earl of Orford Sir George Rooke Sir John Leake Sir George Byng Sir John Leake Sir George Byng Matthew Aylmer Sir George Byng Sir John Jennings Sir John Norris Sir Charles Wager Lord Archibald Hamilton Lord Harry Powlett Lord Archibald Hamilton Lord Vere Beauclerk Lord Anson Sir William Rowley Edward Boscawen Sir William Rowley Edward Boscawen John Forbes Earl Howe Sir Charles Saunders Augustus Keppel Sir Peircy Brett Sir Francis Holburne First Naval Lords (1771–1904) Augustus Hervey Sir Hugh Palliser Robert Man George Darby Sir Robert Harland Sir Hugh Pigot John Leveson-Gower Lord Hood Sir Charles Middleton James Gambier Sir Thomas Troubridge James Gambier John Markham James Gambier Sir Richard Bickerton William Domett Sir Joseph Yorke Sir Graham Moore Sir William Johnstone Hope Sir George Cockburn Sir Thomas Hardy The Hon. George Dundas Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir William Parker Sir Charles Adam Sir James Dundas The Hon. Maurice Berkeley Hyde Parker The Hon. Maurice Berkeley The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas William Martin The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas The Hon. Sir Frederick Grey Sir Alexander Milne Sir Sydney Dacres Sir Alexander Milne Sir Hastings Yelverton Sir George Wellesley Sir Astley Key Sir Arthur Hood Lord John Hay Sir Arthur Hood Sir Richard Hamilton Sir Anthony Hoskins Sir Frederick Richards Lord Walter Kerr First Sea Lords (1904–present) Sir John Fisher Sir Arthur Wilson Sir Francis Bridgeman Prince Louis of Battenberg The Lord Fisher Sir Henry Jackson Sir John Jellicoe Sir Rosslyn Wemyss The Earl Beatty Sir Charles Madden, Bt Sir Frederick Field The Lord Chatfield Sir Roger Backhouse Sir Dudley Pound The Lord Cunningham of Hyndhope Sir John Cunningham The Lord Fraser of North Cape Sir Rhoderick McGrigor The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Sir Charles Lambe Sir Caspar John Sir David Luce Sir Varyl Begg Sir Michael Le Fanu Sir Peter Hill-Norton Sir Michael Pollock Sir Edward Ashmore Sir Terence Lewin Sir Henry Leach Sir John Fieldhouse Sir William Staveley Sir Julian Oswald Sir Benjamin Bathurst Sir Jock Slater Sir Michael Boyce Sir Nigel Essenhigh Sir Alan West Sir Jonathon Band Sir Mark Stanhope Sir George Zambellas Sir Philip Jones Sir Antony Radakin Sir Ben Key Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy (Royal Navy officer, died 1732)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy_(Royal_Navy_officer,_died_1732)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vice-Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"GCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape St. Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1797)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile"},{"link_name":"Battle of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars"},{"link_name":"flag captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_captain"},{"link_name":"Lord Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson"},{"link_name":"HMS Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victory"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"First Naval Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sea_Lord"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Thomas Hardy (Royal Navy officer, died 1732).For other people named Thomas Hardy, see Thomas Hardy (disambiguation).Hardy by Richard EvansVice-Admiral Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, 1st Baronet, GCB (5 April 1769 – 20 September 1839) was a British Royal Navy officer. He took part in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent in February 1797, the Battle of the Nile in August 1798 and the Battle of Copenhagen in April 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars. He served as flag captain to Admiral Lord Nelson, and commanded HMS Victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805 during the Napoleonic Wars. Nelson was shot as he paced the decks with Hardy, and as he lay dying, Nelson's famous remark of \"Kiss me, Hardy\" was directed at him. Hardy went on to become First Naval Lord in November 1830 and in that capacity refused to become a Member of Parliament and encouraged the introduction of steam warships.","title":"Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Russell_(manor)"},{"link_name":"Long Bredy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Bredy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Winterborne St Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterborne_St_Martin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-4"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"HMS Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Helena_(1778)"},{"link_name":"Crewkerne Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewkerne_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"HMS Seaford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Seaford_(1754)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HMS Carnatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Carnatic_(1783)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath77-5"}],"text":"Born the second son of Joseph Hardy and Nanny Hardy (née Masterman) at Kingston Russell House in Long Bredy[2] (or according to some sources in Winterborne St Martin),[3][4] Hardy joined the navy with his entry aboard the brig HMS Helena on 30 November 1781 as a captain's servant, but left her in April 1782 to attend Crewkerne Grammar School. During his time at school his name was carried on the books of the sixth-rate HMS Seaford and the third-rate HMS Carnatic.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Hebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_H%C3%A9b%C3%A9_(1782)"},{"link_name":"HMS Tisiphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Tisiphone_(1781)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hunt_(naval_officer,_died_1798)"},{"link_name":"HMS Amphitrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Amphitrite_(1778)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"HMS Meleager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Meleager_(1785)"},{"link_name":"Charles Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tyler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath77-5"},{"link_name":"George Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Cockburn,_10th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"HMS Minerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Minerve_(1794)"},{"link_name":"first lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath78-7"},{"link_name":"Horatio Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson"},{"link_name":"commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(rank)"},{"link_name":"broad pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_pennant"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"action of 19 December 1796","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_19_December_1796"},{"link_name":"HMS Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Blanche_(1786)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath78-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sir John Jervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jervis,_1st_Earl_of_St_Vincent"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Hardy joined the fifth-rate HMS Hebe on 5 February 1790 as a midshipman; he later transferred to the sixth-rate HMS Tisiphone under Captain Anthony Hunt, and then followed Hunt to the sixth-rate HMS Amphitrite in May 1793, going out to the Mediterranean in her.[6] Hardy served off Marseilles and Toulon and was commissioned second lieutenant of the fifth-rate HMS Meleager under Captain Charles Tyler on 10 November 1793.[5]Command of Meleager passed to Captain George Cockburn in June 1794; Cockburn took command of the fifth-rate HMS Minerve in August 1796 and Hardy went with him, subsequently becoming his first lieutenant.[7] Horatio Nelson, then a commodore, moved his broad pennant to Minerve in December 1796.[8] While en route to Gibraltar, in the action of 19 December 1796, Minerve and her consort, the fifth-rate HMS Blanche, engaged two Spanish frigates and forced Santa Sabina to surrender. Lieutenants Hardy and Culverhouse were sent aboard Santa Sabina with a prize crew, and the three ships continued on towards Gibraltar. Before the night was out, Nelson ran into the Spanish fleet and only managed to get away when Hardy drew the Spanish away from Minerve and fought until being dismasted and captured.[7] Hardy and Culverhouse were almost immediately exchanged for the captain of Santa Sabina, Don Jacobo Stuart, and were able to rejoin Minerve at Gibraltar on 9 February 1797.[9]Three days later Minerve left Gibraltar to join the main fleet off the south-east coast of Spain under Sir John Jervis. With two enemy ships pursuing him, Cockburn ordered more sail. During this operation, a topman fell overboard. The ship hove to and a boat with Hardy in it was lowered to search for the missing mariner. As the enemy ships were closing fast, Cockburn thought it prudent to withdraw, but Nelson overruled him crying \"By God, I'll not lose Hardy, back that mizzen topsail!\" This confused the Spaniards who checked their own progress, allowing Hardy to return to his ship and make good his escape.[10]","title":"Mediterranean and Nelson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"master and commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"HMS Mutine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Mutine_(1797)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Thomas Troubridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Troubridge,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath79-12"},{"link_name":"Edward Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Berry"},{"link_name":"HMS Vanguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_(1787)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_Hall_-_blue_plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_893912.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crewkerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewkerne"},{"link_name":"Crewkerne Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewkerne_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"King Ferdinand IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Sir William Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath80-14"},{"link_name":"HMS Foudroyant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Foudroyant_(1798)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"Parthenopean Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"HMS Princess Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Junon_(1786)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Hardy remained with Minerve until May 1797 when, following a successful cutting out expedition of which he was in charge, he was promoted to master and commander of the newly captured corvette HMS Mutine.[11] Under Hardy's command, Mutine joined a squadron under Captain Thomas Troubridge which met up with Nelson off Toulon in June 1798, located Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt and destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of the Nile in August 1798.[12] Afterwards, Nelson's flag captain, Edward Berry was sent home with dispatches and Hardy was promoted to captain of Nelson's flagship, HMS Vanguard, in his place on 2 October 1798.[13]Blue plaque commemorating the former use of the Church Hall at Crewkerne as Crewkerne Grammar School where Hardy was a pupilHMS Vanguard carried King Ferdinand IV and the British ambassador Sir William Hamilton and his wife Emma from Naples to safety in Sicily in December 1798: Hardy did not altogether approve of Lady Hamilton who had once tried to intervene on behalf of a boat's crew – Hardy had the crew flogged twice, once for the original offence and again for petitioning the lady.[14] Nelson transferred his flag to the third-rate HMS Foudroyant on 8 June 1799, taking Hardy with him.[15] In June 1799, the main fleet, led by Foudroyant, landed marines at Naples to assist with the overthrow of the Parthenopean Republic so allowing Ferdinand's kingdom to be re-established.[16] Hardy handed over command of Foudroyant to Sir Edward Berry on 13 October 1799, transferred to the fifth-rate HMS Princess Charlotte and returned to England.[17]","title":"Command and the Nile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plymouth Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport"},{"link_name":"HMS San Josef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_San_Josef_(1797)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"HMS St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_St_George_(1785)"},{"link_name":"flag captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_captain"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_people"},{"link_name":"League of Armed Neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality"},{"link_name":"Battle of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)"},{"link_name":"HMS Agamemnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Agamemnon_(1781)"},{"link_name":"HMS Bellona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bellona_(1760)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath81-20"},{"link_name":"Charles Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Pole,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"HMS Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Isis_(1774)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"After a year ashore, Hardy went to Plymouth Dock in December 1800 to take command of the first-rate HMS San Josef, which had just been refitted.[18] He transferred to the second-rate HMS St George and became Nelson's flag captain once more in February 1801.[19] Nelson was appointed second in command of the Baltic fleet, which had been sent to force the Danes to withdraw from the League of Armed Neutrality. On the night of 1 April 1801, Hardy was sent in a boat to take soundings around the anchored Danish fleet. Hardy's ship drew too much water and so took no part in the Battle of Copenhagen the following day, though his work proved to be of great value. The only two ships that went aground, the third-rates HMS Agamemnon and HMS Bellona, were taken in by local pilots and did not follow Hardy's recommended route.[20] Hardy stayed on as flag captain to the new fleet commander, Vice-Admiral Charles Pole, until August 1801 when he took command of the fourth-rate HMS Isis.[21]","title":"Baltic and Copenhagen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Amphion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Amphion_(1798)"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"HMS Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victory"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Spithead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spithead"},{"link_name":"Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"George Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Murray_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1759)"},{"link_name":"captain of the fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_of_the_fleet"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath81-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1822).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(painting)"},{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"England expects that every man will do his duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty"},{"link_name":"Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victory"}],"text":"In July 1802, Hardy was appointed to the fifth-rate HMS Amphion which after taking the new British ambassador to Lisbon, returned to Portsmouth.[22] Nelson was in Portsmouth, as he was due to hoist his flag in the first-rate HMS Victory in May 1803, but on finding the ship not ready for him, transferred his flag to the Amphion and set sail for the Mediterranean.[23] Nelson and Hardy finally transferred to Victory off Toulon on 31 July 1803.[24] Nelson's fleet continued to blockade Toulon until April 1805, when the French escaped and were pursued to the West Indies and back.[25] After a brief stop at Spithead between 20 August and 14 September 1805, they set sail for Cádiz arriving on 29 September 1805.[26] George Murray, Nelson's captain of the fleet, was obliged to remain in England and Hardy unofficially replaced him in addition to serving as flag captain.[20]The Battle of Trafalgar by J. M. W. Turner (oil on canvas, 1822–1824) shows the last three letters of the famous signal, \"England expects that every man will do his duty\" flying from Victory.","title":"Mediterranean and West Indies Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadley143-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadley143-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadley143-28"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sir George Grey, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_grave_of_Sir_Thomas_Masterman_Hardy,_Greenwich_Hospital_Cemetery,_London.jpg"}],"text":"As Victory approached the enemy line on the morning of 21 October 1805, Hardy urged Nelson to transfer to another ship to avoid the inevitable melee, but Nelson refused. Victory, leading the weather column, came under heavy fire in the opening stages of the Battle of Trafalgar. At one point, a splinter took the buckle from Hardy's shoe, to which Nelson remarked, \"This is too warm work Hardy, to last for long\".[27] Hardy was with Nelson when he was shot and, towards the end of the battle, as Nelson lay below dying, the two had a number of conversations together. Hardy was able to tell Nelson that 14 or 15 enemy ships had struck their flags: Nelson replied that he had \"bargained for 20\".[28] In their last conversation, Nelson reminded Hardy to anchor the fleet.[28] Nelson went on to say \"take care of my dear Lady Hamilton, Hardy, take care of poor Lady Hamilton\" and then when the moment came for the two men to part for the last time, Nelson then very close to death, asked Hardy to kiss him. Hardy kissed him on the cheek; \"Now I am satisfied,\" said Nelson, \"Thank God I have done my duty\". Hardy stood up and then having spent a few moments looking down silently at his friend, knelt and kissed him again on the forehead. \"Who is that?\" asked Nelson, now barely able to see. \"It is Hardy\" Hardy replied. \"God bless you Hardy\" was Nelson's last response.[28] Victory was towed to Gibraltar, arriving on 28 October 1805, where she underwent major repairs, before setting set sail for England on 4 November 1805 and arriving at Portsmouth on 5 December 1805.[29] There Nelson's body was transferred to the Sheerness Commissioner, Sir George Grey, 1st Baronet's yacht Chatham to proceed to Greenwich.[30] Hardy carried one of the banners at Nelson's funeral procession on 9 January 1806.[31]The gravestone of Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Greenwich Hospital Cemetery, London (telephoto)","title":"Trafalgar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lg15885-32"},{"link_name":"HMS Triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Triumph_(1764)"},{"link_name":"North American Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Sir George Cranfield Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cranfield_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath86-34"},{"link_name":"HMS Barfleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Barfleur_(1768)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadley161-36"},{"link_name":"HMS Ramillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ramillies_(1785)"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadley161-36"},{"link_name":"Andrew Pilkington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pilkington"},{"link_name":"Fort Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sullivan_(Maine)"},{"link_name":"Eastport, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastport,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Stonington, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonington,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lg16972-40"},{"link_name":"HMS Princess Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMS_Kronprindsens_Lystfregat_(1785)"},{"link_name":"commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(rank)"},{"link_name":"South America Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Station"},{"link_name":"broad pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_pennant"},{"link_name":"HMS Superb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Superb_(1798)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadley177-41"}],"text":"Hardy was created a baronet on 29 January 1806[32] and was given command of the third-rate HMS Triumph on the North American Station in May 1806.[33] While in Nova Scotia, he married Anna Louisa Berkeley, the daughter of his commander-in-chief, Sir George Cranfield Berkeley.[34] When Admiral Berkeley was sent to Lisbon, Hardy went with him as his flag captain in the second-rate HMS Barfleur.[35] Hardy was made a commodore in the Portuguese Navy in 1811.[36]In August 1812, Hardy was given command of the third-rate HMS Ramillies and was sent back to North America at the outbreak of the War of 1812.[36] On 11 July 1814, Hardy in his flagship, assisted by Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Pilkington, led four other warships and several transports carrying 2,000 men of the 102nd Regiment of Foot and a company of Royal Artillery against Fort Sullivan in Eastport, Maine.[37] The American defending force of 70 regulars and 250 militiamen gave up without a fight. Hardy and Pilkington issued a proclamation making it clear Great Britain considered Eastport and the several nearby islands to be British territory. Townspeople were required to take an oath of allegiance to the crown or leave. Two-thirds of the inhabitants took the oath, while 500 departed. For the few weeks he remained at the place, Hardy became a favourite of the locals, gaining great respect and popularity.[38] However, Hardy's next venture, the 9–11 August bombardment of Stonington, Connecticut was a defeat; Royal Navy cannonading set 20 buildings on fire while killing a horse and a goose, while reports indicate the sizeable American defending force killed 21 and wounded 50 British attackers.[39] Hardy was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815.[40]Hardy was given command of the royal yacht HMS Princess Augusta in July 1816 and, then having been promoted to commodore, became Commander-in-Chief on the South America Station, hoisting his broad pennant in third-rate HMS Superb in August 1819, with a mission to prevent the Spanish from interfering in the newly emerging republics of Mexico, Colombia and Argentina.[41]","title":"Later commands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rear admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"HMS Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Wellesley_(1815)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"HMS Sybille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_frigate_Sibylle_(1791)"},{"link_name":"HMS Pyramus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Pyramus_(1801)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath87-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hardy%27s_Monument_-_geograph.org.uk_-_931885.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Down, Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Down,_Dorset"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Hardy_monument,_Royal_Naval_College_Chapel,_Greenwich_Hospital.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Behnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Behnes"},{"link_name":"First Naval Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sea_Lord"},{"link_name":"Grey ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Government_1830%E2%80%931834"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sainty-45"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lg18851-46"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-4"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital,_London"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"vice admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-4"},{"link_name":"National Maritime Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-4"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heath87-44"}],"text":"Promoted to rear admiral on 27 May 1825,[42] Hardy hoisted his flag aboard the third-rate HMS Wellesley and escorted 4,000 British troops to Lisbon, where they helped to quell a revolution by the eight-year-old queen's uncle in December 1826.[43] He was subsequently given command of an experimental squadron in the Channel, moving his flag from the fifth-rate HMS Sybille to the sixth-rate HMS Pyramus before going ashore for the last time on 21 October 1827.[44]Hardy's monument on Black Down, Dorset.Memorial to Hardy by William Behnes in the Old Royal Naval College chapel at Greenwich.Hardy became First Naval Lord in the Grey ministry in November 1830[45] and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 13 September 1831.[46] As first Naval Lord he refused to become a Member of Parliament and encouraged the introduction of steam warships.[4] He resigned in August 1834 to become Governor of Greenwich Hospital.[47] Hardy was promoted to vice admiral on 10 January 1837.[48]He died at Greenwich on 20 September 1839.[4] He is buried in the officers vault in Greenwich Hospital Cemetery, just west of National Maritime Museum. The grave lies in the enclosed railed area of the now mainly cleared graveyard, which now serves as a pocket park.[4] The baronetcy became extinct on his death.[44]","title":"Flag rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Cranfield Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cranfield_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Sandleford Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandleford"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Sir John Murray-Macgregor, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Murray-Macgregor,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"On 17 November 1807 Hardy married Louisa Emily Anna Berkeley, daughter of Admiral Sir George Cranfield Berkeley; they had three daughters:[49][50]Louisa Georgina Hardy (7 December 1808 – 1875).\nEmily Georgina Hardy (30 December 1809 – 8 April 1887); married in 1850 William Pollett Brown Chatteris (1810–1889), of Sandleford Priory, Berkshire.[51]\nMary Charlotte Hardy (20 March 1813 – 1896); married in 1833 Sir John Murray-Macgregor, 3rd Baronet.Lady Hardy had \"a kind of love affair on paper\" with the poet Lord Byron, a distant relative of hers, in around 1822.[52]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hardy Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Monument"},{"link_name":"monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Black Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Down,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Portesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portesham"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"The Hardy Monument is a 72-foot (22 m) high monument erected on Dorset's Black Down hill in 1844 by public subscription in memory of Hardy. Admiral Hardy had lived in nearby Portesham, and his family owned the Portesham estate which stretched from the middle of Portesham to Black Down. The monument's site was chosen because the Hardy family wanted a monument which could be used as a landmark for shipping. The monument has been shown on navigational charts since 1846 and is visible from a distance of 60 miles (97 kilometres).[53]","title":"Hardy Monument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Letitia Elizabeth Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1836/Sir_Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration Sir Thomas Hardy. to Richard Evans' portrait, describes aspects of Hardy's career. This was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836[54]","title":"Literary tribute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lg18851-46"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lg16972-40"},{"link_name":"Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lg15885-32"}],"text":"His honours included:Knight Grand Cross of the Bath (GCB) – 13 September 1831[46]\nKnight Commander of the Bath (KCB) – 2 January 1815[40]\nBaronet – 29 January 1806[32]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Three Dorset Captains at Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/threedorsetcapta00broa#page/12/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1146226820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1146226820"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0875866901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875866901"},{"link_name":"Hibbert, Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-201-40800-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-40800-7"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B0018KJHLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B0018KJHLO"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1844151820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844151820"},{"link_name":"\"Hardy, Thomas Masterman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hardy,_Thomas_Masterman"},{"link_name":"Stephen, Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"}],"text":"Broadley, Alexander (1906). The Three Dorset Captains at Trafalgar. J. Murray. ISBN 978-1146226820.\nEllis, James (2009). A Ruinous and Unhappy War: New England and the War of 1812. New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0875866901.\nHibbert, Christopher (1994). Nelson A Personal History. Basic Books. ISBN 0-201-40800-7.\nHutchins, John (1861). History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset, 3rd edition, II. ASIN B0018KJHLO.\nHeathcote, Tony (2005). Nelson's Trafalgar Captains and Their Battles. Leo Cooper Ltd. ISBN 978-1844151820.\nLaughton, John Knox (1890). \"Hardy, Thomas Masterman\" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White, Colin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_White_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86176-247-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-247-X"}],"text":"White, Colin (2005). The Trafalgar Captains. Chatham Publishing, London. ISBN 1-86176-247-X.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Hardy by Richard Evans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thomas_Hardy_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16914.jpg/220px-Thomas_Hardy_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16914.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blue plaque commemorating the former use of the Church Hall at Crewkerne as Crewkerne Grammar School where Hardy was a pupil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Church_Hall_-_blue_plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_893912.jpg/200px-Church_Hall_-_blue_plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_893912.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Battle of Trafalgar by J. M. W. Turner (oil on canvas, 1822–1824) shows the last three letters of the famous signal, \"England expects that every man will do his duty\" flying from Victory.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/200px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The gravestone of Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Greenwich Hospital Cemetery, London (telephoto)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_grave_of_Sir_Thomas_Masterman_Hardy%2C_Greenwich_Hospital_Cemetery%2C_London.jpg/150px-The_grave_of_Sir_Thomas_Masterman_Hardy%2C_Greenwich_Hospital_Cemetery%2C_London.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hardy's monument on Black Down, Dorset.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hardy%27s_Monument_-_geograph.org.uk_-_931885.jpg/200px-Hardy%27s_Monument_-_geograph.org.uk_-_931885.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial to Hardy by William Behnes in the Old Royal Naval College chapel at Greenwich.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sir_Thomas_Hardy_monument%2C_Royal_Naval_College_Chapel%2C_Greenwich_Hospital.jpg/200px-Sir_Thomas_Hardy_monument%2C_Royal_Naval_College_Chapel%2C_Greenwich_Hospital.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/75px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Baronet\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Thomas-Masterman-Hardy-Baronet","url_text":"\"Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Baronet\""}]},{"reference":"Laughton, J. K. (2004). \"Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12293. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12293?docPos=1","url_text":"\"Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12293","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/12293"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15881\". The London Gazette. 14 January 1806. p. 54.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15881/page/54","url_text":"\"No. 15881\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 15885\". The London Gazette. 28 January 1806. p. 128.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15885/page/128","url_text":"\"No. 15885\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16972\". The London Gazette. 4 January 1815. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16972/page/19","url_text":"\"No. 16972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18141\". The London Gazette. 28 May 1825. p. 933.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18141/page/933","url_text":"\"No. 18141\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Sainty, J C (1975). \"'Lord High Admiral and Commissioners of the Admiralty 1660–1870', Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660–1870\". pp. 18–31. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=16652","url_text":"\"'Lord High Admiral and Commissioners of the Admiralty 1660–1870', Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660–1870\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18851\". The London Gazette. 16 September 1831. p. 1899.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18851/page/1899","url_text":"\"No. 18851\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19146\". The London Gazette. 15 April 1834. p. 676.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19146/page/676","url_text":"\"No. 19146\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19456\". The London Gazette. 10 January 1837. p. 70.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19456/page/70","url_text":"\"No. 19456\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Fiona (2003). Byron: Life and Legend. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0571179978.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571179978","url_text":"978-0571179978"}]},{"reference":"\"Hardy monument\". Retrieved 12 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/hardy-monument/","url_text":"\"Hardy monument\""}]},{"reference":"Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1835). \"poetical illustration\". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836. Fisher, Son & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2dBbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA92","url_text":"Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836"}]},{"reference":"Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1835). \"picture\". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836. Fisher, Son & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2dBbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA95","url_text":"Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836"}]},{"reference":"Broadley, Alexander (1906). The Three Dorset Captains at Trafalgar. J. Murray. ISBN 978-1146226820.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/threedorsetcapta00broa#page/12/mode/2up","url_text":"The Three Dorset Captains at Trafalgar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1146226820","url_text":"978-1146226820"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, James (2009). A Ruinous and Unhappy War: New England and the War of 1812. New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0875866901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875866901","url_text":"978-0875866901"}]},{"reference":"Hibbert, Christopher (1994). Nelson A Personal History. Basic Books. ISBN 0-201-40800-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert","url_text":"Hibbert, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-40800-7","url_text":"0-201-40800-7"}]},{"reference":"Hutchins, John (1861). History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset, 3rd edition, II. ASIN B0018KJHLO.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0018KJHLO","url_text":"B0018KJHLO"}]},{"reference":"Heathcote, Tony (2005). Nelson's Trafalgar Captains and Their Battles. Leo Cooper Ltd. ISBN 978-1844151820.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844151820","url_text":"978-1844151820"}]},{"reference":"Laughton, John Knox (1890). \"Hardy, Thomas Masterman\" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hardy,_Thomas_Masterman","url_text":"\"Hardy, Thomas Masterman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"White, Colin (2005). The Trafalgar Captains. Chatham Publishing, London. ISBN 1-86176-247-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_White_(historian)","url_text":"White, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-247-X","url_text":"1-86176-247-X"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Thomas-Masterman-Hardy-Baronet","external_links_name":"\"Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Baronet\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12293?docPos=1","external_links_name":"\"Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12293","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/12293"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15881/page/54","external_links_name":"\"No. 15881\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15885/page/128","external_links_name":"\"No. 15885\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16972/page/19","external_links_name":"\"No. 16972\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18141/page/933","external_links_name":"\"No. 18141\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=16652","external_links_name":"\"'Lord High Admiral and Commissioners of the Admiralty 1660–1870', Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660–1870\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18851/page/1899","external_links_name":"\"No. 18851\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19146/page/676","external_links_name":"\"No. 19146\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19456/page/70","external_links_name":"\"No. 19456\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/hardy-monument/","external_links_name":"\"Hardy monument\""},{"Link":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2dBbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA92","external_links_name":"Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836"},{"Link":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2dBbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA95","external_links_name":"Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/threedorsetcapta00broa#page/12/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Three Dorset Captains at Trafalgar"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0018KJHLO","external_links_name":"B0018KJHLO"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hardy,_Thomas_Masterman","external_links_name":"\"Hardy, Thomas Masterman\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010530211857/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/searchbin/searchs.pl?flashy=et1740z&flash=true","external_links_name":"Animation of the Battle of Trafalgar"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040102/http://www.martinstown.co.uk/WEBSITE/VILLAGE/WHO/admiralhardy.htm","external_links_name":"Research article on birth place of Thomas Hardy"},{"Link":"http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_thomas_hardy.htm","external_links_name":"Royal Naval Museum Biography of Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/threedorsetcapta00broa","external_links_name":"The Three Dorset Captains at Trafalgar"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1640459/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1990465","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMkdQWx7jMvdYrvhRkDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2006008778","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68p641k","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softon	List of Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo characters	["1 Main characters","1.1 Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo","1.2 Beauty","1.3 Don Patch","1.4 Gasser","1.5 Jelly Jiggler","2 Secondary characters","2.1 Softon","2.2 Dengakuman","2.3 Hatenko","2.4 Torpedo Girl","3 Villains","3.1 Czar Baldy Bald IV","3.2 Captain Battleship","3.3 Kittypoo","3.4 OVER","3.5 Halekulani","3.6 Giga","3.7 Czar Baldy Bald the III","4 Others","5 References"]	The universe of the manga and anime series Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo is a home to a wide array of fictional characters. This article will lay out all the characters contained in this universe, and categorize them into the type of character they are in the series. Main characters Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo Voiced by: Takehito Koyasu (Japanese); Richard Epcar (English) Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo (ボボボーボ・ボーボボ, Bobobōbo Bōbobo) is the main protagonist and title character. Bo-bobo is an eccentric man with bodybuilder sized muscles and a giant, yellow, spherical afro. He fights the forces of evil using his nose hair calling it his "Fist of the Nose Hair" and "Snot Fo-You" technique. He is 27 years old. It is unclear what race he is, or if he is even human. It was never fully explained in the show. His father was a hair ball like creature. His birthday differs between the manga and the anime; the manga lists his birthday as April 1, while the anime claims his birthday to Beauty Voiced by: Ai Nonaka (Japanese); Philece Sampler (English) Beauty (ビュティ, Byuti) is the female heroine of Bo-bobo's group and usually the only girl when Torpedo Girl or Suzu are not around. A stereotypical teenage manga heroine, she is one of the few sane characters who is the first to join Bo-bobo and was the only citizen to still have hair after the attack of the town she lived in. She initially wanted to join Bo-bobo because she sought a life of adventure. Bo-bobo let her join him, but rejected Pickles stating that he didn't like him, at the same time. She has loving feelings for Gasser after he rescued her, but doesn't say anything about them. She is often exasperated by Bo-bobo's odd behavior or the behavior or actions of others, usually with the same face. She's the only person in the group that doesn't fight, but still criticizes the others' fighting styles. There are a few rare occurrences where she was forced to fight to defend herself, but it's only when Bo-bobo isn't around to protect her and at the last minute someone would come and save her. Beauty worries about her friends' safety and finds them as her own family and though finds Bo-bobo crazy she idolizes him greatly. She seems to be a random girl who joins Bo-bobo's group till Softon is "revealed" to be her brother; inferring that she may have powers of her own or is descended from a powerful bloodline. By the end of the series, she is traveling the world with Heppokomaru/Gasser. Don Patch Voiced by: Masaya Onosaka (Japanese); Kirk Thornton (English) Don Patch (首領パッチ, Don Patchi), Poppa Rocks in the English manga, is the original leader (or "don") of the "Wiggin Gang" ("Hajikegumi" in Japan), a group of rebels who oppose Czar Baldy Bald IV. Don Patch has henchmen named Lil' Rocks (in the English manga), or Ko Patch. He quits the Wiggin Gang claiming that they never gave him space, but really so he could wig out more with Bo-bobo. He is extremely narcissistic, and demands to be the center of attention; this leads him to hold a grudge against Beauty believing he should be the "heroine" of the show. Don Patch also has a wide variety of personas that he switches into, including a female one named "Patches." Gasser Voiced by: Naomi Shindo (Japanese); Brad MacDonald (English) Gasser (ヘッポコ丸, Heppokomaru) - Gasser is the quiet but sensible teenage hero of Bo-bobo's group. He has short, spiky white hair with short bangs and Yellow/Gold eyes and also has gold earrings. Gasser is 161 centimeters (5 feet 3 inches) tall and weighs 50 and 55 kilograms (110 and 121 pounds). The "heppoko" in his Japanese name means "untrained", while "maru" is a common name suffix for a samurai or other type of warrior. He uses "True Fart Fist" (Onara Shinken) as his martial art style, known in the English dub as "The Fist of The Back Wind". After his hometown, PuuPuu City, was destroyed by Captain Battleship and his Hair Hunt troopers, Gasser began secretly following Bo-bobo, whom he hoped would help get his revenge on Battleship, briefly breaking from his trail to literally save the hair of a kidnapped Beauty. Gasser followed them to C-Block Base where he once again saved Beauty, and after Wall Man's defeat joined the team, but he rarely is seen fighting. He is actually mostly seen punching someone. When the collar around his neck is removed, his Fist's power increases dramatically, but his personality reverts to that of an infant. He is another "sane" person among the group like Beauty, though he sometimes joins Bo-bobo in his antics or acts oddly on his own. Also like Beauty, he admires Bo-bobo from the sidelines and refers to him as "Mr. Bo-bobo". Like Beauty, Gasser gets shocked if someone does something stupid. Jelly Jiggler Voiced by: Keiichi Sonobe (Japanese); Jamieson Price (English) Jelly Jiggler, known in the Japanese versions as Tokoro Tennosuke (ところ天の助) the captain of the A Block division of Hair Hunters (or "Hair Hunter Troop A") also uses the fighting style "Shivering True Fist" (Purupuru Shinken). In the English dub, it is known as the "Fist of the Wobble-Wobble" and in the English manga, it is called "Shakey-Shake Fist". By the time he officially joins Bo-bobo's team, he possesses a handkerchief with the Japanese hiragana for "Nu" (ぬ) written all over it (ぬのハンカチ Nu no hankachi, the "handkerchief of 'nu'", known in English dub as "the Lucky Hanky" ) which he uses to wipe away tears at first, but eventually leads to an all-out "nu" obsession (By contrast he utterly despises the hiragana character "ne" !) He's used as a shield by Bo-bobo constantly, but always bounces back (due to his ability to regenerate himself). His Japanese name is a pun on "tokoroten", a type of jelly made from agar, thus his ability to shape himself into any form. Secondary characters Softon Voiced by: Hikaru Midorikawa (Japanese); Joey Lotsko (English) Softon (ソフトン, Sofuton) is one of a few characters who consistently maintains sane behavior. Softon's head resembles soft serve ice cream (hence his name). He was the guardian of the "Jet Black Room" of C-Block's "Aitsuhage Tower". Softon uses "Babylon Shinken" (in the English dub, he fights by channeling the power of "the Goddess Blabs-A-Lot"). The shape of his head also resembles the typical manga depiction of feces. In promotional color artwork for the manga, his head is colored brown, whereas in the anime it is colored pink (which is not a U.S. TV edit). It is later revealed that this isn't his real face but a mask used to control his powers (similar to Gasser's collar). In the series, Softon allies with Bo-bobo's team after Beauty is kidnapped, but doesn't officially join until the battle with Halekulani. In many episodes, Softon's "poop" jokes are directly copied from the manga, but put in the context of ice cream. Later, against Lambada, Softon reveals he was given the power of the Black Sun by J and combines it with Goddess Blabs-A-Lot. In the anime he is shown to have a locket with a picture of a brown haired boy and Beauty (he dismisses it, saying "Why do i have this? I don't have any kids"). Later, during a battle in the Hair Kingdom against a Blabs-a-Lot assassin, it is finally revealed that he is Beauty's older brother, explaining the connection he consistently has to her. He is also the mascot of an ice cream shop. Dengakuman Voiced by: Tomoko Kaneda (Japanese); Donn A. Nordean (English) Dengakuman (田楽マン) is the "cute mascot character" of Bo-bobo. The name is connected to "Dengaku", a snack food consisting of grilled tofu dipped in miso on a stick, which is his favorite food. At one time the little white guy was the head of the Z-Block, the most powerful of the Hair Hunting blocks. His major concerns in life are making people eat dengaku and making as many friends as possible. Though he gains friends, some of them ignore him. Bo-bobo and friends taught Dengakuman the true meaning of friendship and Dengakuman repaid them by saving their lives with Super Dengaku Punch in the OVER arc. Soon he became their friend and joined the team. He is a white super deformed creature with a pointy head with a ball attached to his head and bears a strong resemblance to the Pillsbury Doughboy. His trademark line, "We'll / I'll make 'em eat grilled tofu dipped in miso on a stick!" is a pun much of the American demographic won't understand, but is still used in the English-language anime nonetheless. Dengakuman can be violent but often he is portrayed as being an extremely weak character. Dengakuman actually claims that he is a dog, but he was only raised by dogs. Dengakuman can fuse with Bo-bobo to create a magical blonde popstar named Denbo; they become Super Denbo-chan if Dengakuman fuses with Super Bo-bobo. Hatenko Voiced by: Daisuke Kishio (Japanese); Jason Palmer (English) Hatenko (破天荒, Hatenkō) is a member of Don Patch's 'Hajikegumi' gang. A common mistranslation lists him as Don Patch's godson. His name means "unprecedented" and he wields the "Kagi Shinken" ("Fist of the Key"). Like Bo-bobo, he is one of the few survivors from the Kingdom of Hair. He attacks enemies with keys and is obsessed with the courage and actions of his "boss", Don Patch. (In the English dub, he calls him "The Don") . Hatenko was first found in the desert after being dumped by Torpedo Girl. He was then rescued by the KoPatches and was brought back to Don Patch (who was frying on a pan). From that moment on, he joined the Wiggin Gang. Before then, Hatenko first met with Torpedo Girl right after betraying the J-Block Base that he once worked with. Hatenko briefly joins Bo-bobo's group, then leaves to migrate with his "family" to find food at baseball stadiums, but he really left so he could find someone to cure the curse mark OVER gave him. Towards the climax of the series, Hatenko finally confronts Bo-bobo towards his true mission: returning to the Hair Kingdom to put a stop to his own evil brothers: Bababa-ba Ba-baba and 'Bibibi-bi Bi-bibi. While both he and one of Bo-bobo's brothers, Bebebe-be Be-bebe are seemingly killed during the final showdown with Bi-bibi, both of them are seen as ghosts assisting Bo-bobo as he partakes in his final showdown. Revived after the last battle, he decides to go into outer space at the end of Part 1, choosing to continue searching for Ba-baba. Torpedo Girl Voiced by: Hiromi Nishikawa (Japanese); Melodee Spevack (English) Torpedo Girl (魚雷ガール, Gyorai Gāru) is a powerful, unpredictable force not even Bo-bobo and his Wiggins quite understand when she first appears. Compared to her "other half" Over, she is a living female torpedo with human arms and legs. Furthermore, compared to the patient anger held by the human form, she gets annoyed by even the slightest of comments, immediately responding by making her bomb-like body fly towards her opponent and smashing into them with intense force. Even if she explodes, she will reassemble instantly. Unlike Over, she is actually 28 years old. It is unknown why she is 28 and Over is three years younger. Villains Czar Baldy Bald IV Voiced by: Taiki Matsuno (Japanese); Terrence Stone (English) Tsuru Tsurulina IV (ツル・ツルリーナ4世) / Smoothie IV (Viz manga) / Czar Baldy Bald IV (English dub) is the leader of the "Chrome Dome Empire" (マルハゲ帝国 "Maruhage Empire", lit. baldshaven empire, though the anime changes this from the "Margarita Empire" similar to the drink Margarita). His Japanese name is a Japanese onomatopoeia for something slippery. The Fourth seems easily in control of his empire at the start of the series, but he slowly loses his authority as Bo-bobo and his allies take out his forces, from the Hair Hunters to his "Four Heavenly Kings" to even his prison island of Cyber City. Eventually, he further lost his grip as he was forced by Hair Hunters cryogenically frozen one-hundred years ago to release their leaders to take over this new era. As much as he hated doing this, the Fourth eventually decided this as the only way to keep his hold on power and defeat Bo-bobo. But when even this fell, the Fourth decided to enact his greatest plan: the "New Emperor Playoff", where all of the most powerful warriors of the empire were gathered together in a battle to determine the next emperor. His plan: let all of his enemies take each other out, allowing for him to regain his grip on power. But what he doesn't expect is Hydrate of the Reverse Maruhage Empire taking over his tourney, using it to become emperor himself! The scared emperor bolts away knowing this, basically abdicating the throne and entering an early retirement alongside Mako-chan and Octopus Carl. Czar Baldy Bald also appears on the dollar bills of Halekulani. He is undoubtedly the weakest of his empire shown as a cowardly strategist and was the primary villain until the Reverse Maruhage Empire (Shadow Chrome Dome Empire) arc. He is 42 yrs. old. Captain Battleship Voiced by: Ryūzaburō Ōtomo (Japanese); Paul St. Peter (English) Captain Battleship (軍艦 Gunkan) is the first of the Chrome Dome Empire Big Four, under Czar Baldy-Bald. He is also Bo-bobo's former friend and sworn rival. This regent-haired, white bearded fighter had also been trained in the Fist of the Nose Hair alongside Bo-bobo in the Hair Kingdom, but turned against his afro-haired friend when Bo-bobo was chosen as the Seventh Master of the Fist of the Nose Hair by their teacher (a juice can). Bo-bobo was chosen over Battleship because Captain Battleship was not a citizen of the Hair Kingdom. Captain Battleship controls his vast military forces from the "Pomade Ring", a sky fortress flying over the destroyed Puppu City (Gasser's hometown). He uses his own style of "Fist of the Nosehair" as well as fights with weird antics, similarly to Bo-bobo. While most of the attacks are his own, his ultimate attack, "Armaggedon", has him calling up the Earth Defense Forces to attack for him. He finally falls after trying to apologize to Bo-bobo for abandoning his friend for his own personal gains, only to face Bo-bobo's anger for acting like a baby. The next time Bo-bobo and company saw him, he was being punished for his failure by OVER. He was the first one to discover Beauty and Gasser's feelings for each other, and taunts and exploits Gasser due to it. He participated in the new emperor playoffs but lost and, thanks to Bo-bobo, barely escaped death. It seems that he is the longest lasting of the Chrome Dome Big Four. As a Fist of Nosehair user, he is bound to be a little weird (turning into an octopus, blowing up his own ship, have a bad knowledge of numbers). Like Bo-bobo, he is 27 years old. He inexplicably makes an appearance with the main characters in both the first opening and ending sequence of the anime. Kittypoo Voiced by: Yasuhiro Takato (Japanese); Liam O'Brien (English) Kittypoo (プルプー, Purupu) is a horned cat-faced creature who is also the second of the Chrome Dome Empire Big 4. He fights like the Dragon Ball villain Freeza, to the point of flying around in a craft and mercilessly eliminating his enemies just like the famed manga tyrant. According to him, he's so powerful that even his servants Chocolate Munchie and Lemon Fizz are stronger than Captain Battleship. However, he is easily defeated by Don Patch shortly after he is introduced in both the anime and the manga. He is a participant in the New Emperor Playoffs, and is used as a sacrifice by the Reverse Maruhage. Kittypoo is best described as a reserved tyrant who is very polite despite his lust to kill. He is very strategic, as he learned all of Bo-bobo's weaknesses and strengths. He is the only Heavenly King to have no major arc in the series with his defeat coming between Bo-bobo meeting Hatenko and the blond's invitation to the Evil House of Blood, allowing him to watch his "boss" Don Patch defeat Kittypoo. His bodyguards include Chocolate Bar, Lemonade Fizz, and Curry. OVER Voiced by: Tomokazu Sugita (Japanese); Liam O'Brien (English) OVER (オーバー, Ōbā) is the ruthless third member of Chrome Dome Empire Big 4, the four elite members of Czar Baldy Bald the Fourth's Hair Hunting corp. Unlike many Hair Hunters outside those seen much earlier in the series, OVER takes his job of ripping the hair out of the subjects of the Maruhage Empire extremely seriously and will treat all in his gaze as prey. This harshness for his job includes the treatment of his own teammates, as seen by his scalping of both Gunkan and Kitty Poo after their failures against Bo-bobo and the Hajike rebels. Although OVER can and will attack with little or no notice, he mostly controls his hair hunting activities from an ancient Japanese castle, where he controls a platoon of various ninja-like warriors including The Ultimate Five Assassins, who themselves are known for their stealth and abilities. Halekulani Voiced by: Shinichiro Miki (Japanese); Joe Cappelletti (English) Halekulani (ハレクラニ) is the last and the strongest of Czar Baldy Bald's Chrome Dome Empire Big 4. He is the owner of the Holy Guacamole Land amusement park. His main attack style is the Fist of Gorgeousness. This involves the control and manipulation of all monetary items, from coins to paper money to precious jewels. One of the most devastating of these attacks include wrapping his opponent with paper bills to transform them into what they are worth. He can also send opponents into a world based on the board game sugoroku and power up his "Gorgeous Shinken"(ゴージャス真拳 Super Fist of Gorgeousness in the dub) abilities by fusing with the many precious gems he can collect all over his armor. His personality is more realistic then the rest of the Big 4, not making a big deal of the intruders and giving the impression of a bored trillionaire. He even begins to doze off as Bo-bobo and his allies struggle to reach him to fight. He has been shown to be cruel as he told a soldier to make the slaves work harder till they made a millions worth of money. He is obsessed with money, even to the point he can insane saying money repeatedly in a crazed stance. He later becomes a key ally in the fight against the Reverse Maruhage Empire after losing to Crimson and LOVE in the new emperor playoffs. Halekulani mentions he was a man with a difficult choice 20 years ago, a man named Czar Baldy-Bald the 4th decided to help him by giving him what would define his life. During those years, he eventually got bored and left the Empire. Halekulani eventually returned to his boring career as head of Holy Guacamole amusement park and find a future friend in Bo-bobo. Halekulani manipulates his money much like how Gaara from Naruto manipulates his sand, using his own will. He also makes his first appearance bathing in money. Giga Voiced by: Tomokazu Seki (Japanese); David Lodge (English) Giga (ギガ) is the leader of the prison island of Cyber City, the most powerful district of the Bald Empire, and Czar Baldy Bald's right-hand man (though this could be seen as blackmailing). His main ability is the power of "Obuje Shinken" (Fist of Objects オブジエ真拳, dub: "Fist of Object D'Art"), which allows for the creation of pieces of art that he uses to attack. This ability also allows him to transform enemies, particularly those with "Shinken" abilities, into art both for his collection and to assist him in powering up upon breaking them. After absorbing many of his creations, he is able to transform into "Super Giga", which has more powerful armor and much longer pigtailed hair. Bo-bobo finally puts a stop to him with the ultimate powers of "Hanage Shinken". He is also a participant in the new emperor playoffs, where he is crushed off-screen by Crimson, and he gets beaten by Hiragi in Shinsetsu Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo. He is 34 yrs. old. He is known for his supreme over-confidence to the point that he feels that when he fights that he doesn't even need a super fist. Czar Baldy Bald the III Voiced by: Ryotaro Okiayu (Japanese); David Lodge (English) Tsuru Tsurulina III (ツル・ツルリーナ３世 Tsuru Tsurulina 3-Sei) is the old emperor of the Margarita Empire, locked away within the center of "Neo Hair-Hunt Land MAX" (ネオ毛狩りランドMAX, Neo Kegari Rando MAX, an amusement park thrown right on top of the old A-Block Amusement Park). Although he appears to be human, he is actually a demon cyborg. He uses "Red Magic Shinken" (真紅の手品真拳 Fist of Red Magic, read as "Reddo Majikku Shinken," which creates attacks based on magic tricks) to avoid the attacks of his enemies and attack them back physically, and "Blue Magic Shinken" (高型の手品真拳 Fist of Blue Magic, read as "Burū Majikku Shinken", released only within a special universe he creates through a magic handkerchief) to destroy souls and minds. Unlike the current emperor, who wants everyone to be bald, Czar Baldy Bald III wants to destroy all humans and then get the "Hair Ball", the source of power of the Hair Kingdom which gives them their hair abilities, for himself. He absorbs Bo-bobo, thinking he may be able to obtain it that way, and also absorbs Don Patch (since Bo-bobo wants a travel buddy), eventually changing into a very strange form. Bo-bobo and Don Patch manage to escape from inside him, and then defeat him once and for all with a technique, named the "Human Highlife in HD", showcasing all the wonderful things about life and being a human (such as getting a job, falling in love, etc.) At the end of "Part 1", Czar Baldy Bald the 3rd finally gains a "Hair Ball" and takes advantage of a vacuum in power, becoming emperor and declaring this land as the "Neo Maruhage Empire." After many trials and tribulations, Bo-bobo's team faces him one final time at his headquarters: the Shueisha building in his final battleground of "Tokyo's 23rd Ward". Although still fighting with the power of the "Red Magic Shinken", he was now more powerful both with the combination of a Hair Ball, his eventual successor, Tsuru Tsurulina the Fifth (Yononaka Namerō)! After a long and drawn out battle with Bo-bobo and his allies giving everything they've got to stop him and his protege, he ends up taking several ultimate attacks culminating with Bo-bobo smashing him with "a weak arm chop", finally destroying him once and for all. His final words were in celebration of the Chrome Dome Empire he had created and how others will still rise to fight against Bo-bobo and his rebels. Others Hydrate (ハイドレート) Voiced by: Shigeru Chiba (Japanese); Kirk Thornton (English) The mad leader of the Reverse Chrome Dome Empire that exists underground beneath the castle of the real Maruhage Empire. In actuality, Hydrate is also the little brother of Czar Baldy Bald the Fourth, forced into the shadows due to his brother becoming the emperor of the country. He is 38 yrs old. On the sidenote, he is the last seen enemy at the end of the anime. Bibibi-bi Bi-bibi (ビビビービ　ビービビ) Bibibi-bi Bi-bibi is the second child of the Five Hair Siblings (older brother to Bu-bubu, Be-bebe and Bo-bobo, but younger than Ba-baba). He is the leader of the "New Hair Kingdom" and the final opponent of the first part of the Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo manga. Although he is the second child, he is the master of the most powerful of the five hair-based Shinken: "Kami no Ge Shinken" (Fist of Head Hair), allowing him the control of the hair of his head and the ability to stop other hair abilities such as nosehair or leghair. Rice (ライス) Voiced by: Hiro Yuki (Japanese); Yuri Lowenthal (English) A teen assassin encountered on the top floor of Wiggin Block, he is defeated by Bo-bobo's "Pineapple Custard Pudding". He later assists in the battle against the former Hair Hunters, where he is defeated again by Lambada. Dark Yasha (闇夜叉, Yami Yasha) Voiced by: Paul St. Peter The Maruhage Empire's strongest executive. Initially appearing as a serious older man in a kimono, this warrior becomes Bo-bobo's main opponent in the death battle arena "Bottle Age" (filled with giant water bottles) in the first true stage of the journey to Chromedome Castle. Manipulating "Dokuro Shinken" (ドクロ真拳Fist of Skulls), he has various abilities including the ability to create fighting skeletons, manipulate a skull sword or place a special seal that forces an opponent's bones out of their body. Furthermore, he can further transform into a demonic form using a special "Skull Sake". His name was never said in the English anime. Gunkan's Five Great Warriors (軍艦5人衆, Gunkan Go-Ninshū) June 7 Voiced by: Michael Sorich Tough-Looking Guy Voiced by: David Lodge The five elite warriors of Gunkan's forces (who occasionally number in six), all of them remain hidden under cloaks and masks until the moment each one goes into battle. When Bo-bobo's team infiltrate the Pomade Ring, they must fight each one one-on-one based on the warp panel chosen (though Gasser almost fights all six at once at one point). Though only two of them lost (only one lost in the manga); they overpowered the rest of the team by stupidity (Loincloth Lloyd), obvious size difference (Tough-Looking Guy), and better to eat (Gum). Like Bo-bobo, his elite are a bunch of utterly random characters that just happen to appear in the series (for example, a piece of gum, an insanely large man, a calendar, a torn page of a calendar, a muscular man with a cat head, and a Kinnikuman-like boy with a loincloth). J (ジェイ) Voiced by: Jūrōta Kosugi (Japanese); Michael Sorich (English) Known as the "Messenger of the Black Sun", this suited, mustache-wearing man (with a head no one knows whether it is an onion or garlic) controls the power within Cyber City. He is a master of "Kurotaiyō Shinken" (黒太陽真拳 Fist of the Black Sun), allowing him to attack with powerful black suns and illusions created from five black suns created in his field. He appears again during the new emperor playoffs (where Bo-bobo calls him "Q" for some odd reason), but loses early on to Menma. Out of all the many ridiculous villains in Cyber city, J seems to be the most serious and he can be rather cruel in battle. It is unknown whether J's name stands for anything. His weird head and godlike powers make him Softon's dark counterpart. Halon Oni (ハロンオニ, Maloney Oni) Halon Oni Voiced by: Daisuke Sakaguchi (Japanese); Quinton Flynn (English) Maloney Oni Voiced by: David Lodge A boy with a demonic tail who is a member of the Reverse Cromedome Empire, as well as part of their Cromedome Big Four. He has an uncanny resemblance to Gasser in appearance. His main ability is "Sword Yamiken" (Dark Fist of Swords), which allows him to summon swords of various sizes at will. Initially, Halon works with a penguin-like creature called Slim, but eventually betrays him. He has a demonic tail that can vastly increase the size of his opponents, which he uses to puncture Gasser, turning him into a giant battlefield stuck in the ground until his collar comes off (due to DonPatch taking it off) and he goes into baby mode. After being annihilated by Baby Gasser, he upgrades himself into a more demonic form with wings and an immense sword. Crimson (クリムゾン) Voiced by: Kenta Miyake (Japanese); Liam O'Brien (English) A three-eyed member of the Reverse Maruhage Empire's Four Heavenly Kings, he is first implied by defeating Giga effortlessly offscreen during the New Emperor Playoffs. He is also the first opponent faced by the allies of Bo-bobo heading up through Hydrate's floating fortress. Crimson uses his abilities of "Mitsume Yamiken" (Dark Fist of Three Eyes) to create giant floating eyeballs to perform various tasks, mostly for offensive purposes (like firing lasers) and looking over his arena. As guardian of the first level of Hydrate's fortress, he controls the "Cinematic Hour" stage, forcing his opponents (in this case Bo-bobo, Tennosuke and Halekulani) to take part in various life-or-death movie scenarios. LOVE (ラブ) Voiced by: Makiko Ohmoto (Japanese); Mona Marshall (English) Though she appears like a normal woman, she reveals that she is a dominatrix when it came time for battle and the last of the Reverse Chrome Dome Big 4. She also loves men with big muscles so she has a factory that runs on a conveyor belt that gives men bulging muscles. She attacks by the power of Oiroke Yamiken (Dark Fist of Sexy), which includes fighting with a whip as well as blowing kisses and smooching the opponents. Her actions (as well Tennosuke, unintentionally) transforms OVER back into Torpedo Girl, making her much harder to stop and forcing LOVE to transform into an immense bird creature. She reverts to her normal form, only to be killed by Don Patch. Bebebe-be Be-bebe (ベベベーベ　ベーベベ) Voiced by: Paul St. Peter The guardian of the fourth floor "Moon Sati-Field ZO", he seems like a cool-appearing male consistently in black and smoking, but while Bo-bobo's favorite sibling in his youth, he was abducted by Hydrate twenty years prior and brainwashed to work for the Reverse Maruhage Empire. Bababa-ba Ba-baba (バババーバ・バーババ) The eldest of the five children of hair. Although merely mentioned and never appearing in the series, he is believed to have an evil aura just like Bibibi-bi Bi-bibi. Due to a process of elimination regarding the "five hairs", it is believed he would be the master of "Munage Shinken" (Fist of Chesthair). Early in the arc, we see him talking with younger brother Bi-bibi and it does seem he does have a bit of control of the actions in the Hair Kingdom. At the end of Part 1, Hatenko decides to go into outer space in search of Ba-baba. Outside of his Hair Kingdom cameo, he remains unseen throughout the entire series. Shigeki X (シゲキＸ) The leader both of "East Bodysoap Tower" battle arena and the 1st District of the Hair Kingdom. He first appears as a yellow, Don Patch-like being who believes in the philosophy of Shigeki, like Don Patch believes in his Hajike skills and abilities. One of these attacks, an X-shaped dimension, is used to trap Bo-bobo and Don Patch and force them to absorb the true power of Shigeki. References ^ Terrace, Vincent (2014-01-10). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2d ed. McFarland. ISBN 9780786486410. ^ Shonen Jump #77. Volume 7, Issue 5. May 2009. VIZ Media. 124. vteBobobo-bo Bo-bobo by Yoshio SawaiMediaSeries Characters Chapters Episodes Video games Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J-Stars Victory VS	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobobo-bo_Bo-bobo"}],"text":"The universe of the manga and anime series Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo is a home to a wide array of fictional characters. This article will lay out all the characters contained in this universe, and categorize them into the type of character they are in the series.","title":"List of Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takehito Koyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takehito_Koyasu"},{"link_name":"Richard Epcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Epcar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"title character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_role"},{"link_name":"eccentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)"},{"link_name":"bodybuilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilder"},{"link_name":"afro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro"},{"link_name":"nose hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose_hair"}],"sub_title":"Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo","text":"Voiced by: Takehito Koyasu (Japanese); Richard Epcar (English)[1]Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo (ボボボーボ・ボーボボ, Bobobōbo Bōbobo) is the main protagonist and title character. Bo-bobo is an eccentric man with bodybuilder sized muscles and a giant, yellow, spherical afro. He fights the forces of evil using his nose hair calling it his \"Fist of the Nose Hair\" and \"Snot Fo-You\" technique. He is 27 years old. It is unclear what race he is, or if he is even human. It was never fully explained in the show. His father was a hair ball like creature. His birthday differs between the manga and the anime; the manga lists his birthday as April 1, while the anime claims his birthday to","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ai Nonaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Nonaka"},{"link_name":"Philece Sampler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philece_Sampler"},{"link_name":"Softon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Softon"}],"sub_title":"Beauty","text":"Voiced by: Ai Nonaka (Japanese); Philece Sampler (English)Beauty (ビュティ, Byuti) is the female heroine of Bo-bobo's group and usually the only girl when Torpedo Girl or Suzu are not around. A stereotypical teenage manga heroine, she is one of the few sane characters who is the first to join Bo-bobo and was the only citizen to still have hair after the attack of the town she lived in. She initially wanted to join Bo-bobo because she sought a life of adventure. Bo-bobo let her join him, but rejected Pickles stating that he didn't like him, at the same time. She has loving feelings for Gasser after he rescued her, but doesn't say anything about them. She is often exasperated by Bo-bobo's odd behavior or the behavior or actions of others, usually with the same face. She's the only person in the group that doesn't fight, but still criticizes the others' fighting styles. There are a few rare occurrences where she was forced to fight to defend herself, but it's only when Bo-bobo isn't around to protect her and at the last minute someone would come and save her. Beauty worries about her friends' safety and finds them as her own family and though finds Bo-bobo crazy she idolizes him greatly. She seems to be a random girl who joins Bo-bobo's group till Softon is \"revealed\" to be her brother; inferring that she may have powers of her own or is descended from a powerful bloodline. By the end of the series, she is traveling the world with Heppokomaru/Gasser.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masaya Onosaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaya_Onosaka"},{"link_name":"Kirk Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Thornton"}],"sub_title":"Don Patch","text":"Voiced by: Masaya Onosaka (Japanese); Kirk Thornton (English)Don Patch (首領パッチ, Don Patchi), Poppa Rocks in the English manga, is the original leader (or \"don\") of the \"Wiggin Gang\" (\"Hajikegumi\" in Japan), a group of rebels who oppose Czar Baldy Bald IV. Don Patch has henchmen named Lil' Rocks (in the English manga), or Ko Patch. He quits the Wiggin Gang claiming that they never gave him space, but really so he could wig out more with Bo-bobo. He is extremely narcissistic, and demands to be the center of attention; this leads him to hold a grudge against Beauty believing he should be the \"heroine\" of the show. Don Patch also has a wide variety of personas that he switches into, including a female one named \"Patches.\"","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naomi Shindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Shindo"},{"link_name":"Fart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fart"},{"link_name":"Bo-bobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bobobo-bo_Bo-bobo"},{"link_name":"Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Beauty"}],"sub_title":"Gasser","text":"Voiced by: Naomi Shindo (Japanese); Brad MacDonald (English)Gasser (ヘッポコ丸, Heppokomaru) - Gasser is the quiet but sensible teenage hero of Bo-bobo's group. He has short, spiky white hair with short bangs and Yellow/Gold eyes and also has gold earrings. Gasser is 161 centimeters (5 feet 3 inches) tall and weighs 50 and 55 kilograms (110 and 121 pounds). The \"heppoko\" in his Japanese name means \"untrained\", while \"maru\" is a common name suffix for a samurai or other type of warrior. He uses \"True Fart Fist\" (Onara Shinken) as his martial art style, known in the English dub as \"The Fist of The Back Wind\". After his hometown, PuuPuu City, was destroyed by Captain Battleship and his Hair Hunt troopers, Gasser began secretly following Bo-bobo, whom he hoped would help get his revenge on Battleship, briefly breaking from his trail to literally save the hair of a kidnapped Beauty. Gasser followed them to C-Block Base where he once again saved Beauty, and after Wall Man's defeat joined the team, but he rarely is seen fighting. He is actually mostly seen punching someone. When the collar around his neck is removed, his Fist's power increases dramatically, but his personality reverts to that of an infant. He is another \"sane\" person among the group like Beauty, though he sometimes joins Bo-bobo in his antics or acts oddly on his own. Also like Beauty, he admires Bo-bobo from the sidelines and refers to him as \"Mr. Bo-bobo\". Like Beauty, Gasser gets shocked if someone does something stupid.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keiichi Sonobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiichi_Sonobe"},{"link_name":"Jamieson Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamieson_Price"},{"link_name":"handkerchief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handkerchief"},{"link_name":"Nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(kana)"},{"link_name":"tokoroten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokoroten"},{"link_name":"agar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Jelly Jiggler","text":"Voiced by: Keiichi Sonobe (Japanese); Jamieson Price (English)Jelly Jiggler, known in the Japanese versions as Tokoro Tennosuke (ところ天の助) the captain of the A Block division of Hair Hunters (or \"Hair Hunter Troop A\") also uses the fighting style \"Shivering True Fist\" (Purupuru Shinken). In the English dub, it is known as the \"Fist of the Wobble-Wobble\" and in the English manga, it is called \"Shakey-Shake Fist\". By the time he officially joins Bo-bobo's team, he possesses a handkerchief with the Japanese hiragana for \"Nu\" (ぬ) written all over it (ぬのハンカチ Nu no hankachi, the \"handkerchief of 'nu'\", known in English dub as \"the Lucky Hanky\" ) which he uses to wipe away tears at first, but eventually leads to an all-out \"nu\" obsession (By contrast he utterly despises the hiragana character \"ne\" [ね]!) He's used as a shield by Bo-bobo constantly, but always bounces back (due to his ability to regenerate himself). His Japanese name is a pun on \"tokoroten\", a type of jelly made from agar,[2] thus his ability to shape himself into any form.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Secondary characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hikaru Midorikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Midorikawa"},{"link_name":"Joey Lotsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ochman"},{"link_name":"soft serve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_serve"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"}],"sub_title":"Softon","text":"Voiced by: Hikaru Midorikawa (Japanese); Joey Lotsko (English)Softon (ソフトン, Sofuton) is one of a few characters who consistently maintains sane behavior. Softon's head resembles soft serve ice cream (hence his name). He was the guardian of the \"Jet Black Room\" of C-Block's \"Aitsuhage Tower\". Softon uses \"Babylon Shinken\" (in the English dub, he fights by channeling the power of \"the Goddess Blabs-A-Lot\"). The shape of his head also resembles the typical manga depiction of feces. In promotional color artwork for the manga, his head is colored brown, whereas in the anime it is colored pink (which is not a U.S. TV edit). It is later revealed that this isn't his real face but a mask used to control his powers (similar to Gasser's collar).In the series, Softon allies with Bo-bobo's team after Beauty is kidnapped, but doesn't officially join until the battle with Halekulani. In many episodes, Softon's \"poop\" jokes are directly copied from the manga, but put in the context of ice cream. Later, against Lambada, Softon reveals he was given the power of the Black Sun by J and combines it with Goddess Blabs-A-Lot. In the anime he is shown to have a locket with a picture of a brown haired boy and Beauty (he dismisses it, saying \"Why do i have this? I don't have any kids\"). Later, during a battle in the Hair Kingdom against a Blabs-a-Lot assassin, it is finally revealed that he is Beauty's older brother, explaining the connection he consistently has to her. He is also the mascot of an ice cream shop.","title":"Secondary characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomoko Kaneda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoko_Kaneda"},{"link_name":"Donn A. Nordean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Beacock"},{"link_name":"Dengaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengaku"},{"link_name":"super deformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_deformed"},{"link_name":"Pillsbury Doughboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillsbury_Doughboy"},{"link_name":"pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun"}],"sub_title":"Dengakuman","text":"Voiced by: Tomoko Kaneda (Japanese); Donn A. Nordean (English)Dengakuman (田楽マン) is the \"cute mascot character\" of Bo-bobo. The name is connected to \"Dengaku\", a snack food consisting of grilled tofu dipped in miso on a stick, which is his favorite food. At one time the little white guy was the head of the Z-Block, the most powerful of the Hair Hunting blocks. His major concerns in life are making people eat dengaku and making as many friends as possible. Though he gains friends, some of them ignore him. Bo-bobo and friends taught Dengakuman the true meaning of friendship and Dengakuman repaid them by saving their lives with Super Dengaku Punch in the OVER arc. Soon he became their friend and joined the team. He is a white super deformed creature with a pointy head with a ball attached to his head and bears a strong resemblance to the Pillsbury Doughboy.His trademark line, \"We'll / I'll make 'em eat grilled tofu dipped in miso on a stick!\" is a pun much of the American demographic won't understand, but is still used in the English-language anime nonetheless. Dengakuman can be violent but often he is portrayed as being an extremely weak character. Dengakuman actually claims that he is a dog, but he was only raised by dogs. Dengakuman can fuse with Bo-bobo to create a magical blonde popstar named Denbo; they become Super Denbo-chan if Dengakuman fuses with Super Bo-bobo.","title":"Secondary characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daisuke Kishio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Kishio"},{"link_name":"Don Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Don_Patch"},{"link_name":"godson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godson"},{"link_name":"Bo-bobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobobo-bo_Bo-bobo_(character)"},{"link_name":"Torpedo Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Torpedo_Girl"},{"link_name":"Don Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Patch"}],"sub_title":"Hatenko","text":"Voiced by: Daisuke Kishio (Japanese); Jason Palmer (English)Hatenko (破天荒, Hatenkō) is a member of Don Patch's 'Hajikegumi' gang. A common mistranslation lists him as Don Patch's godson. His name means \"unprecedented\" and he wields the \"Kagi Shinken\" (\"Fist of the Key\"). Like Bo-bobo, he is one of the few survivors from the Kingdom of Hair. He attacks enemies with keys and is obsessed with the courage and actions of his \"boss\", Don Patch. (In the English dub, he calls him \"The Don\") .Hatenko was first found in the desert after being dumped by Torpedo Girl. He was then rescued by the KoPatches and was brought back to Don Patch (who was frying on a pan). From that moment on, he joined the Wiggin Gang. Before then, Hatenko first met with Torpedo Girl right after betraying the J-Block Base that he once worked with.Hatenko briefly joins Bo-bobo's group, then leaves to migrate with his \"family\" to find food at baseball stadiums, but he really left so he could find someone to cure the curse mark OVER gave him.Towards the climax of the series, Hatenko finally confronts Bo-bobo towards his true mission: returning to the Hair Kingdom to put a stop to his own evil brothers: Bababa-ba Ba-baba and 'Bibibi-bi Bi-bibi. While both he and one of Bo-bobo's brothers, Bebebe-be Be-bebe are seemingly killed during the final showdown with Bi-bibi, both of them are seen as ghosts assisting Bo-bobo as he partakes in his final showdown. Revived after the last battle, he decides to go into outer space at the end of Part 1, choosing to continue searching for Ba-baba.","title":"Secondary characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hiromi Nishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiromi_Nishikawa"},{"link_name":"Melodee Spevack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodee_Spevack"},{"link_name":"Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#OVER"},{"link_name":"torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"}],"sub_title":"Torpedo Girl","text":"Voiced by: Hiromi Nishikawa (Japanese); Melodee Spevack (English)Torpedo Girl (魚雷ガール, Gyorai Gāru) is a powerful, unpredictable force not even Bo-bobo and his Wiggins quite understand when she first appears. Compared to her \"other half\" Over, she is a living female torpedo with human arms and legs. Furthermore, compared to the patient anger held by the human form, she gets annoyed by even the slightest of comments, immediately responding by making her bomb-like body fly towards her opponent and smashing into them with intense force. Even if she explodes, she will reassemble instantly. Unlike Over, she is actually 28 years old. It is unknown why she is 28 and Over is three years younger.","title":"Secondary characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Villains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiki Matsuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiki_Matsuno"},{"link_name":"Margarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita"},{"link_name":"onomatopoeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia"}],"sub_title":"Czar Baldy Bald IV","text":"Voiced by: Taiki Matsuno (Japanese); Terrence Stone (English)Tsuru Tsurulina IV (ツル・ツルリーナ4世) / Smoothie IV (Viz manga) / Czar Baldy Bald IV (English dub) is the leader of the \"Chrome Dome Empire\" (マルハゲ帝国 \"Maruhage Empire\", lit. baldshaven empire, though the anime changes this from the \"Margarita Empire\" similar to the drink Margarita). His Japanese name is a Japanese onomatopoeia for something slippery. The Fourth seems easily in control of his empire at the start of the series, but he slowly loses his authority as Bo-bobo and his allies take out his forces, from the Hair Hunters to his \"Four Heavenly Kings\" to even his prison island of Cyber City.Eventually, he further lost his grip as he was forced by Hair Hunters cryogenically frozen one-hundred years ago to release their leaders to take over this new era. As much as he hated doing this, the Fourth eventually decided this as the only way to keep his hold on power and defeat Bo-bobo. But when even this fell, the Fourth decided to enact his greatest plan: the \"New Emperor Playoff\", where all of the most powerful warriors of the empire were gathered together in a battle to determine the next emperor. His plan: let all of his enemies take each other out, allowing for him to regain his grip on power. But what he doesn't expect is Hydrate of the Reverse Maruhage Empire taking over his tourney, using it to become emperor himself! The scared emperor bolts away knowing this, basically abdicating the throne and entering an early retirement alongside Mako-chan and Octopus Carl. Czar Baldy Bald also appears on the dollar bills of Halekulani.He is undoubtedly the weakest of his empire shown as a cowardly strategist and was the primary villain until the Reverse Maruhage Empire (Shadow Chrome Dome Empire) arc. He is 42 yrs. old.","title":"Villains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryūzaburō Ōtomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ctomo"},{"link_name":"Paul St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_St._Peter"}],"sub_title":"Captain Battleship","text":"Voiced by: Ryūzaburō Ōtomo (Japanese); Paul St. Peter (English)Captain Battleship (軍艦 Gunkan) is the first of the Chrome Dome Empire Big Four, under Czar Baldy-Bald. He is also Bo-bobo's former friend and sworn rival. This regent-haired, white bearded fighter had also been trained in the Fist of the Nose Hair alongside Bo-bobo in the Hair Kingdom, but turned against his afro-haired friend when Bo-bobo was chosen as the Seventh Master of the Fist of the Nose Hair by their teacher (a juice can). Bo-bobo was chosen over Battleship because Captain Battleship was not a citizen of the Hair Kingdom. Captain Battleship controls his vast military forces from the \"Pomade Ring\", a sky fortress flying over the destroyed Puppu City (Gasser's hometown). He uses his own style of \"Fist of the Nosehair\" as well as fights with weird antics, similarly to Bo-bobo. While most of the attacks are his own, his ultimate attack, \"Armaggedon\", has him calling up the Earth Defense Forces to attack for him. He finally falls after trying to apologize to Bo-bobo for abandoning his friend for his own personal gains, only to face Bo-bobo's anger for acting like a baby.The next time Bo-bobo and company saw him, he was being punished for his failure by OVER. He was the first one to discover Beauty and Gasser's feelings for each other, and taunts and exploits Gasser due to it. He participated in the new emperor playoffs but lost and, thanks to Bo-bobo, barely escaped death. It seems that he is the longest lasting of the Chrome Dome Big Four. As a Fist of Nosehair user, he is bound to be a little weird (turning into an octopus, blowing up his own ship, have a bad knowledge of numbers). Like Bo-bobo, he is 27 years old. He inexplicably makes an appearance with the main characters in both the first opening and ending sequence of the anime.","title":"Villains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yasuhiro Takato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuhiro_Takato"},{"link_name":"Liam O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball"},{"link_name":"Freeza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeza"}],"sub_title":"Kittypoo","text":"Voiced by: Yasuhiro Takato (Japanese); Liam O'Brien (English)Kittypoo (プルプー, Purupu) is a horned cat-faced creature who is also the second of the Chrome Dome Empire Big 4. He fights like the Dragon Ball villain Freeza, to the point of flying around in a craft and mercilessly eliminating his enemies just like the famed manga tyrant. According to him, he's so powerful that even his servants Chocolate Munchie and Lemon Fizz are stronger than Captain Battleship. However, he is easily defeated by Don Patch shortly after he is introduced in both the anime and the manga. He is a participant in the New Emperor Playoffs, and is used as a sacrifice by the Reverse Maruhage.Kittypoo is best described as a reserved tyrant who is very polite despite his lust to kill. He is very strategic, as he learned all of Bo-bobo's weaknesses and strengths. He is the only Heavenly King to have no major arc in the series with his defeat coming between Bo-bobo meeting Hatenko and the blond's invitation to the Evil House of Blood, allowing him to watch his \"boss\" Don Patch defeat Kittypoo. His bodyguards include Chocolate Bar, Lemonade Fizz, and Curry.","title":"Villains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomokazu Sugita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomokazu_Sugita"},{"link_name":"Liam O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_O%27Brien"}],"sub_title":"OVER","text":"Voiced by: Tomokazu Sugita (Japanese); Liam O'Brien (English)OVER (オーバー, Ōbā) is the ruthless third member of Chrome Dome Empire Big 4, the four elite members of Czar Baldy Bald the Fourth's Hair Hunting corp. Unlike many Hair Hunters outside those seen much earlier in the series, OVER takes his job of ripping the hair out of the subjects of the Maruhage Empire extremely seriously and will treat all in his gaze as prey. This harshness for his job includes the treatment of his own teammates, as seen by his scalping of both Gunkan and Kitty Poo after their failures against Bo-bobo and the Hajike rebels. Although OVER can and will attack with little or no notice, he mostly controls his hair hunting activities from an ancient Japanese castle, where he controls a platoon of various ninja-like warriors including The Ultimate Five Assassins, who themselves are known for their stealth and abilities.","title":"Villains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shinichiro Miki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinichiro_Miki"},{"link_name":"Joe Cappelletti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cappelletti"},{"link_name":"Naruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto"}],"sub_title":"Halekulani","text":"Voiced by: Shinichiro Miki (Japanese); Joe Cappelletti (English)Halekulani (ハレクラニ) is the last and the strongest of Czar Baldy Bald's Chrome Dome Empire Big 4. He is the owner of the Holy Guacamole Land amusement park. His main attack style is the Fist of Gorgeousness. This involves the control and manipulation of all monetary items, from coins to paper money to precious jewels. One of the most devastating of these attacks include wrapping his opponent with paper bills to transform them into what they are worth. He can also send opponents into a world based on the board game sugoroku and power up his \"Gorgeous Shinken\"(ゴージャス真拳 Super Fist of Gorgeousness in the dub) abilities by fusing with the many precious gems he can collect all over his armor. His personality is more realistic then the rest of the Big 4, not making a big deal of the intruders and giving the impression of a bored trillionaire. He even begins to doze off as Bo-bobo and his allies struggle to reach him to fight. He has been shown to be cruel as he told a soldier to make the slaves work harder till they made a millions worth of money. He is obsessed with money, even to the point he can insane saying money repeatedly in a crazed stance.He later becomes a key ally in the fight against the Reverse Maruhage Empire after losing to Crimson and LOVE in the new emperor playoffs. Halekulani mentions he was a man with a difficult choice 20 years ago, a man named Czar Baldy-Bald the 4th decided to help him by giving him what would define his life. During those years, he eventually got bored and left the Empire. Halekulani eventually returned to his boring career as head of Holy Guacamole amusement park and find a future friend in Bo-bobo. Halekulani manipulates his money much like how Gaara from Naruto manipulates his sand, using his own will. He also makes his first appearance bathing in money.","title":"Villains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomokazu Seki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomokazu_Seki"},{"link_name":"David Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lodge_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art"},{"link_name":"Shinsetsu Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinsetsu_Bobobo-bo_Bo-bobo"}],"sub_title":"Giga","text":"Voiced by: Tomokazu Seki (Japanese); David Lodge (English)Giga (ギガ) is the leader of the prison island of Cyber City, the most powerful district of the Bald Empire, and Czar Baldy Bald's right-hand man (though this could be seen as blackmailing). His main ability is the power of \"Obuje Shinken\" (Fist of Objects オブジエ真拳, dub: \"Fist of Object D'Art\"), which allows for the creation of pieces of art that he uses to attack. This ability also allows him to transform enemies, particularly those with \"Shinken\" abilities, into art both for his collection and to assist him in powering up upon breaking them. After absorbing many of his creations, he is able to transform into \"Super Giga\", which has more powerful armor and much longer pigtailed hair. Bo-bobo finally puts a stop to him with the ultimate powers of \"Hanage Shinken\". He is also a participant in the new emperor playoffs, where he is crushed off-screen by Crimson, and he gets beaten by Hiragi in Shinsetsu Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo. He is 34 yrs. old. He is known for his supreme over-confidence to the point that he feels that when he fights that he doesn't even need a super fist.","title":"Villains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryotaro Okiayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryotaro_Okiayu"},{"link_name":"David Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lodge_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"}],"sub_title":"Czar Baldy Bald the III","text":"Voiced by: Ryotaro Okiayu (Japanese); David Lodge (English)Tsuru Tsurulina III (ツル・ツルリーナ３世 Tsuru Tsurulina 3-Sei) is the old emperor of the Margarita Empire, locked away within the center of \"Neo Hair-Hunt Land MAX\" (ネオ毛狩りランドMAX, Neo Kegari Rando MAX, an amusement park thrown right on top of the old A-Block Amusement Park). Although he appears to be human, he is actually a demon cyborg. He uses \"Red Magic Shinken\" (真紅の手品真拳 Fist of Red Magic, read as \"Reddo Majikku Shinken,\" which creates attacks based on magic tricks) to avoid the attacks of his enemies and attack them back physically, and \"Blue Magic Shinken\" (高型の手品真拳 Fist of Blue Magic, read as \"Burū Majikku Shinken\", released only within a special universe he creates through a magic handkerchief) to destroy souls and minds. Unlike the current emperor, who wants everyone to be bald, Czar Baldy Bald III wants to destroy all humans and then get the \"Hair Ball\", the source of power of the Hair Kingdom which gives them their hair abilities, for himself. He absorbs Bo-bobo, thinking he may be able to obtain it that way, and also absorbs Don Patch (since Bo-bobo wants a travel buddy), eventually changing into a very strange form. Bo-bobo and Don Patch manage to escape from inside him, and then defeat him once and for all with a technique, named the \"Human Highlife in HD\", showcasing all the wonderful things about life and being a human (such as getting a job, falling in love, etc.) At the end of \"Part 1\", Czar Baldy Bald the 3rd finally gains a \"Hair Ball\" and takes advantage of a vacuum in power, becoming emperor and declaring this land as the \"Neo Maruhage Empire.\"After many trials and tribulations, Bo-bobo's team faces him one final time at his headquarters: the Shueisha building in his final battleground of \"Tokyo's 23rd Ward\". Although still fighting with the power of the \"Red Magic Shinken\", he was now more powerful both with the combination of a Hair Ball, his eventual successor, Tsuru Tsurulina the Fifth (Yononaka Namerō)! After a long and drawn out battle with Bo-bobo and his allies giving everything they've got to stop him and his protege, he ends up taking several ultimate attacks culminating with Bo-bobo smashing him with \"a weak arm chop\", finally destroying him once and for all. His final words were in celebration of the Chrome Dome Empire he had created and how others will still rise to fight against Bo-bobo and his rebels.","title":"Villains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shigeru Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Chiba"},{"link_name":"Kirk Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Hiro Yuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro_Yuki"},{"link_name":"Yuri Lowenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Lowenthal"},{"link_name":"Paul St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_St._Peter"},{"link_name":"Michael Sorich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sorich"},{"link_name":"David Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lodge_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Kinnikuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnikuman"},{"link_name":"Jūrōta Kosugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABr%C5%8Dta_Kosugi"},{"link_name":"Michael Sorich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sorich"},{"link_name":"Softon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softon"},{"link_name":"Daisuke Sakaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Sakaguchi"},{"link_name":"Quinton Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinton_Flynn"},{"link_name":"David Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lodge_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Kenta Miyake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenta_Miyake"},{"link_name":"Liam O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Makiko Ohmoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiko_Ohmoto"},{"link_name":"Mona Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Paul St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_St._Peter"},{"link_name":"Shigeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobobo-bo_Bo-bobo#Common_Bo-bobo_terms"},{"link_name":"Hajike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobobo-bo_Bo-bobo#Common_Bo-bobo_terms"}],"text":"Hydrate (ハイドレート)Voiced by: Shigeru Chiba (Japanese); Kirk Thornton (English)\nThe mad leader of the Reverse Chrome Dome Empire that exists underground beneath the castle of the real Maruhage Empire. In actuality, Hydrate is also the little brother of Czar Baldy Bald the Fourth, forced into the shadows due to his brother becoming the emperor of the country. He is 38 yrs old. On the sidenote, he is the last seen enemy at the end of the anime.Bibibi-bi Bi-bibi (ビビビービ　ビービビ)Bibibi-bi Bi-bibi is the second child of the Five Hair Siblings (older brother to Bu-bubu, Be-bebe and Bo-bobo, but younger than Ba-baba). He is the leader of the \"New Hair Kingdom\" and the final opponent of the first part of the Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo manga. Although he is the second child, he is the master of the most powerful of the five hair-based Shinken: \"Kami no Ge Shinken\" (Fist of Head Hair), allowing him the control of the hair of his head and the ability to stop other hair abilities such as nosehair or leghair.Rice (ライス)Voiced by: Hiro Yuki (Japanese); Yuri Lowenthal (English)\nA teen assassin encountered on the top floor of Wiggin Block, he is defeated by Bo-bobo's \"Pineapple Custard Pudding\". He later assists in the battle against the former Hair Hunters, where he is defeated again by Lambada.Dark Yasha (闇夜叉, Yami Yasha)Voiced by: Paul St. Peter\nThe Maruhage Empire's strongest executive. Initially appearing as a serious older man in a kimono, this warrior becomes Bo-bobo's main opponent in the death battle arena \"Bottle Age\" (filled with giant water bottles) in the first true stage of the journey to Chromedome Castle. Manipulating \"Dokuro Shinken\" (ドクロ真拳Fist of Skulls), he has various abilities including the ability to create fighting skeletons, manipulate a skull sword or place a special seal that forces an opponent's bones out of their body. Furthermore, he can further transform into a demonic form using a special \"Skull Sake\". His name was never said in the English anime.Gunkan's Five Great Warriors (軍艦5人衆, Gunkan Go-Ninshū)June 7 Voiced by: Michael Sorich\nTough-Looking Guy Voiced by: David Lodge\nThe five elite warriors of Gunkan's forces (who occasionally number in six), all of them remain hidden under cloaks and masks until the moment each one goes into battle. When Bo-bobo's team infiltrate the Pomade Ring, they must fight each one one-on-one based on the warp panel chosen (though Gasser almost fights all six at once at one point). Though only two of them lost (only one lost in the manga); they overpowered the rest of the team by stupidity (Loincloth Lloyd), obvious size difference (Tough-Looking Guy), and better to eat (Gum). Like Bo-bobo, his elite are a bunch of utterly random characters that just happen to appear in the series (for example, a piece of gum, an insanely large man, a calendar, a torn page of a calendar, a muscular man with a cat head, and a Kinnikuman-like boy with a loincloth).J (ジェイ)Voiced by: Jūrōta Kosugi (Japanese); Michael Sorich (English)\nKnown as the \"Messenger of the Black Sun\", this suited, mustache-wearing man (with a head no one knows whether it is an onion or garlic) controls the power within Cyber City. He is a master of \"Kurotaiyō Shinken\" (黒太陽真拳 Fist of the Black Sun), allowing him to attack with powerful black suns and illusions created from five black suns created in his field. He appears again during the new emperor playoffs (where Bo-bobo calls him \"Q\" for some odd reason), but loses early on to Menma. Out of all the many ridiculous villains in Cyber city, J seems to be the most serious and he can be rather cruel in battle. It is unknown whether J's name stands for anything. His weird head and godlike powers make him Softon's dark counterpart.Halon Oni (ハロンオニ, Maloney Oni)Halon Oni Voiced by: Daisuke Sakaguchi (Japanese); Quinton Flynn (English)\nMaloney Oni Voiced by: David Lodge\nA boy with a demonic tail who is a member of the Reverse Cromedome Empire, as well as part of their Cromedome Big Four. He has an uncanny resemblance to Gasser in appearance. His main ability is \"Sword Yamiken\" (Dark Fist of Swords), which allows him to summon swords of various sizes at will. Initially, Halon works with a penguin-like creature called Slim, but eventually betrays him. He has a demonic tail that can vastly increase the size of his opponents, which he uses to puncture Gasser, turning him into a giant battlefield stuck in the ground until his collar comes off (due to DonPatch taking it off) and he goes into baby mode. After being annihilated by Baby Gasser, he upgrades himself into a more demonic form with wings and an immense sword.Crimson (クリムゾン)Voiced by: Kenta Miyake (Japanese); Liam O'Brien (English)\nA three-eyed member of the Reverse Maruhage Empire's Four Heavenly Kings, he is first implied by defeating Giga effortlessly offscreen during the New Emperor Playoffs. He is also the first opponent faced by the allies of Bo-bobo heading up through Hydrate's floating fortress. Crimson uses his abilities of \"Mitsume Yamiken\" (Dark Fist of Three Eyes) to create giant floating eyeballs to perform various tasks, mostly for offensive purposes (like firing lasers) and looking over his arena. As guardian of the first level of Hydrate's fortress, he controls the \"Cinematic Hour\" stage, forcing his opponents (in this case Bo-bobo, Tennosuke and Halekulani) to take part in various life-or-death movie scenarios.LOVE (ラブ)Voiced by: Makiko Ohmoto (Japanese); Mona Marshall (English)\nThough she appears like a normal woman, she reveals that she is a dominatrix when it came time for battle and the last of the Reverse Chrome Dome Big 4. She also loves men with big muscles so she has a factory that runs on a conveyor belt that gives men bulging muscles. She attacks by the power of Oiroke Yamiken (Dark Fist of Sexy), which includes fighting with a whip as well as blowing kisses and smooching the opponents. Her actions (as well Tennosuke, unintentionally) transforms OVER back into Torpedo Girl, making her much harder to stop and forcing LOVE to transform into an immense bird creature. She reverts to her normal form, only to be killed by Don Patch.Bebebe-be Be-bebe (ベベベーベ　ベーベベ)Voiced by: Paul St. Peter\nThe guardian of the fourth floor \"Moon Sati-Field ZO\", he seems like a cool-appearing male consistently in black and smoking, but while Bo-bobo's favorite sibling in his youth, he was abducted by Hydrate twenty years prior and brainwashed to work for the Reverse Maruhage Empire.Bababa-ba Ba-baba (バババーバ・バーババ)The eldest of the five children of hair. Although merely mentioned and never appearing in the series, he is believed to have an evil aura just like Bibibi-bi Bi-bibi. Due to a process of elimination regarding the \"five hairs\", it is believed he would be the master of \"Munage Shinken\" (Fist of Chesthair). Early in the arc, we see him talking with younger brother Bi-bibi and it does seem he does have a bit of control of the actions in the Hair Kingdom. At the end of Part 1, Hatenko decides to go into outer space in search of Ba-baba. Outside of his Hair Kingdom cameo, he remains unseen throughout the entire series.Shigeki X (シゲキＸ)The leader both of \"East Bodysoap Tower\" battle arena and the 1st District of the Hair Kingdom. He first appears as a yellow, Don Patch-like being who believes in the philosophy of Shigeki, like Don Patch believes in his Hajike skills and abilities. One of these attacks, an X-shaped dimension, is used to trap Bo-bobo and Don Patch and force them to absorb the true power of Shigeki.","title":"Others"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Terrace, Vincent (2014-01-10). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2d ed. McFarland. ISBN 9780786486410.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YX_daEhlnbsC&dq=richard+epcar+bobobo&pg=PA121","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2d ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786486410","url_text":"9780786486410"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YX_daEhlnbsC&dq=richard+epcar+bobobo&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2d ed"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Education_Examination_(Nepal)	Secondary Education Examination (Nepal)	["1 Grading System","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Certification of completion issued by Nepalese secondary schools Secondary Education ExaminationExamination Board for Grade 10 in NepalAcronymSEEEducation Act2073 B.S (2016 A.D)Year Started2074 B.S (2017; 7 years ago (2017) A.D)PredecessorSchool Leaving Certificate (Nepal)Websitesee.gov.np Secondary Education Examination (SEE) is the final examination in the secondary school system of Nepal which is being taken by National Examination Board . National Examination Board upgraded from what was previously known as School Leaving Certificate (SLC). Every student must take this examination for completing the 10th grade of their study (According to the new Education Act) before they join higher secondary or intermediate level education (12th grade). The SEE examination is said to be scheduled in March of every year. As the new Education Act, 2016 (2073) has been implemented, the SLC examination will be taken place in Grade 12 as a national level examination whereas the examination of Grade 10 will be known as Secondary Education Examination (S.E.E). This new Education Act was implemented from 2017 March with 538,000 students taking it. Grading System The following are the details of the old grading system in Nepal which is implemented by the Nepal Government by developing the New Education Act 2073 for class 12. SN Interval in Percent Grade Description Grade Point 1 90 to 100 A+ Outstanding 3.65-4.00 2 80 to below 90 A Excellent 3.25-3.65 3 70 to below 80 B+ Very Good 2.80-3.25 4 60 to below 70 B Good 2.40-2.80 5 50 to below 60 C+ Satisfactory 2.00-2.40 6 40 to below 50 C Acceptable 1.60-2.00 7 30 to below 40 D+ Partially Acceptable 1.20-1.60 8 20 to below 30 D Insufficient 0.80-1.20 9 0 to below 20 NG Non-Graded - Note: Scores less than 0.80 GPA are not acceptable anywhere. A+ — Including 3.65 The following are the details of the new grading system in Nepal that were revised in the year 2078 BS (Bikram Sambat) for class 10. SN Interval in Percent Grade Description Grade Point 1 90% to 100% A+= Outstanding 4.0 2 80% to 90% A Excellent 3.6 3 70% to 80% B+ Very Good 3.2 4 60% to 70% B Good 2.8 5 50% to 60% C+ Satisfactory 2.4 6 40% to 50% C Acceptable 2.0 7 35% to 40% D Basic 1.6 8 Below 35% NG Not Graded NG Note: Scores less than 1.60 GPA are not graded. A+ — Including 4.0 See also District Level Examination National Examination Board Education in Nepal List of schools in Nepal List of engineering colleges in Nepal (intake capacity of engineering colleges) References ^ "Secondary Education Exams begin today". The Himalayan Times. 16 March 2017. ^ "SEE Result 2080 2081 by SEE Board Nepal (Updated)". WapNepal.com.np. ^ http://www.doe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/0328fd46cc0b600d6f66609439fd0f09.pdf ^ "538,000 students to take Secondary Education Examinations". The Himalayan Times. 13 March 2017. ^ "Grading System in Nepal". Retrieved 2 June 2022. ^ "New Grading System 2078 Nepal". Retrieved 19 June 2022. ^ "Letter Grading System in Nepal". Retrieved 19 June 2022. ^ "SEE Grading System in Nepal 2078". Retrieved 19 June 2022. External links Official website Check SEE Result with Marksheet	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Examination Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Examination_Board"},{"link_name":"School Leaving Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Leaving_Certificate_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Secondary Education Examination (SEE) is the final examination in the secondary school system of Nepal which is being taken by National Examination Board . National Examination Board upgraded from what was previously known as School Leaving Certificate (SLC).[1]Every student must take this examination for completing the 10th grade of their study (According to the new Education Act) before they join higher secondary or intermediate level education (12th grade). The SEE examination is said to be scheduled in March of every year. As the new Education Act, 2016 (2073) has been implemented, the SLC examination will be taken place in Grade 12 as a national level examination whereas the examination of Grade 10 will be known as Secondary Education Examination (S.E.E).[2][3] This new Education Act was implemented from 2017 March with 538,000 students taking it.[4]","title":"Secondary Education Examination (Nepal)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The following are the details of the old grading system in Nepal which is implemented by the Nepal Government by developing the New Education Act 2073 for class 12.[5]Note:Scores less than 0.80 GPA are not acceptable anywhere.\nA+ — Including 3.65The following are the details of the new grading system in Nepal that were revised in the year 2078 BS (Bikram Sambat) for class 10. [6][7][8]Note:Scores less than 1.60 GPA are not graded.\nA+ — Including 4.0","title":"Grading System"}]	[]	[{"title":"District Level Examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Level_Examination"},{"title":"National Examination Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Examination_Board_(Nepal)"},{"title":"Education in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nepal"},{"title":"List of schools in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Nepal"},{"title":"List of engineering colleges in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_colleges_in_Nepal"}]	[{"reference":"\"Secondary Education Exams begin today\". The Himalayan Times. 16 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/secondary-education-exams-begin-today/","url_text":"\"Secondary Education Exams begin today\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEE Result 2080 2081 by SEE Board Nepal (Updated)\". WapNepal.com.np.","urls":[{"url":"https://wapnepal.com.np/see-result/","url_text":"\"SEE Result 2080 2081 by SEE Board Nepal (Updated)\""}]},{"reference":"\"538,000 students to take Secondary Education Examinations\". The Himalayan Times. 13 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/538000-students-take-secondary-education-examinations/","url_text":"\"538,000 students to take Secondary Education Examinations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grading System in Nepal\". Retrieved 2 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wapnepal.com.np/see-result/","url_text":"\"Grading System in Nepal\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Grading System 2078 Nepal\". Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acharyar.com.np/2021/12/new-see-grading-system-2078-nepal.html","url_text":"\"New Grading System 2078 Nepal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter Grading System in Nepal\". Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://edusanjal.com/blog/letter-grading-system-in-nepal-grade-1-12/","url_text":"\"Letter Grading System in Nepal\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEE Grading System in Nepal 2078\". Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://aim4slam.com/blog/see-result-2079/#SEE_Grading_System_in_Nepal_2078","url_text":"\"SEE Grading System in Nepal 2078\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.see.gov.np/","external_links_name":"see.gov.np"},{"Link":"https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/secondary-education-exams-begin-today/","external_links_name":"\"Secondary Education Exams begin today\""},{"Link":"https://wapnepal.com.np/see-result/","external_links_name":"\"SEE Result 2080 2081 by SEE Board Nepal (Updated)\""},{"Link":"http://www.doe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/0328fd46cc0b600d6f66609439fd0f09.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.doe.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/0328fd46cc0b600d6f66609439fd0f09.pdf"},{"Link":"https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/538000-students-take-secondary-education-examinations/","external_links_name":"\"538,000 students to take Secondary Education Examinations\""},{"Link":"https://wapnepal.com.np/see-result/","external_links_name":"\"Grading System in Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://www.acharyar.com.np/2021/12/new-see-grading-system-2078-nepal.html","external_links_name":"\"New Grading System 2078 Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://edusanjal.com/blog/letter-grading-system-in-nepal-grade-1-12/","external_links_name":"\"Letter Grading System in Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://aim4slam.com/blog/see-result-2079/#SEE_Grading_System_in_Nepal_2078","external_links_name":"\"SEE Grading System in Nepal 2078\""},{"Link":"https://www.see.gov.np/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://saranepal.org/officially-check-see-result-with-marksheet/","external_links_name":"Check SEE Result with Marksheet"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Bernard	Curt Bernard	["1 External links"]	American baseball player (1878–1955) Baseball player Curt BernardOutfielderBorn: (1878-02-18)February 18, 1878Parkersburg, West Virginia, U.S.Died: April 10, 1955(1955-04-10) (aged 77)Culver City, California, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 17, 1900, for the New York GiantsLast MLB appearanceJune 24, 1901, for the New York GiantsMLB statisticsBatting average.238Home runs0Runs batted in14 Teams New York Giants (1900–1901) Curtis Henry Bernard (February 18, 1878 – April 10, 1955) was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the New York Giants of the National League in 1900–1901. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors) This biographical article relating to an American baseball outfielder born in the 1870s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"}],"text":"Baseball playerCurtis Henry Bernard (February 18, 1878 – April 10, 1955) was an American outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the New York Giants of the National League in 1900–1901.","title":"Curt Bernard"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/b/bernacu01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=bernar001cur","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curt_Bernard&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3il%C3%ADn%C3%AD_Airm	Military Police Corps (Ireland)	["1 History","1.1 Incidents","2 Organisation","2.1 Restructuring","3 Equipment","3.1 Weapons","3.2 Uniform","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Military Police Corps in the Irish Defence Forces Law enforcement agency Military Police CorpsCór Póiliní an AirmMilitary Police BeretBadge of the Irish Military Police CorpsAbbreviationMP / PA (Irish)MottoSteadfast and VigilantAgency overviewFormed1 October 1924 – presentJurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionIrelandGeneral natureMilitary policeCivilian policeOperational structureParent agencyDefence ForcesUnits Unit 4 companies1st Brigade Military Police Company - Cork2nd Brigade Military Police Company - Dublin Defence Forces Training Centre Military Police Company - KildareMilitary Police Government Buildings Company - DFHQ/Dublin Websitewww.military.ie/en/who-we-are/army/army-corps/military-police-corps/ Irish Military Police Section, 47th Infantry Group of UNIFIL in LebanonMilitary Police Corps motorcycle outriderAn armed MP soldier on duty at Government Buildings The Military Police Corps (MP) (Irish: Cór Póiliní an Airm, PA) is the corps of the Irish Defence Forces responsible for the provision of policing service personnel and providing a military police presence to forces while on exercise and deployment. Its tasks increase during wartime to include traffic control organisation and POW and refugee control. The Military Police are distinguished from other units by their wearing of a red beret. The Military Police enjoy a close working relationship with the Garda Síochána at both national and local levels, with the Gardaí providing training in criminal investigation to the corps. History The MPC was first established in 1922 during the Irish Civil War when they took over military police duties from British troops before the corps was fully established in 1923. Incidents In 2011, the MPC reported that a Corporal on guard duty in Dublin in the Government Buildings committed suicide on 27 December 2010. Organisation The Corps has three regular army companies and one special-purpose company: 1st Brigade Military Police Company 2nd Brigade Military Police Company Defence Forces Training Centre (DFTC) Military Police Company Military Police Government Buildings Company The two brigade companies provide general policing support to each of the army's territorial brigades. The DFTC company provides similar support to the Defence Forces Training Centre. The Air Corps and Naval Service now have Military Police Sections dressed in their own distinctive uniforms. Military Police are armed with the Heckler & Koch USP service pistol and Steyr AUG assault rifle. Restructuring The Irish Army reduced to a two brigade structure in 2012, and the Military Police have also been reduced, based in the 1st Southern and 2nd Northern Brigades. Units disbanded in the Defense Forces Re-organisation of 2012: 4th Brigade Military Police Company (2012) Military Police Section, Air Corps. Attached to the Irish Air Corps (2012) Military Police Section, Naval Service. Attached to the Irish Naval Service (2012) 31st Reserve Military Police Company (2012) 54th Reserve Military Police Company (2012) 62nd Reserve Military Police Company (2012) Equipment Weapons Main article: Modern equipment of the Irish Army Name Origin Type Caliber Photo Pistol Heckler & Koch USP Germany Semi-automatic Pistol 9×19mm Assault rifle Steyr AUG Austria Assault Rifle 5.56×45mm Uniform MPC soldiers wear the red beret as standard, both regular and reserve. See also Military police#Ireland References ^ "The Military Police Corps". Irish Defence Forces. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2021. ^ "Military Police Company DFTC (MP Coy DFTC)". Defence Forces Training Centre. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021. ^ Newenham, Pamela (3 August 2011). "Army corporal took own life". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021. ^ a b c "Death of soldier killed by gunshot 'not suspicious'". Irish Independent. 29 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021. ^ "Defence Forces Barracks". Irish Defence Forces. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020. External links The Military Police Corps vte Irish ArmyArmy Brigades 1st Brigade 2nd Brigade Defence Forces Training Centre Army Reserve Army Corps Infantry Corps Cavalry Corps Artillery Corps Communications & Information Services Corps Corps of Engineers Ordnance Corps Medical Corps Transport Corps Equitation School Military Police Corps Specialist Units Army Ranger Wing Directorate of Military Intelligence Bases & Facilities Aiken Barracks Cathal Brugha Barracks Collins Barracks, Cork Custume Barracks Curragh Camp Finner Camp Glen of Imaal range Gormanston Camp McKee Barracks Renmore Barracks Sarsfield Barracks St Bricin's Military Hospital Stephens Barracks Equipment Equipment and vehicles Historical vehicles Uniform and Insignia Awards and decorations Military Medal for Gallantry Distinguished Service Medal Badges Rank Insignia Uniforms Current DeploymentsAfrica Democratic Republic of Congo Ivory Coast Mali Western Sahara Europe Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo Middle East UNTSO Golan Heights Lebanon HistoryPredecessors Óglaigh na hÉireann Irish Volunteers Irish Republican Army National Army Battles & Conflicts Easter Rising Irish War of Independence Irish Civil War The Emergency Congo Crisis Niemba Ambush Siege of Jadotville At Tiri Incident The Troubles List of Irish military casualties overseas vteLaw enforcement in IrelandRepublic of Ireland Garda Síochána (Reserve) Military Police Corps Airport Police Dublin Harbour Police Dún Laoghaire Harbour Police Revenue Commissioners Criminal Assets Bureau Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement Director of Public Prosecutions Ireland portalNorthern Ireland portalNorthern Ireland Belfast Harbour Police Belfast International Airport Constabulary Larne Harbour Police Ministry of Defence Police Northern Ireland Security Guard Service Police Service of Northern Ireland Royal Military Police Defunct Belfast Borough Police Dublin Metropolitan Police Londonderry Borough Police Irish Republican Police Royal Irish Constabulary Royal Ulster Constabulary Criminal Investigation Department Ulster Special Constabulary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military police of Ireland.	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Its tasks increase during wartime to include traffic control organisation and POW and refugee control. The Military Police are distinguished from other units by their wearing of a red beret.The Military Police enjoy a close working relationship with the Garda Síochána at both national and local levels, with the Gardaí providing training in criminal investigation to the corps.[1]","title":"Military Police Corps (Ireland)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPCH-2"}],"text":"The MPC was first established in 1922 during the Irish Civil War when they took over military police duties from British troops before the corps was fully established in 1923.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Buildings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Incidents","text":"In 2011, the MPC reported that a Corporal on guard duty in Dublin in the Government Buildings committed suicide on 27 December 2010.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IE-4"},{"link_name":"1st Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Brigade_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"2nd Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Brigade_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Defence Forces Training Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Forces_Training_Centre"},{"link_name":"Government Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Buildings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Heckler & Koch USP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_USP"},{"link_name":"Steyr AUG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyr_AUG"}],"text":"The Corps has three regular army companies and one special-purpose company:[4]1st Brigade Military Police Company\n2nd Brigade Military Police Company\nDefence Forces Training Centre (DFTC) Military Police Company\nMilitary Police Government Buildings Company[5]The two brigade companies provide general policing support to each of the army's territorial brigades. The DFTC company provides similar support to the Defence Forces Training Centre.The Air Corps and Naval Service now have Military Police Sections dressed in their own distinctive uniforms.Military Police are armed with the Heckler & Koch USP service pistol and Steyr AUG assault rifle.","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"Irish Naval Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Naval_Service"}],"sub_title":"Restructuring","text":"The Irish Army reduced to a two brigade structure in 2012, and the Military Police have also been reduced, based in the 1st Southern and 2nd Northern Brigades.Units disbanded in the Defense Forces Re-organisation of 2012:4th Brigade Military Police Company (2012)\nMilitary Police Section, Air Corps. Attached to the Irish Air Corps (2012)\nMilitary Police Section, Naval Service. Attached to the Irish Naval Service (2012)\n31st Reserve Military Police Company (2012)\n54th Reserve Military Police Company (2012)\n62nd Reserve Military Police Company (2012)","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weapons","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Uniform","text":"MPC soldiers wear the red beret as standard, both regular and reserve.","title":"Equipment"}]	[]	[{"title":"Military police#Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_police#Ireland"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Military Police Corps\". Irish Defence Forces. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120508012922/http://www.military.ie/army/organisation/army-corps/military-police","url_text":"\"The Military Police Corps\""},{"url":"http://www.military.ie/army/organisation/army-corps/military-police","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Military Police Company DFTC (MP Coy DFTC)\". Defence Forces Training Centre. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kildare.ie/defenceforces/ORG/mp.htm","url_text":"\"Military Police Company DFTC (MP Coy DFTC)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210828221511/https://www.kildare.ie/defenceforces/ORG/mp.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Newenham, Pamela (3 August 2011). \"Army corporal took own life\". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/army-corporal-took-own-life-1.588226","url_text":"\"Army corporal took own life\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210925134055/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/army-corporal-took-own-life-1.588226","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Death of soldier killed by gunshot 'not suspicious'\". Irish Independent. 29 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/death-of-soldier-killed-by-gunshot-not-suspicious-26609640.html","url_text":"\"Death of soldier killed by gunshot 'not suspicious'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210828221535/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/death-of-soldier-killed-by-gunshot-not-suspicious-26609640.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Defence Forces Barracks\". Irish Defence Forces. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.military.ie/en/contact-us/defence-forces-barracks/","url_text":"\"Defence Forces Barracks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919122315/https://www.military.ie/en/contact-us/defence-forces-barracks/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.military.ie/en/who-we-are/army/army-corps/military-police-corps/","external_links_name":"www.military.ie/en/who-we-are/army/army-corps/military-police-corps/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120508012922/http://www.military.ie/army/organisation/army-corps/military-police","external_links_name":"\"The Military Police Corps\""},{"Link":"http://www.military.ie/army/organisation/army-corps/military-police","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.kildare.ie/defenceforces/ORG/mp.htm","external_links_name":"\"Military Police Company DFTC (MP Coy DFTC)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210828221511/https://www.kildare.ie/defenceforces/ORG/mp.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/army-corporal-took-own-life-1.588226","external_links_name":"\"Army corporal took own life\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210925134055/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/army-corporal-took-own-life-1.588226","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/death-of-soldier-killed-by-gunshot-not-suspicious-26609640.html","external_links_name":"\"Death of soldier killed by gunshot 'not suspicious'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210828221535/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/death-of-soldier-killed-by-gunshot-not-suspicious-26609640.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.military.ie/en/contact-us/defence-forces-barracks/","external_links_name":"\"Defence Forces Barracks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919122315/https://www.military.ie/en/contact-us/defence-forces-barracks/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.military.ie/en/who-we-are/army/army-corps/military-police-corps/","external_links_name":"The Military Police Corps"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Korean_Jagiya	My Korean Jagiya	["1 Premise","2 Cast and characters","3 Production","4 Ratings","5 References","6 External links"]	Philippine television drama series My Korean JagiyaTitle cardOriginal title한국인 자기야 Genre Drama Romantic comedy Created byJonathan CruzWritten by Denoy Navarro-Punio Ken de Leon Marlon Miguel Christine Novicio Directed byMark A. ReyesCreative directorRoy C. IglesiasStarring Heart Evangelista Alexander Lee Theme music composerJanno GibbsOpening theme"My Jagiya" by Janno Gibbs and Denise BarbacenaCountry of originPhilippinesOriginal languages Tagalog Korean No. of episodes105 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producerWinnie Hollis-ReyesProduction locations Manila, Philippines Seoul, South Korea Bataan, Philippines Hong Kong Editors Maita Dator-Causapin Lara Linsangan Ron Joseph Suñer Camera setupMultiple-camera setupRunning time26–45 minutesProduction companyGMA Entertainment TVOriginal releaseNetworkGMA NetworkReleaseAugust 21, 2017 (2017-08-21) –January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12) My Korean Jagiya (transl. My Korean Honey / Korean: 한국인 자기야; RR: Han-gugin Jagiya) is a Philippine television drama romance comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Mark A. Reyes, it stars Heart Evangelista and Alexander Lee in the title role. It premiered on August 21, 2017 on the network's Telebabad line up replacing I Heart Davao. The series concluded on January 12, 2018 with a total of 105 episodes. It was replaced by The One That Got Away in its timeslot. The series is streaming online on YouTube. Premise Gia often teased that she is next in her family to become an old maid, is a Korean drama fan with determination to meet her long-time crush and former Korean superstar Kim Jun-ho, who has since stepped out of the limelight. When her school offers her a scholarship training in Seoul, she grabs the opportunity to try and find Jun-ho, but ends up coming home disappointed. Back in Manila, she helps a drunk Korean guy beaten by gangsters which turned out to be Jun-ho. Cast and characters Heart Evangelista portrays Gia Asuncion. Lead cast Heart Evangelista as Guadalupe Immaculada "Gia" Asuncion-Kim Alexander Lee as Kim Jun-ho Supporting cast Janice de Belen as Adelaida "Aida" Asuncion Ricky Davao as Joselito "Josie" Asuncion Iya Villania as Kennedy Santos Edgar Allan Guzman as Ryan Patrick Maalba Valeen Montenegro as Cindy / Cinnamon Frances Makil-Ignacio as Caridad "Carrie" Washington Myke Solomon as Kerwin Jinri Park as Lee Kyung-ha / Hannah Lee Divine Aucina as Clarissa Asuncion Khaine Hernandez as Paolo "Pao" Kim Recurring cast Shelly Hipolito as Scarlet Asuncion Gileth Sandico as Pebbles Asuncion-Santos Don Martin as Rocky Santos Raymart Santiago as Dodong "Dong" / "Doods" Garcia Guest cast Kim Jung-wook as Kim Ji-hu Oh Min-lee (Michelle Oh) as Kim Yea-jin Lee Hae-ri as Choi Kim Sun-hi as Jun-ho's interviewer Dasuri Choi as a film actress Rob Sy as Gia's workmate Liezel Lopez as Nadine Erlinda Villalobos as Dora Asuncion Boboy Garovillo as Ernesto Garcia Dexter Doria as Ludivina Garcia Mickey Ferriols as Carmela “Mel” Tuazon Andy Ryu as Lee Gong-woo Jaclyn Jose as Charlotte "Chiclet" TIborcia Cheska Iñigo as Amanda de Gracia Production Principal photography commenced in June 2017. The series was the first Philippine television drama series produced by GMA Network to be filmed in Seoul, South Korea. Ratings According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Nationwide Urban Television Audience Measurement People in television homes, the pilot episode of My Korean Jagiya earned a 6.6% rating. While the final episode scored an 8.5% rating. References ^ "My Korean Jagiya (Full Episodes) \| Super Stream - YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved May 7, 2024. ^ "My Korean Jagiya". GMA Network. Retrieved March 20, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Andy Ryu joins the cast of My Korean Jagiya". GMA Network. November 23, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2018. ^ Ilaya, Felix (January 8, 2018). "My Korean Jagiya cast, todo suporta sa MMFF win ni Edgar Allan Guzman". GMA Network. Retrieved July 18, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g "My Korean Jagiya is all set to charm its way into viewers' hearts". GMA Network. August 15, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2018. ^ Alcarez, Owen (June 23, 2017). "Look: Heart Evangelista, nagsimula nang mag-taping para sa My Korean Jagiya". GMA Network. Retrieved February 24, 2024. ^ "My Korean Jagiya Revealed". GMA Network. ^ "August 21 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes". PEP. Retrieved August 22, 2017. ^ "NUTAM's 15 Most-Watched GMA Network Drama Finales TV Ratings". LionhearTV. January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2024. External links Official website My Korean Jagiya at IMDb vteMark A. Reyes filmographyFeature films T.G.I.S.: The Movie (1997) Mulawin: The Movie (2005) Moments of Love (2006) Till I Met You (2006) Angels ("Angel of Love" segment, 2007) Tiyanaks (2007) Resiklo (2007) My Best Friend's Girlfriend (2008) I.T.A.L.Y. (2008) You to Me Are Everything (2010) Tween Academy: Class of 2012 (2011) Trip Ubusan: The Lolas vs. Zombies (2017) Television series T.G.I.S. (1995–99) Pintados (1999) Love to Love (2003–06) Hanggang Kailan (with Jose Javier Reyes, 2004) Forever in My Heart (2004–05) Philippine Idol (2006) Kamandag (with Topel Lee, 2007–08) Codename: Asero (with Mike Tuviera, 2008) Zorro (with Dominic Zapata, 2009) Full House (2009–10) Ilumina (with Topel Lee, 2010) Party Pilipinas (with Rico Gutierrez, Treb Monteras, Rommel Gacho and Louie Ignacio, 2010-13) Bagets: Just Got Lucky (with 2011–12) Time of My Life (with Andoy Ranay, 2011) Kasalanan Bang Ibigin Ka? (2012) Paroa: Ang Kuwento ni Mariposa (2012–13) Teen Gen (2012–13) Love & Lies (2013) Genesis (with Joyce Bernal, 2013) The Half Sisters (2014–15) Because of You (2015–16) My Korean Jagiya (2017–18) The Cure (2018) Cain at Abel (with Don Michael Perez and Toto Natividad, 2018–19) Inagaw na Bituin (2019) Beautiful Justice (2019) Voltes V: Legacy (2023) The Missing Husband (2023) Encantadia Encantadia (2005) Etheria (2005–06) Encantadia (2016–17) Sang'gre (2024) This Philippine television program-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"Philippine television drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_television_drama"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Mark A. Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_A._Reyes"},{"link_name":"Heart Evangelista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Evangelista"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lee_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"I Heart Davao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Heart_Davao"},{"link_name":"The One That Got Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_That_Got_Away_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"My Korean Jagiya (transl. My Korean Honey / Korean: 한국인 자기야; RR: Han-gugin Jagiya) is a Philippine television drama romance comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Mark A. Reyes, it stars Heart Evangelista and Alexander Lee in the title role. It premiered on August 21, 2017 on the network's Telebabad line up replacing I Heart Davao. The series concluded on January 12, 2018 with a total of 105 episodes. It was replaced by The One That Got Away in its timeslot.The series is streaming online on YouTube.[1]","title":"My Korean Jagiya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Gia often teased that she is next in her family to become an old maid, is a Korean drama fan with determination to meet her long-time crush and former Korean superstar Kim Jun-ho, who has since stepped out of the limelight. When her school offers her a scholarship training in Seoul, she grabs the opportunity to try and find Jun-ho, but ends up coming home disappointed. Back in Manila, she helps a drunk Korean guy beaten by gangsters which turned out to be Jun-ho.[2]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_Evangelista.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heart Evangelista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Evangelista"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lee_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy-3"},{"link_name":"Janice de Belen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_de_Belen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy-3"},{"link_name":"Ricky Davao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Davao"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy-3"},{"link_name":"Iya Villania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iya_Villania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy-3"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Guzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Guzman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Valeen Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeen_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy-3"},{"link_name":"Frances Makil-Ignacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Makil-Ignacio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-5"},{"link_name":"Jinri Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinri_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy-3"},{"link_name":"Raymart Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymart_Santiago"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy-3"},{"link_name":"Kim Jung-wook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EC%9A%B1_(1980%EB%85%84)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-5"},{"link_name":"Dasuri Choi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasuri_Choi"},{"link_name":"Liezel Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liezel_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Boboy Garovillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boboy_Garovillo"},{"link_name":"Dexter Doria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Doria"},{"link_name":"Mickey Ferriols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Ferriols"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andy-3"},{"link_name":"Jaclyn Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaclyn_Jose"}],"text":"Heart Evangelista portrays Gia Asuncion.Lead castHeart Evangelista[3] as Guadalupe Immaculada \"Gia\" Asuncion-Kim\nAlexander Lee[3] as Kim Jun-hoSupporting castJanice de Belen[3] as Adelaida \"Aida\" Asuncion\nRicky Davao[3] as Joselito \"Josie\" Asuncion\nIya Villania[3] as Kennedy Santos\nEdgar Allan Guzman[4] as Ryan Patrick Maalba\nValeen Montenegro[3] as Cindy / Cinnamon\nFrances Makil-Ignacio[5] as Caridad \"Carrie\" Washington\nMyke Solomon[5] as Kerwin\nJinri Park[5] as Lee Kyung-ha / Hannah Lee\nDivine Aucina[5] as Clarissa Asuncion\nKhaine Hernandez[3] as Paolo \"Pao\" KimRecurring castShelly Hipolito as Scarlet Asuncion\nGileth Sandico as Pebbles Asuncion-Santos\nDon Martin as Rocky Santos\nRaymart Santiago[3] as Dodong \"Dong\" / \"Doods\" GarciaGuest castKim Jung-wook[5] as Kim Ji-hu\nOh Min-lee (Michelle Oh)[5] as Kim Yea-jin\nLee Hae-ri[5] as Choi\nKim Sun-hi as Jun-ho's interviewer\nDasuri Choi as a film actress\nRob Sy as Gia's workmate\nLiezel Lopez as Nadine\nErlinda Villalobos as Dora Asuncion\nBoboy Garovillo as Ernesto Garcia\nDexter Doria as Ludivina Garcia\nMickey Ferriols as Carmela “Mel” Tuazon\nAndy Ryu[3] as Lee Gong-woo\nJaclyn Jose as Charlotte \"Chiclet\" TIborcia\nCheska Iñigo as Amanda de Gracia","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Principal photography commenced in June 2017.[6] The series was the first Philippine television drama series produced by GMA Network to be filmed in Seoul, South Korea.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AGB Nielsen Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGB_Nielsen_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Nationwide Urban Television Audience Measurement People in television homes, the pilot episode of My Korean Jagiya earned a 6.6% rating.[8] While the final episode scored an 8.5% rating.[9]","title":"Ratings"}]	[{"image_text":"Heart Evangelista portrays Gia Asuncion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Heart_Evangelista.jpg/150px-Heart_Evangelista.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"My Korean Jagiya (Full Episodes) \| Super Stream - YouTube\". 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Retrieved February 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/my_korean_jagiya/31942/look-heart-evangelista-nagsimula-nang-mag-taping-para-sa-my-korean-jagiya/story/","url_text":"\"Look: Heart Evangelista, nagsimula nang mag-taping para sa My Korean Jagiya\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Korean Jagiya Revealed\". GMA Network.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/24oras/420512/korean-singer-actor-na-leading-man-ni-heart-sa-my-korean-jagiya-ipinakilala-na/evideo/","url_text":"\"My Korean Jagiya Revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network_(company)","url_text":"GMA Network"}]},{"reference":"\"August 21 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\". PEP. Retrieved August 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/news/pepalerts/read/20837","url_text":"\"August 21 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\""}]},{"reference":"\"NUTAM's 15 Most-Watched GMA Network Drama Finales TV Ratings\". LionhearTV. January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lionheartv.net/2019/01/agb-shows-most-watched-kapuso-teledrama-final-episode-ratings/","url_text":"\"NUTAM's 15 Most-Watched GMA Network Drama Finales TV Ratings\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGRhcC_vtOrZZZQk6Vx_m24mDagcjypvd","external_links_name":"\"My Korean Jagiya (Full Episodes) \| Super Stream - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/my_korean_jagiya/about/","external_links_name":"\"My Korean Jagiya\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/my_korean_jagiya/35469/andy-ryu-joins-the-cast-of-my-korean-jagiya/story","external_links_name":"\"Andy Ryu joins the cast of My Korean Jagiya\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/36654/my-korean-jagiya-cast-todo-suporta-sa-mmff-win-ni-edgar-allan-guzman/story","external_links_name":"\"My Korean Jagiya cast, todo suporta sa MMFF win ni Edgar Allan Guzman\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/showbiznews/news/33267/my-korean-jagiya-is-all-set-to-charm-its-way-into-viewers-hearts/story","external_links_name":"\"My Korean Jagiya is all set to charm its way into viewers' hearts\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/my_korean_jagiya/31942/look-heart-evangelista-nagsimula-nang-mag-taping-para-sa-my-korean-jagiya/story/","external_links_name":"\"Look: Heart Evangelista, nagsimula nang mag-taping para sa My Korean Jagiya\""},{"Link":"http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/24oras/420512/korean-singer-actor-na-leading-man-ni-heart-sa-my-korean-jagiya-ipinakilala-na/evideo/","external_links_name":"\"My Korean Jagiya Revealed\""},{"Link":"http://www.pep.ph/news/pepalerts/read/20837","external_links_name":"\"August 21 (Mon) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes\""},{"Link":"https://www.lionheartv.net/2019/01/agb-shows-most-watched-kapuso-teledrama-final-episode-ratings/","external_links_name":"\"NUTAM's 15 Most-Watched GMA Network Drama Finales TV Ratings\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/entertainment/tv/my_korean_jagiya","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7221380/","external_links_name":"My Korean Jagiya"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Korean_Jagiya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_United_Transport	Lancashire United Transport	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	This article is about the historic Atherton based bus company. For the current Transdev subsidiary that traded as Lancashire United, see Blackburn Bus Company. An ex-Lancashire United Transport Guy Arab V with Northern Counties bodywork, now in preservation Lancashire United Transport (LUT) was a tram, bus and trolleybus operator based at Howe Bridge in Atherton, 10 miles north west of Manchester. It was the largest independent bus operator in the United Kingdom until its acquisition by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive in 1976. History The company was founded in 1905 as Lancashire United Tramways Ltd to assume operation of the South Lancashire Tramways tram system, which had run into financial difficulties. The tram system was centred on the towns of Leigh and Atherton in South Lancashire, with lines running towards St Helens, Wigan, Bolton and Salford. Trams continued to run under the "South Lancashire Tramways" fleetname, but after World War I LUT took the opportunity to operate motorbus services using the "Lancashire United" fleetname. By 1926, the bus fleet had reached the total of 100 operating over 21 routes. The company changed its name in the same year to Lancashire United Transport and Power Company Ltd to reflect the widened range of business activities. The company continued to operate routes in South Lancashire until purchased by Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive in 1976. LUT remained as an independent subsidiary until 1981 when the company was officially wound up and its assets transferred to Greater Manchester Transport. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lancashire United Transport (bus company). List of bus operators of the United Kingdom References ^ Ogden 2006, p.13 ^ a b Ogden 2006, p.34 Bibliography Brown, Stewart J. (1995) Greater Manchester Buses, Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-174-0 Ogden, Eric (2006) Lancashire United: A Centenary Celebration 1906–2006, Venture Publications. ISBN 1-905304-12-9 External links Lancashire United Transport Society History of Lancashire United Transport 1905-1981 vteFormer bus companies of the United KingdomNational Associated Motorways Blazefield Holdings British Bus British Coachways British Electric Traction Fraser Eagle GRT Group HCT Group National Bus Company Tilling Group EnglandvteFormer bus companies operating in EnglandNorth West England Avon Buses Birkenhead Transport Blackburn Transport Blue Bus & Coach Services Bluebird Bus & Coach Bu-Val Buses ChesterBus Citibus Tours Crosville Motor Services Finglands Coachways First Chester & The Wirral GHA Coaches Glenvale Transport GM Buses Halton Transport Jim Stones Coaches John Fishwick & Sons JPT Lancashire United Transport Manchester Community Transport Maynes Bus Maytree Travel Merseybus MTL North Western Road Car Company (1923) North Western Road Car Company (1986) Pennine Blue Red & White Services Ribble Motor Services Shearings Speedwellbus Transdev Northern Blue UK North Yelloway Motor Services North East England Black Prince Buses BrightBus Busways Travel Services Cleveland Transit Durham Travel Services Jolly Bus Mexborough and Swinton Traction Company Northern General Transport Company OK Motor Services Samuel Ledgard Scarlet Band South Yorkshire Transport Tates Travel United Automobile Services Venture Transport West Riding Automobile Company West Yorkshire Road Car Company Yorkshire Rider Yorkshire Terrier Yorkshire Traction Midlands Barton Transport Birmingham City Transport Birmingham Motor Traction Central Buses Chase Coaches First Northampton Glossopdale Bus Company Go West Midlands Ludlows North Birmingham Busways People's Express Premiere Travel Probus Management South Notts Bus Company Stevensons of Uttoxeter Travel de Courcey Travel Merry Hill Travel Your Bus Yourbus Zak's Buses East of England Eastern National Omnibus Company MK Metro South West England Abus Alexcars Badgerline Bristol Omnibus Company Crosville Motor Services Devon General Greyhound Motors Great Western Railway Hants & Dorset Nippy Bus Shamrock Buses Silver Star Motor Services South Gloucestershire Bus & Coach Southern National Sureline Trathens Travel Services WebberBus Wessex Bus Western Greyhound Western National Yellow Buses South East England Alder Valley Aldershot & District Traction Badger Vectis Boro'line Maidstone Cavendish Motor Services City Clipper Countryliner Eastbourne Buses East Kent Road Car Company Epsom Coaches Fleet Buzz Invictaway Kent Top Travel Maidstone & District Motor Services Maidstone Corporation Transport Marchwood Motorways Moss Motor Tours New Enterprise Coaches Portsmouth Corporation Transport Shamrock Buses Southampton Citybus Southdown Motor Services Southdown Buses Thames Transit Thames Valley Traction Tillingbourne Bus Company Velvet Yellow Bus Services Greater London Abellio Surrey Bexleybus Birch Brothers Boro'line London Capital Citybus Capital Logistics Connex East Thames Buses First London Grey-Green Harris Bus Kentish Bus Limebourne London Buslines London Country Bus Services London Country North East London Country North West London Country South West London Easylink London Electrobus Company London Forest London Pride Sightseeing London Traveller MTL NSL Buses Quality Line Thorpes Tower Transit Travel London Travel Surrey Westlink ScotlandvteFormer bus companies operating in ScotlandScottish Bus Group Central Scottish Clydeside Scottish Eastern Scottish Fife Scottish Highland Scottish Kelvin Central Buses Kelvin Scottish Lowland Scottish Midland Scottish Northern Scottish Strathtay Scottish Western Scottish Other operators Arriva Scotland West A1 Service Dart Buses First Scotland East First Stop Travel Gibson's of Moffat McKindless Munro's of Jedburgh Oban and District Rapsons Scottish Motor Traction Strathclyde Buses Western SMT WalesvteFormer bus companies operating in WalesCompanies Crosville Motor Services Express Motors GHA Coaches Islwyn Borough Transport National Welsh Omnibus Services Padarn Bus Red & White Services Rhondda Transport Company South Wales Transport Western Welsh Buses Wales This United Kingdom bus operating company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Greater Manchester-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Transdev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdev"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Bus Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Bus_Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LancashireUnitedTransport-GuyArabV-232.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guy Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Arab"},{"link_name":"Northern Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Counties_Motor_%26_Engineering_Company"},{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"trolleybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"Howe Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Passenger_Transport_Executive"}],"text":"This article is about the historic Atherton based bus company. For the current Transdev subsidiary that traded as Lancashire United, see Blackburn Bus Company.An ex-Lancashire United Transport Guy Arab V with Northern Counties bodywork, now in preservationLancashire United Transport (LUT) was a tram, bus and trolleybus operator based at Howe Bridge in Atherton, 10 miles north west of Manchester. It was the largest independent bus operator in the United Kingdom until its acquisition by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive in 1976.","title":"Lancashire United Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Lancashire Tramways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lancashire_Tramways"},{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"St Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan"},{"link_name":"Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton"},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough_of_Salford"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idOgden2006-23-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idOgden2006-23-2"},{"link_name":"Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Passenger_Transport_Executive"}],"text":"The company was founded in 1905 as Lancashire United Tramways Ltd to assume operation of the South Lancashire Tramways tram system, which had run into financial difficulties.[1] The tram system was centred on the towns of Leigh and Atherton in South Lancashire, with lines running towards St Helens, Wigan, Bolton and Salford.Trams continued to run under the \"South Lancashire Tramways\" fleetname, but after World War I LUT took the opportunity to operate motorbus services using the \"Lancashire United\" fleetname. By 1926, the bus fleet had reached the total of 100 operating over 21 routes.[2] The company changed its name in the same year to Lancashire United Transport and Power Company Ltd to reflect the widened range of business activities.[2]The company continued to operate routes in South Lancashire until purchased by Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive in 1976. LUT remained as an independent subsidiary until 1981 when the company was officially wound up and its assets transferred to Greater Manchester Transport.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85414-174-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-174-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-905304-12-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905304-12-9"}],"text":"Brown, Stewart J. (1995) Greater Manchester Buses, Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-174-0\nOgden, Eric (2006) Lancashire United: A Centenary Celebration 1906–2006, Venture Publications. ISBN 1-905304-12-9","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"An ex-Lancashire United Transport Guy Arab V with Northern Counties bodywork, now in preservation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/LancashireUnitedTransport-GuyArabV-232.jpg/220px-LancashireUnitedTransport-GuyArabV-232.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Lancashire United Transport (bus company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lancashire_United_Transport_(bus_company)"},{"title":"List of bus operators of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_operators_of_the_United_Kingdom"}]	[{"reference":"Brown, Stewart J. (1995) Greater Manchester Buses, Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-174-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-174-0","url_text":"1-85414-174-0"}]},{"reference":"Ogden, Eric (2006) Lancashire United: A Centenary Celebration 1906–2006, Venture Publications. ISBN 1-905304-12-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905304-12-9","url_text":"1-905304-12-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.lutsociety.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Lancashire United Transport Society"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002047/http://www.lutsociety.org.uk/history.html","external_links_name":"History of Lancashire United Transport 1905-1981"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lancashire_United_Transport&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lancashire_United_Transport&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesin	Moesin	["1 Interactions","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens MSNAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1E5W, 1EF1, 1SGHIdentifiersAliasesMSN, HEL70, moesin, IMD50External IDsOMIM: 309845; MGI: 97167; HomoloGene: 1833; GeneCards: MSN; OMA:MSN - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.X chromosome (human)BandXq12Start65,588,377 bpEnd65,741,931 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.X chromosome (mouse)BandX\|X C3Start95,139,648 bpEnd95,212,158 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inlower lobe of lungwhite blood cellmonocytegranulocytesynovial jointsaphenous veinsynovial membraneright lungappendixsmooth muscle tissueTop expressed inright lungright lung lobeleft lungendothelial cell of lymphatic vesselleft lung lobegranulocytemesenteric lymph nodesstroma of bone marrowascending aortatibiofemoral jointMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function cytoskeletal protein binding structural constituent of cytoskeleton protein binding actin binding double-stranded RNA binding signaling receptor binding protein kinase binding cell adhesion molecule binding enzyme binding Cellular component cytoplasm vesicle cell projection pseudopodium blood microparticle membrane focal adhesion filopodium myelin sheath plasma membrane apical part of cell microvillus uropod basolateral plasma membrane apical plasma membrane perinuclear region of cytoplasm extracellular exosome cytoskeleton microvillus membrane nucleus cell periphery extracellular space cell surface cytosol Biological process leukocyte cell-cell adhesion regulation of cell size establishment of endothelial barrier regulation of organelle assembly cellular response to testosterone stimulus regulation of lymphocyte migration positive regulation of podosome assembly gland morphogenesis positive regulation of gene expression establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity regulation of cell shape membrane to membrane docking positive regulation of protein localization to early endosome positive regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport leukocyte migration cytoskeleton organization immunological synapse formation T cell proliferation T cell aggregation T cell migration interleukin-12-mediated signaling pathway viral process Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez447817698EnsemblENSG00000147065ENSMUSG00000031207UniProtP26038P26041RefSeq (mRNA)NM_002444NM_010833RefSeq (protein)NP_002435NP_034963Location (UCSC)Chr X: 65.59 – 65.74 MbChr X: 95.14 – 95.21 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Moesin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSN gene. Moesin (for membrane-organizing extension spike protein) is a member of the ERM protein family which includes ezrin and radixin. ERM proteins appear to function as cross-linkers between plasma membranes and actin-based cytoskeletons. Moesin is localized to filopodia and other membranous protrusions that are important for cell–cell recognition and signaling and for cell movement. Moesin has FERM domain at N-terminal. Interactions Moesin has been shown to interact with: CD43 ICAM3 Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1, Neutrophil cytosolic factor 4 VCAM-1 EZR References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000147065 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000031207 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Lankes WT, Furthmayr H (Oct 1991). "Moesin: a member of the protein 4.1-talin-ezrin family of proteins". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (19): 8297–301. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.8297L. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.19.8297. PMC 52495. PMID 1924289. ^ Amieva MR, Furthmayr H (Sep 1995). "Subcellular localization of moesin in dynamic filopodia, retraction fibers, and other structures involved in substrate exploration, attachment, and cell-cell contacts". Exp. Cell Res. 219 (1): 180–96. doi:10.1006/excr.1995.1218. PMID 7628534. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: MSN moesin". ^ Serrador JM, Nieto M, Alonso-Lebrero JL, del Pozo MA, Calvo J, Furthmayr H, Schwartz-Albiez R, Lozano F, González-Amaro R, Sánchez-Mateos P, Sánchez-Madrid F (Jun 1998). "CD43 interacts with moesin and ezrin and regulates its redistribution to the uropods of T lymphocytes at the cell-cell contacts". Blood. 91 (12): 4632–44. doi:10.1182/blood.V91.12.4632. PMID 9616160. ^ Yonemura S, Hirao M, Doi Y, Takahashi N, Kondo T, Tsukita S, Tsukita S (Feb 1998). "Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins bind to a positively charged amino acid cluster in the juxta-membrane cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2". J. Cell Biol. 140 (4): 885–95. doi:10.1083/jcb.140.4.885. PMC 2141743. PMID 9472040. ^ Serrador JM, Alonso-Lebrero JL, del Pozo MA, Furthmayr H, Schwartz-Albiez R, Calvo J, Lozano F, Sánchez-Madrid F (Sep 1997). "Moesin interacts with the cytoplasmic region of intercellular adhesion molecule-3 and is redistributed to the uropod of T lymphocytes during cell polarization". J. Cell Biol. 138 (6): 1409–23. doi:10.1083/jcb.138.6.1409. PMC 2132557. PMID 9298994. ^ Serrador JM, Vicente-Manzanares M, Calvo J, Barreiro O, Montoya MC, Schwartz-Albiez R, Furthmayr H, Lozano F, Sánchez-Madrid F (Mar 2002). "A novel serine-rich motif in the intercellular adhesion molecule 3 is critical for its ezrin/radixin/moesin-directed subcellular targeting". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (12): 10400–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110694200. PMID 11784723. ^ a b Wientjes FB, Reeves EP, Soskic V, Furthmayr H, Segal AW (Nov 2001). "The NADPH oxidase components p47(phox) and p40(phox) bind to moesin through their PX domain". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 289 (2): 382–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5982. PMID 11716484. ^ Barreiro O, Yanez-Mo M, Serrador JM, Montoya MC, Vicente-Manzanares M, Tejedor R, Furthmayr H, Sanchez-Madrid F (Jun 2002). "Dynamic interaction of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 with moesin and ezrin in a novel endothelial docking structure for adherent leukocytes". J. Cell Biol. 157 (7): 1233–45. doi:10.1083/jcb.200112126. PMC 2173557. PMID 12082081. ^ Gajate C, Mollinedo F (Mar 2005). "Cytoskeleton-mediated death receptor and ligand concentration in lipid rafts forms apoptosis-promoting clusters in cancer chemotherapy". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (12): 11641–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M411781200. PMID 15659383. ^ Gary R, Bretscher A (Aug 1995). "Ezrin self-association involves binding of an N-terminal domain to a normally masked C-terminal domain that includes the F-actin binding site". Mol. Biol. Cell. 6 (8): 1061–75. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.8.1061. PMC 301263. PMID 7579708. ^ Gary R, Bretscher A (Nov 1993). "Heterotypic and homotypic associations between ezrin and moesin, two putative membrane-cytoskeletal linking proteins". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (22): 10846–50. Bibcode:1993PNAS...9010846G. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10846. PMC 47875. PMID 8248180. Further reading Tsukita S, Yonemura S (1997). "ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) family: from cytoskeleton to signal transduction". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9 (1): 70–5. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80154-8. PMID 9013673. Vaheri A, Carpén O, Heiska L, Helander TS, Jääskeläinen J, Majander-Nordenswan P, Sainio M, Timonen T, Turunen O (1997). "The ezrin protein family: membrane-cytoskeleton interactions and disease associations". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9 (5): 659–66. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80119-6. PMID 9330869. Matarrese P, Malorni W (2005). "Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 proteins and cytoskeleton: partners in viral life and host cell death". Cell Death Differ. 12 (Suppl 1): 932–41. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401582. PMID 15818415. Gary R, Bretscher A (1995). "Ezrin self-association involves binding of an N-terminal domain to a normally masked C-terminal domain that includes the F-actin binding site". Mol. Biol. Cell. 6 (8): 1061–75. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.8.1061. PMC 301263. PMID 7579708. Schwartz-Albiez R, Merling A, Spring H, Möller P, Koretz K (1995). "Differential expression of the microspike-associated protein moesin in human tissues". Eur. J. Cell Biol. 67 (3): 189–98. PMID 7588875. Schneider-Schaulies J, Dunster LM, Schwartz-Albiez R, Krohne G, ter Meulen V (1995). "Physical association of moesin and CD46 as a receptor complex for measles virus". J. Virol. 69 (4): 2248–56. doi:10.1128/JVI.69.4.2248-2256.1995. PMC 188894. PMID 7884872. Wilgenbus KK, Hsieh CL, Lankes WT, Milatovich A, Francke U, Furthmayr H (1994). "Structure and localization on the X chromosome of the gene coding for the human filopodial protein moesin (MSN)". Genomics. 19 (2): 326–33. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1065. PMID 8188263. Gary R, Bretscher A (1993). "Heterotypic and homotypic associations between ezrin and moesin, two putative membrane-cytoskeletal linking proteins". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (22): 10846–50. Bibcode:1993PNAS...9010846G. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10846. PMC 47875. PMID 8248180. Dunster LM, Schneider-Schaulies J, Löffler S, Lankes W, Schwartz-Albiez R, Lottspeich F, ter Meulen V (1994). "Moesin: a cell membrane protein linked with susceptibility to measles virus infection". Virology. 198 (1): 265–74. doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1029. PMID 8259662. Nakamura F, Amieva MR, Furthmayr H (1995). "Phosphorylation of threonine 558 in the carboxyl-terminal actin-binding domain of moesin by thrombin activation of human platelets". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (52): 31377–85. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.52.31377. PMID 8537411. Ott DE, Coren LV, Kane BP, Busch LK, Johnson DG, Sowder RC, Chertova EN, Arthur LO, Henderson LE (1996). "Cytoskeletal proteins inside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions". J. Virol. 70 (11): 7734–43. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.11.7734-7743.1996. PMC 190843. PMID 8892894. Hecker C, Weise C, Schneider-Schaulies J, Holmes HC, ter Meulen V (1997). "Specific binding of HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 to the structural membrane proteins ezrin and moesin". Virus Res. 49 (2): 215–23. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(97)00039-7. PMC 7126478. PMID 9213396. Serrador JM, Alonso-Lebrero JL, del Pozo MA, Furthmayr H, Schwartz-Albiez R, Calvo J, Lozano F, Sánchez-Madrid F (1997). "Moesin interacts with the cytoplasmic region of intercellular adhesion molecule-3 and is redistributed to the uropod of T lymphocytes during cell polarization". J. Cell Biol. 138 (6): 1409–23. doi:10.1083/jcb.138.6.1409. PMC 2132557. PMID 9298994. Reczek D, Berryman M, Bretscher A (1997). "Identification of EBP50: A PDZ-containing phosphoprotein that associates with members of the ezrin-radixin-moesin family". J. Cell Biol. 139 (1): 169–79. doi:10.1083/jcb.139.1.169. PMC 2139813. PMID 9314537. Murthy A, Gonzalez-Agosti C, Cordero E, Pinney D, Candia C, Solomon F, Gusella J, Ramesh V (1998). "NHE-RF, a regulatory cofactor for Na(+)-H+ exchange, is a common interactor for merlin and ERM (MERM) proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (3): 1273–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.3.1273. PMID 9430655. Yonemura S, Hirao M, Doi Y, Takahashi N, Kondo T, Tsukita S, Tsukita S (1998). "Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins bind to a positively charged amino acid cluster in the juxta-membrane cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2". J. Cell Biol. 140 (4): 885–95. doi:10.1083/jcb.140.4.885. PMC 2141743. PMID 9472040. vtePDB gallery 1e5w: STRUCTURE OF ISOLATED FERM DOMAIN AND FIRST LONG HELIX OF MOESIN 1ef1: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE MOESIN FERM DOMAIN/TAIL DOMAIN COMPLEX 1j19: Crystal structure of the radxin FERM domain complexed with the ICAM-2 cytoplasmic peptide 1sgh: Moesin FERM domain bound to EBP50 C-terminal peptide 2d10: Crystal structure of the Radixin FERM domain complexed with the NHERF-1 C-terminal tail peptide 2d11: Crystal structure of the Radixin FERM domain complexed with the NHERF-2 C-terminal tail peptide 2d2q: Crystal structure of the dimerized radixin FERM domain 2yvc: Crystal structure of the Radixin FERM domain complexed with the NEP cytoplasmic tail This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1924289-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7628534-6"},{"link_name":"ERM protein family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERM_protein_family"},{"link_name":"ezrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezrin"},{"link_name":"radixin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radixin"},{"link_name":"plasma membranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"cytoskeletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EG-7"},{"link_name":"filopodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filopodia"},{"link_name":"cell–cell recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%E2%80%93cell_recognition"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EG-7"},{"link_name":"FERM domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FERM_domain"},{"link_name":"N-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-terminal"}],"text":"Moesin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSN gene.[5][6]Moesin (for membrane-organizing extension spike protein) is a member of the ERM protein family which includes ezrin and radixin. ERM proteins appear to function as cross-linkers between plasma membranes and actin-based cytoskeletons.[7]Moesin is localized to filopodia and other membranous protrusions that are important for cell–cell recognition and signaling and for cell movement.[7]Moesin has FERM domain at N-terminal.","title":"Moesin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"CD43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD43"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9616160-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9472040-9"},{"link_name":"ICAM3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAM3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9298994-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11784723-11"},{"link_name":"Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil_cytosolic_factor_1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11716484-12"},{"link_name":"Neutrophil cytosolic factor 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil_cytosolic_factor_4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11716484-12"},{"link_name":"VCAM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCAM-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12082081-13"},{"link_name":"EZR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezrin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15659383-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7579708-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8248180-16"}],"text":"Moesin has been shown to interact with:CD43[8][9]\nICAM3[10][11]\nNeutrophil cytosolic factor 1,[12]\nNeutrophil cytosolic factor 4[12]\nVCAM-1[13]\nEZR[14][15][16]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80154-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0955-0674%2897%2980154-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9013673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9013673"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80119-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0955-0674%2897%2980119-6"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9330869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9330869"},{"link_name":"\"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 proteins and cytoskeleton: partners in viral life and host cell 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family\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2139813"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1083/jcb.139.1.169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.139.1.169"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2139813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2139813"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9314537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9314537"},{"link_name":"\"NHE-RF, a regulatory cofactor for Na(+)-H+ exchange, is a common interactor for merlin and ERM (MERM) proteins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.3.1273"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.273.3.1273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.3.1273"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9430655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9430655"},{"link_name":"\"Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins bind to a positively charged amino acid cluster in the juxta-membrane cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141743"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1083/jcb.140.4.885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.140.4.885"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2141743","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141743"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9472040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9472040"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PDB_Gallery"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:PDB_Gallery"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PDB_Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1e5w_EBI.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1ef1_EBI.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1j19_EBI.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_1sgh_EBI.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_2d10_EBI.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_2d11_EBI.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_2d2q_EBI.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_2yvc_EBI.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"}],"text":"Tsukita S, Yonemura S (1997). \"ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) family: from cytoskeleton to signal transduction\". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9 (1): 70–5. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80154-8. PMID 9013673.\nVaheri A, Carpén O, Heiska L, Helander TS, Jääskeläinen J, Majander-Nordenswan P, Sainio M, Timonen T, Turunen O (1997). \"The ezrin protein family: membrane-cytoskeleton interactions and disease associations\". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9 (5): 659–66. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80119-6. PMID 9330869.\nMatarrese P, Malorni W (2005). \"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 proteins and cytoskeleton: partners in viral life and host cell death\". Cell Death Differ. 12 (Suppl 1): 932–41. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401582. PMID 15818415.\nGary R, Bretscher A (1995). \"Ezrin self-association involves binding of an N-terminal domain to a normally masked C-terminal domain that includes the F-actin binding site\". Mol. Biol. Cell. 6 (8): 1061–75. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.8.1061. PMC 301263. PMID 7579708.\nSchwartz-Albiez R, Merling A, Spring H, Möller P, Koretz K (1995). \"Differential expression of the microspike-associated protein moesin in human tissues\". Eur. J. Cell Biol. 67 (3): 189–98. PMID 7588875.\nSchneider-Schaulies J, Dunster LM, Schwartz-Albiez R, Krohne G, ter Meulen V (1995). \"Physical association of moesin and CD46 as a receptor complex for measles virus\". J. Virol. 69 (4): 2248–56. doi:10.1128/JVI.69.4.2248-2256.1995. PMC 188894. PMID 7884872.\nWilgenbus KK, Hsieh CL, Lankes WT, Milatovich A, Francke U, Furthmayr H (1994). \"Structure and localization on the X chromosome of the gene coding for the human filopodial protein moesin (MSN)\". Genomics. 19 (2): 326–33. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1065. PMID 8188263.\nGary R, Bretscher A (1993). \"Heterotypic and homotypic associations between ezrin and moesin, two putative membrane-cytoskeletal linking proteins\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (22): 10846–50. Bibcode:1993PNAS...9010846G. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10846. PMC 47875. PMID 8248180.\nDunster LM, Schneider-Schaulies J, Löffler S, Lankes W, Schwartz-Albiez R, Lottspeich F, ter Meulen V (1994). \"Moesin: a cell membrane protein linked with susceptibility to measles virus infection\". Virology. 198 (1): 265–74. doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1029. PMID 8259662.\nNakamura F, Amieva MR, Furthmayr H (1995). \"Phosphorylation of threonine 558 in the carboxyl-terminal actin-binding domain of moesin by thrombin activation of human platelets\". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (52): 31377–85. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.52.31377. PMID 8537411.\nOtt DE, Coren LV, Kane BP, Busch LK, Johnson DG, Sowder RC, Chertova EN, Arthur LO, Henderson LE (1996). \"Cytoskeletal proteins inside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions\". J. Virol. 70 (11): 7734–43. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.11.7734-7743.1996. PMC 190843. PMID 8892894.\nHecker C, Weise C, Schneider-Schaulies J, Holmes HC, ter Meulen V (1997). \"Specific binding of HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 to the structural membrane proteins ezrin and moesin\". Virus Res. 49 (2): 215–23. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(97)00039-7. PMC 7126478. PMID 9213396.\nSerrador JM, Alonso-Lebrero JL, del Pozo MA, Furthmayr H, Schwartz-Albiez R, Calvo J, Lozano F, Sánchez-Madrid F (1997). \"Moesin interacts with the cytoplasmic region of intercellular adhesion molecule-3 and is redistributed to the uropod of T lymphocytes during cell polarization\". J. Cell Biol. 138 (6): 1409–23. doi:10.1083/jcb.138.6.1409. PMC 2132557. PMID 9298994.\nReczek D, Berryman M, Bretscher A (1997). \"Identification of EBP50: A PDZ-containing phosphoprotein that associates with members of the ezrin-radixin-moesin family\". J. Cell Biol. 139 (1): 169–79. doi:10.1083/jcb.139.1.169. PMC 2139813. PMID 9314537.\nMurthy A, Gonzalez-Agosti C, Cordero E, Pinney D, Candia C, Solomon F, Gusella J, Ramesh V (1998). \"NHE-RF, a regulatory cofactor for Na(+)-H+ exchange, is a common interactor for merlin and ERM (MERM) proteins\". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (3): 1273–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.3.1273. PMID 9430655.\nYonemura S, Hirao M, Doi Y, Takahashi N, Kondo T, Tsukita S, Tsukita S (1998). \"Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins bind to a positively charged amino acid cluster in the juxta-membrane cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2\". J. Cell Biol. 140 (4): 885–95. doi:10.1083/jcb.140.4.885. PMC 2141743. PMID 9472040.vtePDB gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1e5w: STRUCTURE OF ISOLATED FERM DOMAIN AND FIRST LONG HELIX OF MOESIN\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1ef1: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE MOESIN FERM DOMAIN/TAIL DOMAIN COMPLEX\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1j19: Crystal structure of the radxin FERM domain complexed with the ICAM-2 cytoplasmic peptide\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1sgh: Moesin FERM domain bound to EBP50 C-terminal peptide\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2d10: Crystal structure of the Radixin FERM domain complexed with the NHERF-1 C-terminal tail peptide\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2d11: Crystal structure of the Radixin FERM domain complexed with the NHERF-2 C-terminal tail peptide\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2d2q: Crystal structure of the dimerized radixin FERM domain\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2yvc: Crystal structure of the Radixin FERM domain complexed with the NEP cytoplasmic tailThis article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=4478","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=17698","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Lankes WT, Furthmayr H (Oct 1991). \"Moesin: a member of the protein 4.1-talin-ezrin family of proteins\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (19): 8297–301. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.8297L. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.19.8297. PMC 52495. PMID 1924289.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC52495","url_text":"\"Moesin: a member of the protein 4.1-talin-ezrin family of proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PNAS...88.8297L","url_text":"1991PNAS...88.8297L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.88.19.8297","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.88.19.8297"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC52495","url_text":"52495"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1924289","url_text":"1924289"}]},{"reference":"Amieva MR, Furthmayr H (Sep 1995). \"Subcellular localization of moesin in dynamic filopodia, retraction fibers, and other structures involved in substrate exploration, attachment, and cell-cell contacts\". Exp. Cell Res. 219 (1): 180–96. doi:10.1006/excr.1995.1218. 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PMID 9472040.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141743","url_text":"\"Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins bind to a positively charged amino acid cluster in the juxta-membrane cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.140.4.885","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.140.4.885"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141743","url_text":"2141743"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9472040","url_text":"9472040"}]},{"reference":"Serrador JM, Alonso-Lebrero JL, del Pozo MA, Furthmayr H, Schwartz-Albiez R, Calvo J, Lozano F, Sánchez-Madrid F (Sep 1997). \"Moesin interacts with the cytoplasmic region of intercellular adhesion molecule-3 and is redistributed to the uropod of T lymphocytes during cell polarization\". 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J. Biol. Chem. 277 (12): 10400–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110694200. PMID 11784723.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M110694200","url_text":"\"A novel serine-rich motif in the intercellular adhesion molecule 3 is critical for its ezrin/radixin/moesin-directed subcellular targeting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M110694200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M110694200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11784723","url_text":"11784723"}]},{"reference":"Wientjes FB, Reeves EP, Soskic V, Furthmayr H, Segal AW (Nov 2001). \"The NADPH oxidase components p47(phox) and p40(phox) bind to moesin through their PX domain\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 289 (2): 382–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5982. PMID 11716484.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.2001.5982","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.2001.5982"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11716484","url_text":"11716484"}]},{"reference":"Barreiro O, Yanez-Mo M, Serrador JM, Montoya MC, Vicente-Manzanares M, Tejedor R, Furthmayr H, Sanchez-Madrid F (Jun 2002). \"Dynamic interaction of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 with moesin and ezrin in a novel endothelial docking structure for adherent leukocytes\". J. Cell Biol. 157 (7): 1233–45. doi:10.1083/jcb.200112126. PMC 2173557. PMID 12082081.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2173557","url_text":"\"Dynamic interaction of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 with moesin and ezrin in a novel endothelial docking structure for adherent leukocytes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.200112126","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.200112126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2173557","url_text":"2173557"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12082081","url_text":"12082081"}]},{"reference":"Gajate C, Mollinedo F (Mar 2005). \"Cytoskeleton-mediated death receptor and ligand concentration in lipid rafts forms apoptosis-promoting clusters in cancer chemotherapy\". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (12): 11641–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M411781200. PMID 15659383.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M411781200","url_text":"\"Cytoskeleton-mediated death receptor and ligand concentration in lipid rafts forms apoptosis-promoting clusters in cancer chemotherapy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M411781200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M411781200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15659383","url_text":"15659383"}]},{"reference":"Gary R, Bretscher A (Aug 1995). \"Ezrin self-association involves binding of an N-terminal domain to a normally masked C-terminal domain that includes the F-actin binding site\". Mol. Biol. Cell. 6 (8): 1061–75. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.8.1061. PMC 301263. PMID 7579708.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC301263","url_text":"\"Ezrin self-association involves binding of an N-terminal domain to a normally masked C-terminal domain that includes the F-actin binding site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1091%2Fmbc.6.8.1061","url_text":"10.1091/mbc.6.8.1061"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC301263","url_text":"301263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7579708","url_text":"7579708"}]},{"reference":"Gary R, Bretscher A (Nov 1993). \"Heterotypic and homotypic associations between ezrin and moesin, two putative membrane-cytoskeletal linking proteins\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (22): 10846–50. Bibcode:1993PNAS...9010846G. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10846. PMC 47875. PMID 8248180.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47875","url_text":"\"Heterotypic and homotypic associations between ezrin and moesin, two putative membrane-cytoskeletal linking proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PNAS...9010846G","url_text":"1993PNAS...9010846G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.22.10846","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.90.22.10846"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47875","url_text":"47875"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8248180","url_text":"8248180"}]},{"reference":"Tsukita S, Yonemura S (1997). \"ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) family: from cytoskeleton to signal transduction\". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9 (1): 70–5. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80154-8. PMID 9013673.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0955-0674%2897%2980154-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80154-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9013673","url_text":"9013673"}]},{"reference":"Vaheri A, Carpén O, Heiska L, Helander TS, Jääskeläinen J, Majander-Nordenswan P, Sainio M, Timonen T, Turunen O (1997). \"The ezrin protein family: membrane-cytoskeleton interactions and disease associations\". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9 (5): 659–66. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80119-6. PMID 9330869.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0955-0674%2897%2980119-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80119-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9330869","url_text":"9330869"}]},{"reference":"Matarrese P, Malorni W (2005). \"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 proteins and cytoskeleton: partners in viral life and host cell death\". Cell Death Differ. 12 (Suppl 1): 932–41. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401582. PMID 15818415.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cdd.4401582","url_text":"\"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 proteins and cytoskeleton: partners in viral life and host cell death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cdd.4401582","url_text":"10.1038/sj.cdd.4401582"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15818415","url_text":"15818415"}]},{"reference":"Gary R, Bretscher A (1995). \"Ezrin self-association involves binding of an N-terminal domain to a normally masked C-terminal domain that includes the F-actin binding site\". Mol. Biol. Cell. 6 (8): 1061–75. doi:10.1091/mbc.6.8.1061. PMC 301263. PMID 7579708.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC301263","url_text":"\"Ezrin self-association involves binding of an N-terminal domain to a normally masked C-terminal domain that includes the F-actin binding site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1091%2Fmbc.6.8.1061","url_text":"10.1091/mbc.6.8.1061"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC301263","url_text":"301263"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7579708","url_text":"7579708"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz-Albiez R, Merling A, Spring H, Möller P, Koretz K (1995). \"Differential expression of the microspike-associated protein moesin in human tissues\". Eur. J. Cell Biol. 67 (3): 189–98. PMID 7588875.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7588875","url_text":"7588875"}]},{"reference":"Schneider-Schaulies J, Dunster LM, Schwartz-Albiez R, Krohne G, ter Meulen V (1995). \"Physical association of moesin and CD46 as a receptor complex for measles virus\". J. Virol. 69 (4): 2248–56. doi:10.1128/JVI.69.4.2248-2256.1995. PMC 188894. PMID 7884872.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC188894","url_text":"\"Physical association of moesin and CD46 as a receptor complex for measles virus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.69.4.2248-2256.1995","url_text":"10.1128/JVI.69.4.2248-2256.1995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC188894","url_text":"188894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7884872","url_text":"7884872"}]},{"reference":"Wilgenbus KK, Hsieh CL, Lankes WT, Milatovich A, Francke U, Furthmayr H (1994). \"Structure and localization on the X chromosome of the gene coding for the human filopodial protein moesin (MSN)\". Genomics. 19 (2): 326–33. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1065. PMID 8188263.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1994.1065","url_text":"\"Structure and localization on the X chromosome of the gene coding for the human filopodial protein moesin (MSN)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1994.1065","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1994.1065"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8188263","url_text":"8188263"}]},{"reference":"Gary R, Bretscher A (1993). \"Heterotypic and homotypic associations between ezrin and moesin, two putative membrane-cytoskeletal linking proteins\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (22): 10846–50. Bibcode:1993PNAS...9010846G. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.22.10846. PMC 47875. PMID 8248180.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47875","url_text":"\"Heterotypic and homotypic associations between ezrin and moesin, two putative membrane-cytoskeletal linking proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PNAS...9010846G","url_text":"1993PNAS...9010846G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.22.10846","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.90.22.10846"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC47875","url_text":"47875"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8248180","url_text":"8248180"}]},{"reference":"Dunster LM, Schneider-Schaulies J, Löffler S, Lankes W, Schwartz-Albiez R, Lottspeich F, ter Meulen V (1994). \"Moesin: a cell membrane protein linked with susceptibility to measles virus infection\". Virology. 198 (1): 265–74. doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1029. PMID 8259662.","urls":[{"url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/5873","url_text":"\"Moesin: a cell membrane protein linked with susceptibility to measles virus infection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fviro.1994.1029","url_text":"10.1006/viro.1994.1029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8259662","url_text":"8259662"}]},{"reference":"Nakamura F, Amieva MR, Furthmayr H (1995). \"Phosphorylation of threonine 558 in the carboxyl-terminal actin-binding domain of moesin by thrombin activation of human platelets\". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (52): 31377–85. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.52.31377. PMID 8537411.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.52.31377","url_text":"\"Phosphorylation of threonine 558 in the carboxyl-terminal actin-binding domain of moesin by thrombin activation of human platelets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.270.52.31377","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.270.52.31377"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8537411","url_text":"8537411"}]},{"reference":"Ott DE, Coren LV, Kane BP, Busch LK, Johnson DG, Sowder RC, Chertova EN, Arthur LO, Henderson LE (1996). \"Cytoskeletal proteins inside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions\". J. Virol. 70 (11): 7734–43. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.11.7734-7743.1996. PMC 190843. 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PMID 9213396.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126478","url_text":"\"Specific binding of HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 to the structural membrane proteins ezrin and moesin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1702%2897%2900039-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0168-1702(97)00039-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126478","url_text":"7126478"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9213396","url_text":"9213396"}]},{"reference":"Serrador JM, Alonso-Lebrero JL, del Pozo MA, Furthmayr H, Schwartz-Albiez R, Calvo J, Lozano F, Sánchez-Madrid F (1997). \"Moesin interacts with the cytoplasmic region of intercellular adhesion molecule-3 and is redistributed to the uropod of T lymphocytes during cell polarization\". J. Cell Biol. 138 (6): 1409–23. doi:10.1083/jcb.138.6.1409. PMC 2132557. PMID 9298994.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2132557","url_text":"\"Moesin interacts with the cytoplasmic region of intercellular adhesion molecule-3 and is redistributed to the uropod of T lymphocytes during cell polarization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.138.6.1409","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.138.6.1409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2132557","url_text":"2132557"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9298994","url_text":"9298994"}]},{"reference":"Reczek D, Berryman M, Bretscher A (1997). \"Identification of EBP50: A PDZ-containing phosphoprotein that associates with members of the ezrin-radixin-moesin family\". J. 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Chem. 273 (3): 1273–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.3.1273. PMID 9430655.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.3.1273","url_text":"\"NHE-RF, a regulatory cofactor for Na(+)-H+ exchange, is a common interactor for merlin and ERM (MERM) proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.3.1273","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.273.3.1273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9430655","url_text":"9430655"}]},{"reference":"Yonemura S, Hirao M, Doi Y, Takahashi N, Kondo T, Tsukita S, Tsukita S (1998). \"Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins bind to a positively charged amino acid cluster in the juxta-membrane cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2\". J. Cell Biol. 140 (4): 885–95. doi:10.1083/jcb.140.4.885. PMC 2141743. PMID 9472040.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141743","url_text":"\"Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins bind to a positively charged amino acid cluster in the juxta-membrane cytoplasmic domain of CD44, CD43, and ICAM-2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.140.4.885","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.140.4.885"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141743","url_text":"2141743"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9472040","url_text":"9472040"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P26041%20or%20P26038","external_links_name":"PDBe"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P26041,P26038","external_links_name":"RCSB"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1E5W","external_links_name":"1E5W"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1EF1","external_links_name":"1EF1"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1SGH","external_links_name":"1SGH"},{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/7373","external_links_name":"MSN"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/309845","external_links_name":"309845"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:97167","external_links_name":"97167"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=1833","external_links_name":"1833"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MSN","external_links_name":"MSN"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000147065","external_links_name":"MSN 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki_family	Wiśniowiecki	["1 History","2 Coat of arms","3 Notable family members","4 Gallery of estates","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Polish princely family For individual family members, see Wiśniowiecki (surname). WiśniowieckiParent houseHouse of ZbaraskiCountryPolish–Lithuanian CommonwealthFounded15th century1669 Free electionFounderMichał Zbaraski WiśnioweckiCurrent headNone, ExtinctFinal rulerMichael I of PolandTitlesKing of PolandGrand Duke of LithuaniaGrand Duke of RutheniaGrand Duke of PrussiaGrand Duke of MasoviaGrand Duke of SamogitiaGrand Duke of LivoniaGrand Duke of SmolenskGrand Duke of KievGrand Duke of VolhyniaGrand Duke of PodoliaGrand Duke of PodlasieGrand Duke of SeveriaGrand Duke of ChernihivVoivode of BelzVoivode of RutheniaKoniuszy King Michael I Jeremi Wiśniowiecki Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki The House of Wiśniowiecki (Ukrainian: Вишневецькі, romanized: Vyshnevetski; Lithuanian: Višnioveckiai) was a Polish-Lithuanian princely family of Ruthenian-Lithuanian origin, notable in the history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. They were powerful magnates with estates predominantly in the Ruthenian lands of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and they used the Polish coat of arms of Korybut. The family is a cadet branch of the House of Zbaraski. History The family tradition would trace their descent to the Gediminids, but modern historians believe there is more evidence for them to have descended from the Rurikids. According to the Gediminids relation theory, the ancestor of the family was Duke Kaributas (Ruthenian: Dymitr Korybut), a son of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Algirdas. Kaributas was stripped of the Duchy of Severia and transferred to Volhynia and Podolia where he was given to govern cities of Vinnytsia and Kremenets, while Zbarazh as a private estate. At first Zbarazh was inherited by Ivan, but in 1434 it was passed on to the second son of Korybut Fedor of Nieśwież. The latter became a progenitor of such princely families like Porycki, Woronecki, Zbarazski. In the 15th century Wiśniowiecki family split away from House of Zbaraski. The family place was city of Wiśniowiec (now Vyshnivets). At first Wiśniowiecki estates were located predominantly in Volhynia, but since 1580s also included on left-bank Ukraine in a region around Lubny, Romny, others that in the past belonged to the princes Glinski and Daumantas. From their days as Ruthenian nobility, they held the title of Kniaz (prince). By the late 16th century, the family converted from Orthodox to Catholicism and became Polonized. They gained much importance in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with vast possessions in the 16th to 18th centuries on the territories of today's Ukraine, particularly the town of Vyshnivets (Wiśniowiec). Their estates were so vast and their position so powerful that they were known as the most powerful of magnates – the "kinglings" or "kinglets" ("królewięta"). Their ancestral seat was the Vyshnivets Castle. The family's golden age was the 17th century, when its members accumulated much wealth and influence, held numerous important posts within the Commonwealth. Likely the most notable members of this family were Michael I, king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1669 to 1673, his father Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, as well as Dmytro Vyshnevetsky who was an important Cossack leader. Coat of arms The coat of arms of the House of Wiśniowiecki was the Korybut coat of arms. Coat of Arms of King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki Notable family members Possessions of Wiśniowiecki family are marked in red Michał Zbaraski Wiśniowiecki (died after 1516), Prince at Wiśniowiec, progenitor of the Wiśniowiecki family Feodor Wiśniowiecki (died in 1533), married Maria of Moldavia, married secondly Princess Anastasia Zilinska (died after 1535) Iwan Wiśniowiecki (died after 1516), courtier, married Nastazja Olizarowicz h. Chorągwie Konstanty Wiśniowiecki (before 1516–1574), courtier, starost of Żytomierz, married Anna Elżbieta Swierszcz z Olchowca h. Jastrzębiec Konstanty Wiśniowiecki (1564–1641), voivode of Belz and Ruthenia, married Anna Zahorowska h. Korczak, Urszula Mniszech h. Mniszech, Katarzyna Korniaktowna h. Krucyni and Krystyna Strusiowna h. Korczak Marianna Wiśniowiecka (1600–1624), married voivode of Bełz and Ruthenia Marshal Jakub Sobieski h. Janina, the father of King of Poland Jan III Sobieski Janusz Wiśniowiecki (1598–1636), Master of the Stables of the Crown, married Katarzyna Eugenia Tyszkiewicz h. Leliwa Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki (1631–1682), Great Guard and Hetman of the Crown, voivode of Belz and Kraków, married Marianna Zamoyska h. Jelita Konstanty Krzysztof Wiśniowiecki (1633–1686), voivode of Podlasie of Bracław and Bełz, married Urszula Teresa Mniszech h. Mniszech and Anna Chodorowska h. Korczak Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki (1678–1741), voivode of Wilno and Marshal, married Teofilia Leszczyńska h. Wieniawa Urszula Franciszka Wiśniowiecka (1705–1753), dramatist and writer, married voivode of Troki and Hetman Prince Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł h. Trąby Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki (1680–1744), the last male representative of the Wiśniowiecki family, Hetman, Castellan and Voivode of Wilno, Great Chancellor of Lithuania, married Katarzyna Dolska h. Kościesza, Maria Magdalena Czartoryska h. Czartoryski and Tekla Róża Radziwiłł h. Trąby Dmytro Vyshnevetsky, also known as Baida, first Ataman of the Ukrainian Cossacks, Hetman of the Registered Cossacks Aleksander Wiśniowiecki (c. 1500–1555), starost of Rzeczyce, married Katarzyna Skoruta h. Korczak Michał Wiśniowiecki (1529–1584), castellan of Bracław and Kiev, married Halszka Zenowiczówna h. Deszpot Michał Wiśniowiecki (died 1616), starost of Owrucz, married Regina Mohyła Jeremi Wiśniowiecki (1612–1651), Prince at Wiśniowiec, Łubny and Chorol, voivode of Ruthenia, married Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska h. Jelita Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (Michael I, 1640-1673), King of Poland 1669–1673, married Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland Anna Wiśniowiecka, married starost of Lublin Zbigniew Firlej h. Lewart Aleksander Wisiowiecki (1543–1577), courtier, married Aleksandra Kapusta h. Kapusta Adam Wiśniowiecki (c. 1566–1622), married Aleksandra Chodkiewicz h. Kościesza, daughter of Hetman Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz h. Kościesza and Krystyna Zborowska h. Jastrzębiec Gallery of estates Vyshnivets Palace Zbarazh Castle Castle of Ostroh Manor house in Łodygowice Zbarski Palace in Kraków Palace of the Minister of the Treasury in Warsaw (rebuilt from the former Wiśniowiecki Palace) Ruins of the Castle of Biały Kamień Wisniowiecki Chapel (Latin Cathedral in Lviv) See also Wiśniowiec Lithuanian nobility Kings of Poland Szlachta References ^ a b c d e Jerzy Jan Lerski; Piotr Wróbel; Richard J. Kozicki (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Publishing. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0. ^ a b c d e f g Mytsyk, Yu. Vyshnevetski. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. ^ "Kniaziowie Wiśniowieccy". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wiśniowiecki. Lubomyr Wynar. Wiśniowiecki in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5 (1993). (in Polish) Herb i rodowód Wiśniowieckich. Marek, Miroslav. "Genealogy of Wiśniowiecki-Zbaraski family" (in Polish). Genealogy.EU. (in Ukrainian) Pictures of Wiśniowiec castle. vteLithuanian nobilityLithuanian origin Astikai Gelgaudai Goštautai Kęsgailos Manvydai Olelkovich Olshanski Pac Radziwiłł Sakaičiai Ruthenian origin Chodkiewicz Czartoryski Ilyinich Ogiński Ostrogski Pociej Sapieha Tyszkiewicz Wiśniowiecki Zasławski Others Glinski (Tatar) Kiszka (Polish) Kossakowski (Polish) Plater (German) Tyzenhauz (German) vteRoyal houses of Poland Piast Přemyslid Samborides Griffins Jagiellon Valois Báthory Vasa Wiśniowiecki Sobieski Wettin Leszczyński Poniatowski After partitions Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Congress Kingdom of Poland Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Lefebvre Duchy of Gdańsk Hohenzollern Duchy of Poznań Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wiśniowiecki (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki_(surname)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacciarelli_-_Micha%C5%82.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Michael I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeremi_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeremi Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremi_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micha%C5%82_Servacy_Vi%C5%A1niaviecki._%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_(G._Busch,_1730)_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Serwacy_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish-Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"magnates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Crown of the Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_heraldry"},{"link_name":"Korybut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korybut_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"cadet branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_branch"},{"link_name":"House of Zbaraski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Zbaraski"}],"text":"For individual family members, see Wiśniowiecki (surname).King Michael IJeremi WiśniowieckiMichał Serwacy WiśniowieckiThe House of Wiśniowiecki (Ukrainian: Вишневецькі, romanized: Vyshnevetski; Lithuanian: Višnioveckiai) was a Polish-Lithuanian princely family of Ruthenian-Lithuanian origin, notable in the history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. They were powerful magnates with estates predominantly in the Ruthenian lands of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and they used the Polish coat of arms of Korybut.The family is a cadet branch of the House of Zbaraski.","title":"Wiśniowiecki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gediminids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gediminids"},{"link_name":"Rurikids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurikid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd654-1"},{"link_name":"Kaributas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaributas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eohou-2"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Algirdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas"},{"link_name":"Severia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severia"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"Podolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolia"},{"link_name":"Vinnytsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnytsia"},{"link_name":"Kremenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenets"},{"link_name":"Zbarazh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbarazh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eohou-2"},{"link_name":"Nieśwież","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%C5%9Bwie%C5%BC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eohou-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eohou-2"},{"link_name":"House of Zbaraski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Zbaraski"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eohou-2"},{"link_name":"Vyshnivets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyshnivets"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd654-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eohou-2"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"left-bank Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Lubny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubny"},{"link_name":"Romny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romny"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eohou-2"},{"link_name":"Kniaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniaz"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Polonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonized"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd654-1"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Vyshnivets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyshnivets"},{"link_name":"magnates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"Vyshnivets Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyshnivets_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd654-1"},{"link_name":"Michael I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"king of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd654-1"},{"link_name":"Jeremi Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremi_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"Dmytro Vyshnevetsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Vyshnevetsky"}],"text":"The family tradition would trace their descent to the Gediminids, but modern historians believe there is more evidence for them to have descended from the Rurikids.[1] According to the Gediminids relation theory, the ancestor of the family was Duke Kaributas (Ruthenian: Dymitr Korybut),[2] a son of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Algirdas. Kaributas was stripped of the Duchy of Severia and transferred to Volhynia and Podolia where he was given to govern cities of Vinnytsia and Kremenets, while Zbarazh as a private estate.[2] At first Zbarazh was inherited by Ivan, but in 1434 it was passed on to the second son of Korybut Fedor of Nieśwież.[2] The latter became a progenitor of such princely families like Porycki, Woronecki, Zbarazski.[2] In the 15th century Wiśniowiecki family split away from House of Zbaraski.[2]The family place was city of Wiśniowiec (now Vyshnivets).[1][2] At first Wiśniowiecki estates were located predominantly in Volhynia, but since 1580s also included on left-bank Ukraine in a region around Lubny, Romny, others that in the past belonged to the princes Glinski and Daumantas.[2]From their days as Ruthenian nobility, they held the title of Kniaz (prince). By the late 16th century, the family converted from Orthodox to Catholicism and became Polonized.[1] They gained much importance in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with vast possessions in the 16th to 18th centuries on the territories of today's Ukraine, particularly the town of Vyshnivets (Wiśniowiec). Their estates were so vast and their position so powerful that they were known as the most powerful of magnates – the \"kinglings\" or \"kinglets\" (\"królewięta\"). Their ancestral seat was the Vyshnivets Castle.The family's golden age was the 17th century, when its members accumulated much wealth and influence, held numerous important posts within the Commonwealth.[1] Likely the most notable members of this family were Michael I, king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1669 to 1673,[1] his father Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, as well as Dmytro Vyshnevetsky who was an important Cossack leader.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korybut coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korybut_coat_of_arms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Michal_Korybut_Wisniowiecki_as_king_of_Poland.svg"},{"link_name":"Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"}],"text":"The coat of arms of the House of Wiśniowiecki was the Korybut coat of arms.Coat of Arms of King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Posiadlosci_magnaterii_w_XVI-XVII_w.svg"},{"link_name":"Michał Zbaraski Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Zbaraski_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"courtier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtier"},{"link_name":"Nastazja Olizarowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nastazja_Olizarowicz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chorągwie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chor%C4%85gwie_coat_of_arms&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Konstanty Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanty_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki_(c._1516%E2%80%931574)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Żytomierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBytomierz"},{"link_name":"Jastrzębiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99biec_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Konstanty Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstanty_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"voivode of Belz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Belz"},{"link_name":"Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Korczak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korczak_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Urszula Mniszech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula_Mniszech"},{"link_name":"Katarzyna Korniaktowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzyna_Korniaktowna"},{"link_name":"Krucyni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucina_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Korczak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korczak_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Marianna Wiśniowiecka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianna_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecka"},{"link_name":"voivode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsza%C5%82ek"},{"link_name":"Jakub Sobieski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Sobieski"},{"link_name":"Janina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janina_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"King of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Jan III Sobieski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_III_Sobieski"},{"link_name":"Janusz Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"Master of the Stables of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koniuszy"},{"link_name":"Katarzyna Eugenia Tyszkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzyna_Eugenia_Tyszkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Leliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leliwa_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymitr_Jerzy_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"Great Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Guard_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"Hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"voivode of Belz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Belz"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Marianna Zamoyska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianna_Zamoyska"},{"link_name":"Jelita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelita_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Konstanty Krzysztof Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanty_Krzysztof_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"voivode of Podlasie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Podlasie"},{"link_name":"Bracław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brac%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Bełz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%82z"},{"link_name":"Urszula Teresa Mniszech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula_Teresa_Mniszech"},{"link_name":"Korczak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korczak_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janusz_Antoni_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Teofilia Leszczyńska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teofilia_Leszczy%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"Wieniawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieniawa_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Urszula Franciszka Wiśniowiecka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urszula_Franciszka_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecka"},{"link_name":"voivode of Troki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Troki"},{"link_name":"Michał Kazimierz \"Rybeńko\" Radziwiłł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kazimierz_%22Rybe%C5%84ko%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82"},{"link_name":"Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Serwacy_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"Voivode of Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Great Chancellor of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanclerz"},{"link_name":"Kościesza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciesza_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Maria Magdalena Czartoryska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena_Czartoryska"},{"link_name":"Czartoryski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czartoryski_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Tekla Róża Radziwiłł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekla_R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82"},{"link_name":"Trąby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%85by_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Dmytro Vyshnevetsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Vyshnevetsky"},{"link_name":"Ataman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataman"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack"},{"link_name":"Registered Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Rzeczyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczyce"},{"link_name":"Michał Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki_(1529%E2%80%931584)"},{"link_name":"Bracław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brac%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"Deszpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deszpot_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Michał Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"starost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starost"},{"link_name":"Owrucz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owrucz"},{"link_name":"Regina Mohyła","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Mohy%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Jeremi Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremi_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"voivode of Ruthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode_of_Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryzelda_Konstancja_Zamoyska"},{"link_name":"Jelita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelita_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"King of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Firlej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Firlej"},{"link_name":"Lewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewart_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Adam Wiśniowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki"},{"link_name":"Kościesza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chodkiewicz_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hieronimowicz_Chodkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Krystyna Zborowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystyna_Zborowska"},{"link_name":"Jastrzębiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99biec_coat_of_arms"}],"text":"Possessions of Wiśniowiecki family are marked in redMichał Zbaraski Wiśniowiecki (died after 1516), Prince at Wiśniowiec, progenitor of the Wiśniowiecki family\nFeodor Wiśniowiecki (died in 1533), married Maria of Moldavia, married secondly Princess Anastasia Zilinska (died after 1535)\nIwan Wiśniowiecki (died after 1516), courtier, married Nastazja Olizarowicz h. Chorągwie\nKonstanty Wiśniowiecki (before 1516–1574), courtier, starost of Żytomierz, married Anna Elżbieta Swierszcz z Olchowca h. Jastrzębiec\nKonstanty Wiśniowiecki (1564–1641), voivode of Belz and Ruthenia, married Anna Zahorowska h. Korczak, Urszula Mniszech h. Mniszech, Katarzyna Korniaktowna h. Krucyni and Krystyna Strusiowna h. Korczak\nMarianna Wiśniowiecka (1600–1624), married voivode of Bełz and Ruthenia Marshal Jakub Sobieski h. Janina, the father of King of Poland Jan III Sobieski\nJanusz Wiśniowiecki (1598–1636), Master of the Stables of the Crown, married Katarzyna Eugenia Tyszkiewicz h. Leliwa\nDymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki (1631–1682), Great Guard and Hetman of the Crown, voivode of Belz and Kraków, married Marianna Zamoyska h. Jelita\nKonstanty Krzysztof Wiśniowiecki (1633–1686), voivode of Podlasie of Bracław and Bełz, married Urszula Teresa Mniszech h. Mniszech and Anna Chodorowska h. Korczak\nJanusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki (1678–1741), voivode of Wilno and Marshal, married Teofilia Leszczyńska h. Wieniawa\nUrszula Franciszka Wiśniowiecka (1705–1753), dramatist and writer, married voivode of Troki and Hetman Prince Michał Kazimierz \"Rybeńko\" Radziwiłł h. Trąby\nMichał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki (1680–1744), the last male representative of the Wiśniowiecki family,[3] Hetman, Castellan and Voivode of Wilno, Great Chancellor of Lithuania, married Katarzyna Dolska h. Kościesza, Maria Magdalena Czartoryska h. Czartoryski and Tekla Róża Radziwiłł h. Trąby\nDmytro Vyshnevetsky, also known as Baida, first Ataman of the Ukrainian Cossacks, Hetman of the Registered Cossacks\nAleksander Wiśniowiecki (c. 1500–1555), starost of Rzeczyce, married Katarzyna Skoruta h. Korczak\nMichał Wiśniowiecki (1529–1584), castellan of Bracław and Kiev, married Halszka Zenowiczówna h. Deszpot\nMichał Wiśniowiecki (died 1616), starost of Owrucz, married Regina Mohyła\nJeremi Wiśniowiecki (1612–1651), Prince at Wiśniowiec, Łubny and Chorol, voivode of Ruthenia, married Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska h. Jelita\nMichał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (Michael I, 1640-1673), King of Poland 1669–1673, married Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland\nAnna Wiśniowiecka, married starost of Lublin Zbigniew Firlej h. Lewart\nAleksander Wisiowiecki (1543–1577), courtier, married Aleksandra Kapusta h. Kapusta\nAdam Wiśniowiecki (c. 1566–1622), married Aleksandra Chodkiewicz h. Kościesza, daughter of Hetman Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz h. Kościesza and Krystyna Zborowska h. Jastrzębiec","title":"Notable family members"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vyshnivets Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyshnivets_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zbarazh_Castle_Park3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zbarazh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbarazh_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ostroh_Castle_(Klymenko).jpg"},{"link_name":"Castle of Ostroh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostroh_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dw%C3%B3r_w_%C5%81odygowicach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Łodygowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81odygowice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_Zbaraskich,_Krak%C3%B3w.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7_Warszawa_162.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BialyKamienZamek.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB._%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.JPG"},{"link_name":"Latin Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Cathedral,_Lviv"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"}],"text":"Vyshnivets Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZbarazh Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle of Ostroh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tManor house in Łodygowice\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZbarski Palace in Kraków\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalace of the Minister of the Treasury in Warsaw (rebuilt from the former Wiśniowiecki Palace)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRuins of the Castle of Biały Kamień\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWisniowiecki Chapel (Latin Cathedral in Lviv)","title":"Gallery of estates"}]	[{"image_text":"King Michael I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bacciarelli_-_Micha%C5%82.jpeg/220px-Bacciarelli_-_Micha%C5%82.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Jeremi Wiśniowiecki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jeremi_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki.jpg/220px-Jeremi_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Micha%C5%82_Servacy_Vi%C5%A1niaviecki._%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%28G._Busch%2C_1730%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Micha%C5%82_Servacy_Vi%C5%A1niaviecki._%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%28G._Busch%2C_1730%29_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Possessions of Wiśniowiecki family are marked in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Posiadlosci_magnaterii_w_XVI-XVII_w.svg/200px-Posiadlosci_magnaterii_w_XVI-XVII_w.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Wiśniowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyshnivets"},{"title":"Lithuanian nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility"},{"title":"Kings of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs"},{"title":"Szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"}]	[{"reference":"Jerzy Jan Lerski; Piotr Wróbel; Richard J. Kozicki (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Publishing. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&q=Wisniowiecki&pg=PA654","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26007-0","url_text":"978-0-313-26007-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Kniaziowie Wiśniowieccy\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/kniaziowie_wisniowieccy.html","url_text":"\"Kniaziowie Wiśniowieccy\""}]},{"reference":"Marek, Miroslav. \"Genealogy of Wiśniowiecki-Zbaraski family\" (in Polish). Genealogy.EU.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/poland/wisniow.html","url_text":"\"Genealogy of Wiśniowiecki-Zbaraski family\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FPxhOu_n1VYC&q=Wisniowiecki&pg=PA654","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945"},{"Link":"http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Vyshnevetski_rid","external_links_name":"Vyshnevetski"},{"Link":"http://www.wilanow-palac.pl/kniaziowie_wisniowieccy.html","external_links_name":"\"Kniaziowie Wiśniowieccy\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CW%5CI%5CWiKLniowiecki.htm","external_links_name":"Wiśniowiecki in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5 (1993)."},{"Link":"http://www.jarema.art.pl/Herb.htm","external_links_name":"Herb i rodowód Wiśniowieckich."},{"Link":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/poland/wisniow.html","external_links_name":"\"Genealogy of Wiśniowiecki-Zbaraski family\""},{"Link":"http://www.castles.com.ua/index.php?id=vis","external_links_name":"Pictures of Wiśniowiec castle."},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24154921324063592011","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20191021603&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_High_School_(New_Hampshire)	Berlin, New Hampshire	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Rivers","2.2 Adjacent municipalities","2.3 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Government","5 Education","5.1 Public schools","5.2 Higher education","6 Public safety","6.1 Law enforcement","6.2 Fire department","6.3 ATV/OHRV riding","7 Transportation","8 Media","8.1 Radio stations","8.2 Documentaries","9 Newspaper","10 Notable people","11 In popular culture","12 Sports","13 Inventions","14 Historic sites","15 Sites of interest","16 See also","17 References","18 External links"]	Coordinates: 44°28′07″N 71°11′02″W / 44.46861°N 71.18389°W / 44.46861; -71.18389 City in New Hampshire, United StatesBerlin, New HampshireCityDowntown Berlin SealNicknames: The City That Trees BuiltPaper CityTansy TownHockey Town USAMotto: Your Adventure Starts HereLocation in New HampshireCoordinates: 44°28′07″N 71°11′02″W / 44.46861°N 71.18389°W / 44.46861; -71.18389CountryUnited StatesStateNew HampshireCountyCoösTown1829City1897Government • MayorRobert Cone • City Council Members Steve KorzenRobert ThebergePeter MorencyBrian ValerinoMia QuallsVACANTDiana BerthiaumePaul Grenier • City ManagerPhillip L. Warren Jr.Area • Total62.20 sq mi (161.10 km2) • Land61.35 sq mi (158.89 km2) • Water0.85 sq mi (2.21 km2)Elevation1,020 ft (310 m)Population (2020) • Total9,425 • Density153.63/sq mi (59.32/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Code03570Area code603FIPS code33-05140GNIS feature ID0871491Websitewww.berlinnh.gov Berlin (/ˈbɜːrlɪn/ BUR-lin) is a city along the Androscoggin River in Coös County in northern New Hampshire, United States. It is the northernmost city in New Hampshire and the only city in Coös County. The population was 9,425 at the 2020 census, down from 10,051 at the 2010 census. It includes the village of Cascade in the south part of the city. Located in New Hampshire's Great North Woods Region or "North Country", Berlin sits at the edge of the White Mountains, and the city's boundaries extend into the White Mountain National Forest. Berlin is home to the Berlin and Coos County Historical Society's Moffett House Museum & Genealogy Center, Service Credit Union Heritage Park, the Berlin Fish Hatchery, and the White Mountains Community College, member of the Community College System of New Hampshire. Berlin is the principal city of the Berlin Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Coös County, New Hampshire and Essex County, Vermont. Because Quebec is less than 60 miles (100 km) away, Berlin has many people of French Canadian descent in its population. Around 65% of its residents speak a variant of New England French, which is known locally as "Berlin French". The pronunciation of Berlin was changed to BUR-lin, instead of Ber-LIN (as in Berlin, Germany), during World War I as a patriotic stand against Germany. History A letter from Mayor Arthur Scholtz of Berlin, Germany, honoring the "Paper City" on its 100th anniversary on July 5, 1929 International Paper Mill, c. 1912 Green's Pond, 1888 Around 11,000 years ago, small groups of Native Americans camped around the area of what is now called Berlin. In later years, the Eastern Abenaki tribes came to Berlin to mine rhyolite in Mt. Jasper. When English colonists came to America, Berlin was first granted on December 31, 1771, by Colonial Governor John Wentworth, as "Maynesborough" after Sir William Mayne. But the grantees did not take up their claims, which disappeared with the Revolution. In 1802, Seth Eames and Gideon Tirrell were sent by the descendants of Mayne to explore and mark lots for settlers, and still no one came. Maynesborough was settled in 1823–1824 by William Sessions and his nephew, Cyrus Wheeler. Both men were from Gilead, Maine. Farming was the first industry. With 65 inhabitants in 1829, the New England town was reincorporated on July 1 as Berlin with the help of Cyrus' father, Thomas Wheeler. Situated in a heavily forested region, the community developed early into a center for logging and wood industries. Falls on the Androscoggin River provided water power for sawmills. In 1826, a road was built to Gorham by Thomas, Amos, and Daniel Green. In 1851, the St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railroad entered Berlin, connecting it to other markets. Acquiring water, timber, and rail rights in the early 1850s, the H. Winslow & Company built a large sawmill at the head of "Berlin Falls". In 1868, William Wentworth Brown and Lewis T. Brown bought a controlling interest in the business and changed its name to the Berlin Mills Company. By 1885, the mill town was home to several pulp and paper mills, including the Riverside Mill, Forest Fibre Company and White Mountain Pulp & Paper Company. Because of the need for labor in the mills, immigrants arrived from Russia, Norway, Finland, Italy, Sweden, Ireland, and Germany. Many others were French Canadians from nearby Quebec. In 1872, a group of Scandinavians founded the nation's oldest ski club, which still exists today. It was originally called the North American Ski Club (in Norwegian, Nordamerikansk Skiklubben), but later was renamed the Nansen Ski Club. This was in honor of Fridtjof Nansen, who in 1888 skied across Greenland. In 1897, Berlin was incorporated as a city, the northernmost in the state. As of 1874, the Boston and Maine Railway passed through the eastern portion of the town and operated on this line until the 1980s. The old railroad bed has since been converted for usage as an ATV trail. Berlin's main industry in the early 20th century was the pulp and paper industries, which have been in a long decline since that time. As jobs left the area, the population has decreased and is about half its peak of more than 20,000 in the 1930 census. In 1917, the Berlin Mills Company was renamed the Brown Company, because of World War I and anti-German feeling against the enemy of the time. A short time after the Great Depression, the Brown Company went into receivership. Surviving with governmental help, it was bought and sold several times after World War II. In 2001, American Tissue filed for bankruptcy, before which it had stopped paying city taxes. Its facilities were purchased in 2002 by Fraser Papers of Canada. But in March 2006, Fraser Papers announced the closing of Berlin's pulp mill. On May 6, 2006, 250 employees were displaced, some moving to Cascade's paper finishing mill, but most were left unemployed. On October 3, 2006, the North American Dismantling Corporation of Michigan announced that it had bought the 121-acre (49 ha) defunct pulp mill site of Fraser Paper, and would spend a year demolishing the property to allow redevelopment. Laidlaw Energy LLC has since purchased a portion of the former Fraser property, including a large recovery boiler which it intends to convert into a 66-megawatt biomass plant in 2010–2011. In the 1990s, the local historian and author Paul "Poof" Tardiff began writing articles in The Berlin Daily Sun. He later collected these in a three-volume series titled Once Upon a Berlin Time, which documents local history. He continued to write articles for the newspaper every Tuesday and Thursday until his death in 2018. Recent economic development has been based on the correctional industry. The 750-bed Northern New Hampshire Correctional Facility was built in 1999 and employs approximately 200 people. In 2012, the Federal Bureau of Prisons opened a federal, 1200-bed medium security facility, which employs approximately 350 people. Main Street c. 1912 Mount Forest c. 1912 Main Street in 1914 Post Office Square c. 1914 City Hall in 1916 Gem Theatre in 1917 General view c. 1920 General view c. 2007 Main Street South in 2007 Grand Trunk Railroad Station 2007 Berlin waterfront, 2007 A group of Russian immigrants at the Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church in 1915 Berlin, c. 1905 City panorama from Mt. Forest, 1970 Geography Berlin is located at 44°28′07″N 71°11′02″W / 44.46861°N 71.18389°W / 44.46861; -71.18389 (44.4686, −71.1839), in northern New Hampshire, north of the White Mountains, in the state's North Country region. The city is bordered to the south by Randolph and Gorham, north by Milan, east by Success and west by Kilkenny. New Hampshire Route 16 passes through the center of the city, leading north to Errol and eventually to Rangeley, Maine, and leading south through Gorham and Pinkham Notch to North Conway and the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire. New Hampshire Route 110 leads northwest out of Berlin through West Milan to Groveton. NH 110 is known locally as the Berlin-Groveton Highway. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62.2 square miles (161.1 km2), of which 61.4 square miles (158.9 km2) are land and 0.8 square miles (2.2 km2) are water, comprising 1.37% of the city. Berlin is situated at the confluence of the Androscoggin and Dead rivers. The Mahoosuc Range is to the southeast. Jericho Mountain State Park, created from a city park and from private land in 2005, is west of the city center and features a reservoir created in the 1970s and a network of ATV trails. The city's highest point is Mount Weeks, at 3,901 feet (1,189 m) above sea level. A prominent feature in the landscape of Berlin is 2,031-foot (619 m) Mount Forist, rising over the west side of the city. Approximately half of Berlin lies within the Connecticut River watershed, and half lies in the Androscoggin River watershed. Rivers Androscoggin River Dead River Upper Ammonoosuc River Adjacent municipalities Milan (north) Success (east) Gorham (southeast) Randolph (south) Kilkenny (west) Climate York Pond with the Berlin Fish Hatchery in the background. Like all of northern New England, except the highest mountains, Berlin has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by cold, snowy winters and warm summers. Warm southerly or easterly airflows from an anticyclone in the Atlantic occasionally moderate the winters: on December 7, 2001 Berlin reached as warm as 68 °F or 20 °C. Blocks to the west, however, may drive very cold air from eastern Canada and the shallow, frozen Hudson Bay, providing extremely cold winters as occurred in 1917/1918, 1922/1923 and 1933/1934; the coldest temperature recorded in Berlin is −44 °F (−42.2 °C) on December 30 and 31, 1917. It can be expected that each year on average 68 afternoons will not top freezing, that 34.4 mornings will fall to or below 0 °F or −17.8 °C, and that 180.5 mornings will fall to or below freezing point. The average window for days not topping freezing is November 14 to March 29, and for subzero lows from December 11 to March 12. Snowfall is typically heavy at 79.7 inches or 2.02 metres, with the historical range being from 127 inches (3.23 m) between July 1995 and June 1996 to 34.2 inches (0.87 m) between July 1979 and June 1980. Summer weather is generally moderate, though rain depressions moving from the tropics or strong frontal storms often produce heavy rainfall: the record daily rainfall is 6.50 inches (165.1 mm) on September 17, 1999, beating the previous record of 5.15 inches (130.8 mm) on the same day in 1932. The wettest month has however been September 1954 with 12.21 inches (310.1 mm) and the driest January 1981 with 0.14 inches (3.6 mm) actually consisting of 3.1 inches (0.08 m) of snow. Calendar year precipitation has ranged from a low of 29.47 inches (748.5 mm) in 2001 to 58.00 inches (1,473.2 mm) in 1954. Occasionally an offshore flow from the interior United States will produce very hot weather during the summer: the record high is 98 °F (36.7 °C) on four occasions: three consecutive days from June 3 to 5 in 1919 and on July 5, 1983. Climate data for Berlin, New Hampshire (1991–2020 normals; extremes 1886 to 1892 and since October 1917) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 67(19) 69(21) 80(27) 89(32) 94(34) 98(37) 98(37) 97(36) 95(35) 88(31) 77(25) 68(20) 98(37) Mean maximum °F (°C) 51.0(10.6) 50.8(10.4) 58.8(14.9) 76.7(24.8) 84.6(29.2) 88.6(31.4) 88.8(31.6) 87.0(30.6) 84.1(28.9) 75.3(24.1) 65.4(18.6) 53.1(11.7) 90.8(32.7) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 26.9(−2.8) 29.7(−1.3) 38.4(3.6) 51.9(11.1) 65.5(18.6) 73.7(23.2) 78.2(25.7) 76.8(24.9) 69.5(20.8) 56.6(13.7) 44.0(6.7) 32.4(0.2) 53.6(12.0) Daily mean °F (°C) 16.1(−8.8) 18.0(−7.8) 27.2(−2.7) 40.6(4.8) 53.0(11.7) 61.9(16.6) 66.5(19.2) 64.7(18.2) 57.4(14.1) 45.9(7.7) 34.9(1.6) 23.3(−4.8) 42.5(5.8) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 5.4(−14.8) 6.3(−14.3) 16.0(−8.9) 29.4(−1.4) 40.6(4.8) 50.1(10.1) 54.9(12.7) 52.5(11.4) 45.2(7.3) 35.1(1.7) 25.7(−3.5) 14.1(−9.9) 31.3(−0.4) Mean minimum °F (°C) −15.5(−26.4) −11.8(−24.3) −5.5(−20.8) 17.9(−7.8) 29.4(−1.4) 37.9(3.3) 45.9(7.7) 42.0(5.6) 32.1(0.1) 24.1(−4.4) 10.5(−11.9) −5.7(−20.9) −17.7(−27.6) Record low °F (°C) −35(−37) −39(−39) −29(−34) −9(−23) 18(−8) 29(−2) 33(1) 31(−1) 20(−7) 8(−13) −13(−25) −44(−42) −44(−42) Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.73(69) 2.44(62) 3.00(76) 3.43(87) 3.55(90) 4.23(107) 4.08(104) 3.75(95) 3.35(85) 4.92(125) 3.39(86) 3.73(95) 42.60(1,082) Average snowfall inches (cm) 18.2(46) 21.0(53) 16.1(41) 4.2(11) 0.2(0.51) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.5(1.3) 4.6(12) 17.2(44) 82.0(208) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.2 9.1 10.0 10.5 12.1 12.3 11.8 10.3 9.3 11.7 10.2 12.2 129.7 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 7.6 6.6 5.3 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.6 7.3 31.8 Source: NOAA Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 183073—184011658.9%185017349.1%1860433150.3%187052922.2%18801,144116.3%18903,729226.0%19008,886138.3%191011,78032.6%192016,10436.7%193020,01824.3%194019,084−4.7%195016,615−12.9%196017,8217.3%197015,256−14.4%198013,084−14.2%199011,824−9.6%200010,331−12.6%201010,051−2.7%20209,425−6.2%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010, there were 10,051 people, 4,178 households, and 2,515 families residing in the town. There were 4,910 housing units, of which 732, or 14.9%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the town was 96.5% white, 0.8% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% some other race, and 1.8% from two or more races. 1.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 4,178 households, 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were headed by married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.2% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18, and the average family size was 2.71. 955 city residents lived in group quarters rather than households. In the city, 18.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.8% were from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.0% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.6 males. For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $35,523, and the median income for a family was $49,103. The per capita income for the town was $21,348. 20.3% of the population and 18.1% of families were below the poverty line. 34.3% of the population under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 or older were living in poverty. The population of Berlin rose rapidly from 1880 through 1930. The population went from 1,144 in 1880 to 20,018 in 1930. A slow decline began after 1930, interrupted only by a temporary increase around 1960. From 1960–present, the population of Berlin has decreased, from 17,821 in 1960 to 9,425 in 2020. In the 1930s, Berlin was at its peak for population and economic growth. The population in 1930 was over 20,000 people, the most the city has ever had. Main Street in downtown had many family-owned businesses which would attract many people in the city. The Nansen Ski Jump just north of the city limits in Milan was a highlight for Berlin. Built in 1936, it was the largest ski jump in the eastern United States for almost 50 years, until it closed in 1988. It was fully restored in the beginning of 2017. First ancestries of Berlin residents, 2000 Ancestry Total Respondents 9,079 Percentage of Total Respondents French Canadian 3,937 43.4% French 1,817 20.0% American 673 7.4% Total 6,427 70.8% Government Berlin city vote by party in presidential elections Year GOP DEM Others 2020 45.56% 1,852 52.82% 2,147 1.62% 66 2016 44.49% 1,766 49.23% 1,954 6.27% 249 2012 29.89% 1,248 68.56% 2,863 1.56% 65 2008 30.93% 1,357 67.65% 2,968 1.41% 62 2004 35.75% 1,741 63.59% 3,097 0.66% 32 2000 38.01% 1,625 58.57% 2,504 3.42% 146 1996 23.13% 1,047 61.21% 2,771 15.66% 709 1992 24.75% 1,272 52.14% 2,680 23.11% 1,188 In the New Hampshire Senate, Berlin is included in the 1st District and is currently represented by Republican Erin Hennessey. In the New Hampshire House of Representatives, Berlin is included in the Coös 3rd District and is currently represented by Democrats Eamon Kelley, Larry Laflamme and Republican Robert Theberge. On the New Hampshire Executive Council, Berlin is in the 1st District and is represented by Republican Joseph Kenney. In the United States House of Representatives, Berlin is in New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district and is currently represented by Democrat Ann McLane Kuster. Education Public schools Public education is managed by Berlin Public Schools (Superintendent: Julie King, as of 2019–2020 school year): Berlin Middle High School (Grades 6 through 12) Berlin Elementary School (formerly the Middle and Hillside Elementary Schools) (Grades K through 5) Higher education White Mountains Community College (member of the Community College System of New Hampshire) Public safety Law enforcement Law enforcement is provided by the Berlin Police Department. The Berlin police station is currently located at 135 Green Street on the corner of Green and Gilbert Streets, and First Avenue. The present structure was completed in 1927, first serving as an armory for the New Hampshire Army National Guard. The building later became the police station when the current armory was erected, replacing the out-of-date, smaller Cole Street station. The Berlin Police Department has 21 full-time officers, 17 part-time auxiliary/special enforcement officers, and ten civilian personnel. There is a communications specialist working dispatch at all times of the day. Fire department The Berlin Fire Department is currently located at 263 Main Street. Historically, the fire department had three fire stations, the Eastside station (below the former King School), the Berlin Mills station (on Upper Main Street, near Brown School), and the Central station (present building). ATV/OHRV riding The city of Berlin allows any ATV/OHRV to ride on city streets, as long as the operator is 18 years or older and can provide a driver's license. Berlin is home to the Jericho Mountain ATV Festival that is held every year in the first weekend of August. The event draws thousands of people to ride through some of New Hampshire's trails that are offered to ATV riders. Coos County offers a great amount of trails for ATV riders, connecting Berlin to the towns of Gorham, Milan, Errol, Groveton, Stratford, Colebrook, and Pittsburg. The Success trails lead riders from Berlin north to Milan and Errol. The Millsfield trails then go northwest from Errol, connecting with the North Country Trail from Groveton. From there, the Great North Woods Trails head north to the town of Pittsburg, the northernmost town in New Hampshire. Trails throughout the city and Jericho Mountain State Park are closed from the end of snowboard season until May 23 of every year (mud season). Transportation The major roads serving Berlin are New Hampshire Routes 16 and 110. NH 16 connects Berlin with Gorham and eventually North Conway to the south and Milan and Errol to the north. NH 110 begins in downtown Berlin and travels northwest through West Milan and Stark, ending in Groveton. Berlin serves as the northern terminus of the Berlin–Conway–New Hampton route of Concord Coach Lines. Two airports are located nearby to Berlin, Berlin Regional Airport and Gorham Airport. Media Radio stations WKDR 1490 AM: Classic Hits and Classic Rock WMOU 1230 AM: Hot Adult Contemporary (simulcast on 106.1 F.M..) WVMJ 98.1 FM: Top 40 (simulcast on 104.5 FM) Other stations that can be heard in the area can be found here: Documentaries At the River's Edge, an award-winning oral history of Berlin Newspaper The Berlin Daily Sun The Berlin Reporter Notable people Gaston Allaire (1916–2011), music educator and composer in Canada William Robinson Brown (1875–1955), corporate officer of the Brown Company and a noted horse breeder Robert N. Chamberlain (1856–1917), Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, second Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court James Gilbert Chandler (1856–1924), architect Jacalyn "Jackie" Cilley (born 1951), member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, former state senator Lew Cody (1884–1934), actor during the 1920s and '30s William E. Corbin (1869–1951), inventor of the Nibroc paper towel Michael Durant (born 1961), U.S. Army Night Stalkers pilot, shot down and held prisoner after the Battle of Mogadishu Dennis "Red" Gendron (1957–2021), head coach of the University of Maine Black Bear men's ice hockey team, former New Jersey Devils and Yale Bulldogs coach Odore Joseph Gendron (1921–2020), former curate of Guardian Angel Roman Catholic Church who became Bishop of Manchester Bruce Halle (1930–2018), founder of Discount Tire Selden "Sel" Hannah (1913–1991), ski area designer Norman Hansen (1924–2014), engineer, politician George Hawkins, victim of a bad skin graft that led to the celebrated "Hairy Hand" case of Hawkins v. McGee Ted Hodgdon (1902–1984), motorcycle journalist James H. Horne (1874–1959), athletic director and coach at Indiana University Archibald I. Lawrence (1869–1950), architect Albert E. Martel (?–1965), former government official John Ramsey (1927–1990), public address announcer Elizabeth Raum (born 1945), Canadian oboist, composer Lowell Reed (1886–1966), co-creator of the Reed–Frost model; seventh president of Johns Hopkins University Joseph Royer (1884–1965), operatic baritone Earl Silas Tupper (1907–1983), inventor of Tupperware Bob Whitcher (1917–1997), pitcher with the Boston Braves during the 1945 season In popular culture Many scenes in the 1927 silent film The Masked Menace were shot in Berlin. The main character in Thomas Williams' book The Hair of Harold Roux was born in Berlin. Sean Bateman, the main character in Bret Easton Ellis' Rules of Attraction, vacationed in Berlin. In the novel Last Night in Twisted River by John Irving, most of the characters are supposed to be employed by paper mills based in Berlin. In Stephen King's novel The Shining, the character Jack Torrance grew up in Berlin and often describes his childhood there. In Julian May's Galactic Milieu Series, the narrator Uncle Rogi grows up in Berlin. Many of the pivotal events in the series are set near Berlin, on Mount Washington. In Lionel Shriver's novel So Much for That, the protagonist grew up in Berlin, and is obliged to return to his family home to help take care of his father. The 2019 Endeavour podcast, Blackout, produced by Rami Malek, is based in Berlin. Sports The city's Notre Dame Arena had a team in the low-level professional Federal Hockey League called the Berlin River Drivers from 2015 to 2017. In 2018, the Quebec-based Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey minor professional league added the Berlin BlackJacks, but the team was relocated to Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, by December 2018. Inventions Hiram A. Farrand with the Farrand Rapid Rule The following items were created in Berlin: Bermico, a type of pipe that were produced by the Brown Company in the 1920s–1970s Cellulose floc, developed by the Brown Company Farrand Rapid Rule, created by Hiram A. Farrand Inc. but later sold to Stanley Works Iron rigging, an object for skis made by Olaf Oleson and later sold to the Northland Ski Company of Minnesota Kream Krisp, a substance like Crisco created by the Brown Company, which led to lawsuit known as "Procter and Gamble vs. the Brown Company" Nibroc Paper Towels, developed by William E. Corbin and mass-produced by the Brown Company Historic sites Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church, added in 1979 to the NRHP Berlin is home to the following sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Congregational Church, added in 1980 George E. Burgess School, added in 2015 Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church, added in 1979 Mt. Jasper Lithic Source, added in 1992 St. Anne Church, added in 1979 Sites of interest Nansen Ski Jump The Berlin & Coös County Historical Society (BCCHS) Moffett House Museum and Genealogical Center Notre Dame Arena Service Credit Union Heritage Park Jericho Mountain State Park See also New Hampshire portal Mill town Paper mill Pulp and paper industry References ^ S. Dorman (September 12, 2014). Maine Metaphor: The Green and Blue House. ISBN 9781498201049. Retrieved April 4, 2017. ^ Yankee Publishing, Inc. (June 16, 2015). "NH Magazine". Retrieved April 8, 2017. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ "Why Lima, Ohio, and Lima, Peru, Don't Have the Same Pronunciation". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. March 21, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. ^ a b "Berlin city, Coos County, New Hampshire: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2021. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Berlin city, New Hampshire". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2018. ^ Sarah Laskow (February 8, 2016). "New Hampshire Mill Workers Invented a New Type of French". Retrieved April 2, 2017. ^ a b "Berlin NH History". ^ a b Article in Statistics and Gazetteer of New-Hampshire (1875) ^ "Environmental History of the Androscoggin River, Maine and New Hampshire". Bates College Department of Environmental Studies. Retrieved June 15, 2011. ^ George Drew Merrill (1888). "HISTORY OF BERLIN, COOS COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE". Syracuse N.Y.: W.A. Fergusson & Co. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011. ^ "History of the Nansen Ski Club". Archived from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2011. ^ State of New Hampshire (March 7, 2006). "Governor Lynch Pledges Full State Support For Employees of Berlin Pulp Mill". Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2008. ^ "Berlin Daily Sun". The Berlin Daily Sun. October 3, 2006. Archived from the original (DOC) on February 8, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2008. ^ "Laidlaw Completes Acquisition of Berlin, New Hampshire Pulp Mill Facility and Closes Related Financing for 66 Megawatt Biomass Energy Project". Reuters. January 5, 2009. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. ^ Berlin and Coos County Historical Society. "Once Upon a Berlin Time". Retrieved April 25, 2012. ^ "The National Map". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2008. ^ "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files – New Hampshire". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2021. ^ Foster, Debra H.; Batorfalvy, Tatianna N.; Medalie, Laura (1995). Water Use in New Hampshire: An Activities Guide for Teachers. U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Geological Survey. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "Station: Berlin, NH". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ a b c "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Berlin city, New Hampshire". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2017. ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Berlin city, New Hampshire". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2017. ^ US Census Bureau, « Population Group: French Canadian, French, American, etc., in Berlin, New Hampshire, census 2000 ^ "State Election Results". Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2023. ^ a b Paul "Poof" Tardiff. Once Upon a Berlin Time, Author House, 2010. ^ City of Berlin, N.H. "Police Department". Retrieved April 22, 2017. ^ City of Berlin, N.H. "Fire Department". Retrieved April 22, 2017. ^ For trail information and updates, visit www.nhtrails.org. ^ "Radio Stations in Berlin, New Hampshire". ^ "Beginnings of the Cascade Paper Mill" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 21, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011. ^ "ACSC GOE: Michael J. Durant 2005 Biography". Archived from the original on November 26, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2008. ^ "New Fictional Podcast Is Set In Berlin, N.H." April 5, 2019. Retrieved August 5, 2023. ^ "Berlin BlackJacks officially replaced by new LNAH team". Bus League Hockey. December 6, 2018. ^ Jon C. Schladweiler. "Coal Tar Impregnated Wood Fibre Pipe". Retrieved November 3, 2011. ^ e, Morse (May 26, 1981). "Cellulose floc granules and process". Retrieved November 5, 2011. ^ Walter W. Jacob (September 2004). "Stanley Advertising and Imprinted Tape Rules". The Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association. Archived from the original on April 30, 2006. Retrieved August 9, 2011. ^ Paul "Poof" Tardiff. "Once Upon a Berlin Time pg. 4-5" (PDF). Retrieved April 20, 2012. ^ Jackson & List (2007). "Giants of the Past: The Battle Over Hydrogenation (1903-1920)", Inform 18. ^ "Beginnings of the Cascade Paper Mill" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 21, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin, New Hampshire. Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Berlin, New Hampshire. Official website BerlinNH.net, community informational website and blog New Hampshire Economic & Labor Market Information Bureau Profile Video - NADC Purchases Pulp Mill in Berlin, New Hampshire Beyond Brown Paper, the photo archives of the Brown Company covering 1885 through 1965 Places adjacent to Berlin, New Hampshire Kilkenny Milan Success Kilkenny Berlin Success Kilkenny Randolph, Gorham Success vteMunicipalities and communities of Coös County, New Hampshire, United StatesCounty seat: LancasterCity Berlin Map of New Hampshire highlighting Coos CountyTowns Carroll Clarksville Colebrook Columbia Dalton Dummer Errol Gorham Jefferson Lancaster Milan Northumberland Pittsburg Randolph Shelburne Stark Stewartstown Stratford Whitefield Townships Atkinson and Gilmanton Academy Grant Bean's Grant Bean's Purchase Cambridge Chandler's Purchase Crawford's Purchase Cutt's Grant Dix's Grant Dixville Erving's Location Green's Grant Hadley's Purchase Kilkenny Low and Burbank's Grant Martin's Location Millsfield Odell Pinkham's Grant Sargent's Purchase Second College Grant Success Thompson and Meserve's Purchase Wentworth Location CDPs Colebrook Gorham Groveton Lancaster West Stewartstown Whitefield Other communities Beatties Bretton Woods Cascade Dixville Notch North Stratford Paris Tinkerville Twin Mountain New Hampshire portal United States portal vteState of New HampshireConcord (capital)Topics Index History People Politics Abortion Constitution Government Officials (Governor Executive Council Secretary of State Attorney General) General Court Supreme Court Delegations Elections Symbols Old Man of the Mountain LGBT rights Tourist attractions Regions Dartmouth–Lake Sunapee Great North Woods Lakes Region Merrimack Valley Monadnock Seacoast White Mountains Counties Belknap Carroll Cheshire Coös Grafton Hillsborough Merrimack Rockingham Strafford Sullivan Cities Berlin Claremont Concord Dover Franklin Keene Laconia Lebanon Manchester Nashua Portsmouth Rochester Somersworth 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Woodstock Townships Atkinson and Gilmanton Academy Grant Bean's Grant Bean's Purchase Cambridge Chandler's Purchase Crawford's Purchase Cutt's Grant Dix's Grant Dixville Erving's Location Green's Grant Hadley's Purchase Hale's Location Kilkenny Livermore Low and Burbank's Grant Martin's Location Millsfield Odell Pinkham's Grant Sargent's Purchase Second College Grant Success Thompson and Meserve's Purchase Wentworth Location New Hampshire portal vteAndroscoggin River watershedTributariesMaine Alder River Androscoggin River Bear River Cathance River Concord River Cupsuptic River Dead Cambridge River Dead River (Androscoggin) Dead River (Sabattus) East Branch Cupsuptic River East Branch Nezinscot River East Branch Pleasant River East Branch Swift River Ellis River First East Branch Magalloway River Kennebago River Little Androscoggin River Little East Branch Cupsuptic River Little Magalloway River Little River Magalloway River Middle Branch Little Magalloway River Muddy River Nezinscot 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WorldCat National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈbɜːrlɪn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"BUR-lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Androscoggin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androscoggin_River"},{"link_name":"Coös County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C3%B6s_County,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-5"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-6"},{"link_name":"Cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Great North Woods Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Woods_Region_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"White Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountains_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"White Mountain National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountain_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Fish Hatchery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchery"},{"link_name":"White Mountains Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountains_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Community College System of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_College_System_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Micropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin,_New_Hampshire_micropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Essex County, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"French Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadian"},{"link_name":"New England French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_French"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlinhist-8"}],"text":"City in New Hampshire, United StatesBerlin (/ˈbɜːrlɪn/ BUR-lin)[4] is a city along the Androscoggin River in Coös County in northern New Hampshire, United States. It is the northernmost city in New Hampshire and the only city in Coös County. The population was 9,425 at the 2020 census,[5] down from 10,051 at the 2010 census.[6]It includes the village of Cascade in the south part of the city. Located in New Hampshire's Great North Woods Region or \"North Country\", Berlin sits at the edge of the White Mountains, and the city's boundaries extend into the White Mountain National Forest. Berlin is home to the Berlin and Coos County Historical Society's Moffett House Museum & Genealogy Center, Service Credit Union Heritage Park, the Berlin Fish Hatchery, and the White Mountains Community College, member of the Community College System of New Hampshire.Berlin is the principal city of the Berlin Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Coös County, New Hampshire and Essex County, Vermont. Because Quebec is less than 60 miles (100 km) away, Berlin has many people of French Canadian descent in its population. Around 65% of its residents speak a variant of New England French, which is known locally as \"Berlin French\".[7]The pronunciation of Berlin was changed to BUR-lin, instead of Ber-LIN (as in Berlin, Germany), during World War I as a patriotic stand against Germany.[8]","title":"Berlin, New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin,_New_Hampshire-Berlin,_Germany_telegram.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Paper_Co._Mill,_Berlin,_NH.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green%27s_pond.jpg"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Eastern Abenaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki_people"},{"link_name":"rhyolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite"},{"link_name":"Mt. Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jasper_Lithic_Source"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"John Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wentworth_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Sir William Mayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mayne,_1st_Baron_Newhaven"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1875Berlin-9"},{"link_name":"Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gilead, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead,_Maine"},{"link_name":"New England town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Androscoggin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androscoggin_River"},{"link_name":"water power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_power"},{"link_name":"sawmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"Gorham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_%26_Atlantic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"controlling interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_interest"},{"link_name":"mill town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_town"},{"link_name":"pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)"},{"link_name":"paper mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_mill"},{"link_name":"Riverside Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Company"},{"link_name":"immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"French Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadian"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Scandinavians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nansen Ski Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_Ski_Club"},{"link_name":"Fridtjof Nansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Boston and Maine Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1875Berlin-9"},{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Brown Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Company"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"receivership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receivership"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Fraser Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Papers"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"pulp mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_mill"},{"link_name":"Cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Paul \"Poof\" Tardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_%22Poof%22_Tardiff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Berlin Daily Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Berlin_Daily_Sun"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Northern New Hampshire Correctional Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_New_Hampshire_Correctional_Facility"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons"},{"link_name":"1200-bed medium security facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Street,_North_End,_Berlin,_NH.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Forest,_Berlin,_NH.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Forest_(New_Hampshire)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Street,_Berlin,_NH.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post_Office_Square,_Berlin,_NH.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_Hall,_Berlin,_NH.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gem_Theatre,_Berlin,_NH.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_Mason_St._Bridge,_Berlin,_NH.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Falls_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MainStreetSouth.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GTRailroad.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04-Berlin.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1915_Russian_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Resurrection_Orthodox_Church_(Berlin,_New_Hampshire)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin,_NH.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin,_New_Hampshire.jpg"}],"text":"A letter from Mayor Arthur Scholtz of Berlin, Germany, honoring the \"Paper City\" on its 100th anniversary on July 5, 1929International Paper Mill, c. 1912Green's Pond, 1888Around 11,000 years ago, small groups of Native Americans camped around the area of what is now called Berlin. In later years, the Eastern Abenaki tribes came to Berlin to mine rhyolite in Mt. Jasper.When English colonists came to America, Berlin was first granted on December 31, 1771, by Colonial Governor John Wentworth, as \"Maynesborough\" after Sir William Mayne.[9] But the grantees did not take up their claims, which disappeared with the Revolution. In 1802, Seth Eames and Gideon Tirrell were sent by the descendants of Mayne to explore and mark lots for settlers, and still no one came. Maynesborough was settled in 1823–1824 by William Sessions and his nephew, Cyrus Wheeler.[10] Both men were from Gilead, Maine. Farming was the first industry. With 65 inhabitants in 1829, the New England town was reincorporated on July 1 as Berlin with the help of Cyrus' father, Thomas Wheeler.[11]Situated in a heavily forested region, the community developed early into a center for logging and wood industries. Falls on the Androscoggin River provided water power for sawmills. In 1826, a road was built to Gorham by Thomas, Amos, and Daniel Green. In 1851, the St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railroad entered Berlin, connecting it to other markets. Acquiring water, timber, and rail rights in the early 1850s, the H. Winslow & Company built a large sawmill at the head of \"Berlin Falls\". In 1868, William Wentworth Brown and Lewis T. Brown bought a controlling interest in the business and changed its name to the Berlin Mills Company.By 1885, the mill town was home to several pulp and paper mills, including the Riverside Mill, Forest Fibre Company and White Mountain Pulp & Paper Company. Because of the need for labor in the mills, immigrants arrived from Russia, Norway, Finland, Italy, Sweden, Ireland, and Germany. Many others were French Canadians from nearby Quebec.In 1872, a group of Scandinavians founded the nation's oldest ski club, which still exists today.[12] It was originally called the North American Ski Club (in Norwegian, Nordamerikansk Skiklubben), but later was renamed the Nansen Ski Club. This was in honor of Fridtjof Nansen, who in 1888 skied across Greenland. In 1897, Berlin was incorporated as a city, the northernmost in the state.As of 1874, the Boston and Maine Railway passed through the eastern portion of the town and operated on this line until the 1980s.[9] The old railroad bed has since been converted for usage as an ATV trail.Berlin's main industry in the early 20th century was the pulp and paper industries, which have been in a long decline since that time. As jobs left the area, the population has decreased and is about half its peak of more than 20,000 in the 1930 census. In 1917, the Berlin Mills Company was renamed the Brown Company, because of World War I and anti-German feeling against the enemy of the time. A short time after the Great Depression, the Brown Company went into receivership. Surviving with governmental help, it was bought and sold several times after World War II.In 2001, American Tissue filed for bankruptcy, before which it had stopped paying city taxes. Its facilities were purchased in 2002 by Fraser Papers of Canada. But in March 2006, Fraser Papers announced the closing of Berlin's pulp mill. On May 6, 2006, 250 employees were displaced, some moving to Cascade's paper finishing mill, but most were left unemployed.[13]On October 3, 2006, the North American Dismantling Corporation of Michigan announced that it had bought the 121-acre (49 ha) defunct pulp mill site of Fraser Paper, and would spend a year demolishing the property to allow redevelopment.[14] Laidlaw Energy LLC has since purchased a portion of the former Fraser property, including a large recovery boiler which it intends to convert into a 66-megawatt biomass plant in 2010–2011.[15]In the 1990s, the local historian and author Paul \"Poof\" Tardiff began writing articles in The Berlin Daily Sun. He later collected these in a three-volume series titled Once Upon a Berlin Time, which documents local history. He continued to write articles for the newspaper every Tuesday and Thursday until his death in 2018.[16]Recent economic development has been based on the correctional industry. The 750-bed Northern New Hampshire Correctional Facility was built in 1999 and employs approximately 200 people. In 2012, the Federal Bureau of Prisons opened a federal, 1200-bed medium security facility, which employs approximately 350 people.Main Street c. 1912\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMount Forest c. 1912\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain Street in 1914\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPost Office Square c. 1914\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCity Hall in 1916\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGem Theatre in 1917\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeneral view c. 1920\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeneral view c. 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain Street South in 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrand Trunk Railroad Station 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBerlin waterfront, 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA group of Russian immigrants at the Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church in 1915\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBerlin, c. 1905\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCity panorama from Mt. Forest, 1970","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"44°28′07″N 71°11′02″W / 44.46861°N 71.18389°W / 44.46861; -71.18389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berlin,_New_Hampshire&params=44_28_07_N_71_11_02_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"White Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountains_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Gorham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Success,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Route 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_16"},{"link_name":"Errol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Rangeley, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeley,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Pinkham Notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkham_Notch"},{"link_name":"North Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Conway,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Seacoast Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacoast_Region_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Route 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_110"},{"link_name":"West Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Groveton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groveton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2021-18"},{"link_name":"Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_River_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Mahoosuc Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahoosuc_Range"},{"link_name":"Jericho Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Mount Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Weeks"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"Mount Forist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Forest_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Connecticut River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Androscoggin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androscoggin_River"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watershed-19"}],"text":"Berlin is located at 44°28′07″N 71°11′02″W / 44.46861°N 71.18389°W / 44.46861; -71.18389 (44.4686, −71.1839),[17] in northern New Hampshire, north of the White Mountains, in the state's North Country region. The city is bordered to the south by Randolph and Gorham, north by Milan, east by Success and west by Kilkenny. New Hampshire Route 16 passes through the center of the city, leading north to Errol and eventually to Rangeley, Maine, and leading south through Gorham and Pinkham Notch to North Conway and the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire. New Hampshire Route 110 leads northwest out of Berlin through West Milan to Groveton. NH 110 is known locally as the Berlin-Groveton Highway.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62.2 square miles (161.1 km2), of which 61.4 square miles (158.9 km2) are land and 0.8 square miles (2.2 km2) are water, comprising 1.37% of the city.[18] Berlin is situated at the confluence of the Androscoggin and Dead rivers. The Mahoosuc Range is to the southeast. Jericho Mountain State Park, created from a city park and from private land in 2005, is west of the city center and features a reservoir created in the 1970s and a network of ATV trails. The city's highest point is Mount Weeks, at 3,901 feet (1,189 m) above sea level. A prominent feature in the landscape of Berlin is 2,031-foot (619 m) Mount Forist, rising over the west side of the city. Approximately half of Berlin lies within the Connecticut River watershed, and half lies in the Androscoggin River watershed.[19]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Androscoggin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androscoggin_River"},{"link_name":"Dead River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_River_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Upper Ammonoosuc River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Ammonoosuc_River"}],"sub_title":"Rivers","text":"Androscoggin River\nDead River\nUpper Ammonoosuc River","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Success,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Gorham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny,_New_Hampshire"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent municipalities","text":"Milan (north)\nSuccess (east)\nGorham (southeast)\nRandolph (south)\nKilkenny (west)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YorkPondBerlinNH.jpg"},{"link_name":"warm-summer humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-summer_humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nws-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-21"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"York Pond with the Berlin Fish Hatchery in the background.Like all of northern New England, except the highest mountains, Berlin has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by cold, snowy winters and warm summers. Warm southerly or easterly airflows from an anticyclone in the Atlantic occasionally moderate the winters: on December 7, 2001 Berlin reached as warm as 68 °F or 20 °C. Blocks to the west, however, may drive very cold air from eastern Canada and the shallow, frozen Hudson Bay, providing extremely cold winters as occurred in 1917/1918, 1922/1923 and 1933/1934; the coldest temperature recorded in Berlin is −44 °F (−42.2 °C) on December 30 and 31, 1917. It can be expected that each year on average 68 afternoons will not top freezing, that 34.4 mornings will fall to or below 0 °F or −17.8 °C, and that 180.5 mornings will fall to or below freezing point. The average window for days not topping freezing is November 14 to March 29, and for subzero lows from December 11 to March 12. Snowfall is typically heavy at 79.7 inches or 2.02 metres, with the historical range being from 127 inches (3.23 m) between July 1995 and June 1996 to 34.2 inches (0.87 m) between July 1979 and June 1980.Summer weather is generally moderate, though rain depressions moving from the tropics or strong frontal storms often produce heavy rainfall: the record daily rainfall is 6.50 inches (165.1 mm) on September 17, 1999, beating the previous record of 5.15 inches (130.8 mm) on the same day in 1932. The wettest month has however been September 1954 with 12.21 inches (310.1 mm) and the driest January 1981 with 0.14 inches (3.6 mm) actually consisting of 3.1 inches (0.08 m) of snow. Calendar year precipitation has ranged from a low of 29.47 inches (748.5 mm) in 2001 to 58.00 inches (1,473.2 mm) in 1954. Occasionally an offshore flow from the interior United States will produce very hot weather during the summer: the record high is 98 °F (36.7 °C) on four occasions: three consecutive days from June 3 to 5 in 1919 and on July 5, 1983.Climate data for Berlin, New Hampshire (1991–2020 normals; extremes 1886 to 1892 and since October 1917)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n67(19)\n\n69(21)\n\n80(27)\n\n89(32)\n\n94(34)\n\n98(37)\n\n98(37)\n\n97(36)\n\n95(35)\n\n88(31)\n\n77(25)\n\n68(20)\n\n98(37)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n51.0(10.6)\n\n50.8(10.4)\n\n58.8(14.9)\n\n76.7(24.8)\n\n84.6(29.2)\n\n88.6(31.4)\n\n88.8(31.6)\n\n87.0(30.6)\n\n84.1(28.9)\n\n75.3(24.1)\n\n65.4(18.6)\n\n53.1(11.7)\n\n90.8(32.7)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n26.9(−2.8)\n\n29.7(−1.3)\n\n38.4(3.6)\n\n51.9(11.1)\n\n65.5(18.6)\n\n73.7(23.2)\n\n78.2(25.7)\n\n76.8(24.9)\n\n69.5(20.8)\n\n56.6(13.7)\n\n44.0(6.7)\n\n32.4(0.2)\n\n53.6(12.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n16.1(−8.8)\n\n18.0(−7.8)\n\n27.2(−2.7)\n\n40.6(4.8)\n\n53.0(11.7)\n\n61.9(16.6)\n\n66.5(19.2)\n\n64.7(18.2)\n\n57.4(14.1)\n\n45.9(7.7)\n\n34.9(1.6)\n\n23.3(−4.8)\n\n42.5(5.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n5.4(−14.8)\n\n6.3(−14.3)\n\n16.0(−8.9)\n\n29.4(−1.4)\n\n40.6(4.8)\n\n50.1(10.1)\n\n54.9(12.7)\n\n52.5(11.4)\n\n45.2(7.3)\n\n35.1(1.7)\n\n25.7(−3.5)\n\n14.1(−9.9)\n\n31.3(−0.4)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−15.5(−26.4)\n\n−11.8(−24.3)\n\n−5.5(−20.8)\n\n17.9(−7.8)\n\n29.4(−1.4)\n\n37.9(3.3)\n\n45.9(7.7)\n\n42.0(5.6)\n\n32.1(0.1)\n\n24.1(−4.4)\n\n10.5(−11.9)\n\n−5.7(−20.9)\n\n−17.7(−27.6)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−35(−37)\n\n−39(−39)\n\n−29(−34)\n\n−9(−23)\n\n18(−8)\n\n29(−2)\n\n33(1)\n\n31(−1)\n\n20(−7)\n\n8(−13)\n\n−13(−25)\n\n−44(−42)\n\n−44(−42)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.73(69)\n\n2.44(62)\n\n3.00(76)\n\n3.43(87)\n\n3.55(90)\n\n4.23(107)\n\n4.08(104)\n\n3.75(95)\n\n3.35(85)\n\n4.92(125)\n\n3.39(86)\n\n3.73(95)\n\n42.60(1,082)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n18.2(46)\n\n21.0(53)\n\n16.1(41)\n\n4.2(11)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.5(1.3)\n\n4.6(12)\n\n17.2(44)\n\n82.0(208)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n10.2\n\n9.1\n\n10.0\n\n10.5\n\n12.1\n\n12.3\n\n11.8\n\n10.3\n\n9.3\n\n11.7\n\n10.2\n\n12.2\n\n129.7\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n7.6\n\n6.6\n\n5.3\n\n1.9\n\n0.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.4\n\n2.6\n\n7.3\n\n31.8\n\n\nSource: NOAA[20][21]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Native Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiian"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-23"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-23"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Nansen Ski Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_Ski_Jump"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"As of the census of 2010, there were 10,051 people, 4,178 households, and 2,515 families residing in the town. There were 4,910 housing units, of which 732, or 14.9%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the town was 96.5% white, 0.8% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% some other race, and 1.8% from two or more races. 1.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[23]Of the 4,178 households, 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were headed by married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.2% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18, and the average family size was 2.71. 955 city residents lived in group quarters rather than households.[23]In the city, 18.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.8% were from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.0% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.6 males.[23]For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $35,523, and the median income for a family was $49,103. The per capita income for the town was $21,348. 20.3% of the population and 18.1% of families were below the poverty line. 34.3% of the population under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 or older were living in poverty.[24]The population of Berlin rose rapidly from 1880 through 1930. The population went from 1,144 in 1880 to 20,018 in 1930. A slow decline began after 1930, interrupted only by a temporary increase around 1960. From 1960–present, the population of Berlin has decreased, from 17,821 in 1960 to 9,425 in 2020.In the 1930s, Berlin was at its peak for population and economic growth. The population in 1930 was over 20,000 people, the most the city has ever had. Main Street in downtown had many family-owned businesses which would attract many people in the city. The Nansen Ski Jump just north of the city limits in Milan was a highlight for Berlin. Built in 1936, it was the largest ski jump in the eastern United States for almost 50 years, until it closed in 1988. It was fully restored in the beginning of 2017.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Hampshire Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Senate"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Erin Hennessey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Hennessey"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Eamon Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamon_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Larry Laflamme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Laflamme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Theberge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Theberge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Executive Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Executive_Council"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kenney"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ann McLane Kuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_McLane_Kuster"}],"text":"In the New Hampshire Senate, Berlin is included in the 1st District and is currently represented by Republican Erin Hennessey. In the New Hampshire House of Representatives, Berlin is included in the Coös 3rd District and is currently represented by Democrats Eamon Kelley, Larry Laflamme and Republican Robert Theberge. On the New Hampshire Executive Council, Berlin is in the 1st District and is represented by Republican Joseph Kenney. In the United States House of Representatives, Berlin is in New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district and is currently represented by Democrat Ann McLane Kuster.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"Public education is managed by Berlin Public Schools (Superintendent: Julie King, as of 2019–2020 school year):Berlin Middle High School (Grades 6 through 12)\nBerlin Elementary School (formerly the Middle and Hillside Elementary Schools) (Grades K through 5)","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Mountains Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountains_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Community College System of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_College_System_of_New_Hampshire"}],"sub_title":"Higher education","text":"White Mountains Community College (member of the Community College System of New Hampshire)","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Public safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Hampshire Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tardiff._2010-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Law enforcement","text":"Law enforcement is provided by the Berlin Police Department. The Berlin police station is currently located at 135 Green Street on the corner of Green and Gilbert Streets, and First Avenue. The present structure was completed in 1927, first serving as an armory for the New Hampshire Army National Guard. The building later became the police station when the current armory was erected, replacing the out-of-date, smaller Cole Street station.[27]The Berlin Police Department has 21 full-time officers, 17 part-time auxiliary/special enforcement officers, and ten civilian personnel. There is a communications specialist working dispatch at all times of the day.[28]","title":"Public safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tardiff._2010-27"}],"sub_title":"Fire department","text":"The Berlin Fire Department is currently located at 263 Main Street.[29] Historically, the fire department had three fire stations, the Eastside station (below the former King School), the Berlin Mills station (on Upper Main Street, near Brown School), and the Central station (present building).[27]","title":"Public safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle"},{"link_name":"OHRV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Coos County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coos_County,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Errol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Groveton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groveton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Colebrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colebrook,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Success,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Millsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millsfield,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Groveton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groveton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Jericho Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"ATV/OHRV riding","text":"The city of Berlin allows any ATV/OHRV to ride on city streets, as long as the operator is 18 years or older and can provide a driver's license.Berlin is home to the Jericho Mountain ATV Festival that is held every year in the first weekend of August. The event draws thousands of people to ride through some of New Hampshire's trails that are offered to ATV riders.Coos County offers a great amount of trails for ATV riders, connecting Berlin to the towns of Gorham, Milan, Errol, Groveton, Stratford, Colebrook, and Pittsburg. The Success trails lead riders from Berlin north to Milan and Errol. The Millsfield trails then go northwest from Errol, connecting with the North Country Trail from Groveton. From there, the Great North Woods Trails head north to the town of Pittsburg, the northernmost town in New Hampshire.Trails throughout the city and Jericho Mountain State Park are closed from the end of snowboard season until May 23 of every year (mud season).[30]","title":"Public safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_16"},{"link_name":"110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_110"},{"link_name":"Gorham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"North Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Conway,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Errol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"West Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Groveton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groveton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Concord Coach Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Coach_Lines"},{"link_name":"Berlin Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Gorham Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham_Airport"}],"text":"The major roads serving Berlin are New Hampshire Routes 16 and 110. NH 16 connects Berlin with Gorham and eventually North Conway to the south and Milan and Errol to the north. NH 110 begins in downtown Berlin and travels northwest through West Milan and Stark, ending in Groveton.Berlin serves as the northern terminus of the Berlin–Conway–New Hampton route of Concord Coach Lines.Two airports are located nearby to Berlin, Berlin Regional Airport and Gorham Airport.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WKDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKDR"},{"link_name":"WMOU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMOU"},{"link_name":"WVMJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVMJ"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Radio stations","text":"WKDR 1490 AM: Classic Hits and Classic Rock\nWMOU 1230 AM: Hot Adult Contemporary (simulcast on 106.1 F.M..)\nWVMJ 98.1 FM: Top 40 (simulcast on 104.5 FM)Other stations that can be heard in the area can be found here:[31]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"At the River's Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_the_River%27s_Edge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"oral history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history"}],"sub_title":"Documentaries","text":"At the River's Edge, an award-winning oral history of Berlin","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Berlin Daily Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Berlin_Daily_Sun"}],"text":"The Berlin Daily Sun\nThe Berlin Reporter","title":"Newspaper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaston Allaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Allaire"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"William Robinson Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_Brown"},{"link_name":"Brown Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Company"},{"link_name":"horse breeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breeder"},{"link_name":"Robert N. Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_N._Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Superior_Court"},{"link_name":"James Gilbert Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gilbert_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Jacalyn \"Jackie\" Cilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Cilley"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"state senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Senate"},{"link_name":"Lew Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Cody"},{"link_name":"William E. Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Corbin"},{"link_name":"paper towel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_towel"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Michael Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Durant"},{"link_name":"Night Stalkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_Special_Operations_Aviation_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Dennis \"Red\" Gendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Gendron"},{"link_name":"Odore Joseph Gendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odore_Joseph_Gendron"},{"link_name":"curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Bruce Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Halle"},{"link_name":"Discount Tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_Tire"},{"link_name":"Selden \"Sel\" Hannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_Hannah"},{"link_name":"Norman Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Hansen"},{"link_name":"George Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkins_v._McGee"},{"link_name":"Hawkins v. McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkins_v._McGee"},{"link_name":"Ted Hodgdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Hodgdon"},{"link_name":"James H. Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Horne"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington"},{"link_name":"Archibald I. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_I._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Albert E. Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_E._Martel"},{"link_name":"John Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ramsey_(announcer)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Raum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Raum"},{"link_name":"oboist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"Lowell Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Reed"},{"link_name":"Reed–Frost model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Frost_model"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Joseph Royer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Royer"},{"link_name":"Earl Silas Tupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Tupper"},{"link_name":"Tupperware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupperware"},{"link_name":"Bob Whitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Whitcher"},{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"1945 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Boston_Braves_season"}],"text":"Gaston Allaire (1916–2011), music educator and composer in Canada\nWilliam Robinson Brown (1875–1955), corporate officer of the Brown Company and a noted horse breeder\nRobert N. Chamberlain (1856–1917), Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, second Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court\nJames Gilbert Chandler (1856–1924), architect\nJacalyn \"Jackie\" Cilley (born 1951), member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, former state senator\nLew Cody (1884–1934), actor during the 1920s and '30s\nWilliam E. Corbin (1869–1951), inventor of the Nibroc paper towel[32]\nMichael Durant (born 1961), U.S. Army Night Stalkers pilot, shot down and held prisoner after the Battle of Mogadishu[33]\nDennis \"Red\" Gendron (1957–2021), head coach of the University of Maine Black Bear men's ice hockey team, former New Jersey Devils and Yale Bulldogs coach\nOdore Joseph Gendron (1921–2020), former curate of Guardian Angel Roman Catholic Church who became Bishop of Manchester\nBruce Halle (1930–2018), founder of Discount Tire\nSelden \"Sel\" Hannah (1913–1991), ski area designer\nNorman Hansen (1924–2014), engineer, politician\nGeorge Hawkins, victim of a bad skin graft that led to the celebrated \"Hairy Hand\" case of Hawkins v. McGee\nTed Hodgdon (1902–1984), motorcycle journalist\nJames H. Horne (1874–1959), athletic director and coach at Indiana University\nArchibald I. Lawrence (1869–1950), architect\nAlbert E. Martel (?–1965), former government official\nJohn Ramsey (1927–1990), public address announcer\nElizabeth Raum (born 1945), Canadian oboist, composer\nLowell Reed (1886–1966), co-creator of the Reed–Frost model; seventh president of Johns Hopkins University\nJoseph Royer (1884–1965), operatic baritone\nEarl Silas Tupper (1907–1983), inventor of Tupperware\nBob Whitcher (1917–1997), pitcher with the Boston Braves during the 1945 season","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Masked Menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masked_Menace"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlinhist-8"},{"link_name":"Thomas Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Hair of Harold Roux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hair_of_Harold_Roux"},{"link_name":"Bret Easton Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Easton_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Rules of Attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_Attraction"},{"link_name":"Last Night in Twisted River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Night_in_Twisted_River"},{"link_name":"John Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Irving"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"The Shining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shining_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Julian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_May"},{"link_name":"Galactic Milieu Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Milieu_Series"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Lionel Shriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Shriver"},{"link_name":"So Much for That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Much_for_That"},{"link_name":"Rami Malek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami_Malek"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Many scenes in the 1927 silent film The Masked Menace were shot in Berlin.[8]\nThe main character in Thomas Williams' book The Hair of Harold Roux was born in Berlin.\nSean Bateman, the main character in Bret Easton Ellis' Rules of Attraction, vacationed in Berlin.\nIn the novel Last Night in Twisted River by John Irving, most of the characters are supposed to be employed by paper mills based in Berlin.\nIn Stephen King's novel The Shining, the character Jack Torrance grew up in Berlin and often describes his childhood there.\nIn Julian May's Galactic Milieu Series, the narrator Uncle Rogi grows up in Berlin. Many of the pivotal events in the series are set near Berlin, on Mount Washington.\nIn Lionel Shriver's novel So Much for That, the protagonist grew up in Berlin, and is obliged to return to his family home to help take care of his father.\nThe 2019 Endeavour podcast, Blackout, produced by Rami Malek, is based in Berlin.[34]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Berlin River Drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_River_Drivers"},{"link_name":"Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_Nord-Am%C3%A9ricaine_de_Hockey"},{"link_name":"Berlin BlackJacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_P%C3%A9troliers_du_Nord"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jérôme, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The city's Notre Dame Arena had a team in the low-level professional Federal Hockey League called the Berlin River Drivers from 2015 to 2017. In 2018, the Quebec-based Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey minor professional league added the Berlin BlackJacks, but the team was relocated to Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, by December 2018.[35]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H._A._Farrand_with_Farrand_Rapid_Rule.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brown Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Company"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Brown Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Company"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Farrand Rapid Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrand_Rapid_Rule"},{"link_name":"Stanley Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Works"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Crisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisco"},{"link_name":"Brown Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Company"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"William E. Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Corbin"},{"link_name":"Brown Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Company"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Hiram A. Farrand with the Farrand Rapid RuleThe following items were created in Berlin:Bermico, a type of pipe that were produced by the Brown Company in the 1920s–1970s[36]\nCellulose floc, developed by the Brown Company[37]\nFarrand Rapid Rule, created by Hiram A. Farrand Inc. but later sold to Stanley Works[38]\nIron rigging, an object for skis made by Olaf Oleson and later sold to the Northland Ski Company of Minnesota[39]\nKream Krisp, a substance like Crisco created by the Brown Company, which led to lawsuit known as \"Procter and Gamble vs. the Brown Company\"[40]\nNibroc Paper Towels, developed by William E. Corbin and mass-produced by the Brown Company[41]","title":"Inventions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Resurrection_Orthodox_Church_Berlin_5.JPG"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Congregational Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_Church_(Berlin,_New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"George E. Burgess School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Burgess_School"},{"link_name":"Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Resurrection_Orthodox_Church_(Berlin,_New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Mt. Jasper Lithic Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Jasper_Lithic_Source"},{"link_name":"St. Anne Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anne_Church_(Berlin,_New_Hampshire)"}],"text":"Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church, added in 1979 to the NRHPBerlin is home to the following sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places:Congregational Church, added in 1980\nGeorge E. Burgess School, added in 2015\nHoly Resurrection Orthodox Church, added in 1979\nMt. Jasper Lithic Source, added in 1992\nSt. Anne Church, added in 1979","title":"Historic sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nansen Ski Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_Ski_Jump"},{"link_name":"Jericho Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_Mountain_State_Park"}],"text":"Nansen Ski Jump\nThe Berlin & Coös County Historical Society (BCCHS)\nMoffett House Museum and Genealogical Center\nNotre Dame Arena\nService Credit Union Heritage Park\nJericho Mountain State Park","title":"Sites of interest"}]	[{"image_text":"A letter from Mayor Arthur Scholtz of Berlin, Germany, honoring the \"Paper City\" on its 100th anniversary on July 5, 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Berlin%2C_New_Hampshire-Berlin%2C_Germany_telegram.jpeg/220px-Berlin%2C_New_Hampshire-Berlin%2C_Germany_telegram.jpeg"},{"image_text":"International Paper Mill, c. 1912","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/International_Paper_Co._Mill%2C_Berlin%2C_NH.jpg/220px-International_Paper_Co._Mill%2C_Berlin%2C_NH.jpg"},{"image_text":"Green's Pond, 1888","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Green%27s_pond.jpg/220px-Green%27s_pond.jpg"},{"image_text":"York Pond with the Berlin Fish Hatchery in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/YorkPondBerlinNH.jpg/220px-YorkPondBerlinNH.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hiram A. Farrand with the Farrand Rapid Rule","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/H._A._Farrand_with_Farrand_Rapid_Rule.jpg/220px-H._A._Farrand_with_Farrand_Rapid_Rule.jpg"},{"image_text":"Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church, added in 1979 to the NRHP","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Holy_Resurrection_Orthodox_Church_Berlin_5.JPG/220px-Holy_Resurrection_Orthodox_Church_Berlin_5.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of New Hampshire highlighting Coos County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_New_Hampshire_highlighting_Coos_County.svg/80px-Map_of_New_Hampshire_highlighting_Coos_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"New Hampshire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Hampshire"},{"title":"Mill town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_town"},{"title":"Paper mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_mill"},{"title":"Pulp and paper industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry"}]	[{"reference":"S. Dorman (September 12, 2014). Maine Metaphor: The Green and Blue House. ISBN 9781498201049. Retrieved April 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JFwNBQAAQBAJ&q=tansy+town&pg=PA7","url_text":"Maine Metaphor: The Green and Blue House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498201049","url_text":"9781498201049"}]},{"reference":"Yankee Publishing, Inc. (June 16, 2015). \"NH Magazine\". Retrieved April 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhmagazine.com/July-2015/Best-of-NH-2015-This-and-That/","url_text":"\"NH Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Lima, Ohio, and Lima, Peru, Don't Have the Same Pronunciation\". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. March 21, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/03/21/705594604/why-lima-ohio-and-lima-peru-dont-have-the-same-pronunciation","url_text":"\"Why Lima, Ohio, and Lima, Peru, Don't Have the Same Pronunciation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Considered","url_text":"All Things Considered"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio","url_text":"National Public Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlin city, Coos County, New Hampshire: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=0600000US3300705140&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"Berlin city, Coos County, New Hampshire: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Berlin city, New Hampshire\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213035911/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3305140","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Berlin city, New Hampshire\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3305140","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sarah Laskow (February 8, 2016). \"New Hampshire Mill Workers Invented a New Type of French\". Retrieved April 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/new-hampshire-mill-workers-invented-a-new-type-of-french","url_text":"\"New Hampshire Mill Workers Invented a New Type of French\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berlin NH History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://berlinhistory.weebly.com/","url_text":"\"Berlin NH History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Environmental History of the Androscoggin River, Maine and New Hampshire\". Bates College Department of Environmental Studies. Retrieved June 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://abacus.bates.edu/acad/depts/environ/projects/AndroscogginTimeline.html","url_text":"\"Environmental History of the Androscoggin River, Maine and New Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"George Drew Merrill (1888). \"HISTORY OF BERLIN, COOS COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE\". Syracuse N.Y.: W.A. Fergusson & Co. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929020810/http://www.nh.searchroots.com/documents/coos-history/History_Berlin_NH.txt","url_text":"\"HISTORY OF BERLIN, COOS COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE\""},{"url":"http://www.nh.searchroots.com/documents/coos-history/History_Berlin_NH.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Nansen Ski Club\". Archived from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110904022543/http://www.skinansen.com/history.html","url_text":"\"History of the Nansen Ski Club\""},{"url":"http://www.skinansen.com/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"State of New Hampshire (March 7, 2006). \"Governor Lynch Pledges Full State Support For Employees of Berlin Pulp Mill\". Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080612104817/http://www.nh.gov/governor/news/2006/030706berlin.htm","url_text":"\"Governor Lynch Pledges Full State Support For Employees of Berlin Pulp Mill\""},{"url":"http://www.nh.gov/governor/news/2006/030706berlin.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlin Daily Sun\". The Berlin Daily Sun. October 3, 2006. Archived from the original (DOC) on February 8, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070208190710/http://www.crisplaw.com/documents/TheBerlinDailySunarticle.doc","url_text":"\"Berlin Daily Sun\""},{"url":"http://crisplaw.com/documents/TheBerlinDailySunarticle.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Laidlaw Completes Acquisition of Berlin, New Hampshire Pulp Mill Facility and Closes Related Financing for 66 Megawatt Biomass Energy Project\". Reuters. January 5, 2009. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130201135320/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS92179+05-Jan-2009+BW20090105","url_text":"\"Laidlaw Completes Acquisition of Berlin, New Hampshire Pulp Mill Facility and Closes Related Financing for 66 Megawatt Biomass Energy Project\""},{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS92179+05-Jan-2009+BW20090105","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Berlin and Coos County Historical Society. \"Once Upon a Berlin Time\". Retrieved April 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://berlinnhhistoricalsociety.org/?p=95","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Berlin Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National Map\". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716195619/http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=2&s=12&lon=-71.1839&lat=44.4686&w=600&h=400","url_text":"\"The National Map\""},{"url":"http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=2&s=12&lon=-71.1839&lat=44.4686&w=600&h=400","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files – New Hampshire\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_cousubs_33.txt","url_text":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files – New Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"Foster, Debra H.; Batorfalvy, Tatianna N.; Medalie, Laura (1995). Water Use in New Hampshire: An Activities Guide for Teachers. U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.","urls":[{"url":"https://nh.water.usgs.gov/Publications/nh.intro.html","url_text":"Water Use in New Hampshire: An Activities Guide for Teachers"}]},{"reference":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=gyx","url_text":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Berlin, NH\". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00270690&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Berlin, NH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. 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Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213112413/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/1600000US3305140","url_text":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Berlin city, New Hampshire\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/1600000US3305140","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"State Election Results\". Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200806113328/https://sos.nh.gov/ElectResults.aspx","url_text":"\"State Election Results\""},{"url":"http://sos.nh.gov/ElectResults.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"City of Berlin, N.H. \"Police Department\". Retrieved April 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berlinnh.gov/police-department","url_text":"\"Police Department\""}]},{"reference":"City of Berlin, N.H. \"Fire Department\". Retrieved April 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berlinnh.gov/fire-department","url_text":"\"Fire Department\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Stations in Berlin, New Hampshire\".","urls":[{"url":"https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/locate?city=Berlin&state=NH&locid=9805&dx=1&sort=freq","url_text":"\"Radio Stations in Berlin, New Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beginnings of the Cascade Paper Mill\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 21, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120421103206/http://www.laconiadailysun.com/files/pdfarchivenew/BerlinPDF/2011/2011MillSupplement.pdf","url_text":"\"Beginnings of the Cascade Paper Mill\""},{"url":"http://www.laconiadailysun.com/files/pdfarchivenew/BerlinPDF/2011/2011MillSupplement.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ACSC GOE: Michael J. Durant 2005 Biography\". Archived from the original on November 26, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071126083736/http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eagle_bios/2005/durant_2005.html","url_text":"\"ACSC GOE: Michael J. Durant 2005 Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eagle_bios/2005/durant_2005.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Fictional Podcast Is Set In Berlin, N.H.\" April 5, 2019. 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Jacob (September 2004). \"Stanley Advertising and Imprinted Tape Rules\". The Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association. Archived from the original on April 30, 2006. Retrieved August 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060430070510/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3983/is_200409/ai_n9450297","url_text":"\"Stanley Advertising and Imprinted Tape Rules\""},{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3983/is_200409/ai_n9450297/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paul \"Poof\" Tardiff. \"Once Upon a Berlin Time pg. 4-5\" (PDF). Retrieved April 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laconiadailysun.com/files/pdfarchivenew/BerlinPDF/2012/03_March/29B.pdf","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Berlin Time pg. 4-5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beginnings of the Cascade Paper Mill\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 21, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120421103206/http://www.laconiadailysun.com/files/pdfarchivenew/BerlinPDF/2011/2011MillSupplement.pdf","url_text":"\"Beginnings of the Cascade Paper Mill\""},{"url":"http://www.laconiadailysun.com/files/pdfarchivenew/BerlinPDF/2011/2011MillSupplement.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berlin,_New_Hampshire&params=44_28_07_N_71_11_02_W_region:US-NH_type:city","external_links_name":"44°28′07″N 71°11′02″W / 44.46861°N 71.18389°W / 44.46861; -71.18389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berlin,_New_Hampshire&params=44_28_07_N_71_11_02_W_region:US-NH_type:city","external_links_name":"44°28′07″N 71°11′02″W / 44.46861°N 71.18389°W / 44.46861; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seward_Collins	Seward Collins	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Later life","2 References","3 External links"]	American New York socialite and publisher Seward Collins from his 1917 The Hill School yearbook. Seward Bishop Collins (April 22, 1899 – December 8, 1952) was an American New York socialite and publisher. By the end of the 1920s, he was a self-described "fascist". Biography Early life Collins was born in Albion, New York on April 22, 1899, to Irish Catholic parents. His father Herbert was involved early on in the development of United Cigar Stores, a chain that would eventually grow to over 3,000 locations. Later life Collins graduated from Princeton University and entered New York's literary life in 1926, as a bon vivant. He knew many literary giants of his day, had an affair with Dorothy Parker, and amassed a large collection of erotica. His bookstore, The American Review Bookshop, was at 231 West 58th Street in New York City. It carried many journals, broadsheets and newsletters that supported nationalist and fascist causes in Europe and Asia. In 1936, he married Dorothea Brande. A man of independent wealth, Collins published two literary journals: The Bookman (1927–1933) and the far-right American Review (1933–1937). Collins was infatuated with the writings of prominent humanists of his day, including Paul Elmer More and Irving Babbitt. Politically, he moved from left-liberalism in the early 1920s and eventually away from More's and Babbitt's Humanism to what he called "fascism" by the end of the decade. In The American Review, he sought to develop an American form of fascism and praised Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and German dictator Adolf Hitler in an article titled "Monarch as Alternative," which appeared in the first issue in 1933. In that essay, Collins attacked both capitalism and communism and heralded the "New Monarch," who would champion the common good over and against the machinations of capitalists and communists. His praise of Hitler was grounded in his belief that Hitler's rise to power that year heralded the end of the communist threat, as is illustrated by this excerpt: One would gather from the fantastic lack of proportion of our press—not to say its gullibility and sensationalism—that the most important aspect of the German revolution was the hardships suffered by Jews under the new regime. Even if the absurd atrocity stories were all true, the fact would be almost negligible beside an event that shouts aloud in spite of the journalistic silence: the victory of Hitler signifies the end of the Communist threat, forever. Wherever Communism grows strong enough to make a Communist revolution a danger, it will be crushed by a Fascist revolution. In a 1936 interview that he granted to Grace Lumpkin in the pro-communist periodical FIGHT against War and Fascism, Collins stated: "I am a fascist. I admire Hitler and Mussolini very much. They have done great things for their countries." When Lumpkin objected to Hitler's persecution of the Jews, Collins replied: "It is not persecution. The Jews make trouble. It is necessary to segregate them." The American Review ran articles by many leading literary critics of the day, including the Southern Agrarians, who, though hardly fascists, accepted a Northern publisher for their anti-modern essays. Several of them came to regret (and renounce) their relationship with Collins, however, after his political views became better known. One of them, Allen Tate, wrote a rebuttal of fascism for the liberal The New Republic. Nevertheless, Tate remained in contact with Collins and continued to publish in The American Review until its demise, in 1937. In addition to featuring essays by many critics of modernity, The American Review also became the a vehicle for spreading the ideas associated with English Distributism, the supporters of which included G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc. Collins and his wife, a spiritual medium, were actively involved with psychic phenomena during the 1930s. Their circle of friends included W.H. Salter, Theodore Besterman and Mrs. Henry Sidgwick, all of whom were affiliated with the Society for Psychical Research in London. Today Collins is remembered primarily as a fascist editor and publisher who detested both capitalism and communism and counted many pre-War writers as his friends or colleagues. His essay "Monarch as Alternative," mentioned above, appears in Conservatism in America Since 1930, a collection of essays by conservative writers published by New York University Press in 2003. A 2005 biography of Collins, And Then They Loved Him: Seward Collins & the Chimera of an American Fascism, argues that he was never a real "fascist." This book, which is based on Collins' actual papers and letters (as well as his FBI file), argues that Collins was in fact a Distributist, i.e., a follower of G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc, who inexplicably called Agrarianism "fascism." Indeed, the book concludes that Collins then became a kind of scapegoat after 1941 when many other members of the American social and intellectual elites were eager to distract attention from their own flirtations with fascism in the 1920s and 1930s. Yet his praise of Hitler and Mussolini, noted above, testifies to his beliefs, at least during the 1930s. References ^ Tucker, Michael Jay (2006). And Then They Loved Him: Seward Collins & the Chimera of an American Fascism. Peter Lang. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8204-7910-1. ^ Scutts, Joanna (13 August 2013). "Fascist Sympathies: On Dorothea Brande". Retrieved 22 May 2023. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires \|magazine= (help) External links Tucker, Michael Jay (2006). And Then They Loved Him : Seward Collins & the Chimera of an American Fascism. New York: P. Lang. ISBN 978-0820479101. Seward Collins Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sewardcollins1917.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Hill School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_School_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"}],"text":"Seward Collins from his 1917 The Hill School yearbook.Seward Bishop Collins (April 22, 1899 – December 8, 1952) was an American New York socialite and publisher. 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His father Herbert was involved early on in the development of United Cigar Stores, a chain that would eventually grow to over 3,000 locations.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Parker"},{"link_name":"erotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotica"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Brande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Brande"},{"link_name":"The Bookman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookman_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics"},{"link_name":"American Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"humanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"Paul Elmer More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Elmer_More"},{"link_name":"Irving Babbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Babbitt"},{"link_name":"Humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"sensationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalism"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Grace Lumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Lumpkin"},{"link_name":"FIGHT against War and Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIGHT_against_War_and_Fascism"},{"link_name":"Southern Agrarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Agrarians"},{"link_name":"Allen Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Tate"},{"link_name":"The New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity"},{"link_name":"Distributism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributism"},{"link_name":"G. K. Chesterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton"},{"link_name":"Hilaire Belloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc"},{"link_name":"spiritual medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumship"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"psychic phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"W.H. Salter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W.H._Salter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theodore Besterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Besterman"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Henry Sidgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrs._Henry_Sidgwick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Society for Psychical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_conservatism"},{"link_name":"New York University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Press"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"Distributist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributist"},{"link_name":"G. K. Chesterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton"},{"link_name":"Hilaire Belloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc"},{"link_name":"Agrarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarianism"},{"link_name":"scapegoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoat"}],"sub_title":"Later life","text":"Collins graduated from Princeton University and entered New York's literary life in 1926, as a bon vivant. He knew many literary giants of his day, had an affair with Dorothy Parker, and amassed a large collection of erotica. His bookstore, The American Review Bookshop, was at 231 West 58th Street in New York City. It carried many journals, broadsheets and newsletters that supported nationalist and fascist causes in Europe and Asia.In 1936, he married Dorothea Brande. A man of independent wealth, Collins published two literary journals: The Bookman (1927–1933) and the far-right American Review (1933–1937).[2]Collins was infatuated with the writings of prominent humanists of his day, including Paul Elmer More and Irving Babbitt. Politically, he moved from left-liberalism in the early 1920s and eventually away from More's and Babbitt's Humanism to what he called \"fascism\" by the end of the decade. In The American Review, he sought to develop an American form of fascism and praised Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and German dictator Adolf Hitler in an article titled \"Monarch as Alternative,\" which appeared in the first issue in 1933. In that essay, Collins attacked both capitalism and communism and heralded the \"New Monarch,\" who would champion the common good over and against the machinations of capitalists and communists. His praise of Hitler was grounded in his belief that Hitler's rise to power that year heralded the end of the communist threat, as is illustrated by this excerpt:One would gather from the fantastic lack of proportion of our press—not to say its gullibility and sensationalism—that the most important aspect of the German revolution was the hardships suffered by Jews under the new regime. Even if the absurd atrocity stories were all true, the fact would be almost negligible beside an event that shouts aloud in spite of the journalistic silence: the victory of Hitler signifies the end of the Communist threat, forever. Wherever Communism grows strong enough to make a Communist revolution a danger, it will be crushed by a Fascist revolution.In a 1936 interview that he granted to Grace Lumpkin in the pro-communist periodical FIGHT against War and Fascism, Collins stated: \"I am a fascist. I admire Hitler and Mussolini very much. They have done great things for their countries.\" When Lumpkin objected to Hitler's persecution of the Jews, Collins replied: \"It is not persecution. The Jews make trouble. It is necessary to segregate them.\"The American Review ran articles by many leading literary critics of the day, including the Southern Agrarians, who, though hardly fascists, accepted a Northern publisher for their anti-modern essays. Several of them came to regret (and renounce) their relationship with Collins, however, after his political views became better known. One of them, Allen Tate, wrote a rebuttal of fascism for the liberal The New Republic. Nevertheless, Tate remained in contact with Collins and continued to publish in The American Review until its demise, in 1937.In addition to featuring essays by many critics of modernity, The American Review also became the a vehicle for spreading the ideas associated with English Distributism, the supporters of which included G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc.Collins and his wife, a spiritual medium[citation needed], were actively involved with psychic phenomena during the 1930s.[citation needed] Their circle of friends included W.H. Salter, Theodore Besterman and Mrs. Henry Sidgwick, all of whom were affiliated with the Society for Psychical Research in London.[citation needed]Today Collins is remembered primarily as a fascist editor and publisher who detested both capitalism and communism and counted many pre-War writers as his friends or colleagues. His essay \"Monarch as Alternative,\" mentioned above, appears in Conservatism in America Since 1930, a collection of essays by conservative writers published by New York University Press in 2003.A 2005 biography of Collins, And Then They Loved Him: Seward Collins & the Chimera of an American Fascism, argues that he was never a real \"fascist.\" This book, which is based on Collins' actual papers and letters (as well as his FBI file), argues that Collins was in fact a Distributist, i.e., a follower of G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc, who inexplicably called Agrarianism \"fascism.\" Indeed, the book concludes that Collins then became a kind of scapegoat after 1941 when many other members of the American social and intellectual elites were eager to distract attention from their own flirtations with fascism in the 1920s and 1930s. Yet his praise of Hitler and Mussolini, noted above, testifies to his beliefs, at least during the 1930s.","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_text":"Seward Collins from his 1917 The Hill School yearbook.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sewardcollins1917.jpg/300px-Sewardcollins1917.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Tucker, Michael Jay (2006). And Then They Loved Him: Seward Collins & the Chimera of an American Fascism. Peter Lang. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8204-7910-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eILVxjWsYvoC&pg=PA11","url_text":"And Then They Loved Him: Seward Collins & the Chimera of an American Fascism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7910-1","url_text":"978-0-8204-7910-1"}]},{"reference":"Scutts, Joanna (13 August 2013). \"Fascist Sympathies: On Dorothea Brande\". Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/fascist-sympathies-dorothea-brande/","url_text":"\"Fascist Sympathies: On Dorothea Brande\""}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Michael Jay (2006). And Then They Loved Him : Seward Collins & the Chimera of an American Fascism. New York: P. Lang. ISBN 978-0820479101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0820479101","url_text":"978-0820479101"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eILVxjWsYvoC&pg=PA11","external_links_name":"And Then They Loved Him: Seward Collins & the Chimera of an American Fascism"},{"Link":"https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/fascist-sympathies-dorothea-brande/","external_links_name":"\"Fascist Sympathies: On Dorothea Brande\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1617605/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000003589536X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/45432236","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4fQqvY69y3BThQKQ8YP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/131369652","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005052131","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p119433869","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zw5pz6","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Latushko	Pavel Latushko	["1 Education","2 Diplomatic career under Lukashenko","3 Criticisms","4 2020 election protests","5 Points of view","6 Ranks and classes","7 Personal life","8 Notes","9 References"]	Belarusian diplomat and pro-democracy activist In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Pavlovich and the family name is Latushko. Pavel LatushkoПавел ЛатушкаПавел ЛатушкоHead of National Anti-Crisis Management of BelarusIncumbentAssumed office 26 October 2020PresidentSviatlana TsikhanouskayaPreceded byPosition establishedMinister of CultureIn office4 June 2009 – 16 November 2012PresidentAlexander LukashenkoPrime MinisterSergei SidorskyMikhail MyasnikovichPreceded byVladimir Fyodorovich MatveichukSucceeded byBoris Svetlov Personal detailsBorn (1973-02-10) 10 February 1973 (age 51)Minsk, Belarusian SSR, Soviet UnionCitizenshipBelarusianAlma materBelarusian State UniversityMinsk State Linguistic University Pavel Pavlovich Latushko (born 10 February 1973) is a Belarusian politician and diplomat. He was the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Belarus from 2009 to 2012. In 2020, Latushko supported the Belarusian protests against Lukashenko. He became the head of the National Anti-Crisis Management, a "shadow-government-like" organisation. On August 9, 2022 Latushko became the Deputy Head and Representative for the Transfer of Power in the United Transitional Cabinet of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya. In March 2023, a Belarusian court sentenced him in absentia to 18 years' imprisonment. Education Latushko graduated from the law faculty of the Belarusian State University in 1995, and Minsk State Linguistic University in 1996. Diplomatic career under Lukashenko From 1995 to 1996, he was the attaché of the contractual and legal department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. He then served from 1996 to 2000 as the Vice Consul, Consul of the Consulate General of the Republic of Belarus in Bialystok (Poland). Following that, he was the head of the information department and press secretary of the Belarusian Foreign Ministry from 2000 to 2002. From 6 December 2002 to 31 October 2008, he was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Belarus to the Republic of Poland. He then served as the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Belarus from 4 June 2009 to 16 November 2012. Since 16 November 2012, he served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Belarus to the French Republic, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Belarus to UNESCO. On 20 May 2013 he was appointed concurrently Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Belarus to the Kingdom of Spain and to the Portuguese Republic. On 15 January 2019, he was relieved of his post as ambassador. In March 2019, he was appointed director of the Yanka Kupala National Academic Theater. Criticisms During the 2006 Belarusian presidential election, Pavel Latushko attracted media attention in Poland. In his role as Belarusian ambassador to Poland, Latushko took part in the program "24 hours" of the TVN24 news channel via teleconference. The host questioned him about the conduct of the election, access of opposition candidates to the media and arrests of activists. At the end of the teleconference, the operator forgot to turn off the camera. Latushko's statements later became public, "I will say this - I will never give an interview to your station again - it's a nightmare ... Your journalists are ... well ... what they did in the summer, and now they're starting again with the president ... It's just ... If I an ambassador, I apologize and please pass it to him (the presenter), I would give it to him in the face." Latushko was summoned "on the carpet" to the Polish Foreign Ministry and recalled to Belarus for consultations. Some Polish politicians called for Latushko to be declared persona non grata. 2020 election protests During the 2020 Belarusian protests, he supported the strike of the theater artists, and spoke in favor of the resignation of Yury Karaev and Lidia Yermoshina. Because of his support, Latushko was fired on 17 August. Theatre artists applied en masse for the resignation in support of Pavel Latushko. On 19 August, Latushko became a member of the presidium of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya's Coordination Council. On 20 August, Alexander Konyuk, the Prosecutor-General of Belarus, initiated criminal proceedings against the members of the Coordination Council under Article 361 of the Belarusian Criminal Code, on the grounds of attempting to seize state power and harming national security. In the closing days of August, Latushko moved to Poland after being questioned by authorities. "His departure came a day after Lukashenko warned that Latushko had crossed a red line and would face prosecution." In late October 2020, Latushko became the head of National Anti-Crisis Management, a shadow government created by the Belarusian Coordination Council for the peaceful transition of power following the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. On 9 August 2022, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya declared at a conference held in Vilnius, Lithuania, the declaration of the United Transitional Cabinet. Latushko is the responsible person for the transition of power in it. In March 2023, a Belarusian court sentenced him in absentia to 18 years' imprisonment. Points of view In October 2002 Pavel Latushko accused Russian physicist and opposition politician Boris Nemtsov of interfering in Belarusian internal affairs and supported his expulsion from Belarus. "Nemtsov's efforts to complicate the development of Belarusian–Russian relations, to slow down integration processes, his categorical disagreement with the policy of building the Union State harm not only Belarusian–Russian bilateral relations, but also the prospects of building the union". Ranks and classes Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the 2nd class (6 December 2002). First class civil servant (4 June 2009). Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (16 November 2012). Personal life In addition to Russian and Belarusian, he speaks English and Polish. His ex-wife Natalia is the wife of the Belarusian diplomat and statesman Maxim Ryzhenkov. Notes ^ Belarusian: Павел Паўлавіч Латушка, romanized: Paviel Pawłavič Latuška, Russian: Павел Павлович Латушко, romanized: Pavel Pavlovič Latuško References ^ "Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya announced the United Transitional Cabinet and named its first members". Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. In my absence, Pavel Latushka and Valery Kavaleuski will be my deputies. ^ "Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь". www.pravo.by. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ "Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь". www.pravo.by. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ "Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь". www.pravo.by. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ a b "Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь". www.pravo.by. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ "БелаПАН. Павел Латушко назначен послом Беларуси во Франции". belapan.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ "Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь". www.pravo.by. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ "О П.П.Латушко". pravo.by. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ "Павел Латушко получил новое назначение". TUT.BY (in Russian). 6 March 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ "Ambasador Białorusi chciał "dać w mordę" dziennikarzowi TVN24". Bankier.pl (in Polish). 22 March 2006. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "Посол Латушко: "Скажу следующее ... дал бы в морду" \| \| АФН \| Белорусские новости \| Республика Беларусь \| Минск". afn.by. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "Białoruski ambasador odwołany na konsultacje". Wprost (in Polish). 31 March 2006. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "Моральный выбор Павла Латушко" (in Russian). 10 December 2012. ^ Свабода, Радыё (7 December 2007). "Амбасадара Латушку выклікалі ў польскае МЗС". Радыё Свабода (in Belarusian). Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "Члены Координационного Совета". Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020. ^ "МАЯ КРАІНА БЕЛАРУСЬ". Telegram. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020. ^ "Belarus Opens Criminal Probe Against Oppositions Coordination Council- Prosecutor General". UrduPoint. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020. ^ "Belarus opposition activist reportedly resisting attempts to expel her to Ukraine". CBC. The Associated Press. 8 September 2020. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2020. ^ "Pavel Latushko Announces Establishment Of People's Anti-Crisis Administration". Belarus Feed. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ "National Anti-Crisis Management". National Anti-crisis Management. 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ "On Second Anniversary Of Disputed Belarusian Presidential Poll, Tsikhanouskaya Names 'Interim Cabinet'". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022. ^ "Тихановскую приговорили к 15 годам колонии". РБК (in Russian). 6 March 2023. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ "Немцов изгнан за вмешательство в дела Белоруссии". www.kommersant.ru (in Russian). 23 October 2002. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "О комментарии МИД Беларуси в связи с выдворением Бориса Немцова за пределы Республики Беларусь - Министерство иностранных дел Республики Беларусь". mfa.gov.by. Retrieved 16 February 2024. ^ "Pavel LATUSHKA: Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Plénipotentiaire de la République du Bélarus en République Française, délégué permanent auprès de l'UNESCO" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2015. Langues: polonais, anglais. ^ "Из спорта в Администрацию президента: пять фактов о Максиме Рыжанкове". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Poland vteBelarusian oppositionProtests Minsk Spring Freedom March Jeans Revolution 2010 protests 2011 protests Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012 2017 protests 2020–2021 protests human rights issues related deaths international reactions Annual Freedom Day Chernobyl Way Day of Solidarity with Belarus Organisations Tell the Truth! Charter 97 Belarus Free Theatre Belarus Solidarity Foundation Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic Viasna Human Rights Centre Nexta Cyber Partisans Community of Railway Workers of Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL CoordinationCouncilHead Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya Presidium Svetlana Alexievich Sergei Dylevsky Pavel Latushko Maria Kalesnikava Olga Kovalkova Liliya Vlasova Maxim Znak NAMHead Pavel Latushko Team deputy head + foreign policy: Vladzimir Astapenka UnitedTransitionalCabinetHead Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya Members transfer of power: Pavel Latushko law and order: Aliaksandr Azarau foreign relations: Valery Kavaleuski deputy: Vladzimir Astapenka defence and security: Valery Sakhashchyk finance, economy: (Sep–Oct 2022: Tatsiana Zaretskaya) national revival: Alina Koushyk social issues: Volha Harbunova Other people Vitold Ashurak Viktar Babaryka Ales Bialiatski Mikalai Khalezin Ihar Losik Roman Protasevich Mikola Statkevich Ivonka Survilla Alexander Taraikovsky Sergei Tikhanovsky Valery Tsepkalo Veronika Tsepkalo Andrei Zeltser See also Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Rail war in Belarus New Belarus passport White-red-white flag	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belarusian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests"},{"link_name":"National Anti-Crisis Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anti-Crisis_Management"},{"link_name":"United Transitional Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Transitional_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Pavlovich and the family name is Latushko.Pavel Pavlovich Latushko[a] (born 10 February 1973) is a Belarusian politician and diplomat. He was the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Belarus from 2009 to 2012.In 2020, Latushko supported the Belarusian protests against Lukashenko. He became the head of the National Anti-Crisis Management, a \"shadow-government-like\" organisation. On August 9, 2022 Latushko became the Deputy Head and Representative for the Transfer of Power in the United Transitional Cabinet of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya.[1]In March 2023, a Belarusian court sentenced him in absentia to 18 years' imprisonment.","title":"Pavel Latushko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_State_University"},{"link_name":"Minsk State Linguistic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_State_Linguistic_University"}],"text":"Latushko graduated from the law faculty of the Belarusian State University in 1995, and Minsk State Linguistic University in 1996.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Belarus)"},{"link_name":"Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"Bialystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"French Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Yanka Kupala National Academic Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janka_Kupala_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"From 1995 to 1996, he was the attaché of the contractual and legal department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. He then served from 1996 to 2000 as the Vice Consul, Consul of the Consulate General of the Republic of Belarus in Bialystok (Poland).[2][3] Following that, he was the head of the information department and press secretary of the Belarusian Foreign Ministry from 2000 to 2002.[citation needed]From 6 December 2002 to 31 October 2008, he was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Belarus to the Republic of Poland. He then served as the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Belarus from 4 June 2009 to 16 November 2012.[4][5] Since 16 November 2012, he served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Belarus to the French Republic, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Belarus to UNESCO.[5][6] On 20 May 2013 he was appointed concurrently Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Belarus to the Kingdom of Spain and to the Portuguese Republic.[7] On 15 January 2019, he was relieved of his post as ambassador.[8]In March 2019, he was appointed director of the Yanka Kupala National Academic Theater.[9]","title":"Diplomatic career under Lukashenko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 Belarusian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Belarusian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"TVN24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVN24"},{"link_name":"persona non grata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_non_grata"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"During the 2006 Belarusian presidential election, Pavel Latushko attracted media attention in Poland.[10][11] In his role as Belarusian ambassador to Poland, Latushko took part in the program \"24 hours\" of the TVN24 news channel via teleconference. The host questioned him about the conduct of the election, access of opposition candidates to the media and arrests of activists. At the end of the teleconference, the operator forgot to turn off the camera. Latushko's statements later became public, \"I will say this - I will never give an interview to your station again - it's a nightmare ... Your journalists are ... well ... what they did in the summer, and now they're starting again with the president ... It's just ... If I [weren't] an ambassador, I apologize and please pass it to him (the presenter), I would give it to him in the face.\" Latushko was summoned \"on the carpet\" to the Polish Foreign Ministry and recalled to Belarus for consultations. Some Polish politicians called for Latushko to be declared persona non grata.[12][13][14]","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 Belarusian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Belarusian_protests"},{"link_name":"Lidia Yermoshina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia_Yermoshina"},{"link_name":"Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya"},{"link_name":"Coordination Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_Council_(Belarus)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Alexander Konyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Konyuk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prosecutor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor-General&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belarusian Criminal Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Code_(Belarus)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tme-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aplulu-19"},{"link_name":"National Anti-Crisis Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anti-Crisis_Management"},{"link_name":"peaceful transition of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power"},{"link_name":"2020 Belarusian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BelFeed_NAU_created-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAM_homepage_en_20201116-21"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"United Transitional Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Transitional_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"During the 2020 Belarusian protests, he supported the strike of the theater artists, and spoke in favor of the resignation of Yury Karaev and Lidia Yermoshina. Because of his support, Latushko was fired on 17 August. Theatre artists applied en masse for the resignation in support of Pavel Latushko.On 19 August, Latushko became a member of the presidium of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya's Coordination Council.[15]On 20 August, Alexander Konyuk, the Prosecutor-General of Belarus, initiated criminal proceedings against the members of the Coordination Council under Article 361 of the Belarusian Criminal Code, on the grounds of attempting to seize state power and harming national security.[16][17]In the closing days of August, Latushko moved to Poland after being questioned by authorities. \"His departure came a day after Lukashenko warned that Latushko had crossed a red line and would face prosecution.\"[18]In late October 2020, Latushko became the head of National Anti-Crisis Management, a shadow government created by the Belarusian Coordination Council for the peaceful transition of power following the 2020 Belarusian presidential election.[19][20]On 9 August 2022, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya declared at a conference held in Vilnius, Lithuania, the declaration of the United Transitional Cabinet. Latushko is the responsible person for the transition of power in it.[21]In March 2023, a Belarusian court sentenced him in absentia to 18 years' imprisonment.[22]","title":"2020 election protests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boris Nemtsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nemtsov"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In October 2002 Pavel Latushko accused Russian physicist and opposition politician Boris Nemtsov of interfering in Belarusian internal affairs and supported his expulsion from Belarus.[23] \"Nemtsov's efforts to complicate the development of Belarusian–Russian relations, to slow down integration processes, his categorical disagreement with the policy of building the Union State harm not only Belarusian–Russian bilateral relations, but also the prospects of building the union\".[24]","title":"Points of view"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the 2nd class (6 December 2002).\nFirst class civil servant (4 June 2009).\nAmbassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (16 November 2012).","title":"Ranks and classes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"In addition to Russian and Belarusian, he speaks English and Polish.[25] His ex-wife Natalia is the wife of the Belarusian diplomat and statesman Maxim Ryzhenkov.[26]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"}],"text":"^ Belarusian: Павел Паўлавіч Латушка, romanized: Paviel Pawłavič Latuška, Russian: Павел Павлович Латушко, romanized: Pavel Pavlovič Latuško","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya announced the United Transitional Cabinet and named its first members\". Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. In my absence, Pavel Latushka and Valery Kavaleuski will be my deputies.","urls":[{"url":"https://tsikhanouskaya.org/en/events/news/e1e57cee6d4a3a9.html","url_text":"\"Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya announced the United Transitional Cabinet and named its first members\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221019032030/https://tsikhanouskaya.org/en/events/news/e1e57cee6d4a3a9.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь\". www.pravo.by. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201203202812/https://www.pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=P30200590","url_text":"\"Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь\""},{"url":"https://www.pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=P30200590","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь\". www.pravo.by. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211228045235/https://www.pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=P30800594","url_text":"\"Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь\""},{"url":"https://www.pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=P30800594","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь\". www.pravo.by. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220208142747/https://pravo.by/document/?guid=3871","url_text":"\"Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь\""},{"url":"https://www.pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=P30900286","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь\". www.pravo.by. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220208142747/https://pravo.by/document/?guid=3871","url_text":"\"Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь\""},{"url":"https://www.pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=P31200519&p1=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"БелаПАН. Павел Латушко назначен послом Беларуси во Франции\". belapan.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://belapan.com/archive/2012/11/16/588040/","url_text":"\"БелаПАН. Павел Латушко назначен послом Беларуси во Франции\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142919/http://belapan.com/archive/2012/11/16/588040/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь\". www.pravo.by. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220201225450/https://pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=P31300231&p1=1","url_text":"\"Национальный правовой Интернет-портал Республики Беларусь\""},{"url":"https://www.pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=P31300231&p1=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"О П.П.Латушко\". pravo.by. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pravo.by/document/?guid=12551&p0=P31900021&p1=1&p5=0","url_text":"\"О П.П.Латушко\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211021010704/https://pravo.by/document/?guid=12551&p0=P31900021&p1=1&p5=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Павел Латушко получил новое назначение\". TUT.BY (in Russian). 6 March 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174836/https://news.tut.by/culture/628843.html","url_text":"\"Павел Латушко получил новое назначение\""},{"url":"https://news.tut.by/culture/628843.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ambasador Białorusi chciał \"dać w mordę\" dziennikarzowi TVN24\". Bankier.pl (in Polish). 22 March 2006. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Ambasador-Bialorusi-chcial-dac-w-morde-dziennikarzowi-TVN24-1412996.html","url_text":"\"Ambasador Białorusi chciał \"dać w mordę\" dziennikarzowi TVN24\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231113110716/https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Ambasador-Bialorusi-chcial-dac-w-morde-dziennikarzowi-TVN24-1412996.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Посол Латушко: \"Скажу следующее ... дал бы в морду\" \| \| АФН \| Белорусские новости \| Республика Беларусь \| Минск\". afn.by. Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://afn.by/news/i/72372","url_text":"\"Посол Латушко: \"Скажу следующее ... дал бы в морду\" \| \| АФН \| Белорусские новости \| Республика Беларусь \| Минск\""}]},{"reference":"\"Białoruski ambasador odwołany na konsultacje\". Wprost (in Polish). 31 March 2006. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. 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Retrieved 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svaboda.org/a/768528.html","url_text":"\"Амбасадара Латушку выклікалі ў польскае МЗС\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231116122142/https://www.svaboda.org/a/768528.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Члены Координационного Совета\". Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200820150621/https://rada.vision/chleny-soveta","url_text":"\"Члены Координационного Совета\""},{"url":"https://rada.vision/chleny-soveta","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"МАЯ КРАІНА БЕЛАРУСЬ\". Telegram. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://t.me/mkbelarus/9106","url_text":"\"МАЯ КРАІНА БЕЛАРУСЬ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200913040150/https://t.me/mkbelarus/9106","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus Opens Criminal Probe Against Oppositions Coordination Council- Prosecutor General\". UrduPoint. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/belarus-opens-criminal-probe-against-oppositi-1006745.html","url_text":"\"Belarus Opens Criminal Probe Against Oppositions Coordination Council- Prosecutor General\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200822120151/https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/belarus-opens-criminal-probe-against-oppositi-1006745.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus opposition activist reportedly resisting attempts to expel her to Ukraine\". CBC. The Associated Press. 8 September 2020. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/belarus-kolesnikova-ukraine-1.5715383","url_text":"\"Belarus opposition activist reportedly resisting attempts to expel her to Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210423014348/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/belarus-kolesnikova-ukraine-1.5715383","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pavel Latushko Announces Establishment Of People's Anti-Crisis Administration\". Belarus Feed. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://belarusfeed.com/latushko-peoples-anti-crisis-administration/","url_text":"\"Pavel Latushko Announces Establishment Of People's Anti-Crisis Administration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belarus_Feed&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Belarus Feed"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20201116122555/https://belarusfeed.com/latushko-peoples-anti-crisis-administration/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National Anti-Crisis Management\". National Anti-crisis Management. 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. 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Langues: polonais, anglais.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151224225120/http://www.unesco.org/eri/permdel/cv/BLR_PavelLatushka.pdf","url_text":"\"Pavel LATUSHKA: Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Plénipotentiaire de la République du Bélarus en République Française, délégué permanent auprès de l'UNESCO\""},{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/eri/permdel/cv/BLR_PavelLatushka.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Из спорта в Администрацию президента: пять фактов о Максиме Рыжанкове\". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise_du_cannabis	Société québécoise du cannabis	["1 Financing","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Cannabis sales monopoly and Crown corporation of Quebec, Canada Société québécoise du cannabisCompany typeCrown CorporationIndustryRetailFounded2017Headquarters7500, rue Tellier, Montreal, QuebecProductsRecreational cannabis productsOwnerGovernment of QuebecParentSAQWebsitewww.sqdc.ca The Société québécoise du cannabis is a subsidiary of the government-owned SAQ. It was tabled in the National Assembly of Quebec on November 16, 2017, and was officially adopted on June 12, 2018. Financing Under the Act respecting the Société des alcools du Québec, the SQDC's revenues from the sale of cannabis must be used for the following purposes: The elimination of any deficit that the SQDC may incur; The transfer to be made by the Minister of Finance each year to the Cannabis Prevention and Research Fund, and also the prevention of the use of psychoactive substances, as well as the fight against related harms. See also Cannabis in Quebec References ^ Plante, Caroline (12 June 2018). "Quebec passes long-awaited cannabis law". CTV Montreal. Retrieved 19 June 2018. ^ Laframboise, Kalina (16 November 2017). "Quebec government reveals details of marijuana bill". CBC News. Retrieved 13 July 2018. ^ Act Respecting the Société des Alcools du Québec. February 1, 2020. External links Société québécoise du cannabis vteProvincial and territorial cannabis authorities of CanadaRetail BC Cannabis Stores Liquor Mart (Manitoba) OCS (Ontario) SQDC (Quebec) Cannabis NB (New Brunswick) Cannabis NL (Newfoundland and Labrador) NSLC (Nova Scotia) PEI Cannabis (Prince Edward Island) NWT Liquor Nunavut Liquor YLC (Yukon) Licensing Alberta Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis Commission Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch (British Columbia) Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario Régie des alcools, des courses et des jeux (Quebec) Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority vteCannabis in CanadaLegal historyBy location Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Canadian Indian reserves Legislation An Act to amend the Criminal Code (offences relating to conveyances) Cannabis Act Political advocacy Bloc pot (Quebec) British Columbia Marijuana Party Marijuana Party (federal) Saskatchewan Marijuana Party People Jodie Emery Marc Emery Grant Krieger Dana Larsen Blair Longley Ron Marzel Marc-Boris St-Maurice Hugô St-Onge Brian Taylor Media Bad Seeds Canadian Strain The Culture High Grass (1999) Hidden Harvest Pot TV Romancing Mary Jane The Union: The Business Behind Getting High Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It Voulez-vous coucher avec God? WikiCommons Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government-owned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"SAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_alcools_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cannabis_law,_ctv-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Société québécoise du cannabis is a subsidiary of the government-owned SAQ. 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Retrieved 19 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/quebec-passes-long-awaited-cannabis-law-1.3970731","url_text":"\"Quebec passes long-awaited cannabis law\""}]},{"reference":"Laframboise, Kalina (16 November 2017). \"Quebec government reveals details of marijuana bill\". CBC News. Retrieved 13 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-marijuana-bill-2017-1.4404066","url_text":"\"Quebec government reveals details of marijuana bill\""}]},{"reference":"Act Respecting the Société des Alcools du Québec. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Shillam	Leonard and Kathleen Shillam	["1 Early life","2 Personal life","3 Seal sculpture","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]	Australian sculptors Kathleen Shillam in Plaka, Greece, 1961 Leonard and Kathleen Shillam's Pelican sculptures at the Queensland Art Gallery. Photo taken from inside the Art Gallery Pelican sculptures at the Queensland Art Gallery. Photo taken from outside the Art Gallery Leonard and Kathleen Shillam were Australian sculptors, whose works are widely displayed in Queensland. Early life Leonard George Shillam AM (born 15 August 1915 in Brisbane, Queensland - died 1 September 2005), was a founding member of both the Queensland Society of Sculptors and the Queensland Wildlife Artists Society. He attended Brisbane Grammar School (1928–30) and studied under Martyn Roberts at the Central Technical College, Brisbane (1931–33). He was awarded the Godfrey Rivers Medal in 1934. From 1934 to 1936 he was employed as a designer in a silk screen poster studio. In 1938 he received a Carnegie Institute Grant, which enabled him to study life modelling at the Westminster School, London. With the declaration of war (in 1939) he returned to Brisbane. Kathleen Shillam (née O'Neill) AM (born 25 May 1916 in England - died 20 September 2002 in Australia). Kathleen was born at Paignton, Devon, arriving in Australia in 1927. She attended the Girls Grammar School, Brisbane (1930–31) and the Central Technical College, Brisbane (1932–33). She was awarded the Godfrey Rivers Medal in 1933. From 1934 to 1938 she was employed as a part-time commercial artist. In 1938 she moved to Sydney and spent much time in 1939 drawing animals at Sydney's Taronga Park Zoo. She returned to Brisbane in December 1939. Personal life Leonard Shillam and Kathleen O'Neill met at the Central Technical College, Brisbane, in 1932. They first exhibited at the First Annual Exhibition of work executed by art students of the Central Technical College in November of that year. Along with Francis Lymburner and Will Smith, in 1935 they formed the nucleus of a small studio group to draw at the Victory Chambers, Adelaide Street, Brisbane. In 1939, they both returned to Brisbane, and from 1941 to 1950 they earned a livelihood as poultry farmers. They were married on 1 September 1942 at the Brisbane Registry Office. In 1980, they set up a bronze casting foundry in their studio and until 1987 cast all their own smaller scaled works. On 21 March 1987 they were involved in a serious car accident that permanently affected the health of both. Seal sculpture In 1956 Len Shillam was commissioned to create a water fountain feature for the pool of Lennon's Hotel at Broadbeach (the first large hotel on the Gold Coast). He created a life-size sculpture of a seal with its pup ('Seal and Pup') in polished terrazzo which became a local icon. After the demolition of the hotel in 1987, the sculpture was relocated to the nearby Sakura Japanese Gardens restaurant. It soon disappeared before being found at that bottom of a canal near the casino. After it was retrieved by Conrad Jupiters Casino and Bond University, it was restored and donated to the National Trust of Australia. In 2004, it was placed at the entrance of the Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre, a short distance from the former Lennon's Hotel, where it remains today. Seal and Pup is listed on the Gold Coast Local Heritage Register. Awards In 1976, they were awarded life membership of the Society of Sculptors, Queensland. On 26 January 1986, they were appointed Members of the Order of Australia. In December 2000, they were awarded Honorary Doctorates of Philosophy for services to the arts, notably sculpture, from the University of Queensland. References ^ "Sandgate and Redcliffe acknowledge the work of Kathleen and Leonard Shillam". State Library of Queensland. 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024. ^ "Shillam sculpture legacy". Moreton Bay City Council. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024. ^ Hartnett, D. (1996). Forms entwined : the life story of sculptors Leonard & Kathleen Shillam / by Dorothy Hartnett. Pangeza Studio. ISBN 0646290894. ^ a b c Cooke (2006), pg. 2 ^ a b c Cooke (2006), pg. 4 ^ Kathleen Shillam bio Archived 29 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Design & Art Australia Online, www.daao.org.au ^ Cooke (2006), pg. 3 ^ Profiles of Len and Kath Shillam Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, www.sculptorsqld.org.au Possible replacement: SHILLAM, Len and Kath Archived 29 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Sculptors Queensland ^ Cooke (2006), pg. 5 ^ Cooke (2006), pg. 32 ^ Cooke (2006), pg. 39 ^ "Seal and Pup". Geocaching Australia. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024. ^ "Gold Coast Local Heritage Register - N to Z" (PDF). Gold Coast City Council. pp. 113–114. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ Potts, Andrew (6 December 2013). "Take a look back at some of the Gold Coast's most iconic hotels and motels". Gold Coast Bulletin. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ Cooke (2006), pg. 29 ^ SHILLAM, Leonard George Archived 12 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Member of the Order of Australia (AM), 26 January 1986, It's an Honour.Citation: For service to sculpture. ^ SHILLAM, Kathleen Archived 12 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Member of the Order of Australia (AM), 26 January 1986, It's an Honour.Citation: For service to the arts, particularly in the field of sculpture, and to education. ^ Cooke (2006), pg. 64 ^ Awards - Kathleen Shillam AM Archived 29 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, University of Queensland Glenn Cooke (11 August 2006). "Leonard and Kathleen Shillam - Chronology and Exhibition History" (PDF). State Library of Queensland. External links Media related to Leonard and Kathleen Shillam at Wikimedia Commons Fran Metcalf (22 February 2008). "Exhibit honours Leonard and Kathleen Shillam". The Courier-Mail. Shillam Papers at State Library, Sculptors Queensland Len & Kath Shillam Estate, Philip Bacon Galleries Biographical Notes, Philip Bacon Galleries Kathleen Shillam (2001). The Shillam-O'Neill connection. CopyRight Publishing. Kathleen & Leonard Shillam – their lives and their art, Brisbane Living Heritage Network Shillam, Leonard 1915- , worldcat.org Shillam, Kathleen 1916- , worldcat.org	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_230955_Kath_Shillam_in_Athens_working_on_plaster_for_Donkey_Woman_II,_in_the_wash_house_at_Plaka,_1961.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelican-sculptures-Art-Gallery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queensland Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Art_Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pelicans_sculpture,_Brisbane_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kathleen Shillam in Plaka, Greece, 1961Leonard and Kathleen Shillam's Pelican sculptures at the Queensland Art Gallery. Photo taken from inside the Art GalleryPelican sculptures at the Queensland Art Gallery. Photo taken from outside the Art GalleryLeonard and Kathleen Shillam were Australian sculptors, whose works are widely displayed in Queensland.[1][2][3]","title":"Leonard and Kathleen Shillam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg4-5"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Paignton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paignton"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Leonard George Shillam AM (born 15 August 1915 in Brisbane, Queensland - died 1 September 2005), was a founding member of both the Queensland Society of Sculptors and the Queensland Wildlife Artists Society. He attended Brisbane Grammar School (1928–30) and studied under Martyn Roberts at the Central Technical College, Brisbane (1931–33). He was awarded the Godfrey Rivers Medal in 1934. From 1934 to 1936 he was employed as a designer in a silk screen poster studio.[4] In 1938 he received a Carnegie Institute Grant, which enabled him to study life modelling at the Westminster School, London. With the declaration of war (in 1939) he returned to Brisbane.[5]Kathleen Shillam (née O'Neill) AM (born 25 May 1916 in England - died 20 September 2002 in Australia). Kathleen was born at Paignton, Devon, arriving in Australia in 1927. She attended the Girls Grammar School, Brisbane (1930–31) and the Central Technical College, Brisbane (1932–33). She was awarded the Godfrey Rivers Medal in 1933. From 1934 to 1938 she was employed as a part-time commercial artist.[4] In 1938 she moved to Sydney and spent much time in 1939 drawing animals at Sydney's Taronga Park Zoo. She returned to Brisbane in December 1939.[5][6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Technical College, Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Central_Technical_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg2-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg4-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Leonard Shillam and Kathleen O'Neill met at the Central Technical College, Brisbane, in 1932. They first exhibited at the First Annual Exhibition of work executed by art students of the Central Technical College in November of that year.[4] Along with Francis Lymburner and Will Smith, in 1935 they formed the nucleus of a small studio group to draw at the Victory Chambers, Adelaide Street, Brisbane.[7]In 1939, they both returned to Brisbane, and from 1941 to 1950 they earned a livelihood as poultry farmers.[5]They were married on 1 September 1942 at the Brisbane Registry Office.[8][9]In 1980, they set up a bronze casting foundry in their studio and until 1987 cast all their own smaller scaled works.[10] On 21 March 1987 they were involved in a serious car accident that permanently affected the health of both.[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadbeach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbeach,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"terrazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrazzo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Conrad Jupiters Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Jupiters_Casino"},{"link_name":"Bond University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_University"},{"link_name":"National Trust of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Convention_and_Exhibition_Centre"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast Local Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Local_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 1956 Len Shillam was commissioned to create a water fountain feature for the pool of Lennon's Hotel at Broadbeach (the first large hotel on the Gold Coast). He created a life-size sculpture of a seal with its pup ('Seal and Pup') in polished terrazzo which became a local icon. After the demolition of the hotel in 1987, the sculpture was relocated to the nearby Sakura Japanese Gardens restaurant.[12] It soon disappeared before being found at that bottom of a canal near the casino. After it was retrieved by Conrad Jupiters Casino and Bond University, it was restored and donated to the National Trust of Australia. In 2004, it was placed at the entrance of the Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre, a short distance from the former Lennon's Hotel, where it remains today. Seal and Pup is listed on the Gold Coast Local Heritage Register.[13][14]","title":"Seal sculpture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LGSAM-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KSAM-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 1976, they were awarded life membership of the Society of Sculptors, Queensland.[15]On 26 January 1986, they were appointed Members of the Order of Australia.[16][17]In December 2000, they were awarded Honorary Doctorates of Philosophy for services to the arts, notably sculpture, from the University of Queensland.[18][19]","title":"Awards"}]	[{"image_text":"Leonard and Kathleen Shillam's Pelican sculptures at the Queensland Art Gallery. 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Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/documents/bf/gc-local-heritage-register-n-z.pdf","url_text":"\"Gold Coast Local Heritage Register - N to Z\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_City_Council","url_text":"Gold Coast City Council"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200826202123/https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/documents/bf/gc-local-heritage-register-n-z.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Potts, Andrew (6 December 2013). \"Take a look back at some of the Gold Coast's most iconic hotels and motels\". Gold Coast Bulletin. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/lifestyle/take-a-look-back-at-some-of-the-gold-coasts-most-iconic-hotels-and-motels/news-story/787427391a551e1f325e1d63e7f68061","url_text":"\"Take a look back at some of the Gold Coast's most iconic hotels and motels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Bulletin","url_text":"Gold Coast Bulletin"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118120211/https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/lifestyle/take-a-look-back-at-some-of-the-gold-coasts-most-iconic-hotels-and-motels/news-story/787427391a551e1f325e1d63e7f68061","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Glenn Cooke (11 August 2006). \"Leonard and Kathleen Shillam - Chronology and Exhibition History\" (PDF). State Library of Queensland.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/42847/Glenn_Cooke_-_Shillam_Chronology_-_2006_08_11.pdf","url_text":"\"Leonard and Kathleen Shillam - Chronology and Exhibition History\""}]},{"reference":"Fran Metcalf (22 February 2008). \"Exhibit honours Leonard and Kathleen Shillam\". The Courier-Mail.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.couriermail.com.au/entertainment/arts/sculptors-shaped-a-city/story-e6freqkf-1111115612362","url_text":"\"Exhibit honours Leonard and Kathleen Shillam\""}]},{"reference":"Kathleen Shillam (2001). The Shillam-O'Neill connection. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_verDorn	Jerry verDorn	["1 References","2 External links"]	American soap opera actor (1949–2022) Jerry verDornBorn(1949-11-23)November 23, 1949Sioux Falls, South Dakota, U.S.DiedMay 1, 2022(2022-05-01) (aged 72)Sparta, New Jersey, U.S.Alma materMinnesota State University MoorheadOccupationActorYears active1979–2022Spouse Bethea Stewart (m. 1977)Children2 Jerry verDorn (November 23, 1949 – May 1, 2022) was an American soap opera actor, best known for his role as Ross Marler in Guiding Light and Clint Buchanan in One Life to Live. Jerry verDorn was born on November 23, 1949, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and attended Minnesota State University Moorhead. VerDorn performed on stage with the Folger Theatre in Washington, D.C. On Broadway he was a standby for the role of John Tanner in Man and Superman (1978) and portrayed an investigator in Are You Now or Have You Ever Been (1979). VerDorn became one of Guiding Light's longest-running cast members, debuting in the role on March 19, 1979 and portraying the character of Ross for over 26 years. He won Daytime Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in 1995 and again in 1996. VerDorn also portrayed Ross in a 1983 television movie, The Cradle Will Fall, an adaptation of a book to film using several Guiding Light characters in supporting roles. In the winter of 1982, he played the role of Ross' soon to be first wife, Carrie Todd's (played by Jane Elliot), first husband Todd MacKenzie in Carrie's flashbacks during Carrie's murder trial of one of Ross' former nemeses, Diane Ballard (played by Sofia Landon Geier) who also appeared in the flashbacks. In the fall of 1994, he played the humorous lookalike role of Howie - "Hoss" - who was the total antithesis of Ross. His last appearance as Ross aired on October 11, 2005. On October 25, 2005, verDorn took over the role of Clint Buchanan on ABC's One Life to Live and continued in the role until the series cancellation in 2012. On January 8, 2013, verDorn became the first actor to sign on for the revival of One Life to Live that aired on The Online Network. In 1977, verDorn married Bethea Stewart. They had two sons and remained wed until his death. He died on May 1, 2022, aged 72, from cancer. References ^ a b c "Jerry verDorn, 72". Classic Images. July 2022. p. 48. ^ "Jerry ver Dorn". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2022. ^ "OLTL Star Signs On With Prospect Park". ABC Soaps in Depth. January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 12, 2013). "Prospect Park Closes Deal With WGA, Clearing Way For AMC, OLTL Production". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 14, 2013. ^ Del Rosario, Alexandra (May 2, 2022). "Jerry verDorn Dies: Guiding Light, One Life To Live Actor Was 72". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 2, 2022. External links Official website Jerry verDorn at IMDb Jerry verDorn profile Who's in, Who's out Beloved Daytime Vet Jerry verDorn Dies At 72 vteDaytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series1970s Peter Hansen (1979) 1980s Warren Burton (1980) Larry Haines (1981) David Lewis (1982) Darnell Williams (1983) Justin Deas (1984) Larry Gates (1985) John Wesley Shipp (1986) Gregg Marx (1987) Justin Deas (1988) Justin Deas (1989) 1990s Henry Darrow (1990) Bernard Barrow (1991) Thom Christopher (1992) Gerald Anthony (1993) Justin Deas (1994) Jerry verDorn (1995) Jerry verDorn (1996) Ian Buchanan (1997) Steve Burton (1998) Stuart Damon (1999) 2000s Shemar Moore (2000) Michael E. Knight (2001) Josh Duhamel (2002) Benjamin Hendrickson (2003) Rick Hearst (2004) Greg Rikaart (2005) Jordan Clarke (2006) Rick Hearst (2007) Kristoff St. John (2008) Jeff Branson / Vincent Irizarry (2009) 2010s Billy Miller (2010) Jonathan Jackson (2011) Jonathan Jackson (2012) Scott Clifton / Billy Miller (2013) Eric Martsolf (2014) Chad Duell (2015) Sean Blakemore (2016) Steve Burton (2017) Greg Vaughan (2018) Max Gail (2019) 2020s Bryton James (2020) Max Gail (2021) Jeff Kober (2022) Robert Gossett (2023) Robert Gossett (2024)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Guiding Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiding_Light"},{"link_name":"Clint Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota State University Moorhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_University_Moorhead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Jane Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Elliot"},{"link_name":"Sofia Landon Geier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Landon_Geier"},{"link_name":"Clint Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"ABC's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The Online Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Online_Network"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ci-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Jerry verDorn (November 23, 1949 – May 1, 2022) was an American soap opera actor, best known for his role as Ross Marler in Guiding Light and Clint Buchanan in One Life to Live.Jerry verDorn was born on November 23, 1949, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and attended Minnesota State University Moorhead.[1]VerDorn performed on stage with the Folger Theatre in Washington, D.C.[1] On Broadway he was a standby for the role of John Tanner in Man and Superman (1978) and portrayed an investigator in Are You Now or Have You Ever Been (1979).[2]VerDorn became one of Guiding Light's longest-running cast members, debuting in the role on March 19, 1979 and portraying the character of Ross for over 26 years. He won Daytime Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in 1995 and again in 1996. VerDorn also portrayed Ross in a 1983 television movie, The Cradle Will Fall, an adaptation of a book to film using several Guiding Light characters in supporting roles. In the winter of 1982, he played the role of Ross' soon to be first wife, Carrie Todd's (played by Jane Elliot), first husband Todd MacKenzie in Carrie's flashbacks during Carrie's murder trial of one of Ross' former nemeses, Diane Ballard (played by Sofia Landon Geier) who also appeared in the flashbacks. In the fall of 1994, he played the humorous lookalike role of Howie - \"Hoss\" - who was the total antithesis of Ross. His last appearance as Ross aired on October 11, 2005.On October 25, 2005, verDorn took over the role of Clint Buchanan on ABC's One Life to Live and continued in the role until the series cancellation in 2012. On January 8, 2013, verDorn became the first actor to sign on for the revival of One Life to Live that aired on The Online Network.[3][4]In 1977, verDorn married Bethea Stewart. They had two sons and remained wed until his death.[1] He died on May 1, 2022, aged 72, from cancer.[5]","title":"Jerry verDorn"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jerry verDorn, 72\". Classic Images. July 2022. p. 48.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jerry ver Dorn\". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210612114317/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/jerry-ver-dorn-72179","url_text":"\"Jerry ver Dorn\""},{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/jerry-ver-dorn-72179","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OLTL Star Signs On With Prospect Park\". ABC Soaps in Depth. January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc.soapsindepth.com/2013/01/oltl-star-signs-on-with-prospect-park.html","url_text":"\"OLTL Star Signs On With Prospect Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Soaps_in_Depth","url_text":"ABC Soaps in Depth"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (January 12, 2013). \"Prospect Park Closes Deal With WGA, Clearing Way For AMC, OLTL Production\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/01/prospect-park-closes-deal-with-wga-clearing-way-for-production-on-amc-oltl/","url_text":"\"Prospect Park Closes Deal With WGA, Clearing Way For AMC, OLTL Production\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Del Rosario, Alexandra (May 2, 2022). \"Jerry verDorn Dies: Guiding Light, One Life To Live Actor Was 72\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/05/jerry-verdorn-dead-guiding-light-one-life-to-live-actor-was-72-1235014499/","url_text":"\"Jerry verDorn Dies: Guiding Light, One Life To Live Actor Was 72\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210612114317/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/jerry-ver-dorn-72179","external_links_name":"\"Jerry ver Dorn\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/jerry-ver-dorn-72179","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://abc.soapsindepth.com/2013/01/oltl-star-signs-on-with-prospect-park.html","external_links_name":"\"OLTL Star Signs On With Prospect Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/01/prospect-park-closes-deal-with-wga-clearing-way-for-production-on-amc-oltl/","external_links_name":"\"Prospect Park Closes Deal With WGA, Clearing Way For AMC, OLTL Production\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/05/jerry-verdorn-dead-guiding-light-one-life-to-live-actor-was-72-1235014499/","external_links_name":"\"Jerry verDorn Dies: Guiding Light, One Life To Live Actor Was 72\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820040138/http://www.jerryverdorn.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0893502/","external_links_name":"Jerry verDorn"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051124071921/http://www.soapcentral.com/oltl/theactors/verdorn.php","external_links_name":"Jerry verDorn profile"},{"Link":"http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/983075/rebooted-amc-and-oltl-cast-lists-revealed","external_links_name":"Who's in, Who's out"},{"Link":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/beloved-daytime-vet-jerry-verdorn-dies-at-72/","external_links_name":"Beloved Daytime Vet Jerry verDorn Dies At 72"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Minas	Menas of Egypt	["1 Origin of his name","2 Life and martyrdom","3 Relics","4 Veneration","4.1 Patronage","4.2 Iconography","5 Military saint","6 New Monastery and Cathedral of Saint Mina","7 El Alamein battle","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]	Egyptian saint and martyr "Saint Menas" redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Menas (disambiguation). SaintMenas of Egypt16th century icon of Saint Menas inside the Temple Church in Kastoria, GreeceMartyr and wonder-workerBorn285Nikiou, Egypt, Roman EmpireDiedc. 309Cotyaeum, Anatolia, Roman Empire (modern-day Turkey)Venerated inOriental OrthodoxyEastern Orthodox ChurchRoman Catholic ChurchCanonizedPre-CongregationMajor shrineMonastery of Saint MinaChurch of Saint Menas (Cairo)Feast 15 Hathor (Coptic Orthodox Church) (which coincides with 11 November on the Julian Calendar or 24 November on the Gregorian Calendar 11 November (Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches) AttributesChristian Martyrdom, man with his hands cut off and his eyes torn out; man with two camels; young knight with a halberd, an anachronistic depiction of his time in the Roman armyPatronagefalsely accused people; peddlers; traveling merchants; Heraklion Menas of Egypt (also Mina, Minas, Mena, Meena; Greek: Άγιος Μηνάς, Coptic: Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲙⲏⲛⲁ; 285 – c. 309), a martyr and wonder-worker, is one of the most well-known Coptic saints in the East and the West, due to the many miracles that are attributed to his intercession and prayers. Menas was a Coptic soldier in the Roman army martyred because he refused to recant his Christian faith. The common date of his commemoration is November 11, which occurs 13 days later (November 24) on the Julian calendar. His feast day is celebrated every year on 15 Hathor in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, which corresponds to November 24 on the Gregorian Calendar. In Eastern Orthodox churches that follow the old style or Julian calendar, it is likewise celebrated on November 24. In the Eastern Orthodox churches that follow the new style or Revised Julian calendar, as well as in the Catholic Church, it is celebrated on November 11. Origin of his name Menas was his original name, according to the story his mother called him "Mēna" because she heard a voice saying amēn. Minas (Μηνᾶς) is how he is known in Greek and Armenian, while in Coptic he is known as "Mīna" (مينا). Life and martyrdom St. Menas and boatman on a Makurian manuscript from c. 1000 There are many sources written in different languages (Koine Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, Ge'ez, Latin, Syriac, Armenian) relating to Menas. Menas was born in Egypt in 285 in the city of Nikiou, which lay in the vicinity of Memphis. His parents were ascetic Christians but did not have any children for a long time. His father's name was Eudoxios and his mother's name was Euphemia. On the feast of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus, Euphemia was praying with tears before an icon of the Virgin for God to give her a son. A sound came from the icon saying "Amen". A few months later, Euphemia gave birth to a boy and named him Menas. Eudoxios, a ruler of one of the administrative divisions of Egypt, died when Menas was fourteen years old. At the age of fifteen Menas joined the Roman army and was given a high rank due to his father's reputation. Most sources state that he served in Cotyaeum in Phrygia, although some say his appointment was in Algeria. Three years later he left the army, longing to devote his whole life to Christ, and headed towards the desert to live a different kind of life. After spending five years as a hermit, Menas saw in a revelation the angels crowning the martyrs with glorious crowns, and longed to join those martyrs. While he was thinking about it, he heard a voice saying: "Blessed are you Menas because you have been called to the pious life from your childhood. You shall be granted three immortal crowns: one for your celibacy, another for your asceticism, and a third for your martyrdom." Menas subsequently hurried to the ruler, declaring his Christian faith. Relics The soldiers who executed Menas set his body on fire for three days but the body remained unharmed. Menas' sister then bribed the soldiers and managed to carry the body away. She embarked on a ship heading to Alexandria, where she placed his body in a church. When the time of persecution ended, during the papacy of Athanasius of Alexandria the pope had a vision of an angel appearing to him and ordering him to load Menas' body on a camel and head towards the Libyan Desert. At a certain spot near a water well at the end of Lake Mariout, not far from Alexandria, the camel stopped and wouldn't move. The Christians took this a sign from God and buried Menas' body there. The Berbers of Pentapolis rose against the cities around Alexandria. As the people were getting ready to face them, the Roman governor decided to secretly take the body of Menas with him to be his deliverer and his strong protector. Through Menas' blessings, the governor overcame the Berbers and returned victorious. However, he decided not to return the body to its original place and wanted to take it to Alexandria. On the way back, as they passed by Lake Mariout at the same spot where the body was originally buried, the camel carrying the body knelt down and would not move. People moved the body to another camel, but the second camel would not move either. The governor finally realized that this was God's command. He made a coffin from decay-resistant wood and placed the silver coffin in it. Veneration Terracotta pilgrim's Menas flask impressed with Saint Mina between two camels, Byzantine, probably made at Abu Mina, Egypt, c. 6th–7th century. (Louvre Museum) Most versions of the story state that the location of the tomb was then forgotten until its miraculous rediscovery by a local shepherd. A shepherd was feeding his sheep in that location, and a sick lamb fell on the ground. As it struggled to get on its feet again, its scab was cured. The story spread quickly and the sick who came to this spot recovered from whatever illnesses they had just by lying on the ground. The Ethiopian Synaxarium describes Constantine I sending his sick daughter to the shepherd to be cured, and credits her with finding Menas' body, after which Constantine ordered the construction of a church at the site. Some versions of the story replace Constantine with the late-5th century emperor Zeno, but archaeologists have dated the original foundation to the late 4th century. According to the Zeno version, his daughter was leprous and his advisors suggested that she should try that place, and she did. At night Menas appeared to the girl and informed her that his body was buried in that place. The following morning, Zeno's daughter was cured and she related her vision about the saint to her servants. Zeno immediately ordered Mina's body to be dug out and a cathedral to be built there. After his martyrdom in the early fourth century, Menas acquired a reputation for miraculous healing powers. The cult of Saint Menas was centered on Abu Mena near Alexandria. Sick people from all over the Christian world used to visit that city and were healed through the intercessions of Menas, who became known as the Wonders' Maker. Today, numerous little clay Menas flasks, or bottles for holy water or oil on which the saint's name and picture are stamped, are found by archeologists in diverse countries around the Mediterranean world, such as Heidelberg in Germany, Milan in Italy, Dalmatia in Croatia, Marseille in France, Dongola in Sudan, Meols (Cheshire) in England, and the holy city of Jerusalem, as well as modern Turkey and Eritrea. Pilgrims would buy these bottles and take them back to their relatives. Patronage Menas is the patron saint of many German and Swiss towns. He was venerated as the protector of pilgrims and merchants. St. Menas is also noted for healing various illnesses. Iconography Menas is generally shown between two camels, the animals that, according to the legend, returned his body to Egypt for burial. Military saint Most likely Mina of Mareotis, Mina of Cotyaes, and Mina of Constantinople, are all the same person honored in different places. Menas is sometimes called Mina the Soldier also called the "Wonder worker" in the West, where he is venerated as a military saint. New Monastery and Cathedral of Saint Mina As soon as Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria became pope and patriarch on Saint Mark's Throne, he began to put the foundations for a great monastery close to the remains of the old city. Today, the Monastery of Saint Mina is one of the most famous monasteries in Egypt. The relics of Saint Mina, as well as that of Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria lie in this monastery. The cathedral of Saint Mina was destroyed during the Arab invasions of the 7th century. El Alamein battle Pottery pilgrim bottle, for storing water from the spring of Saint Menas. Byzantine period. From Alexandria, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London According to orthodox Christian belief, in June 1942, during the North-Africa campaign that was decisive for the outcome of the Second World War, the German forces under the command of General Rommel were on their way to Alexandria, and happened to make a halt near a place which the Arabs call El Alamein. An ancient ruined church nearby in Abu Mena was dedicated to Saint Menas; there some people say he is buried. Here the weaker Allied forces, including some Greeks, confronted the numerically and militarily superior German army, and the result of the coming battle of El Alamein seemed certain. During the first night of engagement, at midnight, Saint Menas came out of his ruined church and appeared in the midst of the German camp at the head of a caravan of camels, exactly as he was shown on the walls of the ruined church in one of the frescoes depicting his miracles. This astounding and terrifying apparition so undermined German morale that it contributed to the brilliant victory of the Allies. Winston Churchill said of this victory: "Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end, but it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning." He also wrote: "Before Alamein we never had a victory. After Alamein, we never had a defeat. See also Agios Minas Cathedral, Heraklion Church of Saint Menas (Cairo) Church of Saint Menas of Samatya, Istanbul Minas of Aksum Monastery of Saint Mina Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria References ^ "Menas of Egypt - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America". ^ a b "Martyr Menas of Egypt". oca.org. Retrieved 2018-03-17. ^ a b "Saint Menas". www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-03-17. ^ Menas the Miracle Worker, Saint – Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia ^ a b c "St. Menas". www.copticchurch.net. Retrieved 2018-03-17. ^ a b "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Menas". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2018-03-17. ^ "Saint Mina Coptic Orthodox Church". 2007-10-06. Archived from the original on 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2018-03-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Saint Menas – Saints and Martyrs– Treasures of Heaven". www.learn.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2018-03-17. ^ Grossmann, Peter (1998). "The Pilgrimage Center of Abû Mînâ". in D. Frankfurter (ed.), Pilgrimage & Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt. Leiden-Boston-Köln, Brill: p. 282 ^ "Ampullae". www.stmina-monastery.org. Retrieved 2018-03-17. ^ "Menas", Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, (Alexander Kazhdan, ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, p. 1339 ^ "The Miracle of Saint Menas in El Alamein in 1942". www.johnsanidopoulos.com. Retrieved 2018-03-17. ^ "A warrior saint for Veteran's Day – This Side of Glory". This Side of Glory. 2012-11-12. Archived from the original on 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2018-03-17. ^ The Great Egyptian and Coptic Martyr – St Mina Monastery Further reading Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, pp. 573–578, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ISBN 9780870991790 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Menas. 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For other uses, see Saint Menas (disambiguation).Menas of Egypt (also Mina, Minas, Mena, Meena; Greek: Άγιος Μηνάς, Coptic: Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲙⲏⲛⲁ; 285 – c. 309), a martyr and wonder-worker, is one of the most well-known Coptic saints in the East and the West, due to the many miracles that are attributed to his intercession and prayers. Menas was a Coptic soldier in the Roman army martyred because he refused to recant his Christian faith. The common date of his commemoration is November 11, which occurs 13 days later (November 24) on the Julian calendar.His feast day is celebrated every year on 15 Hathor in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, which corresponds to November 24 on the Gregorian Calendar. In Eastern Orthodox churches that follow the old style or Julian calendar, it is likewise celebrated on November 24. In the Eastern Orthodox churches that follow the new style or Revised Julian calendar, as well as in the Catholic Church, it is celebrated on November 11.","title":"Menas of Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Menas was his original name, according to the story his mother called him \"Mēna\" because she heard a voice saying amēn. Minas (Μηνᾶς) is how he is known in Greek and Armenian, while in Coptic he is known as \"Mīna\" (مينا).","title":"Origin of his name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Menas_and_boatman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Makurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuria"},{"link_name":"Koine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"Old Nubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Nubian_language"},{"link_name":"Ge'ez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucl-3"},{"link_name":"Nikiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawyat_Razin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Mary, mother of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocn-5"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Cotyaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya"},{"link_name":"Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mershman-6"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocn-5"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"St. Menas and boatman on a Makurian manuscript from c. 1000There are many sources written in different languages (Koine Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, Ge'ez, Latin, Syriac, Armenian) relating to Menas.[3]Menas was born in Egypt in 285 in the city of Nikiou,[4] which lay in the vicinity of Memphis. His parents were ascetic Christians but did not have any children for a long time. His father's name was Eudoxios and his mother's name was Euphemia. On the feast of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus, Euphemia was praying with tears before an icon of the Virgin for God to give her a son. A sound came from the icon saying \"Amen\". A few months later, Euphemia gave birth to a boy and named him Menas.[5]Eudoxios, a ruler of one of the administrative divisions of Egypt, died when Menas was fourteen years old. At the age of fifteen Menas joined the Roman army and was given a high rank due to his father's reputation. Most sources state that he served in Cotyaeum in Phrygia,[6] although some say his appointment was in Algeria.[5] Three years later he left the army, longing to devote his whole life to Christ, and headed towards the desert to live a different kind of life.After spending five years as a hermit, Menas saw in a revelation the angels crowning the martyrs with glorious crowns, and longed to join those martyrs. While he was thinking about it, he heard a voice saying: \"Blessed are you Menas because you have been called to the pious life from your childhood. You shall be granted three immortal crowns: one for your celibacy, another for your asceticism, and a third for your martyrdom.\" Menas subsequently hurried to the ruler, declaring his Christian faith.[7]","title":"Life and martyrdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Athanasius of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel"},{"link_name":"Libyan Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Desert"},{"link_name":"Lake Mariout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mariout"},{"link_name":"Berbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"Pentapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treasures-8"}],"text":"The soldiers who executed Menas set his body on fire for three days but the body remained unharmed. Menas' sister then bribed the soldiers and managed to carry the body away. She embarked on a ship heading to Alexandria, where she placed his body in a church.When the time of persecution ended, during the papacy of Athanasius of Alexandria the pope had a vision of an angel appearing to him and ordering him to load Menas' body on a camel and head towards the Libyan Desert. At a certain spot near a water well at the end of Lake Mariout, not far from Alexandria, the camel stopped and wouldn't move. The Christians took this a sign from God and buried Menas' body there.The Berbers of Pentapolis rose against the cities around Alexandria. As the people were getting ready to face them, the Roman governor decided to secretly take the body of Menas with him to be his deliverer and his strong protector. Through Menas' blessings, the governor overcame the Berbers and returned victorious. However, he decided not to return the body to its original place and wanted to take it to Alexandria. On the way back, as they passed by Lake Mariout at the same spot where the body was originally buried, the camel carrying the body knelt down and would not move. People moved the body to another camel, but the second camel would not move either.[8] The governor finally realized that this was God's command. He made a coffin from decay-resistant wood and placed the silver coffin in it.","title":"Relics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilgrim_flask_St._Menas_Louvre_MN1469.jpg"},{"link_name":"Terracotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta"},{"link_name":"Menas flask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menas_flask"},{"link_name":"Abu Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mena"},{"link_name":"Synaxarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaxarium"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantina"},{"link_name":"Zeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"archaeologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Abu Mena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mena"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Menas flasks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menas_flask"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Dongola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongola"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Meols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meols"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cocn-5"}],"text":"Terracotta pilgrim's Menas flask impressed with Saint Mina between two camels, Byzantine, probably made at Abu Mina, Egypt, c. 6th–7th century. (Louvre Museum)Most versions of the story state that the location of the tomb was then forgotten until its miraculous rediscovery by a local shepherd. A shepherd was feeding his sheep in that location, and a sick lamb fell on the ground. As it struggled to get on its feet again, its scab was cured. The story spread quickly and the sick who came to this spot recovered from whatever illnesses they had just by lying on the ground. The Ethiopian Synaxarium describes Constantine I sending his sick daughter to the shepherd to be cured, and credits her with finding Menas' body, after which Constantine ordered the construction of a church at the site. Some versions of the story replace Constantine with the late-5th century emperor Zeno, but archaeologists have dated the original foundation to the late 4th century.[9] According to the Zeno version, his daughter was leprous and his advisors suggested that she should try that place, and she did. At night Menas appeared to the girl and informed her that his body was buried in that place. The following morning, Zeno's daughter was cured and she related her vision about the saint to her servants. Zeno immediately ordered Mina's body to be dug out and a cathedral to be built there.After his martyrdom in the early fourth century, Menas acquired a reputation for miraculous healing powers. The cult of Saint Menas was centered on Abu Mena near Alexandria.[10]\nSick people from all over the Christian world used to visit that city and were healed through the intercessions of Menas, who became known as the Wonders' Maker. Today, numerous little clay Menas flasks, or bottles for holy water or oil on which the saint's name and picture are stamped, are found by archeologists in diverse countries around the Mediterranean world, such as Heidelberg in Germany, Milan in Italy, Dalmatia in Croatia, Marseille in France, Dongola in Sudan, Meols (Cheshire) in England, and the holy city of Jerusalem, as well as modern Turkey and Eritrea. Pilgrims would buy these bottles and take them back to their relatives.[5]","title":"Veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oca-2"}],"sub_title":"Patronage","text":"Menas is the patron saint of many German and Swiss towns. He was venerated as the protector of pilgrims and merchants.[11] St. Menas is also noted for healing various illnesses.[2]","title":"Veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucl-3"}],"sub_title":"Iconography","text":"Menas is generally shown between two camels, the animals that, according to the legend, returned his body to Egypt for burial.[3]","title":"Veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mershman-6"},{"link_name":"military saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_saint"}],"text":"Most likely Mina of Mareotis, Mina of Cotyaes, and Mina of Constantinople, are all the same person honored in different places.[6]\nMenas is sometimes called Mina the Soldier also called the \"Wonder worker\" in the West, where he is venerated as a military saint.","title":"Military saint"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Saint Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Saint Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mina"},{"link_name":"monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"}],"text":"As soon as Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria became pope and patriarch on Saint Mark's Throne, he began to put the foundations for a great monastery close to the remains of the old city. Today, the Monastery of Saint Mina is one of the most famous monasteries in Egypt. The relics of Saint Mina, as well as that of Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria lie in this monastery. The cathedral of Saint Mina was destroyed during the Arab invasions of the 7th century.","title":"New Monastery and Cathedral of Saint Mina"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pottery_pilgrim_bottle,_for_storing_water_from_the_spring_of_Saint_Menas._Byzantine_period._From_Alexandria,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"battle of El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Pottery pilgrim bottle, for storing water from the spring of Saint Menas. Byzantine period. From Alexandria, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, LondonAccording to orthodox Christian belief, in June 1942, during the North-Africa campaign that was decisive for the outcome of the Second World War, the German forces under the command of General Rommel were on their way to Alexandria, and happened to make a halt near a place which the Arabs call El Alamein. An ancient ruined church nearby in Abu Mena was dedicated to Saint Menas; there some people say he is buried. Here the weaker Allied forces, including some Greeks, confronted the numerically and militarily superior German army, and the result of the coming battle of El Alamein seemed certain. During the first night of engagement, at midnight, Saint Menas came out of his ruined church and appeared in the midst of the German camp at the head of a caravan of camels, exactly as he was shown on the walls of the ruined church in one of the frescoes depicting his miracles. This astounding and terrifying apparition so undermined German morale that it contributed to the brilliant victory of the Allies. Winston Churchill said of this victory: \"Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end, but it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.\" He also wrote: \"Before Alamein we never had a victory. After Alamein, we never had a defeat.[12][13][14]","title":"El Alamein battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weitzmann, Kurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weitzmann"},{"link_name":"Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780870991790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870991790"}],"text":"Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century, pp. 573–578, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ISBN 9780870991790","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"St. Menas and boatman on a Makurian manuscript from c. 1000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/St_Menas_and_boatman.jpg/220px-St_Menas_and_boatman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terracotta pilgrim's Menas flask impressed with Saint Mina between two camels, Byzantine, probably made at Abu Mina, Egypt, c. 6th–7th century. (Louvre Museum)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pilgrim_flask_St._Menas_Louvre_MN1469.jpg/220px-Pilgrim_flask_St._Menas_Louvre_MN1469.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pottery pilgrim bottle, for storing water from the spring of Saint Menas. Byzantine period. From Alexandria, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pottery_pilgrim_bottle%2C_for_storing_water_from_the_spring_of_Saint_Menas._Byzantine_period._From_Alexandria%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Agios Minas Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Minas_Cathedral"},{"title":"Church of Saint Menas (Cairo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Menas_(Cairo)"},{"title":"Church of Saint Menas of Samatya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Menas_of_Samatya"},{"title":"Minas of Aksum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_of_Aksum"},{"title":"Monastery of Saint Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mina"},{"title":"Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria"}]	[{"reference":"\"Menas of Egypt - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints?contentid=285","url_text":"\"Menas of Egypt - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martyr Menas of Egypt\". oca.org. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://oca.org/saints/lives/2000/11/11/103277-martyr-menas-of-egypt","url_text":"\"Martyr Menas of Egypt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Menas\". www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/religion/menas.html","url_text":"\"Saint Menas\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Menas\". www.copticchurch.net. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/manas.html","url_text":"\"St. Menas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Menas\". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10178d.htm","url_text":"\"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Menas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Mina Coptic Orthodox Church\". 2007-10-06. Archived from the original on 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006162136/http://www.stmina.hamilton.on.coptorthodox.ca/index.php?action=view&id=4&module=newsmodule&src=@random451c047c2bf06","url_text":"\"Saint Mina Coptic Orthodox Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Menas – Saints and Martyrs– Treasures of Heaven\". www.learn.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170112053746/http://www.learn.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/saints/Menas.php","url_text":"\"Saint Menas – Saints and Martyrs– Treasures of Heaven\""},{"url":"http://www.learn.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/saints/Menas.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ampullae\". www.stmina-monastery.org. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stmina-monastery.org/ampullae.htm","url_text":"\"Ampullae\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Miracle of Saint Menas in El Alamein in 1942\". www.johnsanidopoulos.com. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/miracle-of-saint-menas-in-el-alamein-in.html","url_text":"\"The Miracle of Saint Menas in El Alamein in 1942\""}]},{"reference":"\"A warrior saint for Veteran's Day – This Side of Glory\". This Side of Glory. 2012-11-12. Archived from the original on 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2018-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171219145246/https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/thissideofglory/2012/11/12/the-miracle-at-el-alamein/","url_text":"\"A warrior saint for Veteran's Day – This Side of Glory\""},{"url":"https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/thissideofglory/2012/11/12/the-miracle-at-el-alamein/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints?contentid=285","external_links_name":"\"Menas of Egypt - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America\""},{"Link":"https://oca.org/saints/lives/2000/11/11/103277-martyr-menas-of-egypt","external_links_name":"\"Martyr Menas of Egypt\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/religion/menas.html","external_links_name":"\"Saint Menas\""},{"Link":"http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/ref/collection/cce/id/1486","external_links_name":"Menas the Miracle Worker, Saint – Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/manas.html","external_links_name":"\"St. Menas\""},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10178d.htm","external_links_name":"\"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Menas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006162136/http://www.stmina.hamilton.on.coptorthodox.ca/index.php?action=view&id=4&module=newsmodule&src=@random451c047c2bf06","external_links_name":"\"Saint Mina Coptic Orthodox Church\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170112053746/http://www.learn.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/saints/Menas.php","external_links_name":"\"Saint Menas – Saints and Martyrs– Treasures of Heaven\""},{"Link":"http://www.learn.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/saints/Menas.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stmina-monastery.org/ampullae.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ampullae\""},{"Link":"http://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2010/11/miracle-of-saint-menas-in-el-alamein-in.html","external_links_name":"\"The Miracle of Saint Menas in El Alamein in 1942\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171219145246/https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/thissideofglory/2012/11/12/the-miracle-at-el-alamein/","external_links_name":"\"A warrior saint for Veteran's Day – This Side of Glory\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/thissideofglory/2012/11/12/the-miracle-at-el-alamein/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stmina.info/pdf/st-mina/st-mina-english.pdf","external_links_name":"The Great Egyptian and Coptic Martyr – St Mina Monastery"},{"Link":"http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533","external_links_name":"Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century"},{"Link":"http://www.stmina.info/","external_links_name":"The official website of St. Mina Monastery in Maruit"},{"Link":"http://www.iconograms.org/sig.php?eid=285","external_links_name":"Martyr Minas"},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/i/ivory_pyxis_with_st_menas.aspx","external_links_name":"Ivory Pyxis with St. Mina, the British Museum"},{"Link":"http://oca.org/saints/lives/2013/11/11/103277-martyr-menas-of-egypt","external_links_name":"\"Martyr Menas of Egypt\", Orthodox Church in America"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1834342/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000099254334","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/67894182","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1329154380959030291158","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjG86b3DQmHpwdjBBDYbQy","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118878549","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007368396705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85091726","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk20181015954&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leeming	David Leeming	["1 References"]	For the American philologist, see David Adams Leeming. David Leeming (1876 – January 2, 1939) was an English-born politician in British Columbia, Canada. He served as mayor of Victoria from 1931 to 1936. He was born in Manchester and moved to Victoria in 1894. He worked as a real estate agent and customs broker. In 1908, he married Amy Theresa McKenzie. Leeming served on Victoria city council from 1922 to 1923. He was a director of the Victoria and Island Publicity Bureau, also serving as president, and was a member of the Victoria Chamber of Commerce. Leeming also served as president of the Victoria Real Estate Board. He died in Victoria at the age of 62. References ^ a b "Vital Event Death Registration". BC Archives. Retrieved 2014-06-30. ^ a b "1004 Terrace Avenue". Heritage Register Rockland. Victoria Heritage Foundation. vteMayors of Victoria, British Columbia Harris Franklin Macdonald Trimble Robertson Franklin Macdonald Lewis McMillan Robinson Dalby Drummond Tyrwhitt-Drake Finlayson J. H. Turner Shakespeare Redfern Carey Rithet Fell Grant Beaven Teague Beaven Redfern C. Hayward McCandless Barnard Morley Hall Morley Beckwith Morley Stewart Todd Porter Marchant R. Hayward Pendray Anscomb Leeming McGavin George Harrison Scurrah Wilson Toone Stephen Haddock Pollen Young Tindall Pollen Brewin D. Turner Cross Lowe Fortin Helps Alto This article about a mayor in British Columbia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Adams Leeming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-1"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vhf-2"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vhf-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death-1"}],"text":"For the American philologist, see David Adams Leeming.David Leeming (1876 – January 2, 1939[1]) was an English-born politician in British Columbia, Canada. He served as mayor of Victoria from 1931 to 1936.[2]He was born in Manchester and moved to Victoria in 1894. He worked as a real estate agent and customs broker. In 1908, he married Amy Theresa McKenzie. Leeming served on Victoria city council from 1922 to 1923. He was a director of the Victoria and Island Publicity Bureau, also serving as president, and was a member of the Victoria Chamber of Commerce. Leeming also served as president of the Victoria Real Estate Board.[2]He died in Victoria at the age of 62.[1]","title":"David Leeming"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Vital Event Death Registration\". BC Archives. Retrieved 2014-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/sn-4E75D75/view/Deaths/find-adv%2B%20callnumber=%28%221939-09-552131%22%20%29%20AND%20microfilm=%28b13164%29%20%2B%2B%2B%2B/1","url_text":"\"Vital Event Death Registration\""}]},{"reference":"\"1004 Terrace Avenue\". Heritage Register Rockland. Victoria Heritage Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victoriaheritagefoundation.ca/HReg/Rockland/Terrace1004.html","url_text":"\"1004 Terrace Avenue\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://search.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/sn-4E75D75/view/Deaths/find-adv%2B%20callnumber=%28%221939-09-552131%22%20%29%20AND%20microfilm=%28b13164%29%20%2B%2B%2B%2B/1","external_links_name":"\"Vital Event Death Registration\""},{"Link":"http://www.victoriaheritagefoundation.ca/HReg/Rockland/Terrace1004.html","external_links_name":"\"1004 Terrace Avenue\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Leeming&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_3x3_team	Poland women's national 3x3 team	["1 World Cup record","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	National 3x3 basketball team PolandFIBA ranking4FIBA zoneFIBA EuropeNational federationPolish Basketball AssociationWorld CupAppearances3 The Poland women's national 3x3 team is a national basketball team of Poland, administered by the Polski Zwiazek Koszykówki. It represents the country in international 3x3 (3 against 3) women's basketball competitions. World Cup record Year Position Pld W L 2012 Athens Did not qualify 2014 Moscow 2016 Guangzhou 13th 4 1 3 2017 Nantes Did not qualify 2018 Bocaue 2019 Amsterdam 2022 Antwerp 6th 4 3 1 2023 Vienna 19th 4 0 4 Total 3/8 12 4 8 See also Poland women's national basketball team References ^ Profile – Poland, FIBA.com, Retrieved 19 May 2016. External links Official website FIBA profile vte National sports teams of Poland American Football Badminton Baseball U18 Basketball M MU-20 MU-19 MU-17 M3x3 W WU-20 WU-19 WU-17 W3x3 Beach handball Beach soccer Field hockey M W Floorball M W W U-19 Football M MU-23 amputee MU-21 MU-20 MU-19 MU-18 MU-17 MU-16 W W-U20 W-U17 Futsal Goalball Handball M M-U20 M-U18 W Ice hockey M M-U20 M-U18 W W-U18 Korfball Rugby league Rugby union M M7 Speedway M M-U21 M-U19 Squash Tennis M W X Volleyball M M-U23 M-U21 M-U19 W W-U20 W-U18 Olympics Paralympics European Games vteNational 3x3 basketball teams of Europe (FIBA Europe)Men Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Women Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Mixed Czech Republic France Ukraine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Polski Zwiazek Koszykówki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_Zwiazek_Koszyk%C3%B3wki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Poland women's national 3x3 team is a national basketball team of Poland, administered by the Polski Zwiazek Koszykówki.[1] It represents the country in international 3x3 (3 against 3) women's basketball competitions.","title":"Poland women's national 3x3 team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Cup record"}]	[]	[{"title":"Poland women's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_basketball_team"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/FIBA/fibaStru/nfLeag/p/nationalfederationnumber/347/nfProf.html","external_links_name":"Profile – Poland"},{"Link":"https://pzkosz.pl/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Poland","external_links_name":"FIBA profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Barysheva	Olga Barysheva	["1 References","2 External links"]	Russian basketball player Olga Barysheva Olga Korosteleva in 2006 Medal record Women's basketball Representing the Soviet Union Olympic Games 1976 Montreal Team competition 1980 Moscow Team competition Olga Fyodorovna Barysheva-Korostelyova (Russian: Ольга Фёдоровна Барышева-Коростелёва; born 24 August 1954) is a Russian former basketball player who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics and in the 1980 Summer Olympics. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Olga Barysheva-Korostelyova". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2012. External links Olga Korosteleva at FIBA Olga Barisheva at FIBA Olga Korostelyova international stats at Basketball-Reference.com Olga Barysheva-Korostelyova at Olympedia Olga Barisheva-Korosteleva at Olympics.com vteSoviet Union squad – 1976 Summer Olympics – Gold medal 4 Rupšienė 5 Zakharova-Nadyrova 6 Kurvyakova 7 Barysheva 8 Ovechkina 9 Shuvayeva-Olkhova 10 Semjonova 11 Zakharova 12 Feryabnikova 13 Sukharnova 14 Dauniene 15 Klimova Coach: Alekseyeva vteSoviet Union squad – 1980 Summer Olympics – Gold medal 4 Rupšienė 5 Sharmay 6 Beselienė 7 Barysheva 8 Ovechkina 9 Shuvayeva-Olkhova 10 Semjonova 11 Rogozhina 12 Feryabnikova 13 Sukharnova 14 Zakharova-Nadyrova 15 Ivinskaya Coach: Alekseyeva This article about a Russian Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to a Russian basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"1976 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-1"}],"text":"Olga Fyodorovna Barysheva-Korostelyova (Russian: Ольга Фёдоровна Барышева-Коростелёва; born 24 August 1954) is a Russian former basketball player who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics and in the 1980 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Olga Barysheva"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Olga Barysheva-Korostelyova\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202215919/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/olga-barysheva-korostelyova-1.html","url_text":"\"Olga Barysheva-Korostelyova\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/olga-barysheva-korostelyova-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161202215919/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/olga-barysheva-korostelyova-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Olga Barysheva-Korostelyova\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/olga-barysheva-korostelyova-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q//pid/2016/_//players.html","external_links_name":"Olga Korosteleva"},{"Link":"https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//q//pid/96470/_//players.html","external_links_name":"Olga Barisheva"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/olga-barysheva-1.html","external_links_name":"Olga Korostelyova"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/5136","external_links_name":"Olga Barysheva-Korostelyova"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/olga-barisheva-korosteleva","external_links_name":"Olga Barisheva-Korosteleva"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Barysheva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Barysheva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Romay	Lina Romay	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 Selected filmography","5 References","6 External links"]	Spanish actress This article is about the Spanish actress. For the Mexican-American singer of the same name, see Lina Romay (singer). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lina Romay" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lina RomayBornRosa María Almirall Martínez(1954-06-25)25 June 1954Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainDied15 February 2012(2012-02-15) (aged 57)Málaga, Andalusia, SpainOther namesCandy Coster, Lulu LaverneSpouses Ramon Ardid (m. 1972; div. 1978) Jesús Franco (m. 2008) Rosa María Almirall Martínez (25 June 1954 – 15 February 2012), known by the stage name Lina Romay, was a Spanish actress and filmmaker. She often appeared in films directed by her long-time companion, and later husband, Jesús Franco. She appeared in approximately 109 Franco films made over 30 years, between 1973 and 2010. She also working variously as an assistant or second unit director, screenwriter, editor and production manager. She sometimes used the pseudonyms Candy Coster and Lulu Laverne. Early life Romay was born Rosa María Almirall Martínez in Barcelona in 1954. After graduating high school, she studied the arts, married actor/photographer Ramon Ardid (aka Raymond Hardy), and began acting in stage productions. Career She began appearing in Jesús Franco's films when they met in 1972, adopting the stage name Lina Romay after an actress and jazz artist from the 1940s (who only died in 2010). She also used the aliases Candy Coster and Lulu Laverne at various points in her career, sometimes credited under multiple names in the same production. Her husband Ramon Ardid was working for Franco as a still photographer at the time, and she met Franco through him. She acted in over a hundred feature films, most directed by Franco. The majority of their films together were in the erotic film genre (including many X titles featuring unsimulated sex scenes with Franco and other actors), but she also appeared in many of his horror, comedy, and action/adventure films as well. Among the better known of her horror films are The Bare Breasted Countess (1973), Barbed Wire Dolls (1975) and Jack the Ripper (1976). Ardid co-starred with her in several of Franco's films until he realized she was having an affair with Franco in 1975. Romay and Ardid legally divorced in 1978, and Ardid stopped working with Franco after 1980. Although Romay was listed in the credits of several of Franco's films as a co-director, actor Antonio Mayans stated in a recent interview that Franco used to credit her in that manner for business reasons, and that she never actually co-directed any of the films. However, she contributed occasional plot ideas and assisted in editing some of the films' trailers. Personal life and death Lina Romay and Jesús Franco lived as a couple for almost four decades but only officially married on 25 April 2008. She died from cancer at the age of 57 on 15 February 2012 in Málaga, Spain. Franco died soon after in 2013. Selected filmography The Erotic Rites of Frankenstein (1972), a.k.a. The Curse of Frankenstein; Lina's scenes as a gypsy girl only appear in the 1973 re-edited Spanish language version The Sinister Eyes of Dr. Orloff (1972) brief cameo role as a neighbor Pleasure for Three (1973) a.k.a. How to Seduce a Virgin The Perverse Countess (1973) Maciste vs the Amazon Queen (1973) a.k.a. Lustful Amazons The Erotic Exploits of Maciste in Atlantis (1973) Female Vampire (1973) a.k.a. The Bare-Breasted Countess/ Erotikill (released in 1975) Night of the Killers (1973) a.k.a. Night of the Skull Linda's Hot Nights (1973) a.k.a. Who Raped Linda? Tender and Perverse Emanuelle (1973) Kiss Me Killer (1973) a.k.a. Sexy Blues Exorcism and Black Masses (1974) a.k.a. Exorcisme Celestine, Maid at your Service (1974) Lorna the Exorcist (1974) Les Chatouilleuses (1974) a.k.a. Nuns in Madness Roland, the Sexiest Man in the World (1974) Les Emmerdeuses/ The Troublemakers (1974) The Obscene Mirror (1975) Lina only appeared in the 1975 re-edited hardcore Italian version of Jess Franco's 1973 film The Other Side of the Mirror Julietta 69 (1975), a.k.a. Justine; Lina only appeared in the 1975 re-edited hardcore Italian version co-edited by Joe D'Amato Midnight Party (1975) a.k.a. Lady Porno Rolls Royce Baby (1975) (not directed by Franco) Barbed Wire Dolls (1975) a.k.a. Frauengefängnis Women Behind Bars (1975) a.k.a. Diamants Pour L'Enfer Downtown: The Naked Dolls of the Underworld (1975) Die Sklavinnen/ The Slaves (1975) Doriana Gray (1975) a.k.a. Die Marquise de Sade Jack the Ripper (1976) a.k.a. Erotico Profondo Ilsa, the Wicked Warden (1976) a.k.a. Greta, the Mad Butcher/ Ilsa, the Wicked Warden Wicked Women (1977) a.k.a. Women Without Innocence Cocktail Special (1978) Elles Font Tout/ They Do It All (1978) Two Flowered Spies with Flowered Panties (1978) a.k.a. Opal of Fire: The Sex Merchants The Girls of Copacabana (1979) Erotic Symphony (1979) The Sadist of Notre Dame (1979) a.k.a. Demoniac (censored version) What a Honeymoon (1979) a.k.a. The Gold Bug Mondo Cannibale (1980) a.k.a. White Cannibal Queen/ The Cannibals Sex Is Crazy (1980) Sexual Aberrations of a Married Woman (1980) a.k.a.Cecilia Eugenie: The Story of a Perversion (1980) The Girl in the Transparent Panties (1980) a.k.a. Pick-up Girls The Night of the Open Sexes (1981) Macumba Sexual (1981) Oasis of the Zombies (1981) Lina only appears in the variant Spanish-language version Tomb of the Living Dead Intimate Confessions of an Exhibitionist (1982) Black Boots, Leather Whip (1982) House of the Lost Women (1982) The Hotel of Love Affairs (1982) Mansion of the Living Dead (1982) The Shadow of Judoka vs. Dr. Wong (1982) Gemidos de Placer/ Moans of Pleasure (1982) The Blues of Pop Street (1983) Fury in the Tropics (1983) Revenge in the House of Usher (1983) The Treasure of the White Goddess (1983) a.k.a. Diamonds of Kilamandjaro Lillian the Perverted Virgin (1983) The Night Has a Thousand Sexes (1983) The Sexual Story of O (1983) Scarlet (1983) Camino Solitario/ Lonely Road (1983) Alone Against Terror (1983) a.k.a. The Monsters of Fiske Manor Blood on my Shoes (1983) How Much Does a Spy Cost? (1983) Una Rajita Para Dos (1983) x-rated Bahia Blanca/ White Bay (1984) Last of the Filipinas (1985) Bangkok, Appointment with Death (1985) Travel to Bangkok, Coffin Included (1985) White Slave (1985) unreleased Lulu's Buttonhole (1985) x-rated Lulu's Pacifier (1985) x-rated Un Pito Para Tres (1985) x-rated Entre Pitos Anda el Juego (1985) x-rated The Watcher and the Exhibitionist (1986) x-rated Las Chuponas (1986) x-rated Para Las Nenas Leche Calentita (1986) x-rated Slaves of Crime (1986) Teleporno (1986) unfinished x-rated project Bragueta Story/ Zipper Story (1986) unreleased Phollastia (1987) x-rated Falo Crest (1987) x-rated Faceless (1988) a.k.a. Predators of the Night Emerald Bay/ Esmeralda Bay (1987) Downtown Heat (1990) Killer Barbys (1996) Tender Flesh (1997) Lust for Frankenstein (1998) Mari-Cookie and the Killer Tarantula (1998) Dr. Wong's Virtual Hell (1999) Broken Dolls (1999) Red Silk (1999) Blind Target (2000) Helter Skelter (2001) Vampire Blues (2001) Vampire Junction (2001) Incubus (2002) Antenna Criminal (2002) documentary about the making of Franco's Blind Target Killer Barbys vs. Dracula (2002) Rossa Venezia/ Red Venice (2003) German production shot in Italy, not directed by Franco Kárate a muerte en Torremolinos (2003) not directed by Franco Flowers of Passion (2003) Flowers of Perversion (2003) See you later Cowabunga: La maldición del cenachero diabólico! (2004) not directed by Franco Snakewoman (2005) Paula-Paula (2010) References ^ "Crypt of the Dead profile for Lina Romay". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-09-08. ^ Ward, Glenn: Journeys into Perversion: Vision, Desire and Economies of Transgression in the Films of Jess Franco. University of Sussex, May 2011. p. 200. ^ FRANCO McBastard's Mausoleum: FEBRUARY! THE SADIST OF NOTRE DAME (1979) ^ Stephen Thrower, Flowers of Perversion: The Delirious Cinema of Jesús Franco. Strange Attractor Press. (2018) ^ Jess Franco and Lina Romay Interview About Soledad Miranda ^ "Crypt of the Dead profile for Lina Romay". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. ^ Thrower, Stephen (2018). Flowers of Perversion: The Delirious Cinema of Jesús Franco. Strange Attractor Press. ISBN 978-1-907222-60-3. External links Lina Romay at IMDb Mexican horror film index Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lina Romay (singer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Romay_(singer)"},{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"},{"link_name":"filmmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaker"},{"link_name":"Jesús Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Franco"}],"text":"This article is about the Spanish actress. For the Mexican-American singer of the same name, see Lina Romay (singer).Rosa María Almirall Martínez (25 June 1954 – 15 February 2012), known by the stage name Lina Romay, was a Spanish actress and filmmaker. She often appeared in films directed by her long-time companion, and later husband, Jesús Franco. She appeared in approximately 109 Franco films made over 30 years, between 1973 and 2010.She also working variously as an assistant or second unit director, screenwriter, editor and production manager. She sometimes used the pseudonyms Candy Coster and Lulu Laverne.","title":"Lina Romay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"}],"text":"Romay was born Rosa María Almirall Martínez in Barcelona in 1954. After graduating high school, she studied the arts, married actor/photographer Ramon Ardid (aka Raymond Hardy), and began acting in stage productions.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesús Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Franco"},{"link_name":"an actress and jazz artist from the 1940s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Romay_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"erotic film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_film"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Bare Breasted Countess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bare_Breasted_Countess"},{"link_name":"Barbed Wire Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed_Wire_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Jack the Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"She began appearing in Jesús Franco's films when they met in 1972, adopting the stage name Lina Romay after an actress and jazz artist from the 1940s (who only died in 2010).[1] She also used the aliases Candy Coster and Lulu Laverne at various points in her career, sometimes credited under multiple names in the same production.Her husband Ramon Ardid was working for Franco as a still photographer at the time, and she met Franco through him. She acted in over a hundred feature films, most directed by Franco. The majority of their films together were in the erotic film genre (including many X titles featuring unsimulated sex scenes with Franco and other actors),[2][3] but she also appeared in many of his horror, comedy, and action/adventure films as well. Among the better known of her horror films are The Bare Breasted Countess (1973), Barbed Wire Dolls (1975) and Jack the Ripper (1976). Ardid co-starred with her in several of Franco's films until he realized she was having an affair with Franco in 1975. Romay and Ardid legally divorced in 1978, and Ardid stopped working with Franco after 1980.Although Romay was listed in the credits of several of Franco's films as a co-director, actor Antonio Mayans stated in a recent interview that Franco used to credit her in that manner for business reasons, and that she never actually co-directed any of the films. However, she contributed occasional plot ideas and assisted in editing some of the films' trailers.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lina Romay and Jesús Franco lived as a couple for almost four decades but only officially married on 25 April 2008.[5] She died from cancer at the age of 57 on 15 February 2012 in Málaga, Spain. Franco died soon after in 2013.","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Female Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_Vampire"},{"link_name":"Exorcism and Black Masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exorcism_and_Black_Masses&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lorna the Exorcist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_the_Exorcist"},{"link_name":"Joe D'Amato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_D%27Amato"},{"link_name":"Rolls Royce Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls_Royce_Baby"},{"link_name":"Barbed Wire Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed_Wire_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Women Behind Bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_Behind_Bars_(1975_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doriana Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doriana_Gray&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jack the Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Ilsa, the Wicked Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilsa,_the_Wicked_Warden"},{"link_name":"Mondo Cannibale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Cannibale"},{"link_name":"Macumba Sexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macumba_Sexual&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mansion of the Living Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_of_the_Living_Dead"},{"link_name":"Revenge in the House of Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revenge_in_the_House_of_Usher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Treasure of the White Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Treasure_of_the_White_Goddess&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Faceless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceless_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Killer Barbys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killer_Barbys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lust for Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lust_for_Frankenstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mari-Cookie and the Killer Tarantula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mari-Cookie_and_the_Killer_Tarantula_in_8_Legs_to_Love_You&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dr. Wong's Virtual Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Wong%27s_Virtual_Hell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Broken Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broken_Dolls_(1999_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helter Skelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helter_Skelter_(2001_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vampire Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vampire_Junction_(2001_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Incubus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incubus_(2002_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Snakewoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snakewoman_(2005_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paula-Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paula-Paula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Erotic Rites of Frankenstein (1972), a.k.a. The Curse of Frankenstein; Lina's scenes as a gypsy girl only appear in the 1973 re-edited Spanish language version\nThe Sinister Eyes of Dr. Orloff (1972) brief cameo role as a neighbor\nPleasure for Three (1973) a.k.a. How to Seduce a Virgin\nThe Perverse Countess (1973)\nMaciste vs the Amazon Queen (1973) a.k.a. Lustful Amazons\nThe Erotic Exploits of Maciste in Atlantis (1973)\nFemale Vampire (1973) a.k.a. The Bare-Breasted Countess/ Erotikill (released in 1975)\nNight of the Killers (1973) a.k.a. Night of the Skull\nLinda's Hot Nights (1973) a.k.a. Who Raped Linda?\nTender and Perverse Emanuelle (1973)\nKiss Me Killer (1973) a.k.a. Sexy Blues\nExorcism and Black Masses (1974) a.k.a. Exorcisme\nCelestine, Maid at your Service (1974)\nLorna the Exorcist (1974)\nLes Chatouilleuses (1974) a.k.a. Nuns in Madness\nRoland, the Sexiest Man in the World (1974)\nLes Emmerdeuses/ The Troublemakers (1974)\nThe Obscene Mirror (1975) Lina only appeared in the 1975 re-edited hardcore Italian version of Jess Franco's 1973 film The Other Side of the Mirror\nJulietta 69 (1975), a.k.a. Justine; Lina only appeared in the 1975 re-edited hardcore Italian version co-edited by Joe D'Amato\nMidnight Party (1975) a.k.a. Lady Porno\nRolls Royce Baby (1975) (not directed by Franco)\nBarbed Wire Dolls (1975) a.k.a. Frauengefängnis\nWomen Behind Bars (1975) a.k.a. Diamants Pour L'Enfer\nDowntown: The Naked Dolls of the Underworld (1975)\nDie Sklavinnen/ The Slaves (1975)\nDoriana Gray (1975) a.k.a. Die Marquise de Sade\nJack the Ripper (1976) a.k.a. Erotico Profondo\nIlsa, the Wicked Warden (1976) a.k.a. Greta, the Mad Butcher/ Ilsa, the Wicked Warden\nWicked Women (1977) a.k.a. Women Without Innocence\nCocktail Special (1978)\nElles Font Tout/ They Do It All (1978)\nTwo Flowered Spies with Flowered Panties (1978) a.k.a. Opal of Fire: The Sex Merchants\nThe Girls of Copacabana (1979)\nErotic Symphony (1979)\nThe Sadist of Notre Dame (1979) a.k.a. Demoniac (censored version)\nWhat a Honeymoon (1979) a.k.a. The Gold Bug\nMondo Cannibale (1980) a.k.a. White Cannibal Queen/ The Cannibals\nSex Is Crazy (1980)\nSexual Aberrations of a Married Woman (1980) a.k.a.Cecilia\nEugenie: The Story of a Perversion (1980)\nThe Girl in the Transparent Panties (1980) a.k.a. Pick-up Girls\nThe Night of the Open Sexes (1981)\nMacumba Sexual (1981)\nOasis of the Zombies (1981) Lina only appears in the variant Spanish-language version Tomb of the Living Dead\nIntimate Confessions of an Exhibitionist (1982)\nBlack Boots, Leather Whip (1982)\nHouse of the Lost Women (1982)\nThe Hotel of Love Affairs (1982)\nMansion of the Living Dead (1982)\nThe Shadow of Judoka vs. Dr. Wong (1982)\nGemidos de Placer/ Moans of Pleasure (1982)\nThe Blues of Pop Street (1983)\nFury in the Tropics (1983)\nRevenge in the House of Usher (1983)\nThe Treasure of the White Goddess (1983) a.k.a. Diamonds of Kilamandjaro\nLillian the Perverted Virgin (1983)\nThe Night Has a Thousand Sexes (1983)\nThe Sexual Story of O (1983)\nScarlet (1983)\nCamino Solitario/ Lonely Road (1983)\nAlone Against Terror (1983) a.k.a. The Monsters of Fiske Manor\nBlood on my Shoes (1983)\nHow Much Does a Spy Cost? (1983)\nUna Rajita Para Dos (1983) x-rated\nBahia Blanca/ White Bay (1984)\nLast of the Filipinas (1985)\nBangkok, Appointment with Death (1985)\nTravel to Bangkok, Coffin Included (1985)\nWhite Slave (1985) unreleased\nLulu's Buttonhole (1985) x-rated\nLulu's Pacifier (1985) x-rated\nUn Pito Para Tres (1985) x-rated\nEntre Pitos Anda el Juego (1985) x-rated\nThe Watcher and the Exhibitionist (1986) x-rated\nLas Chuponas (1986) x-rated\nPara Las Nenas Leche Calentita (1986) x-rated\nSlaves of Crime (1986)\nTeleporno (1986) unfinished x-rated project\nBragueta Story/ Zipper Story (1986) unreleased\nPhollastia (1987) x-rated\nFalo Crest (1987) x-rated\nFaceless (1988) a.k.a. Predators of the Night\nEmerald Bay/ Esmeralda Bay (1987)\nDowntown Heat (1990)\nKiller Barbys (1996)\nTender Flesh (1997)\nLust for Frankenstein (1998)\nMari-Cookie and the Killer Tarantula (1998)\nDr. Wong's Virtual Hell (1999)\nBroken Dolls (1999)\nRed Silk (1999)\nBlind Target (2000)\nHelter Skelter (2001)\nVampire Blues (2001)\nVampire Junction (2001)\nIncubus (2002)\nAntenna Criminal (2002) documentary about the making of Franco's Blind Target\nKiller Barbys vs. Dracula (2002)\nRossa Venezia/ Red Venice (2003) German production shot in Italy, not directed by Franco\nKárate a muerte en Torremolinos (2003) not directed by Franco\nFlowers of Passion (2003)\nFlowers of Perversion (2003)\nSee you later Cowabunga: La maldición del cenachero diabólico! (2004) not directed by Franco [6]\nSnakewoman (2005)\nPaula-Paula (2010)[7]","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Crypt of the Dead profile for Lina Romay\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185323/http://www.cryptofthedead.com/LinaRomay.html","url_text":"\"Crypt of the Dead profile for Lina Romay\""},{"url":"http://www.cryptofthedead.com/LinaRomay.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lina+Romay%22","external_links_name":"\"Lina Romay\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lina+Romay%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lina+Romay%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lina+Romay%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lina+Romay%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lina+Romay%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185323/http://www.cryptofthedead.com/LinaRomay.html","external_links_name":"\"Crypt of the Dead profile for Lina Romay\""},{"Link":"http://www.cryptofthedead.com/LinaRomay.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/2710177.pdf","external_links_name":"Journeys into Perversion: Vision, Desire and Economies of Transgression in the Films of Jess Franco."},{"Link":"http://mcbastardsmausoleum.blogspot.com/2020/02/franco-february-sadist-of-notre-dame.html","external_links_name":"FRANCO McBastard's Mausoleum: FEBRUARY! THE SADIST OF NOTRE DAME (1979)"},{"Link":"http://soledadmiranda.com/fantastic.html","external_links_name":"Jess Franco and Lina Romay Interview About Soledad Miranda"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0739124/","external_links_name":"Lina Romay"},{"Link":"http://www.santoandfriends.com/","external_links_name":"Mexican horror film index"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000060520324","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/87074761","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx8J4qkTpFC6q7X89Xjmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1306318","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb142219424","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb142219424","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510769506706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/106215276X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd106215276X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/158966473","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite%C3%A5_Municipality	Piteå Municipality	["1 Localities","2 Demographics","3 Twin towns – sister cities","4 Notable natives","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 65°20′N 21°30′E / 65.333°N 21.500°E / 65.333; 21.500 Municipality in Norrbotten County, SwedenPiteå Municipality Piteå kommunMunicipality Coat of armsCoordinates: 65°20′N 21°30′E / 65.333°N 21.500°E / 65.333; 21.500CountrySwedenCountyNorrbotten CountySeatPiteåArea • Total4,680.52 km2 (1,807.16 sq mi) • Land3,086.95 km2 (1,191.88 sq mi) • Water1,593.57 km2 (615.28 sq mi) Area as of 1 January 2014.Population (31 December 2023) • Total42,344 • Density9.0/km2 (23/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeSEProvinceNorrbottenMunicipal code2581Websitewww.pitea.se Piteå Municipality (Swedish: Piteå kommun; Finnish: Piitimen kunta) is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Piteå. Localities There are 14 localities (or urban areas) in Piteå Municipality: # Locality Population 1 Piteå 22,650 2 Bergsviken 2,317 3 Rosvik 1,766 4 Norrfjärden 1,423 5 Hortlax 1,247 6 Roknäs 1,242 7 Jävre 572 8 Lillpite 454 9 Böle 418 10 Hemmingsmark 398 11 Sjulsmark 369 12 Svensbyn 362 13 Blåsmark 332 14 Sikfors 211 The municipal seat in bold Demographics This is a demographic table based on Piteå Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics. In total there were 42,282 residents, including 33,405 Swedish citizens of voting age. 63.9% voted for the left coalition and 35.0% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income. Location Residents Citizen adults Left vote Right vote Employed Swedish parents Foreign heritage Income SEK Degree % % Backen Annelund 1,891 1,444 66.1 33.3 86 90 10 27,146 39 Backen Källbo 1,824 1,603 64.9 33.9 84 89 11 23,899 37 Bergsviken V 1,417 1,078 65.5 33.7 88 95 5 29,339 39 Bergsviken Ö 1,138 910 64.4 34.8 88 96 4 29,878 44 Blåsmark 968 727 70.2 29.3 89 96 4 27,716 33 Djupviken N 2,046 1,608 66.7 32.2 71 88 12 23,353 49 Djupviken S 1,804 1,358 65.8 33.6 87 92 8 30,681 50 Hortlax 2,002 1,507 61.1 38.0 90 96 4 28,773 39 Häggholmen V 1,783 1,583 68.9 30.2 77 88 12 21,053 31 Häggholmen Ö 1,613 1,499 76.8 22.0 65 88 12 18,462 31 Jävre 1,026 807 64.7 34.3 88 95 5 27,839 39 Klubbgärdet 1,466 1,167 59.8 38.8 84 92 8 28,845 39 Munksund N 1,675 1,331 65.6 34.0 81 93 7 26,146 37 Munksund S 1,596 1,289 60.1 39.0 87 92 8 29,291 35 Norrmalm 849 746 68.4 30.6 81 91 9 24,826 39 Pitholm 1,705 1,352 66.4 32.6 86 93 7 31,032 47 Porsnäs V 1,199 879 61.5 36.9 86 92 8 25,800 36 Porsnäs Ö 1,301 1,029 62.5 36.2 91 97 3 29,044 44 Roknäs Lillpite 1,734 1,416 60.1 38.1 82 94 6 24,998 27 Rosvik 2,161 1,592 55.3 43.9 85 90 10 26,408 36 Sjulnäs Böle 1,772 1,313 63.1 35.0 90 97 3 29,512 34 Sjulsmark 1,759 1,372 57.0 40.8 85 95 5 26,567 32 Strömnäs 1,620 1,241 60.7 38.6 84 90 10 29,709 51 Svensbyn 938 738 66.8 32.9 86 97 3 29,726 37 Öjebyn C 1,263 912 66.4 32.2 68 85 15 22,030 26 Öjebyn N 1,948 1,479 64.3 34.7 76 87 13 23,049 30 Öjebyn S 1,784 1,425 66.3 32.8 77 90 10 25,039 28 Source: SVT Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Sweden Piteå is twinned with: Grindavík, Iceland Kandalaksha, Russia Saint Barthélemy, France Notable natives Lina Andersson, cross-country skier Nicolai Dunger, artist Nils Edén, politician Tomas Holmström, ice hockey player Niklas Jonsson, cross-country skier Liza Marklund, author Stefan Persson, ice hockey player Mikael Renberg, ice hockey player Daniel Solander, botanist Mattias Öhlund, ice hockey player See also List of islands of the Piteå archipelago Gråträsk References ^ "Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 1 January 2014. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2014. ^ "Folkmängd och befolkningsförändringar - Kvartal 4, 2023" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024. ^ Statistics Sweden as of December 31, 2005 ^ a b c "Valresultat 2022 för Piteå i riksdagsvalet" (in Swedish). SVT. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024. ^ "Vänorter". pitea.se (in Swedish). Piteå kommun. Retrieved 29 April 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Piteå Municipality. Piteå Municipality – Official site Places adjacent to Piteå Municipality Älvsbyn, Luleå Arvidsjaur Piteå Bothnian Bay Skellefteå (Västerbotten) vteMunicipalities and seats of Norrbotten CountyMunicipalities Älvsbyn Arjeplog Arvidsjaur Boden Gällivare Haparanda Jokkmokk Kalix Kiruna Luleå Överkalix Övertorneå Pajala Piteå Municipal seats Älvsbyn Arjeplog Arvidsjaur Boden Gällivare Haparanda Jokkmokk Kalix Kiruna Luleå Överkalix Övertorneå Pajala Piteå Counties of Sweden Sweden vteLocalities in Piteå Municipality, Norrbotten County, SwedenLocalities Bergsviken Blåsmark Böle Hemmingsmark Hortlax Jävre Lillpite Norrfjärden Piteå (seat) Roknäs Rosvik Sjulsmark Svensbyn Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Sweden Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Norrbotten County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrbotten_County"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Piteå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite%C3%A5"}],"text":"Municipality in Norrbotten County, SwedenPiteå Municipality (Swedish: Piteå kommun; Finnish: Piitimen kunta) is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Piteå.","title":"Piteå Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"localities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areas_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)"}],"text":"There are 14 localities (or urban areas) in Piteå Municipality:[3]The municipal seat in bold","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Swedish general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Swedish_general_election"},{"link_name":"SVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Television"},{"link_name":"SCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiska_Centralbyr%C3%A5n"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pite%C3%A5Val2022-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pite%C3%A5Val2022-4"}],"text":"This is a demographic table based on Piteå Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.[4]In total there were 42,282 residents, including 33,405 Swedish citizens of voting age.[4] 63.9% voted for the left coalition and 35.0% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Grindavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindav%C3%ADk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Kandalaksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandalaksha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in SwedenPiteå is twinned with:[5]Grindavík, Iceland\n Kandalaksha, Russia\n Saint Barthélemy, France","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lina Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Andersson"},{"link_name":"cross-country skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Nicolai Dunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_Dunger"},{"link_name":"Nils Edén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Ed%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Tomas Holmström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Holmstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"ice hockey player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Niklas Jonsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Jonsson"},{"link_name":"Liza Marklund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Marklund"},{"link_name":"Stefan Persson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Persson_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Mikael Renberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Renberg"},{"link_name":"Daniel Solander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Solander"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"Mattias Öhlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattias_%C3%96hlund"}],"text":"Lina Andersson, cross-country skier\nNicolai Dunger, artist\nNils Edén, politician\nTomas Holmström, ice hockey player\nNiklas Jonsson, cross-country skier\nLiza Marklund, author\nStefan Persson, ice hockey player\nMikael Renberg, ice hockey player\nDaniel Solander, botanist\nMattias Öhlund, ice hockey player","title":"Notable natives"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of islands of the Piteå archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Pite%C3%A5_archipelago"},{"title":"Gråträsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A5tr%C3%A4sk"}]	[{"reference":"\"Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 1 January 2014. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160927135502/http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Miljo/Markanvandning/Land--och-vattenarealer/12838/12845/73231/","url_text":"\"Statistiska centralbyrån, Kommunarealer den 1 januari 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"},{"url":"http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Miljo/Markanvandning/Land--och-vattenarealer/12838/12845/73231/","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","url_text":"Microsoft Excel"}]},{"reference":"\"Folkmängd och befolkningsförändringar - Kvartal 4, 2023\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---manad-kvartal-och-halvar/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---kvartal-4-2023/","url_text":"\"Folkmängd och befolkningsförändringar - Kvartal 4, 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"}]},{"reference":"\"Valresultat 2022 för Piteå i riksdagsvalet\" (in Swedish). SVT. 11 September 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://valresultat.svt.se/2022/riksdagsval-2581-pitea.html","url_text":"\"Valresultat 2022 för Piteå i riksdagsvalet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Television","url_text":"SVT"}]},{"reference":"\"Vänorter\". pitea.se (in Swedish). Piteå kommun. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elodie_Fr%C3%A9g%C3%A9	Élodie Frégé	["1 Career","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]	French singer and actress Élodie FrégéFrégé at the 40th César Awards ceremony, 2015Background informationBornCosne-Cours-sur-Loire, Nièvre, FranceGenresChanson, popOccupation(s)Singer, actressYears active2003–presentLabelsUniversal Music International, Mercury FranceWebsiteelodiefrege.artistes.universalmusic.frMusical artist Élodie Frégé is a French singer and actress. She was the winner of the third season of Star Academy France. She released her self-titled début album after winning the show. Career Frégé auditioned for Star Academy Season 3 and won the title in 2004. From 2014 to 2015, she was a judge on the 11th season of the reality singing competition show Nouvelle Star. Discography Albums Year Album Peak positions Certification FR BEL (Wa) SWI 2004 Élodie Frégé 4 7 27 2006 Le jeu des 7 erreurs 12 11 65 2010 La fille de l'après midi 28 24 – 2013 Amuse bouches 19 27 – Singles Year Single Peak positions Album FR BEL (Wa) SWI 2004 "De l'eau" 16 11 49 Elodie Frégé "Viens jusqu'à moi" (duet with Michal) 8 5 30 "Je te dis non" 38 36 – 2006 "La ceinture" – 38 – Le jeu des 7 erreurs "Si je reste (un peu)" – – – 2007 "La fidélité" – – – 2010 "La fille de l'après midi" – – – La fille de l'après midi 2011 "La belle et la bête" – – – 2013 "Comment t'appelles-tu ce matin ?" 127 31(Ultratip) – Amuse Bouches "La ceinture" (rerelease) 116 – – "Un jour mon prince viendra" 109 – – 2014 "Il pleut" 67 37(Ultratip) – La Bande à Renaud Filmography Year Title Role Notes 2010 Potiche Young Suzanne 2012 Hénaut Président Herself 2014 The Easy Way Out Julie References ^ "Elodie est la gagnante de Star Academy 3". www.france-jeunes.net. Retrieved 4 February 2023. ^ a b "Élodie Frégé discography". lescharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 June 2014. ^ a b "Élodie Frégé discography". ultratop.be/fr/. Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 June 2014. ^ a b "Élodie Frégé discography". hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 June 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Élodie Frégé. Élodie Frégé at IMDb Preceded byNolwenn Leroy Winner of Star Academy France 2004 Succeeded byGrégory Lemarchal vteStar Academy FranceWinners Jenifer Bartoli (2001) Nolwenn Leroy (2002) Élodie Frégé (2003) Grégory Lemarchal (2004) Magalie Vaé (2005) Cyril Cinélu (2006) Quentin Mosimann (2007) Mickels Réa (2008) Laurène Bourvon (2013) Anisha Jo (2022) Other notable contestants Mario Barravecchia (2001) Jean-Pascal Lacoste (2001) Patrice Maktav (2001) Olivia Ruiz (2001) Houcine (2002) Georges-Alain Jones (2002) Jérémy Chatelain (2002) Emma Daumas (2002) Morganne Matis (2003) Michał Kwiatkowski (2003) Sofia Essaïdi (2003) Sofiane Tadjine-Lambert (2004) Jérémy Amelin (2005) Dominique Fidanza (2006) Cynthia Brown (2006) Singles "La Musique (Angelica)" (2001) "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" (2002) "Paris Latino" (2002) "La Bamba" (2003) "Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting" (2003) "L'Orange" (2003) "Laissez-moi danser" (2004) "Adieu monsieur le professeur" (2004) "Santiano" (2005) "Parce qu'on vient de loin" (2012) "Ne partez pas sans moi" (2022) vteNouvelle StarSeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Jonatan Cerrada (season 1) Steeve Estatof (2) Myriam Abel (3) Christophe Willem (4) Julien Doré (5) Amandine Bourgeois (6) Soan (7) Luce (8) Sophie-Tith (9) Mathieu Saikaly (10) Emji (11) Paul Plexi (12) Other notable contestants Thierry Amiel (1) Amel Bent (2) Pierrick Lilliu (3) Miss Dominique (4) Benjamin Siksou (6) Mélissa Nkonda (7) Camélia Jordana (7) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_France"},{"link_name":"Star Academy France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Academy_France"}],"text":"Musical artistÉlodie Frégé is a French singer and actress. She was the winner of the third season of Star Academy France. She released her self-titled début album after winning the show.","title":"Élodie Frégé"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"11th season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_Star_(season_11)"},{"link_name":"Nouvelle Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_Star"}],"text":"Frégé auditioned for Star Academy Season 3 and won the title in 2004.[1]From 2014 to 2015, she was a judge on the 11th season of the reality singing competition show Nouvelle Star.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Elodie est la gagnante de Star Academy 3\". www.france-jeunes.net. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_company_(acting)	Repertory theatre	["1 United Kingdom","2 Canada","3 United States","4 Eastern Europe","5 Weekly rep","6 Resident company","7 See also","8 Footnotes","9 External links"]	Theatre in which a resident company presents works from a specified repertoire "Repertory" redirects here. For the set of works one is ready to perform or are typically performed, see Repertoire. A repertory theatre, also called repertory, rep, true rep or stock, which are also called producing theatres, is a theatre in which a resident company presents works from a specified repertoire, usually in alternation or rotation. Blue plaque marking the site of the Gaiety theatre United Kingdom Annie Horniman founded the first modern repertory theatre in Manchester after withdrawing her support from the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. Horniman's Gaiety Theatre opened its first season in September 1908. The opening of the Gaiety was followed by the Citizens' Theatre in Glasgow and the Liverpool Repertory Theatre. Previously, regional theatre relied on mostly London touring ensembles. During the time the theatre was being run by Annie Horniman, a wide variety of types of plays were produced. Horniman encouraged local writers who became known as the Manchester School of playwrights. They included Allan Monkhouse, Harold Brighouse—writer of Hobson's Choice—and Stanley Houghton, who wrote Hindle Wakes. Actors who performed at the Gaiety early in their careers included Sybil Thorndike and Basil Dean. From the 1930s to the 1960s, two impresarios dominated the field of British rep, mostly in the North. They were Harry Hanson and his Court players, and Frank H. Fortescue's Famous Players, with the Arthur Brough Players in Folkestone in the South. When an actor joined one of their companies, it could mean "twice-nightly" shows, and a new play to learn every week. Actress Rosemary Harris has told of her 50 consecutive weeks of doing that at Bedford rep. However, this is no longer possible, owing to restrictions from British Equity, which came to mandate just eight shows a week, including perhaps two matinées. The practice of repertory ("rep") is still seen in large cities. Actors now have the luxury of at least three weeks of rehearsal, however. Repertory can still be found in the UK in a variation of guises: in Sidmouth (12 plays), Wolverhampton (eight), and Burslem and Taunton (four each). The Sheringham Little Theatre produces an in-house repertory season each summer, running from June until September. Weekly repertory theatre is also produced by the Summer Theatre season at Frinton-on-Sea. Canada Organizations in Canada include North America's largest classical repertory theatre company, the Stratford Festival, founded in 1953 primarily to present productions of William Shakespeare's plays. Canada also hosts North America's second largest repertory theatre company, the Shaw Festival, founded in 1962, which presents plays written by or set during the lifetime of Bernard Shaw, or that follow Shaw's ideal of socially provocative theatre. However, Canadian repertory companies follow a model that differs somewhat from the years-long rotation repertory system found in Europe. In Canada, productions often stay on the repertory for one season, running in repertory with other productions in the same year. The actors are not employed full time long term, but instead work on contracts usually maximum 8 months long. The Vagabond Repertory Theatre Company was formed in March 2009 by artistic directors Nathaniel Fried and Ryan LaPlante, and currently resides and performs in Kingston, Ontario. It shuttered in 2019. The old English-style repertory theatres such as Ottawa's CRT (Canadian Repertory Theatre) and Toronto's Crest Theatre no longer exist—although they did have a version of summer theatre in smaller holiday districts, such as the "Straw Hat" players of Gravenhurst and Port Carling at Ontario's vacation Muskoka Lakes area. State-subsidized theatres on continental Europe have been suggested as the origin of the repertoire tradition. One of the earliest examples of this system is the Moscow Art Theatre circa 1898. An even earlier example are the theatres of Germany. See the Deutsches Theater, a privately owned German theatre founded in 1883 to produce plays in rep. While variations appeared before, the modern repertory system did not become popular until the twentieth century. United States In the United States, the repertory system has also found a base to compete with commercial theatre. Many summer stock theatre companies are repertory in nature. College students and young professionals making up much of the acting company are supported by guest stars or actors who are further along in their careers. Repertory theatre with mostly changing casts and longer-running plays, perhaps better classed as "provincial" or "non-profit" theatre, has made a big comeback in cities such as Little Rock, AR, Washington, DC, Minneapolis, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Chicago, Los Angeles, Nashville, New York, Houston, Boston, San Francisco, San Diego, Buffalo, Kansas City, and Seattle. Festival theatre now provides actors with work in the summer. There are many ways to rehearse repertory theatre. The most prolific American repertory theatres are an example of that. Utah Shakespeare Festival rehearses two plays a day split between an eight hour period. This is common. Some theatres only rehearse one play a day and add shows into rotation as the season progresses, like The American Shakespeare Center. They rehearse one play for a little over two weeks before it opens; then, they begin the next one. The length of rehearsal also varies. American Players Theatre has a six-week-long rehearsal period compared to Oregon Shakespeare Festival's eleven-week-long one. America's oldest resident repertory theatre, Hedgerow Theatre, is located in Rose Valley, Pennsylvania. It was founded by actor Jasper Deeter in 1923. The present producing artistic director is actress and director Penelope Reed. Other notable repertory theatres include the Guthrie Theater, which was set up as a regional repertory theatre concept that is free from commercial constraints in the choice of repertoire. It is aligned in objectives to the repertory and resident theatre movement that emerged in the United States in the 1960s. This sought to establish an alternative and decentralized theatre network outside of New York, one which would have non-profit-making status and would be focused on the art of the theatre as well as the development of artists, craftsmen, and administrators. Publicly funded theatres that belong to this type have been receiving erratic support since the 1980s. The Association of Producing Artists (APA) was one of the most successful repertory theatres in the United States, touring for four years and holding residencies in several cities before finally joining the Phoenix Theatre in New York City, where it was known for staging plays with modest prices. Currently, the American Repertory Theatre is considered one of the most distinguished repertory theatres in the United States. Since its foundation in 1979, it has earned several awards including a Pulitzer Prize (1982), a Tony Award (1986), and a Jujamcyn Award (1985). Eastern Europe In Russia and much of Eastern Europe, repertory theatre is based on the idea that each company maintains a number of productions that are performed on a rotating basis. Each production's life span is determined by its success with the audience. However, many productions remain in repertory for years as this approach presents each piece a few times in a given season, not enough to exhaust the potential audience pool. After the fall of the Soviet regime and the substantial diminution of government subsidy, the repertory practice has required re-examination. Moscow Art Theatre and Lev Dodin's Maly Drama Theatre of St. Petersburg are the world's most notable practitioners of this approach. Rotation Repertory system is still the most commonly used business model of live theatre in Eastern and Central Europe, specifically in countries such as Austria, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Czech Republic. In Germany, Schaubuhne and some other theatres run on a repertory system. Weekly rep A combination company was a touring theater company which performed only one play. Unlike repertory companies, which performed multiple plays in rotation, combination companies used more elaborate and specialised scenery in their productions. A similar term, "weekly rep," denotes a British movement started in the early 1900s that focused on shorter runs of a single new work, rather than having several plays ready to perform at any given time. For weekly rep and for a typical three-act play, the actors' week would start on Tuesday, and go as follows: Tuesday: notes on previous night's opening of the current play from the director, then a sit-down read-through of the next week's play with some discussion by the director, on-the-feet blocking of the moves for Act I, with a few questions from the actors, followed by the second performance of the current play (which would also occupy every evening up to and including Saturday). Wednesday: run Act I of next week's play and start to block Act II, but break early because there would be a matinée of the current play. Thursday: finish blocking Act II of next week's play, run Act II and block Act III. Friday: run Act III, run through the entire play with no scripts in hand, and technicals – meaning lights and sound – to watch, and write down cues. Saturday: run through again, stop and go to test lighting and sound cues; costumes may be used if ready. Two shows today, including a matinée; the evening show closes the current play. After the last show, the set would be struck (taken down) by the crew - usually apprentices – and the stage manager. Sunday: for actors, an opportunity to brush up on lines and moves, and for private rehearsals. However, for the crew it would mean putting up the new sets, hanging and focusing lights, and setting sound equipment. Monday: in the morning, a run-through, usually without costumes (to save wear and tear), mainly for the technicals. In the afternoon: a "Full Perfect" dress rehearsal, maybe with a few friends seated in front to gauge reaction, then copious notes. In the evening, 8 o'clock opening night, followed by notes from the director, visits with friends from the audience and maybe a party nearby. The process would start all over again on Tuesday. Resident company Today, repertory theatres employ a wide range of actors, who can play a variety of types. Before the modern repertory system, acting ensembles were normally made up of the standard stock company and later the touring company. The stock company would usually consist of a leading man and lady, a character actor and actress, younger actors to play romantic roles, and the rest of the actors would be a variety of ages and body types. The acting ensemble was typically around twelve. This was most popular prior to the Restoration. Post Restoration and into the nineteenth century, stock companies remained, but they were joined and then replaced by traveling companies. These ensembles consisted of the stars and actors hired to play a very specific role as a single production toured around. Examples of rep performers who went on to become well-known are John Gielgud, Ralph Richardson, Laurence Olivier, Rosemary Harris, Christopher Plummer, Harold Pinter, Peter O'Toole, Jeremy Brett, Geraldine McEwan, Vanessa Redgrave, Judi Dench, Ian McKellen, Michael Gambon, Imelda Staunton and Patrick Stewart. Dirk Bogarde wrote about his start at Amersham rep in 1939, and Michael Caine has recounted his time spent at Horsham rep in the early 1950s. There are many noted Resident companies or repertory companies, such as the Artists Repertory Theatre. See also Combination company Community theatre Fringe theatre Mercury Theatre Summer stock theatre Stagione Theatre festival Theatre (structure) (i.e. building) Footnotes ^ Rowell, George; Jackson, Anthony (1984). The Repertory Movement: A History of Regional Theatre in Britain. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780521319195. ^ a b "What is Repertory Theatre? \| Theatre Royal Windsor \| live on stage in Berkshire". theatreroyalwindsor.co.uk. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-21. ^ a b c d Cameron, Alasdair F. (1983). The repertory theatre movement, 1907-1917 (Ph.D. thesis). University of Warwick. ^ "Before the Beatles: The Birth of British Rock". YouTube. ^ a b c d e f g h Carter, Huntly (1964). The Theatre of Max Reinhardt. New York: B. Blom. pp. 173–180. ^ Rowell, George (1984). The Repertory Movement: A History of Regional Theatre in Great Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780521319195. ^ Harding, John, Staging Life: The Story of the Manchester Playwrights (Greenwich Exchange 2018) https://greenex.co.uk/ ^ Murphy, Michelle. "Annie Horniman". History features. BBC Manchester. Retrieved 14 November 2008. ^ "About Us". Stratford Festival Official Website. Stratford, Ontario, Canada. 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2020-01-14. ^ Klaic, Dragan (2012). "Production Models". Production Models: Reps, Groups and Production Houses. Public Theatre Between the Market and Democracy. Intellect. pp. 35–54. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9hj78n.7. ISBN 978-1-84150-547-3. JSTOR j.ctv9hj78n.7. S2CID 243133926. Retrieved 2021-10-28. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ "Deutsches Theater". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2021-10-28. ^ "summer theatre \| American theatre". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-10-29. ^ a b c d Miller, Stuart (2016-09-26). "The Shows Must Go On: The Trials and Triumphs of Rotating Rep". AMERICAN THEATRE. Retrieved 2021-11-01. ^ Chambers, Colin (2002). Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre. London: Continuum. p. 335. ISBN 9781847140012. ^ Stanton, Sarah; Banham, Martin (1996). The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 309. ISBN 0521446546. ^ Wilmeth, Don; Bigsby, Christopher (1998). The Cambridge History of American Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 250. ISBN 0521651794. ^ Mitgang, Herbert (26 November 1985). "JUJAMCYN AWARD TO AMERICAN REPERTORY THEATER". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-08-03. ^ Pallardy, Richard. "Repertory theatre". Britannica. Retrieved 26 September 2019. Murray, Stephen. Taking Our Amusements Seriously. LAP, 2010. ISBN 978-3-8383-7608-0. External links British Library Theatre Archive Project - actors tell their stories A bibliography of British repertory theatre with images, by Paul Iles and The Laughing Audience Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Repertoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertoire"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1040585_(5713639977).jpg"},{"link_name":"Blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"}],"text":"\"Repertory\" redirects here. For the set of works one is ready to perform or are typically performed, see Repertoire.A repertory theatre, also called repertory, rep, true rep or stock, which are also called producing theatres, is a theatre in which a resident company presents works from a specified repertoire, usually in alternation or rotation.[1][2]Blue plaque marking the site of the Gaiety theatre","title":"Repertory theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annie Horniman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Horniman"},{"link_name":"Abbey Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Gaiety Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Citizens' Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Repertory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-6"},{"link_name":"Manchester School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_School_(writers)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Allan Monkhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Monkhouse"},{"link_name":"Harold Brighouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Brighouse"},{"link_name":"Hobson's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobson%27s_Choice_(play)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Houghton"},{"link_name":"Hindle Wakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindle_Wakes_(play)"},{"link_name":"Sybil Thorndike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Thorndike"},{"link_name":"Basil Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Dean"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Arthur Brough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Brough"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Harris"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford"},{"link_name":"British Equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(trade_union)"},{"link_name":"Sidmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidmouth"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"Burslem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burslem"},{"link_name":"Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton"},{"link_name":"Sheringham Little Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheringham_Little_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Frinton-on-Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frinton-on-Sea"}],"text":"Annie Horniman founded the first modern repertory theatre in Manchester after withdrawing her support from the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. Horniman's Gaiety Theatre opened its first season in September 1908.[3][4] The opening of the Gaiety was followed by the Citizens' Theatre in Glasgow and the Liverpool Repertory Theatre.[3] Previously, regional theatre relied on mostly London touring ensembles.[5][6] During the time the theatre was being run by Annie Horniman, a wide variety of types of plays were produced. Horniman encouraged local writers who became known as the Manchester School of playwrights.[7] They included Allan Monkhouse, Harold Brighouse—writer of Hobson's Choice—and Stanley Houghton, who wrote Hindle Wakes. Actors who performed at the Gaiety early in their careers included Sybil Thorndike and Basil Dean.[8]From the 1930s to the 1960s, two impresarios dominated the field of British rep, mostly in the North. They were Harry Hanson and his Court players, and Frank H. Fortescue's Famous Players, with the Arthur Brough Players in Folkestone in the South. When an actor joined one of their companies, it could mean \"twice-nightly\" shows, and a new play to learn every week. Actress Rosemary Harris has told of her 50 consecutive weeks of doing that at Bedford rep. However, this is no longer possible, owing to restrictions from British Equity, which came to mandate just eight shows a week, including perhaps two matinées.The practice of repertory (\"rep\") is still seen in large cities. Actors now have the luxury of at least three weeks of rehearsal, however. Repertory can still be found in the UK in a variation of guises: in Sidmouth (12 plays), Wolverhampton (eight), and Burslem and Taunton (four each). The Sheringham Little Theatre produces an in-house repertory season each summer, running from June until September. Weekly repertory theatre is also produced by the Summer Theatre season at Frinton-on-Sea.","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Stratford Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Shaw Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Festival"},{"link_name":"Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"summer theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_stock_theatre"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Muskoka Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskoka_Lakes,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"Organizations in Canada include North America's largest classical repertory theatre company, the Stratford Festival,[9] founded in 1953 primarily to present productions of William Shakespeare's plays. Canada also hosts North America's second largest repertory theatre company, the Shaw Festival, founded in 1962, which presents plays written by or set during the lifetime of Bernard Shaw, or that follow Shaw's ideal of socially provocative theatre. However, Canadian repertory companies follow a model that differs somewhat from the years-long rotation repertory system found in Europe.[citation needed] In Canada, productions often stay on the repertory for one season, running in repertory with other productions in the same year.[citation needed] The actors are not employed full time long term, but instead work on contracts usually maximum 8 months long.[citation needed]The Vagabond Repertory Theatre Company was formed in March 2009 by artistic directors Nathaniel Fried and Ryan LaPlante, and currently resides and performs in Kingston, Ontario. It shuttered in 2019. The old English-style repertory theatres such as Ottawa's CRT (Canadian Repertory Theatre) and Toronto's Crest Theatre no longer exist—although they did have a version of summer theatre in smaller holiday districts, such as the \"Straw Hat\" players of Gravenhurst and Port Carling at Ontario's vacation Muskoka Lakes area.State-subsidized theatres on continental Europe have been suggested as the origin of the repertoire tradition.[3]\nOne of the earliest examples of this system is the Moscow Art Theatre circa 1898.[10] An even earlier example are the theatres of Germany.[3] See the Deutsches Theater, a privately owned German theatre founded in 1883 to produce plays in rep.[11] While variations appeared before, the modern repertory system did not become popular until the twentieth century.[5]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"summer stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_stock_theatre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Little Rock, AR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_AR"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Festival theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_festival"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"American Players Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Players_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Oregon Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"Hedgerow Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerow_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Rose Valley, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Valley,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Guthrie Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie_Theater"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"non-profit-making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Association of Producing Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Producing_Artists"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Theatre_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"American Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Repertory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Jujamcyn Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujamcyn_Award"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In the United States, the repertory system has also found a base to compete with commercial theatre. Many summer stock theatre companies are repertory in nature. College students and young professionals making up much of the acting company are supported by guest stars or actors who are further along in their careers.[12]Repertory theatre with mostly changing casts and longer-running plays, perhaps better classed as \"provincial\" or \"non-profit\" theatre, has made a big comeback in cities such as Little Rock, AR, Washington, DC, Minneapolis, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Chicago, Los Angeles, Nashville, New York, Houston, Boston, San Francisco, San Diego, Buffalo, Kansas City, and Seattle. Festival theatre now provides actors with work in the summer. There are many ways to rehearse repertory theatre. The most prolific American repertory theatres are an example of that. Utah Shakespeare Festival rehearses two plays a day split between an eight hour period.[13] This is common. Some theatres only rehearse one play a day and add shows into rotation as the season progresses, like The American Shakespeare Center.[13] They rehearse one play for a little over two weeks before it opens; then, they begin the next one.[13] The length of rehearsal also varies. American Players Theatre has a six-week-long rehearsal period compared to Oregon Shakespeare Festival's eleven-week-long one.[13]America's oldest resident repertory theatre, Hedgerow Theatre, is located in Rose Valley, Pennsylvania. It was founded by actor Jasper Deeter in 1923. The present producing artistic director is actress and director Penelope Reed. Other notable repertory theatres include the Guthrie Theater, which was set up as a regional repertory theatre concept that is free from commercial constraints in the choice of repertoire.[14] It is aligned in objectives to the repertory and resident theatre movement that emerged in the United States in the 1960s. This sought to establish an alternative and decentralized theatre network outside of New York, one which would have non-profit-making status and would be focused on the art of the theatre as well as the development of artists, craftsmen, and administrators.[15] Publicly funded theatres that belong to this type have been receiving erratic support since the 1980s.The Association of Producing Artists (APA) was one of the most successful repertory theatres in the United States, touring for four years and holding residencies in several cities before finally joining the Phoenix Theatre in New York City, where it was known for staging plays with modest prices.[16] Currently, the American Repertory Theatre is considered one of the most distinguished repertory theatres in the United States. Since its foundation in 1979, it has earned several awards including a Pulitzer Prize (1982), a Tony Award (1986), and a Jujamcyn Award (1985).[17]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Moscow Art Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Lev Dodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Dodin"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"}],"text":"In Russia and much of Eastern Europe, repertory theatre is based on the idea that each company maintains a number of productions that are performed on a rotating basis. Each production's life span is determined by its success with the audience. However, many productions remain in repertory for years as this approach presents each piece a few times in a given season, not enough to exhaust the potential audience pool. After the fall of the Soviet regime and the substantial diminution of government subsidy, the repertory practice has required re-examination. Moscow Art Theatre and Lev Dodin's Maly Drama Theatre of St. Petersburg are the world's most notable practitioners of this approach.Rotation Repertory system is still the most commonly used business model of live theatre in Eastern and Central Europe, specifically in countries such as Austria, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Czech Republic.In Germany, Schaubuhne and some other theatres run on a repertory system.","title":"Eastern Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theater company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_company"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"repertory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertory"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_director"},{"link_name":"blocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(stage)"},{"link_name":"matinée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/matin%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"apprentices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprentice"},{"link_name":"stage manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_manager"},{"link_name":"rehearsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehearsal"}],"text":"A combination company was a touring theater company which performed only one play. Unlike repertory companies, which performed multiple plays in rotation, combination companies used more elaborate and specialised scenery in their productions.A similar term, \"weekly rep,\" denotes a British movement started in the early 1900s that focused on shorter runs of a single new work, rather than having several plays ready to perform at any given time.[18][2]For weekly rep and for a typical three-act play, the actors' week would start on Tuesday, and go as follows:Tuesday: notes on previous night's opening of the current play from the director, then a sit-down read-through of the next week's play with some discussion by the director, on-the-feet blocking of the moves for Act I, with a few questions from the actors, followed by the second performance of the current play (which would also occupy every evening up to and including Saturday).Wednesday: run Act I of next week's play and start to block Act II, but break early because there would be a matinée of the current play.Thursday: finish blocking Act II of next week's play, run Act II and block Act III.Friday: run Act III, run through the entire play with no scripts in hand, and technicals – meaning lights and sound – to watch, and write down cues.Saturday: run through again, stop and go to test lighting and sound cues; costumes may be used if ready. Two shows today, including a matinée; the evening show closes the current play. After the last show, the set would be struck (taken down) by the crew - usually apprentices – and the stage manager.Sunday: for actors, an opportunity to brush up on lines and moves, and for private rehearsals. However, for the crew it would mean putting up the new sets, hanging and focusing lights, and setting sound equipment.Monday: in the morning, a run-through, usually without costumes (to save wear and tear), mainly for the technicals. In the afternoon: a \"Full Perfect\" dress rehearsal, maybe with a few friends seated in front to gauge reaction, then copious notes. In the evening, 8 o'clock opening night, followed by notes from the director, visits with friends from the audience and maybe a party nearby. The process would start all over again on Tuesday.","title":"Weekly rep"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"character actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"Ralph Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Harris"},{"link_name":"Christopher Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter"},{"link_name":"Peter O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Brett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Brett"},{"link_name":"Geraldine McEwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_McEwan"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Judi Dench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi_Dench"},{"link_name":"Ian McKellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McKellen"},{"link_name":"Michael Gambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gambon"},{"link_name":"Imelda Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Staunton"},{"link_name":"Patrick Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Dirk Bogarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde"},{"link_name":"Amersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersham"},{"link_name":"Michael Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Caine"},{"link_name":"Horsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham"},{"link_name":"Artists Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_Repertory_Theatre"}],"text":"Today, repertory theatres employ a wide range of actors, who can play a variety of types.Before the modern repertory system, acting ensembles were normally made up of the standard stock company and later the touring company.[5] The stock company would usually consist of a leading man and lady, a character actor and actress, younger actors to play romantic roles, and the rest of the actors would be a variety of ages and body types.[5] The acting ensemble was typically around twelve.[5] This was most popular prior to the Restoration.[5] Post Restoration and into the nineteenth century, stock companies remained, but they were joined and then replaced by traveling companies.[5] These ensembles consisted of the stars and actors hired to play a very specific role as a single production toured around.[5]Examples of rep performers who went on to become well-known are John Gielgud, Ralph Richardson, Laurence Olivier, Rosemary Harris, Christopher Plummer, Harold Pinter, Peter O'Toole, Jeremy Brett, Geraldine McEwan, Vanessa Redgrave, Judi Dench, Ian McKellen, Michael Gambon, Imelda Staunton and Patrick Stewart. Dirk Bogarde wrote about his start at Amersham rep in 1939, and Michael Caine has recounted his time spent at Horsham rep in the early 1950s.There are many noted Resident companies or repertory companies, such as the Artists Repertory Theatre.","title":"Resident company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521319195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521319195"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"What is Repertory Theatre? \| Theatre Royal Windsor \| live on stage in 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Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgepaperba0000unse/page/309"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0521446546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521446546"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Bigsby, Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bigsby"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0521651794","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521651794"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"JUJAMCYN AWARD TO AMERICAN REPERTORY THEATER\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1985/11/26/theater/jujamcyn-award-to-american-repertory-theater.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Repertory theatre\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/art/repertory-theatre"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8383-7608-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-7608-0"}],"text":"^ Rowell, George; Jackson, Anthony (1984). The Repertory Movement: A History of Regional Theatre in Britain. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780521319195.\n\n^ a b \"What is Repertory Theatre? \| Theatre Royal Windsor \| live on stage in Berkshire\". theatreroyalwindsor.co.uk. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-21.\n\n^ a b c d Cameron, Alasdair F. (1983). The repertory theatre movement, 1907-1917 (Ph.D. thesis). University of Warwick.\n\n^ \"Before the Beatles: The Birth of British Rock\". YouTube.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Carter, Huntly (1964). The Theatre of Max Reinhardt. New York: B. Blom. pp. 173–180.\n\n^ Rowell, George (1984). The Repertory Movement: A History of Regional Theatre in Great Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780521319195.\n\n^ Harding, John, Staging Life: The Story of the Manchester Playwrights (Greenwich Exchange 2018) https://greenex.co.uk/\n\n^ Murphy, Michelle. \"Annie Horniman\". History features. BBC Manchester. Retrieved 14 November 2008.\n\n^ \"About Us\". Stratford Festival Official Website. Stratford, Ontario, Canada. 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2020-01-14.\n\n^ Klaic, Dragan (2012). \"Production Models\". Production Models: Reps, Groups and Production Houses. Public Theatre Between the Market and Democracy. Intellect. pp. 35–54. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9hj78n.7. ISBN 978-1-84150-547-3. JSTOR j.ctv9hj78n.7. S2CID 243133926. Retrieved 2021-10-28. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help)\n\n^ \"Deutsches Theater\". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2021-10-28.\n\n^ \"summer theatre \| American theatre\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-10-29.\n\n^ a b c d Miller, Stuart (2016-09-26). \"The Shows Must Go On: The Trials and Triumphs of Rotating Rep\". AMERICAN THEATRE. Retrieved 2021-11-01.\n\n^ Chambers, Colin (2002). Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre. London: Continuum. p. 335. ISBN 9781847140012.\n\n^ Stanton, Sarah; Banham, Martin (1996). The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 309. ISBN 0521446546.\n\n^ Wilmeth, Don; Bigsby, Christopher (1998). The Cambridge History of American Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 250. ISBN 0521651794.\n\n^ Mitgang, Herbert (26 November 1985). \"JUJAMCYN AWARD TO AMERICAN REPERTORY THEATER\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-08-03.\n\n^ Pallardy, Richard. \"Repertory theatre\". Britannica. Retrieved 26 September 2019.Murray, Stephen. Taking Our Amusements Seriously. LAP, 2010. ISBN 978-3-8383-7608-0.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Blue plaque marking the site of the Gaiety theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/P1040585_%285713639977%29.jpg/220px-P1040585_%285713639977%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Combination company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_company"},{"title":"Community theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_theatre"},{"title":"Fringe theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_theatre"},{"title":"Mercury Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Theatre"},{"title":"Summer stock theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_stock_theatre"},{"title":"Stagione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagione"},{"title":"Theatre festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_festival"},{"title":"Theatre (structure)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_(structure)"}]	[{"reference":"Rowell, George; Jackson, Anthony (1984). The Repertory Movement: A History of Regional Theatre in Britain. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780521319195.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521319195","url_text":"9780521319195"}]},{"reference":"\"What is Repertory Theatre? \| Theatre Royal Windsor \| live on stage in Berkshire\". theatreroyalwindsor.co.uk. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://theatreroyalwindsor.co.uk/rep_theatre/#:~:text=Actors%20that%20were%20once%20part,Derek%20Jacobi%20and%20Ian%20McKellen.","url_text":"\"What is Repertory Theatre? \| Theatre Royal Windsor \| live on stage in Berkshire\""}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Alasdair F. (1983). The repertory theatre movement, 1907-1917 (Ph.D. thesis). University of Warwick.","urls":[{"url":"http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55938/","url_text":"The repertory theatre movement, 1907-1917"}]},{"reference":"\"Before the Beatles: The Birth of British Rock\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMjrswNCaUw","url_text":"\"Before the Beatles: The Birth of British Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Huntly (1964). The Theatre of Max Reinhardt. New York: B. Blom. pp. 173–180.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rowell, George (1984). The Repertory Movement: A History of Regional Theatre in Great Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780521319195.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521319195","url_text":"9780521319195"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Michelle. \"Annie Horniman\". History features. BBC Manchester. Retrieved 14 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2008/10/22/221008_annie_horniman_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"Annie Horniman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Manchester","url_text":"BBC Manchester"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Stratford Festival Official Website. Stratford, Ontario, Canada. 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2020-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stratfordfestival.ca/AboutUs","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Klaic, Dragan (2012). \"Production Models\". Production Models: Reps, Groups and Production Houses. Public Theatre Between the Market and Democracy. Intellect. pp. 35–54. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9hj78n.7. ISBN 978-1-84150-547-3. JSTOR j.ctv9hj78n.7. S2CID 243133926. Retrieved 2021-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9hj78n.7","url_text":"Production Models: Reps, Groups and Production Houses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv9hj78n.7","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv9hj78n.7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-547-3","url_text":"978-1-84150-547-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9hj78n.7","url_text":"j.ctv9hj78n.7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243133926","url_text":"243133926"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsches Theater\". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2021-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095714210","url_text":"\"Deutsches Theater\""}]},{"reference":"\"summer theatre \| American theatre\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/art/summer-theatre","url_text":"\"summer theatre \| American theatre\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Stuart (2016-09-26). \"The Shows Must Go On: The Trials and Triumphs of Rotating Rep\". AMERICAN THEATRE. Retrieved 2021-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americantheatre.org/2016/09/26/the-shows-must-go-on-the-trials-and-triumphs-of-rotating-rep/","url_text":"\"The Shows Must Go On: The Trials and Triumphs of Rotating Rep\""}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Colin (2002). Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre. London: Continuum. p. 335. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 250. ISBN 0521651794.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bigsby","url_text":"Bigsby, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521651794","url_text":"0521651794"}]},{"reference":"Mitgang, Herbert (26 November 1985). \"JUJAMCYN AWARD TO AMERICAN REPERTORY THEATER\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/26/theater/jujamcyn-award-to-american-repertory-theater.html","url_text":"\"JUJAMCYN AWARD TO AMERICAN REPERTORY THEATER\""}]},{"reference":"Pallardy, Richard. \"Repertory theatre\". Britannica. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Marcol	Chester Marcol	["1 Early years","2 Professional career","3 Post-football years","4 References"]	Polish player of American football (born 1949) American football player Chester MarcolNo. 13, 5Position:PlacekickerPersonal informationBorn: (1949-10-24) October 24, 1949 (age 74)Opole, PolandHeight:6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight:190 lb (86 kg)Career informationHigh school:Imlay City (Imlay City, Michigan)College:HillsdaleNFL draft:1972 / Round: 2 / Pick: 34Career history Green Bay Packers (1972–1980) Houston Oilers (1980) Career highlights and awards 1972 NFC Rookie of the Year 2× First-team All-Pro (1972, 1974) 2× Pro Bowl (1972, 1974) 2× NFL scoring leader (1972, 1974) Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame NFL records Field goal attempts (rookie season) – 48 (1972) Packers: Field goals made (season) – 33 (1972) Career NFL statisticsFGM / FGA:121 / 196FG%:61.7%XPM / XPA:156 / 167Total touchdowns:1Player stats at PFR Czesław Bolesław "Chester" Marcol (born October 24, 1949) is a Polish American former professional football player who was a placekicker in the National Football League (NFL), primarily for the Green Bay Packers from 1972 to 1980. He played college football for the Hillsdale Chargers. He was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1987. Early years Marcol lived in Poland until the age of 14, when his father committed suicide, forcing Marcol's mother to send their family to the United States. Marcol soon became a U.S. citizen. He attended Imlay City High School in Michigan without much knowledge of the English language. In Poland, Marcol had great kicking abilities in soccer. His gym teacher discovered his talent and showed him the game of football. He attended Hillsdale College where he was named NAIA All-American and holds the record for longest field goal. Professional career Marcol was selected by Packers head coach Dan Devine in the second round (34th overall) of the 1972 NFL Draft. He scored 128 points his rookie year, leading the league in scoring, and he was named NFC Rookie of the Year — the only kicker to have received that honor — and an All-Pro. He again led the league in scoring and was named an All-Pro and Pro Bowler in 1974. Marcol may best be known for his game-winning touchdown in the season opener in 1980, at home against the Chicago Bears. The Packers were tied 6–6 with the Bears after regulation; in overtime, a 32-yard pass from Lynn Dickey to James Lofton helped set up a 34-yard field goal attempt to win the game. Marcol's kick was blocked by veteran Alan Page and deflected straight back to Marcol; he caught the ball, ran around left end, and was able to make it 25 yards into the end zone for a 12–6 Packers victory. He later acknowledged that he was high on cocaine during the game's second half. A month later, Marcol was cut by head coach Bart Starr on October 8, following a rough game against the Cincinnati Bengals, a 14–9 home win for Green Bay. Starr said Marcol was cut because of poor kickoffs, but Marcol felt it was because of his cocaine use; he was succeeded by Tom Birney, then hall of famer Jan Stenerud. Marcol signed with the Houston Oilers two months later when they came to Green Bay for a game on December 14. It was determined very late that week that Oilers kicker Toni Fritsch would be unable to play and Marcol was still residing in Green Bay, so the Oilers claimed him off waivers. He kicked one field goal (27 yd), but made only one of three PATs in a 22–3 Houston win. Marcol remained with the Oilers for the rest of the season, but did not play again due to Fritsch's return. Marcol has said that his excessive drug and alcohol use shortened his career drastically and that he could've played well into his forties, claiming that he was still making 50-yard field goals in his street clothes at that age. He was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1987. Post-football years On 14 February 1986, Marcol attempted suicide by drinking a mixture of battery acid, rat poison, and vodka, which severely damaged his esophagus. He had his esophagus stretched as treatment. Marcol is a resident of the Upper Peninsula community of Dollar Bay, Michigan. He has a wife and five children. He slowly recovered from his addictions, but still suffers from hepatitis C and a heart condition. He works on weekends as a drug and alcohol abuse counselor near his home. Marcol published a memoir in September 2011 entitled Alive and Kicking: My Journey Through Football, Addiction and Life. He discusses his childhood, immigration to the United States, playing for the Packers, and his fall from grace. References ^ "Most field goals attempted, rookie season". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved November 26, 2019. ^ "NFL Total Field Goals Made Single-Season Leaders". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved November 26, 2019. ^ a b c d Marcol still kickin' despite struggles Archived August 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine by Gary D'Amato of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, posted 28 October 2002. ^ "Charger Kicker Sets Collegiate Record". The Hillsdale Daily News. October 20, 1969. p. 1. Retrieved June 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Chester Marcol". Pro-Football-Reference. Retrieved 2020-08-26. ^ Cameron, Steve (1993). The Packers!. Dallas: Taylor Pub. Co. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-87833-133-8. ^ Marcol, Chester (2011). Alive and Kicking. p. 94. ^ Marcol, Chester (2011). Alive and Kicking. p. 97. ^ Houston Oilers 22 at Green Bay Packers 3 ^ Marcol, Chester (2011). Alive and Kicking. p. 103. ^ Christl, Cliff. "Chester Marcol". Packers.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ Marcol, Chester (2011). Alive and Kicking. p. 125. ^ Chester Marcol's claim to fame from weht.net posted 8 May 2001. vteGreen Bay Packers 1972 NFL draft selections Willie Buchanon Jerry Tagge Chester Marcol Eric Patton Nathaniel Ross Dave Pureifory Bob Hudson Bill Bushong Leland Glass Keith Wortman David Bailey Mike Rich Jesse Lakes Larry Hefner Rich Thone Charles Burrell vteMembers of the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame Herb Adderley Lionel Aldridge Donny Anderson John Anderson Jerry Atkinson Nate Barragar Phil Bengtson Edgar Bennett Vernon Biever Ken Bowman Zeke Bratkowski William Brault Charley Brock Lou Brock John Brockington Robert Brooks Gilbert Brown Hank Bruder E. S. Brusky Willie Buchanon Cub Buck Wilner Burke LeRoy Butler Lee Roy Caffey George Whitney Calhoun Tony Canadeo Al Carmichael Fred Carr Don Chandler Mark Chmura Gerald Francis Clifford Chad Clifton Red Cochran Paul Coffman Nick Collins Irv Comp Fred Cone Larry Craig Dan Currie Carroll Dale Art Daley Boob Darling Willie Davis Lynn Dickey Bobby Dillon LaVern Dilweg Mike Douglass Boyd Dowler Donald Driver Red Dunn Jug Earp Gerry Ellis Ken Ellis Paul Engebretsen Lon Evans Brett Favre Howie Ferguson Emil Fischer Marv Fleming Bill Forester Bob Forte Antonio Freeman Ted Fritsch Milt Gantenbein Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila Gale Gillingham Charles Goldenberg Johnnie Gray Ahman Green Forrest Gregg Hank Gremminger Dave Hanner Bob Harlan Al Harris Tim Harris William Henderson Arnie Herber Clarke Hinkle Johnny Holland Paul Hornung Billy Howton Cal Hubbard Don Hutson Jim Irwin Cecil Isbell Chris Jacke Harry Jacunski Ed Jankowski Greg Jennings Bob Jeter Lee Joannes Ezra Johnson Swede Johnston Frank Jonet Henry Jordan Bud Jorgensen W. Webber Kelly Gary Knafelc Greg Koch Ron Kostelnik Jerry Kramer Ron Kramer Curly Lambeau Joe Laws Mark Lee Fred Leicht Russ Letlow Dorsey Levens Verne Lewellen James Lofton Vince Lombardi Ryan Longwell Don Majkowski Bob Mann Chester Marcol John Martinkovic Charlie Mathys Larry McCarren Max McGee Johnny Blood Mike Michalske Tom Miller Bob Monnett Carl Mulleneaux Mark Murphy Jordy Nelson Ray Nitschke Dominic Olejniczak Robert J. Parins Elijah Pitts Baby Ray Lee Remmel Jim Ringo Marco Rivera Dave Robinson Tobin Rote Ken Ruettgers Al Schneider Ray Scott Sterling Sharpe Josh Sitton Bob Skoronski Bart Starr Jan Stenerud Bud Svendsen George Svendsen Mark Tauscher Jim Taylor Deral Teteak Ted Thompson Fred Thurston Pete Tinsley Al Treml Frederick N. Trowbridge Andrew B. Turnbull Andy Uram Jack Vainisi Reggie White Jesse Whittenton Dick Wildung Travis Williams Russ Winnie Frank Winters Ron Wolf Willie Wood Whitey Woodin Charles Woodson vteNFL annual scoring leaders 1932: Clark 1933: Presnell & Strong 1934: Manders 1935: Clark 1936: Clark 1937: Manders 1938: Hinkle 1939: Farkas 1940: Hutson 1941: Hutson 1942: Hutson 1943: Hutson 1944: Hutson 1945: Van Buren 1946: Fritsch 1947: Harder 1948: Harder 1949: Harder & Roberts 1950: Walker 1951: Hirsch 1952: Soltau 1953: Soltau 1954: Walston 1955: Walker 1956: Layne 1957: Groza 1957: Baker 1958: Brown 1959: Hornung 1960: Hornung 1961: Hornung 1962: Taylor 1963: Chandler 1964: Moore 1965: Sayers 1966: Gossett 1967: Bakken 1968: Kelly 1969: Cox 1970: Cox 1971: Yepremian 1972: Marcol 1973: Ray 1974: Marcol 1975: Simpson 1976: Linhart 1977: Mann 1978: Corral 1979: J. Smith 1980: J. Smith 1981: Murray 1981: Septién 1982: Allen 1983: Moseley 1984: Wersching 1985: Butler 1986: Franklin 1987: Rice 1988: Norwood 1989: Cofer 1990: Lowery 1991: Lohmiller 1992: Stoyanovich 1993: Jaeger 1994: Carney 1995: E. Smith 1996: Kasay 1997: Hollis 1998: Anderson 1999: Vanderjagt 2000: Faulk 2001: Faulk 2002: Holmes 2003: Wilkins 2004: Vinatieri 2005: Alexander 2006: Tomlinson 2007: Crosby 2008: Gostkowski 2009: Kaeding 2010: Akers 2011: Akers 2012: Gostkowski 2013: Gostkowski 2014: Gostkowski 2015: Gostkowski 2016: Bryant 2017: Zuerlein 2018: Fairbairn 2019: Butker 2020: Carlson, Koo, & Sanders 2021: Carlson & Folk 2022: Myers 2023: Aubrey Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"placekicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placekicker"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Hillsdale Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale_Chargers_football"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"American football playerCzesław Bolesław \"Chester\" Marcol (born October 24, 1949) is a Polish American former professional football player who was a placekicker in the National Football League (NFL), primarily for the Green Bay Packers from 1972 to 1980. He played college football for the Hillsdale Chargers. He was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1987.","title":"Chester Marcol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsmarcol-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Imlay City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imlay_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Hillsdale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale_Chargers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsmarcol-3"}],"text":"Marcol lived in Poland until the age of 14, when his father committed suicide, forcing Marcol's mother to send their family to the United States.[3] Marcol soon became a U.S. citizen.[4] He attended Imlay City High School in Michigan without much knowledge of the English language. In Poland, Marcol had great kicking abilities in soccer. His gym teacher discovered his talent and showed him the game of football. He attended Hillsdale College where he was named NAIA All-American and holds the record for longest field goal.[3]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Devine"},{"link_name":"second round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_NFL_Draft#Round_two"},{"link_name":"1972 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"rookie year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Green_Bay_Packers_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsmarcol-3"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Green_Bay_Packers_season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Green_Bay_Packers_season"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Chicago_Bears_season"},{"link_name":"Lynn Dickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Dickey"},{"link_name":"James Lofton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lofton"},{"link_name":"Alan Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Page"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bart Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Starr"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Cincinnati_Bengals_season"},{"link_name":"cocaine use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tom Birney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Birney"},{"link_name":"hall of famer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Jan Stenerud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Stenerud"},{"link_name":"Houston Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Houston_Oilers_season"},{"link_name":"Toni Fritsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Fritsch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Marcol was selected by Packers head coach Dan Devine in the second round (34th overall) of the 1972 NFL Draft. He scored 128 points his rookie year, leading the league in scoring, and he was named NFC Rookie of the Year — the only kicker to have received that honor — and an All-Pro.[3] He again led the league in scoring and was named an All-Pro and Pro Bowler in 1974.[5]Marcol may best be known for his game-winning touchdown in the season opener in 1980, at home against the Chicago Bears. The Packers were tied 6–6 with the Bears after regulation; in overtime, a 32-yard pass from Lynn Dickey to James Lofton helped set up a 34-yard field goal attempt to win the game. Marcol's kick was blocked by veteran Alan Page and deflected straight back to Marcol; he caught the ball, ran around left end, and was able to make it 25 yards into the end zone for a 12–6 Packers victory.[6] He later acknowledged that he was high on cocaine during the game's second half.[7]A month later, Marcol was cut by head coach Bart Starr on October 8, following a rough game against the Cincinnati Bengals, a 14–9 home win for Green Bay. Starr said Marcol was cut because of poor kickoffs, but Marcol felt it was because of his cocaine use;[8] he was succeeded by Tom Birney, then hall of famer Jan Stenerud. Marcol signed with the Houston Oilers two months later when they came to Green Bay for a game on December 14. It was determined very late that week that Oilers kicker Toni Fritsch would be unable to play and Marcol was still residing in Green Bay, so the Oilers claimed him off waivers. He kicked one field goal (27 yd), but made only one of three PATs in a 22–3 Houston win.[9] Marcol remained with the Oilers for the rest of the season, but did not play again due to Fritsch's return.[10] Marcol has said that his excessive drug and alcohol use shortened his career drastically and that he could've played well into his forties, claiming that he was still making 50-yard field goals in his street clothes at that age. He was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1987.[11]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"esophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsmarcol-3"},{"link_name":"Upper Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Dollar Bay, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola_Township,_Houghton_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"hepatitis C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C"}],"text":"On 14 February 1986, Marcol attempted suicide by drinking a mixture of battery acid, rat poison, and vodka,[12] which severely damaged his esophagus. He had his esophagus stretched as treatment.[3]Marcol is a resident of the Upper Peninsula community of Dollar Bay, Michigan. He has a wife and five children.[13] He slowly recovered from his addictions, but still suffers from hepatitis C and a heart condition. He works on weekends as a drug and alcohol abuse counselor near his home.Marcol published a memoir in September 2011 entitled Alive and Kicking: My Journey Through Football, Addiction and Life. He discusses his childhood, immigration to the United States, playing for the Packers, and his fall from grace.","title":"Post-football years"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Most field goals attempted, rookie season\". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved November 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/tiny.fcgi?id=eySLe","url_text":"\"Most field goals attempted, rookie season\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Total Field Goals Made Single-Season Leaders\". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved November 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/fgm_single_season.htm","url_text":"\"NFL Total Field Goals Made Single-Season Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charger Kicker Sets Collegiate Record\". The Hillsdale Daily News. October 20, 1969. p. 1. Retrieved June 29, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-hillsdale-daily-news/127291940/","url_text":"\"Charger Kicker Sets Collegiate Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Chester Marcol\". Pro-Football-Reference. Retrieved 2020-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/marcoche01.htm","url_text":"\"Chester Marcol\""}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Steve (1993). The Packers!. Dallas: Taylor Pub. Co. p. 158. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beez_Entertainment	Bandai Visual	["1 History","1.1 Origins and expansion (1983–1996)","1.2 Mainstream success and Bandai Entertainment (1996–2005)","1.3 Namco Bandai takeover and merge with Lantis (2005–2018)","2 Subsidiaries","2.1 Bandai Visual USA / Bandai Entertainment","2.2 Beez Entertainment","2.3 Honnêamise","3 Music","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Defunct Japanese anime and distribution company Bandai Visual Co., Ltd.Bandai Visual's former headquarters in Shinagawa, TokyoNative name株式会社バンダイビジュアルRomanized nameKabushiki gaisha Bandai BijuaruFormerlyAE Planning(1983–1989)Bandai Media(1988–1992)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryAnimeFoundedAugust 23, 1983; 40 years ago (1983-08-23)Defunct2018 (2018) (as a company)FateMerged with LantisSuccessorBandai Namco ArtsHeadquartersEbisu, Shibuya, Tokyo, JapanKey peopleKazumi Kawashiro(president and CEO)Number of employees167ParentBandai(1983–2008)Bandai Namco Holdings(2008–2018)SubsidiariesActasBandai EntertainmentBeez EntertainmentEmotionLantisWebsitebandaivisual.co.jp/ Bandai Visual Co., Ltd. was a Japanese anime, film production, and distribution company, established by Bandai and a subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings. They focused mainly in international distribution of anime properties in North America. Most of the anime and films that have been distributed and licensed by Bandai Visual have been released under the Emotion label. After the reorganization of Bandai Namco Holdings in 2006, Bandai Visual headed the group's Visual and Music Content Strategic Business Unit. Its subsidiaries included the Emotion Music Company, Ltd. (whose logos also include the Moai from Easter Island), and Lantis music publishing labels. Until 2012, it was involved in the production and distribution of several anime titles, including those it has directly produced itself and anime series produced by the anime studio Sunrise, an alternate anime studio subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings. In September 2017, Bandai Visual acquired the anime studio Actas. In February 2018, it was announced Bandai Visual would be merged with Lantis into a new branch of BNH, called Bandai Namco Arts. The reorganizing took effect as of April 1, 2018. Bandai Visual remains only as a label of the new company. History Origins and expansion (1983–1996) On August 23, 1983, Japanese toy manufacturer Bandai established AE Planning Co., Ltd. (Account Executive Planning), an animation and film distributor, in Kōjimachi, Chiyoda. Bandai created AE Planning following the success of Emotion, its film distribution division, in 1982, and was part of Bandai's corporate reorganization and alteration of its business strategies. AE Planning primarily distributed original video animations (OVAs) from other companies, most notably Pierrot's Dallos (1983). Beginning in October 1984, it licensed and distributed laserdisc films in Japan. After Bandai agreed to a business alliance with The Walt Disney Company in 1987, AE Planning became a distributor of Disney animated films across the country. In March 1989, AE Planning renamed itself Bandai Visual Sales and opened a second office in Shōwa-ku, Nagoya. Alongside its publishing and distribution of VHS releases for television series such as Ultraman and Mobile Suit Gundam, Visual Sales operated the Emotion Theater movie theater in Bandai's B-Club Shop in Takadanobaba until its closure in 1997. Bandai Visual Sales was renamed again to Bandai Visual Co., Ltd. in August 1991. In the same year, it absorbed Bandai's Media Division as a means to unify the latter company's home video distribution businesses. The acquisition also gave Bandai Visual ownership of the Emotion label, which was used for its music, anime re-releases, and other products. As the company continued generating profits, it began expanding its operations into other entertainment industries. In 1996, Bandai Visual began publishing video games under the Emotion Digital Software brand, releasing titles such as Return to Zork, MechWarrior 2: Arcade Combat Edition and Choujikuu Yousai Macross: Ai Oboete Imasu ka. Mainstream success and Bandai Entertainment (1996–2005) In April 1996, Bandai Visual published Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, the sixth mainline installment in the Gundam media franchise. Though it was a moderate success in Japan, Gundam Wing was especially popular in the United States, being credited for single-handedly popularizing the Gundam franchise for Western audiences. Following the show's success, Bandai established a subsidiary named Bandai Entertainment Inc. in Cypress, California as a subsidiary of its United States division, Bandai America. Though Bandai Visual did not have any direct control over Bandai Entertainment, the latter company often licensed many of Visual's anime series for publishing and distribution in North America, such as Cowboy Bebop, The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, and multiple Gundam sequels. Bandai Entertainment also published English-translated manga series and American graphic novels, in addition to offering a "fan support" program to facilitate public screenings of licensed content at anime clubs and anime conventions. Bandai Visual was listed on JASDAQ market in November 2001; by that time, the company was worth over ¥2.1 billion (US$20 million). In January 2003, the company acquired Emotion Music and made it a wholly owned subsidiary, as a means to further expand into the music industry. Bandai Visual also began supplying content for broadband distribution networks, such as the Bandai Channel television station. Namco Bandai takeover and merge with Lantis (2005–2018) Bandai Visual was a wholly owned subsidiary of Namco Bandai Holdings. Namco Bandai announced on November 8, 2007, that it would buy the voting shares it did not own between that date and December 10, 2007, and turn the company into a wholly owned subsidiary. On December 18, 2007, Namco Bandai announced that it had owned 93.63% of Bandai Visual's shares since the end of November. The remaining shares were delisted from the Tokyo Stock Exchange on February 15, 2008, after Namco Bandai acquired the remaining 10% of the shares. For current company, see Bandai Namco Arts. In February 2018, it was announced Bandai Visual would be merged with Lantis into a new branch of BNH, called Bandai Namco Arts. The reorganizing took effect as of April 1, 2018. Bandai Visual remains only as a label of the new company. Subsidiaries Bandai Visual USA / Bandai Entertainment Bandai Visual USA was established in 2005 in Cypress, California to license anime properties from various Japanese companies for North American distribution; most of those licenses coming from Bandai and its sister company Sunrise. The company also licensed manga series for release with English translation, and published American-made graphic novels. Bandai Visual USA's releases were of high quality and were aimed at collectors. Their titles were released under the Honnêamise label (named after their Bandai Visual's first production, Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise). Bandai Visual USA's anime products were distributed in North America initially by Image Entertainment and later, Geneon Entertainment USA and in Europe by Beez Entertainment. On May 23, 2008, Bandai Namco Holdings announced that Bandai Visual USA would be merged into the newly formed Bandai Entertainment which was consummated on July 1, 2008. The company confirmed on January 2, 2012, that they would stop offering new DVD, Blu-ray disc and manga releases by February, but would continue to produce their current library of content. Bandai Entertainment was restructured to focus on licensing anime to other companies. On August 30, 2012, Bandai America announced that it will shut down Bandai Entertainment and discontinue distributing their home video and print catalog on March 1, 2013. They made their final shipment to retailers on November 30, 2012. Many former Bandai Entertainment titles have been re-licensed by other companies, including Funimation, Crunchyroll, Aniplex of America, Discotek Media, Media Blasters, Nozomi Entertainment, Viz Media, Maiden Japan and Sentai Filmworks. Most of the notable titles that Bandai Entertainment held included K-On!, The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya and Lucky Star. Beez Entertainment Beez Entertainment was the European branch of Bandai Entertainment that also distributed anime and music and were also owned by Bandai Namco Holdings. The name is an acronym for Bandai Entertainment European Zone. Following the discontinuation of Bandai Entertainment, Beez has also stopped releasing anime in the European market. Their anime releases were licensed in North America by Bandai Entertainment and Bandai Visual USA. Honnêamise Honnêamise was Bandai Visual USA's boutique label that distributed deluxe editions of anime and artsier products. The label's namesake comes from Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise. The label was shut down on July 1, 2008, when Bandai Visual USA was absorbed into Bandai Entertainment. The label's releases were distributed by Geneon Entertainment USA and Image Entertainment. Music In August 2009, Bandai Visual had their first music release on US iTunes with Lantis Sounds. In September 2009, Bandai Visual teamed up with Namco Bandai Games for their periodic release of game sounds (classic and new) to iTunes USA. Notes ^ Japanese: 株式会社バンダイビジュアル, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Bandai Bijuaru References ^ "Bandai Visual" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2005. Retrieved March 7, 2007. ^ "NAMCO BANDAI Holdings Inc. – Group Companies". Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2007. ^ "IR information : Press release Third Medium-Term Plan". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2007. ^ "Bandai Visual Acquires Girls & Panzer Anime Studio Actas". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 5, 2017. ^ a b "Bandai Namco Holdings Merges Lantis With Bandai Visual, Launches New Subsidiaries". Anime News Network. February 9, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018. ^ a b c d e "Corporate History". www.bandaivisual.co.jp (in Japanese). Bandai Visual. September 2017. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2021. ^ a b c Grant, Tina (2003). International Directory of Company Histories (Volume 55 ed.). St. James Press. p. 44. Retrieved October 23, 2020. ^ a b c Nikkei BP Technical Research Department (June 17, 1999). 第三章ビジネスの仕組みが変わる一.版権ビジネスの体制を見直す ●作品発表の場として根付くOVA」『アニメ・ビジネスが変わる―アニメとキャラクター・ビジネスの真実 (in Japanese). Nikkei BP. pp. 88–89. ISBN 4-8222-2550-X. ^ "リターン・トゥ・ゾーク — RETURN TO ZORK" (in Japanese). No. 13. SoftBank Group. Sega Saturn Magazine Japan. December 8, 1995. p. 4. ^ "Sega Saturn Soft Review - 超時空要塞マクロス愛・おぼえていますか" (in Japanese). SoftBank Group. Sega Saturn Magazine Japan. June 20, 1997. p. 147. ^ Gramuglia, Anthony (October 21, 2020). "From Bandai to 4Kids, the Anime Distributors That Didn't Survive". Comic Book Resources. Valnet. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2021. ^ a b "Bandai Entertainment". Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2007. ^ "Bandai announces anime club support program". Anime News Network. December 2, 2002. Retrieved January 2, 2012. ^ Masuda, Hiromichi (July 25, 2007). アニメビジネスがわかる . NTT Publishing. p. 206. ISBN 9784757122000. ^ "バンダイＶ、著作権事業開始…エモーションＭを子会社化" . Braina News (in Japanese). Braina. January 30, 2003. Archived from the original on March 27, 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ Ann Wright, Jean (July 18, 2013). Animation Writing and Development - From Script Development to Pitch. CRC Press. p. 28. ISBN 9781136144059. ^ Ito, Daichi (May 12, 2001). "BBコンテンツの雄「バンダイチャンネル」の戦略～ブロードバンドオリジナルの作品が来年にも登場～". BB Watch (in Japanese). Impress Group. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ "NAMCO BANDAI Holdings Inc. to Fully Acquire Bandai Visual Co., Ltd. and Bandai Networks Co., Ltd". Reuters. January 15, 2008. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2008. ^ "Bandai Visual Co. Ltd.: Private Company Information". BusinessWeek. January 19, 2008. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2008. ^ a b Schilling, Mark (December 17, 2007). "Bandai Namco buys up subsidiaries". Variety. ^ Schilling, Mark (November 8, 2007). "Bandai taking over subsidiaries". Variety. ^ "NAMCO BANDAI Holdings announces complete takeover of BANDAI VISUAL". KatanaXtreme.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2007. ^ "Bandai Visual Establishes US Office". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 31, 2013. ^ "Bandai Visual USA to Launch Honneamise Label". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 31, 2013. ^ "Bandai Visual USA New Licenses and Distribution Label". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 31, 2013. ^ "Bandai Visual USA to be Liquidated by September". Anime News Network. May 23, 2008. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008. ^ "Bandai Entertainment to Stop Releasing New DVDs, BDs, Manga". Anime News Network. January 2, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2012. ^ "Bandai Entertainment to Discontinue Home Video, Manga, Novel Sales". Anime News Network. Retrieved August 31, 2012. ^ "About Beez: Company Profile". Beez Entertainment. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2007. ^ France's Beez Entertainment Stops Releasing New Anime - News. Anime News Network (January 5, 2012). Retrieved on 2014-05-12. ^ "Bandai Visual's new project – game sounds on iTunes". J!-ENT. Retrieved September 2, 2009. ^ "Bandai Visual and Namco Games partner up for Game Sounds" (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese). Bandai Visual. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2009. External links Official website (in Japanese) Bandai Visual at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteBandai Namco HoldingsEntertainment UnitDigital Business Bandai Namco Entertainment B.B. Studio Bandai Namco Studios Broccoli Limbic Entertainment D3 Publisher Toys & Hobby Bandai Bandai Spirits Sun-Star Heart Plex MegaHouse CCP Banpresto Sales Bandai Museum IP Production Unit Bandai Namco Filmworks Sunrise Bandai Namco Pictures Actas Eight Bit Bandai Visual Emotion Bandai Channel Sotsu Bandai Namco Music Live Lantis Highway Star Sunrise Music MoooD Records GloryHeaven StarRise Kiramune Amusement Unit Bandai Namco Amusement Hanayashiki Namjatown Gundam Park Pleasurecast Affiliated Companies Bandai Logipal Logipal Express Bandai Namco Business Arc Bandai Namco Will Happinet (27%) J-Broad Former subsidiaries Enterrium Italian Tomato Monolith Soft Nikkatsu Key people Katsuhiro Harada Masaya Nakamura Toru Iwatani Defunct Banpresto Cellius Daisuki Entertainment Software Publishing Namco Namco Bandai Partners Australia Namco Funscape Namco Networks Namco Tales Studio ShiftyLook Wonder Eggs Related List of games Bandai Namco Namco List of video game franchises List of video game compilations Namco Generations Namco Community Magazine NG Shimane Susanoo Magic vteJapanese animation studiosActiveIndependent A.C.G.T AIC Ajia-do Animation Works Arvo Animation Asahi Production Ashi Productions Asread AXsiZ Bibury Animation Studios Bones Brain's Base Bridge C-Station C2C Cloud Hearts CoMix Wave Films Creators in Pack Diomedéa Doga Kobo Drive E&H Production Egg Firm Ekachi Epilka Emon EMT Squared Encourage Films Ezo'la Felix Film Frontier Works Gallop Genco Gathering G&G Direction GoHands Grizzly Hoods Entertainment Imagin J.C.Staff Khara Kinema Citrus Kyoto Animation Lapin Track Lay-duce Lesprit Magic Bus Maho Film MAPPA Marvelous Movic Millepensee NAZ Nexus Nippon Animation Nomad NUT Odessa Entertainment Oh! 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Arms Artmic Bandai Visual Gainax Group TAC Hal Film Maker J2 Communications Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo Kitty Films (Mitaka Studio) Kokusai Eiga-sha Manglobe Palm Studio Production IMS Radix Ace Entertainment Spectrum Animation Studio Fantasia Tear Studio Topcraft Triangle Staff Tsuchida Production Walt Disney Animation Japan Xebec Yaoyorozu Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"film production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_production"},{"link_name":"Bandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandaivisualcorporate-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-namcobandaiofficialsite-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandaivisual-bandaichannel-4"},{"link_name":"Strategic Business Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Business_Unit"},{"link_name":"Moai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moai"},{"link_name":"Lantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantis_(company)"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_(company)"},{"link_name":"Actas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Bandai_Visual-6"}],"text":"Bandai Visual Co., Ltd.[a] was a Japanese anime, film production, and distribution company, established by Bandai and a subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings. They focused mainly in international distribution of anime properties in North America.[1][2][3]Most of the anime and films that have been distributed and licensed by Bandai Visual have been released under the Emotion label. After the reorganization of Bandai Namco Holdings in 2006, Bandai Visual headed the group's Visual and Music Content Strategic Business Unit. Its subsidiaries included the Emotion Music Company, Ltd. (whose logos also include the Moai from Easter Island), and Lantis music publishing labels. Until 2012, it was involved in the production and distribution of several anime titles, including those it has directly produced itself and anime series produced by the anime studio Sunrise, an alternate anime studio subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings. In September 2017, Bandai Visual acquired the anime studio Actas.[4]In February 2018, it was announced Bandai Visual would be merged with Lantis into a new branch of BNH, called Bandai Namco Arts. The reorganizing took effect as of April 1, 2018. Bandai Visual remains only as a label of the new company.[5]","title":"Bandai Visual"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai"},{"link_name":"Kōjimachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Djimachi"},{"link_name":"Chiyoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grant-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikkei_BP-9"},{"link_name":"original video animations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animations"},{"link_name":"Pierrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrot_(company)"},{"link_name":"Dallos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikkei_BP-9"},{"link_name":"laserdisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserdisc"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-7"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grant-8"},{"link_name":"Shōwa-ku, Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa-ku"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-7"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Ultraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraman"},{"link_name":"Mobile Suit Gundam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam"},{"link_name":"Takadanobaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takadanobaba"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grant-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikkei_BP-9"},{"link_name":"Return to Zork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Zork"},{"link_name":"MechWarrior 2: Arcade Combat Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MechWarrior_2:_31st_Century_Combat"},{"link_name":"Choujikuu Yousai Macross: Ai Oboete Imasu ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Macross_video_games"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Origins and expansion (1983–1996)","text":"On August 23, 1983, Japanese toy manufacturer Bandai established AE Planning Co., Ltd. (Account Executive Planning), an animation and film distributor, in Kōjimachi, Chiyoda.[6][7] Bandai created AE Planning following the success of Emotion, its film distribution division, in 1982, and was part of Bandai's corporate reorganization and alteration of its business strategies.[8] AE Planning primarily distributed original video animations (OVAs) from other companies, most notably Pierrot's Dallos (1983).[8] Beginning in October 1984, it licensed and distributed laserdisc films in Japan.[6] After Bandai agreed to a business alliance with The Walt Disney Company in 1987, AE Planning became a distributor of Disney animated films across the country.[7]In March 1989, AE Planning renamed itself Bandai Visual Sales and opened a second office in Shōwa-ku, Nagoya.[6] Alongside its publishing and distribution of VHS releases for television series such as Ultraman and Mobile Suit Gundam, Visual Sales operated the Emotion Theater movie theater in Bandai's B-Club Shop in Takadanobaba until its closure in 1997. Bandai Visual Sales was renamed again to Bandai Visual Co., Ltd. in August 1991.[6] In the same year, it absorbed Bandai's Media Division as a means to unify the latter company's home video distribution businesses. The acquisition also gave Bandai Visual ownership of the Emotion label, which was used for its music, anime re-releases, and other products.[7][8] As the company continued generating profits, it began expanding its operations into other entertainment industries. In 1996, Bandai Visual began publishing video games under the Emotion Digital Software brand, releasing titles such as Return to Zork, MechWarrior 2: Arcade Combat Edition and Choujikuu Yousai Macross: Ai Oboete Imasu ka.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile Suit Gundam Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam_Wing"},{"link_name":"Gundam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundam"},{"link_name":"Cypress, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress,_California"},{"link_name":"Cowboy Bebop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop"},{"link_name":"The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Melancholy_of_Haruhi_Suzumiya"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBR-12"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"graphic novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novels"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bei-manga-13"},{"link_name":"anime clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_club"},{"link_name":"anime conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_convention"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"JASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JASDAQ_Securities_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masuda-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bandai Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Channel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Mainstream success and Bandai Entertainment (1996–2005)","text":"In April 1996, Bandai Visual published Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, the sixth mainline installment in the Gundam media franchise. Though it was a moderate success in Japan, Gundam Wing was especially popular in the United States, being credited for single-handedly popularizing the Gundam franchise for Western audiences. Following the show's success, Bandai established a subsidiary named Bandai Entertainment Inc. in Cypress, California as a subsidiary of its United States division, Bandai America. Though Bandai Visual did not have any direct control over Bandai Entertainment, the latter company often licensed many of Visual's anime series for publishing and distribution in North America, such as Cowboy Bebop, The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, and multiple Gundam sequels.[11] Bandai Entertainment also published English-translated manga series and American graphic novels,[12] in addition to offering a \"fan support\" program to facilitate public screenings of licensed content at anime clubs and anime conventions.[13]Bandai Visual was listed on JASDAQ market in November 2001; by that time, the company was worth over ¥2.1 billion (US$20 million).[6][14] In January 2003, the company acquired Emotion Music and made it a wholly owned subsidiary, as a means to further expand into the music industry.[15] Bandai Visual also began supplying content for broadband distribution networks, such as the Bandai Channel television station.[16][17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bizweek-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-21"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Arts"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Bandai_Visual-6"}],"sub_title":"Namco Bandai takeover and merge with Lantis (2005–2018)","text":"Bandai Visual was a wholly owned subsidiary of Namco Bandai Holdings.[18][19] Namco Bandai announced on November 8, 2007, that it would buy the voting shares it did not own between that date and December 10, 2007, and turn the company into a wholly owned subsidiary.[20][21] On December 18, 2007, Namco Bandai announced that it had owned 93.63%[22] of Bandai Visual's shares since the end of November.[20] The remaining shares were delisted from the Tokyo Stock Exchange on February 15, 2008, after Namco Bandai acquired the remaining 10% of the shares.For current company, see Bandai Namco Arts.In February 2018, it was announced Bandai Visual would be merged with Lantis into a new branch of BNH, called Bandai Namco Arts. The reorganizing took effect as of April 1, 2018. Bandai Visual remains only as a label of the new company.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cypress, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress,_California"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_(company)"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"graphic novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bei-manga-13"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Space_Force:_The_Wings_of_Honn%C3%AAamise"},{"link_name":"Image Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Geneon Entertainment USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal_Entertainment_Japan"},{"link_name":"Beez Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beez_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAEnd-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Funimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation"},{"link_name":"Crunchyroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll"},{"link_name":"Aniplex of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniplex_of_America"},{"link_name":"Discotek Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discotek_Media"},{"link_name":"Media Blasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Blasters"},{"link_name":"Nozomi Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Stuf_Inc."},{"link_name":"Viz Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media"},{"link_name":"Maiden Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section23_Films#Maiden_Japan"},{"link_name":"Sentai Filmworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks"},{"link_name":"K-On!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-On!_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Melancholy_of_Haruhi_Suzumiya"},{"link_name":"Lucky Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Star_(manga)"}],"sub_title":"Bandai Visual USA / Bandai Entertainment","text":"Bandai Visual USA was established in 2005 in Cypress, California to license anime properties from various Japanese companies for North American distribution; most of those licenses coming from Bandai and its sister company Sunrise. The company also licensed manga series for release with English translation, and published American-made graphic novels.[12][23] Bandai Visual USA's releases were of high quality and were aimed at collectors. Their titles were released under the Honnêamise label (named after their Bandai Visual's first production, Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise). Bandai Visual USA's anime products were distributed in North America initially by Image Entertainment and later, Geneon Entertainment USA and in Europe by Beez Entertainment.[24][25] On May 23, 2008, Bandai Namco Holdings announced that Bandai Visual USA would be merged into the newly formed Bandai Entertainment which was consummated on July 1, 2008.[26]The company confirmed on January 2, 2012, that they would stop offering new DVD, Blu-ray disc and manga releases by February, but would continue to produce their current library of content. Bandai Entertainment was restructured to focus on licensing anime to other companies.[27] On August 30, 2012, Bandai America announced that it will shut down Bandai Entertainment and discontinue distributing their home video and print catalog on March 1, 2013. They made their final shipment to retailers on November 30, 2012.[28] Many former Bandai Entertainment titles have been re-licensed by other companies, including Funimation, Crunchyroll, Aniplex of America, Discotek Media, Media Blasters, Nozomi Entertainment, Viz Media, Maiden Japan and Sentai Filmworks.Most of the notable titles that Bandai Entertainment held included K-On!, The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya and Lucky Star.","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animenewsnetwork.com-31"}],"sub_title":"Beez Entertainment","text":"Beez Entertainment was the European branch of Bandai Entertainment that also distributed anime and music and were also owned by Bandai Namco Holdings.[29] The name is an acronym for Bandai Entertainment European Zone. Following the discontinuation of Bandai Entertainment, Beez has also stopped releasing anime in the European market.[30] Their anime releases were licensed in North America by Bandai Entertainment and Bandai Visual USA.","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Space_Force:_The_Wings_of_Honn%C3%AAamise"},{"link_name":"Geneon Entertainment USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal_Entertainment_Japan#Geneon_USA"},{"link_name":"Image Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Entertainment"}],"sub_title":"Honnêamise","text":"Honnêamise was Bandai Visual USA's boutique label that distributed deluxe editions of anime and artsier products. The label's namesake comes from Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise. The label was shut down on July 1, 2008, when Bandai Visual USA was absorbed into Bandai Entertainment. The label's releases were distributed by Geneon Entertainment USA and Image Entertainment.","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Namco Bandai Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco_Bandai_Games"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In August 2009, Bandai Visual had their first music release on US iTunes with Lantis Sounds. In September 2009, Bandai Visual teamed up with Namco Bandai Games for their periodic release of game sounds (classic and new) to iTunes USA.[31][32]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Kabushiki gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha"}],"text":"^ Japanese: 株式会社バンダイビジュアル, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Bandai Bijuaru","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bandai Visual\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2005. Retrieved March 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051126021839/http://www.bandaivisual.co.jp/e/ir/FY06%202Q.pdf","url_text":"\"Bandai Visual\""},{"url":"https://www.bandaivisual.co.jp/e/ir/FY06%202Q.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NAMCO BANDAI Holdings Inc. – Group Companies\". Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070307203726/http://www.bandainamco.co.jp/en/about/group/index.html","url_text":"\"NAMCO BANDAI Holdings Inc. – Group Companies\""},{"url":"https://www.bandainamco.co.jp/en/about/group/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IR information : Press release Third Medium-Term Plan\". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165340/http://www.bandaivisual.co.jp/e/ir/press_2006/epress060627-2.html","url_text":"\"IR information : Press release Third Medium-Term Plan\""},{"url":"https://www.bandaivisual.co.jp/e/ir/press_2006/epress060627-2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bandai Visual Acquires Girls & Panzer Anime Studio Actas\". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-09-04/bandai-visual-acquires-girls-and-panzer-anime-studio-actas/.120909","url_text":"\"Bandai Visual Acquires Girls & Panzer Anime Studio Actas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bandai Namco Holdings Merges Lantis With Bandai Visual, Launches New Subsidiaries\". Anime News Network. February 9, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-02-09/bandai-namco-holdings-merges-lantis-with-bandai-visual-launches-new-subsidiaries/.127609","url_text":"\"Bandai Namco Holdings Merges Lantis With Bandai Visual, Launches New Subsidiaries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corporate History\". www.bandaivisual.co.jp (in Japanese). Bandai Visual. September 2017. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170924160257/https://www.bandaivisual.co.jp/ir/history/","url_text":"\"Corporate History\""},{"url":"https://www.bandaivisual.co.jp/ir/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Tina (2003). International Directory of Company Histories (Volume 55 ed.). St. James Press. p. 44. Retrieved October 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_c8r0/page/n695/mode/2up","url_text":"International Directory of Company Histories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Press","url_text":"St. James Press"}]},{"reference":"Nikkei BP Technical Research Department (June 17, 1999). 第三章ビジネスの仕組みが変わる一.版権ビジネスの体制を見直す ●作品発表の場として根付くOVA」『アニメ・ビジネスが変わる―アニメとキャラクター・ビジネスの真実 [Chapter 3 — Business Structure Changes 1. Reviewing the Copyright Business System ● OVA Rooted as a Place to Present Works ”“ Animation Business Changes-The Truth About Anime and Character Business] (in Japanese). Nikkei BP. pp. 88–89. ISBN 4-8222-2550-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nikkei","url_text":"Nikkei BP"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-8222-2550-X","url_text":"4-8222-2550-X"}]},{"reference":"\"リターン・トゥ・ゾーク — RETURN TO ZORK\" (in Japanese). No. 13. SoftBank Group. Sega Saturn Magazine Japan. December 8, 1995. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Group","url_text":"SoftBank Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Sega Saturn Soft Review - 超時空要塞マクロス愛・おぼえていますか\" [Sega Saturn Soft Review — Choujikuu Yousai Macross: Ai Oboete Imasu ka] (in Japanese). SoftBank Group. Sega Saturn Magazine Japan. June 20, 1997. p. 147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Group","url_text":"SoftBank Group"}]},{"reference":"Gramuglia, Anthony (October 21, 2020). \"From Bandai to 4Kids, the Anime Distributors That Didn't Survive\". Comic Book Resources. Valnet. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027083035/https://www.cbr.com/bandai-4kids-dead-anime-distributors/","url_text":"\"From Bandai to 4Kids, the Anime Distributors That Didn't Survive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/bandai-4kids-dead-anime-distributors/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bandai Entertainment\". Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070717210717/http://www.bandai-ent.com/products/manga.cfm","url_text":"\"Bandai Entertainment\""},{"url":"http://www.bandai-ent.com/products/manga.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bandai announces anime club support program\". Anime News Network. December 2, 2002. Retrieved January 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-12-02/bandai-announces-anime-club-support-progam","url_text":"\"Bandai announces anime club support program\""}]},{"reference":"Masuda, Hiromichi (July 25, 2007). アニメビジネスがわかる [Understanding The Anime Business]. NTT Publishing. p. 206. ISBN 9784757122000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784757122000","url_text":"9784757122000"}]},{"reference":"\"バンダイＶ、著作権事業開始…エモーションＭを子会社化\" [Bandai Visual starts copyright business ... Makes Emotion Music a subsidiary]. Braina News (in Japanese). Braina. January 30, 2003. Archived from the original on March 27, 2006. 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January 19, 2008. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080222192827/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5556744","url_text":"\"Bandai Visual Co. Ltd.: Private Company Information\""},{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5556744","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schilling, Mark (December 17, 2007). \"Bandai Namco buys up subsidiaries\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Schilling","url_text":"Schilling, Mark"},{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117977875.html?categoryId=19&cs=1","url_text":"\"Bandai Namco buys up subsidiaries\""}]},{"reference":"Schilling, Mark (November 8, 2007). \"Bandai taking over subsidiaries\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Schilling","url_text":"Schilling, Mark"},{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975604.html?categoryId=18&cs=1","url_text":"\"Bandai taking over subsidiaries\""}]},{"reference":"\"NAMCO BANDAI Holdings announces complete takeover of BANDAI VISUAL\". KatanaXtreme.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713140501/http://www.katanaxtreme.com/anime_news/details.aspx?id=ETsFjgzchU65OknwxiRimw","url_text":"\"NAMCO BANDAI Holdings announces complete takeover of BANDAI VISUAL\""},{"url":"http://www.katanaxtreme.com/anime_news/details.aspx?id=ETsFjgzchU65OknwxiRimw","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bandai Visual Establishes US Office\". Anime News Network. 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Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-08-31/bandai-entertainment-to-discontinue-home-video-manga-novel-sales","url_text":"\"Bandai Entertainment to Discontinue Home Video, Manga, Novel Sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Beez: Company Profile\". Beez Entertainment. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090512001416/http://www.beez.fr/company.php?&lng=en","url_text":"\"About Beez: Company Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.beez.fr/company.php?&lng=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bandai Visual's new project – game sounds on iTunes\". J!-ENT. Retrieved September 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nt2099.com/J-ENT/news/music-entertainment-news/bandai-visuals-new-project-game-sounds-on-itunes/","url_text":"\"Bandai Visual's new project – game sounds on iTunes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J!-ENT&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"J!-ENT"}]},{"reference":"\"Bandai Visual and Namco Games partner up for Game Sounds\" (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese). Bandai Visual. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randia_(bird)	Rand's warbler	["1 References"]	Species of bird Rand's warbler Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Bernieridae Genus: RandiaDelacour & Berlioz, 1931 Species: R. pseudozosterops Binomial name Randia pseudozosteropsDelacour & Berlioz, 1931 Rand's warbler (Randia pseudozosterops) is a species in the family Bernieridae. It is found only in Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. References ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Randia pseudozosterops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22715078A118746359. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22715078A118746359.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021. vteGenera of passerides and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Suborder: Passeri Infraorder: Passerida PasseridaChaetopidae? Chaetops Chloropseidae? Chloropsis Hyliotidae? Hyliota Irenidae Irena Paridae Baeolophus Cyanistes Cephalopyrus Lophophanes Machlolophus Melaniparus Melanochlora Pardaliparus Parus Periparus Poecile Pseudopodoces Sittiparus Sylviparus Picathartidae? Picathartes Promeropidae? Promerops Remizidae Anthoscopus Auriparus Remiz Stenostiridae Chelidorhynx Culicicapa Elminia Stenostira Muscicapida See below ↓ Sylvioidea See below ↓ Passeroidea See Passeroidea MuscicapidaRegulidae Corthylio Regulus BombycilloideaBombycillidae Bombycilla Dulidae Dulus Hylocitreidae Hylocitrea Hypocoliidae Hypocolius †Mohoidae Chaetoptila Moho Ptiliogonatidae Phainopepla Phainoptila Ptiliogonys Certhioideaincertae sedis †Certhiops †Kischinskinia Certhiidae Certhia Salpornis Polioptilidae Microbates Polioptila Ramphocaenus Sittidae Sitta Tichodromidae Tichodroma Troglodytidae Campylorhynchus Cantorchilus Catherpes Cinnycerthia Cistothorus Cyphorhinus Ferminia Henicorhina Hylorchilus Microcerculus Odontorchilus Pheugopedius Salpinctes Thryomanes Thryophilus Thryorchilus Thryothorus Troglodytes Uropsila MuscicapoideaBuphagidae Buphagus Cinclidae Cinclus Elachuridae Elachura Mimidae Allenia Cinclocerthia Dumetella Margarops Melanotis Mimus Oreoscoptes Ramphocinclus Toxostoma MuscicapidaeErithacinae Chamaetylas Cichladusa Cossypha Cossyphicula Dessonornis Erithacus Pogonocichla Sheppardia Stiphrornis Swynnertonia Xenocopsychus MuscicapinaeCopsychini Alethe Cercotrichas Copsychus Muscicapini Agricola Bradornis Empidornis Fraseria Humblotia Melaenornis Muscicapa Namibornis Sigelus Niltavinae Anthipes Cyanoptila Cyornis Eumyias Leucoptilon Niltava Sholicola Saxicolinae Brachypteryx Calliope Campicoloides Cinclidium Emarginata Enicurus Ficedula Heinrichia Heteroxenicus Irania Larvivora Leonardina Luscinia Monticola Myiomela Myophonus Myrmecocichla Oenanthe Phoenicurus Pinarochroa Saxicola Tarsiger Thamnolaea Vauriella Sturnidae Acridotheres Agropsar Ampeliceps Aplonis Arizelopsar Basilornis Cinnyricinclus Creatophora †Cryptopsar Enodes †Fregilupus Goodfellowia Gracula Gracupica Grafisia Hartlaubius Hylopsar Lamprotornis Leucopsar Mino (bird) †Necropsar Neocichla Notopholia Onychognathus Pastor Pholia Poeoptera Rhabdornis Sarcops Saroglossa Scissirostrum Speculipastor Spodiopsar Streptocitta Sturnia Sturnornis Sturnus Turdidae †Meridiocichla Pinarornis Myadestinae Grandala Myadestes Neocossyphus Sialia Stizorhina Turdinae Catharus Chlamydochaera Cichlopsis Cochoa Entomodestes Geokichla Hylocichla Ridgwayia Ixoreus Turdus Zoothera SylvioideaAcrocephalidae Acrocephalus Calamonastides Chloropeta Hippolais Iduna Nesillas Aegithalidae Aegithalos Leptopoecile Psaltriparus AlaudidaeAlaudinae Alauda Alaudala Calandrella Chersophilus Eremalauda Eremophila Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Spizocorys Certhilaudinae Alaemon Ammomanes Ammomanopsis Certhilauda Chersomanes Eremopterix Pinarocorys Ramphocoris Mirafrinae Calendulauda Heteromirafra Mirafra Alcippeidae Alcippe Bernieridae Bernieria Crossleyia Cryptosylvicola Hartertula Oxylabes Randia Thamnornis Xanthomixis Cettiidae Abroscopus Cettia Hemitesia Horornis Phyllergates Tesia Tickellia Urosphena Cisticolidae Apalis Artisornis Bathmocercus Calamonastes Camaroptera Cisticola Drymocichla Eminia Eremomela Euryptila Hypergerus Incana Malcorus Micromacronus Neomixis Oreolais Oreophilais Orthotomus Phragmacia Phyllolais Poliolais Prinia Scepomycter Schistolais Spiloptila Urolais Donacobiidae Donacobius Erythrocercidae Erythrocercus Hirundinidae Alopochelidon Atronanus Atticora Cecropis Cheramoeca Delichon Hirundo Neophedina Orochelidon Petrochelidon Phedina Phedinopsis Progne Psalidoprocne Pseudhirundo Pseudochelidon Ptyonoprogne Pygochelidon Riparia Stelgidopteryx Tachycineta Hyliidae Hylia Pholidornis Leiothrichidae Actinodura Argya Cutia Garrulax Grammatoptila Heterophasia Ianthocincla Laniellus Leioptila Leiothrix Liocichla Minla Montecincla Pterorhinus Trochalopteron Turdoides Locustellidae Bradypterus Catriscus Cincloramphus Elaphrornis Helopsaltes Locustella Malia Megalurus Poodytes Robsonius Schoenicola Macrosphenidae Achaetops Cryptillas Macrosphenus Melocichla Sphenoeacus Sylvietta Nicatoridae Nicator Panuridae Panurus Paradoxornithidae Chamaea Chrysomma Fulvetta Lioparus Moupinia Myzornis Paradoxornis Rhopophilus Suthora Pellorneidae Gampsorhynchus Graminicola Gypsophila Illadopsis Kenopia Laticilla Malacocincla Malacopteron Napothera Pellorneum Ptilocichla Schoeniparus Turdinus Phylloscopidae Phylloscopus Pnoepygidae Pnoepyga Pycnonotidae Acritillas Alcurus Alophoixus Altimastillas Andropadus Arizelocichla Baeopogon Bleda Brachypodius Calyptocichla Chlorocichla Criniger Euptilotus Eurillas Hemixos Hypsipetes Iole Ixodia Ixonotus Ixos Microtarsus Neolestes Nok Phyllastrephus Poliolophus Pycnonotus Rubigula Setornis Spizixos Stelgidillas Thescelocichla Tricholestes Scotocercidae Scotocerca Sylviidae Curruca Sylvia Timaliidae Cyanoderma Dumetia Erythrogenys Macronus Melanocichla Mixornis Pomatorhinus Spelaeornis Stachyris Timalia Zosteropidae Apalopteron Cleptornis Dasycrotapha Heleia Megazosterops Parayuhina Rukia Staphida Sterrhoptilus Tephrozosterops Yuhina Zosterops Zosterornis Taxon identifiersRandia pseudozosterops Wikidata: Q1305011 Wikispecies: Randia pseudozosterops BirdLife: 22715078 BOW: ranwar1 CoL: 794QH eBird: ranwar1 EoL: 920825 GBIF: 5231341 iNaturalist: 117094 IRMNG: 11441926 ITIS: 562695 IUCN: 22715078 Open Tree of Life: 3599893 Xeno-canto: Randia-pseudozosterops This Sylvioidea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernieridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernieridae"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss"}],"text":"Rand's warbler (Randia pseudozosterops) is a species in the family Bernieridae. It is found only in Madagascar.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.","title":"Rand's warbler"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Randia pseudozosterops\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22715078A118746359. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22715078A118746359.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22715078/118746359","url_text":"\"Randia pseudozosterops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22715078A118746359.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22715078A118746359.en"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22715078/118746359","external_links_name":"\"Randia pseudozosterops\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22715078A118746359.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22715078A118746359.en"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22715078","external_links_name":"22715078"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/ranwar1","external_links_name":"ranwar1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/794QH","external_links_name":"794QH"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/ranwar1","external_links_name":"ranwar1"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/920825","external_links_name":"920825"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5231341","external_links_name":"5231341"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/117094","external_links_name":"117094"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11441926","external_links_name":"11441926"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=562695","external_links_name":"562695"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22715078","external_links_name":"22715078"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3599893","external_links_name":"3599893"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Randia-pseudozosterops","external_links_name":"Randia-pseudozosterops"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rand%27s_warbler&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharam_(film)	Sharam (film)	["1 Cast","2 Soundtrack","3 References","4 External links"]	1982 Indian filmSharamDirected byJoshiyWritten byPappanamkodu LakshmananProduced byThiruppathi ChettiyarStarringSukumaranSrividyaJagathy SreekumarJose PrakashMusic byK. J. JoyProductioncompanyEvershineDistributed byEvershineRelease date 14 May 1982 (1982-05-14) CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Sharam is a 1982 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Joshiy and produced by Thiruppathi Chettiyar. The film stars Sukumaran, Srividya, Jagathy Sreekumar and Jose Prakash in the lead roles. The film has musical score by K. J. Joy. It did not make expected success at the box-office . The film was a remake of Tamil film Vidiyum Varai Kaathiru. Cast Sukumaran as Sunil Srividya Jagathy Sreekumar Jose Prakash Sathaar Ambika K. P. Ummer Janardhanan Ranipadmini Soundtrack The music was composed by K. J. Joy and the lyrics were written by Devadas. No. Song Singers Lyrics Length (m:ss) 1 "Manjima Vidarum Pularkaalam" K. J. Yesudas Devadas 2 "Panineer Poochoodi" K. J. Yesudas, P. Susheela Devadas 3 "Venmegham Kudachoodum" P. Susheela Devadas References ^ "Sharam". www.malayalachalachithram.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014. ^ "Sharam". spicyonion.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014. ^ "Sharam". www.malayalasangeetham.info. Retrieved 7 October 2014. ^ "Old is Gold: Tamil Movies made in Malayalam". 3 December 2010. External links Saram at IMDb vteJoshiy Tiger Salim (1978) Moorkhan (1980) Raktham (1981) Ithihasam (1981) Karthavyam (1982) Himam (1982) Aa Raathri (1983) Dharm Aur Qanoon (1984) (Hindi) Umaanilayam (1984) Katha Ithuvare (1985) Nirakkoottu (1985) Shyama (1986) Aayiram Kannukal (1986) New Delhi (1987) Antima Teerpu (1988) (Telugu) New Delhi (1988) (Hindi) New Delhi (1988) (Kannada) Naduvazhikal (1989) Nair Saab (1989) Mahayanam (1989) No.20 Madras Mail (1990) Kauravar (1992) Airport (1993) Dhruvam (1993) Sainyam (1994) Anga Rakshakudu (1995) (Telugu) Bhoopathi (1997) Lelam (1997) Pathram (1998) Vazhunnor (1999) Dubai (2001) Praja (2001) Runway (2004) Naran (2005) Lion (2006) Pothan Vava (2006) Nasrani (2007) Twenty:20 (2008) Robin Hood (2009) Christian Brothers (2011) Run Baby Run (2012) Lokpal (2013) Salaam Kashmier (2014) Avatharam (2014) Lailaa O Lailaa (2015) Porinju Mariam Jose (2019) Paappan (2022) This article about a Malayalam film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 1980s thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Joshiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshiy"},{"link_name":"Sukumaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukumaran"},{"link_name":"Srividya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srividya"},{"link_name":"Jagathy Sreekumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagathy_Sreekumar"},{"link_name":"Jose Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Prakash"},{"link_name":"K. J. Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._J._Joy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vidiyum Varai Kaathiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidiyum_Varai_Kaathiru"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1982 Indian filmSharam is a 1982 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Joshiy and produced by Thiruppathi Chettiyar. The film stars Sukumaran, Srividya, Jagathy Sreekumar and Jose Prakash in the lead roles. The film has musical score by K. J. Joy. It did not make expected success at the box-office .[1][2][3] The film was a remake of Tamil film Vidiyum Varai Kaathiru.[4]","title":"Sharam (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sukumaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukumaran"},{"link_name":"Srividya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srividya"},{"link_name":"Jagathy Sreekumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagathy_Sreekumar"},{"link_name":"Jose Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Prakash"},{"link_name":"Sathaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathaar"},{"link_name":"Ambika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika_(actress)"},{"link_name":"K. P. Ummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._P._Ummer"},{"link_name":"Janardhanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janardhanan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ranipadmini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranipadmini"}],"text":"Sukumaran as Sunil\nSrividya\nJagathy Sreekumar\nJose Prakash\nSathaar\nAmbika\nK. P. Ummer\nJanardhanan\nRanipadmini","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K. J. Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._J._Joy"}],"text":"The music was composed by K. J. Joy and the lyrics were written by Devadas.","title":"Soundtrack"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sharam\". www.malayalachalachithram.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1385","url_text":"\"Sharam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sharam\". spicyonion.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://spicyonion.com/title/saram-malayalam-movie/","url_text":"\"Sharam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sharam\". www.malayalasangeetham.info. Retrieved 7 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4175","url_text":"\"Sharam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old is Gold: Tamil Movies made in Malayalam\". 3 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2010/12/original-tamil-malayalam-remake-nalla.html","url_text":"\"Old is Gold: Tamil Movies made in Malayalam\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1385","external_links_name":"\"Sharam\""},{"Link":"http://spicyonion.com/title/saram-malayalam-movie/","external_links_name":"\"Sharam\""},{"Link":"http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4175","external_links_name":"\"Sharam\""},{"Link":"http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2010/12/original-tamil-malayalam-remake-nalla.html","external_links_name":"\"Old is Gold: Tamil Movies made in Malayalam\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0334298/","external_links_name":"Saram"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharam_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharam_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hindon_Medal	Jack Hindon Medal	["1 The South African military","2 Institution","3 Award criteria","4 Order of wear","5 Description","6 Discontinuation","7 References"]	AwardJack Hindon MedalTypeMilitary decoration for meritAwarded forExceptionally diligent and outstanding serviceCountry South AfricaPresented bythe State PresidentEligibilityOther ranks in the CommandosPost-nominalsJHMStatusDiscontinued in 1975Established1970First awarded1971Last awarded1975Total18Ribbon bar SADF pre-1994 & SANDF post-2002 orders of wearNext (higher)SADF precedence: Danie Theron Medal SANDF precedence: Danie Theron Medal Next (lower)SADF succession: Military Merit Medal SANDF succession: Military Merit Medal RelatedDanie Theron Medal The Jack Hindon Medal, post-nominal letters JHM, is a South African military decoration which was instituted in the Republic of South Africa in 1970 and which was only in use until 1975. It was awarded to other ranks for diligent service in the Commandos, the rural defence component of the South African Defence Force. The South African military The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). Institution The Jack Hindon Medal, post-nominal letters JHM, was instituted by the State President in 1970. Award criteria The medal could be awarded to other ranks of the Commandos, the rural defence component of the South African Defence Force, for exceptionally diligent and outstanding service. The medal was named after Jack Hindon, a Scottish-born Afrikaner hero of the Second Boer War. The use of post-nominal letters was allowed from 1993, eighteen years after the medal had been discontinued. Order of wear Main article: South African military decorations order of wear § Order of wear The position of the Jack Hindon Medal in the official order of precedence was revised three times after 1975, to accommodate the inclusion or institution of new decorations and medals, first upon the integration into the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, again in April 1996, when decorations and medals were belatedly instituted for the two former non-statutory forces, the Azanian People's Liberation Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe, and finally upon the institution of a new set of awards on 27 April 2003. It remained unchanged on all three occasions. Official SANDF order of precedence Preceded by the Danie Theron Medal (DTM). Succeeded by the Military Merit Medal (MMM). Official national order of precedence Preceded by the Danie Theron Medal (DTM). Succeeded by the Military Merit Medal (MMM). Description Obverse The Jack Hindon Medal is an oval bronze medal, to fit in a circle 38 millimetres in diameter, and depicts three Burghers raising the Vierkleur flag on top of Spioenkop after the Boer victory over British forces in 1900, during the Second Boer War. It is inscribed "JACK • HINDON" at the top and "MEDALJE • MEDAL" at the bottom. Reverse The reverse shows the pre-1994 South African Coat of Arms. Ribbon The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and yellow, with 4½ millimetres wide green bands on the edges and a 1 millimetre wide green band in the centre. The green and yellow colours have their origin in the ribbon colours of the three awards which were belatedly instituted in 1920, as retrospective awards for Boer veteran officers and men of the Second Boer War of 1899–1902, the Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst, the Medalje voor de Anglo-Boere Oorlog and the Lint voor Verwonding. For these three awards, these two colours had been gazetted as green and orange, but the orange appeared as yellow on the actual ribbons. Discontinuation Conferment of the Jack Hindon Medal was discontinued in 1975 and the Danie Theron Medal (DTM), hitherto reserved for officers, became available for all ranks in the Commandos. References ^ a b c South African Medal Website - Post-nominal Letters (Accessed 28 April 2015) ^ a b c South African Medal Website - SA Defence Force : 1975-2003 (Accessed 30 April 2015) ^ Fforde, J.P.I.; Monick, S. A guide to South African Orders, Decorations and Medals and their ribbons 1896–1985. p. 18. ^ a b c d South African Medal Website - SA Defence Force : 1952-1975 (Accessed 30 April 2015) ^ "Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 457, no. 25213, Pretoria, 25 July 2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2014. ^ a b c d Republic of South Africa Government Gazette no. 15093, Pretoria, 3 September 1993 ^ Alexander, E.G.M., Barron, G.K.B. and Bateman, A.J. (1986). South African Orders, Decorations and Medals. Human and Rousseau.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ The South African Military History Society - Military History Journal, Vol 12 No 1, June 2001, "Oliver 'Jack' Hindon, Boer Hero and Train Wrecker" by Dudley Aitken ^ a b c Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 477, no. 27376, Pretoria, 11 March 2005, OCLC 72827981 vteSouth African military decorations and medalsSorted in order of wear per era or 1994 constituent forcePre-Unionuntil 6 April 1952 Victoria Cross Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst Distinguished Service Order Distinguished Service Cross Military Cross Distinguished Flying Cross Air Force Cross Distinguished Conduct Medal Distinguished Conduct Medal (Natal) Conspicuous Gallantry Medal Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (Flying) Distinguished Service Medal Military Medal Distinguished Flying Medal Air Force Medal British Empire Medal (Military) South Africa Medal (1853) South Africa Medal (1880) Cape of Good Hope General Service Medal Queen's South Africa Medal Medalje voor de Anglo-Boere Oorlog Lint voor Verwonding King's South Africa Medal Natal Native Rebellion Medal 1914–15 Star British War Medal Victory Medal (South Africa) Mercantile Marine War Medal 1939–1945 Star Atlantic Star Arctic Star Air Crew Europe Star Africa Star Pacific Star Burma Star Italy Star France and Germany Star Defence Medal War Medal Africa Service Medal King George V Coronation Medal King George V Silver Jubilee Medal King George VI Coronation Medal Meritorious Service Medal (United Kingdom) Meritorious Service Medal (Cape of Good Hope) Meritorious Service Medal (Natal) Meritorious Service Medal (South Africa) Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Cape of Good Hope) Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Natal) Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (South Africa) Volunteer Officers' Decoration for India and the Colonies Volunteer Long Service Medal for India and the Colonies Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal Efficiency Decoration (South Africa) Efficiency Medal (South Africa) Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal Air Efficiency Award King's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces Union of South Africa Commemoration Medal South African Medal for War Services Sir Harry Smith's Medal for Gallantry (Unofficial) Johannesburg Vrijwilliger Corps Medal (Unofficial) Kimberley Star (Unofficial) Cape Copper Company Medal for the Defence of O'okiep (Unofficial) 1952–1994 Honoris Crux Gold Star of South Africa, Gold Star of South Africa, Silver Star of South Africa (1952) Louw Wepener Decoration Honoris Crux (1952) Honoris Crux Silver Van Riebeeck Decoration Honoris Crux (1975) Pro Virtute Decoration Southern Cross Decoration Pro Merito Decoration Van Riebeeck Medal Louw Wepener Medal Ad Astra Decoration Army Cross Air Force Cross Navy Cross Medical Service Cross Southern Cross Medal (1952) Pro Merito Medal (1967) Southern Cross Medal (1975) Pro Merito Medal (1975) Danie Theron Medal Jack Hindon Medal Military Merit Medal Korea Medal Pro Patria Medal Southern Africa Medal General Service Medal (South Africa) Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal Medal for Distinguished Conduct and Loyal Service Good Service Medal, Gold John Chard Decoration De Wet Decoration Cadet Corps Medal Good Service Medal, Silver Union Medal Permanent Force Good Service Medal John Chard Medal Good Service Medal, Bronze De Wet Medal Queen's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces Commandant General's Medal SADF Champion Shot Medal National Cadet Bisley Grand Champion Medal Transkei Cross for Bravery Transkei Defence Force Medal Independence Medal (Transkei) Military Rule Medal Faithful Service Medal Bophuthatswana Order of the Leopard, Commander Distinguished Gallantry Cross Defence Force Merit Decoration Distinguished Gallantry Medal Defence Force Merit Medal Marumo Medal, Class I Defence Force Commendation Medal Marumo Medal, Class II Nkwe Medal General Service Medal Independence Medal Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Gold Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Silver Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Bronze State President's Medal for Shooting Venda Gallantry Cross, Gold Gallantry Cross, Silver Distinguished Service Medal, Gold Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Venda Defence Force Medal General Service Medal (Venda) Independence Medal (Venda) Long Service Medal, Gold Long Service Medal, Silver Long Service Medal, Bronze Ciskei Sandile Decoration Sandile Medal Chief C.D.F. Commendation Medal Ciskei Defence Medal Independence Medal (Ciskei) Medal for Long Service, Bronze President's Medal for Shooting Umkhontowe Sizwe Star for Bravery in Gold Star for Bravery in Silver Conspicuous Leadership Star Decoration for Merit in Gold Merit Medal in Silver Merit Medal in Bronze Operational Medal for Southern Africa South Africa Service Medal Service Medal in Gold Service Medal in Silver Service Medal in Bronze Azanian People'sLiberation Army Gold Star for Bravery Bravery Star in Silver Star for Conspicuous Leadership Gold Decoration for Merit Silver Medal for Merit Bronze Medal for Merit Operational Medal for Southern Africa South Africa Service Medal Gold Service Medal Silver Service Medal Bronze Service Medal From 1994 Nkwe ya Gauta Nkwe ya Selefera iPhrothiya yeGolide Nkwe ya Boronse iPhrothiya yeSiliva iPhrothiya yeBhronzi Tshumelo Ikatelaho Unitas Medal Closure Commemoration Medal Medalje vir Troue Diens	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostNominals-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADF_1975-2003-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"AwardThe Jack Hindon Medal, post-nominal letters JHM, is a South African military decoration which was instituted in the Republic of South Africa in 1970 and which was only in use until 1975. It was awarded to other ranks for diligent service in the Commandos, the rural defence component of the South African Defence Force.[1][2][3]","title":"Jack Hindon Medal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADF_1975-2003-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADF_1952-1975-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_25213-5"}],"text":"The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).[2][4][5]","title":"The South African military"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADF_1952-1975-4"}],"text":"The Jack Hindon Medal, post-nominal letters JHM, was instituted by the State President in 1970.[4]","title":"Institution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostNominals-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADF_1975-2003-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_15093-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander1986-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack_Hindon-8"}],"text":"The medal could be awarded to other ranks of the Commandos, the rural defence component of the South African Defence Force, for exceptionally diligent and outstanding service. The medal was named after Jack Hindon, a Scottish-born Afrikaner hero of the Second Boer War. The use of post-nominal letters was allowed from 1993, eighteen years after the medal had been discontinued.[1][2][6][7][8]","title":"Award criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azanian People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Umkhonto we Sizwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_15093-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Danie_Theron_Medal.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Jack_Hindon_Medal.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Military_Merit_Medal_(South_Africa).png"},{"link_name":"Danie Theron Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danie_Theron_Medal"},{"link_name":"Military Merit Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_15093-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-9"},{"link_name":"Danie Theron Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danie_Theron_Medal"},{"link_name":"Military Merit Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_15093-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-9"}],"text":"The position of the Jack Hindon Medal in the official order of precedence was revised three times after 1975, to accommodate the inclusion or institution of new decorations and medals, first upon the integration into the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, again in April 1996, when decorations and medals were belatedly instituted for the two former non-statutory forces, the Azanian People's Liberation Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe, and finally upon the institution of a new set of awards on 27 April 2003. It remained unchanged on all three occasions.[6][9]Official SANDF order of precedencePreceded by the Danie Theron Medal (DTM).\nSucceeded by the Military Merit Medal (MMM).[6][9]Official national order of precedencePreceded by the Danie Theron Medal (DTM).\nSucceeded by the Military Merit Medal (MMM).[6][9]","title":"Order of wear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vierkleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Transvaal"},{"link_name":"Spioenkop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spion_Kop_(hill)"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADF_1952-1975-4"},{"link_name":"pre-1994 South African Coat of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_South_Africa_(1932-2000).svg"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekoratie_voor_Trouwe_Dienst"},{"link_name":"Medalje voor de Anglo-Boere Oorlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medalje_voor_de_Anglo-Boere_Oorlog"},{"link_name":"Lint voor Verwonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_voor_Verwonding"}],"text":"ObverseThe Jack Hindon Medal is an oval bronze medal, to fit in a circle 38 millimetres in diameter, and depicts three Burghers raising the Vierkleur flag on top of Spioenkop after the Boer victory over British forces in 1900, during the Second Boer War. It is inscribed \"JACK • HINDON\" at the top and \"MEDALJE • MEDAL\" at the bottom.[4]ReverseThe reverse shows the pre-1994 South African Coat of Arms.RibbonThe ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and yellow, with 4½ millimetres wide green bands on the edges and a 1 millimetre wide green band in the centre. The green and yellow colours have their origin in the ribbon colours of the three awards which were belatedly instituted in 1920, as retrospective awards for Boer veteran officers and men of the Second Boer War of 1899–1902, the Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst, the Medalje voor de Anglo-Boere Oorlog and the Lint voor Verwonding. For these three awards, these two colours had been gazetted as green and orange, but the orange appeared as yellow on the actual ribbons.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danie Theron Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danie_Theron_Medal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostNominals-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SADF_1952-1975-4"}],"text":"Conferment of the Jack Hindon Medal was discontinued in 1975 and the Danie Theron Medal (DTM), hitherto reserved for officers, became available for all ranks in the Commandos.[1][4]","title":"Discontinuation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fforde, J.P.I.; Monick, S. A guide to South African Orders, Decorations and Medals and their ribbons 1896–1985. p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 457, no. 25213, Pretoria, 25 July 2003\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930060154/http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/00893_presidentialwarrant.pdf","url_text":"\"Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 457, no. 25213, Pretoria, 25 July 2003\""},{"url":"http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/00893_presidentialwarrant.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, E.G.M., Barron, G.K.B. and Bateman, A.J. (1986). South African Orders, Decorations and Medals. Human and Rousseau.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.geocities.ws/militaf/sapnls.htm","external_links_name":"South African Medal Website - Post-nominal Letters"},{"Link":"http://www.geocities.ws/militaf/mil75.htm","external_links_name":"South African Medal Website - SA Defence Force : 1975-2003"},{"Link":"http://www.geocities.ws/militaf/mil52.htm","external_links_name":"South African Medal Website - SA Defence Force : 1952-1975"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180930060154/http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/00893_presidentialwarrant.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 457, no. 25213, Pretoria, 25 July 2003\""},{"Link":"http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/00893_presidentialwarrant.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol121da.html","external_links_name":"The South African Military History Society - Military History Journal, Vol 12 No 1, June 2001, \"Oliver 'Jack' Hindon, Boer Hero and Train Wrecker\" by Dudley Aitken"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72827981","external_links_name":"72827981"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_On_(David_Essex_song)	Rock On (David Essex song)	["1 David Essex version","1.1 Background and release","1.2 Arrangement and context","1.3 Charts","1.4 Certifications","2 Michael Damian version","2.1 Background and release","2.2 Reception","2.3 Chart history","2.4 Certifications","3 Def Leppard version","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Single by David Essex "Rock On"Single by David Essexfrom the album Rock On B-side"On and On"ReleasedAugust 1973Recorded1973Genre Glam rock rockabilly Length3:24LabelColumbiaSongwriter(s)David EssexProducer(s)Jeff WayneDavid Essex singles chronology "The Spark That Lights the Flame" (1971) "Rock On" (1973) "Lamplight" (1973) "Rock On" is a song written by English singer David Essex. Recorded in 1973 and released as a single by Essex, it became an international hit. In 1989, American actor and singer Michael Damian recorded a cover version that went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song has been recorded many times, including a 2006 version by the English hard rock group Def Leppard. David Essex version Background and release The song, written and recorded by David Essex, was released in August 1973 in the UK, and reached its highest position of number 3 in the UK Singles Chart in September that year. It spent 11 weeks in the UK charts. In March 1974, Essex's version reached number one in Canada on the RPM national Top Singles chart and was a top-ten hit (reaching number 5) on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop music chart. It was Essex's only Billboard top 40 song. "Rock On" was the title track of Essex's 1973 debut studio album, and was also featured on the soundtrack album of the 1973 film That'll Be the Day (as well as being played over the closing credits of the film's U.S. release) in which he had a starring role. The song is still frequently played on classic rock and oldies radio stations. Essex later re-recorded the song in 1988 with an updated lyric. This version, which was remixed by Shep Pettibone, appeared on Essex's 1989 album Touching the Ghost. A single release of the updated version reached number 93 on the UK Singles Chart. Arrangement and context The song features a slow-tempo vocal performance in C♯ minor, along with a minimalist, rhythm-driven instrumental accompaniment to Essex's vocal performance. The lyric pays homage to early rock-and-roll and its surrounding youth subculture, and notably to 1950s rebel James Dean. This song makes reference to "Blue Suede Shoes" by Carl Perkins, and "Summertime Blues" by Eddie Cochran. The distinctive stripped-back musical arrangement was devised by producer Jeff Wayne after hearing Essex's original vocal demo: "'Rock On' was demonstrated to me in the studio after finishing the jingle session. And the way David demoed it for me was he went into the studio, our engineer put on a microphone and David picked up a trashcan and started banging out this little rhythm, so there was no instruments. Because there was no instruments, the engineer put on this sort of repeat echo, and it gave an atmosphere to it, and that's what I then went away to work on. I went away and thought about the song and the attractiveness was the hollows, the absences and the mood in the lyrics as well. And so I had this idea that there would nothing on it that played a chord, so that's why there's no keyboards, there's no guitars, there's nothing that plays a chord." "When David wrote 'Rock On', it was the type of song that from my point of view as an arranger and producer gave me much more adventurous ideas, a concept of sound. A ballad is a ballad, whereas 'Rock On' allowed us to be a bit more off-the-wall. It was a gamble and a bit of a fight to get it through. But both David and I felt that 'Rock On' was a career-breaking record, whereas a ballad would give him a shorter-term success, it wouldn't distinguish him." According to Wayne, only three session musicians played on the final backing track, and the most prominently featured was veteran session musician Herbie Flowers, whose double-tracked bass guitar was treated with a prominent "slapback" delay effect, creating a complex polyrhythmic backbeat: "I can recall the three musicians on the backing track for 'Rock On' all looking around in a mostly empty Advision Studios, Studio 1, wanting to know when the rest of the band were arriving! I explained there weren't any others for that track, and I was relying on them to understand my idea for the production. While the drums and percussion parts were written out, it was definitely Herbie that grasped immediately that a bass guitar playing a lead riff could fill a large part of the spatial spectrum and he took my idea and turned some basic notes of mine, into his amazing bass riff. Then to top it off, he suggested playing it again an octave higher. So you get this unusual bass sound right up front – now it couldn't have been up front if the arrangement didn't allow the air and the space to be created that way." Flowers himself noted that, as a reward for devising the double-tracked bass line, he was paid double his normal session fee, and thus received £24 instead of the usual £12. He had earlier created a similar double-tracked bass line for Lou Reed's "Walk on the Wild Side", explaining in a BBC Radio 4 interview that it had also been done because he would be paid double. Charts Weekly Charts Chart (1973–1974) Peakposition Australian Singles (Kent Music Report) 8 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 1 Ireland (IRMA) 15 UK Singles (OCC) 3 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Cash Box Top 100 1 Year-end Charts Chart (1974) Peakposition Australian Singles (Kent Music Report) 42 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 35 UK Singles (OCC) 33 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Cash Box 8 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 250,000^ United States (RIAA) Gold 1,000,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Michael Damian version "Rock On"Single by Michael Damianfrom the album Where Do We Go from Here B-side"Where Is She?"ReleasedMarch 1989Genre Glam rock pop rock Length3:21LabelCypressSongwriter(s)David EssexProducer(s)Larry WeirMichael Damian singles chronology "She Did It" (1981) "Rock On" (1989) "Cover Of Love" (1989) Background and release "Rock On" was covered by soap opera star and singer Michael Damian in 1989, and featured in the teen film Dream a Little Dream, starring Corey Haim and Corey Feldman among others. Damian's version, which he also released from his independent album Where Do We Go from Here on the Cypress Records label, was a harder-edged interpretation that employed none of the vocal or instrumental distortion in the original 1973 David Essex version. Reception "Rock On" became Damian's first hit in eight years, since his 1981 cover of Eric Carmen's song "She Did It". His rendition became a gold record. It reached the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, thus outperforming Essex's original Billboard ranking. However, the song did get to number one for Essex in 1974 on the US Cashbox Top 100, in the same week it was at number 11 on the Billboard charts. In addition, Haim, Feldman, and Meredith Salenger all appeared in Damian's music video for the song. This version was ranked number 99 on VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s (despite the fact that Damian actually had four Billboard-charting singles during the 1980s). Chart history Weekly charts Chart (1989) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 52 Canada RPM Top Singles 1 Germany 45 New Zealand (Listener) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 1 US Cash Box Top 100 1 Year-end charts Chart (1989) Rank Canada Top Singles (RPM) 28 US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Cash Box 23 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) Gold 50,000^ United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Def Leppard version "Rock On"Single by Def Leppardfrom the album Yeah! ReleasedMay 2006Recorded2004LabelMercurySongwriter(s)David EssexProducer(s)Def LeppardDef Leppard singles chronology "No Matter What" (2005) "Rock On" (2006) "20th Century Boy" (2006) English hard rock band Def Leppard began playing the song on their 2005 tour in support of their compilation album Rock of Ages: The Definitive Collection along with a cover of Badfinger's "No Matter What" which appeared on the album. The band released a studio recording of the song as a digital single in May 2006 preceding the release of their album Yeah!, which features cover versions of 1970s rock hits. The single spent 18 weeks on the US Hard Rock chart, peaking at No. 18 in June 2006. The song has since become a staple in Def Leppard's setlists, often following a Rick Savage's bass solo. "We took that one to pieces and rewrote it…" observed Joe Elliott. "American radio still plays 'Rock On' every day, sandwiched between Lynyrd Skynyrd and Zeppelin." The radio remix version of the song also appeared on Def Leppard's 2018 compilation album The Story So Far – The Best Of. See also List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States References ^ Peacock, Tim (5 October 2020). "Automatic For The People: How R.E.M. Created A Soul-Searching Classic". uDiscover Music. Retrieved 5 March 2021. ^ a b Breihan, Tom (July 2, 2021). "The Number Ones: Michael Damian's 'Rock On'". Stereogum. Retrieved November 24, 2023. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 50 \| Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 8 October 2016. ^ "rock+on \| full Official Chart History \| Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 8 October 2016. ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 1 December 2011. ^ "That'll Be the Day (1973) Soundtracks". imdb.com. Retrieved 13 June 2020. ^ a b c Steve Hoffman Music Forums - Your Thoughts on David Essex's Rock On retrieved 8 November 2015. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 104. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 4995." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Rock On". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "David Essex Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "Cash Box Top 100 3/23/74". tropicalglen.com. ^ "National Top 100 Singles for 1974". Kent Music Report. 30 December 1974. Retrieved 15 January 2022 – via Imgur. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 3893a." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "Top Selling Singles for 1973". Sounds. London: Spotlight Publications. 5 January 1974. p. 4. ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". www.musicoutfitters.com. ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974". tropicalglen.com. ^ "British single certifications – David Essex – Rock On". British Phonographic Industry. ^ "American single certifications – David Essex – Rock On". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ Greenblatt, Leah (7 April 2009). "VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the '80s: Do You Agree?". EW.com. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 19 June 1989. Retrieved 10 August 2019. ^ ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X ^ "Cash Box Top 100 6/03/89". tropicalglen.com. ^ "Top Singles - Volume 51, No. 8, December 23, 1989". RPM. 23 December 1999. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1989/Top 100 Songs of 1989". www.musicoutfitters.com. ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1989". tropicalglen.com. ^ "Canadian single certifications – Michael Damian – Rock On". Music Canada. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "American single certifications – Michael Damian – Rock On". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ a b "14 YEARS AGO DEF LEPPARD RELEASE FIRST ITUNES SINGLE ROCK ON IN UK". ^ "Songs played by tour: Rock 'N Roll Double-Header Tour". Setlist.fm. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ "Chart History Def Leppard". Billboard. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ "Rock On by David Essex". Setlist.fm. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ Ling, Dave (July 2006). "The dirt: Joe Elliott". Classic Rock. No. 94. p. 38. ^ Peacock, Tim (12 October 2018). "Def Leppard To Release New Greatest Hits 'The Story So Far' And 10-Disc Vinyl Box 'Hysteria: The Singles'". External links Lyrics to this song at Genius vteDavid EssexStudio albums Rock On David Essex Compilation albums Greatest Hits Singles "Rock On" "Gonna Make You a Star" "Stardust" "Hold Me Close" "Oh What a Circus" "Silver Dream Machine" "A Winter's Tale" "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore" "True Love Ways" Related topics All the Fun of the Fair Eddie Moon vteDef Leppard Rick Savage Joe Elliott Rick Allen Phil Collen Vivian Campbell Pete Willis Steve Clark Studio albums On Through the Night High 'n' Dry Pyromania Hysteria Adrenalize Slang Euphoria X Yeah! Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Def Leppard Diamond Star Halos Live albums Mirror Ball – Live & More Viva! Hysteria And There Will Be a Next Time... Live from Detroit Compilations Retro Active Vault: Def Leppard Greatest Hits (1980–1995) Best of Def Leppard Rock of Ages: The Definitive Collection The Story So Far – The Best Of The Early Years 79–81 Drastic Symphonies EPs The Def Leppard E.P. The Lost Session Singles "Wasted" "Hello America" "Let It Go" "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" "Photograph" "Rock of Ages" "Foolin'" "Too Late for Love" "Animal" "Women" "Pour Some Sugar on Me" "Hysteria" "Armageddon It" "Love Bites" "Rocket" "Let's Get Rocked" "Make Love Like a Man" "Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad" "Stand Up (Kick Love into Motion)" "Heaven Is" "Tonight" "Two Steps Behind" "Desert Song" “Miss You in a Heartbeat” "Action" "When Love & Hate Collide" "Slang" "Work It Out" "All I Want Is Everything" "Breathe a Sigh" "Promises" "Paper Sun" "Goodbye" "Day After Day" "Now" "Four Letter Word" "Long, Long Way to Go" "No Matter What" "Rock On" "20th Century Boy" "Nine Lives" "C'mon C'mon" "Undefeated" "It's All About Believin" "Love and Affection" Other songs "High 'n' Dry (Saturday Night)" "Rock! Rock! (Till You Drop)" Videography Historia Live: In the Round, in Your Face Visualize Video Archive Best of the Videos Rock of Ages: The DVD Collection Mirror Ball – Live & More Viva! Hysteria And There Will Be a Next Time... Live from Detroit Concert tours Adrenalize World Tour Slang World Tour Viva! Hysteria Kiss 40th Anniversary World Tour World Tour 2015 Def Leppard & Journey 2018 Tour The Stadium Tour The World Tour Related Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Cybernauts Man Raze Down 'n' Outz Gogmagog Jeff Rich Frank Noon Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Essex"},{"link_name":"Michael Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Damian"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"Def Leppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Leppard"}],"text":"\"Rock On\" is a song written by English singer David Essex. Recorded in 1973 and released as a single by Essex, it became an international hit. In 1989, American actor and singer Michael Damian recorded a cover version that went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song has been recorded many times, including a 2006 version by the English hard rock group Def Leppard.","title":"Rock On (David Essex song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"David Essex version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Essex"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"top-ten hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1974"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Essex's 1973 debut studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_On_(David_Essex_album)"},{"link_name":"That'll Be the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27ll_Be_the_Day_(film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"classic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_rock"},{"link_name":"oldies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldies"},{"link_name":"Shep Pettibone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shep_Pettibone"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"}],"sub_title":"Background and release","text":"The song, written and recorded by David Essex, was released in August 1973 in the UK, and reached its highest position of number 3 in the UK Singles Chart in September that year.[3] It spent 11 weeks in the UK charts.[4] In March 1974, Essex's version reached number one in Canada on the RPM national Top Singles chart[5] and was a top-ten hit (reaching number 5) on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop music chart. It was Essex's only Billboard top 40 song. \"Rock On\" was the title track of Essex's 1973 debut studio album, and was also featured on the soundtrack album of the 1973 film That'll Be the Day (as well as being played over the closing credits of the film's U.S. release)[6] in which he had a starring role. The song is still frequently played on classic rock and oldies radio stations.Essex later re-recorded the song in 1988 with an updated lyric. This version, which was remixed by Shep Pettibone, appeared on Essex's 1989 album Touching the Ghost. A single release of the updated version reached number 93 on the UK Singles Chart.","title":"David Essex version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dean"},{"link_name":"Blue Suede Shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Suede_Shoes"},{"link_name":"Summertime Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summertime_Blues"},{"link_name":"Jeff Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stevehoffman1-7"},{"link_name":"Herbie Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Flowers"},{"link_name":"polyrhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm"},{"link_name":"Advision Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advision_Studios"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stevehoffman1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stevehoffman1-7"},{"link_name":"Lou Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed"},{"link_name":"Walk on the Wild Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_on_the_Wild_Side_(Lou_Reed_song)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"}],"sub_title":"Arrangement and context","text":"The song features a slow-tempo vocal performance in C♯ minor, along with a minimalist, rhythm-driven instrumental accompaniment to Essex's vocal performance. The lyric pays homage to early rock-and-roll and its surrounding youth subculture, and notably to 1950s rebel James Dean. This song makes reference to \"Blue Suede Shoes\" by Carl Perkins, and \"Summertime Blues\" by Eddie Cochran.The distinctive stripped-back musical arrangement was devised by producer Jeff Wayne after hearing Essex's original vocal demo:\"'Rock On' was demonstrated to me in the studio after finishing the jingle session. And the way David demoed it for me was he went into the studio, our engineer put on a microphone and David picked up a trashcan and started banging out this little rhythm, so there was no instruments. Because there was no instruments, the engineer put on this sort of repeat echo, and it gave an atmosphere to it, and that's what I then went away to work on. I went away and thought about the song and the attractiveness was the hollows, the absences and the mood in the lyrics as well. And so I had this idea that there would nothing on it that played a chord, so that's why there's no keyboards, there's no guitars, there's nothing that plays a chord.\"\"When David wrote 'Rock On', it was the type of song that from my point of view as an arranger and producer gave me much more adventurous ideas, a concept of sound. A ballad is a ballad, whereas 'Rock On' allowed us to be a bit more off-the-wall. It was a gamble and a bit of a fight to get it through. But both David and I felt that 'Rock On' was a career-breaking record, whereas a ballad would give him a shorter-term success, it wouldn't distinguish him.\"[7]According to Wayne, only three session musicians played on the final backing track, and the most prominently featured was veteran session musician Herbie Flowers, whose double-tracked bass guitar was treated with a prominent \"slapback\" delay effect, creating a complex polyrhythmic backbeat:\"I can recall the three musicians on the backing track for 'Rock On' all looking around in a mostly empty Advision Studios, Studio 1, wanting to know when the rest of the band were arriving! I explained there weren't any others for that track, and I was relying on them to understand my idea for the production. While the drums and percussion parts were written out, it was definitely Herbie that grasped immediately that a bass guitar playing a lead riff could fill a large part of the spatial spectrum and he took my idea and turned some basic notes of mine, into his amazing bass riff. Then to top it off, he suggested playing it again an octave higher. So you get this unusual bass sound right up front – now it couldn't have been up front if the arrangement didn't allow the air and the space to be created that way.\"[7]Flowers himself noted that, as a reward for devising the double-tracked bass line, he was paid double his normal session fee, and thus received £24 instead of the usual £12.[7] He had earlier created a similar double-tracked bass line for Lou Reed's \"Walk on the Wild Side\", explaining in a BBC Radio 4 interview that it had also been done because he would be paid double.","title":"David Essex version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-8"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAN1-9"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-10"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-11"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_David_Essex-12"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus74-14"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAN2-15"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Charts","text":"Weekly Charts\n\n\n\nChart (1973–1974)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Singles (Kent Music Report)[8]\n\n8\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[9]\n\n1\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[10]\n\n15\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[11]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[12]\n\n5\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[13]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end Charts\n\n\n\nChart (1974)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Singles (Kent Music Report)[14]\n\n42\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[15]\n\n35\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[16]\n\n33\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[17]\n\n17\n\n\nUS Cash Box [18]\n\n8","title":"David Essex version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Certifications","title":"David Essex version"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Michael Damian version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Michael Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Damian"},{"link_name":"teen film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_film"},{"link_name":"Dream a Little Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_a_Little_Dream_(film)"},{"link_name":"Corey Haim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Haim"},{"link_name":"Corey Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Cypress Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Records"},{"link_name":"David Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Essex"}],"sub_title":"Background and release","text":"\"Rock On\" was covered by soap opera star and singer Michael Damian in 1989, and featured in the teen film Dream a Little Dream, starring Corey Haim and Corey Feldman among others. Damian's version, which he also released from his independent album Where Do We Go from Here on the Cypress Records label, was a harder-edged interpretation that employed none of the vocal or instrumental distortion in the original 1973 David Essex version.","title":"Michael Damian version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Carmen"},{"link_name":"She Did It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Did_It#Michael_Damian_version"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Meredith Salenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Salenger"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"\"Rock On\" became Damian's first hit in eight years, since his 1981 cover of Eric Carmen's song \"She Did It\". His rendition became a gold record. It reached the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, thus outperforming Essex's original Billboard ranking. However, the song did get to number one for Essex in 1974 on the US Cashbox Top 100, in the same week it was at number 11 on the Billboard charts. In addition, Haim, Feldman, and Meredith Salenger all appeared in Damian's music video for the song. This version was ranked number 99 on VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s[21] (despite the fact that Damian actually had four Billboard-charting singles during the 1980s).","title":"Michael Damian version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Listener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Listener"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-24"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Chart history","text":"Weekly charts\n\n\nChart (1989)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)\n\n52\n\n\nCanada RPM Top Singles[22]\n\n1\n\n\nGermany\n\n45\n\n\nNew Zealand (Listener)[23]\n\n18\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[24]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[25]\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts\n\n\nChart (1989)\n\nRank\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[26]\n\n28\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[27]\n\n45\n\n\nUS Cash Box [28]\n\n23","title":"Michael Damian version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Certifications","title":"Michael Damian version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"Def Leppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Leppard"},{"link_name":"Rock of Ages: The Definitive Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Ages:_The_Definitive_Collection"},{"link_name":"Badfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badfinger"},{"link_name":"No Matter What","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Matter_What_(Badfinger_song)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Yeah!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeah!_(Def_Leppard_album)"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLRockOn-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLChart-33"},{"link_name":"Rick Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Savage"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Joe Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Story So Far – The Best Of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_So_Far_%E2%80%93_The_Best_Of"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"English hard rock band Def Leppard began playing the song on their 2005 tour in support of their compilation album Rock of Ages: The Definitive Collection along with a cover of Badfinger's \"No Matter What\" which appeared on the album.[32] The band released a studio recording of the song as a digital single in May 2006 preceding the release of their album Yeah!, which features cover versions of 1970s rock hits.[31] The single spent 18 weeks on the US Hard Rock chart, peaking at No. 18 in June 2006.[33] The song has since become a staple in Def Leppard's setlists, often following a Rick Savage's bass solo.[34] \"We took that one to pieces and rewrote it…\" observed Joe Elliott. \"American radio still plays 'Rock On' every day, sandwiched between Lynyrd Skynyrd and Zeppelin.\"[35] The radio remix version of the song also appeared on Def Leppard's 2018 compilation album The Story So Far – The Best Of.[36]","title":"Def Leppard version"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_one-hit_wonders_in_the_United_States#1970s"}]	[{"reference":"Peacock, Tim (5 October 2020). \"Automatic For The People: How R.E.M. Created A Soul-Searching Classic\". uDiscover Music. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.udiscovermusic.com/behind-the-albums/r-e-m-automatic-for-the-people/","url_text":"\"Automatic For The People: How R.E.M. Created A Soul-Searching Classic\""}]},{"reference":"Breihan, Tom (July 2, 2021). \"The Number Ones: Michael Damian's 'Rock On'\". Stereogum. Retrieved November 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2154109/the-number-ones-michael-damians-rock-on/columns/the-number-ones/","url_text":"\"The Number Ones: Michael Damian's 'Rock On'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 50 \| Official Charts Company\". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 8 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19730909/7501/","url_text":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 50 \| Official Charts Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"rock+on \| full Official Chart History \| Official Charts Company\". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 8 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/rock%20on/","url_text":"\"rock+on \| full Official Chart History \| Official Charts Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 1 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.4995&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=fjb8nko4hureu705gai0qlgpa1","url_text":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"That'll Be the Day (1973) Soundtracks\". imdb.com. Retrieved 13 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070788/soundtrack?ref_=tttrv_ql_7","url_text":"\"That'll Be the Day (1973) Soundtracks\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 104. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Top 100 3/23/74\". tropicalglen.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19740323.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Top 100 3/23/74\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Top 100 Singles for 1974\". Kent Music Report. 30 December 1974. Retrieved 15 January 2022 – via Imgur.","urls":[{"url":"https://imgur.com/a/dY7i5IF","url_text":"\"National Top 100 Singles for 1974\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Kent Music Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imgur","url_text":"Imgur"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Selling Singles for 1973\". Sounds. London: Spotlight Publications. 5 January 1974. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_(magazine)","url_text":"Sounds"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974\". www.musicoutfitters.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1974.htm","url_text":"\"Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974\". tropicalglen.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1974YESP.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974\""}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – David Essex – Rock On\". British Phonographic Industry.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/5582-2564-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – David Essex – Rock On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – David Essex – Rock On\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=David+Essex&ti=Rock+On&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – David Essex – Rock On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Greenblatt, Leah (7 April 2009). \"VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the '80s: Do You Agree?\". EW.com. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2009/04/07/vh1s-100-greate/","url_text":"\"VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the '80s: Do You Agree?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EW.com","url_text":"EW.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 19 June 1989. Retrieved 10 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6378&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6378.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6378","url_text":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Top 100 6/03/89\". tropicalglen.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/80s_files/19890603.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Top 100 6/03/89\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Singles - Volume 51, No. 8, December 23, 1989\". RPM. 23 December 1999. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170907032648/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6684&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062","url_text":"\"Top Singles - Volume 51, No. 8, December 23, 1989\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6684&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Hits of 1989/Top 100 Songs of 1989\". www.musicoutfitters.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1989.htm","url_text":"\"Top 100 Hits of 1989/Top 100 Songs of 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1989\". tropicalglen.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/80s_files/1989YESP.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian single certifications – Michael Damian – Rock On\". Music Canada. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Rock+On%20Michael+Damian","url_text":"\"Canadian single certifications – Michael Damian – Rock On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Michael Damian – Rock On\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Michael+Damian&ti=Rock+On&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Michael Damian – Rock On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"14 YEARS AGO DEF LEPPARD RELEASE FIRST ITUNES SINGLE ROCK ON IN UK\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deflepparduk.com/2020newsmay66.html","url_text":"\"14 YEARS AGO DEF LEPPARD RELEASE FIRST ITUNES SINGLE ROCK ON IN UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Songs played by tour: Rock 'N Roll Double-Header Tour\". Setlist.fm. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.setlist.fm/stats/def-leppard-7bd6eac4.html?tour=3d7f5b7","url_text":"\"Songs played by tour: Rock 'N Roll Double-Header Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chart History Def Leppard\". Billboard. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/def-leppard/chart-history/hrt/","url_text":"\"Chart History Def Leppard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rock On by David Essex\". Setlist.fm. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.setlist.fm/stats/songs/david-essex-1bd6495c.html?song=Rock+On","url_text":"\"Rock On by David Essex\""}]},{"reference":"Ling, Dave (July 2006). \"The dirt: Joe Elliott\". Classic Rock. No. 94. p. 38.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Rock_(magazine)","url_text":"Classic Rock"}]},{"reference":"Peacock, Tim (12 October 2018). \"Def Leppard To Release New Greatest Hits 'The Story So Far' And 10-Disc Vinyl Box 'Hysteria: The Singles'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/def-leppard-hits-story-so-far/","url_text":"\"Def Leppard To Release New Greatest Hits 'The Story So Far' And 10-Disc Vinyl Box 'Hysteria: The Singles'\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.udiscovermusic.com/behind-the-albums/r-e-m-automatic-for-the-people/","external_links_name":"\"Automatic For The People: How R.E.M. Created A Soul-Searching Classic\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/2154109/the-number-ones-michael-damians-rock-on/columns/the-number-ones/","external_links_name":"\"The Number Ones: Michael Damian's 'Rock On'\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19730909/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 50 \| Official Charts Company\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/rock%20on/","external_links_name":"\"rock+on \| full Official Chart History \| Official Charts Company\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.4995&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=fjb8nko4hureu705gai0qlgpa1","external_links_name":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070788/soundtrack?ref_=tttrv_ql_7","external_links_name":"\"That'll Be the Day (1973) Soundtracks\""},{"Link":"http://forums.stevehoffman.tv/threads/your-thoughts-on-david-essexs-rock-on.302470/page-2","external_links_name":"Steve Hoffman Music Forums - Your Thoughts on David Essex's Rock On"},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.4995&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.4995.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.4995","external_links_name":"Top RPM Singles: Issue 4995"},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Rock+On","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Rock On\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19730909/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/David-Essex/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"David Essex Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19740323.html","external_links_name":"\"Cash Box Top 100 3/23/74\""},{"Link":"https://imgur.com/a/dY7i5IF","external_links_name":"\"National Top 100 Singles for 1974\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.3893a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.3893a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.3893a","external_links_name":"Top RPM Singles: Issue 3893a"},{"Link":"https://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1974.htm","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974\""},{"Link":"https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/1974YESP.html","external_links_name":"\"Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/5582-2564-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – David Essex – Rock On\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=David+Essex&ti=Rock+On&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – David Essex – Rock On\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2009/04/07/vh1s-100-greate/","external_links_name":"\"VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the '80s: Do You Agree?\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6378&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6378.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6378","external_links_name":"\"Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada\""},{"Link":"https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/80s_files/19890603.html","external_links_name":"\"Cash Box Top 100 6/03/89\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170907032648/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6684&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062","external_links_name":"\"Top Singles - Volume 51, No. 8, December 23, 1989\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6684&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1989.htm","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Hits of 1989/Top 100 Songs of 1989\""},{"Link":"https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/80s_files/1989YESP.html","external_links_name":"\"Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1989\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Rock+On%20Michael+Damian","external_links_name":"\"Canadian single certifications – Michael Damian – Rock On\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Michael+Damian&ti=Rock+On&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Michael Damian – Rock On\""},{"Link":"http://www.deflepparduk.com/2020newsmay66.html","external_links_name":"\"14 YEARS AGO DEF LEPPARD RELEASE FIRST ITUNES SINGLE ROCK ON IN UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.setlist.fm/stats/def-leppard-7bd6eac4.html?tour=3d7f5b7","external_links_name":"\"Songs played by tour: Rock 'N Roll Double-Header Tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/def-leppard/chart-history/hrt/","external_links_name":"\"Chart History Def Leppard\""},{"Link":"https://www.setlist.fm/stats/songs/david-essex-1bd6495c.html?song=Rock+On","external_links_name":"\"Rock On by David Essex\""},{"Link":"https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/def-leppard-hits-story-so-far/","external_links_name":"\"Def Leppard To Release New Greatest Hits 'The Story So Far' And 10-Disc Vinyl Box 'Hysteria: The Singles'\""},{"Link":"https://genius.com/David-essex-rock-on-lyrics","external_links_name":"Lyrics to this song"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Sunday	The California Sunday Magazine	["1 History","2 Pop-Up Magazine","3 References","4 External links"]	The California Sunday MagazineEditor in ChiefDouglas McGrayFrequencyBi-monthlyFirst issue5 October 2014 (2014-10-05)Final issueApril 2020 (2020-04) (print)October 2020 (2020-10) (online)CompanyPop-Up Magazine ProductionsCountryUnited StatesBased inSan FranciscoLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.californiasunday.comOCLC919092479 The California Sunday Magazine was a longform Sunday magazine featuring stories about the Western United States, Latin America, and Asia. In June 2021 it won a Pulitzer Prize, eight months after the magazine ceased publication. The prize was awarded in feature writing for a story on refugees and potential immigrants crossing the Darién Gap by freelance writer Nadja Drost. History The California Sunday Magazine was founded in October 2014 by Douglas McGray and Chas Edwards. The first issue was delivered to 400,000 households as an insert with the Sunday editions of the Los Angeles Times, the New York Times, the Sacramento Bee, the San Francisco Chronicle, and the San Diego Union-Tribune. In 2016, the magazine won the National Magazine Award for overall excellence in print magazine photography. Other finalists included National Geographic, New York, Vanity Fair, and The Wall Street Journal. In 2018, California Sunday was acquired by Emerson Collective. California Sunday moved to publishing online-only in June 2020. Emerson Collective spun off Pop-Up Magazine Productions in August 2020. California Sunday suspended all publication in October 2020. Pop-Up Magazine Main article: Pop-Up Magazine California Sunday, Inc. also produces a live show called Pop-Up Magazine. McGray said: “We started a media company. We approached it like a story production company. Some of the things we’d make would be live experiences, live stories, and some of the things we’d make would be stories for you to read at home.” References ^ Hare, Kristen (12 June 2021). "California Sunday Magazine closed last year. It just won a Pulitzer". Poynter. Retrieved 15 June 2021. ^ Baisotti, Tony (21 October 2014). "The California Sunday Magazine sets out to win the West". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 2 May 2016. ^ Layne, Ken (29 January 2014). "California Is Finally Getting a Real Weekly Magazine". Gawker. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016. ^ Ellie awards 2016 winners announced ^ Swisher, Kara (2018-11-27). "Laurene Powell Jobs's Emerson Collective bought Pop-Up Magazine Productions". Recode. Retrieved 2018-11-28. ^ Robertson, Katie (2020-10-07). "California Sunday Suspends Publication After Emerson Collective Pulls Out". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-31. ^ "Pop-Up Magazine Is A Here-Today, Gone-Tomorrow Experiment In Storytelling". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 April 2016. External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"longform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-form_journalism"},{"link_name":"Sunday magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_magazine"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Darién Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap"},{"link_name":"Nadja Drost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadja_Drost"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poynter-1"}],"text":"The California Sunday Magazine was a longform Sunday magazine featuring stories about the Western United States, Latin America, and Asia. In June 2021 it won a Pulitzer Prize, eight months after the magazine ceased publication. The prize was awarded in feature writing for a story on refugees and potential immigrants crossing the Darién Gap by freelance writer Nadja Drost.[1]","title":"The California Sunday Magazine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Bee"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"San Diego Union-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BiasottiCalifornia-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LayneWeekly-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Emerson Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Collective"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The California Sunday Magazine was founded in October 2014 by Douglas McGray and Chas Edwards. The first issue was delivered to 400,000 households as an insert with the Sunday editions of the Los Angeles Times, the New York Times, the Sacramento Bee, the San Francisco Chronicle, and the San Diego Union-Tribune.[2][3]In 2016, the magazine won the National Magazine Award for overall excellence in print magazine photography.[4] Other finalists included National Geographic, New York, Vanity Fair, and The Wall Street Journal.In 2018, California Sunday was acquired by Emerson Collective.[5] California Sunday moved to publishing online-only in June 2020. Emerson Collective spun off Pop-Up Magazine Productions in August 2020. California Sunday suspended all publication in October 2020.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"California Sunday, Inc. also produces a live show called Pop-Up Magazine. McGray said: “We started a media company. We approached it like a story production company. Some of the things we’d make would be live experiences, live stories, and some of the things we’d make would be stories for you to read at home.”[7]","title":"Pop-Up Magazine"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hare, Kristen (12 June 2021). \"California Sunday Magazine closed last year. It just won a Pulitzer\". Poynter. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2021/california-sunday-magazine-closed-last-year-it-just-won-a-pulitzer/","url_text":"\"California Sunday Magazine closed last year. It just won a Pulitzer\""}]},{"reference":"Baisotti, Tony (21 October 2014). \"The California Sunday Magazine sets out to win the West\". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cjr.org/united_states_project/the_california_sunday_magazine_sets_out_to_win_the_west.php","url_text":"\"The California Sunday Magazine sets out to win the West\""}]},{"reference":"Layne, Ken (29 January 2014). \"California Is Finally Getting a Real Weekly Magazine\". Gawker. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160331211333/http://gawker.com/california-is-finally-getting-a-real-weekly-magazine-1511773340","url_text":"\"California Is Finally Getting a Real Weekly Magazine\""},{"url":"http://gawker.com/california-is-finally-getting-a-real-weekly-magazine-1511773340","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Swisher, Kara (2018-11-27). \"Laurene Powell Jobs's Emerson Collective bought Pop-Up Magazine Productions\". Recode. Retrieved 2018-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recode.net/2018/11/27/18114661/laurene-powell-jobs-emerson-collective-pop-up-magazine-productions","url_text":"\"Laurene Powell Jobs's Emerson Collective bought Pop-Up Magazine Productions\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Katie (2020-10-07). \"California Sunday Suspends Publication After Emerson Collective Pulls Out\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/07/business/media/california-sunday-suspends-publication.html","url_text":"\"California Sunday Suspends Publication After Emerson Collective Pulls Out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Pop-Up Magazine Is A Here-Today, Gone-Tomorrow Experiment In Storytelling\". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/pop-up-magazine_us_56f3008be4b0c3ef5217ca68","url_text":"\"Pop-Up Magazine Is A Here-Today, Gone-Tomorrow Experiment In Storytelling\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.californiasunday.com/","external_links_name":"www.californiasunday.com"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919092479","external_links_name":"919092479"},{"Link":"https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2021/california-sunday-magazine-closed-last-year-it-just-won-a-pulitzer/","external_links_name":"\"California Sunday Magazine closed last year. It just won a Pulitzer\""},{"Link":"https://www.cjr.org/united_states_project/the_california_sunday_magazine_sets_out_to_win_the_west.php","external_links_name":"\"The California Sunday Magazine sets out to win the West\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160331211333/http://gawker.com/california-is-finally-getting-a-real-weekly-magazine-1511773340","external_links_name":"\"California Is Finally Getting a Real Weekly Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://gawker.com/california-is-finally-getting-a-real-weekly-magazine-1511773340","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.magazine.org/asme/ellie-awards-2016-winners-announced","external_links_name":"Ellie awards 2016 winners announced"},{"Link":"https://www.recode.net/2018/11/27/18114661/laurene-powell-jobs-emerson-collective-pop-up-magazine-productions","external_links_name":"\"Laurene Powell Jobs's Emerson Collective bought Pop-Up Magazine Productions\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/07/business/media/california-sunday-suspends-publication.html","external_links_name":"\"California Sunday Suspends Publication After Emerson Collective Pulls Out\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/pop-up-magazine_us_56f3008be4b0c3ef5217ca68","external_links_name":"\"Pop-Up Magazine Is A Here-Today, Gone-Tomorrow Experiment In Storytelling\""},{"Link":"http://californiasunday.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Coleman_White	Elizabeth Coleman White	["1 Biography","2 Blueberry Cultivation","3 Child labor controversy","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Elizabeth Coleman WhiteBornOctober 5, 1871New Lisbon, New JerseyDiedNovember 11, 1954(1954-11-11) (aged 83)Whitesbog, New JerseyParent(s)Mary FenwickJoseph Josiah WhiteRelativesBarclay White, grandfather Elizabeth Coleman White (October 5, 1871 – November 11, 1954) was a New Jersey agricultural specialist who collaborated with Frederick Vernon Coville to develop and commercialize a cultivated blueberry. Biography White was born on October 5, 1871, in New Lisbon, New Jersey. She was the oldest of four daughters of Quaker parents, Mary A. Fenwick and Joseph Josiah White. Elizabeth graduated from the Friends' Central School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1887. After 1887 she worked in the bogs helping to supervise cranberry pickers at her father's farm. During the winters, White continued her education with courses in first aid, photography, dressmaking, and millinery at Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry (now Drexel University). White belonged to several organizations, including being the first woman to become member of the American Cranberry Association and the first woman to receive a citation from the New Jersey Department of Agriculture. In 1927 she helped organize the New Jersey Blueberry Cooperative Association. White died of cancer in Whitesbog, New Jersey, on November 27, 1954, at the age of 83. She was cremated at Ewing Crematory in Ewing Township, New Jersey. Her ashes were distributed by airplane over the headwaters of Whitesbog in accordance to her will. Blueberry Cultivation White became interested in cultivating and harvesting the wild blueberries that grew around her family's cranberry farm. She wanted to grow them in the land between the cranberry bogs in the summer months of June and July to avoid any conflict with the fall harvest of the cranberries. White contacted United States Department of Agriculture botanist Frederick Coville after reading his publication, “Experiments in Blueberry Culture." Coville was persuaded to help White after she offered her family farm's unused land for Coville to experiment. White was in charge of the land and finding wild blueberry bushes to cultivate while Coville provided scientific plant knowledge. Multiple factors were considered in the process of selecting which wild blueberries to cultivate, including taste, color, shape, and how long it took to ripen. White recruited local woodsmen to aid her in finding bushes deemed fit, paying them one to three dollars for every bush they found with berries that measured least 5/8 inches. The bushes were then tagged, and later uprooted and grafted by Coville. Of the 120 wild bushes they collected, only two met White and Coville's standards; from these they grew thousands of hybrid bushes, which they selectively bred to produce modern cultivated blueberries. In 1916, White and Coville successfully cultivated the first blueberry crop, selling it under the name Tru-Blu-Berries. White also came up with the idea to package blueberries in cellophane after seeing it used as a candy wrapper. Child labor controversy In 1910, a controversy arose when an agent of the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) issued a report of child labor in the cranberry industry. As one third of the cranberry farms was harvested by J.J. White Inc., Elizabeth White wrote letters and spoke out against the report, defending her father's company and industry. The argument of NCLC investigators was that parents recruited their children under the age of 14 to work ten-hour shifts. White argued and reported that children played in the clean air and would gladly work at the request of parents. The controversy continued for four years until the NCLC printed a retraction in The Trenton Times and acknowledged White's efforts as peacemaker. White also conceded that children missed school between the months of September and October due to the harvest, and believed in an informal education for those who missed school due to this reason. White worked with the Women's Home Mission Council to provide babysitting services for younger children and informal educational and recreational programs for older ones. References ^ "Elizabeth Coleman White". Burlington County Times. March 6, 2005. ^ a b c "Distinguished Women of Past and Present: Elizabeth Coleman White". Distinguished Women. Retrieved 2008-03-20. ^ "How New Jersey Tamed The Wild Blueberry For Global Production". National Public Radio. August 4, 2015. ^ Parrott, Charles. "The Woman Who Cultivated a Billion-Dollar Industry". United States Department of Agriculture. ^ Knackmuhs, Ginny (2014-11-13). "The Blueberry: Born & Bred in New Jersey" (PDF). GardenStateLegacy.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2020-10-07. ^ S, Author; Levins, y (2018-07-04). "Elizabeth Coleman White: Blueberry Queen of the Jersey Pines". WednesdaysWomen. Retrieved 2020-10-07. {{cite web}}: \|first1= has generic name (help) ^ McPhee, John (1968). The Pine Barrens. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Of the first hundred and twenty bushes, she and Coville threw away a hundred and eighteen. From the remaining two, they eventually made thirty-five thousand cuttings. Of the resulting bushes, they threw away all but four, from which modern cultivated blueberries, in their numerous varieties, were developed. ^ New Jersey Historical Commission. "IT HAPPENED HERE NEW JERSEY: Elizabeth White and the Blueberry Business" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-12. ^ Minick, Jim (2016-06-29). "The Delicious Origins of the Domesticated Blueberry". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2020-10-08. ^ Knackmuhs, Ginny. "The Blueberry: Born & Bred in New Jersey" (PDF). gardenstatelegacy.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2015. Further reading White, Elizabeth (July 6, 1937). "Taming Blueberries" (PDF). Garden Club of New Jersey: Radio Garden Club. Mutual Broadcasting. WOR. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2014. Radio Garden Club, Volume 6, Digest No. 50, New Brunswick, N.J. Retrieved November 12, 2014. White, Joseph J. (2009) . Cranberry Culture. New York: Orange Judd & Co. (Digitized by the University of California Library) External links Whitesbog Preservation Trust	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Vernon Coville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Vernon_Coville"},{"link_name":"blueberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Elizabeth Coleman White (October 5, 1871 – November 11, 1954) was a New Jersey agricultural specialist who collaborated with Frederick Vernon Coville to develop and commercialize a cultivated blueberry.[1][2][3]","title":"Elizabeth Coleman White"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Lisbon, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lisbon,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Joseph Josiah White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Josiah_White&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Friends' Central School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends%27_Central_School"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"first aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"dressmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressmaking"},{"link_name":"millinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millinery"},{"link_name":"Drexel University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_University"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Blueberry Cooperative Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Blueberry_Cooperative_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Whitesbog, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesbog,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"cremated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation"},{"link_name":"Ewing Township, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"},{"link_name":"headwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwater"}],"text":"White was born on October 5, 1871, in New Lisbon, New Jersey. She was the oldest of four daughters of Quaker parents, Mary A. Fenwick and Joseph Josiah White. Elizabeth graduated from the Friends' Central School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1887.[2]After 1887 she worked in the bogs helping to supervise cranberry pickers at her father's farm. During the winters, White continued her education with courses in first aid, photography, dressmaking, and millinery at Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry (now Drexel University). White belonged to several organizations, including being the first woman to become member of the American Cranberry Association and the first woman to receive a citation from the New Jersey Department of Agriculture.[4]In 1927 she helped organize the New Jersey Blueberry Cooperative Association.[2]White died of cancer in Whitesbog, New Jersey, on November 27, 1954, at the age of 83. She was cremated at Ewing Crematory in Ewing Township, New Jersey. Her ashes were distributed by airplane over the headwaters of Whitesbog in accordance to her will.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Frederick Coville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Vernon_Coville"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcphee-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"cellophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellophane"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"White became interested in cultivating and harvesting the wild blueberries that grew around her family's cranberry farm. She wanted to grow them in the land between the cranberry bogs in the summer months of June and July to avoid any conflict with the fall harvest of the cranberries.[5] White contacted United States Department of Agriculture botanist Frederick Coville after reading his publication, “Experiments in Blueberry Culture.\" Coville was persuaded to help White after she offered her family farm's unused land for Coville to experiment. White was in charge of the land and finding wild blueberry bushes to cultivate while Coville provided scientific plant knowledge.Multiple factors were considered in the process of selecting which wild blueberries to cultivate, including taste, color, shape, and how long it took to ripen. White recruited local woodsmen to aid her in finding bushes deemed fit, paying them one to three dollars for every bush they found with berries that measured least 5/8 inches.[6] The bushes were then tagged, and later uprooted and grafted by Coville. Of the 120 wild bushes they collected, only two met White and Coville's standards; from these they grew thousands of hybrid bushes, which they selectively bred to produce modern cultivated blueberries.[7] In 1916, White and Coville successfully cultivated the first blueberry crop, selling it under the name Tru-Blu-Berries.[8] White also came up with the idea to package blueberries in cellophane after seeing it used as a candy wrapper.[9]","title":"Blueberry Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Child Labor Committee (NCLC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Labor_Committee"},{"link_name":"Women's Home Mission Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Women_United"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 1910, a controversy arose when an agent of the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) issued a report of child labor in the cranberry industry. As one third of the cranberry farms was harvested by J.J. White Inc., Elizabeth White wrote letters and spoke out against the report, defending her father's company and industry. The argument of NCLC investigators was that parents recruited their children under the age of 14 to work ten-hour shifts. White argued and reported that children played in the clean air and would gladly work at the request of parents. The controversy continued for four years until the NCLC printed a retraction in The Trenton Times and acknowledged White's efforts as peacemaker. White also conceded that children missed school between the months of September and October due to the harvest, and believed in an informal education for those who missed school due to this reason. White worked with the Women's Home Mission Council to provide babysitting services for younger children and informal educational and recreational programs for older ones.[10]","title":"Child labor controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Taming Blueberries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141129133910/http://www.njdigitalhighway.org/enj/lessons/garden_state/pdf/radio_transcript.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.njdigitalhighway.org/enj/lessons/garden_state/pdf/radio_transcript.pdf"},{"link_name":"Cranberry Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=J4QKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1"}],"text":"White, Elizabeth (July 6, 1937). \"Taming Blueberries\" (PDF). Garden Club of New Jersey: Radio Garden Club. Mutual Broadcasting. WOR. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2014. Radio Garden Club, Volume 6, Digest No. 50, New Brunswick, N.J. Retrieved November 12, 2014.\nWhite, Joseph J. (2009) [1870]. Cranberry Culture. New York: Orange Judd & Co. (Digitized by the University of California Library)","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Coleman White\". Burlington County Times. March 6, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_County_Times","url_text":"Burlington County Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Distinguished Women of Past and Present: Elizabeth Coleman White\". Distinguished Women. Retrieved 2008-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/white-ec.html","url_text":"\"Distinguished Women of Past and Present: Elizabeth Coleman White\""}]},{"reference":"\"How New Jersey Tamed The Wild Blueberry For Global Production\". National Public Radio. August 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/08/04/428984045/how-new-jersey-tamed-the-wild-blueberry-for-global-production","url_text":"\"How New Jersey Tamed The Wild Blueberry For Global Production\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio","url_text":"National Public Radio"}]},{"reference":"Parrott, Charles. \"The Woman Who Cultivated a Billion-Dollar Industry\". United States Department of Agriculture.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.usda.gov/2012/03/15/the-woman-who-cultivated-a-billion-dollar-industry/#more-38895","url_text":"\"The Woman Who Cultivated a Billion-Dollar Industry\""}]},{"reference":"Knackmuhs, Ginny (2014-11-13). \"The Blueberry: Born & Bred in New Jersey\" (PDF). GardenStateLegacy.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2020-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141113102739/http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf","url_text":"\"The Blueberry: Born & Bred in New Jersey\""},{"url":"http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"S, Author; Levins, y (2018-07-04). \"Elizabeth Coleman White: Blueberry Queen of the Jersey Pines\". WednesdaysWomen. Retrieved 2020-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://wednesdayswomen.com/elizabeth-coleman-white-blueberry-queen-of-the-jersey-pines/","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Coleman White: Blueberry Queen of the Jersey Pines\""}]},{"reference":"McPhee, John (1968). The Pine Barrens. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Of the first hundred and twenty bushes, she and Coville threw away a hundred and eighteen. From the remaining two, they eventually made thirty-five thousand cuttings. Of the resulting bushes, they threw away all but four, from which modern cultivated blueberries, in their numerous varieties, were developed.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McPhee","url_text":"McPhee, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pine_Barrens_(book)","url_text":"The Pine Barrens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux","url_text":"Farrar, Straus and Giroux"}]},{"reference":"New Jersey Historical Commission. \"IT HAPPENED HERE NEW JERSEY: Elizabeth White and the Blueberry Business\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Historical_Commission","url_text":"New Jersey Historical Commission"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201012063816/https://www.nj.gov/state/historical/it-happened-here/ihhnj-er-blueberries.pdf","url_text":"\"IT HAPPENED HERE NEW JERSEY: Elizabeth White and the Blueberry Business\""},{"url":"https://www.nj.gov/state/historical/it-happened-here/ihhnj-er-blueberries.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Minick, Jim (2016-06-29). \"The Delicious Origins of the Domesticated Blueberry\". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2020-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://daily.jstor.org/delicious-origins-of-domesticated-blueberry/","url_text":"\"The Delicious Origins of the Domesticated Blueberry\""}]},{"reference":"Knackmuhs, Ginny. \"The Blueberry: Born & Bred in New Jersey\" (PDF). gardenstatelegacy.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141113102739/http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf","url_text":"\"The Blueberry: Born & Bred in New Jersey\""},{"url":"http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"White, Elizabeth (July 6, 1937). \"Taming Blueberries\" (PDF). Garden Club of New Jersey: Radio Garden Club. Mutual Broadcasting. WOR. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2014. Radio Garden Club, Volume 6, Digest No. 50, New Brunswick, N.J. Retrieved November 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129133910/http://www.njdigitalhighway.org/enj/lessons/garden_state/pdf/radio_transcript.pdf","url_text":"\"Taming Blueberries\""},{"url":"http://www.njdigitalhighway.org/enj/lessons/garden_state/pdf/radio_transcript.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"White, Joseph J. (2009) [1870]. Cranberry Culture. New York: Orange Judd & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J4QKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"Cranberry Culture"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/white-ec.html","external_links_name":"\"Distinguished Women of Past and Present: Elizabeth Coleman White\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/08/04/428984045/how-new-jersey-tamed-the-wild-blueberry-for-global-production","external_links_name":"\"How New Jersey Tamed The Wild Blueberry For Global Production\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.usda.gov/2012/03/15/the-woman-who-cultivated-a-billion-dollar-industry/#more-38895","external_links_name":"\"The Woman Who Cultivated a Billion-Dollar Industry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141113102739/http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Blueberry: Born & Bred in New Jersey\""},{"Link":"http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://wednesdayswomen.com/elizabeth-coleman-white-blueberry-queen-of-the-jersey-pines/","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Coleman White: Blueberry Queen of the Jersey Pines\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201012063816/https://www.nj.gov/state/historical/it-happened-here/ihhnj-er-blueberries.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IT HAPPENED HERE NEW JERSEY: Elizabeth White and the Blueberry Business\""},{"Link":"https://www.nj.gov/state/historical/it-happened-here/ihhnj-er-blueberries.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://daily.jstor.org/delicious-origins-of-domesticated-blueberry/","external_links_name":"\"The Delicious Origins of the Domesticated Blueberry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141113102739/http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Blueberry: Born & Bred in New Jersey\""},{"Link":"http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141129133910/http://www.njdigitalhighway.org/enj/lessons/garden_state/pdf/radio_transcript.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Taming Blueberries\""},{"Link":"http://www.njdigitalhighway.org/enj/lessons/garden_state/pdf/radio_transcript.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J4QKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Cranberry Culture"},{"Link":"http://www.whitesbog.org/","external_links_name":"Whitesbog Preservation Trust"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaga_Dimitrova	Blaga Dimitrova	["1 Early life and education","2 Intellectual career","3 Vice President","4 Poetry","5 Works","5.1 Anthologies","6 References","7 External links"]	Bulgarian poet and politician (1922–2003) Blaga DimitrovaБлага Димитрова2nd Vice President of BulgariaIn office22 January 1992 – 6 July 1993PresidentZhelyu ZhelevPrime MinisterPhilip DimitrovLyuben BerovPreceded byAtanas SemerdzhievSucceeded byTodor Kavaldzhiev Personal detailsBorn(1922-01-02)2 January 1922Byala Slatina, BulgariaDied2 May 2003(2003-05-02) (aged 81)Sofia, BulgariaResting placeCentral Sofia CemeteryPolitical partyUnion of Democratic ForcesSpouseYordan VassilevChildren1 (adopted)Alma materSofia UniversityOccupationPoetPolitician Blaga Nikolova Dimitrova (Bulgarian: Блага Димитрова; 2 January 1922 – 2 May 2003) was a Bulgarian poet and the 2nd Vice President of Bulgaria from 1992 until 1993. Early life and education Dimitrova was born on 2 January 1922 in Byala Slatina, Bulgaria. She graduated high school in Sofia in 1941. During the same year in autumn, she enrolled in the Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, where she studied Slavic philology until graduation in 1945. She continued her studies at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow, as she defended a dissertation on "Mayakovsky and Bulgarian poetry" in 1951. On her return to Bulgaria, she joined the editorial staff of the monthly magazine of the Bulgarian Writers' Association. In 1962 she joined the editorial staff of the association's publishing house, where she tried to publish the works of young authors who had fallen out of favour with the censors. Intellectual career In 1963, after the tirade against the country's intellectuals by the Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, the publishing house suspended publications and Blaga left her job in protest and moved to another publishing firm. In 1965 she published her first book, Journey to Oneself. During the Vietnam War she visited that country several times, adopted a young Vietnamese orphan and then published several works resulting from her observations. For many years she worked as an editor in various newspapers, magazines, and publishing houses. Dimitrova was engaged in translation and social work, and compiled anthologies. In February 1989 Blaga Dimitrova was one of 102 Bulgarian intellectuals to sign an appeal in defence of Václav Havel. On 5 May 1989, her husband was arrested because he was the chief editor of the journal Democracy, an organ of the Association of Democratic Forces. Together with a group of intellectuals, she was invited on 20 January 1989 to the so-called breakfast with French President François Mitterrand. This is an opportune moment for the SDS to announce it as its symbol. Believing that with her participation, changes for a better life could occur in our country, Dimitrova actively participated in the organized rallies, not admitting for a moment that the behind-the-scenes games and intrigues were organized by the leaders of the democratic changes. Vice President In the presidential elections held on 19 January 1992, Dimitrova was elected vice-president and Zhelyu Zhelev was elected president of the Republic of Bulgaria. She worked in this position for no more than a year and a half. Disappointed and oppressed by the way the presidency and the government work, on 6 July 1993 she left the vice-presidential post with an open letter. In an interview with a capital newspaper, she said: "The post of vice president gave me the opportunity to face people's characters, to understand what power is. You cannot imagine how a person changes in a certain environment. Even at home, I noticed such a change with horror." Dimitrova kept a long silence on political topics after her message. Poetry Dimitrova published her first poems in the magazine Bulgarian Speech as a student in 1938, at only 16 years old. As the only child of parents: a lawyer and a teacher from Veliko Tarnovo moved to the capital so that their child could develop the intellectual capabilities that her father and mother believed in. Later, as a high school student at the First Girls' High School in the capital, under the skilled and caring guidance of her Bulgarian language and literature teacher Manya Miletich, Blaga Dimitrova began to publish in various newspapers and magazines. She would publish her first book, called ''Journey to Oneself'' in 1961. After the suicide in Prague of Jan Palach and the invasion of Czechoslovakia, she wrote her poem Jan Palach, which she managed to smuggle to the dissidents in Prague. The Seventies marked the peak of her poetic production, with the publication of a number of books that re-awakened the Bulgarians' conscience. Along with her husband, the literary critic Jordan Vasiliev, in 1975 she published Bagrian's youth and Black days and white days, a sort of biography of the great Bulgarian poet Elisaveta Bagryana. Since the text mentions authors banned by the propaganda, the books were confiscated and the authors accused of “falsifying history”. In 1981, after four years' attempts, she successfully published Face, a metaphor of the totalitarian regime and the void it provokes in people, in which she wrote: “You don't know the secret for making a career for yourself? (…) you can only get on if you have a stain on your conscience! If you have a stain, then you are a man to be counted on. Of course, you will obey! (…) a stain is like a lift button. Someone presses it and up you go. But if you don't behave, they press it again and down you go. It's simply a question of knowing how to make the best use of your own stain!” Despite the cuts made by the censors, the book was confiscated anyway, slammed by the critics, who accused the author of being on the payroll of a foreign power. The few remaining copies were transcribed on the typewriter and distributed underground throughout the country. During the first free demonstration in Sofia, in November 1989, alongside the banners the crowd raised two books in the air: Fascism by Zelu Zelev and Face. In her book From here and beyond. Silhouettes of Friends (1992) wrote a detailed and respectful memory of his beloved teacher. She was noticed by the literary critic Vladimir Vasilev, who strongly invited the future poet to send poems to the Zlatorog magazine as well. She worked in the magazine "Septemvri" as an editor for eight years, after which she went to the Rhodopes for two years. She started working in "Narodna Kultura" as an editor and translator. Some of her most famous works are her first novel Journey to Self (1965), her novel Deviation (1967), which was filmed with the participation of actors Nevena Kokanova and Ivan Andonov, the travelogue novel The Last Judgment (1969), written after the little girl Ha Thu Hoang was taken from Haiphong Vietnam. The same year together with Alexander Milev translated from the ancient Greek "Iliad". Followed by the novel "Lavina" (1971) was filmed, the biographical book "The youth of Bagryana and her companions" (1975 co-authored with Yordan Vasilev), "Black and white days. Elisaveta Bagryana - observations and conversations" (1975 co-authored with Yordan Vasilev). Along with the prose books, she had her most famous collections of poems: Until Tomorrow (1959), The World in a Hand (1962), Back in Time (1965), Doomed to Love (1967), Gong (1976), Night Diary (1976), Spaces" (1980), "Voice" (1985) and others. Translated "The Ring of Eternity" (1984) by the three poets: Ana Akhmatova, Gabriela Mistral and Edith Södergran, about whom the poet Fedya Filkova says: "The three women married with the "ring of eternity", as well as the collection of poems "Contemplating the World" (1998) on Polish Nobel Prize-winning poet Wisława Szymborska. Blaga Dimitrova is the author of the script for the film "Deviation". Her play "An Unexpected Meeting" as well as "Dr. Faustina" were performed for years at Theater "199" and in provincial theater salons, and her works have been translated into 23 countries. Blaga Dimitrova left over 80 books, screenplays, essays, interviews, a rich treasury of representative of generations of female authors in Bulgarian literature. Undoubtedly, over the years, some of her work has been met with hostility by ideological censorship. Her novel "Lice" (1981) was confiscated from bookstores and sent to prison in Sliven, along with the book "Fascism" by Zh. Zhelev and "Hot Peppers" by Radoj Ralin. She also wrote an essay in 1989 called The Name during the Big Excursion, showing her disillusionment of the Assimilation process and supporting the return of Muslim names. Works Because the sea is black: poems of Blaga Dimitrova. Translated by Niko Boris; Heather McHugh. Wesleyan University Press. 1989. Because the sea is black. Translated by Ludmilla G. Popova-Wightman; Elizabeth A. Socolow. Ivy Press Princeton. June 2003. ISBN 1-930214-06-5. The last rock eagle: selected poems of Blaga Dimitrova. Translated by Brenda Walker; Vladimir Levchev; Belin Tonchev. Forest Books. 1992. ISBN 978-1-85610-009-0. Forbidden sea: a poem. Ivy Press. 2000. ISBN 978-1-930214-01-9. "Cassandra with a Tail" poem Anthologies Vasa D. Mihailovich, ed. (1977). "The Old Man and the World". White stones and fir trees: an anthology of contemporary Slavic literature. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-1194-4. Walter M. Cummins, ed. (1993). "Almost a Prophecy; Night-light -- A Night-bird's Eye; The Great Wall; Amnesia in Reverse; Bee Lesson; The Shadow of the Trees; Overstepping One's Rights; Frost". Shifting borders: East European poetries of the eighties. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3497-4. References ^ Official results from the 1992 Bulgarian Presidential Election ^ ""Името" – есе на поетесата Блага Димитрова". www.grandmufti.bg. Retrieved 2024-01-13. External links Alida Brill, ed. (1995). A rising public voice: women in politics worldwide. Feminist Press. ISBN 978-1-55861-111-5. Katharine A. Dean (2004). The undergraduate's companion to women poets of the world and their web sites. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 978-1-59158-044-7. Michael Basse : Das Risiko ist die Abweichung. Gedichte von Blaga Dimitrova , Neue Sirene , Munich 2/1994 Political offices Preceded byAtanas Semerdzhiev Vice President of Bulgaria 22 January 1992 – 6 July 1993 Succeeded byTodor Kavaldzhiev vteVice presidents of the Republic of Bulgaria Semerdzhiev Dimitrova Kavaldzhiev Marin Popova Iotova vteHerder Prize laureates1964–1970 1964: Oto Bihalji-Merin Jan Kott Stanisław Lorentz Lucijan Marija Škerjanc 1965: Tudor Arghezi Manolis Hatzidakis Emanuel Hruška Zoltán Kodály László Németh Hugo Rokyta Hristo Vakarelski 1966: Ján Cikker Dezső Dercsényi Zlatko Gorjan Aleksander Kobzdej Anton Kriesis Niko Kuret Dimiter Statkov 1967: Iván Fenyő Vladimír Kompánek Witold Lutosławski Spyridon Marinatos Alexandru A. Philippide Mihai Pop Svetozar Radojčić 1968: Constantin Daicoviciu Roman Ingarden Miroslav Krleža Ludvík Kunz Anastasios Orlandos Lajos Vayer Pancho Vladigerov 1969: Jolán Balogh Albín Brunovský Bohuslav Fuchs Mihail Jora Marijan Matković Ksawery Piwocki France Stele 1970: Jan Białostocki Jan Filip Zoltán Franyó Milovan Gavazzi Gyula Illyés Yiannis Papaioannou Zeko Torbov 1971–1980 1971: Jiří Kolář Blaže Koneski Georgios Megas Kazimierz Michałowski Mihail Sokolovski Zaharia Stancu Bence Szabolcsi 1972: Dragotin Cvetko Atanas Dalchev Branko Maksimović Gyula Ortutay Jaroslav Pešina Henryk Stażewski Virgil Vătășianu 1973: Veselin Beshevliev Stylianos Harkianakis János Harmatta Zbigniew Herbert Eugen Jebeleanu Petar Lubarda Jan Racek 1974: Władysław Czerny Ivan Duichev Ivo Frangeš László Gerő Stylianos Pelekanidis Ján Podolák Zeno Vancea 1975: Józef Burszta Hristo M. Danov Stanislav Libenský Maria Ana Musicescu Gábor Preisich Pandelis Prevelakis Stanojlo Rajičić 1976: Jagoda Buić Marin Goleminov Ioannis Kakridis Dezső Keresztury Nichita Stănescu Rudolf Turek Kazimierz Wejchert 1977: Nikolaos Andriotis Riko Debenjak Emmanuel Kriaras Albert Kutal Máté Major Krzysztof Penderecki Anastas Petrov Ion Vladutiu 1978: Eugen Barbu Đurđe Bošković Kazimierz Dejmek Stoyan Dzudzev Béla Gunda Jiří Hrůza Yiannis Spyropoulos 1979: Magdalena Abakanowicz Ferenc Farkas Zdenko Kolacio Atanas Natev András Sütő Pavel Trost Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos 1980: Gordana Babić-Đorđević Iván Balassa Kamil Lhoták Manousos Manousakas Vera Mutafchieva Alexandru Rosetti Wiktor Zin 1981–1990 1981: Emil Condurachi Sándor Csoóri Stefka Georgieva Dimitrios Loukatos Vjenceslav Richter Eugen Suchoň Elida Maria Szarota 1982: Athanasios Aravantinos Ana Blandiana Vojislav J. Đurić Sona Kovacevicová Aleksandar Nichev Jan Józef Szczepański Imre Varga 1983: Władysław Bartoszewski Géza Entz Jozef Jankovič Gunther Schuller Zdenko Škreb Stefana Stoykova C. A. Trypanis 1984: Emilijan Cevc Konstantinos Dimaras Karel Horálek György Konrád Constantin Lucaci Krasimir Manchev Krzysztof Meyer 1985: Branko Fučić Růžena Grebeníčková Adrian Marino Demetrios Pallas Károly Perczel Simeon Pironkov Andrzej Wajda 1986: Georgi Baev Tekla Dömötör Boris Gaberščik Konrad Górski Johannes Karayannopoulos Jiří Kotalík Anatol Vieru 1987: Roman Brandstaetter Doula Mouriki József Ujfalussy Vladimir Veličković Velizar Velkov Gheorghe Vrabie 1988: Roman Berger Christos Kapralos Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga György Györffy Donka Petkanova Mieczysław Porębski Edvard Ravnikar 1989: Maria Banuș Ákos Birkás Jerzy Buszkiewicz Václav Frolec Nikolai Genchev Petar Miljković-Pepek Nikos Gabriel Pentzikis 1990: Liviu Calin Bronisław Geremek Aris Konstantinidis Dejan Medaković Virginia Paskaleva Adriena Šimotová András Vizkelety 1991–2000 1991: Maja Bošković-Stulli Gerard Labuda Andor Pigler Yorgos Sicilianos Emil Skála Marin Sorescu Stoimen Stoilov 1992: Manolis Andronikos Jenő Barabás Blaga Dimitrova Stefan Kaszynski Jiří Kořalka Zmaga Kumer Jon Nicodim 1993: Vasilka Gerasimova-Tomova Petro Kononenko György Kurtág Jerzy Tchórzewski Răzvan Theodorescu Elena Várossová Māra Zālīte Dionysis Zivas Viktor Žmegač 1994: István Borzsák Dževad Juzbašić Ștefan Niculescu Andrzej Szczypiorski Jitka and Květa Válová Takis Varvitsiotis Zigmas Zinkevičius 1995: Sándor Kányádi Mirko Kovač Milcho Lalkov Michael G. Meraklis Mindaugas Navakas Wisława Szymborska Jaan Undusk 1996: Tamás Hofer Karel Hubáček Konstantin Iliev Marin Mincu Jože Pogačnik Pēteris Vasks Marian Zgórniak 1997: Tasos Athanasiadis Bogdan Bogdanović Oskár Elschek Ferenc Glatz Lech Kalinowski Jaan Kross Dunja Rihtman-Auguštin 1998: Imre Bak Andrei Corbea-Hoișie Eliška Fučíková Ismail Kadare Justinas Marcinkevičius Dorota Simonides Elena Toncheva 1999: Svetlana Alexievich Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova Mircea Dinescu István Fried Henryk Górecki Dževad Karahasan Ferdinand Milučký 2000: Ján Bakoš Ivan Čolović Nikola Georgiev Imre Kertész Milan Kundera Karolos Mitsakis Arvo Pärt 2001–2006 2001: Yurii Andrukhovych Janez Bernik János Böhönyey Maria Kłańska Marek Kopelent Andrej Mitrović Evanghelos Moutsopoulos 2002: George Demetrius Bambiniotis Māris Čaklais Péter Esterházy Radost Ivanova Nedjeljko Fabrio Aurel Stroe Lech Trzeciakowski 2003: Vasil Gyuzelev Drago Jančar Károly Manherz Stanisław Mossakowski Ales Rasanau Ludvík Václavek Ana Maria Zahariade 2004: Theodore Antoniou Michał Głowiński Dušan Kováč Fatos Lubonja Éva Pócs Kazimir Popkonstantinov Romualdas Požerskis 2005: Károly Klimó Hanna Krall Primož Kuret Jiří Kuthan Andrei Marga Eimuntas Nekrošius Krešimir Nemec 2006: Włodzimierz Borodziej Nicos Hadjinicolaou Gabriela Kiliánová Ene Mihkelson Vojteh Ravnikar Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Vice President of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Blaga Nikolova Dimitrova (Bulgarian: Блага Димитрова; 2 January 1922 – 2 May 2003) was a Bulgarian poet and the 2nd Vice President of Bulgaria[1] from 1992 until 1993.","title":"Blaga Dimitrova"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byala Slatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byala_Slatina"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"St. Kliment Ohridski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kliment_Ohridski_University_of_Sofia"},{"link_name":"Maxim Gorky Literature Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Gorky_Literature_Institute"}],"text":"Dimitrova was born on 2 January 1922 in Byala Slatina, Bulgaria. She graduated high school in Sofia in 1941. During the same year in autumn, she enrolled in the Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, where she studied Slavic philology until graduation in 1945. She continued her studies at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow, as she defended a dissertation on \"Mayakovsky and Bulgarian poetry\" in 1951. On her return to Bulgaria, she joined the editorial staff of the monthly magazine of the Bulgarian Writers' Association. In 1962 she joined the editorial staff of the association's publishing house, where she tried to publish the works of young authors who had fallen out of favour with the censors.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Todor Zhivkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Václav Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel"},{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"}],"text":"In 1963, after the tirade against the country's intellectuals by the Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, the publishing house suspended publications and Blaga left her job in protest and moved to another publishing firm. In 1965 she published her first book, Journey to Oneself. During the Vietnam War she visited that country several times, adopted a young Vietnamese orphan and then published several works resulting from her observations. For many years she worked as an editor in various newspapers, magazines, and publishing houses. Dimitrova was engaged in translation and social work, and compiled anthologies.In February 1989 Blaga Dimitrova was one of 102 Bulgarian intellectuals to sign an appeal in defence of Václav Havel.On 5 May 1989, her husband was arrested because he was the chief editor of the journal Democracy, an organ of the Association of Democratic Forces.Together with a group of intellectuals, she was invited on 20 January 1989 to the so-called breakfast with French President François Mitterrand. This is an opportune moment for the SDS to announce it as its symbol. Believing that with her participation, changes for a better life could occur in our country, Dimitrova actively participated in the organized rallies, not admitting for a moment that the behind-the-scenes games and intrigues were organized by the leaders of the democratic changes.","title":"Intellectual career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"presidential elections held on 19 January 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Bulgarian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Zhelyu Zhelev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev"}],"text":"In the presidential elections held on 19 January 1992, Dimitrova was elected vice-president and Zhelyu Zhelev was elected president of the Republic of Bulgaria. She worked in this position for no more than a year and a half. Disappointed and oppressed by the way the presidency and the government work, on 6 July 1993 she left the vice-presidential post with an open letter. In an interview with a capital newspaper, she said: \"The post of vice president gave me the opportunity to face people's characters, to understand what power is. You cannot imagine how a person changes in a certain environment. Even at home, I noticed such a change with horror.\" Dimitrova kept a long silence on political topics after her message.","title":"Vice President"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veliko Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo"},{"link_name":"Jan Palach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Palach"},{"link_name":"Elisaveta Bagryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisaveta_Bagryana"},{"link_name":"Wisława Szymborska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska"},{"link_name":"Big Excursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Excursion"},{"link_name":"Assimilation process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_Process"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dimitrova published her first poems in the magazine Bulgarian Speech as a student in 1938, at only 16 years old. As the only child of parents: a lawyer and a teacher from Veliko Tarnovo moved to the capital so that their child could develop the intellectual capabilities that her father and mother believed in. Later, as a high school student at the First Girls' High School in the capital, under the skilled and caring guidance of her Bulgarian language and literature teacher Manya Miletich, Blaga Dimitrova began to publish in various newspapers and magazines. She would publish her first book, called ''Journey to Oneself'' in 1961.After the suicide in Prague of Jan Palach and the invasion of Czechoslovakia, she wrote her poem Jan Palach, which she managed to smuggle to the dissidents in Prague. The Seventies marked the peak of her poetic production, with the publication of a number of books that re-awakened the Bulgarians' conscience. Along with her husband, the literary critic Jordan Vasiliev, in 1975 she published Bagrian's youth and Black days and white days, a sort of biography of the great Bulgarian poet Elisaveta Bagryana. Since the text mentions authors banned by the propaganda, the books were confiscated and the authors accused of “falsifying history”. In 1981, after four years' attempts, she successfully published Face, a metaphor of the totalitarian regime and the void it provokes in people, in which she wrote:“You don't know the secret for making a career for yourself? (…) you can only get on if you have a stain on your conscience! If you have a stain, then you are a man to be counted on. Of course, you will obey! (…) a stain is like a lift button. Someone presses it and up you go. But if you don't behave, they press it again and down you go. It's simply a question of knowing how to make the best use of your own stain!”Despite the cuts made by the censors, the book was confiscated anyway, slammed by the critics, who accused the author of being on the payroll of a foreign power. The few remaining copies were transcribed on the typewriter and distributed underground throughout the country.During the first free demonstration in Sofia, in November 1989, alongside the banners the crowd raised two books in the air: Fascism by Zelu Zelev and Face. In her book From here and beyond. Silhouettes of Friends (1992) wrote a detailed and respectful memory of his beloved teacher. She was noticed by the literary critic Vladimir Vasilev, who strongly invited the future poet to send poems to the Zlatorog magazine as well. \nShe worked in the magazine \"Septemvri\" as an editor for eight years, after which she went to the Rhodopes for two years. She started working in \"Narodna Kultura\" as an editor and translator. \nSome of her most famous works are her first novel Journey to Self (1965), her novel Deviation (1967), which was filmed with the participation of actors Nevena Kokanova and Ivan Andonov, the travelogue novel The Last Judgment (1969), written after the little girl Ha Thu Hoang was taken from Haiphong Vietnam. The same year together with Alexander Milev translated from the ancient Greek \"Iliad\". Followed by the novel \"Lavina\" (1971) was filmed, the biographical book \"The youth of Bagryana and her companions\" (1975 co-authored with Yordan Vasilev), \"Black and white days. Elisaveta Bagryana - observations and conversations\" (1975 co-authored with Yordan Vasilev).Along with the prose books, she had her most famous collections of poems:\nUntil Tomorrow (1959), The World in a Hand (1962), Back in Time (1965), Doomed to Love (1967), Gong (1976), Night Diary (1976), Spaces\" (1980), \"Voice\" (1985) and others. Translated \"The Ring of Eternity\" (1984) by the three poets: Ana Akhmatova, Gabriela Mistral and Edith Södergran, about whom the poet Fedya Filkova says: \"The three women married with the \"ring of eternity\", as well as the collection of poems \"Contemplating the World\" (1998) on Polish Nobel Prize-winning poet Wisława Szymborska.Blaga Dimitrova is the author of the script for the film \"Deviation\". Her play \"An Unexpected Meeting\" as well as \"Dr. Faustina\" were performed for years at Theater \"199\" and in provincial theater salons, and her works have been translated into 23 countries. Blaga Dimitrova left over 80 books, screenplays, essays, interviews, a rich treasury of representative of generations of female authors in Bulgarian literature. Undoubtedly, over the years, some of her work has been met with hostility by ideological censorship. Her novel \"Lice\" (1981) was confiscated from bookstores and sent to prison in Sliven, along with the book \"Fascism\" by Zh. Zhelev and \"Hot Peppers\" by Radoj Ralin. She also wrote an essay in 1989 called The Name during the Big Excursion, showing her disillusionment of the Assimilation process and supporting the return of Muslim names.[2]","title":"Poetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Because the sea is black: poems of Blaga Dimitrova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/becauseseaisblac0000dimi"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth A. Socolow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Socolow"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-930214-06-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930214-06-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85610-009-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85610-009-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-930214-01-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930214-01-9"}],"text":"Because the sea is black: poems of Blaga Dimitrova. Translated by Niko Boris; Heather McHugh. Wesleyan University Press. 1989.\nBecause the sea is black. Translated by Ludmilla G. Popova-Wightman; Elizabeth A. Socolow. Ivy Press Princeton. June 2003. ISBN 1-930214-06-5.\nThe last rock eagle: selected poems of Blaga Dimitrova. Translated by Brenda Walker; Vladimir Levchev; Belin Tonchev. Forest Books. 1992. ISBN 978-1-85610-009-0.\nForbidden sea: a poem. Ivy Press. 2000. ISBN 978-1-930214-01-9.\"Cassandra with a Tail\" poem","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Old Man and the World\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eqrCEKJF7YQC&q=Blaga+Dimitrova&pg=PA165"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8386-1194-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1194-4"},{"link_name":"\"Almost a Prophecy; Night-light -- A Night-bird's Eye; The Great Wall; Amnesia in Reverse; Bee Lesson; The Shadow of the Trees; Overstepping One's Rights; Frost\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=EVKUVb1QpmUC&q=Blaga+Dimitrova&pg=PA153"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8386-3497-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3497-4"}],"sub_title":"Anthologies","text":"Vasa D. Mihailovich, ed. (1977). \"The Old Man and the World\". White stones and fir trees: an anthology of contemporary Slavic literature. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-1194-4.\nWalter M. Cummins, ed. (1993). \"Almost a Prophecy; Night-light -- A Night-bird's Eye; The Great Wall; Amnesia in Reverse; Bee Lesson; The Shadow of the Trees; Overstepping One's Rights; Frost\". Shifting borders: East European poetries of the eighties. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3497-4.","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Because the sea is black: poems of Blaga Dimitrova. Translated by Niko Boris; Heather McHugh. Wesleyan University Press. 1989.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/becauseseaisblac0000dimi","url_text":"Because the sea is black: poems of Blaga Dimitrova"}]},{"reference":"Because the sea is black. Translated by Ludmilla G. Popova-Wightman; Elizabeth A. Socolow. Ivy Press Princeton. June 2003. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padovan_number	Padovan sequence	["1 Recurrence relations","2 Extension to negative parameters","3 Sums of terms","4 Other identities","5 Binet-like formula","6 Combinatorial interpretations","7 Generating function","8 Generalizations","9 Padovan L-system","10 Cuboid spiral","11 Pascal's triangle","12 References","13 External links"]	Sequence of integers In number theory, the Padovan sequence is the sequence of integers P(n) defined by the initial values P ( 0 ) = P ( 1 ) = P ( 2 ) = 1 , {\displaystyle P(0)=P(1)=P(2)=1,} and the recurrence relation P ( n ) = P ( n − 2 ) + P ( n − 3 ) . {\displaystyle P(n)=P(n-2)+P(n-3).} The first few values of P(n) are 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151, 200, 265, ... (sequence A000931 in the OEIS) A Padovan prime is a Padovan number that is prime. The first Padovan primes are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 37, 151, 3329, 23833, 13091204281, 3093215881333057, 1363005552434666078217421284621279933627102780881053358473, 1558877695141608507751098941899265975115403618621811951868598809164180630185566719, ... (sequence A100891 in the OEIS). Spiral of equilateral triangles with side lengths which follow the Padovan sequence. The Padovan sequence is named after Richard Padovan who attributed its discovery to Dutch architect Hans van der Laan in his 1994 essay Dom. Hans van der Laan : Modern Primitive. The sequence was described by Ian Stewart in his Scientific American column Mathematical Recreations in June 1996. He also writes about it in one of his books, "Math Hysteria: Fun Games With Mathematics". The above definition is the one given by Ian Stewart and by MathWorld. Other sources may start the sequence at a different place, in which case some of the identities in this article must be adjusted with appropriate offsets. Recurrence relations In the spiral, each triangle shares a side with two others giving a visual proof that the Padovan sequence also satisfies the recurrence relation P ( n ) = P ( n − 1 ) + P ( n − 5 ) {\displaystyle P(n)=P(n-1)+P(n-5)} Starting from this, the defining recurrence and other recurrences as they are discovered, one can create an infinite number of further recurrences by repeatedly replacing P ( m ) {\displaystyle P(m)} by P ( m − 2 ) + P ( m − 3 ) {\displaystyle P(m-2)+P(m-3)} The Perrin sequence satisfies the same recurrence relations as the Padovan sequence, although it has different initial values. The Perrin sequence can be obtained from the Padovan sequence by the following formula: P e r r i n ( n ) = P ( n + 1 ) + P ( n − 10 ) . {\displaystyle \mathrm {Perrin} (n)=P(n+1)+P(n-10).\,} Extension to negative parameters As with any sequence defined by a recurrence relation, Padovan numbers P(m) for m<0 can be defined by rewriting the recurrence relation as P ( m ) = P ( m + 3 ) − P ( m + 1 ) , {\displaystyle P(m)=P(m+3)-P(m+1),} Starting with m = −1 and working backwards, we extend P(m) to negative indices: P−20 P−19 P−18 P−17 P−16 P−15 P−14 P−13 P−12 P−11 P−10 P−9 P−8 P−7 P−6 P−5 P−4 P−3 P−2 P−1 P0 P1 P2 7 −7 4 0 −3 4 −3 1 1 −2 2 −1 0 1 −1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 Sums of terms The sum of the first n terms in the Padovan sequence is 2 less than P(n + 5), i.e. ∑ m = 0 n P ( m ) = P ( n + 5 ) − 2. {\displaystyle \sum _{m=0}^{n}P(m)=P(n+5)-2.} Sums of alternate terms, sums of every third term and sums of every fifth term are also related to other terms in the sequence: ∑ m = 0 n P ( 2 m ) = P ( 2 n + 3 ) − 1 {\displaystyle \sum _{m=0}^{n}P(2m)=P(2n+3)-1} OEIS: A077855 ∑ m = 0 n P ( 2 m + 1 ) = P ( 2 n + 4 ) − 1 {\displaystyle \sum _{m=0}^{n}P(2m+1)=P(2n+4)-1} ∑ m = 0 n P ( 3 m ) = P ( 3 n + 2 ) {\displaystyle \sum _{m=0}^{n}P(3m)=P(3n+2)} OEIS: A034943 ∑ m = 0 n P ( 3 m + 1 ) = P ( 3 n + 3 ) − 1 {\displaystyle \sum _{m=0}^{n}P(3m+1)=P(3n+3)-1} ∑ m = 0 n P ( 3 m + 2 ) = P ( 3 n + 4 ) − 1 {\displaystyle \sum _{m=0}^{n}P(3m+2)=P(3n+4)-1} ∑ m = 0 n P ( 5 m ) = P ( 5 n + 1 ) . {\displaystyle \sum _{m=0}^{n}P(5m)=P(5n+1).} OEIS: A012772 Sums involving products of terms in the Padovan sequence satisfy the following identities: ∑ m = 0 n P ( m ) 2 = P ( n + 2 ) 2 − P ( n − 1 ) 2 − P ( n − 3 ) 2 {\displaystyle \sum _{m=0}^{n}P(m)^{2}=P(n+2)^{2}-P(n-1)^{2}-P(n-3)^{2}} ∑ m = 0 n P ( m ) 2 P ( m + 1 ) = P ( n ) P ( n + 1 ) P ( n + 2 ) {\displaystyle \sum _{m=0}^{n}P(m)^{2}P(m+1)=P(n)P(n+1)P(n+2)} ∑ m = 0 n P ( m ) P ( m + 2 ) = P ( n + 2 ) P ( n + 3 ) − 1. {\displaystyle \sum _{m=0}^{n}P(m)P(m+2)=P(n+2)P(n+3)-1.} Other identities The Padovan sequence also satisfies the identity P ( n ) 2 − P ( n + 1 ) P ( n − 1 ) = P ( − n − 7 ) . {\displaystyle P(n)^{2}-P(n+1)P(n-1)=P(-n-7).\,} The Padovan sequence is related to sums of binomial coefficients by the following identity: P ( k − 2 ) = ∑ 2 m + n = k ( m n ) = ∑ m = ⌈ k / 3 ⌉ ⌊ k / 2 ⌋ ( m k − 2 m ) . {\displaystyle P(k-2)=\sum _{2m+n=k}{m \choose n}=\sum _{m=\lceil k/3\rceil }^{\lfloor k/2\rfloor }{m \choose k-2m}.} For example, for k = 12, the values for the pair (m, n) with 2m + n = 12 which give non-zero binomial coefficients are (6, 0), (5, 2) and (4, 4), and: ( 6 0 ) + ( 5 2 ) + ( 4 4 ) = 1 + 10 + 1 = 12 = P ( 10 ) . {\displaystyle {6 \choose 0}+{5 \choose 2}+{4 \choose 4}=1+10+1=12=P(10).\,} Binet-like formula Triangles with sides in ratio of 1/ρ form a closed spiral The Padovan sequence numbers can be written in terms of powers of the roots of the equation x 3 − x − 1 = 0. {\displaystyle x^{3}-x-1=0.\,} This equation has 3 roots; one real root p (known as the plastic ratio) and two complex conjugate roots q and r. Given these three roots, the Padovan sequence can be expressed by a formula involving p, q and r : P ( n ) = a p n + b q n + c r n {\displaystyle P(n)=ap^{n}+bq^{n}+cr^{n}} where a, b and c are constants. Since the absolute values of the complex roots q and r are both less than 1 (and hence p is a Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number), the powers of these roots approach 0 for large n, and P ( n ) − a p n {\displaystyle P(n)-ap^{n}} tends to zero. For all n ≥ 0 {\displaystyle n\geq 0} , P(n) is the integer closest to p 5 2 p + 3 p n {\displaystyle {\frac {p^{5}}{2p+3}}p^{n}} . Indeed, p 5 2 p + 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {p^{5}}{2p+3}}} is the value of constant a above, while b and c are obtained by replacing p with q and r, respectively. The ratio of successive terms in the Padovan sequence approaches p, which has a value of approximately 1.324718. This constant bears the same relationship to the Padovan sequence and the Perrin sequence as the golden ratio does to the Fibonacci sequence. Combinatorial interpretations P(n) is the number of ways of writing n + 2 as an ordered sum in which each term is either 2 or 3 (i.e. the number of compositions of n + 2 in which each term is either 2 or 3). For example, P(6) = 4, and there are 4 ways to write 8 as an ordered sum of 2s and 3s: 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ; 2 + 3 + 3 ; 3 + 2 + 3 ; 3 + 3 + 2 The number of ways of writing n as an ordered sum in which no term is 2 is P(2n − 2). For example, P(6) = 4, and there are 4 ways to write 4 as an ordered sum in which no term is 2: 4 ; 1 + 3 ; 3 + 1 ; 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 The number of ways of writing n as a palindromic ordered sum in which no term is 2 is P(n). For example, P(6) = 4, and there are 4 ways to write 6 as a palindromic ordered sum in which no term is 2: 6 ; 3 + 3 ; 1 + 4 + 1 ; 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 The number of ways of writing n as an ordered sum in which each term is odd and greater than 1 is equal to P(n − 5). For example, P(6) = 4, and there are 4 ways to write 11 as an ordered sum in which each term is odd and greater than 1: 11 ; 5 + 3 + 3 ; 3 + 5 + 3 ; 3 + 3 + 5 The number of ways of writing n as an ordered sum in which each term is congruent to 2 mod 3 is equal to P(n − 4). For example, P(6) = 4, and there are 4 ways to write 10 as an ordered sum in which each term is congruent to 2 mod 3: 8 + 2 ; 2 + 8 ; 5 + 5 ; 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 Generating function The generating function of the Padovan sequence is G ( P ( n ) ; x ) = x + x 2 1 − x 2 − x 3 . {\displaystyle G(P(n);x)={\frac {x+x^{2}}{1-x^{2}-x^{3}}}.} This can be used to prove identities involving products of the Padovan sequence with geometric terms, such as: ∑ n = 0 ∞ P ( n ) 2 n = 12 5 . {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {P(n)}{2^{n}}}={\frac {12}{5}}.} ∑ n = 0 ∞ P ( n ) α n = α 2 ( α + 1 ) α 3 − α − 1 . {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {P(n)}{\alpha ^{n}}}={\frac {\alpha ^{2}(\alpha +1)}{\alpha ^{3}-\alpha -1}}.} Generalizations In a similar way to the Fibonacci numbers that can be generalized to a set of polynomials called the Fibonacci polynomials, the Padovan sequence numbers can be generalized to yield the Padovan polynomials. Padovan L-system If we define the following simple grammar: variables : A B C constants : none start : A rules : (A → B), (B → C), (C → AB) then this Lindenmayer system or L-system produces the following sequence of strings: n = 0 : A n = 1 : B n = 2 : C n = 3 : AB n = 4 : BC n = 5 : CAB n = 6 : ABBC n = 7 : BCCAB n = 8 : CABABBC and if we count the length of each string, we obtain the Padovan numbers: 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... Also, if you count the number of As, Bs and Cs in each string, then for the nth string, you have P(n − 5) As, P(n − 3) Bs and P(n − 4) Cs. The count of BB pairs and CC pairs are also Padovan numbers. Cuboid spiral Main article: Padovan cuboid spiral A spiral can be formed based on connecting the corners of a set of 3-dimensional cuboids. This is the Padovan cuboid spiral. Successive sides of this spiral have lengths that are the Padovan numbers multiplied by the square root of 2. Pascal's triangle Erv Wilson in his paper The Scales of Mt. Meru observed certain diagonals in Pascal's triangle (see diagram) and drew them on paper in 1993. The Padovan numbers were discovered in 1994. Paul Barry (2004) showed that these diagonals generate the Padovan sequence by summing the diagonal numbers. References ^ a b c Weisstein, Eric W. "Padovan Sequence". MathWorld.. ^ Richard Padovan. Dom Hans van der Laan: modern primitive: Architectura & Natura Press, ISBN 9789071570407. ^ Ian Stewart, Tales of a Neglected Number, Scientific American, No. 6, June 1996, pp. 92-93. ^ Ian Stewart (2004), Math hysteria: fun and games with mathematics, Oxford University Press, p. 87, ISBN 978-0-19-861336-7. ^ Richard Padovan, "Dom Hans Van Der Laan and the Plastic Number", pp. 181-193 in Nexus IV: Architecture and Mathematics, eds. Kim Williams and Jose Francisco Rodrigues, Fucecchio (Florence): Kim Williams Books, 2002. ^ Erv Wilson (1993), Scales of Mt. Meru Ian Stewart, A Guide to Computer Dating (Feedback), Scientific American, Vol. 275, No. 5, November 1996, Pg. 118. External links OEIS sequence A000931 (Padovan sequence) A Padovan sequence calculator vteClasses of natural numbersPowers and related numbers Achilles Power of 2 Power of 3 Power of 10 Square Cube Fourth power Fifth power Sixth power Seventh power Eighth power Perfect power Powerful Prime power Of the form a × 2b ± 1 Cullen Double Mersenne Fermat Mersenne Proth Thabit Woodall Other polynomial numbers Hilbert Idoneal Leyland Loeschian Lucky numbers of Euler Recursively defined numbers Fibonacci Jacobsthal Leonardo Lucas Narayana Padovan Pell Perrin Possessing a specific set of other numbers Amenable Congruent Knödel Riesel Sierpiński Expressible via specific sums Nonhypotenuse Polite Practical Primary pseudoperfect Ulam Wolstenholme Figurate numbers2-dimensionalcentered Centered triangular Centered square Centered pentagonal Centered hexagonal Centered heptagonal Centered octagonal Centered nonagonal Centered decagonal Star non-centered Triangular Square Square triangular Pentagonal Hexagonal Heptagonal Octagonal Nonagonal Decagonal Dodecagonal 3-dimensionalcentered Centered tetrahedral Centered cube Centered octahedral Centered dodecahedral Centered icosahedral non-centered Tetrahedral Cubic Octahedral Dodecahedral Icosahedral Stella octangula pyramidal Square pyramidal 4-dimensionalnon-centered Pentatope Squared triangular Tesseractic Combinatorial numbers Bell Cake Catalan Dedekind Delannoy Euler Eulerian Fuss–Catalan Lah Lazy caterer's sequence Lobb Motzkin Narayana Ordered Bell Schröder Schröder–Hipparchus Stirling first Stirling second Telephone number Wedderburn–Etherington Primes Wieferich Wall–Sun–Sun Wolstenholme prime Wilson Pseudoprimes Carmichael number Catalan pseudoprime Elliptic pseudoprime Euler pseudoprime Euler–Jacobi pseudoprime Fermat pseudoprime Frobenius pseudoprime Lucas pseudoprime Lucas–Carmichael number Perrin pseudoprime Somer–Lucas pseudoprime Strong pseudoprime Arithmetic functions and dynamicsDivisor functions Abundant Almost perfect Arithmetic Betrothed Colossally abundant Deficient Descartes Hemiperfect Highly abundant Highly composite Hyperperfect Multiply perfect Perfect Practical Primitive abundant Quasiperfect Refactorable Semiperfect Sublime Superabundant Superior highly composite Superperfect Prime omega functions Almost prime Semiprime Euler's totient function Highly cototient Highly totient Noncototient Nontotient Perfect totient Sparsely totient Aliquot sequences Amicable Perfect Sociable Untouchable Primorial Euclid Fortunate Other prime factor or divisor related numbers Blum Cyclic Erdős–Nicolas Erdős–Woods Friendly Giuga Harmonic divisor Jordan–Pólya Lucas–Carmichael Pronic Regular Rough Smooth Sphenic Størmer Super-Poulet Zeisel Numeral system-dependent numbersArithmetic functions and dynamics Persistence Additive Multiplicative Digit sum Digit sum Digital root Self Sum-product Digit product Multiplicative digital root Sum-product Coding-related Meertens Other Dudeney Factorion Kaprekar Kaprekar's constant Keith Lychrel Narcissistic Perfect digit-to-digit invariant Perfect digital invariant Happy P-adic numbers-related Automorphic Trimorphic Digit-composition related Palindromic Pandigital Repdigit Repunit Self-descriptive Smarandache–Wellin Undulating Digit-permutation related Cyclic Digit-reassembly Parasitic Primeval Transposable Divisor-related Equidigital Extravagant Frugal Harshad Polydivisible Smith Vampire Other Friedman Binary numbers Evil Odious Pernicious Generated via a sieve Lucky Prime Sorting related Pancake number Sorting number Natural language related Aronson's sequence Ban Graphemics related Strobogrammatic Mathematics portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"sequence of integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_sequence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps-1"},{"link_name":"recurrence relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrence_relation"},{"link_name":"A000931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A000931"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"A100891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A100891"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Padovan_triangles_(1).svg"},{"link_name":"equilateral triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_triangle"},{"link_name":"Richard Padovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Padovan"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Hans van der Laan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_van_der_Laan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhdl-2"},{"link_name":"sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence"},{"link_name":"Ian Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-4"},{"link_name":"MathWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld"}],"text":"In number theory, the Padovan sequence is the sequence of integers P(n) defined[1] by the initial valuesP\n (\n 0\n )\n =\n P\n (\n 1\n )\n =\n P\n (\n 2\n )\n =\n 1\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(0)=P(1)=P(2)=1,}and the recurrence relationP\n (\n n\n )\n =\n P\n (\n n\n −\n 2\n )\n +\n P\n (\n n\n −\n 3\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(n)=P(n-2)+P(n-3).}The first few values of P(n) are1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151, 200, 265, ... (sequence A000931 in the OEIS)A Padovan prime is a Padovan number that is prime. The first Padovan primes are:2, 3, 5, 7, 37, 151, 3329, 23833, 13091204281, 3093215881333057, 1363005552434666078217421284621279933627102780881053358473, 1558877695141608507751098941899265975115403618621811951868598809164180630185566719, ... (sequence A100891 in the OEIS).Spiral of equilateral triangles with side lengths which follow the Padovan sequence.The Padovan sequence is named after Richard Padovan who attributed its discovery to Dutch architect Hans van der Laan in his 1994 essay Dom. Hans van der Laan : Modern Primitive.[2] The sequence was described by Ian Stewart in his Scientific American column Mathematical Recreations in June 1996.[3] He also writes about it in one of his books, \"Math Hysteria: Fun Games With Mathematics\".\n[4]The above definition is the one given by Ian Stewart and by MathWorld. Other sources may start the sequence at a different place, in which case some of the identities in this article must be adjusted with appropriate offsets.","title":"Padovan sequence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle"},{"link_name":"Perrin sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrin_pseudoprime"}],"text":"In the spiral, each triangle shares a side with two others giving a visual proof that \nthe Padovan sequence also satisfies the recurrence relationP\n (\n n\n )\n =\n P\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n +\n P\n (\n n\n −\n 5\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(n)=P(n-1)+P(n-5)}Starting from this, the defining recurrence and other recurrences as they are discovered,\none can create an infinite number of further recurrences by repeatedly replacing \n \n \n \n P\n (\n m\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(m)}\n \n by \n \n \n \n P\n (\n m\n −\n 2\n )\n +\n P\n (\n m\n −\n 3\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(m-2)+P(m-3)}The Perrin sequence satisfies the same recurrence relations as the Padovan sequence, although it has different initial values.The Perrin sequence can be obtained from the Padovan sequence by the \nfollowing formula:P\n e\n r\n r\n i\n n\n \n (\n n\n )\n =\n P\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n +\n P\n (\n n\n −\n 10\n )\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Perrin} (n)=P(n+1)+P(n-10).\\,}","title":"Recurrence relations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As with any sequence defined by a recurrence relation, Padovan numbers P(m) for m<0 can be defined by rewriting the recurrence relation asP\n (\n m\n )\n =\n P\n (\n m\n +\n 3\n )\n −\n P\n (\n m\n +\n 1\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(m)=P(m+3)-P(m+1),}Starting with m = −1 and working backwards, we extend P(m) to negative indices:P−20\n\nP−19\n\nP−18\n\nP−17\n\nP−16\n\nP−15\n\nP−14\n\nP−13\n\nP−12\n\nP−11\n\nP−10\n\nP−9\n\nP−8\n\nP−7\n\nP−6\n\nP−5\n\nP−4\n\nP−3\n\nP−2\n\nP−1\n\nP0\n\nP1\n\nP2\n\n\n7\n\n−7\n\n4\n\n0\n\n−3\n\n4\n\n−3\n\n1\n\n1\n\n−2\n\n2\n\n−1\n\n0\n\n1\n\n−1\n\n1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n0\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1","title":"Extension to negative parameters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A077855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A077855"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A034943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A034943"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A012772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A012772"}],"text":"The sum of the first n terms in the Padovan sequence is 2 less than P(n + 5), i.e.∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n m\n )\n =\n P\n (\n n\n +\n 5\n )\n −\n 2.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{m=0}^{n}P(m)=P(n+5)-2.}Sums of alternate terms, sums of every third term and sums of every fifth term are also related to other terms in the sequence:∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n 2\n m\n )\n =\n P\n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 3\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{m=0}^{n}P(2m)=P(2n+3)-1}\n \n OEIS: A077855∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n 2\n m\n +\n 1\n )\n =\n P\n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 4\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{m=0}^{n}P(2m+1)=P(2n+4)-1}∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n 3\n m\n )\n =\n P\n (\n 3\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{m=0}^{n}P(3m)=P(3n+2)}\n \n OEIS: A034943∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n 3\n m\n +\n 1\n )\n =\n P\n (\n 3\n n\n +\n 3\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{m=0}^{n}P(3m+1)=P(3n+3)-1}∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n 3\n m\n +\n 2\n )\n =\n P\n (\n 3\n n\n +\n 4\n )\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{m=0}^{n}P(3m+2)=P(3n+4)-1}∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n 5\n m\n )\n =\n P\n (\n 5\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{m=0}^{n}P(5m)=P(5n+1).}\n \n OEIS: A012772Sums involving products of terms in the Padovan sequence satisfy the following identities:∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n m\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n P\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n P\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n P\n (\n n\n −\n 3\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{m=0}^{n}P(m)^{2}=P(n+2)^{2}-P(n-1)^{2}-P(n-3)^{2}}∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n m\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n P\n (\n m\n +\n 1\n )\n =\n P\n (\n n\n )\n P\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n P\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{m=0}^{n}P(m)^{2}P(m+1)=P(n)P(n+1)P(n+2)}∑\n \n m\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n m\n )\n P\n (\n m\n +\n 2\n )\n =\n P\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n P\n (\n n\n +\n 3\n )\n −\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{m=0}^{n}P(m)P(m+2)=P(n+2)P(n+3)-1.}","title":"Sums of terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"binomial coefficients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient"}],"text":"The Padovan sequence also satisfies the identityP\n (\n n\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n P\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n P\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n =\n P\n (\n −\n n\n −\n 7\n )\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(n)^{2}-P(n+1)P(n-1)=P(-n-7).\\,}The Padovan sequence is related to sums of binomial coefficients by the following identity:P\n (\n k\n −\n 2\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n 2\n m\n +\n n\n =\n k\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n m\n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n m\n =\n ⌈\n k\n \n /\n \n 3\n ⌉\n \n \n ⌊\n k\n \n /\n \n 2\n ⌋\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n m\n \n k\n −\n 2\n m\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k-2)=\\sum _{2m+n=k}{m \\choose n}=\\sum _{m=\\lceil k/3\\rceil }^{\\lfloor k/2\\rfloor }{m \\choose k-2m}.}For example, for k = 12, the values for the pair (m, n) with 2m + n = 12 which give non-zero binomial coefficients are (6, 0), (5, 2) and (4, 4), and:(\n \n \n 6\n 0\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 5\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 4\n 4\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n 10\n +\n 1\n =\n 12\n =\n P\n (\n 10\n )\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {6 \\choose 0}+{5 \\choose 2}+{4 \\choose 4}=1+10+1=12=P(10).\\,}","title":"Other identities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triangles_in_ratio_of_the_plastic_number_in_a_three_armed_counter_clockwise_spiral.svg"},{"link_name":"roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_of_a_polynomial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps-1"},{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"plastic ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_ratio"},{"link_name":"complex conjugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps-1"},{"link_name":"absolute values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value"},{"link_name":"complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisot%E2%80%93Vijayaraghavan_number"},{"link_name":"approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_a_sequence"},{"link_name":"integer closest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest_integer"},{"link_name":"Perrin sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrin_sequence"},{"link_name":"golden ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence"}],"text":"Triangles with sides in ratio of 1/ρ form a closed spiralThe Padovan sequence numbers can be written in terms of powers of the roots of the equation[1]x\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n x\n −\n 1\n =\n 0.\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{3}-x-1=0.\\,}This equation has 3 roots; one real root p (known as the plastic ratio) and two complex conjugate roots q and r.[5] Given these three roots, the Padovan sequence can be expressed by a formula involving p, q and r :P\n (\n n\n )\n =\n a\n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n +\n b\n \n q\n \n n\n \n \n +\n c\n \n r\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(n)=ap^{n}+bq^{n}+cr^{n}}where a, b and c are constants.[1]Since the absolute values of the complex roots q and r are both less than 1 (and hence p is a Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number), the powers of these roots approach 0 for large n, and \n \n \n \n P\n (\n n\n )\n −\n a\n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(n)-ap^{n}}\n \n tends to zero.For all \n \n \n \n n\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq 0}\n \n, P(n) is the integer closest to \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 5\n \n \n \n 2\n p\n +\n 3\n \n \n \n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {p^{5}}{2p+3}}p^{n}}\n \n. Indeed, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 5\n \n \n \n 2\n p\n +\n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {p^{5}}{2p+3}}}\n \n is the value of constant a above, while b and c are obtained by replacing p with q and r, respectively.The ratio of successive terms in the Padovan sequence approaches p, which has a value of approximately 1.324718. This constant bears the same relationship to the Padovan sequence and the Perrin sequence as the golden ratio does to the Fibonacci sequence.","title":"Binet-like formula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(number_theory)"},{"link_name":"odd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"congruent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic"}],"text":"P(n) is the number of ways of writing n + 2 as an ordered sum in which each term is either 2 or 3 (i.e. the number of compositions of n + 2 in which each term is either 2 or 3). For example, P(6) = 4, and there are 4 ways to write 8 as an ordered sum of 2s and 3s:2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ; 2 + 3 + 3 ; 3 + 2 + 3 ; 3 + 3 + 2The number of ways of writing n as an ordered sum in which no term is 2 is P(2n − 2). For example, P(6) = 4, and there are 4 ways to write 4 as an ordered sum in which no term is 2:4 ; 1 + 3 ; 3 + 1 ; 1 + 1 + 1 + 1The number of ways of writing n as a palindromic ordered sum in which no term is 2 is P(n). For example, P(6) = 4, and there are 4 ways to write 6 as a palindromic ordered sum in which no term is 2:6 ; 3 + 3 ; 1 + 4 + 1 ; 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1The number of ways of writing n as an ordered sum in which each term is odd and greater than 1 is equal to P(n − 5). For example, P(6) = 4, and there are 4 ways to write 11 as an ordered sum in which each term is odd and greater than 1:11 ; 5 + 3 + 3 ; 3 + 5 + 3 ; 3 + 3 + 5The number of ways of writing n as an ordered sum in which each term is congruent to 2 mod 3 is equal to P(n − 4). For example, P(6) = 4, and there are 4 ways to write 10 as an ordered sum in which each term is congruent to 2 mod 3:8 + 2 ; 2 + 8 ; 5 + 5 ; 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2","title":"Combinatorial interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generating function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_function"},{"link_name":"geometric terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series"}],"text":"The generating function of the Padovan sequence isG\n (\n P\n (\n n\n )\n ;\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n \n x\n +\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G(P(n);x)={\\frac {x+x^{2}}{1-x^{2}-x^{3}}}.}This can be used to prove identities involving products of the Padovan sequence with geometric terms, such as:∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n P\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 12\n 5\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {P(n)}{2^{n}}}={\\frac {12}{5}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n P\n (\n n\n )\n \n \n α\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n α\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n α\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n α\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n α\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {P(n)}{\\alpha ^{n}}}={\\frac {\\alpha ^{2}(\\alpha +1)}{\\alpha ^{3}-\\alpha -1}}.}","title":"Generating function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fibonacci numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number"},{"link_name":"polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_polynomials"},{"link_name":"Padovan polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padovan_polynomials"}],"text":"In a similar way to the Fibonacci numbers that can be generalized to a set of polynomials\ncalled the Fibonacci polynomials, the Padovan sequence numbers can be generalized to\nyield the Padovan polynomials.","title":"Generalizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L-system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-system"}],"text":"If we define the following simple grammar:variables : A B C\nconstants : none\nstart : A\nrules : (A → B), (B → C), (C → AB)then this Lindenmayer system or L-system produces the following sequence of strings:n = 0 : A\nn = 1 : B\nn = 2 : C\nn = 3 : AB\nn = 4 : BC\nn = 5 : CAB\nn = 6 : ABBC\nn = 7 : BCCAB\nn = 8 : CABABBCand if we count the length of each string, we obtain the Padovan numbers:1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...Also, if you count the number of As, Bs and Cs in each string, then for the nth\nstring, you have P(n − 5) As, P(n − 3) Bs and P(n − 4) Cs. The count of BB pairs\nand CC pairs are also Padovan numbers.","title":"Padovan L-system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cuboids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuboid"},{"link_name":"Padovan cuboid spiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padovan_cuboid_spiral"},{"link_name":"square root of 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_2"}],"text":"A spiral can be formed based on connecting the corners of a set of 3-dimensional cuboids.\nThis is the Padovan cuboid spiral. Successive sides of this spiral have lengths that are\nthe Padovan numbers multiplied by the square root of 2.","title":"Cuboid spiral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erv Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erv_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pascal's triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Padovan_Sequence_2.jpg"}],"text":"Erv Wilson in his paper The Scales of Mt. Meru[6] observed certain diagonals in Pascal's triangle (see diagram) and drew them on paper in 1993. The Padovan numbers were discovered in 1994. Paul Barry (2004) showed that these diagonals generate the Padovan sequence by summing the diagonal numbers.[citation needed]","title":"Pascal's triangle"}]	[{"image_text":"Spiral of equilateral triangles with side lengths which follow the Padovan sequence.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Padovan_triangles_%281%29.svg/350px-Padovan_triangles_%281%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Triangles with sides in ratio of 1/ρ form a closed spiral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Triangles_in_ratio_of_the_plastic_number_in_a_three_armed_counter_clockwise_spiral.svg/220px-Triangles_in_ratio_of_the_plastic_number_in_a_three_armed_counter_clockwise_spiral.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Padovan Sequence\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PadovanSequence.html","url_text":"\"Padovan Sequence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Ian Stewart (2004), Math hysteria: fun and games with mathematics, Oxford University Press, p. 87, ISBN 978-0-19-861336-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(mathematician)","url_text":"Ian Stewart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861336-7","url_text":"978-0-19-861336-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PadovanSequence.html","external_links_name":"\"Padovan Sequence\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060131123213/http://members.fortunecity.com/templarser/padovan.html","external_links_name":"Tales of a Neglected Number"},{"Link":"http://www.nexusjournal.com/conferences/N2002-Padovan.html","external_links_name":"\"Dom Hans Van Der Laan and the Plastic Number\""},{"Link":"http://www.anaphoria.com/meruone.pdf","external_links_name":"Scales of Mt. Meru"},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A000931","external_links_name":"sequence A000931 (Padovan sequence)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070216024906/http://www.plenilune.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/fibonacci-calculator.asp","external_links_name":"A Padovan sequence calculator"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium(II)_sulfate	Chromium(II) sulfate	["1 Structure","2 References"]	Chromium(II) sulfate Crystalline sample wet with ethanol Structure of chromium(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CrSO4·5H2O) Chromium, Cr Sulfur, S Oxygen, O Hydrogen, H Names IUPAC name Chromium(2+) sulfate Other names chromous sulfate, chromous sulphate Identifiers CAS Number 13825-86-0 (anhydrous)15928-77-5 (pentahydrate)19512-13-1 (trihydrate) ChemSpider 55589 (anhydrous) PubChem CID 61686 (anhydrous) UNII Y0C99N5TMZ (anhydrous) Y990MUV05EC (pentahydrate) Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID80160555 InChI Key: RYPRIXSYXLDSOA-UHFFFAOYSA-LKey: RYPRIXSYXLDSOA-NUQVWONBAQ Properties Chemical formula CrSO4 (anhydrous)CrSO4·5H2O (pentahydrate) Molar mass 148.05 g/mol (anhydrous)238.13 g/mol (pentahydrate) Appearance Blue crystalline solid (pentahydrate) Solubility in water 21 g/(100 mL) (0°C, pentahydrate) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Chromium(II) sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrSO4. It often comes as hydrates CrSO4·nH2O. Several hydrated salts are known. The pentahydrate CrSO4·5H2O is a blue solid that dissolves readily in water. Solutions of chromium(II) are easily oxidized by air to Cr(III) species. Solutions of Cr(II) are used as specialized reducing agents of value in organic synthesis. The salt is produced by treating chromium metal with aqueous sulfuric acid: Cr + H2SO4 + 5 H2O → CrSO4·5H2O + H2 It can be produced through the reaction of sulfate salts and chromium(II) acetate or, for in situ use, the reduction of chromium(III) sulfate with zinc. Structure In aqueous solutions chromium(II) sulfate forms metal aquo complexes, presumably with six water ligands. The structures of the crystalline salts are similar to the corresponding hydrates of copper(II) sulfate: pentahydrate, trihydrate, monohydrate, and anhydrous derivatives of chromous sulfate are known. In all of these compounds, the Cr(II) centre adopts octahedral coordination geometry, being coordinated to six oxygen centers provided by a combination of water and sulfate ligands. References ^ a b A. Zurqiyah and C. E. Castro "Reduction of Conjugated Alkenes With Chromium(II) Sulfate: Diethyl Succinate" Organic Syntheses, Vol. 49, p.98 (1969).doi:10.15227/orgsyn.049.0098 ^ Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 2. p. 1365. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. ^ Hitchman, Michael A.; Lichon, Michael; McDonald, Robbie G.; Smith, Peter W.; Stranger, Robert (1987). "Crystal and Molecular Structure of Chromium(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate and Single-Crystal Electronic Spectra and Bonding of CrSO4·5 H2O, Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate and CuSO4·5 D2O". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions: 1817–22. doi:10.1039/DT9870001817. ^ Dahmen, T.; Glaum, R.; Schmidt, G.; Gruehn, R. (1990). "Zur Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von CrSO4·3H2O" . Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 586: 141–8. doi:10.1002/zaac.19905860119. vteChromium compoundsChromium(0) Cr(CO)6Organochromium(0) compounds Cr(C6H6)2 CrC6H6(CO)3 Chromium(I) CrH Organochromium(I) compounds Cr2(C5H5)2(CO)6 Chromium(II) CrH2 Cr3C2 Cr(C2O4) Cr(CH3CO2)2 CrSi2 CrO CrS CrSO4 CrSe CrF2 CrCl2 CrBr2 CrI2 Organochromium(II) compounds Cr(C5H5)2 Chromium(II, III) Cr3C2 Chromium(III) CrB +− CrN Cr(NO3)3 CrPO4 Cr2O3 Cr(OH)3 Cr2S3 Cr2(SO4)3 Cr2Te3 CrF3 CrCl3 Cr(ClO4)3 CrBr3 CrI3 Chromium(IV) CrSi CrO2 CrF4 CrCl4 CrBr4 Chromium(V) K3Cr(O2)4 CrF5 Chromium(VI) CrO3 CrO(O2)2 H2CrO4/H2Cr2O7 CrO2F2 CrOF4 CrO2Cl2 CrO2Br2 +CrO3Cl− CrF6 (hypothetical) Polyatomic ion Chromate and dichromate vteCompounds containing the sulfate group (SO2−4) H2SO4 He Li2SO4 BeSO4 B2S2O9-BO3+BO3 estersROSO−3(RO)2SO2+CO3+C2O4 (NH4)2SO4HSO4(NH3OH)2SO4NOHSO4+NO3 HOSO4 +F Ne Na2SO4NaHSO4 MgSO4 Al2(SO4)3Al2SO4(OAc)4 Si +PO4 SO2−4HSO3HSO4(HSO4)2+SO3 +Cl Ar K2SO4KHSO4 CaSO4 Sc2(SO4)3 TiOSO4 VSO4V2(SO4)3VOSO4 CrSO4Cr2(SO4)3 MnSO4 FeSO4Fe2(SO4)3 CoSO4Co2(SO4)3 NiSO4Ni2(SO4)3 CuSO4Cu2SO4SO4 ZnSO4 Ga2(SO4)3 Ge As +SeO3 Br Kr RbHSO4Rb2SO4 SrSO4 Y2(SO4)3 Zr(SO4)2 Nb2O2(SO4)3 MoO(SO4)2MoO2(SO4) Tc Ru(SO4)2 Rh2(SO4)3 PdSO4 Ag2SO4AgSO4 CdSO4 In2(SO4)3 SnSO4Sn(SO4)2 Sb2(SO4)3 Te +IO3 Xe Cs2SO4CsHSO4 BaSO4 * Lu2(SO4)3 Hf Ta WO(SO4)2 Re2O5(SO4)2 OsSO4Os2(SO4)3Os(SO4)2 IrSO4Ir2(SO4)3 Pt2(SO4)54– AuSO4Au2(SO4)3 Hg2SO4HgSO4 Tl2SO4Tl2(SO4)3 PbSO4Pb(SO4)2 Bi2(SO4)3 PoSO4Po(SO4)2 At Rn Fr RaSO4 ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og * La2(SO4)3 Ce2(SO4)3Ce(SO4)2 Pr2(SO4)3 Nd2(SO4)3 Pm2(SO4)3 Sm2(SO4)3 EuSO4Eu2(SO4)3 Gd2(SO4)3 Tb2(SO4)3 Dy2(SO4)3 Ho2(SO4)3 Er2(SO4)3 Tm2(SO4)3 Yb2(SO4)3 ** Ac2(SO4)3 Th(SO4)2 Pa U2(SO4)3U(SO4)2UO2SO4 Np(SO4)2 Pu(SO4)2 Am2(SO4)3 Cm2(SO4)3 Bk Cf2(SO4)3 Es Fm Md No	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"chemical formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"Cr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"hydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrates"},{"link_name":"hydrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization"},{"link_name":"salts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"organic synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate"},{"link_name":"chromium(II) acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium(II)_acetate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"chromium(III) sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium(III)_sulfate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS-1"}],"text":"Chemical compoundChromium(II) sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrSO4. It often comes as hydrates CrSO4·nH2O. Several hydrated salts are known. The pentahydrate CrSO4·5H2O is a blue solid that dissolves readily in water. Solutions of chromium(II) are easily oxidized by air to Cr(III) species. Solutions of Cr(II) are used as specialized reducing agents of value in organic synthesis.[1]The salt is produced by treating chromium metal with aqueous sulfuric acid:[2]Cr + H2SO4 + 5 H2O → CrSO4·5H2O + H2It can be produced through the reaction of sulfate salts and chromium(II) acetate[3] or, for in situ use, the reduction of chromium(III) sulfate with zinc.[1]","title":"Chromium(II) sulfate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metal aquo complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex"},{"link_name":"copper(II) sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate"},{"link_name":"octahedral coordination geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In aqueous solutions chromium(II) sulfate forms metal aquo complexes, presumably with six water ligands. The structures of the crystalline salts are similar to the corresponding hydrates of copper(II) sulfate: pentahydrate, trihydrate, monohydrate, and anhydrous derivatives of chromous sulfate are known. In all of these compounds, the Cr(II) centre adopts octahedral coordination geometry, being coordinated to six oxygen centers provided by a combination of water and sulfate ligands.[4][5]","title":"Structure"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Greenwood","url_text":"Greenwood, Norman N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann","url_text":"Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8","url_text":"978-0-08-037941-8"}]},{"reference":"Hitchman, Michael A.; Lichon, Michael; McDonald, Robbie G.; Smith, Peter W.; Stranger, Robert (1987). \"Crystal and Molecular Structure of Chromium(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate and Single-Crystal Electronic Spectra and Bonding of CrSO4·5 H2O, Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate and CuSO4·5 D2O\". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions: 1817–22. doi:10.1039/DT9870001817.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FDT9870001817","url_text":"10.1039/DT9870001817"}]},{"reference":"Dahmen, T.; Glaum, R.; Schmidt, G.; Gruehn, R. (1990). \"Zur Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von CrSO4·3H2O\" [Preparation and Crystal Structure of Chromium(2+) Sulfate Trihydrate]. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 586: 141–8. doi:10.1002/zaac.19905860119.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19905860119","url_text":"10.1002/zaac.19905860119"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=13825-86-0","external_links_name":"13825-86-0"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=15928-77-5","external_links_name":"15928-77-5"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=19512-13-1","external_links_name":"19512-13-1"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.55589.html","external_links_name":"55589"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/61686","external_links_name":"61686"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/Y0C99N5TMZ","external_links_name":"Y0C99N5TMZ"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/990MUV05EC","external_links_name":"990MUV05EC"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID80160555","external_links_name":"DTXSID80160555"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.049.0098","external_links_name":"10.15227/orgsyn.049.0098"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FDT9870001817","external_links_name":"10.1039/DT9870001817"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19905860119","external_links_name":"10.1002/zaac.19905860119"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizeta_V16T	Cizeta-Moroder V16T	["1 History","2 Technical details","3 Design","4 Performance and production","5 Controversy","5.1 Moroder's involvement","6 References","7 External links"]	Sports car produced by Cizeta Motor vehicle Cizeta-Moroder V16TOverviewManufacturerCizeta AutomobiliProduction1991–2003 (13 produced, including one Spyder)DesignerMarcello GandiniBody and chassisClassSports carBody style2-door coupé2-door roadsterLayoutRear mid-engine, rear-wheel-driveRelatedLamborghini UrracoPowertrainEngine6.0 L V16Transmission5-speed ZF S5-42 manualDimensionsWheelbase2,689.9 mm (105.9 in)Length4,493.3 mm (176.9 in)Width2,052.3 mm (80.8 in)Height1,104.9 mm (43.5 in)Curb weight1,701.0 kg (3,750 lb) (prototypes) The Cizeta-Moroder V16T, now known as just the Cizeta V16T, is an Italian sports car (built from 1991 to 1995) developed by automotive engineer Claudio Zampolli in a joint venture with music composer Giorgio Moroder and designed by Marcello Gandini. It was the only product of the Cizeta company. It was developed by a group of ex-Lamborghini employees and initially introduced in Los Angeles in December 1988. History The Cizeta-Moroder name comes from the Italian pronunciation of designer Claudio Zampolli's initials (CZ) (Ci-Zeta). Zampolli worked as a test and development engineer at Lamborghini before starting his own business of selling and maintaining high-performance sports cars. The V16T was conceived out of his desire to have his initials on a sports car. He made a partnership venture with his long time customer Giorgio Moroder, an Oscar winning music composer, who regularly came to his shop to have his Lamborghini Countach serviced after learning that the two shared similar interests in automobiles. Moroder was a 50% stakeholder in the new joint venture. Zampolli selected a team of former Lamborghini employees to develop the car which included Oliviero Pedrazzi as the chief engineer and engine designer and Achille Bevini along with Ianose Bronzatti as in-charge of the suspension and the chassis. Giancarlo Guerra, a former craftsman of Scaglietti body works who was infamous for coach-making the body of the Ferrari 250 GTO along with devising economical ways to make the chassis of the Lamborghini Countach when he worked at Lamborghini, was tasked to build the body of the car for the initial production run. The original and unique Cizeta-Moroder prototype and show car, chassis 001, was sold at a Sotheby's auction for $1,363,500. Technical details The V16T signifies that its engine is a 16-cylinder engine having the two banks of cylinders arranged in a V configuration and mounted transversely in the central rear position, just forward of the rear axle and behind the passenger seats. It shares a single aluminum cylinder block, with four cylinder heads with gearing between themselves, providing a single output from the center of the engine assembly to the five-speed transaxle. The engine is based on the Lamborghini Urraco's 90° DOHC flat-plane V8 with which it shares a number of parts including the separate heads. The central output also allowed chief engineer Oliviero Pedrazzi to retain the Urraco's crankshaft(s). The Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection systems from the V8 engines were retained for supplying fuel to the engine. The resulting engine has 64 valves, eight overhead camshafts (instead of the conventional long four camshafts) and has a capacity of 6.0 L (5,995 cc) having a compression ratio of 9.3 to 1. The engine produces a peak power output of 540 hp (550 PS; 400 kW) at 8,000 rpm and 540 N⋅m (400 lb⋅ft) of torque at 6,000 rpm. The decision to use a V16 engine was taken to make the car unique and due to Zampolli's fascination of large automobiles. The prototypes had a curb weight of 1,701.0 kg (3,750 lb) with Zampolli stating that the production car would weigh 1,406.1 kg (3,100 lb). At the front, the V16T has unequal-length control arms connected to specially designed light-alloy upright joints. The spring-damper units developed by Koni are attached to the control arms conventionally; the suspension arms, connected by an adjustable anti-roll bar, are angled forward to provide anti-dive. The car also uses unequal-length control arms at the rear with the difference being that the twin set of spring-damper units are mounted 250 mm (10 in) inboard of the rear wheels. Each unit is actuated by a bell crank from a linkage that attaches to the lower end of the hub carrier. The brakes have drilled and slotted rotors all around and use twin-pot calipers developed by Brembo. The wheels have race-style hubs that have five locating pegs and a large central nut to secure the wheel. The five-spoke, two-piece, cast-aluminum OZ Racing wheels are clad in 245/40ZR-17 Pirelli P Zero tyres up front and 335/35ZR-17s at the rear. Design Rear view The chassis was formed of chrome-moly elliptical steel tubing, wrapped in a sleek body designed by Marcello Gandini, who had previously designed the Lamborghini Countach and some aerodynamic Maseratis, and Claudio Zampolli. The front nose shape of the V16T is from an original design for the Lamborghini Diablo by Marcello Gandini. Gandini initially wanted to release the original design he intended for the Diablo but Zampolli was unimpressed by the design. As a result, only the front of the car has the said design with the rear having design changes made by Zampolli himself. In a notable design choice, the V16T is the only car to be equipped with four pop-up headlights, two stacked vertically on either side, while the rear lights are borrowed from the Alpine A610. Performance and production The car was viewed from the beginning as an exclusive sports car, achieving a top speed of 328 km/h (204 mph) and required just 4 seconds to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph), while at the same time equipped with many luxury features. Only one prototype bearing the Cizeta-Moroder name was manufactured before the partnership dissolved. The car which was finished in a pearl white exterior colour with a red leather interior remained in the possession of Moroder and underwent a full restoration by Canepa design in 2018, after which it was auctioned in January 2022. In 1991, the list price for a Cizeta was an estimated (US dollars) $650,000. Although predictions for production foresaw one car per month, only 12 examples (including one prototype) were actually built from 1991 until the company moved its operation to Los Angeles, California in 1995. The financial slowdown in the mid 1990s coupled with the car's failure to comply with the US safety regulations and the high asking price restricted production only on a made to order basis. Subsequently, two more cars were completed (one coupé and one spyder) in 1999 and 2003. The car made in 2003 was a convertible variant of the V16T called the Cizeta Fenice TTJ Spyder completed on a special request from a Japanese customer. As of May 1, 2006, the car was still in production on a made-to-order basis, although now priced at $650,000, or $850,000 for the Spyder TTJ, exclusive of shipping, taxes, and extras. According to a 2018 interview, Zampolli considered the car still theoretically in production and available to purchase as late as 2018, although none had been built since the 2003 spyder. As of January 2023, the Cizeta Automobile website is active. An "Order" page is listed with specifications of the Moroder V16T with an MSRP of $800,000 and fields for customers to leave their contact details. Controversy Moroder's involvement At some point after the car's debut, Giorgio Moroder and Claudio Zampolli parted ways over a dispute on slow production of the car due its production process which required a large amount of labour hours to complete, materials for the body panels as well as the use of the powerplant. Moroder wanted the car to have a body work constructed from fibre glass and devised the use of a BMW powerplant in place of the bespoke V16 unit installed in the car in order to speed up the production process which initiated the split as these suggestions contradicted with Zampolli's vision for the car. It is known that Claudio Zampolli designed the logo for the car, and Giorgio Moroder paid for the art development. The Cizeta, from 1990 to date, is no longer associated with Moroder; its name remains symbolic of Moroder's hi-tech music and glamorous lifestyle. In addition, while the car debuted (temporarily) as the Cizeta-Moroder, all customer cars were badged simply as Cizeta V16T. References ^ "About". www.cizetav16t.com. Archived from the original on 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2009-10-19. ^ "1995 Cizeta-Moroder V16T". www.supercars.net. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2008-03-31. ^ a b c "9 Things You Didn't Know About The Cizeta V16T". Olakunle Balogun. Hot Cars. 15 February 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h Perini, Giancarlo (March 1989). "1989 Cizeta Moroder V16T Dares to Be Different". Car and Driver. Retrieved 9 June 2022. ^ Carlsson, Mårten (2021-03-24). "Cizeta - utmanaren från Modena" . Klassiker. OK Förlaget. Archived from the original on 2021-03-31. ^ Kierse, Matthias (7 June 2018). "30 Years of Cizeta V16T". Secret Classics. Retrieved 9 June 2022. ^ Sotheby's auction Arizona 2022. ^ a b c McAleer, Brendan (2018-03-09). "The impossible 16-cylinder Italian exotic that nearly succeeded". Hagerty. The Hagerty Group, LLC. Archived from the original on 2021-02-03. ^ Baedeker, Jan (14 July 2021). "This Gandini-designed Cizeta prototype might be the missing link to the Lamborghini Diablo". Classic Driver. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ Hood, Bryan (9 November 2021). "This One-of-a-Kind Cizeta-Moroder V16T Prototype Will Hit the Auction Block in January". RobReport. Retrieved 9 June 2022. ^ Marriage, Ollie (10 February 2017). "Cizeta's 540bhp V16T: the supercar that almost made it". Top Gear. Retrieved 9 June 2022. ^ https://cizetaautomobile.com/order/ External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cizeta-Moroder V16T. Official Cizeta Automobili website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sports car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_car"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Moroder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder"},{"link_name":"Marcello Gandini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Gandini"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cizeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizeta"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Cizeta-Moroder V16T, now known as just the Cizeta V16T, is an Italian sports car (built from 1991 to 1995) developed by automotive engineer Claudio Zampolli in a joint venture with music composer Giorgio Moroder and designed by Marcello Gandini.[5] It was the only product of the Cizeta company. It was developed by a group of ex-Lamborghini employees and initially introduced in Los Angeles in December 1988.[6]","title":"Cizeta-Moroder V16T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamborghini Countach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini_Countach"},{"link_name":"Ferrari 250 GTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_250_GTO"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c&d-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Cizeta-Moroder name comes from the Italian pronunciation of designer Claudio Zampolli's initials (CZ) (Ci-Zeta). Zampolli worked as a test and development engineer at Lamborghini before starting his own business of selling and maintaining high-performance sports cars. The V16T was conceived out of his desire to have his initials on a sports car. He made a partnership venture with his long time customer Giorgio Moroder, an Oscar winning music composer, who regularly came to his shop to have his Lamborghini Countach serviced after learning that the two shared similar interests in automobiles. Moroder was a 50% stakeholder in the new joint venture. Zampolli selected a team of former Lamborghini employees to develop the car which included Oliviero Pedrazzi as the chief engineer and engine designer and Achille Bevini along with Ianose Bronzatti as in-charge of the suspension and the chassis. Giancarlo Guerra, a former craftsman of Scaglietti body works who was infamous for coach-making the body of the Ferrari 250 GTO along with devising economical ways to make the chassis of the Lamborghini Countach when he worked at Lamborghini, was tasked to build the body of the car for the initial production run.[4]The original and unique Cizeta-Moroder prototype and show car, chassis 001, was sold at a Sotheby's auction for $1,363,500.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transaxle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaxle"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini Urraco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini_Urraco"},{"link_name":"DOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOHC"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMA-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c&d-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcars-3"},{"link_name":"Brembo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brembo"},{"link_name":"OZ Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OZ_Racing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c&d-4"}],"text":"The V16T signifies that its engine is a 16-cylinder engine having the two banks of cylinders arranged in a V configuration and mounted transversely in the central rear position, just forward of the rear axle and behind the passenger seats. It shares a single aluminum cylinder block, with four cylinder heads with gearing between themselves, providing a single output from the center of the engine assembly to the five-speed transaxle. The engine is based on the Lamborghini Urraco's 90° DOHC flat-plane V8 with which it shares a number of parts including the separate heads. The central output also allowed chief engineer Oliviero Pedrazzi to retain the Urraco's crankshaft(s). The Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection systems from the V8 engines were retained for supplying fuel to the engine.[8] The resulting engine has 64 valves, eight overhead camshafts (instead of the conventional long four camshafts) and has a capacity of 6.0 L (5,995 cc) having a compression ratio of 9.3 to 1. The engine produces a peak power output of 540 hp (550 PS; 400 kW) at 8,000 rpm and 540 N⋅m (400 lb⋅ft) of torque at 6,000 rpm. The decision to use a V16 engine was taken to make the car unique and due to Zampolli's fascination of large automobiles.[4][3]The prototypes had a curb weight of 1,701.0 kg (3,750 lb) with Zampolli stating that the production car would weigh 1,406.1 kg (3,100 lb). At the front, the V16T has unequal-length control arms connected to specially designed light-alloy upright joints. The spring-damper units developed by Koni are attached to the control arms conventionally; the suspension arms, connected by an adjustable anti-roll bar, are angled forward to provide anti-dive. The car also uses unequal-length control arms at the rear with the difference being that the twin set of spring-damper units are mounted 250 mm (10 in) inboard of the rear wheels. Each unit is actuated by a bell crank from a linkage that attaches to the lower end of the hub carrier. The brakes have drilled and slotted rotors all around and use twin-pot calipers developed by Brembo. The wheels have race-style hubs that have five locating pegs and a large central nut to secure the wheel. The five-spoke, two-piece, cast-aluminum OZ Racing wheels are clad in 245/40ZR-17 Pirelli P Zero tyres up front and 335/35ZR-17s at the rear.[4]","title":"Technical details"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cizeta-Moroder_V16T_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini Diablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini_Diablo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMA-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"pop-up headlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_headlamp"},{"link_name":"Alpine A610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Alpine_GTA/A610"}],"text":"Rear viewThe chassis was formed of chrome-moly elliptical steel tubing, wrapped in a sleek body designed by Marcello Gandini, who had previously designed the Lamborghini Countach and some aerodynamic Maseratis, and Claudio Zampolli. The front nose shape of the V16T is from an original design for the Lamborghini Diablo by Marcello Gandini. Gandini initially wanted to release the original design he intended for the Diablo but Zampolli was unimpressed by the design. As a result, only the front of the car has the said design with the rear having design changes made by Zampolli himself.[8][9] In a notable design choice, the V16T is the only car to be equipped with four pop-up headlights, two stacked vertically on either side, while the rear lights are borrowed from the Alpine A610.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMA-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The car was viewed from the beginning as an exclusive sports car, achieving a top speed of 328 km/h (204 mph) and required just 4 seconds to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph), while at the same time equipped with many luxury features.Only one prototype bearing the Cizeta-Moroder name was manufactured before the partnership dissolved. The car which was finished in a pearl white exterior colour with a red leather interior remained in the possession of Moroder and underwent a full restoration by Canepa design in 2018, after which it was auctioned in January 2022.[10]In 1991, the list price for a Cizeta was an estimated (US dollars) $650,000. Although predictions for production foresaw one car per month, only 12 examples (including one prototype) were actually built from 1991 until the company moved its operation to Los Angeles, California in 1995. The financial slowdown in the mid 1990s coupled with the car's failure to comply with the US safety regulations and the high asking price restricted production only on a made to order basis. Subsequently, two more cars were completed (one coupé and one spyder) in 1999 and 2003. The car made in 2003 was a convertible variant of the V16T called the Cizeta Fenice TTJ Spyder completed on a special request from a Japanese customer.[11]As of May 1, 2006, the car was still in production on a made-to-order basis, although now priced at $650,000, or $850,000 for the Spyder TTJ, exclusive of shipping, taxes, and extras. According to a 2018 interview, Zampolli considered the car still theoretically in production and available to purchase as late as 2018, although none had been built since the 2003 spyder.[8]As of January 2023, the Cizeta Automobile website is active. An \"Order\" page is listed with specifications of the Moroder V16T with an MSRP of $800,000 and fields for customers to leave their contact details. [12]","title":"Performance and production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giorgio Moroder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcars-3"}],"sub_title":"Moroder's involvement","text":"At some point after the car's debut, Giorgio Moroder and Claudio Zampolli parted ways over a dispute on slow production of the car due its production process which required a large amount of labour hours to complete, materials for the body panels as well as the use of the powerplant. Moroder wanted the car to have a body work constructed from fibre glass and devised the use of a BMW powerplant in place of the bespoke V16 unit installed in the car in order to speed up the production process which initiated the split as these suggestions contradicted with Zampolli's vision for the car.[3] It is known that Claudio Zampolli designed the logo for the car, and Giorgio Moroder paid for the art development. The Cizeta, from 1990 to date, is no longer associated with Moroder; its name remains symbolic of Moroder's hi-tech music and glamorous lifestyle. In addition, while the car debuted (temporarily) as the Cizeta-Moroder, all customer cars were badged simply as Cizeta V16T.","title":"Controversy"}]	[{"image_text":"Rear view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cizeta-Moroder_V16T_%282%29.jpg/220px-Cizeta-Moroder_V16T_%282%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"About\". www.cizetav16t.com. Archived from the original on 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2009-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070517045639/http://www.cizetav16t.com/About.html","url_text":"\"About\""},{"url":"http://www.cizetav16t.com/About.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1995 Cizeta-Moroder V16T\". www.supercars.net. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2008-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130112133849/http://www.supercars.net/cars/390.html","url_text":"\"1995 Cizeta-Moroder V16T\""},{"url":"http://www.supercars.net/cars/390.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"9 Things You Didn't Know About The Cizeta V16T\". Olakunle Balogun. Hot Cars. 15 February 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotcars.com/cizeta-v16t-facts/","url_text":"\"9 Things You Didn't Know About The Cizeta V16T\""}]},{"reference":"Perini, Giancarlo (March 1989). \"1989 Cizeta Moroder V16T Dares to Be Different\". Car and Driver. Retrieved 9 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a33955185/1989-cizeta-moroder-v16t-drive/","url_text":"\"1989 Cizeta Moroder V16T Dares to Be Different\""}]},{"reference":"Carlsson, Mårten (2021-03-24). \"Cizeta - utmanaren från Modena\" [Cizeta: the challenger from Modena]. Klassiker. OK Förlaget. Archived from the original on 2021-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210331081007/https://www.klassiker.nu/reportage/cizeta-utmanaren-fran-modena","url_text":"\"Cizeta - utmanaren från Modena\""},{"url":"https://www.klassiker.nu/reportage/cizeta-utmanaren-fran-modena","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kierse, Matthias (7 June 2018). \"30 Years of Cizeta V16T\". Secret Classics. Retrieved 9 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.secret-classics.com/en/30-years-of-cizeta-v16t/","url_text":"\"30 Years of Cizeta V16T\""}]},{"reference":"McAleer, Brendan (2018-03-09). \"The impossible 16-cylinder Italian exotic that nearly succeeded\". Hagerty. The Hagerty Group, LLC. Archived from the original on 2021-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210203201431/https://www.hagerty.com/media/car-profiles/16-cylinder-italian-exotic-cizeta-moroder-v16t/","url_text":"\"The impossible 16-cylinder Italian exotic that nearly succeeded\""},{"url":"https://www.hagerty.com/media/car-profiles/16-cylinder-italian-exotic-cizeta-moroder-v16t/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baedeker, Jan (14 July 2021). \"This Gandini-designed Cizeta prototype might be the missing link to the Lamborghini Diablo\". Classic Driver. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classicdriver.com/en/article/cars/gandini-designed-cizeta-prototype-might-be-missing-link-lamborghini-diablo","url_text":"\"This Gandini-designed Cizeta prototype might be the missing link to the Lamborghini Diablo\""}]},{"reference":"Hood, Bryan (9 November 2021). \"This One-of-a-Kind Cizeta-Moroder V16T Prototype Will Hit the Auction Block in January\". RobReport. Retrieved 9 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://robbreport.com/motors/cars/1988-cizeta-moroder-v16t-prototypeone-and-only-cizeta-v16t-prototype-auction-1234646816/","url_text":"\"This One-of-a-Kind Cizeta-Moroder V16T Prototype Will Hit the Auction Block in January\""}]},{"reference":"Marriage, Ollie (10 February 2017). \"Cizeta's 540bhp V16T: the supercar that almost made it\". Top Gear. Retrieved 9 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topgear.com/car-news/mavericks/cizetas-540bhp-v16t-supercar-almost-made-it","url_text":"\"Cizeta's 540bhp V16T: the supercar that almost made it\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070517045639/http://www.cizetav16t.com/About.html","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"http://www.cizetav16t.com/About.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130112133849/http://www.supercars.net/cars/390.html","external_links_name":"\"1995 Cizeta-Moroder V16T\""},{"Link":"http://www.supercars.net/cars/390.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hotcars.com/cizeta-v16t-facts/","external_links_name":"\"9 Things You Didn't Know About The Cizeta V16T\""},{"Link":"https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a33955185/1989-cizeta-moroder-v16t-drive/","external_links_name":"\"1989 Cizeta Moroder V16T Dares to Be Different\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210331081007/https://www.klassiker.nu/reportage/cizeta-utmanaren-fran-modena","external_links_name":"\"Cizeta - utmanaren från Modena\""},{"Link":"https://www.klassiker.nu/reportage/cizeta-utmanaren-fran-modena","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.secret-classics.com/en/30-years-of-cizeta-v16t/","external_links_name":"\"30 Years of Cizeta V16T\""},{"Link":"https://rmsothebys.com/en/auctions/az22/arizona/lots/r0001-1988-cizeta-moroder-v16t/1147734","external_links_name":"Sotheby's auction Arizona 2022"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210203201431/https://www.hagerty.com/media/car-profiles/16-cylinder-italian-exotic-cizeta-moroder-v16t/","external_links_name":"\"The impossible 16-cylinder Italian exotic that nearly succeeded\""},{"Link":"https://www.hagerty.com/media/car-profiles/16-cylinder-italian-exotic-cizeta-moroder-v16t/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.classicdriver.com/en/article/cars/gandini-designed-cizeta-prototype-might-be-missing-link-lamborghini-diablo","external_links_name":"\"This Gandini-designed Cizeta prototype might be the missing link to the Lamborghini Diablo\""},{"Link":"https://robbreport.com/motors/cars/1988-cizeta-moroder-v16t-prototypeone-and-only-cizeta-v16t-prototype-auction-1234646816/","external_links_name":"\"This One-of-a-Kind Cizeta-Moroder V16T Prototype Will Hit the Auction Block in January\""},{"Link":"https://www.topgear.com/car-news/mavericks/cizetas-540bhp-v16t-supercar-almost-made-it","external_links_name":"\"Cizeta's 540bhp V16T: the supercar that almost made it\""},{"Link":"https://cizetaautomobile.com/order/","external_links_name":"https://cizetaautomobile.com/order/"},{"Link":"http://www.cizetausa.com/","external_links_name":"Official Cizeta Automobili website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirth_F-30	Hirth F-30	["1 Development","2 Variants","3 Applications","4 Specifications (F-30ES)","4.1 General characteristics","4.2 Components","4.3 Performance","5 See also","6 References"]	German two-stroke aircraft engine Hirth F-30 Type Four-cylinder two-stroke aircraft engine National origin Germany Manufacturer Hirth The Hirth F-30 is a horizontally opposed four-cylinder, two-stroke, carburetted aircraft engine, with optional fuel injection, designed for use on ultralight aircraft and homebuilts. It is manufactured by Hirth of Germany. Development The F-30 is equipped with a dual capacitor discharge ignition system and is free-air-cooled, with optional fan cooling. The cylinder walls are electrochemically coated with Nikasil. Standard starting is electric start and recoil start is not an option. The reduction drive system available is the G-40 gearbox with optional reduction ratios of 2.03:1, 2.25:1, 2.64:1, 2.96:1 and 3.33:1. A centrifugal clutch is also available as optional equipment. The engine runs on a 50:1 pre-mix of unleaded 93 octane auto fuel and oil. Variants F-30 Four-cylinder horizontally opposed, two-stroke, aircraft engine with a dual 38 mm diaphragm carburetors. Produces 85 hp (63 kW) at 5,500 rpm if free-air-cooled or 80 hp (60 kW) at 5,500 rpm if fan cooled. It has a factory rated time between overhaul (TBO) of 1,200 hours. Currently in production. F-30E Four-cylinder horizontally opposed, two-stroke, aircraft engine with fuel injection. Produces 90 hp (67 kW) at 5,500 rpm if free-air-cooled or 85 hp (63 kW) at 5,500 rpm if fan cooled. It has a factory rated TBO of 1,200 hours. Currently in production. F-30S Four-cylinder horizontally opposed, two-stroke, aircraft engine with dual integral pumper carburetors. Produces 100 hp (75 kW) at 6200 rpm if free-air-cooled or 95 hp (71 kW) at 6,200 rpm if fan-cooled. It has a factory rated TBO of 1,000 hours. Currently in production. F-30ES Four-cylinder horizontally opposed, two-stroke, aircraft engine with fuel injection. Produces 110 hp (82 kW) at 6,200 rpm if free-air-cooled or 105 hp (78 kW) at 6,200 rpm if fan-cooled. It has a factory rated TBO of 1,000 hours. Currently in production. Applications ABS Aerolight Legacy ABS Aerolight Navigathor Acrolite Aeros UL-2000 Flamingo Airdrome Fokker D-VII Airdrome Nieuport 24 American Sportscopter Ultrasport 496 Aviastroitel AC-7M Denney Kitfox DF Helicopters DF334 Falconar F11 Sporty Howland H-2 Honey Bee Kolb Mark III Lockheed Martin P-791 Paladin Hercules Para-Ski Top Gun Peak Aerospace Me 109R Rans S-12 Solid Air Diamant Twin Swing-Europe Parashell Titan Tornado Specifications (F-30ES) Data from Recreational Power Engineering General characteristics Type: Four-cylinder, two-stroke, horizontally opposed, aircraft engine Bore: 72 mm (2.8 in) Stroke: 64 mm (2.5 in) Displacement: 1,042 cc (63.6 cu in) Length: 380 mm (15.0 in) Width: 660 mm (26.0 in) Height: 355 mm (14.0 in) Dry weight: 105 lb (47.6 kg), including starter and exhaust system, 129 lb (58.5 kg) with gearbox, exhaust system and electric start. Fan cooling adds 8.5 lb (3.9 kg) Components Fuel system: Fuel injection Fuel type: unleaded 93 octane auto fuel Oil system: 50:1 fuel-oil premix or oil injection Cooling system: free-air or fan Reduction gear: G-40 gearbox with reduction ratios of 2.03:1, 2.25:1, 2.64:1, 2.96:1 and 3.33:1 available. Optional centrifugal clutch. Performance Power output: 110 hp (82 kW) at 6,200 rpm with free-air cooling, 105 hp (78 kW) at 6,200 rpm with fan cooling Compression ratio: 9.5:1 See also 2si 808 Arrow 1000 Rotax 912 References ^ a b c Cliche, Andre: Ultralight Aircraft Shopper's Guide 8th Edition, pages G-4 Cybair Limited Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-9680628-1-4 ^ a b c d e f Recreational Power Engineering (n.d.). "F-30 ES Fuel Injected ll0hp". Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2009. ^ a b c d e Recreational Power Engineering (n.d.). "F-30 2 cycle 80 hp". Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2009. ^ Purdy, Don: AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, page 72. BAI Communications. ISBN 0-9636409-4-1 ^ "FAA Registry - Aircraft - N-Number Inquiry". registry.faa.gov. vteHirth and Heinkel-Hirth aircraft enginesPiston engines HM 8 HM 60 HM 150 HM 500 HM 501 HM 504 HM 506 HM 508 HM 512 HM 515 Two-strokes F-23 F-30 F-33 F-36 F-40 F-263 2302 2702 2703 2704 2706 3002 3003 3202 3203 3502 3503 3701 3702 3703 4103 4201 Gas turbines HeS 1 HeS 3 HeS 8 HeS 30 HeS 40 HeS 50 HeS 60 HeS 011	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horizontally opposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontally_opposed"},{"link_name":"two-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke"},{"link_name":"carburetted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor"},{"link_name":"fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection"},{"link_name":"ultralight aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft"},{"link_name":"homebuilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Hirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cliche-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30ES-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerocrafter-4"}],"text":"The Hirth F-30 is a horizontally opposed four-cylinder, two-stroke, carburetted aircraft engine, with optional fuel injection, designed for use on ultralight aircraft and homebuilts. It is manufactured by Hirth of Germany.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Hirth F-30"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capacitor discharge ignition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_discharge_ignition"},{"link_name":"Nikasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikasil"},{"link_name":"recoil start","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil_start"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cliche-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30ES-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30-3"},{"link_name":"unleaded 93 octane auto fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgas#Automotive_gasoline"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cliche-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30ES-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30-3"}],"text":"The F-30 is equipped with a dual capacitor discharge ignition system and is free-air-cooled, with optional fan cooling. The cylinder walls are electrochemically coated with Nikasil. Standard starting is electric start and recoil start is not an option. The reduction drive system available is the G-40 gearbox with optional reduction ratios of 2.03:1, 2.25:1, 2.64:1, 2.96:1 and 3.33:1. A centrifugal clutch is also available as optional equipment.[1][2][3]The engine runs on a 50:1 pre-mix of unleaded 93 octane auto fuel and oil.[1][2][3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"time between overhaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_between_overhaul"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30ES-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30ES-2"}],"text":"F-30\nFour-cylinder horizontally opposed, two-stroke, aircraft engine with a dual 38 mm diaphragm carburetors. Produces 85 hp (63 kW) at 5,500 rpm if free-air-cooled or 80 hp (60 kW) at 5,500 rpm if fan cooled. It has a factory rated time between overhaul (TBO) of 1,200 hours. Currently in production.[3]\nF-30E\nFour-cylinder horizontally opposed, two-stroke, aircraft engine with fuel injection. Produces 90 hp (67 kW) at 5,500 rpm if free-air-cooled or 85 hp (63 kW) at 5,500 rpm if fan cooled. It has a factory rated TBO of 1,200 hours. Currently in production.[3]\nF-30S\nFour-cylinder horizontally opposed, two-stroke, aircraft engine with dual integral pumper carburetors. Produces 100 hp (75 kW) at 6200 rpm if free-air-cooled or 95 hp (71 kW) at 6,200 rpm if fan-cooled. It has a factory rated TBO of 1,000 hours. Currently in production.[2]\nF-30ES\nFour-cylinder horizontally opposed, two-stroke, aircraft engine with fuel injection. Produces 110 hp (82 kW) at 6,200 rpm if free-air-cooled or 105 hp (78 kW) at 6,200 rpm if fan-cooled. It has a factory rated TBO of 1,000 hours. Currently in production.[2]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABS Aerolight Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS_Aerolight_Legacy"},{"link_name":"ABS Aerolight Navigathor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS_Aerolight_Navigathor"},{"link_name":"Acrolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolite"},{"link_name":"Aeros UL-2000 Flamingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeros_UL-2000_Flamingo"},{"link_name":"Airdrome Fokker D-VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrome_Fokker_D-VII"},{"link_name":"Airdrome Nieuport 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrome_Nieuport_24"},{"link_name":"American Sportscopter Ultrasport 496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sportscopter_Ultrasport_496"},{"link_name":"Aviastroitel AC-7M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviastroitel_AC-7M"},{"link_name":"Denney Kitfox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denney_Kitfox"},{"link_name":"DF Helicopters DF334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF_Helicopters_DF334"},{"link_name":"Falconar F11 Sporty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconar_F11_Sporty"},{"link_name":"Howland H-2 Honey Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howland_H-2_Honey_Bee"},{"link_name":"Kolb Mark III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolb_Mark_III"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin P-791","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_P-791"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paladin Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladin_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Para-Ski Top Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Ski_Top_Gun"},{"link_name":"Peak Aerospace Me 109R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Aerospace_Me_109R"},{"link_name":"Rans S-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rans_S-12"},{"link_name":"Solid Air Diamant Twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Air_Diamant_Twin"},{"link_name":"Swing-Europe Parashell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing-Europe_Parashell"},{"link_name":"Titan Tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Tornado"}],"text":"ABS Aerolight Legacy\nABS Aerolight Navigathor\nAcrolite\nAeros UL-2000 Flamingo\nAirdrome Fokker D-VII\nAirdrome Nieuport 24\nAmerican Sportscopter Ultrasport 496\nAviastroitel AC-7M\nDenney Kitfox\nDF Helicopters DF334\nFalconar F11 Sporty\nHowland H-2 Honey Bee\nKolb Mark III\nLockheed Martin P-791[5]\nPaladin Hercules\nPara-Ski Top Gun\nPeak Aerospace Me 109R\nRans S-12\nSolid Air Diamant Twin\nSwing-Europe Parashell\nTitan Tornado","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HirthF30ES-2"}],"text":"Data from Recreational Power Engineering[2]","title":"Specifications (F-30ES)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_displacement"},{"link_name":"Dry weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_weight"}],"sub_title":"General characteristics","text":"Type: Four-cylinder, two-stroke, horizontally opposed, aircraft engine\nBore: 72 mm (2.8 in)\nStroke: 64 mm (2.5 in)\nDisplacement: 1,042 cc (63.6 cu in)\nLength: 380 mm (15.0 in)\nWidth: 660 mm (26.0 in)\nHeight: 355 mm (14.0 in)\nDry weight: 105 lb (47.6 kg), including starter and exhaust system, 129 lb (58.5 kg) with gearbox, exhaust system and electric start. Fan cooling adds 8.5 lb (3.9 kg)","title":"Specifications (F-30ES)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unleaded 93 octane auto fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgas#Automotive_gasoline"},{"link_name":"Reduction gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_speed_reduction_unit"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"Fuel system: Fuel injection\nFuel type: unleaded 93 octane auto fuel\nOil system: 50:1 fuel-oil premix or oil injection\nCooling system: free-air or fan\nReduction gear: G-40 gearbox with reduction ratios of 2.03:1, 2.25:1, 2.64:1, 2.96:1 and 3.33:1 available. Optional centrifugal clutch.","title":"Specifications (F-30ES)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Compression ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_ratio"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"Power output: 110 hp (82 kW) at 6,200 rpm with free-air cooling, 105 hp (78 kW) at 6,200 rpm with fan cooling\nCompression ratio: 9.5:1","title":"Specifications (F-30ES)"}]	[]	[{"title":"2si 808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2si_808"},{"title":"Arrow 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_1000"},{"title":"Rotax 912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912"}]	[{"reference":"Recreational Power Engineering (n.d.). \"F-30 ES Fuel Injected ll0hp\". Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127174327/http://recpower.com/f302c11.htm","url_text":"\"F-30 ES Fuel Injected ll0hp\""},{"url":"http://www.recpower.com/f302c11.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Recreational Power Engineering (n.d.). \"F-30 2 cycle 80 hp\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100927180952/http://recpower.com/f308.htm","url_text":"\"F-30 2 cycle 80 hp\""},{"url":"http://www.recpower.com/f308.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Registry - Aircraft - N-Number Inquiry\". registry.faa.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=791LM","url_text":"\"FAA Registry - Aircraft - N-Number Inquiry\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127174327/http://recpower.com/f302c11.htm","external_links_name":"\"F-30 ES Fuel Injected ll0hp\""},{"Link":"http://www.recpower.com/f302c11.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100927180952/http://recpower.com/f308.htm","external_links_name":"\"F-30 2 cycle 80 hp\""},{"Link":"http://www.recpower.com/f308.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=791LM","external_links_name":"\"FAA Registry - Aircraft - N-Number Inquiry\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochyrotica_cretosa	Ochyrotica cretosa	["1 References","2 External links"]	Species of plume moth Ochyrotica cretosa Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Pterophoridae Genus: Ochyrotica Species: O. cretosa Binomial name Ochyrotica cretosa(Durrant, 1915) Synonyms Steganodactyla cretosa Durrant, 1915 Ochyrotica cretosa is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from New Guinea, the Moluccas and the Solomon Islands. References ^ a b Hobern, Donald (5 May 2023). "Family Pterophoridae". Catalogue of the Pterophoroidea of the World. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ Review of the Pterophoridae from New Guinea, with descriptions of eight new species (Lepidoptera) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ochyrotica cretosa. Wikispecies has information related to Ochyrotica cretosa. Papua Insects Taxon identifiersOchyrotica cretosa Wikidata: Q7076467 Wikispecies: Ochyrotica cretosa CoL: 74FW9 EoL: 381034 GBIF: 1859850 IRMNG: 11029424 LepIndex: 804 Open Tree of Life: 3091762 This article on a moth of the family Pterophoridae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Pterophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterophoridae"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Moluccas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccas"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ochyrotica cretosa is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from New Guinea, the Moluccas and the Solomon Islands.[2]","title":"Ochyrotica cretosa"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hobern, Donald (5 May 2023). \"Family Pterophoridae\". Catalogue of the Pterophoroidea of the World. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pterophoroidea.hobern.net/catalogue.php#taxon-16","url_text":"\"Family Pterophoridae\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://pterophoroidea.hobern.net/catalogue.php#taxon-16","external_links_name":"\"Family Pterophoridae\""},{"Link":"http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/44281","external_links_name":"Review of the Pterophoridae from New Guinea, with descriptions of eight new species (Lepidoptera)"},{"Link":"http://www.papua-insects.nl/insect%20orders/Lepidoptera/Pterophoridae/Ochyrotica/Ochyrotica%20cretosa.htm","external_links_name":"Papua Insects"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/74FW9","external_links_name":"74FW9"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/381034","external_links_name":"381034"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1859850","external_links_name":"1859850"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11029424","external_links_name":"11029424"},{"Link":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=804","external_links_name":"804"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3091762","external_links_name":"3091762"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ochyrotica_cretosa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth_RFC	Exmouth RFC	["1 History","2 Ground","3 Season summary","4 Honours","5 Notes","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	English rugby union team, based in Devon Rugby teamExmouthFull nameExmouth Rugby Football ClubUnionDevon RFUNickname(s)CocklesFounded1873; 151 years ago (1873)LocationExmouth, Devon, EnglandGround(s)Imperial Recreation Ground (Capacity: 1,250 (250 stand))ChairmanIan HarrisPresidentRoger HolmanCoach(es)Steve PerryLeague(s)Regional 1 South West2022–235th Team kit Official websitewww.exmouthrugby.co.uk Exmouth Rugby Football Club is a rugby union team based in at the Imperial Recreation Ground in Exmouth, Devon . The club runs four senior teams and a ladies side as well as the full range of junior boys teams and girls teams at three age levels. The first XV plays in the Regional 1 South West, the fifth tier of the English rugby union league system. The stand at Exmouth RFC Imperial Recreation Ground History Exmouth RFC was formed in 1873 and, along with clubs such as Barnstaple and Exeter, were instrumental in promoting the game of rugby union in Devon. Early games were played at Exmouth Cricket Ground and then Littleham Lane, until the club moved to more permanent lodgings at Archery Field (Cranford), where they would remain for the next 70 years. The club had some difficult times in its infancy, almost fading from existence in the early 20th century and having to merge with another local club (the Exmouth Echoes) in 1905. By the 1920s things had improved considerably and Exmouth became one of the top sides in the county, with the first team winning the Devon Senior Cup in 1925 and reserves winning the Devon Junior Cup three times between 1920 and 1926. Although the success of the 1920s was not reflected in the decades before and after the Second World War, there were some moments of note including a home victory over a Swansea side. In the 1960s Exmouth decided to leave Cranford to a more suitable location in town so that they were more accessible to supporters. In 1964 the club moved to its current home at the Imperial Recreation Ground, where it has remained to this day. When the leagues were introduced in 1987-88 Exmouth were placed in Cornwall/Devon at level 8 of the English rugby union system. Although they were relegated to the Devon regional leagues at the end of 1988-89 they bounced back quickly and spent the remainder of the 1990s in Cornwall/Devon. At the end of the millennium Exmouth finally escaped from level 8 by winning promotion to Western Counties West. The club also won the Devon Junior Cup twice during this period, including a league and cup double in 2000. During the early 21st century Exmouth started to rise up the league structure and become one of the counties premier sides. They achieved promotion from Western Counties West at the end of 2002 and also won the clubs' first Devon Senior Cup title since 1925. A second promotion at the end of 2008, this time from South West 2 West, saw Exmouth reach the lofty heights of level 5 rugby. On reaching level 5 Exmouth embarked on their most successful spell in the club's history, winning promotion to National League 2 South twice (at tier 4, the highest level the club has reached), and becoming dominant in county rugby with five senior cup victories, including four in row between 2010 and 2014. The only downside during this period was that the club was unable to remain in National League 2 South for longer than a season on each occasion they were promoted to that league. Ground Exmouth RFC play at the Imperial Recreation Ground on the banks of the River Exe, just off the Royal Avenue in the heart of Exmouth. As it is next to Exmouth railway station it is easily accessible to supporters and there is plenty of parking, both inside and outside the ground. The ground consists of two enclosed pitches. The main pitch is surrounded by an athletics track and is next to the club-house and there is a covered grand stand. Capacity is around 1,250, which includes 250 in the stand, and a further 1,000 standing pitch side. The second pitch is for 2nd XV and junior games. The clubhouse has borne witness to some epic p*ss-ups, with drunken renditions of “2, 4, 6, 8 Motorway” and “Come on Eileen” being belted out by Geldy, Eyelash, Yozza, Dickie Guy and Bedders. Season summary Season League National Cup(s) County Cup(s) Competition/Level Position Points Competition Performance Competition Performance 1987–88 Cornwall/Devon (8) 2nd 18 1988–89 Cornwall/Devon (8) 10th (relegated) 4 1989–90 Devon 1 (9) 1st (promoted) 1990–91 Cornwall/Devon (8) 1991–92 Cornwall/Devon (8) 1992–93 Cornwall/Devon (8) 1993–94 Cornwall/Devon (8) 1994–95 Cornwall/Devon (8) 1995–96 Cornwall/Devon (8) 1996–97 Cornwall/Devon (8) 1997–98 Cornwall/Devon (8) 3rd 24 Devon Junior Cup Winners 1998–99 Cornwall/Devon (8) 5th 16 1999–00 Cornwall/Devon (8) 1st (promoted) 30 Devon Junior Cup Winners 2000–01 Western Counties West (7) 3rd 32 2001–02 Western Counties West (7) 1st (promoted) 40 2002–03 South West 2 West (6) 4th 28 Devon Senior Cup Winners 2003–04 South West 2 West (6) 9th 18 Powergen Cup Preliminary Round 2004–05 South West 2 West (6) 9th 18 Powergen Intermediate Cup 2005–06 South West 2 West (6) 7th 16 Powergen Intermediate Cup Devon Senior Cup Winners 2006–07 South West 2 West (6) 7th 22 EDF Energy Trophy 2nd Round 2007–08 South West 2 West (6) 1st (promoted) 40 EDF Energy Intermediate Cup 3rd Round Devon Senior Cup Runners up 2008–09 South West 1 (5) 8th 20 EDF Energy Trophy 2nd Round 2009–10 National 3 South West (5) 10th 50 2010–11 National 3 South West (5) 8th 62 Devon Senior Cup Winners 2011–12 National 3 South West (5) 4th 90 Devon Senior Cup Winners 2012–13 National 3 South West (5) 2nd (promoted via play-off) 107 Devon Senior Cup Winners 2013–14 National 2 South (4) 16th (relegated) 34 Devon Senior Cup Winners 2014–15 National 3 South West (5) 2nd (lost play-off) 99 Devon Senior Cup Semi-finals 2015–16 National 3 South West (5) 1st (promoted) 103 Devon Senior Cup Winners 2016–17 National 2 South (4) 16th (relegated) 29 2017–18 South West Premier (5) 11th 65 Devon Senior Cup Runners up 2018–19 South West Premier (5) 6th 75 Devon Senior Cup Runners up 2019–20 South West Premier (5) 10th 54 Devon Senior Cup 2020–21 South West Premier (5) Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. 2021–22 South West Premier (5) 5th Green background stands for either league champions (with promotion) or cup winners. Blue background stands for promotion without winning league or losing cup finalists. Pink background stands for relegation. Honours Devon Junior Cup winners (6): 1920, 1922, 1926, 1938, 1998, 2000 Devon Senior Cup winners (8): 1925, 2003, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016 Havill Plate winners (3): 1977, 1981, 1983 Devon League 1 champions: 1989–90 Cornwall & Devon champions: 1999–00 Western Counties West champions: 2001–02 Tribute South West Division 2 West champions: 2007–08 National League 3 (south-east v south-west) promotion play-off winner: 2012–13 National League 3 South West champions: 2015–16 Notes ^ Following widespread RFU restructuring of the English rugby union system South West 1 was renamed as National League 3 South West for the 2009–10 season. ^ The 2009–10 season would see the introduction of bonus points into tier 5 English rugby union. ^ National League 3 South West would be renamed to South West Premier for the 2017–18 season. ^ The season was postponed and ultimately cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom with Exmouth sitting in 10th, having played 20 games and gained 45 points. The remaining games were calculated on a 'best playing record formula', with Exmouth remaining in 10th place with 54 points. ^ 4 of Exmouth's Devon Junior Cup wins (1920, 1922, 1926, 1938) were won by the reserve side. See also Devon RFU References ^ "Teams". Exmouth RFC (Pitchero). Retrieved 12 November 2018. ^ "Club History". Exmouth RFC (Pitchero). Retrieved 12 November 2018. ^ "Final League Tables 1997–98". Trelawny's Army. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Final League Tables 1998–99". Trelawny's Army. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Final League Tables 1999–2000". Trelawny's Army. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Final League Tables 2000–2001". Trelawny's Army. Retrieved 1 September 2014. ^ "Final League Tables, 2001–2002". Trelawny's Army. Retrieved 1 September 2014. ^ "South West 2 West 2002–2003". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "South West 2 West 2003–2004". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "POWERGEN CUP DRAW". Gloucester Rugby. 14 July 2003. ^ "South West 2 West 2004–2005". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "Away days for Swindon sides". The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald. 24 September 2004. ^ "South West 2 West 2005–2006". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "Powergen Cup Draws". The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald. 17 August 2005. ^ "South West 2 West 2006–2007". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "EDF Energy National Cup 2006/07 (second round)". Statbunker. 18 November 2006. ^ "EDF Energy National Cup 2006/07 (3rd Round)". Statbunker. 9 December 2006. ^ "South West 2 West 2007–2008". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ "EDF Energy competition draws and finals news". ESPN. 21 November 2007. ^ "Bracknell recall for Blankely". Get Reading. 11 January 2008. ^ "South West 1, 2008–2009". England Rugby. RFU. Retrieved 2 May 2016. ^ "EDF National Trophy 08/09". Statbunker. 22 November 2008. ^ "National League 3 South West 2009–2010". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ "National League 3 South West 2010–2011". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ "National League 3 South West 2011–2012". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ "National League 3 South West 2012–2013". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ "National League 3 South West 2014–2015". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ "The Devon Senior Cup 2014-15". Devon RFU. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018. ^ "National League 3 South West 2015–2016". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016. ^ "South West Premier 2017–2018". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 April 2018. ^ "South West Premier 2018–2019". England Rugby. Retrieved 13 April 2019. ^ "RFU confirms league positions". England Rugby. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ a b "DRFU Handbook 2011-12" (PDF). Devon RFU. Retrieved 30 January 2017. ^ "Trelawny's Army Final League Tables 2001-2002". ^ "Trelawny's Army Final League Tables 2007-2008". External links Official website Official Twitter Account vte Rugby union in EnglandGoverning body Rugby Football Union Rugby Football Union for Women (merged into the RFU) National teamsMen's England England A 7's U-21 U-20 U-18 British & Irish Lions England Counties XV Women's Women's 7's International competitionsMen's World Cup Six Nations Rugby World Cup Sevens Sevens World Series Sevens Grand Prix Series Commonwealth Games Women's World Cup Six Nations World Series Sevens Competition divisionsMen's Premiership Championship National Leagues London and SE Division Northern Division Midland Division South West Division United Hospitals Cup Women's Premiership Women's Rugby European competitions European Rugby Champions Cup European Rugby Challenge Cup National competitions Premiership Rugby Premiership Cup RFU Championship Championship Cup National League 1 National League 2 East National League 2 North National League 2 West RFU Intermediate Cup RFU Senior Vase RFU Junior Vase Premiership Rugby Sevens Series Women's Premiership Premier 15s London and South East competitions Regional 1 South East Regional 1 South Central Regional 2 South Central Regional 2 South East Regional 2 Thames London 1 North London 2 North East London 2 North West London 2 South East London 2 South West London 3 North West London 3 South East London 3 South West London 3 Eastern Counties London 3 Essex Eastern Counties 1 Eastern Counties 2 Eastern Counties 3 Essex 1 Hampshire Premier Hampshire 1 Hampshire Cups Herts/Middlesex 1 Herts/Middlesex 2 Hertfordshire Cups Middlesex Cups Kent 1 Kent 2 Kent Cups Surrey 1 Counties 2 Surrey Counties 3 Surrey Counties 4 Surrey Counties 5 Surrey Surrey Cups Sussex 1 Sussex Cups Midland competitions Regional 1 Midlands Regional 2 North Midlands Regional 2 West Midlands Regional 2 East Midlands Midlands 2 West (North) Midlands 2 West (South) Midlands 2 East (North) Midlands 2 East (South) Midlands 3 West (North) Midlands 3 West (South) Midlands 3 East (North) Midlands 3 East (South) Midlands 4 West (North) Midlands 4 West (South) Midlands 4 East (North) Midlands 4 East (South) Midlands 5 West (South) Leicestershire Cups North Midlands Cups Staffordshire Cups Warwickshire Cups Northern competitions Regional 1 North East Regional 1 North West Regional 2 North Regional 2 North East Regional 2 North West North 1 East North 1 West North 2 West Lancs/Cheshire 1 Lancs/Cheshire 2 Cheshire Cups Lancashire Cups Counties 1 Cumbria Cumbria Cups Counties 1 Durham & Northumberland Counties 2 Durham & Northumberland Counties 3 Durham & Northumberland Durham Cups Northumberland Cups Counties 1 Yorkshire Counties 2 Yorkshire Counties 3 Yorkshire Counties 4 Yorkshire Yorkshire Cups South West competitions Regional 1 South West Regional 2 Severn Regional 2 South West Counties 1 Southern North Counties 1 Southern South Counties 1 Western North Counties 1 Western West Counties 2 Cornwall Counties 3 Cornwall Cornwall Cups Counties 2 Devon Counties 3 Devon East Counties 3 Devon West Devon Cups Gloucester Premier Gloucester 1 Gloucester 2 North Gloucester 2 South Gloucestershire Cups Somerset Premier Somerset 1 Somerset 2 North Somerset 2 South Somerset 3 North Somerset 3 South Somerset Cups Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premier Oxfordshire Cups Dorset & Wilts 1 North Dorset & Wilts 1 South Dorset & Wilts 2 North Dorset & Wilts 2 South Dorset & Wilts 3 North County competitions Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 Discontinued competitions Anglo-Welsh Cup Cornwall/Devon League Divisional Championship National League 2 South North Premier RFU Knockout Cup South West 1 East Related articles International players Clubs Churchill Cup Calcutta Cup Millennium Trophy Ella-Mobbs Trophy Hillary Shield Other English rugby union system Timeline of rugby union on UK television	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Exmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Regional 1 South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_1_South_West"},{"link_name":"English rugby union league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_rugby_union_system"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exmouth_RFC_Imperial_Recreation_Ground_stand.jpg"}],"text":"Rugby teamExmouth Rugby Football Club is a rugby union team based in at the Imperial Recreation Ground in Exmouth, Devon . The club runs four senior teams and a ladies side as well as the full range of junior boys teams and girls teams at three age levels.[1] The first XV plays in the Regional 1 South West, the fifth tier of the English rugby union league system.The stand at Exmouth RFC Imperial Recreation Ground","title":"Exmouth RFC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnstaple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstaple_RFC"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Devon Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_RFU_Senior_Cup"},{"link_name":"Devon Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_RFU_Junior_Cup"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_RFC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cornwall/Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_Cornwall/Devon"},{"link_name":"English rugby union system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_rugby_union_system"},{"link_name":"Western Counties West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_Western_Counties_West"},{"link_name":"Western Counties West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_Western_Counties_West"},{"link_name":"South West 2 West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_South_West_1_West"},{"link_name":"National League 2 South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_2_South"}],"text":"Exmouth RFC was formed in 1873 and, along with clubs such as Barnstaple and Exeter, were instrumental in promoting the game of rugby union in Devon. Early games were played at Exmouth Cricket Ground and then Littleham Lane, until the club moved to more permanent lodgings at Archery Field (Cranford), where they would remain for the next 70 years. The club had some difficult times in its infancy, almost fading from existence in the early 20th century and having to merge with another local club (the Exmouth Echoes) in 1905.By the 1920s things had improved considerably and Exmouth became one of the top sides in the county, with the first team winning the Devon Senior Cup in 1925 and reserves winning the Devon Junior Cup three times between 1920 and 1926. Although the success of the 1920s was not reflected in the decades before and after the Second World War, there were some moments of note including a home victory over a Swansea side. In the 1960s Exmouth decided to leave Cranford to a more suitable location in town so that they were more accessible to supporters. In 1964 the club moved to its current home at the Imperial Recreation Ground, where it has remained to this day.[2]When the leagues were introduced in 1987-88 Exmouth were placed in Cornwall/Devon at level 8 of the English rugby union system. Although they were relegated to the Devon regional leagues at the end of 1988-89 they bounced back quickly and spent the remainder of the 1990s in Cornwall/Devon. At the end of the millennium Exmouth finally escaped from level 8 by winning promotion to Western Counties West. The club also won the Devon Junior Cup twice during this period, including a league and cup double in 2000.During the early 21st century Exmouth started to rise up the league structure and become one of the counties premier sides. They achieved promotion from Western Counties West at the end of 2002 and also won the clubs' first Devon Senior Cup title since 1925. A second promotion at the end of 2008, this time from South West 2 West, saw Exmouth reach the lofty heights of level 5 rugby.On reaching level 5 Exmouth embarked on their most successful spell in the club's history, winning promotion to National League 2 South twice (at tier 4, the highest level the club has reached), and becoming dominant in county rugby with five senior cup victories, including four in row between 2010 and 2014. The only downside during this period was that the club was unable to remain in National League 2 South for longer than a season on each occasion they were promoted to that league.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Exe"},{"link_name":"Exmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth"},{"link_name":"Exmouth railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth_railway_station"}],"text":"Exmouth RFC play at the Imperial Recreation Ground on the banks of the River Exe, just off the Royal Avenue in the heart of Exmouth. As it is next to Exmouth railway station it is easily accessible to supporters and there is plenty of parking, both inside and outside the ground. The ground consists of two enclosed pitches. The main pitch is surrounded by an athletics track and is next to the club-house and there is a covered grand stand. Capacity is around 1,250, which includes 250 in the stand, and a further 1,000 standing pitch side. The second pitch is for 2nd XV and junior games.The clubhouse has borne witness to some epic p*ss-ups, with drunken renditions of “2, 4, 6, 8 Motorway” and “Come on Eileen” being belted out by Geldy, Eyelash, Yozza, Dickie Guy and Bedders.","title":"Ground"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devon Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_RFU_Junior_Cup"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-competitionwinners-37"},{"link_name":"[a 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Devon Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_RFU_Senior_Cup"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-competitionwinners-37"},{"link_name":"Havill Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havill_Plate"},{"link_name":"Devon League 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_League_1"},{"link_name":"Cornwall & Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_Cornwall/Devon"},{"link_name":"Western Counties West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_Western_Counties_West"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Tribute South West Division 2 West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_South_West_1_West"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"National League 3 (south-east v south-west)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_3_South_West#Promotion_play-offs"},{"link_name":"National League 3 South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_3_South_West"}],"text":"Devon Junior Cup winners (6): 1920, 1922, 1926, 1938, 1998, 2000[33][a 5]\nDevon Senior Cup winners (8): 1925, 2003, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016[33]\nHavill Plate winners (3): 1977, 1981, 1983\nDevon League 1 champions: 1989–90\nCornwall & Devon champions: 1999–00\nWestern Counties West champions: 2001–02[34]\nTribute South West Division 2 West champions: 2007–08[35]\nNational League 3 (south-east v south-west) promotion play-off winner: 2012–13\nNational League 3 South West champions: 2015–16","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"RFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"English rugby union system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_rugby_union_system"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"bonus points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_bonus_points_system"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"}],"text":"^ Following widespread RFU restructuring of the English rugby union system South West 1 was renamed as National League 3 South West for the 2009–10 season.\n\n^ The 2009–10 season would see the introduction of bonus points into tier 5 English rugby union.\n\n^ National League 3 South West would be renamed to South West Premier for the 2017–18 season.\n\n^ The season was postponed and ultimately cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom with Exmouth sitting in 10th, having played 20 games and gained 45 points. The remaining games were calculated on a 'best playing record formula', with Exmouth remaining in 10th place with 54 points.[32]\n\n^ 4 of Exmouth's Devon Junior Cup wins (1920, 1922, 1926, 1938) were won by the reserve side.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The stand at Exmouth RFC Imperial Recreation Ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Exmouth_RFC_Imperial_Recreation_Ground_stand.jpg/260px-Exmouth_RFC_Imperial_Recreation_Ground_stand.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Devon RFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Rugby_Football_Union"}]	[{"reference":"\"Teams\". Exmouth RFC (Pitchero). Retrieved 12 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exmouthrugby.co.uk/teams/","url_text":"\"Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club History\". Exmouth RFC (Pitchero). Retrieved 12 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exmouthrugby.co.uk/a/club-history-21820.html","url_text":"\"Club History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final League Tables 1997–98\". Trelawny's Army. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trelawnysarmy.org/ta/tables78.html","url_text":"\"Final League Tables 1997–98\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final League Tables 1998–99\". Trelawny's Army. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trelawnysarmy.org/ta/tables89.html","url_text":"\"Final League Tables 1998–99\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final League Tables 1999–2000\". Trelawny's Army. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trelawnysarmy.org/ta/tables90.html","url_text":"\"Final League Tables 1999–2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final League Tables 2000–2001\". Trelawny's Army. Retrieved 1 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trelawnysarmy.org.uk/ta/tables01.html","url_text":"\"Final League Tables 2000–2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final League Tables, 2001–2002\". Trelawny's Army. Retrieved 1 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trelawnysarmy.org.uk/ta/tables12.html","url_text":"\"Final League Tables, 2001–2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"South West 2 West 2002–2003\". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2002-2003/group/10425","url_text":"\"South West 2 West 2002–2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"South West 2 West 2003–2004\". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2003-2004/group/10810","url_text":"\"South West 2 West 2003–2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"POWERGEN CUP DRAW\". Gloucester Rugby. 14 July 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gloucesterrugby.co.uk/2003/07/14/powergen-cup-draw/","url_text":"\"POWERGEN CUP DRAW\""}]},{"reference":"\"South West 2 West 2004–2005\". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2004-2005/group/11210","url_text":"\"South West 2 West 2004–2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"Away days for Swindon sides\". The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald. 24 September 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/7268234.Away_days_for_Swindon_sides/","url_text":"\"Away days for Swindon sides\""}]},{"reference":"\"South West 2 West 2005–2006\". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2005-2006/group/11566","url_text":"\"South West 2 West 2005–2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Powergen Cup Draws\". The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald. 17 August 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/7241621.Powergen_Cup_Draws/","url_text":"\"Powergen Cup Draws\""}]},{"reference":"\"South West 2 West 2006–2007\". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2006-2007/group/11872","url_text":"\"South West 2 West 2006–2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"EDF Energy National Cup 2006/07 (second round)\". Statbunker. 18 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://rugby.statbunker.com/competitions/Sections?comp_id=227&section_id=288","url_text":"\"EDF Energy National Cup 2006/07 (second round)\""}]},{"reference":"\"EDF Energy National Cup 2006/07 (3rd Round)\". Statbunker. 9 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://rugby.statbunker.com/competitions/Sections?comp_id=203&section_id=262","url_text":"\"EDF Energy National Cup 2006/07 (3rd Round)\""}]},{"reference":"\"South West 2 West 2007–2008\". England Rugby. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2007-2008/group/12263","url_text":"\"South West 2 West 2007–2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"EDF Energy competition draws and finals news\". ESPN. 21 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espn.co.uk/scrum/rugby/story/73049.html","url_text":"\"EDF Energy competition draws and finals news\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bracknell recall for Blankely\". Get Reading. 11 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/other-sport/bracknell-recall-for-blankely-4255443","url_text":"\"Bracknell recall for Blankely\""}]},{"reference":"\"South West 1, 2008–2009\". England Rugby. RFU. Retrieved 2 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2008-2009/","url_text":"\"South West 1, 2008–2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"EDF National Trophy 08/09\". Statbunker. 22 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://rugby.statbunker.com/competitions/Sections?comp_id=292&section_id=380","url_text":"\"EDF National Trophy 08/09\""}]},{"reference":"\"National League 3 South West 2009–2010\". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2009-2010/","url_text":"\"National League 3 South West 2009–2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"National League 3 South West 2010–2011\". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2010-2011/","url_text":"\"National League 3 South West 2010–2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"National League 3 South West 2011–2012\". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2011-2012/","url_text":"\"National League 3 South West 2011–2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"National League 3 South West 2012–2013\". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2012-2013/","url_text":"\"National League 3 South West 2012–2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"National League 3 South West 2014–2015\". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2014-2015/","url_text":"\"National League 3 South West 2014–2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Devon Senior Cup 2014-15\". Devon RFU. Archived from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181111212609/https://www.devonrfu.com/the_devon_senior_cup__2014-15","url_text":"\"The Devon Senior Cup 2014-15\""},{"url":"https://www.devonrfu.com/the_devon_senior_cup__2014-15","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National League 3 South West 2015–2016\". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2015-2016/#/table","url_text":"\"National League 3 South West 2015–2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"South West Premier 2017–2018\". England Rugby. Retrieved 28 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2017-2018/group/22801","url_text":"\"South West Premier 2017–2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"South West Premier 2018–2019\". England Rugby. Retrieved 13 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2018-2019/group/26141","url_text":"\"South West Premier 2018–2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"RFU confirms league positions\". England Rugby. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.englandrugby.com/news/article/league-positions-for-professional-and-community-game-confirmed","url_text":"\"RFU confirms league positions\""}]},{"reference":"\"DRFU Handbook 2011-12\" (PDF). Devon RFU. Retrieved 30 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://files.pitchero.com/counties/6/1317327815.pdf","url_text":"\"DRFU Handbook 2011-12\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trelawny's Army Final League Tables 2001-2002\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trelawnys-army.org.uk/ta/tables12.html","url_text":"\"Trelawny's Army Final League Tables 2001-2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trelawny's Army Final League Tables 2007-2008\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trelawnys-army.org.uk/ta/tables078.html","url_text":"\"Trelawny's Army Final League Tables 2007-2008\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.exmouthrugby.co.uk/","external_links_name":"www.exmouthrugby.co.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.exmouthrugby.co.uk/teams/","external_links_name":"\"Teams\""},{"Link":"http://www.exmouthrugby.co.uk/a/club-history-21820.html","external_links_name":"\"Club History\""},{"Link":"https://www.trelawnysarmy.org/ta/tables78.html","external_links_name":"\"Final League Tables 1997–98\""},{"Link":"https://www.trelawnysarmy.org/ta/tables89.html","external_links_name":"\"Final League Tables 1998–99\""},{"Link":"https://www.trelawnysarmy.org/ta/tables90.html","external_links_name":"\"Final League Tables 1999–2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.trelawnysarmy.org.uk/ta/tables01.html","external_links_name":"\"Final League Tables 2000–2001\""},{"Link":"http://www.trelawnysarmy.org.uk/ta/tables12.html","external_links_name":"\"Final League Tables, 2001–2002\""},{"Link":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2002-2003/group/10425","external_links_name":"\"South West 2 West 2002–2003\""},{"Link":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2003-2004/group/10810","external_links_name":"\"South West 2 West 2003–2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.gloucesterrugby.co.uk/2003/07/14/powergen-cup-draw/","external_links_name":"\"POWERGEN CUP DRAW\""},{"Link":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2004-2005/group/11210","external_links_name":"\"South West 2 West 2004–2005\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/7268234.Away_days_for_Swindon_sides/","external_links_name":"\"Away days for Swindon sides\""},{"Link":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2005-2006/group/11566","external_links_name":"\"South West 2 West 2005–2006\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/7241621.Powergen_Cup_Draws/","external_links_name":"\"Powergen Cup Draws\""},{"Link":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2006-2007/group/11872","external_links_name":"\"South West 2 West 2006–2007\""},{"Link":"https://rugby.statbunker.com/competitions/Sections?comp_id=227&section_id=288","external_links_name":"\"EDF Energy National Cup 2006/07 (second round)\""},{"Link":"https://rugby.statbunker.com/competitions/Sections?comp_id=203&section_id=262","external_links_name":"\"EDF Energy National Cup 2006/07 (3rd Round)\""},{"Link":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2007-2008/group/12263","external_links_name":"\"South West 2 West 2007–2008\""},{"Link":"http://en.espn.co.uk/scrum/rugby/story/73049.html","external_links_name":"\"EDF Energy competition draws and finals news\""},{"Link":"https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/other-sport/bracknell-recall-for-blankely-4255443","external_links_name":"\"Bracknell recall for Blankely\""},{"Link":"http://www.englandrugby.com/fixtures-and-results/competitions/south-west-division/2008-2009/","external_links_name":"\"South West 1, 2008–2009\""},{"Link":"https://rugby.statbunker.com/competitions/Sections?comp_id=292&section_id=380","external_links_name":"\"EDF National Trophy 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bercy	Bercy	["1 History","2 Features","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°50′10″N 2°23′0″E / 48.83611°N 2.38333°E / 48.83611; 2.38333For other uses, see Bercy (disambiguation). Bercy on a 1731 map of Paris and its environs. Bercy (French pronunciation: ) is a neighbourhood in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France, the city's 47th administrative neighbourhood. History Drawing of the Château de Bercy. Some of the oldest vestiges of human occupation in Paris were found on the territory of Bercy, dating from the late Neolithic (between 4000 and 3800 BC). The name of Bercy, or Bercix, appeared for the first time in property deeds in the twelfth century. The area belonged for a time to the Montmorency family before passing to the Malons family, who had an old manor house expanded by François Le Vau into the Château de Bercy. In the eighteenth century, a large site located along the Seine, contiguous to the Paris city limits of the time, began to be used as a warehousing area, particularly for wine. For two hundred years, the area was the thriving centre of the Paris wine trade and a place with a unique life and culture. Bercy was formerly a commune. In 1860, when Paris annexed its suburban zone, the commune of Bercy was dissolved. The north-west portion of its territory was consolidated into Paris while the south-east portion, beyond the fortifications, was consolidated into Charenton-le-Pont. Features Map Aerial view Aerial view of the neighborhood The area features a number of well-known landmarks: The Ministry of the Economy and Finance building (often known simply as "Bercy"), built in the 1980s; the extremity of the building plunges into the river Seine, where two fast boats dedicated to VIP transportation are moored. The Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy (POPB) is a large sports hall often used for concerts. It is now called AccorHotels Arena The Parc de Bercy The Cinémathèque Française, formerly the American Center, designed by Frank Gehry The Cour Saint-Émilion shopping complex The UGC Ciné Cité Bercy movie complex The Musée des Arts Forains ("The Fairground Art Museum"). Line 14 of the Métro crosses the neighbourhood. There are two stations: Bercy and Cour Saint-Émilion. References ^ "Parc de Bercy". Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2011. ^ "Bercy district in Paris". Paris Digest. 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-24. External links English-language overview of the development of the Bercy neighborhood (in English) 48°50′10″N 2°23′0″E / 48.83611°N 2.38333°E / 48.83611; 2.38333 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bercy (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bercy_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bercy_on_the_1731_Roussel_map_of_Paris_-_Library_of_Congress.jpg"},{"link_name":"[bɛʁsi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"12th arrondissement of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_arrondissement_of_Paris"}],"text":"For other uses, see Bercy (disambiguation).Bercy on a 1731 map of Paris and its environs.Bercy (French pronunciation: [bɛʁsi]) is a neighbourhood in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France, the city's 47th administrative neighbourhood.","title":"Bercy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bercy,_ch%C3%A2teau_de.jpg"},{"link_name":"Montmorency family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmorency_family"},{"link_name":"François Le Vau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Vau"},{"link_name":"Château de Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bercy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Charenton-le-Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charenton-le-Pont"}],"text":"Drawing of the Château de Bercy.Some of the oldest vestiges of human occupation in Paris were found on the territory of Bercy, dating from the late Neolithic (between 4000 and 3800 BC).The name of Bercy, or Bercix, appeared for the first time in property deeds in the twelfth century. The area belonged for a time to the Montmorency family before passing to the Malons family, who had an old manor house expanded by François Le Vau into the Château de Bercy.In the eighteenth century, a large site located along the Seine, contiguous to the Paris city limits of the time, began to be used as a warehousing area, particularly for wine. For two hundred years, the area was the thriving centre of the Paris wine trade and a place with a unique life and culture.[1]Bercy was formerly a commune. In 1860, when Paris annexed its suburban zone, the commune of Bercy was dissolved. The north-west portion of its territory was consolidated into Paris while the south-east portion, beyond the fortifications, was consolidated into Charenton-le-Pont.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quartier_de_Bercy,_Paris_-_OSM_2020.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_-_Orthophotographie_-_2018_-_Quartier_de_Bercy_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bercy,_Paris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ministry of the Economy and Finance building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Economy_and_Finance_building"},{"link_name":"Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Omnisports_de_Paris-Bercy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParisDigest-2"},{"link_name":"Parc de Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_Bercy"},{"link_name":"Cinémathèque Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9math%C3%A8que_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Frank Gehry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry"},{"link_name":"Musée des Arts Forains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_Forains"},{"link_name":"Métro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro"},{"link_name":"Bercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bercy_(Paris_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Cour Saint-Émilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_Saint-%C3%89milion_(Paris_Metro)"}],"text":"Map\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial viewAerial view of the neighborhoodThe area features a number of well-known landmarks:The Ministry of the Economy and Finance building (often known simply as \"Bercy\"), built in the 1980s; the extremity of the building plunges into the river Seine, where two fast boats dedicated to VIP transportation are moored.\nThe Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy (POPB) is a large sports hall often used for concerts. It is now called AccorHotels Arena [2]\nThe Parc de Bercy\nThe Cinémathèque Française, formerly the American Center, designed by Frank Gehry\nThe Cour Saint-Émilion shopping complex\nThe UGC Ciné Cité Bercy movie complex\nThe Musée des Arts Forains (\"The Fairground Art Museum\").Line 14 of the Métro crosses the neighbourhood. There are two stations: Bercy and Cour Saint-Émilion.","title":"Features"}]	[{"image_text":"Bercy on a 1731 map of Paris and its environs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bercy_on_the_1731_Roussel_map_of_Paris_-_Library_of_Congress.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bercy_on_the_1731_Roussel_map_of_Paris_-_Library_of_Congress.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drawing of the Château de Bercy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bercy%2C_ch%C3%A2teau_de.jpg/220px-Bercy%2C_ch%C3%A2teau_de.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of the neighborhood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bercy%2C_Paris.jpg/220px-Bercy%2C_Paris.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Parc de Bercy\". Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120103013125/http://parcsetjardins.equipement.paris.fr/Parc_de_Bercy","url_text":"\"Parc de Bercy\""},{"url":"http://parcsetjardins.equipement.paris.fr/Parc_de_Bercy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bercy district in Paris\". Paris Digest. 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parisdigest.com/sports/palais-omnisports.htm","url_text":"\"Bercy district in Paris\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bercy&params=48_50_10_N_2_23_0_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"48°50′10″N 2°23′0″E / 48.83611°N 2.38333°E / 48.83611; 2.38333"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120103013125/http://parcsetjardins.equipement.paris.fr/Parc_de_Bercy","external_links_name":"\"Parc de Bercy\""},{"Link":"http://parcsetjardins.equipement.paris.fr/Parc_de_Bercy","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.parisdigest.com/sports/palais-omnisports.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bercy district in Paris\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120110105028/http://stephanekirkland.com/2011/11/the-new-bercy-neighborhood/","external_links_name":"English-language overview of the development of the Bercy neighborhood"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bercy&params=48_50_10_N_2_23_0_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"48°50′10″N 2°23′0″E / 48.83611°N 2.38333°E / 48.83611; 2.38333"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125490012","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4358778-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554912105171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Shaghouri	Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri	["1 Life and work","2 Weakness and death","3 Works","4 Disciples","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Syrian Sufi master (1912–2004) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sayyid Shaykh Abd al-Rahman al-ShaghouriBornAbd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri al-Hussayni(1912-07-01)1 July 1912Homs, SyriaDied8 June 2004(2004-06-08) (aged 92)Damascus, SyriaAcademic workSchool or traditionSunni, Shadhili, (Sufi) Sayyid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muṣṭafā ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Zayn al-ʿAbidīn al-Shāghūrī al-Ḥusaynī (Arabic: أبو منير عبد الرحمن بن عبد الرحمن بن مصطفى بن عبد الرحمن زين العابدين المشهور بالشاغوري) was a Syrian Sufi master of the Hashimi-Darqawi branch of the Shadhili tariqa, as well as poet, textile worker, and trade unionist. Life and work Born in Homs in 1912, al-Shaghouri was soon orphaned and moved to Damascus with his brother. As a child, he worked as an errand boy and later as a weaver. He attended the lessons of the major scholars of Damascus: Husni al-Baghghal, Muhammad Barakat, 'Ali al-Daqar, Ismail al-Tibi, and Lutfi al-Hanafi. However, his most important teacher was Muhammad al-Hashimi, an Algerian Sufi from Tlemcen who had already been living in Syria for twenty years before becoming the representative of Shaykh Ahmad al-Alawi, spiritual master of the Shadhili tariqa. Al-Shaghouri himself met al-Alawi in 1932 in Damascus, but it was al-Hashimi who served as his spiritual guide. Finding that al-Shaghouri was already suitable, al-Hashimi placed him in a spiritual retreat. On the first day, al-Shaghouri pledged himself to al-Hashimi's guidance, an unusual occurrence in Sufi instruction and discipleship. Al-Shaghouri soon became an important figure within al-Hashimi's tariqa, serving as the lead singer for his session of sacred dance (Haḍra). Before his death in 1961, al-Hashimi had also given al-Shaghouri permission to transmit the general litany of the tariqa, a daily formula of meditations and prayers that typically serves to signal a disciple's commitment to his tariqa. Although he had received authorization as a full spiritual guide by Muhammad Sa'id al-Hamzawi of Syria and Ali al- Budlaymi of Algeria, he did not take any disciples until he was also authorised by his friend and companion, Muhammad Sa'id al-Kurdi from Irbid (Jordan). Despite al-Kurdi himself being renowned as one of the great spiritual guides of his time, particularly in Jordan, he only gave his authorization to al-Shaghouri to be a spiritual guide and his successor upon his death. Despite his commitment to his spiritual order, al-Shaghouri always maintained an occupation until his illnesses made him unable to work. He was a textile worker and Syria's representative in the United Arab Workers Union. He was forced to resign for refusing to comply with the nationalization of factories in Syria, and he later became a teacher in many religious institutes in Damascus. He was also a representative of workers in the Syrian Parliament. For years he also gave sermons at the al-Khayyat mosque in Damascus, until 1999 when a stroke resulted in a long coma and left him severely weakened. As a singer in al-Hashimi's choir for the hadra, al-Shaghouri memorised vast amounts of mystical poetry, which served as the basis for much his teaching and instruction. He was himself a poet, and his poetry was often sung in the hadra, and continues to be sung today. Al-Shaghouri's poetry draws on Arabic and Islamic literary tradition, and combines a genuine spiritual experience with a great mastery of poetical techniques. His poetry is, both in content and in form, akin to that of Ibn al-Farid, Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi and Ahmad al-Alawi. He published his poems in a diwan which he edited towards the end of his life, titled "Al-hada’iq al-nadiyya fī al-nasamat al-ruhiyya" ("The dewy gardens in the spiritual breezes"). Some poems have been published separately in many collections. Weakness and death Despite his later physical weakness, he never stopped receiving visitors or attending the weekly hadra at the Nur al-Din al-Shahid mosque, in the old quarter of Damascus. He died on 8 June 2004. A great crowd gathered to attend his funeral at the mosque dedicated to Shaykh Muhy al-Din Ibn Arabi. The funeral prayer was led by Habib Ali al-Jifri, from Yemen, a well-known representative of traditional scholarship and Sufism in Arab media. His death was widely mourned by scholars and laymen alike, and he was widely recognized as one of the most important revivers of the Shadhili tariqa and Sufism in general, particularly in Syria. His legacy and renown has also become widespread (particularly in the English-speaking world) through two American students whom he authorized in the Shadhili tariqa, Nuh Ha Mim Keller and Zaid Shakir. Works Collections of his poems Al-hada’iq al-nadiyya fī al-nasamat al-ruhiyya ("The Dewy Gardens in the Spiritual Breezes"), Damascus, Dār fajr al-‘urūba, 2nd ed., 1998. Disciples Muhammad al-Yaqoubi Nuh Ha Mim Keller Zaid Shakir Gibril Haddad Ismail al-Kurdi Mahmoud al-Husseini See also Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad Muhammad al-Yaqoubi Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri Syed Waheed Ashraf Hamza Yusuf References ^ Damascus, Dār fajr al-‘urūba, 2nd ed., 1998. Sources Geoffroy, Eric (2005), ed., Une voie soufi dans le monde: la Shadhiliyya, Paris, Maisonneuve & Larose. Keller, Nuh Ha Mim (1998), Invocations of the Shadhili Order, Amman, Al-Fath. Keller, Nuh Ha Mim (1999), Reliance of the Traveller, translation of 'Umdat al-Salik di Ahmad Ibn Naqib al-Misri, Beltsville, Amana Publications. Two dissertations have been written on Al-Shaghouri: Radwan Izzouli, "Al-Shaghouri, sa'ir sufi fi al-qar al-ashrin" (Al-Shaghouri poeta Sufi nel XX secolo), Damasco, 2002. (a Master thesis discussed at the Lebanese University in Beirut by the author) Fabio Pesaresi, "Un popolo di ebbri: la khamriyya di Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri (1912-2004)", (Dissertation Thesis in the course in Oriental Languages and Civilizations, Urbino University, Italy). Poetry collections containing his works: Alawī, Abu al-, ‘Abbās Ahad ibn Mustafā, al- (1986), Dīwān, Tunisi Khatīb al-Hasanī, ‘Abd al-‘Azīz al- (1994), Al-nafahāt al-‘aliyya fī anāšīd hadhra al-šādhiliyya (The sublime breezes in the songs of the Shadhili hadra), Damasco, Maktaba al-darwišiyya, 1994 Qabbānī, Muhammad al-‘Arabi al- (1998), ed., Ğami’u al-nafahāt al-qudsiyya fī al-anāšid al-dīniyya wa al-qasa’id al-‘irfaniyya wa al-muwaššahat al-andalusiyya (Collection of the Sacred Breaths in the religious chants, the gnostic odes and the Andalusian songs), Beirut, Dār al-ha External links "Obituary: Sheikh Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri: Light Upon Light in Damascus", Keller, Nuh Ha Mim (2004), ShadhiliTariqa.com. Glimpses of the Life of Sheikh ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri The Book "The Defense of the sunnah" Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"Shadhili tariqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadhili_tariqa"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"}],"text":"Sayyid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muṣṭafā ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Zayn al-ʿAbidīn al-Shāghūrī al-Ḥusaynī (Arabic: أبو منير عبد الرحمن بن عبد الرحمن بن مصطفى بن عبد الرحمن زين العابدين المشهور بالشاغوري) was a Syrian Sufi master of the Hashimi-Darqawi branch of the Shadhili tariqa, as well as poet, textile worker, and trade unionist.","title":"Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Hashimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Hashimi"},{"link_name":"Algerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Tlemcen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Alawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Alawi"},{"link_name":"Shadhili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadhili"},{"link_name":"tariqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqa"},{"link_name":"Haḍra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"United Arab Workers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Arab_Workers_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"al-Khayyat mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Khayyat_mosque&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Farid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Farid"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi"},{"link_name":"Ahmad al-Alawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Alawi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Born in Homs in 1912, al-Shaghouri was soon orphaned and moved to Damascus with his brother. As a child, he worked as an errand boy and later as a weaver.He attended the lessons of the major scholars of Damascus: Husni al-Baghghal, Muhammad Barakat, 'Ali al-Daqar, Ismail al-Tibi, and Lutfi al-Hanafi. However, his most important teacher was Muhammad al-Hashimi, an Algerian Sufi from Tlemcen who had already been living in Syria for twenty years before becoming the representative of Shaykh Ahmad al-Alawi, spiritual master of the Shadhili tariqa. Al-Shaghouri himself met al-Alawi in 1932 in Damascus, but it was al-Hashimi who served as his spiritual guide. Finding that al-Shaghouri was already suitable, al-Hashimi placed him in a spiritual retreat. On the first day, al-Shaghouri pledged himself to al-Hashimi's guidance, an unusual occurrence in Sufi instruction and discipleship.Al-Shaghouri soon became an important figure within al-Hashimi's tariqa, serving as the lead singer for his session of sacred dance (Haḍra). Before his death in 1961, al-Hashimi had also given al-Shaghouri permission to transmit the general litany of the tariqa, a daily formula of meditations and prayers that typically serves to signal a disciple's commitment to his tariqa. Although he had received authorization as a full spiritual guide by Muhammad Sa'id al-Hamzawi of Syria and Ali al- Budlaymi of Algeria, he did not take any disciples until he was also authorised by his friend and companion, Muhammad Sa'id al-Kurdi from Irbid (Jordan). Despite al-Kurdi himself being renowned as one of the great spiritual guides of his time, particularly in Jordan, he only gave his authorization to al-Shaghouri to be a spiritual guide and his successor upon his death.Despite his commitment to his spiritual order, al-Shaghouri always maintained an occupation until his illnesses made him unable to work. He was a textile worker and Syria's representative in the United Arab Workers Union. He was forced to resign for refusing to comply with the nationalization of factories in Syria, and he later became a teacher in many religious institutes in Damascus. He was also a representative of workers in the Syrian Parliament. For years he also gave sermons at the al-Khayyat mosque in Damascus, until 1999 when a stroke resulted in a long coma and left him severely weakened.As a singer in al-Hashimi's choir for the hadra, al-Shaghouri memorised vast amounts of mystical poetry, which served as the basis for much his teaching and instruction. He was himself a poet, and his poetry was often sung in the hadra, and continues to be sung today. Al-Shaghouri's poetry draws on Arabic and Islamic literary tradition, and combines a genuine spiritual experience with a great mastery of poetical techniques. His poetry is, both in content and in form, akin to that of Ibn al-Farid, Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi and Ahmad al-Alawi. He published his poems in a diwan which he edited towards the end of his life, titled \"Al-hada’iq al-nadiyya fī al-nasamat al-ruhiyya\" (\"The dewy gardens in the spiritual breezes\").[1] Some poems have been published separately in many collections.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibn Arabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi"},{"link_name":"Habib Ali al-Jifri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Ali_al-Jifri"},{"link_name":"Nuh Ha Mim Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller"},{"link_name":"Zaid Shakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaid_Shakir"}],"text":"Despite his later physical weakness, he never stopped receiving visitors or attending the weekly hadra at the Nur al-Din al-Shahid mosque, in the old quarter of Damascus. He died on 8 June 2004. A great crowd gathered to attend his funeral at the mosque dedicated to Shaykh Muhy al-Din Ibn Arabi. The funeral prayer was led by Habib Ali al-Jifri, from Yemen, a well-known representative of traditional scholarship and Sufism in Arab media. His death was widely mourned by scholars and laymen alike, and he was widely recognized as one of the most important revivers of the Shadhili tariqa and Sufism in general, particularly in Syria.His legacy and renown has also become widespread (particularly in the English-speaking world) through two American students whom he authorized in the Shadhili tariqa, Nuh Ha Mim Keller and Zaid Shakir.","title":"Weakness and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Collections of his poemsAl-hada’iq al-nadiyya fī al-nasamat al-ruhiyya (\"The Dewy Gardens in the Spiritual Breezes\"), Damascus, Dār fajr al-‘urūba, 2nd ed., 1998.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Yaqoubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Yaqoubi"},{"link_name":"Nuh Ha Mim Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller"},{"link_name":"Zaid Shakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaid_Shakir"},{"link_name":"Gibril Haddad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibril_Haddad"},{"link_name":"Ismail al-Kurdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismail_al-Kurdi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud al-Husseini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahmoud_al-Husseini&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Muhammad al-Yaqoubi\nNuh Ha Mim Keller\nZaid Shakir\nGibril Haddad\nIsmail al-Kurdi\nMahmoud al-Husseini","title":"Disciples"}]	[]	[{"title":"Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Abubakr_Ahmad"},{"title":"Muhammad al-Yaqoubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Yaqoubi"},{"title":"Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Tahir-ul-Qadri"},{"title":"Syed Waheed Ashraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Waheed_Ashraf"},{"title":"Hamza Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_Yusuf"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Abd+al-Rahman+al-Shaghouri%22","external_links_name":"\"Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Abd+al-Rahman+al-Shaghouri%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Abd+al-Rahman+al-Shaghouri%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Abd+al-Rahman+al-Shaghouri%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Abd+al-Rahman+al-Shaghouri%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Abd+al-Rahman+al-Shaghouri%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024062152/http://www.shadhilitariqa.com/","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Sheikh Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri: Light Upon Light in Damascus\""},{"Link":"http://seekersguidance.org/blog/2011/10/glimpses-of-the-life-of-sheikh-abd-al-rahman-al-shaghouri/","external_links_name":"Glimpses of the Life of Sheikh ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120907053436/http://mac.abc.se/~onesr/d/defs_e.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1612615/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/19410298","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4xCjw6dm9MdvxdP3JDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012462075305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005045578","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Tourism_Development_Corporation	Pakistan Tourism Development Corp	["1 Properties","1.1 Hotels","1.2 Motels","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Organization of Government of Pakistan to promote tourism Pakistan Tourism Development CorporationPTDCادارہ برائے فروغِ سیاحت پاکستانLogo of PTDCAgency overviewFormedMarch 30, 1970; 54 years ago (1970-03-30)JurisdictionGovernment of PakistanHeadquartersIslamabad Capital Territory PakistanAgency executiveWasi Shah, Special Assistants to the Prime Minister on TourismWebsiteOfficial website PTDC Miandam, Swat valley Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC; Urdu: ادارہ برائے فروغِ سیاحت پاکستان) is an organization of the Government of Pakistan. PTDC is governed by the Board of Directors and provides transportation to various areas and owns and runs several motels across the country. It was incorporated on 30 March 1970. Properties Hotels Flashman's Hotel Motels PTDC runs motels at a number of locations throughout the country to provide quality low cost accommodation for visitors. These motels are located at the following locations: Astak Khalti (Ghizer) Ayubia, Islamabad Booni Besham Chitral Karimabad, Hunza Khuzdar, Baluchistan Miandam, Swat Saidu Sharif, Swat Panakot Satpara Sust, Hunza Torkham, near Peshawar Wagah, near Lahore Ziarat, Quetta Naran Shogran Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan Khaplu, Ghanche See also Hotels portalPakistan portal Sindh Tourism Development Corporation Pearl-Continental Hotels & Resorts in Pakistan Tourism in Pakistan References ^ "Pakistan Tourism Development Corp". tourism.gov.pk. Retrieved 14 August 2019. ^ "Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan - A Guide For Travelers - The Tourist". The Tourist. 29 September 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2019. External links Official website Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation- Homepage Tourism Development Corporation Of Punjab, Pakistan, Homepage Official Website For PTDC Motels Room Reservation Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Tourism Development Corporation, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation Of Sindh, Pakistan Tourist Attractions in Balochistan, Pakistan Baluchistan Tourism Development Corporation, Pakistan Tourism in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan PTDC Objectives and Facilities vteCabinet Secretariat (Pakistan)Aviation Division Civil Aviation Authority Airports Security Force Pakistan Meteorological Department Pakistan International Airlines Corporation Cabinet Division Cabinet Committee on National Security Economic Coordination Committee National Archives of Pakistan Pakistan Tourism Development Corp Printing Corporation of Pakistan Gazette of Pakistan Department of Communications Security Naya Pakistan Housing & Development Authority National Electric Power Regulatory Authority Public Procurement Regulatory Authority Pakistan Telecommunication Authority Special Technology Zones Authority Oil & Gas Regulatory Authority Frequency Allocation Board Establishment Division Federal Public Service Commission Civil Services Academy Federal Employees Benevolent and Group Insurance Fund Akthar Hameed Khan National Centre for Rural Development National School of Public Policy Pakistan Academy for Rural Development Management Services Wing Secretariat Training Institute Staff Welfare Organization Poverty Alleviation Division Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal BISP PPAF Ministries of the Federal Government of Pakistan This Pakistan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miandam_ptdc.JPG"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Government of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"PTDC Miandam, Swat valleyPakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC; Urdu: ادارہ برائے فروغِ سیاحت پاکستان) is an organization of the Government of Pakistan. PTDC is governed by the Board of Directors and provides transportation to various areas and owns and runs several motels across the country. It was incorporated on 30 March 1970.[1]","title":"Pakistan Tourism Development Corp"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flashman's Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashman%27s_Hotel"}],"sub_title":"Hotels","text":"Flashman's Hotel","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khalti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalti_Lake"},{"link_name":"Ayubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayubia"},{"link_name":"Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad"},{"link_name":"Besham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besham"},{"link_name":"Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral"},{"link_name":"Karimabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimabad_(Hunza)"},{"link_name":"Hunza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Khuzdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdar"},{"link_name":"Baluchistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan"},{"link_name":"Miandam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miandam"},{"link_name":"Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Saidu Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidu_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Satpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpara"},{"link_name":"Sust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sust"},{"link_name":"Hunza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Torkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkham"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Wagah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagah"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ziarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziarat"},{"link_name":"Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta"},{"link_name":"Naran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naran,_Kaghan_Valley"},{"link_name":"Shogran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogran"},{"link_name":"Skardu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu"},{"link_name":"Gilgit Baltistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_Baltistan"},{"link_name":"Khaplu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaplu"},{"link_name":"Ghanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanche_District"}],"sub_title":"Motels","text":"PTDC runs motels at a number of locations throughout the country to provide quality low cost accommodation for visitors. These motels are located at the following locations:Astak\nKhalti (Ghizer)\nAyubia, Islamabad\nBooni\nBesham\nChitral\nKarimabad, Hunza\nKhuzdar, Baluchistan\nMiandam, Swat\nSaidu Sharif, Swat\nPanakot\nSatpara\nSust, Hunza\nTorkham, near Peshawar\nWagah, near Lahore[2]\nZiarat, Quetta\nNaran\nShogran\nSkardu, Gilgit Baltistan\nKhaplu, Ghanche","title":"Properties"}]	[{"image_text":"PTDC Miandam, Swat valley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Miandam_ptdc.JPG/280px-Miandam_ptdc.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Hotels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hotels"},{"title":"Pakistan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan"},{"title":"Sindh Tourism Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_Tourism_Development_Corporation"},{"title":"Pearl-Continental Hotels & Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl-Continental_Hotels_%26_Resorts"},{"title":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"title":"Tourism in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan"}]	[{"reference":"\"Pakistan Tourism Development Corp\". tourism.gov.pk. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tourism.gov.pk/ptdc.html","url_text":"\"Pakistan Tourism Development Corp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan - A Guide For Travelers - The Tourist\". The Tourist. 29 September 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/","url_text":"\"Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan - A Guide For Travelers - The Tourist\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.tourism.gov.pk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.tourism.gov.pk/ptdc.html","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan Tourism Development Corp\""},{"Link":"http://thetourist.pk/lahore-a-guide-for-travelers/","external_links_name":"\"Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan - A Guide For Travelers - The Tourist\""},{"Link":"http://www.tourism.gov.pk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.tdcp.gop.pk/","external_links_name":"Tourism Development Corporation Of Punjab, Pakistan, Homepage"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170114053718/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/list_motels.html","external_links_name":"Official Website For PTDC Motels Room Reservation"},{"Link":"http://tourism.kp.gov.pk/","external_links_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Tourism Development Corporation, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"},{"Link":"https://www.stdc.gos.pk/","external_links_name":"Tourism Development Corporation Of Sindh, Pakistan"},{"Link":"http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=792","external_links_name":"Tourist Attractions in Balochistan, Pakistan"},{"Link":"http://www.tourism.gov.pk/balochistan.html","external_links_name":"Baluchistan Tourism Development Corporation, Pakistan"},{"Link":"https://ajktourism.gov.pk/","external_links_name":"Tourism in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan"},{"Link":"http://www.travel-culture.com/ptdc/","external_links_name":"PTDC Objectives and Facilities"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_Tourism_Development_Corp&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TM-35_mine	TM-35 mine	["1 Specifications","2 References"]	TM-35 at the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol The TM-35 was a rectangular, metal-cased Soviet anti-tank mine used during the Second World War. The mine has a metal case, which is rectangular with a carrying handle on one side and a large raised pressure plate in the centre. Sufficient pressure on the central pressure plate presses down on one end of an internal see-saw like lever, which removes the retaining pin from an MUV fuze, releasing the striker, triggering the mine. The mine's main charge consisted of 200 gram blocks of TNT packed into the metal case. The mine could be fitted with a number of improvised anti-handling devices utilizing the MUV pull fuze. Specifications Length: 229 mm Weight: 5.2 kg Explosive content: up to 2.8 kg of TNT References TM-35 mine at ORDATA This article relating to landmines is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"anti-tank mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_mine"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"see-saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See-saw"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(explosive)"}],"text":"The TM-35 was a rectangular, metal-cased Soviet anti-tank mine used during the Second World War. The mine has a metal case, which is rectangular with a carrying handle on one side and a large raised pressure plate in the centre. Sufficient pressure on the central pressure plate presses down on one end of an internal see-saw like lever, which removes the retaining pin from an MUV fuze, releasing the striker, triggering the mine.The mine's main charge consisted of 200 gram blocks of TNT packed into the metal case.The mine could be fitted with a number of improvised anti-handling devices utilizing the MUV pull fuze.","title":"TM-35 mine"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Length: 229 mm\nWeight: 5.2 kg\nExplosive content: up to 2.8 kg of TNT","title":"Specifications"}]	[{"image_text":"TM-35 at the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soviet_TM-35_mine_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_in_Sevastopol.jpg/300px-Soviet_TM-35_mine_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_in_Sevastopol.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://ordata.info/ordnance?id=5654","external_links_name":"TM-35 mine"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TM-35_mine&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics	Namibia at the 2000 Summer Olympics	["1 Athletics","1.1 Women","2 Boxing","3 Cycling","3.1 Mountain biking","4 Gymnastics","4.1 Women","5 Shooting","5.1 Men","6 Swimming","6.1 Men","7 References"]	Sporting event delegationNamibia at the2000 Summer OlympicsIOC codeNAMNOCNamibian National Olympic Committeein SydneyCompetitors11 in 6 sportsFlag bearer Paulus Ali NuumbembeMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)199219962000200420082012201620202024 Namibia competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Four-time silver medalist sprinter Frankie Fredericks had to withdraw due to injury. Athletics Main article: Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics Men Track & road events Athletes Events Heat Round 1 Heat Round 2 Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Willie Smith 400 m hurdles 50.89 35 did not advance Luketz Swartbooi Marathon N/A 2:22:55 48 Sherwin Vries 100 metres 10.53 53 did not advance Christie van Wyk 200 metres 46.57 65 did not advance Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Position Distance Position Stephan Louw Long jump NM did not advance Women Track and road events Athletes Events Heat Round 1 Heat Round 2 Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Elizabeth Mongudhi Marathon — DNF Boxing Main article: Boxing at the 2000 Summer Olympics Men Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank Paulus Ali Nuumbembe Welterweight Daniyar Munaytbasov (KAZ)L 2-14 did not advance Cycling Main article: Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics Mountain biking Athlete Event Time Rank Mannie Heymans Men's cross-country 2:20:31.94 26 Gymnastics Main article: Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics Women Athlete Event Qualification Final Apparatus Total Rank Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB F V UB BB F Gharde Geldenhuys Individual all-around 8.537 7.662 7.762 8.575 32.536 64 — Shooting Main article: Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics Men Athlete Events Qualification Final Total Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Friedhelm Sack 10 metre air pistol 565 34 Did not advance 50 metre pistol 543 32 Did not advance Swimming Main article: Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics Men Athletes Events Heat Finals Time Rank Time Rank Jörg Lindemeier 100 m breaststroke 1:05.25 49 Did not advance References Wallechinsky, David (2004). The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (Athens 2004 Edition). Toronto, Canada. ISBN 1-894963-32-6. International Olympic Committee (2001). The Results. Retrieved 12 November 2005. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 1: Preparing for the Games. Retrieved 20 November 2005. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 2: Celebrating the Games. Retrieved 20 November 2005. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). The Results. Retrieved 20 November 2005. International Olympic Committee Web Site vte National Olympic Committees at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, AustraliaAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea‑Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé‑Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe America Antigua‑Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts‑Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent‑Grenadines Suriname Trinidad‑Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia‑Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Yugoslavia Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Other Individual Olympic Athletes This article about sports in Namibia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This 2000 Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Frankie Fredericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Fredericks"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationNamibia competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.\nFour-time silver medalist sprinter Frankie Fredericks had to withdraw due to injury.","title":"Namibia at the 2000 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men\nTrack & road eventsField events","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","text":"Track and road events","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mountain biking","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Swimming"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20020918140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13323/20020919-0000/www.gamesinfo.com.au/results/results.pdf","external_links_name":"The Results"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/2000v1.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 1: Preparing for the Games"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/2000v2.pdf","external_links_name":"Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 2: Celebrating the Games"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/Results.pdf","external_links_name":"The Results"},{"Link":"http://www.olympic.org/","external_links_name":"International Olympic Committee Web Site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namibia_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namibia_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_for_a_Revolutionary_Workers_Party	Fieldites	["1 History","2 Periodicals","3 Prominent members & associates","4 References","5 Pamphlets"]	The Fieldites were a small leftist sect that split from the Communist League of America in 1934 and known officially as the Organization Committee for a Revolutionary Workers Party and then the League for a Revolutionary Workers Party. The name comes from the name of its leader B. J. Field. History Born Max Gould in 1903, B. J. Field had been a successful Columbia educated petroleum analyst on Wall Street before the crash of 1929. Afterwards he became a Trotskyist and led informal discussion groups at his home with the other members. Field was expelled following the New York Hotel strike of January 1934 for not accepting CLA discipline and not getting adequate safeguards for former strikers against discrimination. Field was later removed from leadership of the Amalgamated Food Workers union because a rival union, the Communist-led Food Workers Industrial Union, had gained shop floor leadership during the course of the unsuccessful strike. By the end of 1934, the Amalgamated Food Workers had merged into the Food Workers Industrial Union. In his book on the history of American Trotskyism, James P. Cannon – at the time a major leader of the CLA – provides a detailed account of Field's antecedents and his part in the hotel strike. As noted by Cannon, in the late 1920s some CLA members happened to be involved in the Amalgamated Food Workers union which had been reduced in power and influence after the Communist Party split the union in 1930. In 1932, the CLA regarded the sudden upsurge in unionism among the hard-pressed hotel workers as its big chance, throwing much of its resources and membership into this struggle – among them B.J. Field. A statistician, economist and linguist, Field had no previous trade union experience, but his fluent knowledge of French was of crucial importance in establishing contact with the hotels' French chefs, many of whom did not speak English. Because of the chefs' prestige and their being "the most strategically important sector in the hotel situation", their adherence to the strike was a major coup, for which Field got credit. For their part, the chefs insisted that Field be placed at the head of the new union. In this position he got much into the public eye and had his photo in the New York papers. His fame and prestige soared especially after a series of mass meetings, the biggest of which – at the annex of the Madison Square Garden – drew a crowd of no less than 10,000 people. Thereafter, as Cannon put it, success went to Field's head and he became increasingly distant from the CLA, which he came to regard as "a marginal group of people at a small office on Sixteenth Street" while he was himself "the leader of a upsurging mass movement". The CLA criticized Field for neglecting the grassroots base of the strike, and placing excessive trust in the mediators sent by the National Labor Board and by New York Mayor La Guardia. However, Field refused altogether to meet with fellow activists or the CLA bodies and to discuss his way of conducting the hotel strike. Thereupon, the CLA decided to take the drastic step of expelling Field and his group of adherents, in the middle of the strike – rather than be held responsible for his policies without having a possibility of influencing them. One of Field's most important collaborators in this strike was a young Greek-American, Aristodimos Kaldis, who would later have a career as a landscape artist. During the strike the CLA elements worked closely with a group of dissident Lovestoneites led by Benjamin Gitlow called the Workers Communist League. After being expelled the group around Field and Kaldis joined Gitlow's group, which now became the Organization Committee for a Revolutionary Workers Party. Though the membership of the group was small in the United States, it was more successful in Canada, taking the whole Montreal section and some of the Toronto branch members from the CLA in April of that year. Under the leadership of William Krehm they overshadowed the official Trotskyist movement in Canada by 1937. The Gitlow group didn't stay long and by October 1934 had decided to enter the Socialist Party of America This left the Fieldites with few experienced Communist or labor leaders. The group then began negotiations for unity with a variety of other groups, including the Communist League of Struggle, the Revolutionary Workers League and a small group of Italian-American Bordigists. None of these was successful. In May 1936 the majority of the New York branch voted to rejoin the Trotskyists, but a minority stayed with Field in a reduced organization. According to one report, from a hostile source, when two members of the New York local F. L Demby and S. Stanley submitted a statement favoring dissociation from the LRWP during a meeting of the New York local Field had the door locked and he and his supporters physically attacked them. In any event a reported eight out of the groups twelve members left. Among the associates of the league was a group of Columbia university students which included future philosopher Morton White, who was drawn to the group because it was harsher on the Soviet Union than the Trotskyites. They had come to the conclusion that capitalism had already been restored in Stalinist Russia, and was no longer a degenerated workers state. The LRWP was affiliated to the International Revolutionary Marxist Centre (often referred to as the London Bureau) with Field and Krehm attending the international association's Congress Against War, Fascism and Imperialism held in Brussels in 1936. After being expelled from his own organization, Field dropped out of politics and joined former supporter Nat Mendelsohn's prosperous real estate firm in California. He died in 1977. The exact date of the group's dissolution is uncertain, though a number of members rejoined the Trotskyist movement in the late 1930s. In April 1940 the remaining Fieldites published a special bulletin addressed to the convention of the Socialist Workers Party (United States), urging it to adopt its perspective on the USSR, which the Fieldites regarded as totalitarian rather than state capitalist. They believed "Russian question" was the most important issue facing the working class movement. They seem to have finally disbanded sometime later in 1940. Periodicals The Fieldites published The Workers' Voice in Canada, Labor Front in the United States, a theoretical journal called Maitland – New International Bulletin, Workers Anti-War Bulletin and Revolutionary Youth, by the party's youth section. Bibliographer Walter Goldwater lists Labor Front as #128 in his index and gives its duration as Vol. I #1 June 1934 to Vol. VI #1 February 1939. The group also published an irregular "international" publication New International Bulletin: Documents of the New International which lasted from Vol. I #1 October 1935 – Vol. II #1 March 1937. Apparently this ceased publication when the majority of the New York group rejoined the Trotskyists. Prominent members & associates Paul Jacobs, founder of Mother Jones magazine Aristodimos Kaldis Morton White Albert Wohlstetter William Krehm, founder of the Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform (COMER) in Canada. References ^ a b Wald, Alan M. (July 2, 1987). The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9780807841693 – via Google Books. ^ Kimmeldord, Howard. Battling For American Labor: Wobblies, Craft Workers, and the Making of the Union Movement, University of California Press, 1999. pgs. 145-147. ^ James P. Cannon, History of American Trotskyism, Pathfinder Press, New York, 1972 (originally published 1944), Ch. VII, "The Turn to Mass Work", pp. 126-133 ^ Max Shachtman "New Group forms for New Party" The Militant vol. VII #21, p. 3 ^ "Socialist History Project". www.socialisthistory.ca. ^ Wald, Alan M. The New York intellectuals: the rise and decline of the anti-Stalinist left from the 1930s to the 1980s Chapel Hill, North Carolina; UNC Press 1987 ^ "SOCIALISTS REBUFF REDS' OFFER TO JOIN". New York Times. Oct 30, 1934. p. 10 – via ProQuest. ^ "Max Shachtman: Footnote for Historians (1938)". www.marxists.org. ^ "Anti-Trotsky cliques fold up" New Militant Vol. 2 #22 June 6, 1936 p.2 ^ White, Morton (November 1, 2010). Philosopher's Story. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0271038025 – via Google Books. ^ "Maitland – Sara – Hallinan collection". cdm21047.contentdm.oclc.org. ^ Wald, Alan M. (July 2, 1987). The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9780807841693 – via Google Books. ^ "The LRWP enlightens the Trotskyites" in Bulletin of the Leninist League (US) Vol. III #4 April–May 1940 ^ Arthur Burk "The exit of a pseudo-Marxist Group" in Bulletin of the Leninist League Vol. III #6 Sept-Nov 1940 ^ Goldwater, Walter Radical periodicals in America 1890–1950 New Haven, Yale University Library 1964 p.20 ^ Goldwater, Walter Radical periodicals in America 1890–1950 New Haven, Yale University Library 1964 p.27 Pamphlets Trotsky, Leon The only road New York, Pioneer Publishers 1933 (translated by Field and Max Shachtman, before the split) Field, B. J. Prospects of American Capitalism: Problems of the American Revolution, No. 1 New York City : Organization Pub. Co., 1935 Davis, Edward Big Industry in Canada: A Marxian Survey : League for a Revolutionary Workers' Party (Canadian section), 1937 Krehm, William. Spain: revolution and counter-revolution : League for a Revolutionary Workers' Party (Canadian section), 1930s	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fieldites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"Trotskyist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"book on the history of American Trotskyism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_Trotskyism,_1928%E2%80%9338,_Report_of_a_Participant"},{"link_name":"James P. Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Cannon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"chefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"National Labor Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Board"},{"link_name":"La Guardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia"},{"link_name":"Greek-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek-American"},{"link_name":"Aristodimos Kaldis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristodimos_Kaldis"},{"link_name":"landscape artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_artist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Lovestoneites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovestoneites"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Gitlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow"},{"link_name":"Workers Communist League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Communist_League_(Gitlowites)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"William Krehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Krehm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Communist League of Struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_League_of_Struggle"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Workers League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers_League_(Oehlerite)"},{"link_name":"Bordigists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Morton White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_White"},{"link_name":"degenerated workers state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerated_workers_state"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"International Revolutionary Marxist Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Revolutionary_Marxist_Centre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Socialist Workers Party (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"totalitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian"},{"link_name":"state capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capitalist"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Born Max Gould in 1903, B. J. Field had been a successful Columbia educated petroleum analyst on Wall Street before the crash of 1929. Afterwards he became a Trotskyist and led informal discussion groups at his home with the other members.[1]Field was expelled following the New York Hotel strike of January 1934 for not accepting CLA discipline and not getting adequate safeguards for former strikers against discrimination. Field was later removed from leadership of the Amalgamated Food Workers union because a rival union, the Communist-led Food Workers Industrial Union, had gained shop floor leadership during the course of the unsuccessful strike. By the end of 1934, the Amalgamated Food Workers had merged into the Food Workers Industrial Union.[2] In his book on the history of American Trotskyism, James P. Cannon – at the time a major leader of the CLA – provides a detailed account of Field's antecedents and his part in the hotel strike.[3]As noted by Cannon, in the late 1920s some CLA members happened to be involved in the Amalgamated Food Workers union which had been reduced in power and influence after the Communist Party split the union in 1930. In 1932, the CLA regarded the sudden upsurge in unionism among the hard-pressed hotel workers as its big chance, throwing much of its resources and membership into this struggle – among them B.J. Field. A statistician, economist and linguist, Field had no previous trade union experience, but his fluent knowledge of French was of crucial importance in establishing contact with the hotels' French chefs, many of whom did not speak English. Because of the chefs' prestige and their being \"the most strategically important sector in the hotel situation\", their adherence to the strike was a major coup, for which Field got credit. For their part, the chefs insisted that Field be placed at the head of the new union. In this position he got much into the public eye and had his photo in the New York papers. His fame and prestige soared especially after a series of mass meetings, the biggest of which – at the annex of the Madison Square Garden – drew a crowd of no less than 10,000 people.Thereafter, as Cannon put it, success went to Field's head and he became increasingly distant from the CLA, which he came to regard as \"a marginal group of people at a small office on Sixteenth Street\" while he was himself \"the leader of a upsurging mass movement\". The CLA criticized Field for neglecting the grassroots base of the strike, and placing excessive trust in the mediators sent by the National Labor Board and by New York Mayor La Guardia. However, Field refused altogether to meet with fellow activists or the CLA bodies and to discuss his way of conducting the hotel strike. Thereupon, the CLA decided to take the drastic step of expelling Field and his group of adherents, in the middle of the strike – rather than be held responsible for his policies without having a possibility of influencing them.One of Field's most important collaborators in this strike was a young Greek-American, Aristodimos Kaldis, who would later have a career as a landscape artist.[1] During the strike the CLA elements worked closely with a group of dissident Lovestoneites led by Benjamin Gitlow called the Workers Communist League. After being expelled the group around Field and Kaldis joined Gitlow's group, which now became the Organization Committee for a Revolutionary Workers Party.[4] Though the membership of the group was small in the United States, it was more successful in Canada, taking the whole Montreal section and some of the Toronto branch members from the CLA in April of that year.[5] Under the leadership of William Krehm they overshadowed the official Trotskyist movement in Canada by 1937.[6]The Gitlow group didn't stay long and by October 1934 had decided to enter the Socialist Party of America[7] This left the Fieldites with few experienced Communist or labor leaders. The group then began negotiations for unity with a variety of other groups, including the Communist League of Struggle, the Revolutionary Workers League and a small group of Italian-American Bordigists. None of these was successful. In May 1936 the majority of the New York branch voted to rejoin the Trotskyists, but a minority stayed with Field in a reduced organization.[8] According to one report, from a hostile source, when two members of the New York local F. L Demby and S. Stanley submitted a statement favoring dissociation from the LRWP during a meeting of the New York local Field had the door locked and he and his supporters physically attacked them. In any event a reported eight out of the groups twelve members left.[9]Among the associates of the league was a group of Columbia university students which included future philosopher Morton White, who was drawn to the group because it was harsher on the Soviet Union than the Trotskyites. They had come to the conclusion that capitalism had already been restored in Stalinist Russia, and was no longer a degenerated workers state.[10]The LRWP was affiliated to the International Revolutionary Marxist Centre (often referred to as the London Bureau) with Field and Krehm attending the international association's Congress Against War, Fascism and Imperialism held in Brussels in 1936.[11]After being expelled from his own organization, Field dropped out of politics and joined former supporter Nat Mendelsohn's prosperous real estate firm in California. He died in 1977.[12]The exact date of the group's dissolution is uncertain, though a number of members rejoined the Trotskyist movement in the late 1930s. In April 1940 the remaining Fieldites published a special bulletin addressed to the convention of the Socialist Workers Party (United States), urging it to adopt its perspective on the USSR, which the Fieldites regarded as totalitarian rather than state capitalist. They believed \"Russian question\" was the most important issue facing the working class movement.[13] They seem to have finally disbanded sometime later in 1940.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Workers' Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/32690679"},{"link_name":"Labor Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/42656661"},{"link_name":"Maitland – New International Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//contentdm.warwick.ac.uk/cdm/ref/collection/scw/id/17046"},{"link_name":"Workers Anti-War Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/19789921"},{"link_name":"Walter Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Fieldites published The Workers' Voice in Canada, Labor Front in the United States, a theoretical journal called Maitland – New International Bulletin, Workers Anti-War Bulletin and Revolutionary Youth, by the party's youth section. Bibliographer Walter Goldwater lists Labor Front as #128 in his index and gives its duration as Vol. I #1 June 1934 to Vol. VI #1 February 1939.[15] The group also published an irregular \"international\" publication New International Bulletin: Documents of the New International which lasted from Vol. I #1 October 1935 – Vol. II #1 March 1937. Apparently this ceased publication when the majority of the New York group rejoined the Trotskyists.[16]","title":"Periodicals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jacobs_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Mother Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Aristodimos Kaldis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristodimos_Kaldis"},{"link_name":"Morton White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_White"},{"link_name":"Albert Wohlstetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Wohlstetter"},{"link_name":"William Krehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Krehm"},{"link_name":"Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Monetary_and_Economic_Reform"}],"text":"Paul Jacobs, founder of Mother Jones magazine\nAristodimos Kaldis\nMorton White\nAlbert Wohlstetter\nWilliam Krehm, founder of the Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform (COMER) in Canada.","title":"Prominent members & associates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The only road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/TheOnlyRoad"},{"link_name":"Max Shachtman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Shachtman"},{"link_name":"Prospects of American Capitalism: Problems of the American Revolution, No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ProspectsOfAmericanCapitalism"},{"link_name":"Big Industry in Canada: A Marxian Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/davis_big_industry_in_canada"},{"link_name":"Spain: revolution and counter-revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/spain_revolution_and_counter-revolution"}],"text":"Trotsky, Leon The only road New York, Pioneer Publishers 1933 (translated by Field and Max Shachtman, before the split)\nField, B. J. Prospects of American Capitalism: Problems of the American Revolution, No. 1 New York City : Organization Pub. Co., 1935\nDavis, Edward Big Industry in Canada: A Marxian Survey [Toronto?] : League for a Revolutionary Workers' Party (Canadian section), 1937\nKrehm, William. Spain: revolution and counter-revolution [Toronto?] : League for a Revolutionary Workers' Party (Canadian section), 1930s","title":"Pamphlets"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Wald, Alan M. (July 2, 1987). The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s. UNC Press Books. 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Oct 30, 1934. p. 10 – via ProQuest.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Max Shachtman: Footnote for Historians (1938)\". www.marxists.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/1938/12/footnote.htm","url_text":"\"Max Shachtman: Footnote for Historians (1938)\""}]},{"reference":"White, Morton (November 1, 2010). Philosopher's Story. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0271038025 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=84QTyJ1c-N8C&dq=fieldites&pg=PA37","url_text":"Philosopher's Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271038025","url_text":"978-0271038025"}]},{"reference":"\"Maitland – Sara – Hallinan collection\". cdm21047.contentdm.oclc.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdm21047.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/scw/id/17046","url_text":"\"Maitland – Sara – Hallinan collection\""}]},{"reference":"Wald, Alan M. (July 2, 1987). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Degebe	Castle of Degebe	["1 History","2 Architecture","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Sources"]	Coordinates: 38°24′54.5″N 7°33′27.4″W / 38.415139°N 7.557611°W / 38.415139; -7.557611Castle in Portugal Castle of DegebeCastelo Velho do DegebeÉvora, Alentejo Central, Alentejo in PortugalTypeCastleSite informationOwnerPortuguese RepublicOperatorHerdade dos CarneirizesOpen tothe publicPrivate The Castle of Degebe (Portuguese: Castelo Velho do Debege) is a medieval castle located in the civil parish of Reguengos de Monsaraz, in the municipality of Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portuguese district of Évora. History The foundations of the old castle date to an Iron Age settlement. The location was intensely forested with Eucalyptus by the property owner, from information of Dr. António Carlos Silva (12 June 1989), from the Serviços Regionais de Arqueologia do Sul (Southern Archaeology Regional Services) of the Instituto Português do Património Cultural (the predecessor of the IGESPAR. Architecture The remains of the medieval castle is located in a rural location, in the spur of bedrock and steep slopes at the confluence of the Ribeira da Caridade and the Degebe River, isolated and in harmony with the surrounding environment. It is a vast space defended and encircled by walls natural slope, limited in the west by the Degebe River and in the east by the Ribeira da Caridade, and protected in the north, by a double line of fortifications that transforms into an island. The castle is slightly long, irregular plan oriented north to south. References Notes ^ a b c d e Branco, Manuel; Nunes, Castro (1994), SIPA (ed.), Castelo Velho do Degebeo (IPA.00002749/PT040711040006) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 30 June 2016, retrieved 4 June 2016 Sources Gonçalves, José Pires (1962), "Monsaraz e o seu termo", Boletim da Junta Distrital de Évora (in Portuguese), Évora, Portugal{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Gonçalves, José Pires; Paço, Manuel Afonso do (1960), "Reconhecimento preliminar", Castelo Velho do Degebe (in Portuguese), Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) 38°24′54.5″N 7°33′27.4″W / 38.415139°N 7.557611°W / 38.415139; -7.557611 vte Castles in Portugal Castle of Abrantes Castle of Alandroal Castle of Alcácer do Sal Castle of Alcanede Castle of Alcantarilha Castle of Alcobaça Castle of Alcoutim Castle of Alegrete Castle of Alenquer Castle of Alfaiates Castle of Alfândega da Fé Castle of Alfeizerão Castle of Algoso Castle of Aljezur Castle of Aljustrel Castle of Almada Castle of Almourol Castle of Alter do Chão Castle of Alter Pedroso Castle of Alva Castle of Alvito Castle of Alvor Castle of Amieira do Tejo Castle of Arraiolos Castle of Arronches Castle of Atouguia da Baleia Castle of Avis Castle of Avô Castle of Azinhalinho Castle of Balsamão Castle of Barbacena Porto Pim bartizan Castle of Beja Castle of Belmonte Castle of Belver Castle of Bemposta Castle of Borba Castle of Braga Castle of Bragança Castle of Caminha Castle of Campo Maior Castle of Carrazeda de Ansiães Castle of Castelo Bom Castle of Castelo Branco Castelo de Idanha-a-Velha Castelo de Longroiva Castelo de Montel Castelo de Montemor-o-Novo Castelo de Nisa Castelo de Oleiros Castelo de Palmela Castelo de Pirescoxe Castelo de Portuzelo Castelo de Ranhados Castelo de Sesimbra Castelo de Sines Castelo de Torre de Coelheiros Castelo de Torres Vedras Castelo de Veiros Castle of Castelo Melhor Castle of Castelo Mendo Castle of Castelo de Vide Castle of Castelo Rodrigo Castle Fortress of Almeida Castle of Castro Marim Castle of Celorico da Beira Castle of Chaves Castle of Cola Castle of Crato Castle of Curutelo Castle of Degebe Castle of Elvas Castle of Esporão Castle of Estremoz Castle of Evoramonte Castle of Faria Fernandine Walls of Porto Castle of Folgosinho Castle of Freixo de Espada-à-Cinta Castle of Freixo de Numão Castle of Geraldo Castle of Guarda Castle of Guimarães Castle of Idanha-a-Nova Castelo de Juromenha Castle of Lagos Castle of Lamego Castle of Lanhoso Castle of Leiria Castle of Linhares Castle of Loulé Castle of Lousa Castle of Lousã Castle of Marialva Castle of Marvão Castle of Mau Vizinho (Vila Real) Castle of Melgaço Castle of Mertola Castle of Messejana Castle of Miranda do Douro Castle of Mirandela Castle of Mogadouro Castle of Moinhos Castle of Monção Castle of Monforte (Chaves) Castle of Monforte (Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo) Castle of Monsanto Castelo de Monsaraz Montalegre Castle Castle of Montalvão Castle of Montemor-o-Velho Castle of the Moors Castle of Moreira de Rei Castle of Mós Castle of Moura Castle of Mourão Castle of Noudar Castle of Numão Castle of Óbidos Castle of Ouguela Castle of Ourém Castle of Ourique Castle of Outeiro Castle of Paderne Castle of Pena de Aguiar Castle of Penamacor Castle of Penas Róias Castle of Penedono Castle of Penela Castle of Pinhel Castle of Pombal Castle of Portalegre Castle of Portel Castelo de Porto de Mós Castle of Rebordãos Castle of Redondo Castle of Redondos Castle of Ródão Sabugal Castle Castle of Salir Castle of Santa Maria da Feira Castle of Santarém Castle of Santo Estêvão São Jorge Castle Castle of São Ramão Castle of Seda Castle of Senhora da Luz Castle of Sernancelhe Castle of Serpa Castle of Silves Castle of Sortelha Castle of Soure Castle of Tavira Castle of Terena Castelo de Tomar Castelo de Torre de Moncorvo Castle of Torres Novas Tower of Bera Tower of Ferreira de Aves Castle of Trancoso Castle of Valongo Castle of Viana do Alentejo Castle of Vidigueira Castle of Vidigueiras Castle of Vila Flor Castle of Vila Nova de Cerveira Castle of Vila Nova de Foz Côa Castle of Vila Verde dos Francos Castle of Vila Viçosa Castle of Vilar Maior Castle of Vinhais Also See: Castles in Portugal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freguesia_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Reguengos de Monsaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reguengos_de_Monsaraz_(parish)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concelho"},{"link_name":"Reguengos de Monsaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reguengos_de_Monsaraz"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"district of Évora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vora_District"}],"text":"Castle in PortugalThe Castle of Degebe (Portuguese: Castelo Velho do Debege) is a medieval castle located in the civil parish of Reguengos de Monsaraz, in the municipality of Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portuguese district of Évora.","title":"Castle of Degebe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-1"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"IGESPAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGESPAR"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-1"}],"text":"The foundations of the old castle date to an Iron Age settlement.[1]The location was intensely forested with Eucalyptus by the property owner, from information of Dr. António Carlos Silva (12 June 1989), from the Serviços Regionais de Arqueologia do Sul (Southern Archaeology Regional Services) of the Instituto Português do Património Cultural (the predecessor of the IGESPAR.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-1"}],"text":"The remains of the medieval castle is located in a rural location, in the spur of bedrock and steep slopes at the confluence of the Ribeira da Caridade and the Degebe River, isolated and in harmony with the surrounding environment.[1] It is a vast space defended and encircled by walls natural slope, limited in the west by the Degebe River and in the east by the Ribeira da Caridade, and protected in the north, by a double line of fortifications that transforms into an island.[1] The castle is slightly long, irregular plan oriented north to south.[1]","title":"Architecture"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Branco, Manuel; Nunes, Castro (1994), SIPA (ed.), Castelo Velho do Degebeo (IPA.00002749/PT040711040006) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 30 June 2016, retrieved 4 June 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630092210/http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2749","url_text":"Castelo Velho do Degebeo (IPA.00002749/PT040711040006)"},{"url":"http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2749","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gonçalves, José Pires (1962), \"Monsaraz e o seu termo\", Boletim da Junta Distrital de Évora (in Portuguese), Évora, Portugal","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gonçalves, José Pires; Paço, Manuel Afonso do (1960), \"Reconhecimento preliminar\", Castelo Velho do Degebe (in Portuguese), Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castle_of_Degebe&params=38_24_54.5_N_7_33_27.4_W_","external_links_name":"38°24′54.5″N 7°33′27.4″W / 38.415139°N 7.557611°W / 38.415139; -7.557611"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630092210/http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2749","external_links_name":"Castelo Velho do Degebeo (IPA.00002749/PT040711040006)"},{"Link":"http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2749","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castle_of_Degebe&params=38_24_54.5_N_7_33_27.4_W_","external_links_name":"38°24′54.5″N 7°33′27.4″W / 38.415139°N 7.557611°W / 38.415139; -7.557611"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia_Paoli	Amalia Paoli	["1 First years","2 Debut","3 Move to Europe","4 Later years and death","5 Legacy","6 See also","7 References"]	Puerto Rican operatic soprano In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Paoli and the second or maternal family name is Marcano. Amalia PaoliBackground informationBornc. 1861Ponce, Puerto RicoDied1941Ponce, Puerto RicoOccupation(s)Soprano singerMusical artist Amalia Paoli y Marcano (c. 1861–1941) was a Puerto Rican soprano. She was the sister of tenor Antonio Paoli and of Olivia Paoli, a suffragist and activist who fought for the rights of women. First years Amalia Paoli was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico. She was the daughter of Domingo Paoli Marcatentti, born in Corsica, and Amalia Marcano Intriago, who was originally from Pampatar, Isla Margarita in Venezuela. Amalia Paoli's parents met in Caracas, and immediately fell in love; however, Amalia's father, a rich landlord, was opposed to the relationship because of class differences, therefore the young couple escaped to the Dominican Republic without getting married and later returned to Puerto Rico. The couple established themselves in the city of Yauco, but later moved into a house, given to them by Amalia's aunt, Teresa Intriago, located at one of the main arteries in the city of Ponce's urban core, Calle Mayor (Mayor Street), House No. 14. Ponce at the time was the financial and cultural capital of the island, thereby the ideal place for the initial cultural development of Paoli. In fact, his parents would often take her to operas at Ponce's Teatro La Perla located a block away from Paoli's residence. Debut Paoli first broke into the public eye with performances at Teatro La Perla. In 1880, when only 19 years old, she performed at La Perla in Emilio Arrieta's opera Marina. Move to Europe Paoli succeeded in catching the eye of what historian and Puerto Rico state historic preservation officer Juan Llanes Santos described as "well-connected people", who moved the young woman to Spain in 1883, where she auditioned for Isabel de Borbon. The sister of the King and Princess of Asturias, Isabel provided her patronage to Paoli, securing singing lessons for her from Napoleon Verger who was, according to Santos, "the most famous singing teacher at the time in Madrid, Napoleon Verger." Paoli immediately brought her younger siblings to live with her, and, in 1896, with the assistance of the royal family, secured a royal scholarship for her brother Antonio that would turn him into a world-renowned tenor. Later years and death In the early 1920s, Paoli moved back to Puerto Rico where she founded a music school in Santurce called the Academia Paoli. There, she joined her sister in the Suffragist Social League; she and her sister were among a number of renowned women artists to do so. Paoli died in 1941. She was buried at the Puerto Rico Memorial Cemetery in Carolina, Puerto Rico. Legacy Paoli is recognized in Ponce at the Park of the Illustrious Ponce Citizens, and a street was named after her in Toa Baja, Puerto Rico. See also Puerto Rico portalOpera portalBiography portal List of Puerto Ricans History of women in Puerto Rico References Notes ^ Santos, Juan Llanes (Historian and State Historic Preservation Officer, Certifying Officer, State Historic Preservation Office (San Juan, Puerto Rico). August 11, 2009. In National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Registration Form – Casa Paoli. p.6. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Listing Reference Number 09000769. ^ Santos, Juan Llanes (Historian and State Historic Preservation Officer, Certifying Officer, State Historic Preservation Office (San Juan, Puerto Rico). August 11, 2009. In National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Registration Form – Casa Paoli. p.6. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Listing Reference Number 09000769. ^ Santos, Juan Llanes (Historian and State Historic Preservation Officer, Certifying Officer, State Historic Preservation Office (San Juan, Puerto Rico). August 11, 2009. In National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Registration Form – Casa Paoli. p.6. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Listing Reference Number 09000769. ^ Santos, p. 5 ^ a b c d Santos, p. 6 ^ Rodríguez and Delgado (1998), p. 128. ^ Santos, Juan Llanes (Historian and State Historic Preservation Officer, Certifying Officer, State Historic Preservation Office (San Juan, Puerto Rico). August 11, 2009. In National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Registration Form – Casa Paoli. p.6. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Listing Reference Number 09000769. ^ Music. Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine Travel Ponce.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013. ^ "HP 1 Calle Amalia Paoli, Toa Baja, Puerto Rico 00949". www.treasury.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2020-02-17. Sources Rodríguez, Félix V. Matos; Linda C. Delgado (July 1998). Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives. M.E. Sharpe. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7656-0245-9. Retrieved 9 September 2010. Santos, Juan Llanes (Historian and State Historic Preservation Officer, Certifying Officer, State Historic Preservation Office (San Juan, Puerto Rico). August 11, 2009. In National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Registration Form – Casa Paoli. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Listing Reference Number 09000769. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"Antonio Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Paoli"},{"link_name":"Olivia Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Paoli"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Paoli and the second or maternal family name is Marcano.Musical artistAmalia Paoli y Marcano (c. 1861–1941[3]) was a Puerto Rican soprano. She was the sister of tenor Antonio Paoli and of Olivia Paoli, a suffragist and activist who fought for the rights of women.","title":"Amalia Paoli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ponce, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Pampatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampatar"},{"link_name":"Isla Margarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Margarita"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Yauco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yauco"},{"link_name":"Teatro La Perla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_La_Perla"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Amalia Paoli was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico. She was the daughter of Domingo Paoli Marcatentti, born in Corsica, and Amalia Marcano Intriago, who was originally from Pampatar, Isla Margarita in Venezuela. Amalia Paoli's parents met in Caracas, and immediately fell in love; however, Amalia's father, a rich landlord, was opposed to the relationship because of class differences, therefore the young couple escaped to the Dominican Republic without getting married and later returned to Puerto Rico. The couple established themselves in the city of Yauco, but later moved into a house, given to them by Amalia's aunt, Teresa Intriago, located at one of the main arteries in the city of Ponce's urban core, Calle Mayor (Mayor Street), House No. 14. Ponce at the time was the financial and cultural capital of the island, thereby the ideal place for the initial cultural development of Paoli. In fact, his parents would often take her to operas at Ponce's Teatro La Perla located a block away from Paoli's residence.[4]","title":"First years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emilio Arrieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Arrieta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S6-5"}],"text":"Paoli first broke into the public eye with performances at Teatro La Perla. In 1880, when only 19 years old, she performed at La Perla in Emilio Arrieta's opera Marina.[5]","title":"Debut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state historic preservation officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_historic_preservation_office"},{"link_name":"Isabel de Borbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Princess_of_Asturias_(1851%E2%80%931931)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S6-5"},{"link_name":"the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Princess of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"patronage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S6-5"},{"link_name":"Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Paoli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S6-5"}],"text":"Paoli succeeded in catching the eye of what historian and Puerto Rico state historic preservation officer Juan Llanes Santos described as \"well-connected people\", who moved the young woman to Spain in 1883, where she auditioned for Isabel de Borbon.[5] The sister of the King and Princess of Asturias, Isabel provided her patronage to Paoli, securing singing lessons for her from Napoleon Verger who was, according to Santos, \"the most famous singing teacher at the time in Madrid, Napoleon Verger.\"[5] Paoli immediately brought her younger siblings to live with her, and, in 1896, with the assistance of the royal family, secured a royal scholarship for her brother Antonio that would turn him into a world-renowned tenor.[5]","title":"Move to Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santurce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santurce,_San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Carolina, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In the early 1920s, Paoli moved back to Puerto Rico where she founded a music school in Santurce called the Academia Paoli. There, she joined her sister in the Suffragist Social League; she and her sister were among a number of renowned women artists to do so.[6]Paoli died in 1941.[7] She was buried at the Puerto Rico Memorial Cemetery in Carolina, Puerto Rico.[citation needed]","title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Park of the Illustrious Ponce Citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricentennial_Park_(Ponce,_Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Toa Baja, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toa_Baja,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Paoli is recognized in Ponce at the Park of the Illustrious Ponce Citizens,[8] and a street was named after her in Toa Baja, Puerto Rico.[9]","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	[{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg"},{"title":"Opera portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Opera"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of Puerto Ricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Ricans"},{"title":"History of women in Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_women_in_Puerto_Rico"}]	[{"reference":"\"HP 1 Calle Amalia Paoli, Toa Baja, Puerto Rico 00949\". www.treasury.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2020-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treasury.gov/auctions/treasury/rp/calleamalia.shtml","url_text":"\"HP 1 Calle Amalia Paoli, Toa Baja, Puerto Rico 00949\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170104091054/https://www.treasury.gov/auctions/treasury/rp/calleamalia.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez, Félix V. Matos; Linda C. Delgado (July 1998). Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives. M.E. Sharpe. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7656-0245-9. Retrieved 9 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DcQ2Yi_7wy0C&pg=PA128","url_text":"Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0245-9","url_text":"978-0-7656-0245-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.travelponce.com/Music.html","external_links_name":"Music."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213611/http://www.travelponce.com/Music.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.treasury.gov/auctions/treasury/rp/calleamalia.shtml","external_links_name":"\"HP 1 Calle Amalia Paoli, Toa Baja, Puerto Rico 00949\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170104091054/https://www.treasury.gov/auctions/treasury/rp/calleamalia.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DcQ2Yi_7wy0C&pg=PA128","external_links_name":"Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspectives"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/18153530867248700831","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfX3YX4KQKQv7MPfrW4bd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018110881","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_in_Greece	1932 in Greece	["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 External links"]	List of events ← 1931 1930 1929 1932 in Greece → 1933 1934 1935 Decades: 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s See also:Other events of 1932List of years in Greece Incumbents President: Alexandros Zaimis Prime Minister: until 26 May: Eleftherios Venizelos 26 May-5 June: Alexandros Papanastasiou 5 June-4 November: Eleftherios Venizelos from 4 November: Panagis Tsaldaris Events 25 April – Greece decides to abandon the gold standard. 3 June – The government of Greek Prime Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou resigns after one week in office. 25 September – The result of the Greek legislative election is an ambivalent one for the two leading parties, the Liberal Party of Eleftherios Venizelos and the People's Party. The People's Party receives a plurality of votes in the Lower House elections, but wins fewer seats than the Liberal Party; the Liberals also win the most seats in the Senate. December – The Greek National Socialist Party is founded by George S. Mercouris. Births 21 May – Leonidas Vasilikopoulos, admiral (died 2014) 29 August – Lakis Petropoulos, footballer and manager (died 1996) Deaths 13 December – Georgios Jakobides, painter (born 1853) External links ^ "Greece Votes to Go Off Gold Standard". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 25, 1932. p. 1. ^ "Tageseinträge für 3. Juni 1932". chroniknet. Retrieved May 28, 2015. ^ Nohlen & Stöver, pp. 841–858 ^ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p. 830 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7 ^ "National Socialist Party". TheMediaBriefing.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2012. vteYears in Greece (1821–present)19th century 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte1932 in EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Austria Baden Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Prussia Romania San Marino Soviet Union Armenian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Byelorussian SSR Georgian SSR Kazakh SSR Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Vatican City Yugoslavia Dependencies, coloniesand other territories Åland Cyprus Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1932 in Greece"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Alexandros Zaimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Zaimis"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Eleftherios Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"Alexandros Papanastasiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou"},{"link_name":"Panagis Tsaldaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagis_Tsaldaris"}],"text":"President: Alexandros Zaimis\nPrime Minister:\nuntil 26 May: Eleftherios Venizelos\n26 May-5 June: Alexandros Papanastasiou\n5 June-4 November: Eleftherios Venizelos\nfrom 4 November: Panagis Tsaldaris","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"25 April","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_April"},{"link_name":"gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"3 June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_June"},{"link_name":"Alexandros Papanastasiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chroniknet_jun_3-2"},{"link_name":"25 September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_September"},{"link_name":"Greek legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1932"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Eleftherios Venizelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos"},{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-4"},{"link_name":"Greek National Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"George S. Mercouris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Mercouris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"25 April – Greece decides to abandon the gold standard.[1]\n3 June – The government of Greek Prime Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou resigns after one week in office.[2]\n25 September – The result of the Greek legislative election is an ambivalent one for the two leading parties, the Liberal Party of Eleftherios Venizelos and the People's Party. The People's Party receives a plurality of votes in the Lower House elections, but wins fewer seats than the Liberal Party;[3] the Liberals also win the most seats in the Senate.[4]\nDecember – The Greek National Socialist Party is founded by George S. Mercouris.[5]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"21 May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_May"},{"link_name":"Leonidas Vasilikopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_Vasilikopoulos"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"29 August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_August"},{"link_name":"Lakis Petropoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakis_Petropoulos"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_in_Greece"}],"text":"21 May – Leonidas Vasilikopoulos, admiral (died 2014)\n29 August – Lakis Petropoulos, footballer and manager (died 1996)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"13 December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_December"},{"link_name":"Georgios Jakobides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Jakobides"},{"link_name":"1853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1853_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"13 December – Georgios Jakobides, painter (born 1853)","title":"Deaths"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Greece Votes to Go Off Gold Standard\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_soul	Future soul	["1 References"]	Music genre Future soulStylistic originsNeo soul, pop music, electronica, dubstep, hip hopCultural origins2010s, United Kingdom Future soul is a term often used by UK singer-songwriter Daley in the 2010s to describe a style of music that emerged from soul and contemporary R&B. Although both soulful and conscious, future soul is distinguished from neo soul as it infuses more elements of pop, electronica, dubstep and hip hop instead of jazz and funk. Simply put, future soul is soulful songwriting infused with forward thinking electronic production. Future soul has emerged into the mainstream with commercial and critical success from several future soul artists such as Alex Clare and his hit song "Too Close", Daley, Kymistry, Omari Oneal and Janelle Monáe. French DJ David Guetta has done future soul in his song "Night of Your Life", which features American singer Jennifer Hudson. Melbourne-based band Hiatus Kaiyote have described their music as future soul. The genre since its inception has taken on a much more defined sound with artists like Josh Jacobson who emerged around the same time as Daley. Jacobson went on to produce tracks such as "Not Alone" (featuring Skela) (2015) and his cover of Little Dragon's "Twice" (2016), which both created waves in the online music community for a unique yet defined sound. Surrounding these releases, press including electronic tastemakers Nest HQ were dubbing Jacobson's sound as "future soul". References ^ "INSIDE: Daley's Sweet Acappella, Talks Soul Movement, Music, Superhero, More". Singersroom.com. ^ Paul Lester. "New band of the day – No 923: Alex Clare". the Guardian. ^ "Meet Alex Clare, the voice behind 'Too Close'". USATODAY.COM. ^ "MSN Entertainment". Archived from the original on 2013-09-22. Retrieved 2013-02-05. ^ "kymistrymusic.com". Archived from the original on 2013-03-26. Retrieved 2019-11-18. ^ "Ras OMARI". Ras OMARI. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2019-12-22. ^ "Hiatus Kaiyote Explains What the Hell A Kaiyote Is". Okayplayer. ^ "Exploring The R&B Field Nominees". The GRAMMYs. ^ "Moosiq.com". ^ "ITZSOWEEZEE.com". ^ "EDMSauce.com". ^ "NestHQ.com". vteSoul musicGenres Blue-eyed soul Boogaloo Brown-eyed soul Cinematic soul Future soul Hip hop soul Latin soul Neo soul Northern soul Progressive soul Psychedelic soul Retro-soul Smooth soul Southern soul Soul blues Soul jazz Regional scenes Africa Chicago Memphis New Orleans Philadelphia United Kingdom Other topics African American music Funk Mod (subculture) Mod revival Motown Records sound Plastic soul Rare groove Samba rock Sophisti-pop Soulboy Stax Records Swamp rock Soul musicians Yacht soul	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"contemporary R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"neo soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_soul"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Alex Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Clare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Too Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Close_(Alex_Clare_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Janelle Monáe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"Night of Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_Your_Life_(David_Guetta_song)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Hiatus Kaiyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiatus_Kaiyote"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Future soul is a term often used by UK singer-songwriter Daley[1] in the 2010s to describe a style of music that emerged from soul and contemporary R&B. Although both soulful and conscious, future soul is distinguished from neo soul as it infuses more elements of pop, electronica, dubstep and hip hop instead of jazz and funk. Simply put, future soul is soulful songwriting infused with forward thinking electronic production.Future soul has emerged into the mainstream with commercial and critical success from several future soul artists such as Alex Clare[2] and his hit song \"Too Close\",[3] Daley,[4] Kymistry,[5] Omari Oneal[6] and Janelle Monáe.French DJ David Guetta has done future soul in his song \"Night of Your Life\", which features American singer Jennifer Hudson. Melbourne-based band Hiatus Kaiyote have described their music as future soul.[7][8]The genre since its inception has taken on a much more defined sound with artists like Josh Jacobson who emerged around the same time as Daley. Jacobson went on to produce tracks such as \"Not Alone\" (featuring Skela) (2015)[9] and his cover of Little Dragon's \"Twice\" (2016),[10][11] which both created waves in the online music community for a unique yet defined sound. Surrounding these releases, press including electronic tastemakers Nest HQ[12] were dubbing Jacobson's sound as \"future soul\".","title":"Future soul"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"INSIDE: Daley's Sweet Acappella, Talks Soul Movement, Music, Superhero, More\". 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Retrieved 2013-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130922160521/http://entertainment.msn.com/news/article.aspx?news=774509","url_text":"\"MSN Entertainment\""},{"url":"https://entertainment.msn.com/news/article.aspx?news=774509","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"kymistrymusic.com\". Archived from the original on 2013-03-26. Retrieved 2019-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130326025325/http://kymistrymusic.com/","url_text":"\"kymistrymusic.com\""},{"url":"http://www.kymistrymusic.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ras OMARI\". Ras OMARI. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2019-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150419095251/http://www.omarioneal.com/","url_text":"\"Ras OMARI\""},{"url":"http://omarioneal.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiatus Kaiyote Explains What the Hell A Kaiyote Is\". Okayplayer.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okayplayer.com/news/hiatus-kaiyote-explains-what-a-kaiyote-is-interview.html","url_text":"\"Hiatus Kaiyote Explains What the Hell A Kaiyote Is\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exploring The R&B Field Nominees\". The GRAMMYs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/news/exploring-the-rb-field-nominees-0","url_text":"\"Exploring The R&B Field Nominees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moosiq.com\".","urls":[{"url":"https://moosiq.wordpress.com/tag/josh-jacobson/","url_text":"\"Moosiq.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"ITZSOWEEZEE.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://itzsoweezee.com/josh-jacobson-twice-little-dragon-cover/","url_text":"\"ITZSOWEEZEE.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"EDMSauce.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artisttrove.com/artist/133082356797832/Josh+Jacobson","url_text":"\"EDMSauce.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"NestHQ.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://nesthq.com/little-dragon-twice-josh-jacobson-cover","url_text":"\"NestHQ.com\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://singersroom.com/content/2012-09-19/INSIDE-Daleys-Sweet-Acappella-Talks-Soul-Movement-Music-Superhero-More/","external_links_name":"\"INSIDE: Daley's Sweet Acappella, Talks Soul Movement, Music, Superhero, More\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/dec/03/new-band-alex-clare","external_links_name":"\"New band of the day – No 923: Alex Clare\""},{"Link":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/ontheverge/story/2012-07-10/alex-clare-on-the-verge/56183478/1","external_links_name":"\"Meet Alex Clare, the voice behind 'Too Close'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130922160521/http://entertainment.msn.com/news/article.aspx?news=774509","external_links_name":"\"MSN Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://entertainment.msn.com/news/article.aspx?news=774509","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130326025325/http://kymistrymusic.com/","external_links_name":"\"kymistrymusic.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.kymistrymusic.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150419095251/http://www.omarioneal.com/","external_links_name":"\"Ras OMARI\""},{"Link":"http://omarioneal.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.okayplayer.com/news/hiatus-kaiyote-explains-what-a-kaiyote-is-interview.html","external_links_name":"\"Hiatus Kaiyote Explains What the Hell A Kaiyote Is\""},{"Link":"http://www.grammy.com/news/exploring-the-rb-field-nominees-0","external_links_name":"\"Exploring The R&B Field Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://moosiq.wordpress.com/tag/josh-jacobson/","external_links_name":"\"Moosiq.com\""},{"Link":"http://itzsoweezee.com/josh-jacobson-twice-little-dragon-cover/","external_links_name":"\"ITZSOWEEZEE.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.artisttrove.com/artist/133082356797832/Josh+Jacobson","external_links_name":"\"EDMSauce.com\""},{"Link":"http://nesthq.com/little-dragon-twice-josh-jacobson-cover","external_links_name":"\"NestHQ.com\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_High_School_(Ohio)	Chesapeake High School (Ohio)	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°25′22″N 82°29′10″W / 38.42278°N 82.48611°W / 38.42278; -82.48611Public high school in Chesapeake, Ohio, United StatesChesapeake High SchoolAddress10181 County Road 1Chesapeake, Ohio 45619United StatesCoordinates38°25′22″N 82°29′10″W / 38.42278°N 82.48611°W / 38.42278; -82.48611InformationTypePublic high schoolEstablished1924 (1924)School districtChesapeake Union Exempted Village SchoolsNCES School ID390452902163PrincipalGreg SullivanTeaching staff19.33 (on an FTE basis)Grades9-12Enrollment375 (2018-19)Student to teacher ratio19:40Color(s)Purple and white Fight songCHS Fight SongAthletics conferenceOhio Valley ConferenceMascotPantherNicknameThe PeakeTeam nameChesapeake Panthers RivalFairland DragonsWebsitewww.peake.k12.oh.us Chesapeake High School (CHS), commonly referred to locals as The Peake, is a public high school in Chesapeake, Ohio, United States. References ^ a b c d "Search for Public Schools - Chesapeake High School (390452902163)". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ a b c OHSAA. "Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory". Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010. External links Official website Authority control databases: Geographic NCES This Lawrence County, Ohio school article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake,_Ohio"}],"text":"Public high school in Chesapeake, Ohio, United StatesChesapeake High School (CHS), commonly referred to locals as The Peake, is a public high school in Chesapeake, Ohio, United States.","title":"Chesapeake High School (Ohio)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Search for Public Schools - Chesapeake High School (390452902163)\". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=390452902163","url_text":"\"Search for Public Schools - Chesapeake High School (390452902163)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics","url_text":"National Center for Education Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences","url_text":"Institute of Education Sciences"}]},{"reference":"OHSAA. \"Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory\". Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101104151229/http://cdab.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=362","url_text":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory\""},{"url":"http://www.cdab.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=362","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chesapeake_High_School_(Ohio)&params=38_25_22_N_82_29_10_W_type:edu_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"38°25′22″N 82°29′10″W / 38.42278°N 82.48611°W / 38.42278; -82.48611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chesapeake_High_School_(Ohio)&params=38_25_22_N_82_29_10_W_type:edu_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"38°25′22″N 82°29′10″W / 38.42278°N 82.48611°W / 38.42278; -82.48611"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=390452902163","external_links_name":"390452902163"},{"Link":"http://www.peake.k12.oh.us/","external_links_name":"www.peake.k12.oh.us"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=390452902163","external_links_name":"\"Search for Public Schools - Chesapeake High School (390452902163)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101104151229/http://cdab.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=362","external_links_name":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association member directory\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdab.org/members.asp?SCHOOL_ID=362","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.peake.k12.oh.us/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=390452902163","external_links_name":"NCES"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chesapeake_High_School_(Ohio)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Despatie	Alexandre Despatie	["1 Diving career","2 Television career","3 Honors","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Canadian diver and broadcaster (born 1985) Alexandre DespatiePersonal informationBorn (1985-06-08) June 8, 1985 (age 39)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaHome townLaval, Quebec, CanadaHeight173 cm (5 ft 8 in)SportCountryCanadaEvent(s)3 m springboard,3 m synchroPartnerReuben RossFormer partner(s)Arturo Miranda, Philippe Comtois Medal record Men's diving Olympic Games 2004 Athens 3 m springboard 2008 Beijing 3 m springboard World Championships 2003 Barcelona 10 m platform 2005 Montreal 3 m springboard 2005 Montreal 1 m springboard 2001 Fukuoka 10 m platform 2007 Melbourne 3 m springboard 2007 Melbourne Springboard synchro 2009 Rome Springboard synchro 2009 Rome 3 m springboard Commonwealth Games 1998 Kuala Lumpur 10 m platform 2002 Manchester 3 m springboard 2002 Manchester 1 m springboard 2006 Melbourne Springboard synchro 2006 Melbourne 3 m springboard 2006 Melbourne 1 m springboard 2010 Delhi 1 m springboard 2010 Delhi 3 m springboard 2010 Delhi Springboard synchro 2002 Manchester 10 m platform 2006 Melbourne 10 m platform Pan American Games 2003 S. Domingo 3 m springboard 2003 S. Domingo Springboard synchro 2003 S. Domingo Platform synchro 2007 Rio de Janeiro 3 m springboard 2003 S. Domingo 10 m platform 2007 Rio de Janeiro 10 m platform 2007 Rio de Janeiro Springboard synchro Alexandre Despatie (French: ; born June 8, 1985) is a Canadian diver and broadcaster from Laval, Quebec. He was the world champion at the 1 and 3 m springboards from 2005 to 2007 and is the first, and so far only, diver to have been world champion in all three individual categories (1, 3 and 10 m platform). He is also a 37-time Canadian senior diving champion and nine-time junior champion, and the most decorated male diver in Canadian history, winning two Olympic silver medals and reaching eight podiums at the world championships, including three gold medals. He was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Diving career Despatie began diving at the age of 5 in his own backyard pool. He first came to public attention at the 1998 Commonwealth Games with an extremely impressive gold medal on the 10 metre platform (which included an unprecedented score of perfect 10s). He was only 13 years old at the time, and the achievement was recorded in the Guinness Book Of World Records 2000. At the Olympic games in Sydney in 2000, with a 4th-place finish at the 10-metre platform, he was offered the chance to compete in the springboard event in those Games as well, when one of the Canadian divers had to withdraw from the meet due to complications with his citizenship, but declined because he had not been training for that event. He won the silver medal at the world championships in 2001 in Fukuoka, Japan in the same event, and in 2003 won a gold medal at the World Diving Championships in Barcelona, Spain in the 10 metre platform. He recorded 107.1 for his last dive, which set a new record. At the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, Despatie won the gold medal in the three-metre springboard event, followed by three gold medals at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, he won the silver medal in the men's 3 metre springboard competition, but finished out of the medal standings in fourth place in the 10 metre platform. This result was contrary to expectations going into the games, where he was expected to win silver or gold in the 10 metre platform event and not place in the 3 metre springboard. In front of his home crowd at the 2005 World Aquatic Championships in Montreal, he became World Champion on the 3 metre springboard. He won with a world record score of 813.60 points, his "worst" dive being rated an average 8.5. Despatie followed up on that performance by winning the 1 m springboard, with a world record score of 489.69. His victory meant that he had won FINA World Titles on both springboard and platform. Despatie successfully defended his three-meter springboard title at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, and also won gold medals on 1 m springboard and 3 m synchronized with Arturo Miranda. He finished 3rd in the 10m platform. Returning to Melbourne, this time for the 2007 World Aquatics Championships, Despatie went head to head with the best divers in the world, including the top-ranked Chinese diving team. Finishing 8th in the 10 m tower event and winning silver medals in the 3 m event and the 3 m synchro with partner Arturo Miranda, Despatie proved that he was one of the world's best divers. At the Beijing Olympics in 2008, he claimed a silver medal in the 3m springboard event and finished in 5th place in the 3m synchro event. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Alexander got 3 gold medals for Canada, in the 1 metre and 3 metre springboard, and 3 metre synchronized springboard dive. Television career Despatie announced his retirement during a news conference in Montreal on June 4, 2013. On June 6, he was announced as the cohost of Breakfast Television's Montreal edition, set to premiere on City Montreal on August 26, 2013. In 2015, Despatie left the show, and was replaced by Derek Fage. In 2021, Despatie appeared on Chanteurs masqués, a Quebecois version of the popular TV show The Masked Singer. He appeared as "Gâteau" (Cake) and placed 8th overall. In 2023, Despatie competed on Big Brother Célébrités. He is the 4th person evicted and lasts 29 days. Honors In 2018, Despatie was awarded the Order of Sport, marking his induction into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Personal life Despatie attended Collège André-Grasset. In an interview with the CBC in the lead-up to the 2004 Olympics, he said he was interested in acting and television/movie production, and may pursue that as a career once he is no longer diving, although he is also known to support groups and aspiring divers and to help them fulfill their dreams through private contributions to youth diving leagues. He has held diving clinics which aim to give young divers lessons and valuable experience. In August 2006, Despatie started shooting his first feature film in Montreal. The movie, a teenage romantic comedy called Taking the Plunge (À vos marques... party!) was released in Quebec in March 2007. Despatie played a small but important part of a diver who is the friend and confidant of a young female swimmer. Quebec actress Louise Laparé coached Despatie for his role and told a Montreal newspaper that the popular athlete was a "born actor". He has since moved towards a career in broadcasting, joining the broadcast team for Canada's French-language television coverage of the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver during a brief break from training for the 2012 Games. He co-anchored the coverage of the opening and closing ceremonies alongside legendary Quebec hockey commentators Richard Garneau and Pierre Houde, narrated numerous athlete profiles, and took viewers on a tour of Granville Island, where many francophone musicians performed during the Olympics. See also CAMO Canadian National Training Centre Diving Philippe Comtois References ^ a b Strong, Gregory (October 18, 2018). "Canadian Sports Hall of Fame welcomes 8 of country's best". CBC Sports. The Canadian Press. Retrieved October 19, 2018. ^ a b Dichter, Myles (July 27, 2022). "CBC Sports Oral Histories: How a 13-year-old Canadian won a historic Commonwealth Games gold". CBC Sports. Retrieved July 29, 2022. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Alexandre Despatie". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. ^ "Roll call: Canada's medal winners". Sympatico MSN. August 23, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008. ^ Alexandre Despatie retires from diving, CBC Sports, Toronto, Canada, 4 June, 2013.Retrieved: 15 February 2019. ^ "Alexandre Despatie named co-host of City Montreal’s morning show" Archived September 30, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. The Gazette, June 8, 2013. ^ "2018 Induction Celebrations". Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexandre Despatie. Official website Alexandre Despatie on Real Champions at the Wayback Machine (archived 2007-09-12) Alexandre Despatie at IMDb Alexandre Despatie at Canada's Sports Hall of Fame Alexandre Despatie at Team Canada Alexandre Despatie at World Aquatics Alexandre Despatie at Olympics.com Alexandre Despatie at Olympic.org (archived) Alexandre Despatie at Olympedia Alexandre Despatie at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) Alexandre Despatie at the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games (archived) Alexandre Despatie at the Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games vteWorld diving champions in men's 1 metre springboard 1991: Edwin Jongejans (NED) 1994: Evan Stewart (ZIM) 1998: Yu Zhuocheng (CHN) 2001: Wang Feng (CHN) 2003: Xu Xiang (CHN) 2005: Alexandre Despatie (CAN) 2007: Luo Yutong (CHN) 2009: Qin Kai (CHN) 2011: Li Shixin (CHN) 2013: Li Shixin (CHN) 2015: Xie Siyi (CHN) 2017: Peng Jianfeng (CHN) 2019: Wang Zongyuan (CHN) 2022: Wang Zongyuan (CHN) 2023: Peng Jianfeng (CHN) 2024: Osmar Olvera (MEX) vteWorld diving champions in men's 3 metre springboard 1973: Phil Boggs (USA) 1975: Phil Boggs (USA) 1978: Phil Boggs (USA) 1982: Greg Louganis (USA) 1986: Greg Louganis (USA) 1991: Kent Ferguson (USA) 1994: Yu Zhuocheng (CHN) 1998: Dmitri Sautin (RUS) 2001: Dmitri Sautin (RUS) 2003: Aleksandr Dobroskok (RUS) 2005: Alexandre Despatie (CAN) 2007: Qin Kai (CHN) 2009: He Chong (CHN) 2011: He Chong (CHN) 2013: He Chong (CHN) 2015: He Chao (CHN) 2017: Xie Siyi (CHN) 2019: Xie Siyi (CHN) 2022: Wang Zongyuan (CHN) 2023: Wang Zongyuan (CHN) 2024: Wang Zongyuan (CHN) vteWorld diving champions in men's 10 metre platform 1973: Klaus Dibiasi (ITA) 1975: Klaus Dibiasi (ITA) 1978: Greg Louganis (USA) 1982: Greg Louganis (USA) 1986: Greg Louganis (USA) 1991: Sun Shuwei (CHN) 1994: Dmitri Sautin (RUS) 1998: Dmitri Sautin (RUS) 2001: Tian Liang (CHN) 2003: Alexandre Despatie (CAN) 2005: Hu Jia (CHN) 2007: Gleb Galperin (RUS) 2009: Tom Daley (GBR) 2011: Qiu Bo (CHN) 2013: Qiu Bo (CHN) 2015: Qiu Bo (CHN) 2017: Tom Daley (GBR) 2019: Yang Jian (CHN) 2022: Yang Jian (CHN) 2023: Cassiel Rousseau (AUS) 2024: Yang Hao (CHN) vteCommonwealth Diving Champions in Men's 1 metre Springboard 1990: Russell Butler (AUS) 1994: Jason Napper (CAN) 1998: Evan Stewart (ZIM) 2002–2006–2010: Alexandre Despatie (CAN) 2014–2018–2022: Jack Laugher (ENG) vteCommonwealth Diving Champions in Men's 3 metre Springboard 1930: Alfred Phillips (CAN) 1934: J. Briscoe Ray (ENG) 1938: Ron Masters (AUS) 1950: George Athans (CAN) 1954: Peter Heatly (SCO) 1958: Keith Collin (ENG) 1962–1966: Brian Phelps (ENG) 1970–1974: Don Wagstaff (AUS) 1978–1982: Chris Snode (ENG) 1986: Shaun Panayi (AUS) 1990: Craig Rogerson (AUS) 1994: Michael Murphy (AUS) 1998: Shannon Roy (AUS) 2002–2010: Alexandre Despatie (CAN) 2014: Ooi Tze Liang (MAS) 2018: Jack Laugher (ENG) 2022: Daniel Goodfellow (ENG) vteCommonwealth Diving Champions in Men's 10 metre Platform 1930: Alfred Phillips (CAN) 1934: Tommy Mather (ENG) 1938: Doug Tomalin (ENG) 1950: Peter Heatly (SCO) 1954: Bill Patrick (CAN) 1958: Peter Heatly (SCO) 1962–1966: Brian Phelps (ENG) 1970–1974: Don Wagstaff (AUS) 1978–1982: Chris Snode (ENG) 1986: Craig Rogerson (AUS) 1990: Bobby Morgan (WAL) 1994: Michael Murphy (AUS) 1998: Alexandre Despatie (CAN) 2002: Peter Waterfield (ENG) 2006: Mathew Helm (AUS) 2010–2014: Tom Daley (ENG) 2018: Domonic Bedggood (AUS) 2022: Cassiel Rousseau (AUS) vteCommonwealth Diving Champions in Men's Synchronised 3 metre Springboard 2006: Alexandre Despatie & Arturo Miranda (CAN) 2010: Alexandre Despatie & Reuben Ross (CAN) 2014: Jack Laugher & Chris Mears (ENG) 2018: Jack Laugher & Chris Mears (ENG) 2022: Jack Laugher & Anthony Harding (ENG) vtePan American Diving Champions in Men's 3 metre Springboard 1951 – 1955: Joaquín Capilla (MEX) 1959: Gary Tobian (USA) 1963: Thomas Dinsley (CAN) 1967: Bernard Wrightson (USA) 1971: Mike Finneran (USA) 1975: Tim Moore (USA) 1979 – 1987: Greg Louganis (USA) 1991: Kent Ferguson (USA) 1995: Fernando Platas (MEX) 1999: Mark Ruiz (PUR) 2003 – 2007: Alexandre Despatie (CAN) 2011: Yahel Castillo (MEX) 2015: Rommel Pacheco (MEX) 2019: Daniel Restrepo (COL)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[alɛksɑ̃dʁ depati]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Laval, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc2018-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc2022-2"},{"link_name":"Montreal, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"}],"text":"Alexandre Despatie (French: [alɛksɑ̃dʁ depati]; born June 8, 1985) is a Canadian diver and broadcaster from Laval, Quebec. He was the world champion at the 1 and 3 m springboards from 2005 to 2007 and is the first, and so far only, diver to have been world champion in all three individual categories (1, 3 and 10 m platform).[1] He is also a 37-time Canadian senior diving champion and nine-time junior champion, and the most decorated male diver in Canadian history, winning two Olympic silver medals and reaching eight podiums at the world championships, including three gold medals.[2] He was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.","title":"Alexandre Despatie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book Of World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_Of_World_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc2022-2"},{"link_name":"Olympic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"10-metre platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"springboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springboard"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka,_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"World Diving Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"2002 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"2003 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2003_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Greece"},{"link_name":"won the silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"in fourth place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"10 metre platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_10_metre_platform"},{"link_name":"3 metre springboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_3_metre_springboard"},{"link_name":"2005 World Aquatic Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Aquatic_Championships"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"FINA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA"},{"link_name":"2006 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Arturo Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Miranda"},{"link_name":"2007 World Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Beijing Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"claimed a silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"in 5th place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2010 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games"}],"text":"Despatie began diving at the age of 5 in his own backyard pool.He first came to public attention at the 1998 Commonwealth Games with an extremely impressive gold medal on the 10 metre platform (which included an unprecedented score of perfect 10s). He was only 13 years old at the time, and the achievement was recorded in the Guinness Book Of World Records 2000.[2]At the Olympic games in Sydney in 2000, with a 4th-place finish at the 10-metre platform, he was offered the chance to compete in the springboard event in those Games as well, when one of the Canadian divers had to withdraw from the meet due to complications with his citizenship, but declined because he had not been training for that event.He won the silver medal at the world championships in 2001 in Fukuoka, Japan in the same event, and in 2003 won a gold medal at the World Diving Championships in Barcelona, Spain in the 10 metre platform. He recorded 107.1 for his last dive, which set a new record.At the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, Despatie won the gold medal in the three-metre springboard event, followed by three gold medals at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, he won the silver medal in the men's 3 metre springboard competition, but finished out of the medal standings in fourth place in the 10 metre platform.[3] This result was contrary to expectations going into the games, where he was expected to win silver or gold in the 10 metre platform event and not place in the 3 metre springboard.In front of his home crowd at the 2005 World Aquatic Championships in Montreal, he became World Champion on the 3 metre springboard. He won with a world record score of 813.60 points, his \"worst\" dive being rated an average 8.5. Despatie followed up on that performance by winning the 1 m springboard, with a world record score of 489.69. His victory meant that he had won FINA World Titles on both springboard and platform.Despatie successfully defended his three-meter springboard title at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, and also won gold medals on 1 m springboard and 3 m synchronized with Arturo Miranda. He finished 3rd in the 10m platform.Returning to Melbourne, this time for the 2007 World Aquatics Championships, Despatie went head to head with the best divers in the world, including the top-ranked Chinese diving team. Finishing 8th in the 10 m tower event and winning silver medals in the 3 m event and the 3 m synchro with partner Arturo Miranda, Despatie proved that he was one of the world's best divers.At the Beijing Olympics in 2008, he claimed a silver medal in the 3m springboard event[4] and finished in 5th place in the 3m synchro event.At the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Alexander got 3 gold medals for Canada, in the 1 metre and 3 metre springboard, and 3 metre synchronized springboard dive.","title":"Diving career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Breakfast Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_Television"},{"link_name":"City Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJNT-DT"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chanteurs masqués","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanteurs_masqu%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"The Masked Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masked_Singer"},{"link_name":"Big Brother Célébrités","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_C%C3%A9l%C3%A9brit%C3%A9s_(season_3)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Despatie announced his retirement during a news conference in Montreal on June 4, 2013.[5] On June 6, he was announced as the cohost of Breakfast Television's Montreal edition, set to premiere on City Montreal on August 26, 2013.[6]In 2015, Despatie left the show, and was replaced by Derek Fage.In 2021, Despatie appeared on Chanteurs masqués, a Quebecois version of the popular TV show The Masked Singer. He appeared as \"Gâteau\" (Cake) and placed 8th overall.In 2023, Despatie competed on Big Brother Célébrités. He is the 4th person evicted and lasts 29 days.","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Sport"},{"link_name":"Canada's Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Sports_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc2018-1"}],"text":"In 2018, Despatie was awarded the Order of Sport, marking his induction into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.[7][1]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collège André-Grasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Andr%C3%A9-Grasset"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Taking the Plunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_the_Plunge_(film)"},{"link_name":"Louise Laparé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_Lapar%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2010 Olympic Winter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Olympic_Winter_Games"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Richard Garneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Garneau"},{"link_name":"Pierre Houde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Houde"},{"link_name":"Granville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Island"}],"text":"Despatie attended Collège André-Grasset. In an interview with the CBC in the lead-up to the 2004 Olympics, he said he was interested in acting and television/movie production, and may pursue that as a career once he is no longer diving, although he is also known to support groups and aspiring divers and to help them fulfill their dreams through private contributions to youth diving leagues. He has held diving clinics which aim to give young divers lessons and valuable experience.In August 2006, Despatie started shooting his first feature film in Montreal. The movie, a teenage romantic comedy called Taking the Plunge (À vos marques... party!) was released in Quebec in March 2007. Despatie played a small but important part of a diver who is the friend and confidant of a young female swimmer. Quebec actress Louise Laparé coached Despatie for his role and told a Montreal newspaper that the popular athlete was a \"born actor\".[citation needed]He has since moved towards a career in broadcasting, joining the broadcast team for Canada's French-language television coverage of the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver during a brief break from training for the 2012 Games. He co-anchored the coverage of the opening and closing ceremonies alongside legendary Quebec hockey commentators Richard Garneau and Pierre Houde, narrated numerous athlete profiles, and took viewers on a tour of Granville Island, where many francophone musicians performed during the Olympics.","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	[{"title":"CAMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMO"},{"title":"Diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"title":"Philippe Comtois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Comtois"}]	[{"reference":"Strong, Gregory (October 18, 2018). \"Canadian Sports Hall of Fame welcomes 8 of country's best\". CBC Sports. The Canadian Press. 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Archived from the original on December 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204000000/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/de/alexandre-despatie-1.html","url_text":"\"Alexandre Despatie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/de/alexandre-despatie-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Roll call: Canada's medal winners\". Sympatico MSN. August 23, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.sympatico.msn.cbc.ca/beijing2008/cp_cbc_beijing.aspx?feedname=cbc-sports-v3&showbyline=true&newsitemid=olympics-canada-medals&pagenumber=3","url_text":"\"Roll call: Canada's medal winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Induction Celebrations\". Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_University_College_of_Engineering	Andhra University College of Engineering	["1 History","2 Structure","3 Admission","4 Academics","4.1 Engineering Curriculum Development","4.2 Research and Consultancy","4.3 Engineering departments","4.4 Basic sciences departments","4.5 Centres and institutes","5 Affiliations","6 Facilities","6.1 Notable alumni","7 Rankings","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 17°43′30″N 83°19′37″E / 17.725°N 83.327°E / 17.725; 83.327First Indian institution to have department of chemical engineering This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Andhra University College of Engineering" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Andhra University College of EngineeringMottoTejasvi Navadhitamastu (from the Taittiriya āraṇyaka of the Yajurveda, 8.0.0)Motto in English"May the Divine Light illuminate our studies."TypePublicEstablished1955ChancellorGovernor of Andhra PradeshVice-ChancellorP.V.G.D Prasad ReddyPrincipalP. Srinivasa RaoLocationVisakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaCampusUrbanAffiliationsUGCWebsitewww.andhrauniversity.edu.in Andhra University College of Engineering, also known as AU College of Engineering, is an autonomous college and extension campus of the Andhra University located at Visakhapatnam, India. It is the first Indian institution to have a Department of Chemical Engineering. Department of Architecture at AUCE History The Andhra University College of Engineering was established in 1955 as the Department of Engineering by Prof. Devaguptapu Seethapathi Rao (Electrical) and Prof. Kalavapudi Krishnamacharyulu (Civil Engineering) under the administrations of Vice Chancellor V.S. Krishna and further support by Vice Chancellor A L Narayana. Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering were the main branches in the department at this time. Prof. D. Seetahpati Rao (Electrical) also headed the Department of Engineering until 1966, supported by senior professors K. Krishnamacharyulu (Civil), Prof. P.V.B. Bushana Rao (Mechanical), Prof. M.S. Raju, and Prof. L.B.K. Sastry (Electrical), and Prof. Venkateswaralu (Chemical), and Prof. T. Venugopal Rao (Mechanical). In 1960, the Department of Engineering was shifted to the present North campus spread over 165 acres (0.67 km2). The Department of Chemical Technology, instituted in 1933, was shifted to the same campus in 1962, ading to the existing engineering branches. In 1966, the Department of Engineering was converted into the College of Engineering (Autonomous), and became a constituent of the Andhra University. Health center at AUCE Structure The College of Engineering consists of 12 engineering and four basic science departments, offering 15 undergraduate Engineering full-time programs and four undergraduate engineering part-time programs. 28 postgraduate engineering programs, an MCA program and three M.Sc. programs are also offered. All the departments run PhD programs in research. The college has Centres of Excellence carrying out research in specialized areas. The college is graded along with the Andhra University by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), and has been awarded a rating of A+ (85%). The college is one of the four lead institutions selected in the state of Andhra Pradesh for World Bank aid. Admission Students are admitted into the undergraduate programs based on their score in the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAMCET) conducted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Students can also be admitted into undergraduate courses through a test called Andhra University Engineering Entrance Test (AUEET) for six-year Integrated Dual Degree courses and twinning programs. In this course, both Bachelor of Technology and Master of Technology degrees will be completed in 5 years. Students are admitted into postgraduate programs based on their Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) scores and rankings or their ranking in the Post Graduate Engineering Common Entrance Test (PGECET) conducted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Academics Engineering Curriculum Development The college follows a four-year duration (one year + six semesters) with external mode of examination for B.E./B.Tech./B.Arch./B.Pharm. programmes. It follows a four semester course for the M.E./M.Tech. programmes. It also offers five-year integrated courses that combine B.Tech. and M.Tech degrees. The college follows a two-year duration with an external mode of examination for its M.Sc (Computer Science) program. Research and Consultancy The faculty of the college is involved in research projects and schemes granted by national level funding agencies such as UGC, AICTE, Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Telecommunications. The college has projects with Defence Research and Development Organisation, Indian Space Research Organisation, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, and private companies as well. The college collaborates on two-year programs in M.Tech/M.Sc (Software Engineering), MS (Signal Processing) and M.Tech/M.Sc (Telecommunications) with Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden in a three-year B.Engg. (Aircraft Engineering) program with Perth College, the UK, and in a four-year B.E. (Electromechanical Engineering) program with Group-T International University, Belgium. Engineering departments Architecture Biotechnology Chemical Engineering Chemical Petro Engineering Civil Engineering Civil & Environmental Engineering Computer Science and Systems Engineering Electrical Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering Geoinformatics Instrument Technology Marine Engineering Mechanical Engineering Metallurgical Engineering Naval Architecture Pharmaceutical Sciences Ceramic Technology Information Technology and Computer Applications Basic sciences departments Engineering Chemistry Engineering Mathematics Engineering Physics Humanities and Social Sciences Centres and institutes Centre for Biomedical Engineering Centre for Technology Forecasting International Centre for Bioinformatics Advanced Centre for Nanotechnology Centre for Biotechnology in the Department of Chemical Engineering Centre for Phase Equilibrium Thermodynamics in the Department of Chemical Engineering Centre for Energy Systems in the Department of Mechanical Engineering Centre for Condition Monitoring and Vibration Diagnostics in the Department of Mechanical Engineering Centre for Remote Sensing and Information Systems in the Department of Geo-Engineering Centre for Research on Off-Shore Structures in the Department of Civil Engineering Affiliations This autonomous engineering college is a constituent of and affiliated to the Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. It is the first general university in the country to get ISO 9001: 2000 Certification in 2006. Andhra University college of engineering is also affiliated by AICTE and UGC. Facilities It is the first college in AP to launch a 4G WiFi facility for students on a commercial basis. The campus has a number of basketball, volleyball, tennis courts and two cricket grounds. The college was part of the International Fleet Review (IFR) 2016, with the IFR village and exhibition located on the campus. Notable alumni This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (April 2018) Notable alumni include: Satya N. Atluri, Mechanical Engineering (1959-1963), Recipient of a Padma Bhushan from the President of India in 2013. Anumolu Ramakrishna, Civil Engineering (1959-1963), Recipient of Padma Bhushan from the President of India in 2014. B. S. Daya Sagar, Geoengineering (1988–1994), only Asian recipient of Georges Matheron Lectureship Award from International Association for Mathematical Geosciences. N. S. Raghavan, Electrical Engineering 1959–1964, co-founder of Infosys (one of the first two, who started Infosys) S. Rao Kosaraju, Computer Science (1959–1964), Founder of the Kosaraju's algorithm, which finds the strongly connected components of a directed graph Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao, Mechanical Engineering, Founder and Chairman of the GMR Group, which is one of the fastest-growing infrastructure enterprises in India with interests in Airports, Energy, Highways and Urban Infrastructure sectors. Kambhampati Hari Babu, Electronics and Communications Engineering, a member of parliament to the 16th Lok Sabha from Visakhapatnam. Rankings University and college rankingsEngineering – IndiaNIRF (2022)77 Andhra University College of Engineering was ranked 77 among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2019. References ^ "Andhra University". Times Higher Education (THE). 9 September 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019. ^ India, The Hans (19 November 2019). "Visakhapatnam: Andhra University to host national hackathon from December 6". www.thehansindia.com. Retrieved 21 November 2019. ^ a b "National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Engineering)". National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Education. 15 July 2022. External links Official website of AU College of Engineering. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States 17°43′30″N 83°19′37″E / 17.725°N 83.327°E / 17.725; 83.327	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andhra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_University"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Architecture_Department_lobee_ANDHRA_UNIVERSITY_COLLEGE_OF_ENGINEERING.jpg"}],"text":"First Indian institution to have department of chemical engineeringAndhra University College of Engineering, also known as AU College of Engineering, is an autonomous college and extension campus of the Andhra University located at Visakhapatnam, India. 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It is the first general university in the country to get ISO 9001: 2000 Certification in 2006. Andhra University college of engineering is also affiliated by AICTE and UGC.[2]","title":"Affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Fleet Review (IFR) 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fleet_Review_2016"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It is the first college in AP to launch a 4G WiFi facility for students on a commercial basis. The campus has a number of basketball, volleyball, tennis courts and two cricket grounds.The college was part of the International Fleet Review (IFR) 2016, with the IFR village and exhibition located on the campus.[citation needed]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satya N. Atluri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_N._Atluri"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2010%E2%80%932019)"},{"link_name":"Anumolu Ramakrishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anumolu_Ramakrishna"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Padma_Bhushan_award_recipients_(2010%E2%80%932019)"},{"link_name":"B. S. Daya Sagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._S._Daya_Sagar"},{"link_name":"Georges Matheron Lectureship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Matheron_Lectureship"},{"link_name":"International Association for Mathematical Geosciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Mathematical_Geosciences"},{"link_name":"N. S. Raghavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._S._Raghavan"},{"link_name":"S. Rao Kosaraju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Rao_Kosaraju"},{"link_name":"Kosaraju's algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosaraju%27s_algorithm"},{"link_name":"directed graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_graph"},{"link_name":"Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandhi_Mallikarjuna_Rao"},{"link_name":"GMR Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMR_Group"},{"link_name":"Kambhampati Hari Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambhampati_Hari_Babu"}],"sub_title":"Notable alumni","text":"Notable alumni include:Satya N. Atluri, Mechanical Engineering (1959-1963), Recipient of a Padma Bhushan from the President of India in 2013.\nAnumolu Ramakrishna, Civil Engineering (1959-1963), Recipient of Padma Bhushan from the President of India in 2014.\nB. S. Daya Sagar, Geoengineering (1988–1994), only Asian recipient of Georges Matheron Lectureship Award from International Association for Mathematical Geosciences.\nN. S. Raghavan, Electrical Engineering 1959–1964, co-founder of Infosys (one of the first two, who started Infosys)\nS. Rao Kosaraju, Computer Science (1959–1964), Founder of the Kosaraju's algorithm, which finds the strongly connected components of a directed graph\nGrandhi Mallikarjuna Rao, Mechanical Engineering, Founder and Chairman of the GMR Group, which is one of the fastest-growing infrastructure enterprises in India with interests in Airports, Energy, Highways and Urban Infrastructure sectors.\nKambhampati Hari Babu, Electronics and Communications Engineering, a member of parliament to the 16th Lok Sabha from Visakhapatnam.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institutional Ranking Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_NIRF_E_2022-3"}],"text":"Andhra University College of Engineering was ranked 77 among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2019.[3]","title":"Rankings"}]	[{"image_text":"Department of Architecture at AUCE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Architecture_Department_lobee_ANDHRA_UNIVERSITY_COLLEGE_OF_ENGINEERING.jpg/220px-Architecture_Department_lobee_ANDHRA_UNIVERSITY_COLLEGE_OF_ENGINEERING.jpg"},{"image_text":"Health center at AUCE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sight_2016_02_28_133821_766.jpg/220px-Sight_2016_02_28_133821_766.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Andhra University\". Times Higher Education (THE). 9 September 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/andhra-university","url_text":"\"Andhra University\""}]},{"reference":"India, The Hans (19 November 2019). \"Visakhapatnam: Andhra University to host national hackathon from December 6\". www.thehansindia.com. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/visakhapatnam-andhra-university-to-host-national-hackathon-from-december-6-582464","url_text":"\"Visakhapatnam: Andhra University to host national hackathon from December 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Engineering)\". National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Education. 15 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/EngineeringRanking.html","url_text":"\"National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Engineering)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework","url_text":"National Institutional Ranking Framework"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Education"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andhra_University_College_of_Engineering&params=17.725_N_83.327_E_","external_links_name":"17°43′30″N 83°19′37″E / 17.725°N 83.327°E / 17.725; 83.327"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Andhra+University+College+of+Engineering%22","external_links_name":"\"Andhra University College of Engineering\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Andhra+University+College+of+Engineering%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Andhra+University+College+of+Engineering%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Andhra+University+College+of+Engineering%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Andhra+University+College+of+Engineering%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Andhra+University+College+of+Engineering%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.andhrauniversity.edu.in/","external_links_name":"www.andhrauniversity.edu.in"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_University_College_of_Engineering&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/andhra-university","external_links_name":"\"Andhra University\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/visakhapatnam-andhra-university-to-host-national-hackathon-from-december-6-582464","external_links_name":"\"Visakhapatnam: Andhra University to host national hackathon from December 6\""},{"Link":"https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/EngineeringRanking.html","external_links_name":"\"National Institutional Ranking Framework 2022 (Engineering)\""},{"Link":"http://www.andhrauniversity.info/engg/index.html","external_links_name":"Official website of AU College of Engineering."},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000417724347","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126732452","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85102530","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andhra_University_College_of_Engineering&params=17.725_N_83.327_E_","external_links_name":"17°43′30″N 83°19′37″E / 17.725°N 83.327°E / 17.725; 83.327"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Munster_Way	East Munster Way	["1 References","1.1 Notes","1.2 Bibliography","2 External links"]	East Munster WayLength75 kilometres (47 miles)LocationCounties Waterford and Tipperary, IrelandDesignationNational Waymarked TrailTrailheadsCarrick-on-Suir, ClogheenUseHikingElevation gain/loss+1,375 m (4,511 ft)DifficultyModerateSeasonAnySurfaceRiverside paths, woodland, moorland, roads The East Munster Way, formerly known as the Munster Way, is a long-distance trail in Ireland. It is 75 kilometres (47 miles) long and begins in Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary and ends in Clogheen, County Tipperary. It is typically completed in three days. It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is managed by Tipperary County Council, Coillte and Waterford County Council. The trail was opened by Frank Fahey, Minister of State for Youth and Sport in July 1988. Starting in Carrick-on-Suir, the East Munster Way follows the banks of the River Suir to the village of Kilsheelan before passing through Gurteen Wood in the foothills of the Comeragh Mountains to reach the town of Clonmel. The Way then climbs into the hills to the south of Clonmel before descending to rach the village of Newcastle. From Newcastle, the trail crosses the northern flanks of the Knockmealdown Mountains before descending to reach the Vee Gap before following the road to the end at Clogheen. The East Munster Way forms part of European walking route E8 which runs from Dursey Island in County Cork to Istanbul in Turkey. The Irish section incorporates the Wicklow Way, the South Leinster Way, the East Munster Way, the Blackwater Way and parts of the Kerry Way and the Beara Way. The East Munster Way connects with the South Leinster Way at Carrick-on-Suir and with the Blackwater Way at Clogheen. A review of the National Waymarked Trails in 2010 found low multiday use of the trail and moderate to high day use of the trail. The report recommended the establishment of a trail management committee and the rerouting of sections on tarred roads where possible. References Notes ^ a b c d e f "East Munster Way". IrishTrails. Irish Sports Council. Retrieved 1 August 2011. ^ Fewer 1996, p. 184. ^ a b c National Trails Office 2010, p. 37. ^ "Carrick Notes". The Munster Express. Waterford. 29 July 1988. p. 15. ^ Fewer 1996, p. 186. ^ Fewer 1996, p. 191. ^ Fewer 1996, p. 194. ^ "South Leinster Way". IrishTrails. Irish Sports Council. Retrieved 1 August 2011. ^ "Blackwater Way - Avondhu". IrishTrails. Irish Sports Council. Retrieved 1 August 2011. Bibliography Fewer, Michael (1996). The Way-marked Trails of Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 0-7171-2386-3. National Trails Office (2010). "Setting New Directions. A review of National Waymarked Ways in Ireland" (PDF). Dublin: Irish Sports Council. Archived from the original (pdf) on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011. External links East Munster Way at IrishTrails.ie vteLists of long-distance trails in IrelandLong-DistanceWaymarked Ballyhoura Way Barrow Way Bealach na Gaeltachta Beara Way Blackwater Way Bluestack Way Burren Way Cavan Way Croagh Patrick Heritage Trail Dingle Way Dublin Mountains Way East Clare Way East Munster Way Grand Canal Way Hymany Way Leitrim Way Lough Derg Way Kerry Way Mid Clare Way Miners Way and Historical Trail Monaghan Way Multeen Way Nore Valley Way North Kerry Way Offaly Way Royal Canal Way Sheep's Head Way Slieve Bloom Way Slieve Felim Way Sligo Way South Leinster Way Suck Valley Way Táin Way Tipperary Heritage Way Western Way Westmeath Way Wicklow Way Non-Waymarked Bangor Trail Beara-Breifne Way (partial) Malin to Mizen Pilgrim path Cnoc na dTobar Cosán na Naomh Lough Derg Saint Kevin's Way Tochar Phádraig Cycle greenway Boyne Greenway Boyne Valley to Lakelands Greenway Cork Greenway (Harbour Greenway, Midleton–Youghal) Dublin–Galway Greenway Great Southern Trail Great Western Greenway Royal Canal Greenway Tralee–Fenit Greenway Waterford Greenway Kingdom of Kerry Greenways (North Kerry Greenway, South Kerry Greenway) (proposed) Boarded mountain Cuilcagh "Stairway to Heaven" (Cavan/Fermanagh) Diamond Hill (Connemara) Djouce (Wicklow) Glendalough "Spinc/White Trail" (Wicklow) Torc Mountain (Kerry) Fell running Denis Rankin Round Wicklow Round Lists of mountains in Ireland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFewer1996184-2"},{"link_name":"long-distance trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_trail"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Carrick-on-Suir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick-on-Suir"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Clogheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogheen,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trails-1"},{"link_name":"National Waymarked Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_trails_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Sports Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sports_Council"},{"link_name":"Tipperary County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipperary_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Coillte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coillte"},{"link_name":"Waterford County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Trails_Office201037-3"},{"link_name":"Frank Fahey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fahey_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Minister of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"River Suir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Suir"},{"link_name":"Kilsheelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilsheelan"},{"link_name":"Comeragh Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeragh_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFewer1996186-5"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFewer1996191-6"},{"link_name":"Knockmealdown Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockmealdown_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFewer1996194-7"},{"link_name":"European walking route E8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_walking_route_E8"},{"link_name":"Dursey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dursey_Island"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Wicklow Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicklow_Way"},{"link_name":"South Leinster Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Leinster_Way"},{"link_name":"Blackwater Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_Way"},{"link_name":"Kerry Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Way"},{"link_name":"Beara Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beara_Way"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Trails_Office201037-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Trails_Office201037-3"}],"text":"The East Munster Way, formerly known as the Munster Way,[2] is a long-distance trail in Ireland. It is 75 kilometres (47 miles) long and begins in Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary and ends in Clogheen, County Tipperary. It is typically completed in three days.[1] It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is managed by Tipperary County Council, Coillte and Waterford County Council.[3] The trail was opened by Frank Fahey, Minister of State for Youth and Sport in July 1988.[4]Starting in Carrick-on-Suir, the East Munster Way follows the banks of the River Suir to the village of Kilsheelan before passing through Gurteen Wood in the foothills of the Comeragh Mountains to reach the town of Clonmel.[5] The Way then climbs into the hills to the south of Clonmel before descending to rach the village of Newcastle.[6] From Newcastle, the trail crosses the northern flanks of the Knockmealdown Mountains before descending to reach the Vee Gap before following the road to the end at Clogheen.[7]The East Munster Way forms part of European walking route E8 which runs from Dursey Island in County Cork to Istanbul in Turkey. The Irish section incorporates the Wicklow Way, the South Leinster Way, the East Munster Way, the Blackwater Way and parts of the Kerry Way and the Beara Way. The East Munster Way connects with the South Leinster Way at Carrick-on-Suir and with the Blackwater Way at Clogheen.[8][9]A review of the National Waymarked Trails in 2010 found low multiday use of the trail and moderate to high day use of the trail.[3] The report recommended the establishment of a trail management committee and the rerouting of sections on tarred roads where possible.[3]","title":"East Munster Way"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"East Munster Way\". IrishTrails. Irish Sports Council. Retrieved 1 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtrails.ie/trail/East-Munster-Way/17/","url_text":"\"East Munster Way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sports_Council","url_text":"Irish Sports Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Carrick Notes\". The Munster Express. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Fort	Prince of Wales Fort	["1 History","1.1 Original (wood) fort","1.2 Construction of the present stone fort","1.3 In battle","2 Structures","2.1 Cape Merry Battery","3 Restoration","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 58°47′49.77″N 94°12′48.34″W / 58.7971583°N 94.2134278°W / 58.7971583; -94.2134278Historic fortress in Manitoba, Canada For other uses of "Prince of Wales", see Prince of Wales (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Prince of Wales Fort" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Prince of Wales FortChurchill, Manitoba, Canada Prince of Wales FortPrince of Wales FortCoordinates58°47′49.77″N 94°12′48.34″W / 58.7971583°N 94.2134278°W / 58.7971583; -94.2134278TypeFortressSite informationConditionPartially restoredSite historyBuilt1717 (log fort) and 1731–1771In use1717–1782Battles/warsHudson Bay expedition (1782) National Historic Site of CanadaOfficial namePrince of Wales Fort National Historic Site of CanadaDesignated1920 The Prince of Wales Fort is a historic bastion fort on Hudson Bay across the Churchill River from Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. History Plan of the fort The European history of this area starts with Henry Hudson sailing into Hudson Bay in 1610. The area was recognized as important in the fur trade and of potential importance for other discoveries. The fort is built in a star shape. Original (wood) fort This fort began as a log fort built in 1717 by James Knight of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and was originally called the Churchill River Post. In 1719, the post was renamed Prince of Wales Fort. It was located on the west bank of the Churchill River to protect and control the HBC's interests in the fur trade. Construction of the present stone fort The original wooden fort was replaced by a massive stone fort, probably to abide by the Royal Charter which required that Rupert's Land should be fortified. Construction of this fort was started in 1731 near what was then called Eskimo Point. It was in the form of a square, with sides 90 m (300 ft) long and walls 6 m (20 ft) tall and 9 m (30 ft) thick at the base. It had forty-two cannon mounted on the walls. The cannon were massive, some weighing as much as 2,500 kg (5,500 lb), built to fire nine, eighteen and 24-pound balls. There was also a battery across the river on Cape Merry meant to hold six more cannon. In battle In the 1780s, the French government launched a Hudson Bay expedition to damage HBC activities in that bay. Three French warships of the expedition, led by Jean-François de La Pérouse, captured the Prince of Wales Fort in 1782. The fort was manned by only 39 (non-military) men at the time, and the fort's governor, Samuel Hearne, recognised the numerical and military imbalance and surrendered without a single shot being fired. The French partially destroyed the fort, but its mostly-intact ruins survive to this day. The fort returned to the HBC in 1783. Thereafter, its importance waned with the decline in the fur trade although the post was refounded a little way up the river. Map of Prince of Wales Fort prepared in black ink by R.I. Ruggles, from original manuscript (map G. 1/19) in the Archives, Hudson's Bay Company, London. Structures The remains of these buildings still stand in the Fort, although none of them are intact, with roofs long since deteroriated. Rough Stone Dwelling House Governor's Quarters Storehouse Men's Quarters and Barracks Stonemason's Workshop Cooper and Carpenter Workshops Tailor's Room Blacksmith Shop The courtyard is intact and all other exposed areas covered by grass. Cape Merry Battery Opposite the fort across the mouth of the Churchill River is Cape Merry Battery. The battery was named for former HBC Deputy Governor (1712-1718) Captain John Merry (1656-1729). The fixed battery was built three times. The first was built sometime after 1718 and featured a wall protected by cannon(s) and powder magazine. Only remaining parts are the ruins of the door of the magazine and parts of the wall. A second battery was built in 1747 further south and away from the river due to concerns that the first battery could be used to attack the fort. A third was rebuilt in 1959-1960 from second as a restoration process. The battery today has a single cannon. Restoration After the construction of the Hudson Bay Railway to Churchill was completed in 1929, railway labour and railway construction equipment was used to restore the fort. Restoration work was also performed in the late 1950s. Archaeological investigations at and around the fort began in 1958. Since 2005, Parks Canada archaeologists have been working in and around the fort in conjunction with a large-scale wall stabilization work and a fort interpretation program. Legacy In 1920, the site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. A series of journals written by explorer Samuel Hearne on a journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean was published by the Champlain Society in 1911. Charles Tuttle's 1885 book Our North Land describes the fort at that time. On 28 June 1985, Canada Post issued 'Fort Prince of Wales, Man.', one of the 20 stamps in the "Forts Across Canada Series". The fort is also the subject of one of the National Film Board of Canada's Canada Vignettes. See also John Bean, explorer who voyaged to the fort Nathaniel Bishop, master of the fort References ^ Gray, Charlotte (2004). The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder. Random House. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-6793-1220-8. ^ a b Smith, Shirlee Anne (June 8, 2015). "Prince of Wales Fort". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. ^ a b c Tyrrell, J.W. (1898). Across the Sub-Arctics of Canada: A Journey of 3200 Miles by Canoe and Snowshoe through the Barren Lands. Toronto: William Biggs. pp. 215–216. ^ Charles Tuttle, Our North Land, p.143 ^ a b c d "History of Cape Merry - Prince of Wales Fort National Historic Site". 3 June 2009. ^ Prince of Wales Fort National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 2 October 2013. ^ Tyrrell, J.B., ed. (1911). Journals of Samuel Hearne and Philip Turnor between the Years 1774 and 1792. The Publications of the Champlain Society. p. 5. doi:10.3138/9781442617896. ISBN 978-1-4426-1789-6. ^ "Peel 1302, p. 142". ^ "Fort Prince of Wales, Man". Canadian Postage Stamps. 2017. ^ "Canada Post stamp". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2019-04-16. ^ "Fort Prince of Wales". Canada Vignettes. National Film Board of Canada. 1978. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prince of Wales Fort. Manitoba Historical Society Prince of Wales Fort National Historic Site of Canada YouTube video of the NFB vignette. vteNational Historic Sites of Canada by locationProvinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Hamilton Kingston Niagara Ottawa Toronto Prince Edward Island Quebec Montreal Quebec City Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Other countries France Category History portal Canada portal WikiProject vteProtected areas of Manitoba CRHP Central Plains Region Eastman Region Interlake Region Northern Region Parkland Region Pembina Valley Region Westman Region Winnipeg National parks Riding Mountain Wapusk National historic sites Fort Garry Linear Mounds Lower Fort Garry Prince of Wales Fort Riding Mountain Park East Gate Registration Complex Riel House St. Andrew's Rectory The Forks York Factory more... Provincial parks Asessippi Atikaki Bakers Narrows Beaudry Beaver Creek Bell Lake Birch Island Birch Point Birds Hill Burge Lake Camp Morton Caribou River Chitek Lake Anishinaabe Clearwater Lake Colvin Lake Criddle/Vane Homestead Duck Mountain Duff Roblin Elk Island Fisher Bay Grand Beach Grand Rapids Grand Valley Grass River Hecla-Grindstone Hnausa Beach Hyland Kettle Stones Kinwow Bay Lake St. Andrew Lake St. George Little Limestone Lake Lockport Lundar Beach Manigotagan River Manipogo Marchland Margaret Bruce Memorial Moose Lake Neso Lake Netley Creek Nopiming Norris Lake North Steeprock Lake Nueltin Lake Numaykoos Lake Oak Lake Overflowing River Paint Lake Patricia Beach Pembina Valley Pinawa Dam Pinawa Pisew Falls Poplar Bay Portage Spillway Primrose Rainbow Beach Red Deer River River Road Rivers Rocky Lake Sand Lakes Sasagiu Rapids Seton South Atikaki Springwater Spruce Woods St. Ambroise Beach St. Malo St. Norbert Stephenfield Sturgeon Bay Swan River Trappest Monastery Turtle Mountain Twin Lakes Upper Fort Garry Heritage Wallace Lake Watchorn Wekusko Falls Whitefish Lake Whitemouth Falls Whiteshell William Lake Winnipeg Beach Woodridge Yellow Quill Zed Lake Provincial forests Agassiz Belair Brightstone Sand Hill Cat Hills Cormorant Duck Mountain Moose Creek Northwest Angle Porcupine Sandilands Spruce Woods Swan-Pelican Turtle Mountain Wampum Whiteshell Ecological reserves Armit Meadows Baralzon Lake Birch River Brokenhead River Brokenhead Wetland Cedar Bog Cowan Bog Holmgren Pines Jennifer and Tom Shay Kaweenakumik Islands Lake St. George Caves Lake Winnipegosis Salt Flats Lewis Bog Libau Bog Little George Island Long Point Palsa Hazel Pelican Islands Piney Pocock Lake Red Rock Reindeer Island Ste. Anne Bog St. Labre Bog Walter Cook Caves Wampum Whitemouth Bog Whitemouth Island Whitemouth River Woodridge Wildlife management areas Alonsa Assiniboine Corridor Basket Lake Bernice Brandon Hills Broad Valley Broomhill C. Stewart Stevenson Catfish Creek Cayer Churchill Delta Marsh Deerwood Dog Lake Ebor Gerald W. Malaher Grant's Lake Gypsumville Harrison Hilbre Holmfield Kasatamagan Sipi Kasatamagan Lake Francis Langruth Lauder Sandhills Lee Lake Lee River Little Birch Little Saskatchewan Manatagao Maple Lake Mars Hill Marshy Point Moose Creek Narcisse Oak Hammock Marsh Observation Point Oranole Otter Lake Parkland Pembina Valley Penonan Point Pierson Point River Portage Sandhills Proven Lake Proulx Lake Rat River Red Deer Riverside Saskeram Sleeve Lake Souris River Bend Spruce Woods Spur Woods St. Malo Steeprock Stuartburn Thalberg Bush Tiger Hills Tom Lamb Turtle Mountain Upper Assiniboine Wakopa Washow Bay Watson P. Davidson Weiden Wellington Westlake Whitemouth Bog Whitemud Watershed Whitewater Lake UNESCOWorld Biosphere Reserves Riding Mountain Pimachiowin Aki Winnipeg parks Assiniboine Bruce Central Kil-Cona Kildonan King's Living Prairie Museum Maple Grove St. Vital Stephen Juba Other International Peace Garden Manitoba Tall Grass Prairie Preserve Morden Research Station Category Conservation Districts Parks Canada Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince of Wales (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"bastion fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_fort"},{"link_name":"Hudson Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay"},{"link_name":"Churchill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_River_(Hudson_Bay)"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Historic fortress in Manitoba, CanadaFor other uses of \"Prince of Wales\", see Prince of Wales (disambiguation).The Prince of Wales Fort is a historic bastion fort on Hudson Bay across the Churchill River from Churchill, Manitoba, Canada.[1]","title":"Prince of Wales Fort"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Prince_of_Wales_plan_BAnQ_Vieux-Montr%C3%A9al_06M_P750S1P7552_0002_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Hudson Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay"},{"link_name":"fur trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanEnc-2"}],"text":"Plan of the fortThe European history of this area starts with Henry Hudson sailing into Hudson Bay in 1610. The area was recognized as important in the fur trade and of potential importance for other discoveries.[2] The fort is built in a star shape.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knight_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"Churchill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_River_(Hudson_Bay)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CanEnc-2"}],"sub_title":"Original (wood) fort","text":"This fort began as a log fort built in 1717 by James Knight of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and was originally called the Churchill River Post. In 1719, the post was renamed Prince of Wales Fort. It was located on the west bank of the Churchill River to protect and control the HBC's interests in the fur trade.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Rupert's Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyrrell-3"},{"link_name":"Eskimo Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eskimo_Point,_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyrrell-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyrrell-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cape Merry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Merry&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Construction of the present stone fort","text":"The original wooden fort was replaced by a massive stone fort, probably to abide by the Royal Charter which required that Rupert's Land should be fortified.[3]Construction of this fort was started in 1731 near what was then called Eskimo Point. It was in the form of a square, with sides 90 m (300 ft) long and walls 6 m (20 ft) tall and 9 m (30 ft) thick at the base.[3]It had forty-two cannon mounted on the walls.[3] The cannon were massive, some weighing as much as 2,500 kg (5,500 lb), built to fire nine, eighteen and 24-pound balls.[4] There was also a battery across the river on Cape Merry meant to hold six more cannon.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson Bay expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay_expedition"},{"link_name":"Jean-François de La Pérouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse"},{"link_name":"Samuel Hearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hearne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Native_Map_Seventeen_Rivers_beyond_Churchill_1719_(1969).jpg"}],"sub_title":"In battle","text":"In the 1780s, the French government launched a Hudson Bay expedition to damage HBC activities in that bay. Three French warships of the expedition, led by Jean-François de La Pérouse, captured the Prince of Wales Fort in 1782. The fort was manned by only 39 (non-military) men at the time, and the fort's governor, Samuel Hearne, recognised the numerical and military imbalance and surrendered without a single shot being fired. The French partially destroyed the fort, but its mostly-intact ruins survive to this day.The fort returned to the HBC in 1783. Thereafter, its importance waned with the decline in the fur trade although the post was refounded a little way up the river.Map of Prince of Wales Fort prepared in black ink by R.I. Ruggles, from original manuscript (map G. 1/19) in the Archives, Hudson's Bay Company, London.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The remains of these buildings still stand in the Fort, although none of them are intact, with roofs long since deteroriated.Rough Stone Dwelling House\nGovernor's Quarters\nStorehouse\nMen's Quarters and Barracks\nStonemason's Workshop\nCooper and Carpenter Workshops\nTailor's Room\nBlacksmith ShopThe courtyard is intact and all other exposed areas covered by grass.","title":"Structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery#Land_usage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc.gc.ca-5"},{"link_name":"powder magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc.gc.ca-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc.gc.ca-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc.gc.ca-5"}],"sub_title":"Cape Merry Battery","text":"Opposite the fort across the mouth of the Churchill River is Cape Merry Battery. The battery was named for former HBC Deputy Governor (1712-1718) Captain John Merry (1656-1729).[5] The fixed battery was built three times. The first was built sometime after 1718 and featured a wall protected by cannon(s) and powder magazine.[5] Only remaining parts are the ruins of the door of the magazine and parts of the wall. A second battery was built in 1747 further south and away from the river due to concerns that the first battery could be used to attack the fort.[5] A third was rebuilt in 1959-1960 from second as a restoration process.[5] The battery today has a single cannon.","title":"Structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson Bay Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay_Railway_(1910)"},{"link_name":"Parks Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Canada"}],"text":"After the construction of the Hudson Bay Railway to Churchill was completed in 1929, railway labour and railway construction equipment was used to restore the fort. Restoration work was also performed in the late 1950s.Archaeological investigations at and around the fort began in 1958.Since 2005, Parks Canada archaeologists have been working in and around the fort in conjunction with a large-scale wall stabilization work and a fort interpretation program.","title":"Restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Historic Site of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Samuel Hearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hearne"},{"link_name":"Champlain Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champlain_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Canada Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Film Board of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada Vignettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Vignettes"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1920, the site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.[6]A series of journals written by explorer Samuel Hearne on a journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean was published by the Champlain Society in 1911.[7]Charles Tuttle's 1885 book Our North Land describes the fort at that time.[8]On 28 June 1985, Canada Post issued 'Fort Prince of Wales, Man.', one of the 20 stamps in the \"Forts Across Canada Series\".[9][10] The fort is also the subject of one of the National Film Board of Canada's Canada Vignettes.[11]","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Plan of the fort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fort_Prince_of_Wales_plan_BAnQ_Vieux-Montr%C3%A9al_06M_P750S1P7552_0002_crop.jpg/220px-Fort_Prince_of_Wales_plan_BAnQ_Vieux-Montr%C3%A9al_06M_P750S1P7552_0002_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Prince of Wales Fort prepared in black ink by R.I. Ruggles, from original manuscript (map G. 1/19) in the Archives, Hudson's Bay Company, London.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Native_Map_Seventeen_Rivers_beyond_Churchill_1719_%281969%29.jpg/300px-Native_Map_Seventeen_Rivers_beyond_Churchill_1719_%281969%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"John Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bean_(explorer)"},{"title":"Nathaniel Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Bishop"}]	[{"reference":"Gray, Charlotte (2004). The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder. Random House. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-6793-1220-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/museumcalledcana00gray","url_text":"The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/museumcalledcana00gray/page/221","url_text":"221"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6793-1220-8","url_text":"978-0-6793-1220-8"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Shirlee Anne (June 8, 2015). \"Prince of Wales Fort\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/prince-of-wales-fort/","url_text":"\"Prince of Wales Fort\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historica_Canada","url_text":"Historica Canada"}]},{"reference":"Tyrrell, J.W. (1898). Across the Sub-Arctics of Canada: A Journey of 3200 Miles by Canoe and Snowshoe through the Barren Lands. Toronto: William Biggs. pp. 215–216.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/acrosssubarctics00tyrr#page/214/mode/2up","url_text":"Across the Sub-Arctics of Canada: A Journey of 3200 Miles by Canoe and Snowshoe through the Barren Lands"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Cape Merry - Prince of Wales Fort National Historic Site\". 3 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/mb/prince/decouvrir-discover/decouvrir-discover2","url_text":"\"History of Cape Merry - Prince of Wales Fort National Historic Site\""}]},{"reference":"Tyrrell, J.B., ed. (1911). Journals of Samuel Hearne and Philip Turnor between the Years 1774 and 1792. The Publications of the Champlain Society. p. 5. doi:10.3138/9781442617896. ISBN 978-1-4426-1789-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442617896","url_text":"10.3138/9781442617896"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1789-6","url_text":"978-1-4426-1789-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Peel 1302, p. 142\".","urls":[{"url":"http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1302/150.html?qid=peelbib%7Cfecit%7C%7Cscore","url_text":"\"Peel 1302, p. 142\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Prince of Wales, Man\". Canadian Postage Stamps. 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianpostagestamps.ca/stamps/16249/fort-prince-of-wales-man","url_text":"\"Fort Prince of Wales, Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Post stamp\". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2019-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160203210045/http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=%28fort.TITP.%29%20Or%20%28fort.TITI.%20And%20null.B742.%29&l=20&d=STMP&p=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Farchivianet%2F02011702_e.html&r=0&f=S&Sect1=STMP","url_text":"\"Canada Post stamp\""},{"url":"http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=%28fort.TITP.%29%20Or%20%28fort.TITI.%20And%20null.B742.%29&l=20&d=STMP&p=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Farchivianet%2F02011702_e.html&r=0&f=S&Sect1=STMP","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Prince of Wales\". Canada Vignettes. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Pate	Jerry Pate	["1 Early life","2 Amateur career","3 Professional career","3.1 Later career","4 Personal life","5 Amateur wins","6 Professional wins (15)","6.1 PGA Tour wins (8)","6.2 PGA of Japan Tour wins (2)","6.3 South American Golf Circuit wins (2)","6.4 Other wins (1)","6.5 Champions Tour wins (2)","7 Major championships","7.1 Wins (1)","7.2 Results timeline","7.3 Summary","8 The Players Championship","8.1 Wins (1)","8.2 Results timeline","9 U.S. national team appearances","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]	American professional golfer Jerry PatePate after winning the 1974 U.S. Amateur ChampionshipPersonal informationFull nameJerome Kendrick PateBorn (1953-09-16) September 16, 1953 (age 70)Macon, GeorgiaHeight5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight180 lb (82 kg; 13 st)Sporting nationality United StatesResidencePensacola, FloridaSpouse Soozi Nelson Pate (m. 1975)Children3CareerCollegeUniversity of AlabamaTurned professional1975Current tour(s)PGA Tour ChampionsFormer tour(s)PGA TourProfessional wins15Number of wins by tourPGA Tour8Japan Golf Tour2PGA Tour Champions2Other3Best results in major championships(wins: 1)Masters TournamentT3: 1982PGA Championship2nd: 1978U.S. OpenWon: 1976The Open ChampionshipT15: 1977 Jerome Kendrick Pate (born September 16, 1953) is an American professional golfer on the PGA Tour Champions, formerly on the PGA Tour. As a 22-year-old rookie, he won the U.S. Open in 1976. Early life Born in Macon, Georgia, Pate grew up in the panhandle of Florida at Pensacola. Amateur career He attended the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa and played on its Crimson Tide golf team. He had a distinguished amateur career with a win at the U.S. Amateur in 1974, and was a member of victorious U.S. teams at the Eisenhower Trophy competition later that year and for the Walker Cup in May 1975 at St Andrews in Scotland. A few weeks later, he tied Walker Cup teammate Jay Haas of Wake Forest for low amateur at the U.S. Open, finishing in a six-way tie for eighteenth place at Medinah, outside Chicago. Professional career Pate turned professional in 1975. Late in the year he was the medalist at Fall 1975 PGA Tour Qualifying School. During his rookie season he won the 1976 U.S. Open. He also won the Canadian Open that year. Pate closed with a 63 (-7) to defeat runner-up Jack Nicklaus by four strokes. Pate was selected as the Rookie of the Year and Co-Player of the Year. Six more tour victories followed in ensuing years as well as several other titles around the world. He was a member of the victorious Ryder Cup team in 1981 but shoulder injuries curtailed his career. His final win on the PGA Tour came at age 28. That final victory was at the 1982 Tournament Players Championship, the first held at TPC at Sawgrass. Pate celebrated by throwing course designer Pete Dye and PGA Tour commissioner Deane Beman into the lake adjacent to the 18th green, then jumped in himself. He had also jumped in the water after a victory the previous June, after going nearly three years without a win. Later career Pate later served as a golf broadcaster for ABC, CBS, and BBC. He also set up a golf course design practice and a turf and irrigation company. He designed the Kiva Dunes in 1995 and the Ol' Colony Golf Complex in 2000, which is the home course for the Alabama Crimson Tide golf team. In 2006, he earned his first Champions Tour win at the Outback Steakhouse Pro-Am. Pate has been forced by health problems, including arthroscopic left-knee surgery in 2010, to begin limiting his Champions Tour appearances. Personal life In the late 1990s, Pate returned to the University of Alabama to complete his bachelor's degree in administrative science. His daughter, Jenni, received her degree at the same graduation ceremony in 2001. Amateur wins 1974 U.S. Amateur Professional wins (15) PGA Tour wins (8) Legend Major championships (1) Players Championships (1) Other PGA Tour (6) No. Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 Jun 20, 1976 U.S. Open 71-69-69-68=277 −3 2 strokes Al Geiberger, Tom Weiskopf 2 Jul 25, 1976 Canadian Open 69-67-68-63=267 −13 4 strokes Jack Nicklaus 3 Jan 9, 1977 Phoenix Open 67-67-70-73=277 −7 Playoff Dave Stockton 4 Oct 23, 1977 Southern Open 64-67-69-66=266 −14 7 strokes Phil Hancock, Mac McLendon, Johnny Miller, Steve Taylor 5 Sep 10, 1978 Southern Open (2) 67-67-66-69=269 −11 1 stroke Phil Hancock 6 Jun 28, 1981 Danny Thomas Memphis Classic 69-70-66-69=274 −14 2 strokes Tom Kite, Bruce Lietzke 7 Oct 18, 1981 Pensacola Open 66-69-65-71=271 −17 3 strokes Steve Melnyk 8 Mar 21, 1982 Tournament Players Championship 70-73-70-67=280 −8 2 strokes Brad Bryant, Scott Simpson PGA Tour playoff record (1–2) No. Year Tournament Opponent(s) Result 1 1977 Phoenix Open Dave Stockton Won with birdie on first extra hole 2 1978 PGA Championship John Mahaffey, Tom Watson Mahaffey won with birdie on second extra hole 3 1980 Sea Pines Heritage Doug Tewell Lost to par on first extra hole PGA of Japan Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 Oct 10, 1976 Taiheiyo Club Masters 70-70-68-71=279 −5 2 strokes Isao Aoki 2 Nov 9, 1980 ABC Japan vs USA Golf Matches 70-69-72-65=276 −12 1 stroke Tom Purtzer, Norio Suzuki South American Golf Circuit wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 Nov 23, 1980 Brazil Open 69-70-69-66=274 −10 Playoff Manuel Piñero 2 Dec 13, 1981 Colombian Open 64-67-66-65=262 −26 21 strokes Luis Arevalo Other wins (1) No. Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin ofvictory Runners-up 1 Dec 4, 1977 Pepsi-Cola Mixed Team Championship(with Hollis Stacy) 61-70-69-70=270 −18 1 stroke Nancy Lopez and Curtis Strange Champions Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin ofvictory Runners-up 1 Feb 26, 2006 Outback Steakhouse Pro-Am 68-68-66=202 −11 1 stroke Morris Hatalsky, Hale Irwin, Mark James 2 Jan 27, 2008 Turtle Bay Championship 71-70-70=211 −5 2 strokes Fulton Allem, Jim Thorpe Champions Tour playoff record (0–1) No. Year Tournament Opponents Result 1 2005 Senior PGA Championship Dana Quigley, Mike Reid Reid won with birdie on first extra hole Major championships Wins (1) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runners-up 1976 U.S. Open 2 shot deficit −3 (71-69-69-68=277) 2 strokes Al Geiberger, Tom Weiskopf Results timeline Tournament 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Masters Tournament 37 T14 T18 T41 U.S. Open T18 LA 1 CUT T16 T2 The Open Championship CUT T15 WD T26 PGA Championship T4 5 T2 T5 Tournament 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Masters Tournament T6 T5 T3 U.S. Open CUT T26 CUT CUT CUT WD CUT The Open Championship T16 T19 WD PGA Championship T10 T11 T9 T23 CUT Tournament 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Masters Tournament U.S. Open CUT The Open Championship PGA Championship CUT Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship CUT Tournament 2010 2011 Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship CUT Win Top 10 Did not play LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1976 Open Championship) WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place. Summary Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top-5 Top-10 Top-25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 0 0 1 2 3 5 7 7 U.S. Open 1 1 0 2 2 4 13 5 The Open Championship 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 4 PGA Championship 0 1 0 4 6 8 12 8 Totals 1 2 1 4 11 20 39 24 Most consecutive cuts made – 7 (1980 Open Championship – 1982 Masters) Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (twice) The Players Championship Wins (1) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runners-up 1982 Tournament Players Championship 3 shot deficit −8 (70-73-70-67=280) 2 strokes Brad Bryant, Scott Simpson Results timeline Tournament 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 The Players Championship T17 T20 CUT T45 1 CUT T64 CUT CUT CUT CUT Win Did not play CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place. U.S. national team appearances Amateur Eisenhower Trophy: 1974 (team winners and joint individual leader) Walker Cup: 1975 (winners) Professional Ryder Cup: 1981 (winners) World Cup: 1976 See also Fall 1975 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates References ^ a b McKenzie, Mike (June 21, 1976). "Soozi sunshine". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). p. 11. ^ Deason, Lauren (February 13, 2008). "Love stories from the Tour". PGA Tour. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ^ a b Jenkins, Dan (June 28, 1976). "You were great, Jerry Pate". Sports Illustrated. p. 18. ^ a b Husar, John (June 21, 1976). "Rookie Pate beats odds, wins Open". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 6. ^ a b Mizell, Hubert (June 21, 1976). "Pate clinches Open on perfect shot". St. Petersburg Times. (Florida). p. 1C. ^ McKenzie, Mike (June 21, 1976). "Drama got it!". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). p. 1. ^ a b c "PGA Tour Profile – Jerry Pate". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "Pate: something extra in Pensacola". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. (Florida). Associated Press. October 27, 1977. p. 3C. ^ Tomashek, Tom (September 1, 1974). "Pate defeats Grace in U.S. Amateur". Chicago Tribune. p. 4, sec.3. ^ "Pate rallies by Grace". Sunday Star-News. (Wilmington, North Carolina). UPI. September 1, 1974. p. 1C. ^ "Collegian Jerry Pate wins amateur crown". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. September 1, 1974. p. 3, sports. ^ "U.S. retains Walker Cup". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. May 30, 1975. p. 4, sec. 4. ^ Tomashek, Tom (June 23, 1975). "Graham, Mahaffey in Open playoff". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 4. ^ "Medinah showdown". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). Associated Press. June 23, 1975. p. 9. ^ "Golf: PGA Fall Qualifying at Orlando, Fla". Chicago Tribune. November 9, 1975. p. 10, sec. 3. ^ "PGA Tour career". Jerry Pate's official site. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011. ^ "Pate shoots 63 to beat Nicklaus". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. July 26, 1976. p. 6, sec. 6. ^ "Jerry Pate adds another national title". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). Associated Press. July 26, 1976. p. 7. ^ a b c d "PGA Tour Media Guide – Jerry Pate". Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "Pate charges at end, then takes cool dip". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). Associated Press. March 22, 1982. p. 9. ^ Jenkins, Dan (March 29, 1982). "Last one in is a winner". Sports Illustrated. p. 24. ^ "In the swim of things". Chicago Tribune. March 22, 1982. p. 4, sec. 4. ^ "Pate ends drought with Memphis swim". Chicago Tribune. June 29, 1981. p. 2, sec. 4. ^ "The dry spell ends with a splash for Jerry Pate". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. June 29, 1981. p. 5C. ^ "Jerry Pate Golf Course Design". Retrieved April 29, 2011. External links Official website Jerry Pate at the PGA Tour official site vteU.S. Open champions 1895 Horace Rawlins 1896 James Foulis 1897 Joe Lloyd 1898 Fred Herd 1899 Willie Smith 1900 Harry Vardon 1901 Willie Anderson† 1902 Laurie Auchterlonie 1903 Willie Anderson† 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alec Ross 1908 Fred McLeod† 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith† 1911 John McDermott† 1912 John McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet#† 1914‡ Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome Travers# 1916 Chick Evans# 1919 Walter Hagen† 1920 Ted Ray 1921‡ Jim Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones#† 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie Macfarlane† 1926 Bobby Jones# 1927 Tommy Armour† 1928 Johnny Farrell† 1929 Bobby Jones#† 1930 Bobby Jones# 1931 Billy Burke† 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 Johnny Goodman# 1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks Jr. 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson† 1940 Lawson Little† 1941 Craig Wood 1946 Lloyd Mangrum† 1947 Lew Worsham† 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan† 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953‡ Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck† 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer† 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus† 1963 Julius Boros† 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player† 1966 Billy Casper† 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970‡ Tony Jacklin 1971 Lee Trevino† 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin 1975 Lou Graham† 1976 Jerry Pate 1977 Hubert Green 1978 Andy North 1979 Hale Irwin 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 David Graham 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Larry Nelson 1984 Fuzzy Zoeller† 1985 Andy North 1986 Raymond Floyd 1987 Scott Simpson 1988 Curtis Strange† 1989 Curtis Strange 1990 Hale Irwin† 1991 Payne Stewart† 1992 Tom Kite 1993 Lee Janzen 1994 Ernie Els† 1995 Corey Pavin 1996 Steve Jones 1997 Ernie Els 1998 Lee Janzen 1999 Payne Stewart 2000‡ Tiger Woods 2001 Retief Goosen† 2002‡ Tiger Woods 2003 Jim Furyk 2004 Retief Goosen 2005 Michael Campbell 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Ángel Cabrera 2008 Tiger Woods† 2009 Lucas Glover 2010 Graeme McDowell 2011‡ Rory McIlroy 2012 Webb Simpson 2013 Justin Rose 2014‡ Martin Kaymer 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Brooks Koepka 2018 Brooks Koepka 2019 Gary Woodland 2020 Bryson DeChambeau 2021 Jon Rahm 2022 Matt Fitzpatrick 2023 Wyndham Clark 2024 Bryson DeChambeau † indicates the event was won in a playoff; ‡ indicates the event was won wire-to-wire; # indicates the event was won by an amateur; 1942–1945 cancelled due to World War II vteUnited States Ryder Cup team – 1981 Ben Crenshaw Raymond Floyd Hale Irwin Tom Kite Bruce Lietzke Johnny Miller Larry Nelson Jack Nicklaus Jerry Pate Bill Rogers Lee Trevino Tom Watson Dave Marr (non-playing captain) Won: 18.5 – 9.5 vtePlayers Championship champions 1974 Jack Nicklaus 1975 Al Geiberger 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Mark Hayes 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Lanny Wadkins 1980 Lee Trevino 1981 Raymond Floyd† 1982 Jerry Pate 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Fred Couples 1985 Calvin Peete 1986 John Mahaffey 1987 Sandy Lyle† 1988 Mark McCumber 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Jodie Mudd 1991 Steve Elkington 1992 Davis Love III 1993 Nick Price 1994 Greg Norman 1995 Lee Janzen 1996 Fred Couples 1997 Steve Elkington 1998 Justin Leonard 1999 David Duval 2000 Hal Sutton 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Craig Perks 2003 Davis Love III 2004 Adam Scott 2005 Fred Funk 2006 Stephen Ames 2007 Phil Mickelson 2008 Sergio García† 2009 Henrik Stenson 2010 Tim Clark 2011 K. J. Choi† 2012 Matt Kuchar 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Martin Kaymer 2015 Rickie Fowler† 2016 Jason Day 2017 Kim Si-woo 2018 Webb Simpson 2019 Rory McIlroy 2021 Justin Thomas 2022 Cameron Smith 2023 Scottie Scheffler 2024 Scottie Scheffler † indicates the event was won in a playoff; 2020 cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic vteU.S. Amateur champions 1895 Charles B. Macdonald 1896 H. J. Whigham 1897 H. J. Whigham 1898 Findlay S. Douglas 1899 Herbert M. Harriman 1900 Walter Travis 1901 Walter Travis 1902 Louis N. James 1903 Walter Travis 1904 Chandler Egan 1905 Chandler Egan 1906 Eben Byers 1907 Jerome Travers 1908 Jerome Travers 1909 Robert Gardner 1910 William C. Fownes Jr. 1911 Harold Hilton† 1912 Jerome Travers 1913 Jerome Travers 1914 Francis Ouimet 1915 Robert Gardner 1916 Chick Evans 1917–18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Davidson Herron 1920 Chick Evans 1921 Jesse Guilford 1922 Jess Sweetser 1923 Max Marston† 1924 Bobby Jones 1925 Bobby Jones 1926 George Von Elm 1927 Bobby Jones 1928 Bobby Jones 1929 Jimmy Johnston 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Francis Ouimet 1932 Ross Somerville 1933 George Dunlap 1934 Lawson Little 1935 Lawson Little 1936 Johnny Fischer† 1937 Johnny Goodman 1938 Willie Turnesa 1939 Bud Ward 1940 Dick Chapman 1941 Bud Ward 1942–1945 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Ted Bishop† 1947 Skee Riegel 1948 Willie Turnesa 1949 Charles Coe 1950 Sam Urzetta† 1951 Billy Maxwell 1952 Jack Westland 1953 Gene Littler 1954 Arnold Palmer 1955 Harvie Ward 1956 Harvie Ward 1957 Hillman Robbins 1958 Charles Coe 1959 Jack Nicklaus 1960 Deane Beman 1961 Jack Nicklaus 1962 Labron Harris Jr. 1963 Deane Beman 1964 William C. Campbell 1965 Bob Murphy 1966 Gary Cowan† 1967 Bob Dickson 1968 Bruce Fleisher 1969 Steve Melnyk 1970 Lanny Wadkins 1971 Gary Cowan 1972 Vinny Giles 1973 Craig Stadler 1974 Jerry Pate 1975 Fred Ridley 1976 Bill Sander 1977 John Fought 1978 John Cook 1979 Mark O'Meara 1980 Hal Sutton 1981 Nathaniel Crosby 1982 Jay Sigel 1983 Jay Sigel 1984 Scott Verplank 1985 Sam Randolph 1986 Buddy Alexander 1987 Billy Mayfair 1988 Eric Meeks 1989 Chris Patton 1990 Phil Mickelson 1991 Mitch Voges 1992 Justin Leonard 1993 John Harris 1994 Tiger Woods 1995 Tiger Woods 1996 Tiger Woods† 1997 Matt Kuchar 1998 Hank Kuehne 1999 David Gossett 2000 Jeff Quinney† 2001 Bubba Dickerson 2002 Ricky Barnes 2003 Nick Flanagan† 2004 Ryan Moore 2005 Edoardo Molinari 2006 Richie Ramsay 2007 Colt Knost 2008 Danny Lee 2009 An Byeong-hun 2010 Peter Uihlein 2011 Kelly Kraft 2012 Steven Fox† 2013 Matt Fitzpatrick 2014 Gunn Yang 2015 Bryson DeChambeau 2016 Curtis Luck 2017 Doc Redman 2018 Viktor Hovland 2019 Andy Ogletree 2020 Tyler Strafaci 2021 James Piot 2022 Sam Bennett 2023 Nick Dunlap † indicates the event was won in extra holes.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golfer"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour_Champions"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sijn76-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rpbowo-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mzlpsh-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgott-6"}],"text":"Jerome Kendrick Pate (born September 16, 1953) is an American professional golfer on the PGA Tour Champions, formerly on the PGA Tour. As a 22-year-old rookie, he won the U.S. Open in 1976.[3][4][5][6]","title":"Jerry Pate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macon, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGApro-7"},{"link_name":"panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sooz76-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sexinpens-8"}],"text":"Born in Macon, Georgia,[7] Pate grew up in the panhandle of Florida at Pensacola.[1][8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Crimson Tide golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_golf"},{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctpwusam-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ssnupiusam-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpwamc-11"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Walker Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Cup"},{"link_name":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usretwc-12"},{"link_name":"Jay Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Haas"},{"link_name":"Wake Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Medinah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinah_Country_Club"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmiopo-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medsho-14"}],"text":"He attended the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa and played on its Crimson Tide golf team. He had a distinguished amateur career with a win at the U.S. Amateur in 1974,[9][10][11] and was a member of victorious U.S. teams at the Eisenhower Trophy competition later that year and for the Walker Cup in May 1975 at St Andrews in Scotland.[12] A few weeks later, he tied Walker Cup teammate Jay Haas of Wake Forest for low amateur at the U.S. Open, finishing in a six-way tie for eighteenth place at Medinah, outside Chicago.[13][14]","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGApro-7"},{"link_name":"Fall 1975 PGA Tour Qualifying School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_1975_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fgqof-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"1976 U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sijn76-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rpbowo-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mzlpsh-5"},{"link_name":"Canadian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicklaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pssttbjn-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janttle-18"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-19"},{"link_name":"1982 Tournament Players Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Tournament_Players_Championship"},{"link_name":"TPC at Sawgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPC_at_Sawgrass"},{"link_name":"Pete Dye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Dye"},{"link_name":"Deane Beman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deane_Beman"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcacdp-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simr82-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itswm-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pedwmswm-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thdsewas-24"}],"text":"Pate turned professional in 1975.[7] Late in the year he was the medalist at Fall 1975 PGA Tour Qualifying School.[15][16] During his rookie season he won the 1976 U.S. Open.[3][4][5] He also won the Canadian Open that year. Pate closed with a 63 (-7) to defeat runner-up Jack Nicklaus by four strokes.[17][18] Pate was selected as the Rookie of the Year and Co-Player of the Year.Six more tour victories followed in ensuing years as well as several other titles around the world. He was a member of the victorious Ryder Cup team in 1981 but shoulder injuries curtailed his career. His final win on the PGA Tour came at age 28.[19] That final victory was at the 1982 Tournament Players Championship, the first held at TPC at Sawgrass. Pate celebrated by throwing course designer Pete Dye and PGA Tour commissioner Deane Beman into the lake adjacent to the 18th green, then jumped in himself.[20][21][22] He had also jumped in the water after a victory the previous June, after going nearly three years without a win.[23][24]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour_on_ABC"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour_on_CBS"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"golf course design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_course_design"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-19"},{"link_name":"Kiva Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiva_Dunes"},{"link_name":"Ol' Colony Golf Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%27_Colony_Golf_Complex"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Alabama Crimson Tide golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_golf"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Champions_Tour"},{"link_name":"Champions Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champions_Tour"},{"link_name":"Outback Steakhouse Pro-Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback_Steakhouse_Pro-Am"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-19"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"Pate later served as a golf broadcaster for ABC, CBS, and BBC. He also set up a golf course design practice and a turf and irrigation company.[19] He designed the Kiva Dunes in 1995 and the Ol' Colony Golf Complex in 2000,[25] which is the home course for the Alabama Crimson Tide golf team. In 2006, he earned his first Champions Tour win at the Outback Steakhouse Pro-Am. Pate has been forced by health problems, including arthroscopic left-knee surgery in 2010, to begin limiting his Champions Tour appearances.[19]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGApro-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-19"}],"text":"In the late 1990s, Pate returned to the University of Alabama to complete his bachelor's degree in administrative science.[7] His daughter, Jenni, received her degree at the same graduation ceremony in 2001.[19]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur"}],"text":"1974 U.S. Amateur","title":"Amateur wins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional wins (15)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"PGA Tour wins (8)","text":"PGA Tour playoff record (1–2)","title":"Professional wins (15)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"PGA of Japan Tour wins (2)","title":"Professional wins (15)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South American Golf Circuit wins (2)","title":"Professional wins (15)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other wins (1)","title":"Professional wins (15)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Champions Tour wins (2)","text":"Champions Tour playoff record (0–1)","title":"Professional wins (15)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wins (1)","title":"Major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results timeline","text":"WinTop 10Did not playLA = Low amateur\nCUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1976 Open Championship)\nWD = withdrew\n\"T\" indicates a tie for a place.","title":"Major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"Most consecutive cuts made – 7 (1980 Open Championship – 1982 Masters)\nLongest streak of top-10s – 2 (twice)","title":"Major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The Players Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wins (1)","title":"The Players Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results timeline","text":"WinDid not playCUT = missed the halfway cut\n\"T\" indicates a tie for a place.","title":"The Players Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eisenhower Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Trophy"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Eisenhower_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Walker Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Cup"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Walker_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cup_(men%27s_golf)"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_World_Cup_(men%27s_golf)"}],"text":"AmateurEisenhower Trophy: 1974 (team winners and joint individual leader)\nWalker Cup: 1975 (winners)ProfessionalRyder Cup: 1981 (winners)\nWorld Cup: 1976","title":"U.S. national team appearances"}]	[]	[{"title":"Fall 1975 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_1975_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates"}]	[{"reference":"McKenzie, Mike (June 21, 1976). \"Soozi sunshine\". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=h180AAAAIBAJ&sjid=550EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6660%2C4274398","url_text":"\"Soozi sunshine\""}]},{"reference":"Deason, Lauren (February 13, 2008). \"Love stories from the Tour\". PGA Tour. Retrieved May 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2008/02/13/couples.html","url_text":"\"Love stories from the Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Dan (June 28, 1976). \"You were great, Jerry Pate\". Sports Illustrated. p. 18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Jenkins","url_text":"Jenkins, Dan"},{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1976/06/28/618596/you-were-great-jerry-pate","url_text":"\"You were great, Jerry Pate\""}]},{"reference":"Husar, John (June 21, 1976). \"Rookie Pate beats odds, wins Open\". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 6.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1976/06/21/page/63/article/rookie-pate-beats-odds-wins-open","url_text":"\"Rookie Pate beats odds, wins Open\""}]},{"reference":"Mizell, Hubert (June 21, 1976). \"Pate clinches Open on perfect shot\". St. Petersburg Times. (Florida). p. 1C.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b8lhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WV0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6241%2C4446341","url_text":"\"Pate clinches Open on perfect shot\""}]},{"reference":"McKenzie, Mike (June 21, 1976). \"Drama got it!\". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=h180AAAAIBAJ&sjid=550EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6033%2C4231402","url_text":"\"Drama got it!\""}]},{"reference":"\"PGA Tour Profile – Jerry Pate\". PGA Tour. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01925.html","url_text":"\"PGA Tour Profile – Jerry Pate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pate: something extra in Pensacola\". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. (Florida). Associated Press. October 27, 1977. p. 3C.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PnkeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qMkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1015%2C4275292","url_text":"\"Pate: something extra in Pensacola\""}]},{"reference":"Tomashek, Tom (September 1, 1974). \"Pate defeats Grace in U.S. Amateur\". Chicago Tribune. p. 4, sec.3.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/09/01/page/58/article/pate-defeats-grace-in-u-s-amateur","url_text":"\"Pate defeats Grace in U.S. Amateur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pate rallies by Grace\". Sunday Star-News. (Wilmington, North Carolina). UPI. September 1, 1974. p. 1C.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=emk0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=1AkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3864%2C125473","url_text":"\"Pate rallies by Grace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collegian Jerry Pate wins amateur crown\". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. September 1, 1974. p. 3, sports.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uR5OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NO0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4993%2C588249","url_text":"\"Collegian Jerry Pate wins amateur crown\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. retains Walker Cup\". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. May 30, 1975. p. 4, sec. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/05/30/page/52/article/u-s-retains-walker-cup","url_text":"\"U.S. retains Walker Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Tomashek, Tom (June 23, 1975). \"Graham, Mahaffey in Open playoff\". Chicago Tribune. p. 1, sec. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/06/23/page/63/article/graham-mahaffey-in-open-playoff","url_text":"\"Graham, Mahaffey in Open playoff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medinah showdown\". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). Associated Press. June 23, 1975. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YzAdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5J4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=7052%2C5038040","url_text":"\"Medinah showdown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golf: PGA Fall Qualifying at Orlando, Fla\". Chicago Tribune. November 9, 1975. p. 10, sec. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/11/09/page/84/","url_text":"\"Golf: PGA Fall Qualifying at Orlando, Fla\""}]},{"reference":"\"PGA Tour career\". Jerry Pate's official site. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110430074355/http://jerrypate.com/jerrypate/PGA_tour_career/","url_text":"\"PGA Tour career\""},{"url":"http://www.jerrypate.com/jerrypate/PGA_tour_career","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pate shoots 63 to beat Nicklaus\". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. July 26, 1976. p. 6, sec. 6.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1976/07/26/page/56/article/pate-shoots-63-to-beat-nicklaus","url_text":"\"Pate shoots 63 to beat Nicklaus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Pate adds another national title\". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). Associated Press. July 26, 1976. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SBUfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7Z0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2637%2C4751714","url_text":"\"Jerry Pate adds another national title\""}]},{"reference":"\"PGA Tour Media Guide – Jerry Pate\". Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01925.jerry-pate.html/media-guide/#uber","url_text":"\"PGA Tour Media Guide – Jerry Pate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pate charges at end, then takes cool dip\". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). Associated Press. March 22, 1982. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IModAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SqYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5070%2C5053958","url_text":"\"Pate charges at end, then takes cool dip\""}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Dan (March 29, 1982). \"Last one in is a winner\". Sports Illustrated. p. 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Jenkins","url_text":"Jenkins, Dan"},{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1125364/index.htm","url_text":"\"Last one in is a winner\""}]},{"reference":"\"In the swim of things\". Chicago Tribune. March 22, 1982. p. 4, sec. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1982/03/22/page/66/article/briefing","url_text":"\"In the swim of things\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pate ends drought with Memphis swim\". Chicago Tribune. June 29, 1981. p. 2, sec. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1981/06/29/page/54/article/pate-ends-drought-with-memphis-swim","url_text":"\"Pate ends drought with Memphis swim\""}]},{"reference":"\"The dry spell ends with a splash for Jerry Pate\". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. June 29, 1981. p. 5C.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KfpVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UuIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5324%2C8491947","url_text":"\"The dry spell ends with a splash for Jerry Pate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Pate Golf Course Design\". Retrieved April 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jerrypategolfdesign.com/portfolio/index.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Pate Golf Course Design\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=h180AAAAIBAJ&sjid=550EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6660%2C4274398","external_links_name":"\"Soozi sunshine\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2008/02/13/couples.html","external_links_name":"\"Love stories from the Tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/vault/1976/06/28/618596/you-were-great-jerry-pate","external_links_name":"\"You were great, Jerry Pate\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1976/06/21/page/63/article/rookie-pate-beats-odds-wins-open","external_links_name":"\"Rookie Pate beats odds, wins Open\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b8lhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WV0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6241%2C4446341","external_links_name":"\"Pate clinches Open on perfect shot\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=h180AAAAIBAJ&sjid=550EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6033%2C4231402","external_links_name":"\"Drama got it!\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01925.html","external_links_name":"\"PGA Tour Profile – Jerry Pate\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PnkeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qMkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1015%2C4275292","external_links_name":"\"Pate: something extra in Pensacola\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1974/09/01/page/58/article/pate-defeats-grace-in-u-s-amateur","external_links_name":"\"Pate defeats Grace in U.S. Amateur\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=emk0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=1AkEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3864%2C125473","external_links_name":"\"Pate rallies by Grace\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uR5OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NO0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4993%2C588249","external_links_name":"\"Collegian Jerry Pate wins amateur crown\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/05/30/page/52/article/u-s-retains-walker-cup","external_links_name":"\"U.S. retains Walker Cup\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/06/23/page/63/article/graham-mahaffey-in-open-playoff","external_links_name":"\"Graham, Mahaffey in Open playoff\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YzAdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5J4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=7052%2C5038040","external_links_name":"\"Medinah showdown\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/11/09/page/84/","external_links_name":"\"Golf: PGA Fall Qualifying at Orlando, Fla\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110430074355/http://jerrypate.com/jerrypate/PGA_tour_career/","external_links_name":"\"PGA Tour career\""},{"Link":"http://www.jerrypate.com/jerrypate/PGA_tour_career","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1976/07/26/page/56/article/pate-shoots-63-to-beat-nicklaus","external_links_name":"\"Pate shoots 63 to beat Nicklaus\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SBUfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7Z0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2637%2C4751714","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Pate adds another national title\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.01925.jerry-pate.html/media-guide/#uber","external_links_name":"\"PGA Tour Media Guide – Jerry Pate\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IModAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SqYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5070%2C5053958","external_links_name":"\"Pate charges at end, then takes cool dip\""},{"Link":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1125364/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Last one in is a winner\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1982/03/22/page/66/article/briefing","external_links_name":"\"In the swim of things\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1981/06/29/page/54/article/pate-ends-drought-with-memphis-swim","external_links_name":"\"Pate ends drought with Memphis swim\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KfpVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UuIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5324%2C8491947","external_links_name":"\"The dry spell ends with a splash for Jerry Pate\""},{"Link":"http://www.jerrypategolfdesign.com/portfolio/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Jerry Pate Golf Course Design\""},{"Link":"http://www.jerrypate.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.pgatour.com/player/01925","external_links_name":"Jerry Pate"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnemophilidae	Satinbird	["1 Etymology","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior and ecology","5 Species","6 References","7 External links"]	Family of birds Satinbirds Crested satinbird (Cnemophilus macgregorii) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Suborder: Passeri Family: CnemophilidaeMayr, 1962 Genera Cnemophilus Loboparadisea The satinbirds or cnemophilines, are a family, Cnemophilidae of passerine birds which consists of four species found in the mountain forests of New Guinea. They were originally thought to be part of the birds-of-paradise family Paradisaeidae until genetic research suggested that the birds are not closely related to birds-of-paradise at all and are perhaps closer to berry peckers and longbills (Melanocharitidae). The current evidence suggests that their closest relatives may be the cuckoo-shrikes (Campephagidae). Etymology The family name "Cnemophilidae" consists of the words knemos for "mountain/slope" and philos for "lover", referring to the species' fondness for mountain slopes. Description Male yellow satinbird—note its silky bright golden upperparts. The satinbirds are all very beautifully colored in their own right. The males of the red satinbird are a rich reddish orange to a flame red on their upperparts, sporting dark blackish to black underparts and also have light, purplish erectile sagittal crest that lies on the crown and extends from the forehead to nearly the back of the head. Females of this species are an olive brown with paler underparts. Male yellow satinbirds have brilliant, silky, flame-yellow plumage above, with a black throat, black chin, black belly and black rump, and glistening golden crest plumes, while females are brownish to olive above with pale light-yellow underparts. The other two species, Loria's and yellow-breasted satinbirds are much more different from the aforementioned species. Loria's satinbid male is mostly black with shiny purple or metallic sheens; they have iridescent light blue secondary wing feathers, iridescent blue tail feathers, and an iridescent greenish-aqua patch of feathers leading from the base of the bill to right above the eyes. Females, like the others mentioned above, are olive greenish with lighter underparts. Male yellow-breasted satinbirds have reddish-olive upperparts, except for the upper rump, which is a yellow gold. The underparts are golden yellow from the chin and cheeks to the breast, then fades to a paler yellow wash past the breast. Unique for the satinbirds, the males also have bulbous wattles, or lobes, on the top of the bill that are a pale sky blue in color. The female is brownish rufous above and cream below with brownish streaks from the chin to the breast. Satinbirds have weak, non-manipulative feet, wide gapes (at one time they were given the name "wide-gaped bird-of-paradise"), as well as an unossified nasal region. Their bodies are compact with rounded wings. Distribution and habitat Loria's satinbird may have the broadest range in the central highlands, mostly from 2000–4000 m, but is inconspicuous except at fruiting trees. The red satinbird inhabits high mountain forest and shrubbery. The yellow-breasted satinbird is the least known. Almost nothing is known of its biology, and it seems scarce and local within the patches of habitat along the central ranges east to the base of the Huon Peninsula. Yellow satinbirds are found only in the "Bird's Tail" region in Southeast New Guinea. Behavior and ecology All species of satinbirds build domed nests, unlike those of birds of paradise. The female lays a single egg and takes care of it without any assistance from the male. Satinbirds feed exclusively on fruit, even at a young age. Species Genus Cnemophilus Loria's satinbird, Cnemophilus loriae Red satinbird, Cnemophilus sanguineus Yellow satinbird, Cnemophilus macgregorii (split as a species in 2016 from C. sanguineus) Genus Loboparadisea Yellow-breasted satinbird, Loboparadisea sericea References Cracraft, J. & Feinstein, J. (2000): "What is not a bird of paradise? Molecular and morphological evidence places Macgregoria in the Meliphagidae and the Cnemophilinae near the base of the corvoid tree". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 267: 233–241. Burnie, David (2007): Bird: The Definitive Visual Guide: Page 371. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7566-3153-6. ^ a b c "Satinbird family Cnemophilidae". External links Satinbirds Taxon identifiersCnemophilidae Wikidata: Q571013 Wikispecies: Cnemophilidae ADW: Cnemophilidae CoL: 8CW EoL: 7561 GBIF: 5231 iNaturalist: 71312 ITIS: 726092 Open Tree of Life: 3599840	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Paradisaeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradisaeidae"},{"link_name":"Melanocharitidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocharitidae"},{"link_name":"Campephagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campephagidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creagus-1"}],"text":"The satinbirds or cnemophilines, are a family, Cnemophilidae of passerine birds which consists of four species found in the mountain forests of New Guinea. They were originally thought to be part of the birds-of-paradise family Paradisaeidae until genetic research suggested that the birds are not closely related to birds-of-paradise at all and are perhaps closer to berry peckers and longbills (Melanocharitidae). The current evidence suggests that their closest relatives may be the cuckoo-shrikes (Campephagidae).[1]","title":"Satinbird"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The family name \"Cnemophilidae\" consists of the words knemos for \"mountain/slope\" and philos for \"lover\", referring to the species' fondness for mountain slopes.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.140321_1_-_Cnemophilus_macgregorii_macgregorii_De_Vis,_1890_-_Paradisaeidae_-_bird_skin_specimen.jpeg"},{"link_name":"red satinbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_satinbird"},{"link_name":"sagittal crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_crest"},{"link_name":"Loria's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loria%27s_satinbird"},{"link_name":"yellow-breasted satinbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-breasted_satinbird"},{"link_name":"gapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gape"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creagus-1"}],"text":"Male yellow satinbird—note its silky bright golden upperparts.The satinbirds are all very beautifully colored in their own right. The males of the red satinbird are a rich reddish orange to a flame red on their upperparts, sporting dark blackish to black underparts and also have light, purplish erectile sagittal crest that lies on the crown and extends from the forehead to nearly the back of the head. Females of this species are an olive brown with paler underparts. Male yellow satinbirds have brilliant, silky, flame-yellow plumage above, with a black throat, black chin, black belly and black rump, and glistening golden crest plumes, while females are brownish to olive above with pale light-yellow underparts.The other two species, Loria's and yellow-breasted satinbirds are much more different from the aforementioned species. Loria's satinbid male is mostly black with shiny purple or metallic sheens; they have iridescent light blue secondary wing feathers, iridescent blue tail feathers, and an iridescent greenish-aqua patch of feathers leading from the base of the bill to right above the eyes. Females, like the others mentioned above, are olive greenish with lighter underparts. Male yellow-breasted satinbirds have reddish-olive upperparts, except for the upper rump, which is a yellow gold. The underparts are golden yellow from the chin and cheeks to the breast, then fades to a paler yellow wash past the breast. Unique for the satinbirds, the males also have bulbous wattles, or lobes, on the top of the bill that are a pale sky blue in color. The female is brownish rufous above and cream below with brownish streaks from the chin to the breast.Satinbirds have weak, non-manipulative feet, wide gapes (at one time they were given the name \"wide-gaped bird-of-paradise\"), as well as an unossified nasal region. Their bodies are compact with rounded wings.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huon Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huon_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creagus-1"}],"text":"Loria's satinbird may have the broadest range in the central highlands, mostly from 2000–4000 m, but is inconspicuous except at fruiting trees. The red satinbird inhabits high mountain forest and shrubbery. The yellow-breasted satinbird is the least known. Almost nothing is known of its biology, and it seems scarce and local within the patches of habitat along the central ranges east to the base of the Huon Peninsula.[1] Yellow satinbirds are found only in the \"Bird's Tail\" region in Southeast New Guinea.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All species of satinbirds build domed nests, unlike those of birds of paradise. The female lays a single egg and takes care of it without any assistance from the male. Satinbirds feed exclusively on fruit, even at a young age.","title":"Behavior and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cnemophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnemophilus"},{"link_name":"Loria's satinbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loria%27s_satinbird"},{"link_name":"Red satinbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_satinbird"},{"link_name":"Yellow satinbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_satinbird"},{"link_name":"Loboparadisea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loboparadisea"},{"link_name":"Yellow-breasted satinbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-breasted_satinbird"}],"text":"Genus Cnemophilus\nLoria's satinbird, Cnemophilus loriae\nRed satinbird, Cnemophilus sanguineus\nYellow satinbird, Cnemophilus macgregorii (split as a species in 2016 from C. sanguineus)\nGenus Loboparadisea\nYellow-breasted satinbird, Loboparadisea sericea","title":"Species"}]	[{"image_text":"Male yellow satinbird—note its silky bright golden upperparts.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.140321_1_-_Cnemophilus_macgregorii_macgregorii_De_Vis%2C_1890_-_Paradisaeidae_-_bird_skin_specimen.jpeg/220px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.140321_1_-_Cnemophilus_macgregorii_macgregorii_De_Vis%2C_1890_-_Paradisaeidae_-_bird_skin_specimen.jpeg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Satinbird family Cnemophilidae\".","urls":[{"url":"http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/satinbirds.html","url_text":"\"Satinbird family Cnemophilidae\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/satinbirds.html","external_links_name":"\"Satinbird family Cnemophilidae\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080126060005/http://montereybay.com/creagrus/cnemophilines.html","external_links_name":"Satinbirds"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cnemophilidae/","external_links_name":"Cnemophilidae"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8CW","external_links_name":"8CW"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/7561","external_links_name":"7561"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5231","external_links_name":"5231"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/71312","external_links_name":"71312"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=726092","external_links_name":"726092"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3599840","external_links_name":"3599840"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Won-hee	Kim Won-hee	["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","1.2 Television series","1.3 Variety/radio show","2 Awards and nominations","3 References","4 External links"]	South Korean entertainer (born 1972) In this Korean name, the family name is Kim. Kim Won-heeBorn (1972-06-09) June 9, 1972 (age 52)Seoul, South KoreaOccupation(s)Television presenter, actressYears active1992–presentAgentSky E&MKorean nameHangul김원희Hanja金元嬉Revised RomanizationGim Won-huiMcCune–ReischauerKim Wŏnhŭi Kim Won-hee (Korean: 김원희; born June 9, 1972) is a South Korean television presenter and actress. She began her career in acting, starring in television series such as Queen (1999), The Thief's Daughter (2000), Love Needs a Miracle (2005) and Don't Ask Me About the Past (2008), as well as the films Oh! LaLa Sisters (2002), Marrying the Mafia II (2005), Marrying the Mafia III (2006) and Swindler in My Mom's House (2007). In recent years, Kim has become more active with variety and talk shows, notably Come to Play which she and Yoo Jae-suk hosted for eight years. Filmography Film Year Title Role 1992 An Unlikely Farewell (short film) Sook-yi 1994 The Man Who Cannot Kiss Yoo Mi-na 1996 Piano Man Doctor 1998 Extra Kang Bo-ra 2002 Oh! LaLa Sisters Jang Mi-ok 2003 North Korean Guys Woman at homestay (cameo) 2004 Father and Son: The Story of Mencius Piggy mother (cameo) 2005 Marrying the Mafia II Kim Jin-kyung 2006 Marrying the Mafia III Kim Jin-kyung/Park Jin-sook Who Slept with Her? Jae-seong's mother (cameo) 2007 Swindler in My Mom's House Hye-ju Television series Year Title Role Network 1991 Mudongine House MBC 1994 The Moon of Seoul Ho-soon MBC Way of Living: Woman Choi Yoon-na SBS 1995 Jang Hui-bin Queen Inhyeon SBS LA Arirang SBS 1996 Wealthy Yu-chun Song Cho-won SBS Im Kkeokjeong Hwang Woon-chong SBS 1997 Palace of Dreams Heo Mi-kang SBS OK Ranch SBS Miss & Mister SBS 1998 The Barefooted Youth KBS2 Hong Gil-dong Kim In-ok SBS Eun-shil Yang Kil-rye SBS 1999 Queen Kang Seung-ri SBS 2000 The Thief's Daughter Kim Myung-sun SBS 2001 Honey Honey SBS 2005 Love Needs a Miracle Cha Bong-shim SBS 2008 Don't Ask Me About the Past Kwak Sun-young OCN Things We Do That We Know We Will Regret (episode 4: "On a Night Sparkling with Stars") KBS2 Variety/radio show Year Title Network Role 1998-2001 Love for Three Days iTV 2001-2003 Hopeful Music at Noon MBC FM4U DJ 2002-2009 Mystery TV: Surprise MBC Host 2003-2005 Korea's First Period KBS2 2004-2012 Come to Play with Yoo Jae-suk and Kim Won-hee MBC 2005-2007 Afternoon Discovery MBC FM4U DJ 2006-2007 Hey Hey Hey - Season 2 SBS Host 2006-2008 3 Color Women Talk Show MBC Dramanet 2008-2009 Complaint Zero MBC May I Sleep Over? MBC 2009–present Jagiya (Honey) SBS Sold Out Women's Blog Story On 2010 Family Outing 2 SBS Cast member 2010-2011 He's Just Not That into You Mnet Host 2011 Diet Revenge E Channel 2011-2012 Art School Channel A 2012-2013 Chatter with Kim Won-hee Story On King of Anger Channel A 2013–present 살림 9단의 만물상 TV Chosun 2014 King of the Game JTBC 2015 Great Recipe: Let's Go to the Mart KBS2 2020–present TV Loaded with Love Season 3 (TV는 사랑을 싣고) KBS2 We Got Divorced TV Chosun 2021 Falling for Korea - Transnational Couples MBN 2022 Groom's Class Channel A We Got Divorced 2 TV Chosun Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominated work Result 1996 SBS Drama Awards Netizen Popularity Award Won 2001 Excellence Award, Actress Won 2002 MBC Drama Awards Excellence Award in Radio Hopeful Music at Noon Won 2003 39th Baeksang Arts Awards Most Popular Actress (TV) Im Kkeokjeong Won 2004 MBC Entertainment Awards Excellence Award in a Variety Show Won 2005 Top Excellence Award in a Variety Show Won 2007 43rd Baeksang Arts Awards Best Female Variety Performer Come to Play Nominated MBC Entertainment Awards Popularity Award in a Variety Show Won 2009 SBS Entertainment Awards Best MC Won 2010 MBC Entertainment Awards Special Award in a Variety Show Come to Play Won 2011 47th Baeksang Arts Awards Best Female Variety Performer Won MBC Entertainment Awards PD Award Won SBS Entertainment Awards Netizen Popularity Award Jagiya Nominated 2014 SBS Entertainment Awards Best MC Jagiya Won References ^ Ji Seung-hoon (April 5, 2022). "김원희, 스카이이앤엠과 전속 계약 체결...붐·이영자와 한솥밥 (공식)" (in Korean). YTN. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2022 – via Naver. ^ "MBC 탤런트 合格者 21期". Kyunghyang Shinmun. June 17, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021. ^ Shin, Hae-in (November 28, 2005). "Old maids dominate local TV screen". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ Kim, Tae-jong (September 22, 2006). "Mafia, Out of Fashion, Business". The Korea Times via Hancinema. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ Yang, Sung-jin (August 2, 2007). "Movie Review: The Houseguest overstays its welcome". The Korea Herald via Hancinema. Archived from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ Lee, Hyo-won (August 6, 2007). "Swindler in My Mom's House Double-Crosses Drama". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ Han, Sang-hee (May 20, 2008). "Investigation Program to Boom on Cable TV". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ "How Talkative Women Succeed". The Chosun Ilbo. June 13, 2007. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ "Come to Play Host Kim Won Hee Says Goodbye". Soompi. December 27, 2012. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ "Celebrity Volunteer Group Reaches Out to Disabled Children". KBS Global. October 2, 2008. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ Han, Sang-hee (January 10, 2010). "SBS Reveals New Family Line-up". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ Grace, Kim (July 18, 2012). "Provocative TV content sparks controversy". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ Hong, Hye-jin (May 7, 2015). "Alberto Mondi to cohost Amazing Recipe". K-pop Herald. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ "TV Loaded with Love". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2020. ^ " 김원희X현주엽, 新'TV는 사랑을 싣고' MC 확정..신선한 케미 예고". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2020. ^ "3개월 만에 돌아온 'TV는 사랑을 싣고', 김원희·현주엽 MC 확정". YTN (in Korean). September 2, 2020. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2020. ^ "'TV는 사랑을 싣고' 김원희X현주엽, 베테랑과 새내기가 만났을 때". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2020. ^ Sun Jin-ah (May 6, 2021). "김원희·김희철, '국제부부' MC 확정…28일 첫 방송(공식)". MKsport (in Korean). Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021. ^ Kim Na-yul (January 4, 2022). "신랑수업' 김원희X홍현희, MC 확정..유부녀들의 프로 참견" ] (in Korean). Herald Pop. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2022 – via Naver. ^ Park Jeong-min (February 21, 2022). "TV조선 측 "'우리 이혼했어요' 시즌2, 4월 방송 예정"" ] (in Korean). Newsen. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022 – via Naver. ^ Kang, Seung-hun (December 31, 2009). "Yoo Jae-seok, Lee Hyori share grand prize at SBS Entertainment Awards". 10Asia. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ Lee, Jong-gil (December 30, 2010). "Yoo Jae-seok wins grand prize once again at MBC Entertainment Awards". 10Asia. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ Hong, Lucia (May 27, 2011). "Hyun Bin, Lee Byung-hun win top prizes at Paeksang". 10Asia. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2015. ^ Jang Chang-hwan (December 28, 2011). SBS, '연예대상' 17개 수상 부문 발표 . Naver (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022. ^ Ahn, Woorim (December 31, 2014). "2014 SBS Entertainment Awards Winners Are Revealed". BNTNews. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2015. External links Kim Won-hee on X (in Korean) Kim Won-hee on Cyworld (in Korean) Kim Won-hee Fan Cafe at Daum (in Korean) Kim Won-hee at HanCinema Kim Won-hee at IMDb Kim Won-hee at the Korean Movie Database vteBaeksang Arts Award for Most Popular ActressFilm Kang Soo-yeon (1990) Jeon Do-yeon and Shin Eun-kyung (1998) Lee Mi-sook and Choi Jin-sil (1999) Ko So-young (2000) Lee Mi-sook (2001) Kim Hee-sun (2002) Ha Ji-won, Kim Jung-eun and Kim Ha-neul (2003) Kim Sun-a and Han Ga-in (2004) Kim Ah-joong (2005) Kim Tae-hee (2007) Kim Jung-eun (2008) Park Bo-young (2009) Choi Kang-hee (2010) Park Shin-hye (2011) Kang So-ra (2012) Park Shin-hye (2013) Kwon Yu-ri (2014) Park Shin-hye (2015) Bae Suzy (2016) Im Yoon-ah (2017) Television Kim Ja-ok (1975) Jo Min-su and Lee Hye-sook (1990) Hwang Shin-hye (1991) Kim Young-ok (1992) Jung Hye-sun (1993) Ha Yoo-mi (1995) Lee Mi-sook (1998) Kwon Eun-ah and Song Yoon-ah (1999) Kim Hee-sun (2000) Song Hye-kyo and Jeon In-hwa (2001) So Yoo-jin and Choi Ji-woo (2002) Kim Won-hee (2003) Yang Mi-kyung and Choi Ji-woo (2004) Kim Tae-hee (2005) Hyun Young (2006) Han Ye-seul (2007) Sung Yu-ri (2008) Im Yoon-ah (2009) Im Yoon-ah (2010) Moon Geun-young (2011) Park Shin-hye (2012) Kwon Yu-ri (2013) Park Shin-hye (2014) Krystal Jung (2015) Song Hye-kyo (2016) Kim Yoo-jung (2017) Combined Bae Suzy (2018) Lee Ji-eun (2019) Son Ye-jin (2020) Seo Yea-ji (2021) Kim Tae-ri (2022) Lee Ji-eun (2023) An Yu-jin (2024) vteBaeksang Arts Award for Best Female Variety Performer1980s N/A (1986) Lee Sung-mi (1987) Bae Yeon-jeong (1988) Kim Mi-hua (1989) 1990s N/A (1990) Kim Ji-seon and Park Mi-sun (1991) Lee Kyung-ae (1992) Lee Young-ja (1993) Lee Kyung-sil (1994) Seo Hyun-seon (1995) Jo Hye-ryun (1996) Jung Sun-hee (1997) Kim Hyo-jin (1998) Kim Hyo-jin (1999) 2000s Park Mi-sun (2000) Park Kyung-lim (2001) Kim Mi-hua (2002) Kim Ji-sun (2003) Jo Hye-ryun (2004) Park Hee-jin (2005) Kim Shin-young (2006) Kim Mi-ryeo (2007) Shin Bong-sun (2008) Park Mi-sun (2009) 2010s Kang Yu-mi and Ahn Young-mi (2010) Kim Won-hee (2011) Park Ha-sun (2012) Shin Bo-ra (2013) Kim Young-hee (2014) Lee Guk-joo (2015) Kim Sook (2016) Park Na-rae (2017) Song Eun-i (2018) Lee Young-ja (2019) 2020s Park Na-rae (2020) Jang Do-yeon (2021) Joo Hyun-young (2022) Lee Eun-ji (2023) This article about a Korean actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"television presenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_presenter"},{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"Marrying the Mafia II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrying_the_Mafia_II"},{"link_name":"Marrying the Mafia III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrying_the_Mafia_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Yoo Jae-suk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Jae-suk"},{"link_name":"hosted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.Kim Won-hee (Korean: 김원희; born June 9, 1972) is a South Korean television presenter and actress. She began her career in acting, starring in television series such as Queen (1999), The Thief's Daughter (2000), Love Needs a Miracle (2005) and Don't Ask Me About the Past (2008), as well as the films Oh! LaLa Sisters (2002), Marrying the Mafia II (2005), Marrying the Mafia III (2006) and Swindler in My Mom's House (2007).[3][4][5][6][7] In recent years, Kim has become more active with variety and talk shows, notably Come to Play which she and Yoo Jae-suk hosted for eight years.[8][9][10]","title":"Kim Won-hee"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Variety/radio show","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ji Seung-hoon (April 5, 2022). \"김원희, 스카이이앤엠과 전속 계약 체결...붐·이영자와 한솥밥 (공식)\" [Kim Won-hee signed an exclusive contract with Sky E&M... Boom · Lee Young-ja and Korean rice bowl (official)] (in Korean). YTN. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2022 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=052&aid=0001722181","url_text":"\"김원희, 스카이이앤엠과 전속 계약 체결...붐·이영자와 한솥밥 (공식)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YTN","url_text":"YTN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240220154010/https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=052&aid=0001722181","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"MBC 탤런트 合格者 21期\". Kyunghyang Shinmun. June 17, 1992. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1992061700329109026&editNo=15&printCount=1&publishDate=1992-06-17&officeId=00032&pageNo=9&printNo=14438&publishType=00010","url_text":"\"MBC 탤런트 合格者 21期\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun","url_text":"Kyunghyang Shinmun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210904065756/https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1992061700329109026&editNo=15&printCount=1&publishDate=1992-06-17&officeId=00032&pageNo=9&printNo=14438&publishType=00010","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shin, Hae-in (November 28, 2005). \"Old maids dominate local TV screen\". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. 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Retrieved June 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hancinema.net/-mafia--out-of-fashion-business-7234.html","url_text":"\"Mafia, Out of Fashion, Business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancinema","url_text":"Hancinema"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232037/https://www.hancinema.net/-mafia--out-of-fashion-business-7234.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yang, Sung-jin (August 2, 2007). \"Movie Review: The Houseguest overstays its welcome\". The Korea Herald via Hancinema. Archived from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hancinema.net/movie-review-the-houseguest-overstays-its-welcome-10305.html","url_text":"\"Movie Review: The Houseguest overstays its welcome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Korea Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancinema","url_text":"Hancinema"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191108113037/https://www.hancinema.net/movie-review-the-houseguest-overstays-its-welcome-10305.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Hyo-won (August 6, 2007). \"Swindler in My Mom's House Double-Crosses Drama\". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2007/08/135_7837.html","url_text":"\"Swindler in My Mom's House Double-Crosses Drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619201959/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2007/08/135_7837.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Han, Sang-hee (May 20, 2008). \"Investigation Program to Boom on Cable TV\". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2008/05/135_24450.html","url_text":"\"Investigation Program to Boom on Cable TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619095658/http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2008/05/135_24450.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How Talkative Women Succeed\". 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Retrieved June 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soompi.com/2012/12/27/come-to-play-host-kim-won-hee-says-goodbye/","url_text":"\"Come to Play Host Kim Won Hee Says Goodbye\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soompi","url_text":"Soompi"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170701163617/https://www.soompi.com/2012/12/27/come-to-play-host-kim-won-hee-says-goodbye/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrity Volunteer Group Reaches Out to Disabled Children\". KBS Global. October 2, 2008. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.kbs.co.kr/hallyu/entertainment_news_view2.html?No=1827&page=71","url_text":"\"Celebrity Volunteer Group Reaches Out to Disabled Children\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180325105908/http://english.kbs.co.kr/hallyu/entertainment_news_view2.html?No=1827&page=71","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Han, Sang-hee (January 10, 2010). \"SBS Reveals New Family Line-up\". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/01/201_58744.html","url_text":"\"SBS Reveals New Family Line-up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150619204326/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/01/201_58744.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grace, Kim (July 18, 2012). \"Provocative TV content sparks controversy\". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Pepper_publishing	Black Pepper publishing	["1 Publication","2 External links"]	Black Pepper is an independent Australian publishing house founded by Kevin Pearson and Gail Hannah in 1995 specializing in Australian poetry and fiction. Its innovative titles have won critical acclaim. Publication In 1995 it published the first poetry collection by Jennifer Harrison, Michelangelo’s Prisoners (winner of the Anne Elder Award 1995). It has also published her later poetry including Cabramatta/Cudbmirrah (1996), Dear B (1999) (shortlisted for the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards 2000, The Age Book of the Year Award 1999 and the Judith Wright Poetry Prize), Folly & Grief (2006) and Colombine, New & Selected Poems . Amongst a number of other poetry titles are: Jordie Albiston’s ficto-historical Botany Bay Document; A Poetical History of the Women of Botany Bay (1996) and The Hanging of Jean Lee (1998), John Anderson's eco-poetry, the forest set out like the night (1997) and dream poems, the shadow’s keep (1997), Alison Croggon’s The Blue Gate (1997) (shortlisted for the C.J. Dennis Prize for Poetry), two poetry collections by Australian playwright Jack Hibberd, English/Gaelic poetry by Irish Louis de Paor, works by K.F. Pearson and Andrew Sant, including Andrew Sant’s Tremors; New and Selected Poems (2004), Shelton Lea's final poetry collection, Nebuchadnezzar (2005), Emma Lew’s first collection, The Wild Reply (1997) (shortlisted for the NSW Premier's Prize 1997, co-winner of The Age Book of the Year Prize (The Dinny O'Hearn Poetry Prize) 1997, winner of the Dame Mary Gilmore Prize 1997 and runner-up for the Anne Elder Award), Adrienne Eberhard's Agamemnon’s Poppies (2003) and Jane, Lady Franklin (2004), four collections by the formalist poet Stephen Edgar, Other Summers (2006), History of the Day (2009), Eldershaw (2013) (short-listed for the Queensland Literary Awards 2013 and the Prime Minister's Literary Awards 2014 and joint winner of the 2013 Colin Roderick Award) and Exhibits of the Sun (2014), and Homer Rieth's epic poem Wimmera (2009) (short-listed for The Age Book of the Year 2010 for Poetry). In novels, Black Pepper has published a number of works including those of Phil Leask, Alan Wearne, Alison Croggon’s Navigatio (1996), Barry Klemm's Vietnam War novel, Running Dogs (2000), Wayne Macauley's Blueprints for a Barbed-Wire Canoe (2004), Caravan Story (2007) and Other Stories (2010) (short fiction), David Cohen's Fear of Tennis (2007), Nicolette Stasko's episodic The Invention of Everyday Life (2007), Susan Hancock's The Peastick Girl (2013) and Alan Gould's The Poets' Stairwell (2015). Other works published have included a book of plays by Daniel Keene, To Whom It May Concern and other plays (2000), short fictions by Graham Henderson and the commentary by Alan Loney, The printing of a masterpiece (2008). Black Pepper is a member of SPN , (Small Press Network - Australia). External links Black Pepper publishing's website	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Black Pepper publishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jennifer Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Anne Elder Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Elder_Award"},{"link_name":"The Age Book of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_Book_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Jordie Albiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordie_Albiston"},{"link_name":"Alison Croggon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Croggon"},{"link_name":"Jack Hibberd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hibberd"},{"link_name":"Louis de Paor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Paor"},{"link_name":"Andrew Sant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sant"},{"link_name":"Andrew Sant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sant"},{"link_name":"Emma Lew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lew"},{"link_name":"Mary Gilmore Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gilmore_Prize"},{"link_name":"Anne Elder Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Elder_Award"},{"link_name":"Stephen Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Edgar"},{"link_name":"The Age Book of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_Book_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Alan Wearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Wearne"},{"link_name":"Alison Croggon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Croggon"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Alan Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gould"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100608124533/http://spunc.com.au/"}],"text":"In 1995 it published the first poetry collection by Jennifer Harrison, Michelangelo’s Prisoners (winner of the Anne Elder Award 1995). It has also published her later poetry including Cabramatta/Cudbmirrah (1996), Dear B (1999) (shortlisted for the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards 2000, The Age Book of the Year Award 1999 and the Judith Wright Poetry Prize), Folly & Grief (2006) and Colombine, New & Selected Poems [2010]. Amongst a number of other poetry titles are: Jordie Albiston’s ficto-historical Botany Bay Document; A Poetical History of the Women of Botany Bay (1996) and The Hanging of Jean Lee (1998), John Anderson's eco-poetry, the forest set out like the night (1997) and dream poems, the shadow’s keep (1997), Alison Croggon’s The Blue Gate (1997) (shortlisted for the C.J. Dennis Prize for Poetry), two poetry collections by Australian playwright Jack Hibberd, English/Gaelic poetry by Irish Louis de Paor, works by K.F. Pearson and Andrew Sant, including Andrew Sant’s Tremors; New and Selected Poems (2004), Shelton Lea's final poetry collection, Nebuchadnezzar (2005), Emma Lew’s first collection, The Wild Reply (1997) (shortlisted for the NSW Premier's Prize 1997, co-winner of The Age Book of the Year Prize (The Dinny O'Hearn Poetry Prize) 1997, winner of the Dame Mary Gilmore Prize 1997 and runner-up for the Anne Elder Award), Adrienne Eberhard's Agamemnon’s Poppies (2003) and Jane, Lady Franklin (2004), four collections by the formalist poet Stephen Edgar, Other Summers (2006), History of the Day (2009), Eldershaw (2013) (short-listed for the Queensland Literary Awards 2013 and the Prime Minister's Literary Awards 2014 and joint winner of the 2013 Colin Roderick Award) and Exhibits of the Sun (2014), and Homer Rieth's epic poem Wimmera (2009) (short-listed for The Age Book of the Year 2010 for Poetry).In novels, Black Pepper has published a number of works including those of Phil Leask, Alan Wearne, Alison Croggon’s Navigatio (1996), Barry Klemm's Vietnam War novel, Running Dogs (2000), Wayne Macauley's Blueprints for a Barbed-Wire Canoe (2004), Caravan Story (2007) and Other Stories (2010) (short fiction), David Cohen's Fear of Tennis (2007), Nicolette Stasko's episodic The Invention of Everyday Life (2007), Susan Hancock's The Peastick Girl (2013) and Alan Gould's The Poets' Stairwell (2015).Other works published have included a book of plays by Daniel Keene, To Whom It May Concern and other plays (2000), short fictions by Graham Henderson and the commentary by Alan Loney, The printing of a masterpiece (2008).Black Pepper is a member of SPN [1], (Small Press Network - Australia).","title":"Publication"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100608124533/http://spunc.com.au/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://blackpepperpublishing.com/","external_links_name":"Black Pepper publishing's website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Horace_Penn	Arthur Horace Penn	["1 Early life","2 Royal service","3 References"]	British Army officer (1886–1960) For other people named Arthur Penn, see Arthur Penn (disambiguation). Sir Arthur Horace Penn, GCVO, MC (20 April 1886 – 30 December 1960), soldier and courtier, was a member of the Royal Household of the Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Early life Penn was the son of William Penn, of Taverham Hall, Norwich, where he was born in 1886. He was educated first at Eton, and later at Trinity College, Cambridge where he read law, and was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1910. He served as a captain in the Grenadier Guards Special Force from 1916 to 1918, and was adjutant of the 2nd Battalion, and again from 1941 to 1945 as regimental adjutant. He was awarded the Military Cross and the Croix de Guerre for services in World War I. Royal service He joined the Royal Household in 1937 at the time of the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and was a Groom-in-Waiting to the king, an Extra Equerry in 1940 private secretary to then Queen Elizabeth, when he was appointed as Treasurer to the Queen, which became Treasurer to the Queen Mother upon the death of George VI. He was again appointed Groom-in-Waiting, to Queen Elizabeth II, in 1952. As a senior member of the royal household, he was a leading guest at the 1947 wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was made CVO in 1946, advanced to KCVO in 1949, and to GCVO in 1953. Penn was chairman of the billbrokers King and Shaxson, Ltd; Steward of the Courts at Eton; and he was the best man at the marriage of Harold Macmillan to Lady Dorothy Cavendish in 1920. He died a day before he was due to retire from royal service. References ^ a b c "Obituary: Sir Arthur Penn – services to the Royal Family". The Times. London. 31 December 1960. p. 10. ^ London Gazette, 1 August 1952, page 4198. ^ Royal Collection: Seating plan for the Ball Supper Room http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/royalwedding1947/object.asp?grouping=&exhibs=NONE&object=9000366&row=82&detail=magnify This English biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Penn (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Penn_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"GCVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother"}],"text":"For other people named Arthur Penn, see Arthur Penn (disambiguation).Sir Arthur Horace Penn, GCVO, MC (20 April 1886 – 30 December 1960), soldier and courtier, was a member of the Royal Household of the Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.","title":"Arthur Horace Penn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"Grenadier Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Croix de Guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-1"}],"text":"Penn was the son of William Penn, of Taverham Hall, Norwich, where he was born in 1886. He was educated first at Eton, and later at Trinity College, Cambridge where he read law, and was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1910. He served as a captain in the Grenadier Guards Special Force from 1916 to 1918, and was adjutant of the 2nd Battalion, and again from 1941 to 1945 as regimental adjutant. He was awarded the Military Cross and the Croix de Guerre for services in World War I.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Groom-in-Waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groom-in-Waiting"},{"link_name":"Treasurer to the Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_to_the_Queen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-1"},{"link_name":"Harold Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Dorothy_Macmillan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-1"}],"text":"He joined the Royal Household in 1937 at the time of the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and was a Groom-in-Waiting to the king, an Extra Equerry in 1940 private secretary to then Queen Elizabeth, when he was appointed as Treasurer to the Queen, which became Treasurer to the Queen Mother upon the death of George VI. He was again appointed Groom-in-Waiting, to Queen Elizabeth II, in 1952.[2]As a senior member of the royal household, he was a leading guest at the 1947 wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. \n[3]He was made CVO in 1946, advanced to KCVO in 1949, and to GCVO in 1953.[1]Penn was chairman of the billbrokers King and Shaxson, Ltd; Steward of the Courts at Eton; and he was the best man at the marriage of Harold Macmillan to Lady Dorothy Cavendish in 1920.[1]He died a day before he was due to retire from royal service.","title":"Royal service"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Obituary: Sir Arthur Penn – services to the Royal Family\". The Times. London. 31 December 1960. p. 10.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39616/supplement/4198","external_links_name":"London Gazette, 1 August 1952, page 4198."},{"Link":"http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/royalwedding1947/object.asp?grouping=&exhibs=NONE&object=9000366&row=82&detail=magnify","external_links_name":"http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/royalwedding1947/object.asp?grouping=&exhibs=NONE&object=9000366&row=82&detail=magnify"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Horace_Penn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Blackford	Richard Blackford	["1 Biography","1.1 Career highlights","2 Key works","3 Selected recordings","4 External links"]	English composer This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Richard Blackford (born 13 January 1954 in London, England) is an English composer. Biography Richard Blackford PhD studied composition with John Lambert at the Royal College of Music and conducting with Norman Del Mar. He was awarded the Mendelssohn Scholarship and the Tagore Gold Medal. He spent a number of years as Hans Werner Henze's assistant in Italy on a Leverhulme scholarship, where he received his first commissions while immersed in the European avant-garde. He returned to London in 1977 to turn his sights to the dramatic potential of music, combining teaching at LAMDA with commissions for theatre scores along with concert commissions. After becoming first Composer in Residence at Balliol College, Oxford, he was commissioned to write the opera Metamorphoses for the Centenary of the Royal College of Music. Further collaborations with Ted Hughes and Tony Harrison led to international film and theatre projects, including The Prince's Play and Fram at the Royal National Theatre. In all he has composed four operas, two musicals, much concert music and the scores to over two hundred films, being nominated for an Emmy Award in 2001 for Outstanding Achievement In Music. The mid-1990s saw a renewed focus on lyrical and dramatic works for the concert hall, notably Mirror of Perfection and Voices of Exile, both subjects of television documentaries. 2011 saw the premiere of Not In Our Time, a 55-minute choral and orchestral work commissioned to mark the Centenary of the Bournemouth Symphony Chorus and for performance on the tenth anniversary of 9/11, conducted by Gavin Carr. It was subsequently performed in Chicago and Bremen to standing ovations. In 2014, Blackford collaborated with wild soundscape recordist Bernie Krause to compose The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony. The work combines the traditional sounds of the orchestra with recordings of gibbons, humpback whales, Pacific tree frogs, mountain gorillas, beavers and the musician wren. The piece was premiered on the 12 July 2014 at the Cheltenham Festival with the BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Martyn Brabbins, then given at the Aberystwyth MusicFest and Birmingham Town Hall by the LSSO. Nimbus Records and Nimbus Music Publishing released the CD and score respectively. In 2015 Richard was awarded Die Goldene Deutschland for services to music in Germany alongside Plácido Domingo and Diana Damrau. 2017 saw the premiere of his concertante work for violin and orchestra 'Niobe', commissioned by the Czech Philharmonic and recorded with soloist Tamsin Waley-Cohen for Signum Classics. The Czech Philharmonic also recorded Kalon for string quartet and string orchestra, a Cheltenham Festival commission in association with BBC Radio 3 for the 2018 Cheltenham Festival with the BBC NOW conducted by Martyn Brabbins. 2018 also saw the premiere of his string quartet Seven Hokusai Miniatures, commissioned by the Aberystwyth MusicFest for the Solem Quartet. 'Pietà', his third commission from the Bournemouth Symphony Chorus, conducted by Gavin Carr, was premiered in 2019 and won the Ivor Novello Award in the Choral Category 2020.In 2023 he was awarded Best Creator Award for his cantata Babel by Making Music, the National Federation of Music Societies. Blackford is President of the Bournemouth Symphony Chorus, a Trustee of The Bach Choir and a Trustee of Lyrita Nimbus Arts. He is published by Novello and Nimbus Publishing. In January 2019 he was awarded the Degree of Doctor Of Philosophy by the University of Bristol. Career highlights 1974 – Leverhulme Scholarship to study in Rome with Henze; wins Mendelssohn Scholarship and Tagore Gold Medal. 1990 – premiere of the musical King, with lyrics by Maya Angelou, at London's Piccadilly Theatre. 1990-5 – Director of Music at the Royal Ballet School where he wrote ballet Plea to Autumn performed at the Royal Opera House. 2000 – Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Achievement In Music for Millennium (CNN). 2007 – Composer in Residence to Brno Philharmonic. Premiere of Violin Concerto. 2011 – Premiere of Not In Our Time, under auspices of Cheltenham Festival, with The Bournemouth Symphony Chorus, The Bournemouth Symphony Youth Chorus and The Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Gavin Carr. 2014 – World Premiere of The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony at Cheltenham Festival, wild soundscapes by Bernie Krause, BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Martyn Brabbins 2015 – Awarded Die Goldene Deutschland in Cuviliestheater, Munich, for services to music in Germany. Other prizewinners included Placido Domingo and Jonas Kaufmann. 2017 – World Premiere of "Niobe" a Czech Philharmonic commission, performed by Tamsin Waley-Cohen (solo violin) and Ben Gernon (conductor) 2018 - World Premiere of "Kalon", performed by BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Martyn Brabbins (conductor) 2020 - Pietà, conducted by Gavin Carr, wins Ivor Novello Award for the Choral Category Key works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (1978; soloists, children's and adult choruses, orchestra) Mirror of Perfection (1996; soprano, baritone, chorus, orchestra) Not In Our Time (2011; tenor and baritone soloists, chorus, children's chorus and orchestra) Violin Concerto (2007, revised 2008) Clarinet Quintet (2009) Voices of Exile (2001, rev. 2004; soloists, children's and adult choruses, orchestra) House of Harmony (2005; German-Singapore movie soundtrack) The Shell Seekers (2006) The Great Animal Orchestra (2014; Symphony for Orchestra and Wild Soundscapes) "The Better Angels of Our Nature" (2013) concerto for oboe and string orchestra "Five Naidu Songs" (2015) for mezzo-soprano, clarinet and string quartet "Niobe" (2016) for solo violin and orchestra "Kalon" (2017) for string quartet and string orchestra "Pietà" (2019) for SATB chorus, children's chorus, mezzo-soprano and baritone soli, soprano saxophone and strings. Selected recordings Mirror of Perfection – Nimbus Alliance NI 6205 Voices of Exile – Nimbus Alliance NI 6264 Not In Our Time - Nimbus Alliance NI 6161 The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony - Nimbus Alliance NI 6274 On Another's Sorrow – Signum Classics SIGCD059 Voices of Exile – Nimbus Alliance The Better Angels Of Our Nature - Champs Hill Records (CHRCD 116) Niobe - Signum Classics (SIGCD 539) Seven Hokusai Miniatures, Five Naidu Songs, Dragon Songs - Nimbus Alliance (NI 6379) Pietà - Nimbus Alliance (NI6396) Babel -for soprano, tenor and baritone soli, SATB chorus, piano duet, organ and two percussion (Lyrita SRCD432) Songs of Nadia Anjuman - for soprano and string orchestra (NI6444) External links Richard Blackford's official website Richard Blackford's homepage at Novello & Co Richard Blackford Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2014) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"}],"text":"Richard Blackford (born 13 January 1954 in London, England) is an English composer.","title":"Richard Blackford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lambert_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Norman Del Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Del_Mar"},{"link_name":"Hans Werner Henze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"LAMDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMDA"},{"link_name":"Balliol College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Bernie Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Krause"},{"link_name":"gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon"},{"link_name":"humpback whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"Pacific tree frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_tree_frog"},{"link_name":"mountain gorillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_gorilla"},{"link_name":"beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver"},{"link_name":"musician wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician_wren"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"BBC National Orchestra of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_National_Orchestra_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Martyn Brabbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_Brabbins"},{"link_name":"Nimbus Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_Records"},{"link_name":"music in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Diana Damrau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Damrau"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3"},{"link_name":"The Bach Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bach_Choir"}],"text":"Richard Blackford PhD studied composition with John Lambert at the Royal College of Music and conducting with Norman Del Mar. He was awarded the Mendelssohn Scholarship and the Tagore Gold Medal. He spent a number of years as Hans Werner Henze's assistant in Italy on a Leverhulme scholarship, where he received his first commissions while immersed in the European avant-garde.He returned to London in 1977 to turn his sights to the dramatic potential of music, combining teaching at LAMDA with commissions for theatre scores along with concert commissions. After becoming first Composer in Residence at Balliol College, Oxford, he was commissioned to write the opera Metamorphoses for the Centenary of the Royal College of Music. Further collaborations with Ted Hughes and Tony Harrison led to international film and theatre projects, including The Prince's Play and Fram at the Royal National Theatre. In all he has composed four operas, two musicals, much concert music and the scores to over two hundred films, being nominated for an Emmy Award in 2001 for Outstanding Achievement In Music.The mid-1990s saw a renewed focus on lyrical and dramatic works for the concert hall, notably Mirror of Perfection and Voices of Exile, both subjects of television documentaries. 2011 saw the premiere of Not In Our Time, a 55-minute choral and orchestral work commissioned to mark the Centenary of the Bournemouth Symphony Chorus and for performance on the tenth anniversary of 9/11, conducted by Gavin Carr. It was subsequently performed in Chicago and Bremen to standing ovations.In 2014, Blackford collaborated with wild soundscape recordist Bernie Krause to compose The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony. The work combines the traditional sounds of the orchestra with recordings of gibbons, humpback whales, Pacific tree frogs, mountain gorillas, beavers and the musician wren. The piece was premiered on the 12 July 2014 at the Cheltenham Festival with the BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Martyn Brabbins, then given at the Aberystwyth MusicFest and Birmingham Town Hall by the LSSO. Nimbus Records and Nimbus Music Publishing released the CD and score respectively.In 2015 Richard was awarded Die Goldene Deutschland for services to music in Germany alongside Plácido Domingo and Diana Damrau. 2017 saw the premiere of his concertante work for violin and orchestra 'Niobe', commissioned by the Czech Philharmonic and recorded with soloist Tamsin Waley-Cohen for Signum Classics. The Czech Philharmonic also recorded Kalon for string quartet and string orchestra, a Cheltenham Festival commission in association with BBC Radio 3 for the 2018 Cheltenham Festival with the BBC NOW conducted by Martyn Brabbins. 2018 also saw the premiere of his string quartet Seven Hokusai Miniatures, commissioned by the Aberystwyth MusicFest for the Solem Quartet. 'Pietà', his third commission from the Bournemouth Symphony Chorus, conducted by Gavin Carr, was premiered in 2019 and won the Ivor Novello Award in the Choral Category 2020.In 2023 he was awarded Best Creator Award for his cantata Babel by Making Music, the National Federation of Music Societies.Blackford is President of the Bournemouth Symphony Chorus, a Trustee of The Bach Choir and a Trustee of Lyrita Nimbus Arts. He is published by Novello and Nimbus Publishing. In January 2019 he was awarded the Degree of Doctor Of Philosophy by the University of Bristol.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mendelssohn Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelssohn_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Royal Ballet School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ballet_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Millennium"}],"sub_title":"Career highlights","text":"1974 – Leverhulme Scholarship to study in Rome with Henze; wins Mendelssohn Scholarship and Tagore Gold Medal.\n1990 – premiere of the musical King, with lyrics by Maya Angelou, at London's Piccadilly Theatre.\n1990-5 – Director of Music at the Royal Ballet School where he wrote ballet Plea to Autumn performed at the Royal Opera House.\n2000 – Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Achievement In Music for Millennium (CNN).\n2007 – Composer in Residence to Brno Philharmonic. Premiere of Violin Concerto.\n2011 – Premiere of Not In Our Time, under auspices of Cheltenham Festival, with The Bournemouth Symphony Chorus, The Bournemouth Symphony Youth Chorus and The Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Gavin Carr.\n2014 – World Premiere of The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony at Cheltenham Festival, wild soundscapes by Bernie Krause, BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Martyn Brabbins\n2015 – Awarded Die Goldene Deutschland in Cuviliestheater, Munich, for services to music in Germany. Other prizewinners included Placido Domingo and Jonas Kaufmann.\n2017 – World Premiere of \"Niobe\" a Czech Philharmonic commission, performed by Tamsin Waley-Cohen (solo violin) and Ben Gernon (conductor)\n2018 - World Premiere of \"Kalon\", performed by BBC National Orchestra of Wales, Martyn Brabbins (conductor)\n2020 - Pietà, conducted by Gavin Carr, wins Ivor Novello Award for the Choral Category","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Harmony"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"The Shell Seekers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shell_Seekers_(mini-series)"}],"text":"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (1978; soloists, children's and adult choruses, orchestra)\nMirror of Perfection (1996; soprano, baritone, chorus, orchestra)\nNot In Our Time (2011; tenor and baritone soloists, chorus, children's chorus and orchestra)\nViolin Concerto (2007, revised 2008)\nClarinet Quintet (2009)\nVoices of Exile (2001, rev. 2004; soloists, children's and adult choruses, orchestra)\nHouse of Harmony (2005; German-Singapore movie soundtrack)\nThe Shell Seekers (2006)\nThe Great Animal Orchestra (2014; Symphony for Orchestra and Wild Soundscapes)\n\"The Better Angels of Our Nature\" (2013) concerto for oboe and string orchestra\n\"Five Naidu Songs\" (2015) for mezzo-soprano, clarinet and string quartet\n\"Niobe\" (2016) for solo violin and orchestra\n\"Kalon\" (2017) for string quartet and string orchestra\n\"Pietà\" (2019) for SATB chorus, children's chorus, mezzo-soprano and baritone soli, soprano saxophone and strings.","title":"Key works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirror of Perfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wyastone.co.uk/richard-blackford-mirror-of-perfection-and-choral-anthems.html"},{"link_name":"Voices of Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wyastone.co.uk/richard-blackford-voices-of-exile.html"},{"link_name":"Not In Our Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wyastone.co.uk/richard-blackford-not-in-our-time.html"},{"link_name":"On Another's Sorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2441&State_2934=2&discId_2934=1659"},{"link_name":"Voices of Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2441&State_2934=2&discId_2934=2017"}],"text":"Mirror of Perfection – Nimbus Alliance NI 6205\nVoices of Exile – Nimbus Alliance NI 6264\nNot In Our Time - Nimbus Alliance NI 6161\nThe Great Animal Orchestra Symphony - Nimbus Alliance NI 6274\nOn Another's Sorrow – Signum Classics SIGCD059\nVoices of Exile – Nimbus Alliance\nThe Better Angels Of Our Nature - Champs Hill Records (CHRCD 116)\nNiobe - Signum Classics (SIGCD 539)\nSeven Hokusai Miniatures, Five Naidu Songs, Dragon Songs - Nimbus Alliance (NI 6379)\nPietà - Nimbus Alliance (NI6396)\nBabel -for soprano, tenor and baritone soli, SATB chorus, piano duet, organ and two percussion (Lyrita SRCD432)\nSongs of Nadia Anjuman - for soprano and string orchestra (NI6444)","title":"Selected recordings"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.wyastone.co.uk/richard-blackford-mirror-of-perfection-and-choral-anthems.html","external_links_name":"Mirror of Perfection"},{"Link":"http://www.wyastone.co.uk/richard-blackford-voices-of-exile.html","external_links_name":"Voices of Exile"},{"Link":"http://www.wyastone.co.uk/richard-blackford-not-in-our-time.html","external_links_name":"Not In Our Time"},{"Link":"http://www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2441&State_2934=2&discId_2934=1659","external_links_name":"On Another's Sorrow"},{"Link":"http://www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2441&State_2934=2&discId_2934=2017","external_links_name":"Voices of Exile"},{"Link":"http://www.blackford.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Richard Blackford's official website"},{"Link":"http://www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2431&State_2905=2&composerId_2905=126","external_links_name":"Richard Blackford's homepage at Novello & Co"},{"Link":"https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/richard-blackford","external_links_name":"Richard Blackford Interview"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078398048","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/85921898","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxhqp8RvPRvBXqQCHWRrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134330293","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007456688805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78014179","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0093028&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074917633","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/af507d09-b56f-47ee-9e27-79e54eb3c19f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd134330293.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64j1j68","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/139787712","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar_Quadri	Samar Quadri	["1 References","2 External links"]	Indian cricketer Samar QuadriPersonal informationFull nameSamar Safdar QuadriBorn (1989-07-27) 27 July 1989 (age 34)Patna, Bihar, IndiaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm legbreak googlyRoleBowlerDomestic team information YearsTeam2009–Jharkhand2018–Bihar First-class debut17-20 November 2009 Jharkhand v AssamLast First-class1-2 November 2018 Bihar v UttarakhandLast List A14 October 2018 Bihar v MumbaiCareer statistics Competition First-class List A T20 Matches 35 10 4 Runs scored 177 9 2 Batting average 6.32 9.00 - 100s/50s 0/0 0/0 0/0 Top score 17* 4 1* Balls bowled 6759 551 78 Wickets 122 15 6 Bowling average 30.72 21.53 15.16 5 wickets in innings 6 1 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 0 Best bowling 6/65 5/22 3/16 Catches/stumpings 9/0 2/0 0/0Source: Cricinfo, 7 October 2018 Samar Quadri (born 27 July 1989) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Bihar. He made his first-class debut for Jharkhand against Assam on 17 November 2009 in 2009-10 Ranji Trophy. He made his List A debut on 3 March 2014, for Jharkhand in the 2013–14 Vijay Hazare Trophy. References ^ a b "Samar Quadri". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 October 2015. ^ "East Zone, Ranchi, Mar 3 2014, Vijay Hazare Trophy". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 19 November 2020. External links Samar Quadri at ESPNcricinfo This biographical article related to an Indian cricket person born in 1989 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2009-10 Ranji Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009-10_Ranji_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"List A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"2013–14 Vijay Hazare Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Vijay_Hazare_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA-2"}],"text":"Samar Quadri (born 27 July 1989) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Bihar.[1] He made his first-class debut for Jharkhand against Assam on 17 November 2009 in 2009-10 Ranji Trophy.[1] He made his List A debut on 3 March 2014, for Jharkhand in the 2013–14 Vijay Hazare Trophy.[2]","title":"Samar Quadri"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Samar Quadri\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 11 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/434725.html","url_text":"\"Samar Quadri\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Zone, Ranchi, Mar 3 2014, Vijay Hazare Trophy\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 19 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/671163.html","url_text":"\"East Zone, Ranchi, Mar 3 2014, Vijay Hazare Trophy\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/434725.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/434725.html","external_links_name":"\"Samar Quadri\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/671163.html","external_links_name":"\"East Zone, Ranchi, Mar 3 2014, Vijay Hazare Trophy\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/434725.html","external_links_name":"Samar Quadri"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samar_Quadri&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldton_Sandplains	Geraldton Sandplains	["1 Subregions","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]	Bioregion of Western Australia Geraldton SandplainsWestern AustraliaThe interim Australian bioregions,with Geraldton Sandplains in redArea31,421.49 km2 (12,131.9 sq mi) Localities around Geraldton Sandplains: Indian Ocean Yalgoo Yalgoo Indian Ocean Geraldton Sandplains Avon Wheatbelt Indian Ocean Swan Coastal Plain Avon Wheatbelt Geraldton Sandplains is an interim Australian bioregion of Western Australia. It has an area of 3,142,149 hectares (7,764,420 acres). The Geraldton Sandplains is part of the larger Southwest Australia savanna ecoregion, as assessed by the World Wildlife Fund. Subregions IBRA regions and subregions: IBRA7 IBRA region / subregion IBRA code Area States Location in Australia Geraldton Sandplains GES 3,142,149 hectares (7,764,420 acres) WA Geraldton Hills GES01 1,969,997 hectares (4,867,970 acres) Leseur Sandplain GES02 1,172,152 hectares (2,896,450 acres) See also Shark Bay, Western Australia References ^ Environment Australia. "Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) and Development of Version 5.1 – Summary Report" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Australian Government. Retrieved 15 May 2022. ^ "Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA7) regions and codes". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Commonwealth of Australia. 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2022. ^ "Southwest Australia savanna". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Further reading Thackway, R and I D Cresswell (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia : a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program Version 4.0 Canberra : Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Reserve Systems Unit, 1995. ISBN 0-642-21371-2 vteInterim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) Arnhem Coast Arnhem Plateau Australian Alps Avon Wheatbelt Ben Lomond Brigalow Belt North Brigalow Belt South Broken Hill Complex Burt Plain Cape York Peninsula Carnarvon Central Arnhem Central Kimberley Central Mackay Coast Central Ranges Channel Country Cobar Peneplain Coolgardie Coral Sea Cumberland Plain Daly Basin Dampierland Darling Riverine Plains Darwin Coastal Davenport Murchison Ranges Desert Uplands Einasleigh Uplands Esperance Plains Eyre Yorke Block Finke Flinders Lofty Block Furneaux Gascoyne Gawler Geraldton Sandplains Gibson Desert Great Sandy Desert Great Victoria Desert Gulf Coastal Gulf Fall and Uplands Gulf Plains Hampton Indian Tropical Islands Jarrah Forest Kanmantoo King Little Sandy Desert MacDonnell Ranges Mallee Mitchell Grass Downs Mount Isa Inlier Mulga Lands Murchison Murray Darling Depression Nandewar Naracoorte Coastal Plain New England Tablelands Northern Kimberley New South Wales North Coast New South Wales South Western Slopes Nullarbor Plain Ord Victoria Plain Pacific Subtropical Islands Pine Creek Pilbara Riverina Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields South East Coastal Plain South East Corner South Eastern Highlands South Eastern Queensland Southern Volcanic Plain Stony Plains Sturt Plateau Subantarctic Islands Swan Coastal Plain Sydney Basin Tanami Tasmanian Central Highlands Tasmanian Northern Midlands Tasmanian Northern Slopes Tasmanian South East Tasmanian Southern Ranges Tasmanian West Tiwi Cobourg Victoria Bonaparte Victorian Midlands Warren Wet Tropics Yalgoo Bioregions of the National Reserve System This Western Australia article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interim Australian bioregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBRA_5.1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBRA7-2"},{"link_name":"Southwest Australia savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Australia_savanna"},{"link_name":"World Wildlife Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Geraldton Sandplains is an interim Australian bioregion of Western Australia.[1] It has an area of 3,142,149 hectares (7,764,420 acres).[2] The Geraldton Sandplains is part of the larger Southwest Australia savanna ecoregion, as assessed by the World Wildlife Fund.[3]","title":"Geraldton Sandplains"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Subregions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-642-21371-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-21371-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia_(IBRA)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia_(IBRA)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia_(IBRA)"},{"link_name":"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Coast"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Australian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Avon Wheatbelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Wheatbelt"},{"link_name":"Ben Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lomond_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Brigalow Belt North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigalow_Belt_North"},{"link_name":"Brigalow Belt South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigalow_Belt_South"},{"link_name":"Broken Hill Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Hill_Complex"},{"link_name":"Burt Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Plain"},{"link_name":"Cape York Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula_tropical_savanna"},{"link_name":"Carnarvon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnarvon_xeric_shrublands"},{"link_name":"Central Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arnhem"},{"link_name":"Central Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Kimberley"},{"link_name":"Central Mackay Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Mackay_Coast"},{"link_name":"Central Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Channel Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Country"},{"link_name":"Cobar Peneplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobar_Peneplain"},{"link_name":"Coolgardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolgardie_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Plain"},{"link_name":"Daly Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daly_Basin"},{"link_name":"Dampierland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampierland"},{"link_name":"Darling Riverine Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_Riverine_Plains"},{"link_name":"Darwin Coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Coastal"},{"link_name":"Davenport Murchison Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport_Murchison_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Desert Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Einasleigh Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einasleigh_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Esperance Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperance_Plains"},{"link_name":"Eyre Yorke Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Yorke_Block"},{"link_name":"Finke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finke_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Flinders Lofty Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Lofty_Block"},{"link_name":"Furneaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furneaux_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Gascoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascoyne_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Gawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawler_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Geraldton Sandplains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gibson Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Desert"},{"link_name":"Great Sandy Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sandy_Desert"},{"link_name":"Great Victoria Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coastal"},{"link_name":"Gulf Fall and Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Fall_and_Uplands"},{"link_name":"Gulf Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Plains"},{"link_name":"Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Indian Tropical Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Tropical_Islands"},{"link_name":"Jarrah Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrah_Forest"},{"link_name":"Kanmantoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanmantoo_bioregion"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Little Sandy Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Sandy_Desert"},{"link_name":"MacDonnell Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacDonnell_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Mallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Grass Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Grass_Downs_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Mount Isa Inlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Isa_Inlier"},{"link_name":"Mulga Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulga_Lands"},{"link_name":"Murchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Murray Darling Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Darling_Depression"},{"link_name":"Nandewar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandewar"},{"link_name":"Naracoorte Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naracoorte_Coastal_Plain"},{"link_name":"New England Tablelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Tablelands_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Northern Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Kimberley"},{"link_name":"New South Wales North Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_North_Coast"},{"link_name":"New South Wales South Western Slopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_South_Western_Slopes"},{"link_name":"Nullarbor Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain"},{"link_name":"Ord Victoria Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord_Victoria_Plain"},{"link_name":"Pacific Subtropical Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Subtropical_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pine Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Creek_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Pilbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilbara_shrublands"},{"link_name":"Riverina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverina"},{"link_name":"Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson_Strzelecki_Dunefields"},{"link_name":"South East Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Coastal_Plain"},{"link_name":"South East Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Corner"},{"link_name":"South Eastern Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Highlands"},{"link_name":"South Eastern Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Southern Volcanic Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Volcanic_Plain"},{"link_name":"Stony Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Plains"},{"link_name":"Sturt Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturt_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Subantarctic Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subantarctic_Islands"},{"link_name":"Swan Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Coastal_Plain"},{"link_name":"Sydney Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Basin"},{"link_name":"Tanami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanami_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Central Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Central_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Northern Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Northern_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Northern Slopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Northern_Slopes"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_South_East"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Southern Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Southern_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_West"},{"link_name":"Tiwi Cobourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi_Cobourg"},{"link_name":"Victoria Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Victorian Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Wet Tropics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Tropics"},{"link_name":"Yalgoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalgoo_bioregion"},{"link_name":"Bioregions of the National Reserve System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reserve_System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WA_in_Australia_map.png"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geraldton_Sandplains&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WesternAustralia-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WesternAustralia-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WesternAustralia-stub"}],"text":"Thackway, R and I D Cresswell (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia : a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program Version 4.0 Canberra : Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Reserve Systems Unit, 1995. ISBN 0-642-21371-2vteInterim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA)\nArnhem Coast\nArnhem Plateau\nAustralian Alps\nAvon Wheatbelt\nBen Lomond\nBrigalow Belt North\nBrigalow Belt South\nBroken Hill Complex\nBurt Plain\nCape York Peninsula\nCarnarvon\nCentral Arnhem\nCentral Kimberley\nCentral Mackay Coast\nCentral Ranges\nChannel Country\nCobar Peneplain\nCoolgardie\nCoral Sea\nCumberland Plain\nDaly Basin\nDampierland\nDarling Riverine Plains\nDarwin Coastal\nDavenport Murchison Ranges\nDesert Uplands\nEinasleigh Uplands\nEsperance Plains\nEyre Yorke Block\nFinke\nFlinders Lofty Block\nFurneaux\nGascoyne\nGawler\nGeraldton Sandplains\nGibson Desert\nGreat Sandy Desert\nGreat Victoria Desert\nGulf Coastal\nGulf Fall and Uplands\nGulf Plains\nHampton\nIndian Tropical Islands\nJarrah Forest\nKanmantoo\nKing\nLittle Sandy Desert\nMacDonnell Ranges\nMallee\nMitchell Grass Downs\nMount Isa Inlier\nMulga Lands\nMurchison\nMurray Darling Depression\nNandewar\nNaracoorte Coastal Plain\nNew England Tablelands\nNorthern Kimberley\nNew South Wales North Coast\nNew South Wales South Western Slopes\nNullarbor Plain\nOrd Victoria Plain\nPacific Subtropical Islands\nPine Creek\nPilbara\nRiverina\nSimpson Strzelecki Dunefields\nSouth East Coastal Plain\nSouth East Corner\nSouth Eastern Highlands\nSouth Eastern Queensland\nSouthern Volcanic Plain\nStony Plains\nSturt Plateau\nSubantarctic Islands\nSwan Coastal Plain\nSydney Basin\nTanami\nTasmanian Central Highlands\nTasmanian Northern Midlands\nTasmanian Northern Slopes\nTasmanian South East\nTasmanian Southern Ranges\nTasmanian West\nTiwi Cobourg\nVictoria Bonaparte\nVictorian Midlands\nWarren\nWet Tropics\nYalgoo\nBioregions of the National Reserve SystemThis Western Australia article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Shark Bay, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Bay,_Western_Australia"}]	[{"reference":"Environment Australia. \"Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) and Development of Version 5.1 – Summary Report\" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Australian Government. Retrieved 15 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Australia","url_text":"Environment Australia"},{"url":"https://www.awe.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/revision-ibra-development-5-1-summary-report.pdf","url_text":"\"Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) and Development of Version 5.1 – Summary Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_and_Water_Resources","url_text":"Department of the Environment and Water Resources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia","url_text":"Australian Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA7) regions and codes\". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Commonwealth of Australia. 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/ibracode7.html","url_text":"\"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA7) regions and codes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southwest Australia savanna\". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/aa1209","url_text":"\"Southwest Australia savanna\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.awe.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/revision-ibra-development-5-1-summary-report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) and Development of Version 5.1 – Summary Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/ibracode7.html","external_links_name":"\"Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA7) regions and codes\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/aa1209","external_links_name":"\"Southwest Australia savanna\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geraldton_Sandplains&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Endrabcwizart	User talk:Endrabcwizart	["1 Welcome!","2 Leave your Suggestion Here","3 Welcome!","4 Welcome Endrabcwizart!","5 Managing a conflict of interest","6 Rollback granted","7 Rollback granted","8 Moushumi Kandali","9 +rollback","10 Concern regarding Draft:Sudhir Shrestha","11 Concern regarding Draft:Urgen Dong","12 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","13 I have sent you a note about a page you started","14 Unreferenced articles February 2024 backlog drive","15 Welcome to the drive!","16 Your draft article, Draft:Urgen Dong"]	Expressive101 has given you a fresh pie! Pies promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a piping hot pie, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Bon appetit! Spread the tastiness of pies by adding {{subst:Give pie}} to their talk page with a friendly message. Hey wiki-buddy, I baked you this pie.Expressive101 (talk) 17:09, 17 September 2023 (UTC) Welcome! Welcome to my Talk Page This is Endrabcwizart's talk page, where you can send them messages and comments. Put new text under old text. Click here to start a new topic. New to Wikipedia? Welcome! Learn to edit; get help. Assume good faith Be polite and avoid personal attacks Be welcoming to newcomers Seek dispute resolution if needed This Section is for Contribution Article Leave your Suggestion Here welcome to my talk Page If there is seen any mistake or against of wikipedia policy from my Page or article They can leave their message Here Welcome! Welcome Endrabcwizart! Hello Endrabcwizart. Welcome to Wikipedia and thank you for your contributions! I'm Mr Reading Turtle, one of the other editors here, and I hope you decide to stay and help contribute to this amazing repository of knowledge. Some pages of helpful information to get you started: Introduction to Wikipedia The five pillars of Wikipedia Editing tutorial How to edit a page Simplified Manual of Style The basics of Wikicode How to develop an article How to create an article Help pages What Wikipedia is not Some common sense Dos and Don'ts: Do be bold Do assume good faith Do be civil Do keep cool! Do maintain a neutral point of view Don't spam Don't infringe copyright Don't edit where you have a conflict of interest Don't commit vandalism Don't get blocked If you need further help, you can: Ask a question or you can: Get help at the Teahouse or even: Ask an experienced editor to "adopt" you Alternatively, leave me a message at my talk page or type {{helpme}} here on your talk page and someone will try to help. There are many ways you can contribute to Wikipedia. Here are a few ideas: Fight vandalism Be a WikiFairy or a WikiGnome Help contribute to articles Perform maintenance tasks Become a member of a project that interests you Help design new templates Subscribe and contribute to The Signpost Translate articles from Wikipedias in other languages To get some practice editing you can use a sandbox. You can create your own personal sandbox for use any time. It's perfect for working on bigger projects. Then for easy access in the future, you can put {{My sandbox}} on your userpage. Please remember to: Always sign your posts on talk pages. You can do this either by clicking on the button on the edit toolbar or by typing four tildes ~~~~ at the end of your post. This will automatically insert your signature, a link to your talk page, and a timestamp. Leave descriptive edit summaries for your edits. Doing so helps other editors understand what changes you have made and why you made them. The best way to learn about something is to experience it. Explore, learn, contribute, and don't forget to have some fun! Sincerely, 𝕸𝖗 𝕽𝖊𝖆𝖉𝖎𝖓𝖌 𝕿𝖚𝖗𝖙𝖑𝖊\|🇺🇦🇺🇦🇺🇦\|☎️\|📄 19:02, 31 May 2022 (UTC) (Leave me a message) Español Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Русский 日本語 Polski فارسی 𝕸𝖗 𝕽𝖊𝖆𝖉𝖎𝖓𝖌 𝕿𝖚𝖗𝖙𝖑𝖊\|🇺🇦🇺🇦🇺🇦\|☎️\|📄 19:02, 31 May 2022 (UTC) Managing a conflict of interest Hello, Endrabcwizart. We welcome your contributions, but if you have an external relationship with the people, places or things you have written about on Wikipedia, you may have a conflict of interest (COI). Editors with a conflict of interest may be unduly influenced by their connection to the topic. See the conflict of interest guideline and FAQ for organizations for more information. We ask that you: avoid editing or creating articles about yourself, your family, friends, colleagues, company, organization, clients, or competitors; propose changes on the talk pages of affected articles (you can use the {{request edit}} template); disclose your conflict of interest when discussing affected articles (see Wikipedia:Conflict of interest#How to disclose a COI); avoid linking to your organization's website in other articles (see Wikipedia:Spam#External link spamming); do your best to comply with Wikipedia's content policies. In addition, you are required by the Wikimedia Foundation's terms of use to disclose your employer, client, and affiliation with respect to any contribution which forms all or part of work for which you receive, or expect to receive, compensation. See Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure. Also, editing for the purpose of advertising, publicising, or promoting anyone or anything is not permitted. This is a follow up from the prior inquiries left by Onel5969 regarding potential conflicts of interest with the subjects of drafts you have submitted. signed, Rosguill talk 17:41, 1 March 2023 (UTC) Rollback granted Hi Endrabcwizart. After reviewing your request, I have temporarily enabled rollback on your account until 2023-04-02. Please keep the following things in mind while using rollback: Getting rollback is no more momentous than installing Twinkle or RedWarn. Rollback should be used to revert clear cases of vandalism only, and not good faith edits. Rollback should never be used to edit war. If abused, rollback rights can be revoked. Use common sense. If you no longer want rollback, contact me and I'll remove it. Also, for some more information on how to use rollback, see Wikipedia:Administrators' guide/Rollback (even though you're not an admin). I'm sure you'll do great with rollback, but feel free to leave me a message on my talk page if you run into trouble or have any questions about appropriate/inappropriate use of rollback. Thank you for helping to reduce vandalism. Happy editing! HJ Mitchell \| Penny for your thoughts? 21:09, 1 March 2023 (UTC) Rollback granted Hi Endrabcwizart. After reviewing your request, I have temporarily enabled rollback on your account until 2023-06-05. Please keep the following things in mind while using rollback: Getting rollback is no more momentous than installing Twinkle or RedWarn. Rollback should be used to revert clear cases of vandalism only, and not good faith edits. Rollback should never be used to edit war. If abused, rollback rights can be revoked. Use common sense. If you no longer want rollback, contact me and I'll remove it. Also, for some more information on how to use rollback, see Wikipedia:Administrators' guide/Rollback (even though you're not an admin). I'm sure you'll do great with rollback, but feel free to leave me a message on my talk page if you run into trouble or have any questions about appropriate/inappropriate use of rollback. Thank you for helping to reduce vandalism. Happy editing! Airplaneman (talk) ✈ 00:21, 6 May 2023 (UTC) Moushumi Kandali Hi Endrabcwizart, I have moved the page Moushumi Kandali to main namespace from draft. Please check it once if I have done this correctly. Thanks in advance.- Chandan Chiring Phukon Ping • My Contr. 17:38, 12 May 2023 (UTC) +rollback Hi Endrabcwizart, After reviewing your request, I have added your account to the rollback group. Keep in mind these things when using rollback: Getting rollback is no more momentous than installing Twinkle. Users should be informed (or warned) after their edits have been reverted. If warnings repeatedly don't help, WP:ANI is the default place to go. In cases of very clear ongoing intentional damage to the encyclopedia, WP:AIV can be used. Reverting someone's edits may confuse or upset them. Whenever other users message you on your talk page, please take the time to respond to their concerns; accountability is important. For most users who message you, the tone and quality of your answer will permanently influence their opinion about Wikipedia in general. Because the plain default rollback link does not provide any explanatory edit summary, it must not be used to revert good faith contributions, even if these contributions are disruptive. Take the time to write a proper summary whenever you're dealing with a lack of neutrality or verifiability; a short explanation like "]" or "]" is helpful. Rollback may never be used to edit war, which you'll notice to be surprisingly tempting in genuine content disputes. Please especially keep the three-revert rule in mind. If you see others edit warring, please file a report at WP:ANEW. The most helpful essay I've ever seen is WP:DISCFAIL; it is especially important for those who review content regularly. If you encounter private information or threats of physical harm during your patrols, please quickly use Special:EmailUser/Oversight or Special:EmailUser/Emergency; ideally bookmark these pages now. See WP:OS and WP:EMERGENCY for details. If you're regularly patrolling recent changes, you will need both contacts sooner or later, and you'll be happy about the bookmarks. To try rollback for the first time, you may like to make an edit to WP:Sandbox, and another one, and another one, and then revert the row with one click. I'm sure you'll do great with rollback, but feel free to leave me a message on my talk page if you run into trouble or have any questions about rollback. Thank you for your time and work in cleaning up Wikipedia. Happy editing! Best regards,~ ToBeFree (talk) 11:33, 5 September 2023 (UTC) Concern regarding Draft:Sudhir Shrestha Hello, Endrabcwizart. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Sudhir Shrestha, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace. If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it. Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 18:02, 18 October 2023 (UTC) Concern regarding Draft:Urgen Dong Hello, Endrabcwizart. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Urgen Dong, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace. If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it. Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 08:05, 27 October 2023 (UTC) ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:56, 28 November 2023 (UTC) I have sent you a note about a page you started Hello, Endrabcwizart. Thank you for your work on Niren Shrestha. User:North8000, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments: Good start To reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re\|North8000}}. Please remember to sign your reply with ~~~~. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.) North8000 (talk) 02:05, 8 December 2023 (UTC) Unreferenced articles February 2024 backlog drive WikiProject Unreferenced articles \| February 2024 Backlog Drive There is a substantial backlog of unsourced articles on Wikipedia, and we need your help! The purpose of this drive is to add sources to these unsourced articles and make a meaningful impact. Barnstars will be awarded based on the number of articles cited. Remember to tag your edit summary with ], both to advertise the event and tally the points later using Edit Summary Search. Interested in taking part? Sign up here. You're receiving this message because you have subscribed to the mailing list. To opt-out of future mailings, please remove yourself here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 15:38, 20 January 2024 (UTC) Welcome, welcome, welcome :) There's a lot of Nepal-related articles that you can practice your citing skills here :) Baburam Acharya Te-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe List of Nepalese actors Añjana (wildcard) Nepali Army Best of luck participating in the drive! Have fun! CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 07:33, 21 January 2024 (UTC) Welcome to the drive! Welcome, welcome, welcome Endrabcwizart! I'm glad that you are joining the drive! Please, have a cup of WikiTea, and go cite some articles. Fix a random page lacking sourcesCactiStaccingCrane (talk)15:38, 2 February 2024 UTC via JWB and Geardona (talk to me?) Your draft article, Draft:Urgen Dong Hello, Endrabcwizart. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or draft page you started, "Urgen Dong". In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it. Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! 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Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AFC"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Drafts"},{"link_name":"Urgen Dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Urgen_Dong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"request its undeletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_undeletion/G13?withJS=MediaWiki:G13-restore-wizard.js&page=Draft%3AUrgen+Dong"},{"link_name":"Liz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Liz"},{"link_name":"Read!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Liz"},{"link_name":"Talk!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Liz"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Expressive101 has given you a fresh pie! Pies promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a piping hot pie, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Bon appetit! \n\nSpread the tastiness of pies by adding {{subst:Give pie}} to their talk page with a friendly message.Hey wiki-buddy, I baked you this pie.Expressive101 (talk) 17:09, 17 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]Welcome![edit]Welcome to my Talk PageThis is Endrabcwizart's talk page, where you can send them messages and comments.\n\n\n\n\n\nPut new text under old text. Click here to start a new topic.\nNew to Wikipedia? Welcome! Learn to edit; get help.\n\n\nAssume good faith\nBe polite and avoid personal attacks\nBe welcoming to newcomers\nSeek dispute resolution if needed\n\n\n\n\n\nThis Section is for Contribution Article\n\n \n\n\n\nLeave your Suggestion Here[edit]\nwelcome to my talk Page\nIf there is seen any mistake or against of wikipedia policy from my Page or article They can leave their message Here\n\nWelcome![edit]\nWelcome Endrabcwizart!\nHello Endrabcwizart. Welcome to Wikipedia and thank you for your contributions!\nI'm Mr Reading Turtle, one of the other editors here, and I hope you decide to stay and help contribute to this amazing repository of knowledge. \n\n\n\n\nSome pages of helpful information to get you started:\n Introduction to Wikipedia\n The five pillars of Wikipedia\n Editing tutorial\n How to edit a page\n Simplified Manual of Style\n The basics of Wikicode\n How to develop an article\n How to create an article\n Help pages\n What Wikipedia is not\n\nSome common sense Dos and Don'ts:\n Do be bold\n Do assume good faith\n Do be civil\n Do keep cool!\n Do maintain a neutral point of view\n Don't spam\n Don't infringe copyright\n Don't edit where you have a conflict of interest\n Don't commit vandalism\n Don't get blocked\n\n\n\n\nIf you need further help, you can:\n Ask a question\n\nor you can:\n Get help at the Teahouse\n\nor even:\n Ask an experienced editor to \"adopt\" you\n\nAlternatively, leave me a message at my talk page or type {{helpme}} here on your talk page and someone will try to help.\n\n\n\n\nThere are many ways you can contribute to Wikipedia. Here are a few ideas:\n Fight vandalism\n Be a WikiFairy or a WikiGnome\n Help contribute to articles\n Perform maintenance tasks\n\n \n Become a member of a project that interests you\n Help design new templates\n Subscribe and contribute to The Signpost\n Translate articles from Wikipedias in other languages\n\nTo get some practice editing you can use a sandbox. You can create your own personal sandbox for use any time. It's perfect for working on bigger projects. Then for easy access in the future, you can put {{My sandbox}} on your userpage.\nPlease remember to:\n\nAlways sign your posts on talk pages. You can do this either by clicking on the button on the edit toolbar or by typing four tildes ~~~~ at the end of your post. This will automatically insert your signature, a link to your talk page, and a timestamp.\nLeave descriptive edit summaries for your edits. 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This is a follow up from the prior inquiries left by Onel5969 regarding potential conflicts of interest with the subjects of drafts you have submitted. signed, Rosguill talk 17:41, 1 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\nRollback granted[edit]\n\nHi Endrabcwizart. After reviewing your request, I have temporarily enabled rollback on your account until 2023-04-02. Please keep the following things in mind while using rollback:\n\nGetting rollback is no more momentous than installing Twinkle or RedWarn.\nRollback should be used to revert clear cases of vandalism only, and not good faith edits.\nRollback should never be used to edit war.\nIf abused, rollback rights can be revoked.\nUse common sense.\nIf you no longer want rollback, contact me and I'll remove it. Also, for some more information on how to use rollback, see Wikipedia:Administrators' guide/Rollback (even though you're not an admin). I'm sure you'll do great with rollback, but feel free to leave me a message on my talk page if you run into trouble or have any questions about appropriate/inappropriate use of rollback. Thank you for helping to reduce vandalism. Happy editing! HJ Mitchell \| Penny for your thoughts? 21:09, 1 March 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\n\nRollback granted[edit]\n\nHi Endrabcwizart. After reviewing your request, I have temporarily enabled rollback on your account until 2023-06-05. Please keep the following things in mind while using rollback:\n\nGetting rollback is no more momentous than installing Twinkle or RedWarn.\nRollback should be used to revert clear cases of vandalism only, and not good faith edits.\nRollback should never be used to edit war.\nIf abused, rollback rights can be revoked.\nUse common sense.\nIf you no longer want rollback, contact me and I'll remove it. Also, for some more information on how to use rollback, see Wikipedia:Administrators' guide/Rollback (even though you're not an admin). I'm sure you'll do great with rollback, but feel free to leave me a message on my talk page if you run into trouble or have any questions about appropriate/inappropriate use of rollback. Thank you for helping to reduce vandalism. Happy editing! Airplaneman (talk) ✈ 00:21, 6 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\nMoushumi Kandali[edit]\nHi Endrabcwizart, I have moved the page Moushumi Kandali to main namespace from draft. Please check it once if I have done this correctly. Thanks in advance.- Chandan Chiring Phukon Ping • My Contr. 17:38, 12 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\n+rollback[edit]\n\nHi Endrabcwizart,\nAfter reviewing your request, I have added your account to the rollback group. Keep in mind these things when using rollback:\n\nGetting rollback is no more momentous than installing Twinkle.\nUsers should be informed (or warned) after their edits have been reverted. If warnings repeatedly don't help, WP:ANI is the default place to go. In cases of very clear ongoing intentional damage to the encyclopedia, WP:AIV can be used.\nReverting someone's edits may confuse or upset them. Whenever other users message you on your talk page, please take the time to respond to their concerns; accountability is important. For most users who message you, the tone and quality of your answer will permanently influence their opinion about Wikipedia in general.\nBecause the plain default rollback link does not provide any explanatory edit summary, it must not be used to revert good faith contributions, even if these contributions are disruptive. Take the time to write a proper summary whenever you're dealing with a lack of neutrality or verifiability; a short explanation like \"[[WP:NPOV\|not neutral]]\" or \"[[WP:INTREF\|Please provide a citation]]\" is helpful.\nRollback may never be used to edit war, which you'll notice to be surprisingly tempting in genuine content disputes. Please especially keep the three-revert rule in mind. If you see others edit warring, please file a report at WP:ANEW. The most helpful essay I've ever seen is WP:DISCFAIL; it is especially important for those who review content regularly.\nIf you encounter private information or threats of physical harm during your patrols, please quickly use Special:EmailUser/Oversight or Special:EmailUser/Emergency; ideally bookmark these pages now. See WP:OS and WP:EMERGENCY for details. If you're regularly patrolling recent changes, you will need both contacts sooner or later, and you'll be happy about the bookmarks.\nTo try rollback for the first time, you may like to make an edit to WP:Sandbox, and another one, and another one, and then revert the row with one click. I'm sure you'll do great with rollback, but feel free to leave me a message on my talk page if you run into trouble or have any questions about rollback. Thank you for your time and work in cleaning up Wikipedia. Happy editing!\nBest regards,~ ToBeFree (talk) 11:33, 5 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\nConcern regarding Draft:Sudhir Shrestha[edit]\n Hello, Endrabcwizart. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Sudhir Shrestha, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.\nIf the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.\nThank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 18:02, 18 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\nConcern regarding Draft:Urgen Dong[edit]\n Hello, Endrabcwizart. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Urgen Dong, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.\nIf the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.\nThank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 08:05, 27 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\n\nArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]\n\n\n\nHello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:56, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\n\n\nI have sent you a note about a page you started[edit]\nHello, Endrabcwizart. Thank you for your work on Niren Shrestha. User:North8000, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments:\n\nGood start\nTo reply, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re\|North8000}}. Please remember to sign your reply with ~~~~. (Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)\nNorth8000 (talk) 02:05, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\nUnreferenced articles February 2024 backlog drive[edit]\n\n\nWikiProject Unreferenced articles \| February 2024 Backlog Drive\n\n\n\n\n\nThere is a substantial backlog of unsourced articles on Wikipedia, and we need your help! The purpose of this drive is to add sources to these unsourced articles and make a meaningful impact.\n\nBarnstars will be awarded based on the number of articles cited.\nRemember to tag your edit summary with [[WP:FEB24]], both to advertise the event and tally the points later using Edit Summary Search.\nInterested in taking part? Sign up here.\n\n\nYou're receiving this message because you have subscribed to the mailing list. To opt-out of future mailings, please remove yourself here.\n\nMediaWiki message delivery (talk) 15:38, 20 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\n\nWelcome, welcome, welcome :) There's a lot of Nepal-related articles that you can practice your citing skills here :)\nBaburam Acharya\nTe-ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe\nList of Nepalese actors\nAñjana\n(wildcard) Nepali Army\nBest of luck participating in the drive! Have fun! CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 07:33, 21 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\n\n\nWelcome to the drive![edit]\nWelcome, welcome, welcome Endrabcwizart! I'm glad that you are joining the \ndrive! Please, have a cup of WikiTea, and go cite some articles.\n\nFix a random page lacking sourcesCactiStaccingCrane (talk)15:38, 2 February 2024 UTC [refresh]via JWB and Geardona (talk to me?)\nYour draft article, Draft:Urgen Dong[edit]\n\nHello, Endrabcwizart. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or draft page you started, \"Urgen Dong\". \nIn accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.\nThank you for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_and_Cellular_Neuroscience	Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience	["1 References","2 External links"]	Academic journalMolecular and Cellular NeuroscienceDisciplineNeuroscienceLanguageEnglishEdited byMathias BährPublication detailsHistory1990-presentPublisherElsevierFrequencyBimonthlyImpact factor4.626 (2021)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Mol. Cell. Neurosci.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN1044-7431OCLC no.80367358Links Journal homepage Online archive Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of neurosciences. The editors-in-chief are Mathias Bähr (University of Göttingen), Alain Chédotal (Sorbonne University), Henrik Zetterberg (University of Gothenburg), and Noam E. Ziv (Technion). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.626. References ^ "Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience". 2021 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science OR Social Sciences ed.). Clarivate. 2022. External links Official website This article about a neuroscience journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"scientific journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"neurosciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosciences"},{"link_name":"editors-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editors-in-chief"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"University of Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Technion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technion"},{"link_name":"Journal Citation Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports"},{"link_name":"impact factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoS-1"}],"text":"Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of neurosciences. The editors-in-chief are Mathias Bähr (University of Göttingen), Alain Chédotal (Sorbonne University), Henrik Zetterberg (University of Gothenburg), and Noam E. Ziv (Technion). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 4.626.[1]","title":"Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience\". 2021 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science OR Social Sciences ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay	Wilmot and Crampton Bay	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 68°11′N 98°45′W / 68.183°N 98.750°W / 68.183; -98.750 (Wilmot and Crampton Bay)Bay in Nunavut, Canada Wilmot and Crampton BayWilmot and Crampton BayLocation in NunavutLocationAdelaide PeninsulaCoordinates68°11′N 98°45′W / 68.183°N 98.750°W / 68.183; -98.750 (Wilmot and Crampton Bay)Ocean/sea sourcesArctic OceanBasin countriesCanada Wilmot and Crampton Bay is an Arctic waterway in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada . It is located on the eastern edge of Queen Maud Gulf, running along the western coast of the Adelaide Peninsula, south of King William Island. On 2 September 2014, the wreck of HMS Erebus, the flagship of the lost expedition of Sir John Franklin, was found in Wilmot and Crampton Bay by a Parks Canada underwater archaeological team. Following Erebus' rediscovery, the Nunavut Field Unit of Parks Canada restricted access to a rectangular area of the bay, west of the peninsula and about 25 km (16 mi) northeast of O'Reilly Island, as part of the Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site. The area runs from Point A (68°14′44.8″N 98°52′22.3″W / 68.245778°N 98.872861°W / 68.245778; -98.872861 (point A)) to Point B (68°17′44.2″N 98°40′17.9″W / 68.295611°N 98.671639°W / 68.295611; -98.671639 (point B)) to Point C (68°13′15.4″N 98°32′16.2″W / 68.220944°N 98.537833°W / 68.220944; -98.537833 (point C)) to Point D (68°10′16.5″N 98°44′19.3″W / 68.171250°N 98.738694°W / 68.171250; -98.738694 (point D)). References ^ "Wilmot and Crampton Bay". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. 23 May 2024. ^ Davison, Janet (27 September 2015). "Franklin expedition: New photos of HMS Erebus artifacts, but still no sign of HMS Terror". CBC News. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. A big clue in the mystery is the wreck of HMS Erebus, found last year in a location indicated by Inuit oral histories. ^ "Restricted area and activities in The Wrecks Of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site Of Canada". 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2024. vteBays of NunavutKitikmeot Region Albert Edward Austin Brentford Campbell Chester Committee Denmark Foggy Fredrikshald Gernon Grays Hadley Homan Labyrinth Lord Mayor McLoughlin Ogden Pelly Terror Wellington Wilmot and Crampton Wynniatt Kivalliq Region Committee East Gods Mercy Hudson Mistake Native Nevill Pistol South Wager Wilson Qikiqtaaluk Region Allman Aston Augusta Bay Baffin Baillarge Baring Bartlett Batty Bere Bernier Birmingham Boatswain Bowman Brae Buchanan Cameron Copes Cory Creswell Croker Cumberland Sound Dampier De la Beche Dobbin Dorchester Duke of York Dyke Acland Eden Eetookashoo Eldridge Elwin Eqe Evans Finnie Flagler Four Rivers Foxe Basin Frobisher Garnet Gibson Graham Moore Half Moon Hall Basin Harkin Hecla and Griper Herschel Hudson Irene James Kane Kew Lady Franklin M'Clure Macormick Maxwell May Inlet Nabukjuak Napier Norwegian Okse Ommanney Paquet Peary Piling Pioneer Prince Alfred Princess Marie Purcell Radstock Reid Resolute Rosse Rutherford Sabine Sawyer Scoresby Shamrock Sherard Skene Stuart Tasiujaq (Foxe Basin) Triton Ungava Weatherall Woodward	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Kitikmeot Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitikmeot_Region"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Queen Maud Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Maud_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"King William Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William_Island"},{"link_name":"HMS Erebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)"},{"link_name":"lost expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition"},{"link_name":"John Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Parks Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cbc2014-09-27-2"},{"link_name":"O'Reilly Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Island"},{"link_name":"Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecks_of_HMS_Erebus_and_HMS_Terror_National_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"68°14′44.8″N 98°52′22.3″W / 68.245778°N 98.872861°W / 68.245778; -98.872861 (point A)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay&params=68_14_44.8_N_98_52_22.3_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+A"},{"link_name":"68°17′44.2″N 98°40′17.9″W / 68.295611°N 98.671639°W / 68.295611; -98.671639 (point B)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay&params=68_17_44.2_N_98_40_17.9_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+B"},{"link_name":"68°13′15.4″N 98°32′16.2″W / 68.220944°N 98.537833°W / 68.220944; -98.537833 (point C)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay&params=68_13_15.4_N_98_32_16.2_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+C"},{"link_name":"68°10′16.5″N 98°44′19.3″W / 68.171250°N 98.738694°W / 68.171250; -98.738694 (point D)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay&params=68_10_16.5_N_98_44_19.3_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+D"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bay in Nunavut, CanadaWilmot and Crampton Bay is an Arctic waterway in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada\n. It is located on the eastern edge of Queen Maud Gulf, running along the western coast of the Adelaide Peninsula, south of King William Island.On 2 September 2014, the wreck of HMS Erebus, the flagship of the lost expedition of Sir John Franklin, was found in Wilmot and Crampton Bay by a Parks Canada underwater archaeological team.[2] Following Erebus' rediscovery, the Nunavut Field Unit of Parks Canada restricted access to a rectangular area of the bay, west of the peninsula and about 25 km (16 mi) northeast of O'Reilly Island, as part of the Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site. The area runs from Point A (68°14′44.8″N 98°52′22.3″W / 68.245778°N 98.872861°W / 68.245778; -98.872861 (point A)) to Point B (68°17′44.2″N 98°40′17.9″W / 68.295611°N 98.671639°W / 68.295611; -98.671639 (point B)) to Point C (68°13′15.4″N 98°32′16.2″W / 68.220944°N 98.537833°W / 68.220944; -98.537833 (point C)) to Point D (68°10′16.5″N 98°44′19.3″W / 68.171250°N 98.738694°W / 68.171250; -98.738694 (point D)).[3]","title":"Wilmot and Crampton Bay"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Wilmot and Crampton Bay\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. 23 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=OARZE","url_text":"\"Wilmot and Crampton Bay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base","url_text":"Geographical Names Data Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"Davison, Janet (27 September 2015). \"Franklin expedition: New photos of HMS Erebus artifacts, but still no sign of HMS Terror\". CBC News. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. A big clue in the mystery is the wreck of HMS Erebus, found last year in a location indicated by Inuit oral histories.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/erebus-terror-artifacts-1.3244303","url_text":"\"Franklin expedition: New photos of HMS Erebus artifacts, but still no sign of HMS Terror\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151126185037/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/erebus-terror-artifacts-1.3244303","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Restricted area and activities in The Wrecks Of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site Of Canada\". 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/nu/epaveswrecks/info/plan","url_text":"\"Restricted area and activities in The Wrecks Of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site Of Canada\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay&params=68_11_N_98_45_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody_scale:500000&title=Wilmot+and+Crampton+Bay","external_links_name":"68°11′N 98°45′W / 68.183°N 98.750°W / 68.183; -98.750 (Wilmot and Crampton Bay)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay&params=68_11_N_98_45_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody_scale:500000&title=Wilmot+and+Crampton+Bay","external_links_name":"68°11′N 98°45′W / 68.183°N 98.750°W / 68.183; -98.750 (Wilmot and Crampton Bay)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay&params=68_14_44.8_N_98_52_22.3_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+A","external_links_name":"68°14′44.8″N 98°52′22.3″W / 68.245778°N 98.872861°W / 68.245778; -98.872861 (point A)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay&params=68_17_44.2_N_98_40_17.9_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+B","external_links_name":"68°17′44.2″N 98°40′17.9″W / 68.295611°N 98.671639°W / 68.295611; -98.671639 (point B)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay&params=68_13_15.4_N_98_32_16.2_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+C","external_links_name":"68°13′15.4″N 98°32′16.2″W / 68.220944°N 98.537833°W / 68.220944; -98.537833 (point C)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wilmot_and_Crampton_Bay&params=68_10_16.5_N_98_44_19.3_W_region:CA-NU_type:waterbody&title=point+D","external_links_name":"68°10′16.5″N 98°44′19.3″W / 68.171250°N 98.738694°W / 68.171250; -98.738694 (point D)"},{"Link":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=OARZE","external_links_name":"\"Wilmot and Crampton Bay\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/erebus-terror-artifacts-1.3244303","external_links_name":"\"Franklin expedition: New photos of HMS Erebus artifacts, but still no sign of HMS Terror\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151126185037/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/erebus-terror-artifacts-1.3244303","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/nu/epaveswrecks/info/plan","external_links_name":"\"Restricted area and activities in The Wrecks Of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site Of Canada\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_City_Opera	Central City Opera	["1 Commissions","2 Artist training","3 Opera traditions","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	The Central City Opera, 1982 Central City Opera is the fifth-oldest opera company in the United States, founded in 1932 by Julie Penrose and Anne Evans. Each festival is presented in the 550-seat historic Central City Opera House built in 1878 in the gold mining era town of Central City, Colorado. Pelham G. Pearce was selected in 1996 as Managing Director for Central City Opera, and he was named General/Artistic Director in May 1998, when John Moriarty became Artistic Director Emeritus. Since 2006 John Baril is the first Music director of the opera. Most recent six-week summer festivals have included both traditional and progressive works. About forty performances, including those specifically for young people, are presented each season. 2007 marked the 75th anniversary of the company and a single-season move from 3 to 4 opera productions. "Short Works" (selected ten-minute opera scenes), selected one-acts, and "Lunch & a Song" (solo luncheon performances) are produced alongside the main opera season by assistant directors and apprentice singers as part of the Bonfils-Stanton Foundation Artists Training Program. Commissions Successful commissions for the company include the American classic The Ballad of Baby Doe by Douglas Moore, premiered in 1956, the popular one-act opera The Face on the Barroom Floor by Henry Mollicone, premiered in 1978 and the 2003 world premiere of Gabriel's Daughter, also composed by Henry Mollicone. The World Premiere of Chinese opera, Poet Li Bai, commissioned by the Asian Performing Arts of Colorado, was presented in 2007. Artist training Central City Opera's prestigious Bonfils-Stanton Foundation Artists Training Program, founded by Artistic Director Emeritus John Moriarty, has served for more than two decades as a national model for training young singers. The rigorous 10-week program integrates daily training in diction, movement, and stage combat with individual coaching, sessions in career management and rehearsals and performance opportunities in the summer's mainstage and auxiliary productions. The program selects 30-32 participants from nearly 1,000 applicants each year. Opera traditions Noteworthy Opera traditions include the annual presentation of the Central City Flower Girls and the Yellow Rose Ball, Colorado's oldest debutante ceremony, on opening day. The Ushers Song (sung by the Usher Corps as they march up the street to open the theatre for each mainstage performance). The Usher Corps, composed of collegiate and young professional interns from all production and administrative departments, includes the traditional Bell Ringer to announce the time. Lyrics for The Ushers' Song: Well, what do you know, here we go / we're off to start the show. You'll know who we are from afar; /frankly we sing better than the star. We're the ushers, who show to your seat / then nonchalantly, we step upon your feet. You may have bought a ticket / for Row A and seat 3. But when we're through with you / you'll find you're in the balcony. We're the ushers who heed your beck and call / yet when you need us, we're never there at all. Our flashlights never working to show the pitfalls lurking / We're the ushers of the Central City show! See also List of opera festivals References ^ Will Keyse, El Pomar Celebrates the 150th Birthday of Julie Penrose with Inaugural Annual Award, El Pomar. Retrieved 10 February 2021 ^ Erin Di Paolo, Once There Was Gold, Now There′s Operatic Talent in the Hills Of Colorado's Central City, Colorado Magazine, 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2021 ^ Ben Mattison, Central City Opera Names Music Director, Playbill, 8 January 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2021 ^ The Ballad of Baby Doe, Central City Opera, 23 September 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2021 ^ Rachael Myrow, “The Face on the Barroom Floor” Celebrates 40 Years, KQED, 18 August 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2021 ^ Bob Bows, Gabriel’s Daughter: The Story of Clara Brown, ColoradoDrama.com. Retrieved 10 February 2021 ^ ""Poet Li Bai" - World Premiere". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015 ^ Joanne Davidson, Central City Flower Girls have represented Colorado's rich history for 87 years, The Denver Post, 1 August 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2021 ^ Jettandwilly, The Usher Song – Central City Ushers' Song on YouTube, 31 October 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2021 External links Central City Opera website Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1982-06-22-Central_City_Col_L_07-ps.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Central City Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_City_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Central City, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_City,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Music director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_director"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bonfils-Stanton Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Bonfils_Stanton"}],"text":"The Central City Opera, 1982Central City Opera is the fifth-oldest opera company in the United States, founded in 1932 by Julie Penrose and Anne Evans.[1] Each festival is presented in the 550-seat historic Central City Opera House built in 1878 in the gold mining era town of Central City, Colorado. Pelham G. Pearce was selected in 1996 as Managing Director for Central City Opera, and he was named General/Artistic Director in May 1998, when John Moriarty became Artistic Director Emeritus.[2] Since 2006 John Baril is the first Music director of the opera.[3]Most recent six-week summer festivals have included both traditional and progressive works. About forty performances, including those specifically for young people, are presented each season. 2007 marked the 75th anniversary of the company and a single-season move from 3 to 4 opera productions. \"Short Works\" (selected ten-minute opera scenes), selected one-acts, and \"Lunch & a Song\" (solo luncheon performances) are produced alongside the main opera season by assistant directors and apprentice singers as part of the Bonfils-Stanton Foundation Artists Training Program.","title":"Central City Opera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ballad of Baby Doe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Baby_Doe"},{"link_name":"Douglas Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Moore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Face on the Barroom Floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Face_on_the_Barroom_Floor_(opera)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Mollicone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mollicone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gabriel's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel%27s_Daughter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Poet Li Bai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Li_Bai"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Successful commissions for the company include the American classic The Ballad of Baby Doe by Douglas Moore, premiered in 1956,[4] the popular one-act opera The Face on the Barroom Floor by Henry Mollicone, premiered in 1978[5] and the 2003 world premiere of Gabriel's Daughter, also composed by Henry Mollicone.[6] The World Premiere of Chinese opera, Poet Li Bai, commissioned by the Asian Performing Arts of Colorado, was presented in 2007.[7]","title":"Commissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonfils-Stanton Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonfils-Stanton_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Moriarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moriarty_(Conductor)"},{"link_name":"stage combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_combat"}],"text":"Central City Opera's prestigious Bonfils-Stanton Foundation Artists Training Program, founded by Artistic Director Emeritus John Moriarty, has served for more than two decades as a national model for training young singers. The rigorous 10-week program integrates daily training in diction, movement, and stage combat with individual coaching, sessions in career management and rehearsals and performance opportunities in the summer's mainstage and auxiliary productions. The program selects 30-32 participants from nearly 1,000 applicants each year.","title":"Artist training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ushers Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushers_Song&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Noteworthy Opera traditions include the annual presentation of the Central City Flower Girls and the Yellow Rose Ball, Colorado's oldest debutante ceremony, on opening day.[8]The Ushers Song (sung by the Usher Corps as they march up the street to open the theatre for each mainstage performance). The Usher Corps, composed of collegiate and young professional interns from all production and administrative departments, includes the traditional Bell Ringer to announce the time.[9]Lyrics for The Ushers' Song:\nWell, what do you know, here we go / we're off to start the show.\nYou'll know who we are from afar; /frankly we sing better than the star.We're the ushers, who show to your seat / then nonchalantly, we step upon your feet.\nYou may have bought a ticket / for Row A and seat 3.\nBut when we're through with you / you'll find you're in the balcony.We're the ushers who heed your beck and call / yet when you need us, we're never there at all.\nOur flashlights never working to show the pitfalls lurking / We're the ushers of the Central City show!","title":"Opera traditions"}]	[{"image_text":"The Central City Opera, 1982","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/1982-06-22-Central_City_Col_L_07-ps.jpg/300px-1982-06-22-Central_City_Col_L_07-ps.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of opera festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_opera_festivals"}]	[{"reference":"\"\"Poet Li Bai\" - World Premiere\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083848/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artists/2007-07/20/content_101432.htm","url_text":"\"\"Poet Li Bai\" - World Premiere\""},{"url":"http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artists/2007-07/20/content_101432.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.elpomar.org/blog/detail/el-pomar-celebrates-150th-birthday-of-co-founder-julie-penrose/2778/","external_links_name":"El Pomar Celebrates the 150th Birthday of Julie Penrose with Inaugural Annual Award"},{"Link":"https://www.coloradomagazineonline.com/Music/Central%20City_CC-Opera/Central%20City_CC-Opera.htm","external_links_name":"Once There Was Gold, Now There′s Operatic Talent in the Hills Of Colorado's Central City"},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/central-city-opera-names-music-director","external_links_name":"Central City Opera Names Music Director"},{"Link":"https://centralcityopera.org/the-ballad-of-baby-doe/","external_links_name":"The Ballad of Baby Doe"},{"Link":"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13839312/the-face-on-the-barroom-floor-celebrates-40-years","external_links_name":"“The Face on the Barroom Floor” Celebrates 40 Years"},{"Link":"https://coloradodrama.com/gabriel.html","external_links_name":"Gabriel’s Daughter: The Story of Clara Brown"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083848/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artists/2007-07/20/content_101432.htm","external_links_name":"\"\"Poet Li Bai\" - World Premiere\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_artists/2007-07/20/content_101432.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.denverpost.com/2019/08/01/central-city-flower-girls-2019/","external_links_name":"Central City Flower Girls have represented Colorado's rich history for 87 years"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AQcghZM3MA","external_links_name":"The Usher Song – Central City Ushers' Song"},{"Link":"http://www.centralcityopera.org/","external_links_name":"Central City Opera website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149035286","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/16095398-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88222422","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Toronto_International_Film_Festival	2021 Toronto International Film Festival	["1 Venues","2 Official Awards","2.1 TIFF Tribute Awards","2.2 Regular awards","3 Official Selection","3.1 Gala presentations","3.2 Special Presentations","3.3 Special Events","3.4 Contemporary World Cinema","3.5 Celebrating Alanis","3.6 TIFF Docs","3.7 Discovery","3.8 Midnight Madness","3.9 Wavelengths","3.10 Platform","3.11 Primetime","3.12 Short Cuts","3.13 TIFF Rewind","3.14 TIFF Cinemathèque","3.15 Coast-to-Coast Screenings","3.16 Industry Selects","4 Canada's Top Ten","4.1 Feature films","4.2 Short films","5 References","6 External links"]	46th edition of the festival 2021 Toronto International Film FestivalFestival posterOpening filmDear Evan Hansen by Stephen ChboskyClosing filmOne Second by Zhang YimouLocationToronto, Ontario, CanadaFounded1976AwardsBelfast (People's Choice Award)Festival dateSeptember 9–18, 2021Websitetiff.net/tiffToronto International Film Festival2022 2020 The 2021 Toronto International Film Festival, the 46th event in the Toronto International Film Festival series, was held from September 9 to 18, 2021. Due to the continued COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto, the festival was staged as a "hybrid" of in-person and digital screenings. Most films were screened both in-person and on the digital platform, although a few titles were withheld by their distributors from the digital platform and instead were screened exclusively in-person. Artistic director Cameron Bailey indicated that while the 2021 festival would not fully return to the size of program that it offered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival, it would be significantly bigger than the reduced lineup that was offered at the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival. Overall, the festival featured over 100 films, including a special retrospective program devoted to the work of Canadian documentary filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin. Venues In-person screenings were held at the festival's traditional venues, including the TIFF Bell Lightbox, the Princess of Wales Theatre and Roy Thomson Hall, the latter two of which hosted the world premiere of Stephen Chbosky's film adaptation of Broadway musical Dear Evan Hansen, the festival's Opening Night Gala Presentation. Denis Villeneuve's film Dune received an IMAX world premiere screening at the Cinesphere. As in 2020, digital screenings took place on the Digital TIFF Bell Lightbox platform. In addition to Toronto, the festival also staged a number of satellite screenings in other Canadian cities for the first time. Official Awards TIFF Tribute Awards The festival presented the TIFF Tribute Awards, which were introduced in 2019 to honour actors and filmmakers for distinguished achievements over the course of their careers. The ceremony took place on September 18; as in 2020, it was broadcast by CTV. The first two honorees announced were Alanis Obomsawin as the recipient of the Jeff Skoll Award in Impact Media and Denis Villeneuve as the winner of the Ebert Director Award. Jessica Chastain and Benedict Cumberbatch were subsequently announced as the recipient of the Actor Awards. Dionne Warwick received the special tribute award, filmmaker Danis Goulet was named the recipient of the Emerging Talent Award, and cinematographer Ari Wegner received the Variety Artisan Award. Regular awards The festival's main awards were announced on September 18, some live during the Tribute Awards broadcast and others on social media following the ceremony's conclusion. A few high-profile titles in the festival program, namely Dune, Last Night in Soho and Spencer, were not eligible for the People's Choice Award, as their distributors had not permitted them to be screened online on the digital platform. Award English Title Director(s) Production Country People's Choice Award Belfast Kenneth Branagh United Kingdom People's Choice Award, First Runner Up Scarborough Shasha Nakhai, Rich Williamson Canada People's Choice Award, Second Runner Up The Power of the Dog Jane Campion New Zealand, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia People's Choice Award: Documentaries The Rescue Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi, Jimmy Chin United States, United Kingdom Documentary, First Runner Up Dionne Warwick: Don't Make Me Over Dave Wooley, David Heilbroner United States Documentary, Second Runner Up Flee Jonas Poher Rasmussen Denmark, France, Norway, Sweden People's Choice Award: Midnight Madness Titane Julia Ducournau France, Belgium Midnight Madness, First Runner Up You Are Not My Mother Kate Dolan Ireland Midnight Madness, Second Runner Up Dashcam Rob Savage United Kingdom, United States Platform Prize Yuni Kamila Andini Indonesia, Singapore, France, Australia Platform Prize, Honorable Mention Good Madam Jenna Cato Bass South Africa Best Canadian Feature Film Ste. Anne Rhayne Vermette Canada Best Canadian Feature Film, Honorable Mention Scarborough Shasha Nakhai, Rich Williamson Best Canadian Short Film Angakusajaujuq: The Shaman's Apprentice Zacharias Kunuk Best Canadian Short Film, Honorable Mention Nuisance Bear Jack Weisman, Gabriela Osio Vanden Best International Short Film Displaced (Pa vend) Samir Karahoda Kosovo Best International Short Film, Honorable Mention Trumpets in the Sky Rakan Mayasi Palestine, Lebanon, France, Belgium FIPRESCI Award Anatolian Leopard (Anadolu Leoparı) Emre Kayiş Turkey, Poland, Germany, Denmark NETPAC Award Costa Brava, Lebanon Mounia Aki Lebanon, France, Qatar, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, United States Amplify Voices The Gravedigger's Wife Khadar Ayderus Ahmed Somalia, France, Germany, Finland A Night of Knowing Nothing Payal Kapadia India, France Changemaker Award Scarborough Shasha Nakhai, Rich Williamson Canada Share Her Journey Astel Ramata-Toulaye Sy Senegal, France Share Her Journey, Honorable Mention Love, Dad (Milý tati) Diana Cam Van Nguyen Czech Republic, Slovakia Official Selection The first 13 films selected for the festival were announced in June 2021. The gala and special presentation programs were announced on July 20, while Contemporary World Cinema and Discovery titles were announced on July 28, TIFF Docs, Midnight Madness and Wavelengths were announced on August 4, Shortcuts and Platform were announced on August 11, and Primetime was announced on August 13. Walt Becker's Clifford the Big Red Dog was initially selected to be one of the Gala Presentations, but was withdrawn from the festival, after US distributor Paramount Pictures pulled it from its release schedule due to the rise of the Delta variant of COVID-19. The festival also announced a special event screening of an unspecified new film by Steven Soderbergh. Details of the film were not announced in advance, except that it was not expected to be his known upcoming film KIMI. Soderbergh ultimately premiered a reedited version of his 1991 film Kafka titled Mr. Kneff. Gala presentations English Title Original Title Director(s) Production Country Belfast Kenneth Branagh United Kingdom, Ireland Bergman Island Mia Hansen-Løve France, Mexico, Brazil, Germany Dear Evan Hansen Stephen Chbosky United States The Electrical Life of Louis Wain Will Sharpe United Kingdom, United States The Forgiven John Michael McDonagh The Good House Maya Forbes, Wally Wolodarsky United States Jagged Alison Klayman Lakewood Phillip Noyce United States, Canada Last Night in Soho Edgar Wright United Kingdom The Mad Women's Ball Le Bal des folles Mélanie Laurent France Night Raiders Danis Goulet Canada, New Zealand One Second 一秒钟 Zhang Yimou China Silent Night Camille Griffin United Kingdom The Survivor Barry Levinson United States The Worst Person in the World Verdens verste menneske Joachim Trier Norway Special Presentations English Title Original Title Director(s) Production Country Ahed's Knee הַבֶּרֶךְ Nadav Lapid Israel, France, Germany Ali & Ava Clio Barnard United Kingdom All My Puny Sorrows Michael McGowan Canada The Box La Caja Lorenzo Vigas Mexico Benediction Terence Davies United Kingdom, United States Charlotte Eric Warin, Tahir Rana Canada, France, Belgium Dionne Warwick: Don't Make Me Over Dave Wooley, David Heilbroner United States Drive My Car ドライブ・マイ・カー Ryusuke Hamaguchi Japan Encounter Michael Pearce United Kingdom, United States The Eyes of Tammy Faye Michael Showalter United States The Falls 瀑布 Chung Mong-hong Taiwan France Bruno Dumont France, Italy, Germany, Belgium The Guilty Antoine Fuqua United States The Humans Stephen Karam I'm Your Man Ich bin dein Mensch Maria Schrader Germany Inexorable Fabrice Du Welz Belgium, France Inu-Oh Masaaki Yuasa Japan, China Lingui, The Sacred Bonds Lingui, les liens sacrés Mahamat-Saleh Haroun France, Chad, Germany, Belgium The Middle Man Bent Hamer Canada, Denmark, Germany, Norway Mothering Sunday Eva Husson United Kingdom Official Competition Competencia oficial Gastón Duprat & Mariano Cohn Spain Petite Maman Céline Sciamma France The Power of the Dog Jane Campion United Kingdom, Australia, United States, Canada, New Zealand The Starling Theodore Melfi United States The Story of My Wife A feleségem története Ildikó Enyedi Hungary, Germany, France, Italy Sundown Michel Franco Mexico, France, Sweden Three Floors Tre piani Nanni Moretti Italy, France Violet Justine Bateman United States Where Is Anne Frank Ari Folman Belgium, Luxembourg, Israel, Netherlands, France Wolf Nathalie Biancheri Ireland, Poland Special Events English Title Original Title Director(s) Production Country Dune Denis Villeneuve United States A Hero قهرمان Asghar Farhadi Iran Memoria Apichatpong Weerasethakul Thailand, Colombia, France, Germany, Mexico, China Memory Box: Echoes of 9/11 Bjørn Johnson, David Belton United Kingdom, United States Mr. Kneff Steven Soderbergh United States NBA Films for Fans("Shorty", "Inheritance", "Born Identities", "Draft Day", "The Shot") Romeo Candido, Shawn Gerrard, Kathleen Jayme, Thyrone Tommy, S.M. Turrell Canada Spencer Pablo Larraín United Kingdom, United States, Germany, Chile Triumph: Rock & Roll Machine Sam Dunn, Marc Ricciardelli Canada Contemporary World Cinema English Title Original Title Director(s) Production Country 7 Prisoners 7 Prisioneiros Alexandre Moratto Brazil Are You Lonesome Tonight? 熱帶往事 Wen Shipei China Compartment No. 6 Hytti nro 6 Juho Kuosmanen Finland, Estonia, Germany, Russia Costa Brava, Lebanon Mounia Aki Lebanon, France, Qatar, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, United States The Daughter La hija Manuel Martín Cuenca Spain The Gravedigger's Wife Khadar Ayderus Ahmed France, Somalia, Germany The Hill Where Lionesses Roar La colline où rugissent les lionnes Luàna Bajrami France, Kosovo Întregalde Radu Muntean Romania Jockey Clint Bentley United States Kicking Blood Blaine Thurier Canada La Soga 2 Manny Pérez United States Maria Chapdelaine Sébastien Pilote Canada Medusa Anita Rocha da Silveira Brazil Murina Antoneta Alamat Kusijanović United States, Brazil, Croatia, Slovenia Nobody Has to Know Bouli Lanners France, Belgium, United Kingdom The Odd-Job Men Sis dies corrents Neus Ballús Spain The Other Tom El otro Tom Rodrigo Plá, Laura Santullo Mexico, United States Out of Sync Tres Juanjo Giménez Spain, Lithuania, France Small Body Piccolo Corpo Laura Samani Italy, France, Slovenia Terrorizers 青春弒戀 Ho Wi Ding Taiwan True Things Harry Wootliff United Kingdom Unclenching the Fists Разжимая кулаки Kira Kovalenko Russia Vengeance Is Mine, All Others Pay Cash Seperti Dendam, Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas Edwin Indonesia The Wheel Steve Pink United States Whether the Weather Is Fine Kun Maupay Man it Panahon Carlo Francisco Manatad Philippines Celebrating Alanis Program Title Year Director(s) Production Country Lighting the Fire 1 The Canoe 1972 Alanis Obomsawin Canada Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance 1993 Lighting the Fire 2 Amisk 1977 Incident at Restigouche 1984 Moose Call 1972 Portraits 1 Mother of Many Children 1977 Puberty, Part 1 1975 Puberty, Part 2 1975 Portraits 2 No Address 1988 Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child 1986 The Dignity of Children 1 Our People Will Be Healed 2017 Snowshoes 1972 Walking Is Medicine 2017 The Dignity of Children 2 Children 1972 Christmas at Moose Factory 1971 Honour to Senator Murray Sinclair 2021 Mount Currie Summer Camp 1975 Sigwan 2005 When All the Leaves Are Gone 2010 TIFF Docs English title Original title Director(s) Production country Attica Stanley Nelson Jr. United States Burning Eva Orner Australia Beba Rebecca Huntt United States, Mexico Becoming Cousteau Liz Garbus United States Comala Gian Cassini Mexico The Devil's Drivers Mohammed Abugeth, Daniel Carsenty Qatar, France, Lebanon, Germany Flee Jonas Poher Rasmussen United States, United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Norway, Denmark Hold Your Fire Stefan Forbes United States Julia Julie Cohen and Betsy West Listening to Kenny G Penny Lane Oscar Peterson: Black and White Barry Avrich Canada The Rescue Elizabeth Chai Vasarhelyi, Jimmy Chin United States, United Kingdom Three Minutes: A Lengthening Bianca Stigter Netherlands, United Kingdom Wochiigii lo: End of the Peace Heather Hatch Canada Discovery English title Original title Director(s) Production country Aloners Hon-ja-sa-neun Sa-ram-deul Hong Sung-eun South Korea Anatolian Leopard Anadolu Leoparı Emre Kayiş Turkey, Germany, Poland, Denmark As in Heaven Du som er i himlen Tea Lindeburg Denmark A Banquet Ruth Paxton United Kingdom Dug Dug Ritwik Pareek India Farha Darin J. Sallam Jordan, Sweden, Saudi Arabia The Game Ana Lazarevic Serbia, United States Learn to Swim Thyrone Tommy Canada Lo Invisible Javier Andrade Ecuador, France Quickening Haya Waseem Canada PAKA (River of Blood) Paka Nithin Lukose India Scarborough Shasha Nakhai, Rich Williamson Canada Snakehead Evan Jackson Leong United States To Kill the Beast Matar a la Bestia Agustina San Martín Argentina, Brazil, Chile Tug of War Vuta N'Kuvute Amil Shivji Tanzania, South Africa, Germany, Qatar Wildhood Bretten Hannam Canada Midnight Madness English title Original title Director(s) Production country After Blue (Dirty Paradise) After Blue (Paradis Sale) Bertrand Mandico France Dashcam Rob Savage United Kingdom, United States Saloum Jean Luc Herbulot Senegal Titane Julia Ducournau France You Are Not My Mother Kate Dolan Ireland Zalava Arsalan Amiri Iran Wavelengths English title Original title Director(s) Production country The Capacity for Adequate Anger Vika Kirchenbauer Germany Dear Chantal Querida Chantal Nicolás Pereda Mexico, Spain earthearthearth Daïchi Saïto Canada Futura Pietro Marcello, Francesco Munzi, Alice Rohrwacher Italy The Girl and the Spider Das Mädchen und die Spinne Ramon Zürcher, Silvan Zürcher Switzerland Inner Outer Space Laida Lertxundi Spain Neptune Frost Saul Williams, Anisia Uzeyman United States, Rwanda A Night of Knowing Nothing Payal Kapadia India, France Polycephaly in D Michael Robinson United States the red filter is withdrawn Le-deu-pil-teo-ga Cheol-hoe-doeb-ni-da Minjung Kim South Korea Ste. Anne Rhayne Vermette Canada Train Again Peter Tscherkassky Austria The Tsugua Diaries Diários de Otsoga Maureen Fazendeiro, Miguel Gomes Portugal Platform English title Original title Director(s) Production country Arthur Rambo Laurent Cantet France Drunken Birds Les oiseaux ivres Ivan Grbovic Canada Earwig Lucile Hadžihalilović United Kingdom, France, Belgium Good Madam Mlungu Wam Jenna Cato Bass South Africa Huda's Salon Hany Abu-Assad Palestine, Egypt, Netherlands, Qatar Montana Story Scott McGehee, David Siegel United States Silent Land Cicha Ziemia Aga Woszczyńska Poland, Italy, Czech Republic Yuni Kamila Andini Indonesia, Singapore, France, Australia Primetime English title Original title Director(s) Production country Colin in Black & White Ava DuVernay, Colin Kaepernick United States Hellbound Yeon Sang-ho South Korea The Panthers Tom Hern, Halaifonua Finau New Zealand Sort Of Bilal Baig, Fab Filippo Canada Short Cuts English title Original title Director(s) Production country Angakusajaujuq: The Shaman's Apprentice Zacharias Kunuk Canada Anxious Body Yoriko Mizushiri France, Japan Astel Ramata-Toulaye Sy France, Senegal Beity Isabelle Mecattaf Lebanon, United States Boobs Lolos Marie Valade Canada Brothers Bhai Hamza Bangash Canada, Pakistan Charlotte Zach Dorn United States Defund Khadijah Roberts-Abdullah, Araya Mengesha Canada Displaced Pa Vend Samir Karahoda Kosovo Dust Bath Seth A. Smith Canada Fanmi Sandrine Brodeur-Desrosiers, Carmine Pierre-Dufour Canada A Few Miles South Ben Pearce United Kingdom The Future Isn't What It Used to Be Adeyemi Michael United Kingdom Hanging On Alfie Barker United Kingdom I Gotta Look Good for the Apocalypse Ayçe Kartal France I Would Never Kiran Deol United States The Infantas Las Infantas Andrea Herrera Catalá Spain Little Bird Tim Myles Canada Love, Dad Milý tati Diana Cam Van Nguyen Czech Republic, Slovakia Masquerade Egúngún Olive Nwosu United Kingdom, Nigeria Meneath: The Hidden Island of Ethics Terril Calder Canada Motorcyclist’s Happiness Won’t Fit Into His Suit Al motociclista no le cabe la felicidad en el traje Gabriel Herrera Mexico Nuisance Bear Jack Weisman, Gabriela Osio Vanden Canada Ousmane Jorge Camarotti Canada Saturday Night Rosana Matecki Canada Shark Nash Edgerton Australia Soft Animals Renee Zhan United Kingdom Some Still Search Algunos Siguen Buscando Nesaru Tchaas United States Srikandi Andrea Nirmala Widjajanto Canada, Indonesia Successful Thawing of Mr. Moro Lyckad upptining av herr Moro Jerry Carlsson Sweden Sycorax Lois Patiño, Matías Piñeiro Portugal, Spain The Syed Family Xmas Eve Game Night Fawzia Mirza Canada Together Albert Shin Canada, South Korea Trumpets in the Sky Rakan Mayasi Palestine, Lebanon, France, Belgium Twelve Hours Paul Shkordoff Canada White Devil Benjamin Dickinsom, Mariama Diallo United States You and Me, Before and After Madeleine Gottlieb Australia Zero Nula Lee Filipovski Canada, Serbia TIFF Rewind A new program which saw classic films that screened at TIFF in past years made available for streaming on Crave, paired with talks by actors or filmmakers involved in the production. Film Speaker(s) Best in Show Christopher Guest, Eugene Levy, Catherine O'Hara Eastern Promises Viggo Mortensen Precious Lee Daniels, Gabourey Sidibe Real Women Have Curves Patricia Cardoso, America Ferrera Training Day Antoine Fuqua TIFF Cinemathèque English title Original title Director(s) Production country Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner ᐊᑕᓈᕐᔪᐊᑦ Zacharias Kunuk Canada Coast-to-Coast Screenings Special screenings of selected Gala or Special Presentations films in other communities across Canada. Film Location Date Charlotte Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan September 13 Dune Montreal, Quebec September 12 The Electrical Life of Louis Wain Summerside, Prince Edward Island September 13 I'm Your Man Markham, Ontario Night Raiders Collingwood, Ontario Night Raiders Saint John, New Brunswick Official Competition Prince Rupert, British Columbia Industry Selects As in 2020 the Industry Selects program screened films for industry professionals, acting as a film market due to the continued COVID-19 pandemic having impacted the ability of filmmakers and critics to travel to international film festivals, but was not made available for the general public. English title Original title Director(s) Production country 107 Mothers Cenzorka Peter Kerekes Slovakia America Latina Damiano and Fabio D'Innocenzo Italy, France Cadejo Blanco Justin Lerner Guatemala, United States, Mexico Carmen Valerie Buhagiar Malta, Canada La Civil Teodora Ana Mihai Belgium, Romania, Mexico Cool Abdoul Jonas Backeland Belgium Domingo Raúl López Echeverría Mexico, Austria, France The Hole in the Fence El hoyo en la cerca Joaquín del Paso Mexico, Poland The King of All the World El Rey de Todo el Mundo Carlos Saura Mexico, Spain The Last Mark Reem Morsi Canada My Night Ma nuit Antoinette Boulat France Night Blooms Stephanie Joline Canada Nightride Stephen Fingleton United Kingdom Nr. 10 Alex van Warmerdam Netherlands, Belgium Old Henry Potsy Ponciroli United States Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle Onoda, 10 000 nuits dans la jungle Arthur Harari France, Japan, Germany, Belgium, Italy The Pink Cloud A Nuvem Rosa Iuli Gerbase Brazil Quake Tinna Hrafnsdóttir Iceland Reflection Відблиск Valentyn Vasyanovych Ukraine The Score Malachi Smyth United Kingdom Shankar's Fairies Irfana Majumdar India A Tale of Love and Desire Une histoire d'amour et de désir Leyla Bouzid France Canada's Top Ten The festival's annual year-end Canada's Top Ten list, collecting the films named as the top Canadian films of the year by critics and film festival programmers from across Canada, was released on December 6, 2021. Feature films All My Puny Sorrows — Michael McGowan Charlotte — Eric Warin, Tahir Rana Drunken Birds (Les oiseaux ivres) — Ivan Grbovic Learn to Swim — Thyrone Tommy Night Raiders — Danis Goulet Maria Chapdelaine — Sébastien Pilote Scarborough — Shasha Nakhai, Rich Williamson Ste. Anne — Rhayne Vermette Subjects of Desire — Jennifer Holness The White Fortress — Igor Drljača Short films Ain't No Time for Women — Sarra El Abed Angakusajaujuq: The Shaman's Apprentice — Zacharias Kunuk Boobs (Lolos) — Marie Valade Defund — Khadijah Roberts-Abdullah, Araya Mengesha Fanmi — Sandrine Brodeur-Desrosiers, Carmine Pierre-Dufour Honour to Senator Murray Sinclair — Alanis Obomsawin Like the Ones I Used to Know (Les grandes claques) — Annie St-Pierre Meneath: The Hidden Island of Ethics — Terril Calder The Syed Family Xmas Eve Game Night — Fawzia Mirza Together — Albert Shin References ^ a b Barry Hertz, "TIFF planning ‘substantially bigger’ 2021 film festival compared to last year’s hybrid event". The Globe and Mail, May 3, 2021. ^ "Toronto film festival plans return to in-person, digital hybrid model for 2021". Toronto Star, May 6, 2021. ^ a b c d Peter Howell, "TIFF cautiously rebounds from pandemic with 100-plus features planned, but no popcorn". Toronto Star, June 23, 2021. ^ a b c Victoria Ahearn, "Alanis Obomsawin, Denis Villeneuve to get TIFF Tribute Awards at Toronto film fest". Toronto Star, July 22, 2021. ^ Etan Vlessing, "Toronto: Jessica Chastain to Receive TIFF Tribute Actor Award". The Hollywood Reporter, August 5, 2021. ^ Etan Vlessing, "Toronto: Benedict Cumberbatch to Receive TIFF Tribute Actor Award". The Hollywood Reporter, August 12, 2021. ^ a b Selome Hailu, "Dionne Warwick and Danis Goulet to Receive TIFF Tribute Awards". Variety, August 26, 2021. ^ Pat Saperstein, "‘Power of the Dog’ Cinematographer Ari Wegner to Be Honored With TIFF Variety Artisan Award". Variety, September 2, 2021. ^ Steve Pond, "‘Belfast’ Wins Toronto Film Festival’s People’s Choice Award". TheWrap, September 18, 2021. ^ Anthony D'Alessandro, "‘Dune’, ‘Last Night In Soho’ & ‘Spencer’ Among Those Movies Not Eligible To Compete For TIFF’s Top Prize, The People’s Choice Award". Deadline Hollywood, September 14, 2021. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (July 20, 2021). "2021 Toronto Festival Unveils 'Dear Evan Hansen' As Opening Night Premiere; Check Out First Slated Films". Deadline. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021. ^ Rubin, Rebecca (July 20, 2021). "Toronto Film Festival Lineup Adds 'Dear Evan Hansen,' 'The Eyes of Tammy Faye' and 'Clifford the Big Red Dog'". Variety. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021. ^ Rebecca Rubin, "Toronto Film Festival Unveils Contemporary World Cinema and Discovery Lineup". Variety, July 28, 2021. ^ Anthony D'Alessandro, "TIFF Unveils Docs, Midnight Madness & Wavelengths Lineup With Palme d’Or Winner ‘Titane’, Liz Garbus’ ‘Becoming Cousteau’ & More". Deadline Hollywood, August 4, 2021. ^ Brian Welk, "‘Spencer,’ Princess Diana Film Starring Kristen Stewart, Added to Toronto Lineup". TheWrap, August 11, 2021. ^ "Julia Child doc, Colin Kaepernick drama, CBC genderfluid dramedy join TIFF lineup" Archived August 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Victoria Times-Colonist, August 13, 2021. ^ Erik Pedersen and Anthony D'Alessandro, "‘Clifford The Big Red Dog’ Pulled From Paramount Release Schedule Over Delta Concerns; Pic Looking For New Date". Deadline Hollywood, July 30, 2021. ^ a b Anthony D'Allessandro, "Steven Soderbergh Surprise Movie To Premiere At TIFF". Deadline Hollywood, September 2, 2021. ^ Hassannia, Tina (September 18, 2021). "Steven Soderbergh Reintroduces His Cult Classic 'Kafka' After Decades of Tinkering". IndieWire. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021. ^ "'Wildhood,' 'Scarborough' added to TIFF lineup". Guelph Mercury Tribune, July 28, 2021. ^ K. J. Millar, "Prince Rupert one of six cities chosen by Toronto International Film Festival for screening". The Interior News, September 9, 2021. ^ "Toronto Film Festival Unveils Conversations, Industry Selects, Special Event Lineups". Shoot Online, August 24, 2021. ^ Norman Wilner, "TIFF announces Canada’s Top Ten films of 2021". Now, December 6, 2021. External links Official website vteToronto International Film FestivalBy year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Awards People's Choice People's Choice: Documentaries People's Choice: Midnight Madness Best Canadian Film Best Canadian First Feature Film Best Canadian Short Film Amplify Voices Changemaker International Critics' (FIPRESCI) Prizes Best International Short Film NETPAC Prize Platform Prize Share Her Journey TIFF Tribute Awards Related Canada's Top Ten Canada On Screen Film Reference Library Preludes TIFF Lightbox TIFF Cinematheque TIFF Next Wave Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto International Film 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Toronto International Film Festival series, was held from September 9 to 18, 2021.[1] Due to the continued COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto, the festival was staged as a \"hybrid\" of in-person and digital screenings.[2] Most films were screened both in-person and on the digital platform, although a few titles were withheld by their distributors from the digital platform and instead were screened exclusively in-person.Artistic director Cameron Bailey indicated that while the 2021 festival would not fully return to the size of program that it offered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival, it would be significantly bigger than the reduced lineup that was offered at the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival.[1] Overall, the festival featured over 100 films, including a special retrospective program devoted to the work of Canadian documentary filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin.[3]","title":"2021 Toronto International Film Festival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TIFF Bell Lightbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF_Bell_Lightbox"},{"link_name":"Princess of Wales Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Wales_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Roy Thomson Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Thomson_Hall"},{"link_name":"Stephen Chbosky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Chbosky"},{"link_name":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Evan_Hansen_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dear Evan Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Evan_Hansen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howell-3"},{"link_name":"Denis Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"IMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX"},{"link_name":"Cinesphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinesphere"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howell-3"},{"link_name":"Digital TIFF Bell Lightbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_TIFF_Bell_Lightbox"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howell-3"}],"text":"In-person screenings were held at the festival's traditional venues, including the TIFF Bell Lightbox, the Princess of Wales Theatre and Roy Thomson Hall, the latter two of which hosted the world premiere of Stephen Chbosky's film adaptation of Broadway musical Dear Evan Hansen, the festival's Opening Night Gala Presentation.[3] Denis Villeneuve's film Dune received an IMAX world premiere screening at the Cinesphere.[3]As in 2020, digital screenings took place on the Digital TIFF Bell Lightbox platform.In addition to Toronto, the festival also staged a number of satellite screenings in other Canadian cities for the first time.[3]","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Official Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahearn-4"},{"link_name":"CTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahearn-4"},{"link_name":"Denis Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahearn-4"},{"link_name":"Jessica Chastain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Chastain"},{"link_name":"Benedict Cumberbatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dionne Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Warwick"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warwick-7"},{"link_name":"Danis Goulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danis_Goulet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warwick-7"},{"link_name":"Ari Wegner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Wegner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"TIFF Tribute Awards","text":"The festival presented the TIFF Tribute Awards, which were introduced in 2019 to honour actors and filmmakers for distinguished achievements over the course of their careers.[4] The ceremony took place on September 18; as in 2020, it was broadcast by CTV.[4]The first two honorees announced were Alanis Obomsawin as the recipient of the Jeff Skoll Award in Impact Media and Denis Villeneuve as the winner of the Ebert Director Award.[4] Jessica Chastain and Benedict Cumberbatch were subsequently announced as the recipient of the Actor Awards.[5][6] Dionne Warwick received the special tribute award,[7] filmmaker Danis Goulet was named the recipient of the Emerging Talent Award,[7] and cinematographer Ari Wegner received the Variety Artisan Award.[8]","title":"Official Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Last Night in Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Night_in_Soho"},{"link_name":"Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Regular awards","text":"The festival's main awards were announced on September 18, some live during the Tribute Awards broadcast and others on social media following the ceremony's conclusion.[9] A few high-profile titles in the festival program, namely Dune, Last Night in Soho and Spencer, were not eligible for the People's Choice Award, as their distributors had not permitted them to be screened online on the digital platform.[10]","title":"Official Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Walt Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Becker"},{"link_name":"Clifford the Big Red Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog_(film)"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Delta variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Steven Soderbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soderbergh-18"},{"link_name":"KIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIMI_(film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soderbergh-18"},{"link_name":"Kafka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafka_(film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The first 13 films selected for the festival were announced in June 2021. The gala and special presentation programs were announced on July 20,[11][12] while Contemporary World Cinema and Discovery titles were announced on July 28,[13] TIFF Docs, Midnight Madness and Wavelengths were announced on August 4,[14] Shortcuts and Platform were announced on August 11,[15] and Primetime was announced on August 13.[16]Walt Becker's Clifford the Big Red Dog was initially selected to be one of the Gala Presentations, but was withdrawn from the festival, after US distributor Paramount Pictures pulled it from its release schedule due to the rise of the Delta variant of COVID-19.[17]The festival also announced a special event screening of an unspecified new film by Steven Soderbergh.[18] Details of the film were not announced in advance, except that it was not expected to be his known upcoming film KIMI.[18] Soderbergh ultimately premiered a reedited version of his 1991 film Kafka titled Mr. Kneff.[19]","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gala presentations","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special Presentations","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special Events","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Contemporary World Cinema","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Celebrating Alanis","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TIFF Docs","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Discovery","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Midnight Madness","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wavelengths","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Platform","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Primetime","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short Cuts","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crave_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"TIFF Rewind","text":"A new program which saw classic films that screened at TIFF in past years made available for streaming on Crave, paired with talks by actors or filmmakers involved in the production.[20]","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TIFF Cinemathèque","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Coast-to-Coast Screenings","text":"Special screenings of selected Gala or Special Presentations films in other communities across Canada.[21]","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Industry Selects","text":"As in 2020 the Industry Selects program screened films for industry professionals, acting as a film market due to the continued COVID-19 pandemic having impacted the ability of filmmakers and critics to travel to international film festivals, but was not made available for the general public.[22]","title":"Official Selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada's Top Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Top_Ten"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The festival's annual year-end Canada's Top Ten list, collecting the films named as the top Canadian films of the year by critics and film festival programmers from across Canada, was released on December 6, 2021.[23]","title":"Canada's Top Ten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All My Puny Sorrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Puny_Sorrows_(film)"},{"link_name":"Michael McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McGowan_(director)"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Drunken Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunken_Birds"},{"link_name":"Ivan Grbovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Grbovic"},{"link_name":"Learn to Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learn_to_Swim"},{"link_name":"Thyrone Tommy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrone_Tommy"},{"link_name":"Night Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Raiders_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Danis Goulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danis_Goulet"},{"link_name":"Maria Chapdelaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chapdelaine_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Pilote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Pilote"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Shasha Nakhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasha_Nakhai"},{"link_name":"Rich Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Williamson_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Ste. Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste._Anne_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rhayne Vermette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhayne_Vermette"},{"link_name":"Subjects of Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjects_of_Desire_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Holness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Holness"},{"link_name":"The White Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Igor Drljača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Drlja%C4%8Da"}],"sub_title":"Feature films","text":"All My Puny Sorrows — Michael McGowan\nCharlotte — Eric Warin, Tahir Rana\nDrunken Birds (Les oiseaux ivres) — Ivan Grbovic\nLearn to Swim — Thyrone Tommy\nNight Raiders — Danis Goulet\nMaria Chapdelaine — Sébastien Pilote\nScarborough — Shasha Nakhai, Rich Williamson\nSte. Anne — Rhayne Vermette\nSubjects of Desire — Jennifer Holness\nThe White Fortress — Igor Drljača","title":"Canada's Top Ten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ain't No Time for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Time_for_Women"},{"link_name":"Sarra El Abed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarra_El_Abed"},{"link_name":"Angakusajaujuq: The Shaman's Apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angakusajaujuq:_The_Shaman%27s_Apprentice"},{"link_name":"Zacharias Kunuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharias_Kunuk"},{"link_name":"Boobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boobs_(film)"},{"link_name":"Defund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defund_(film)"},{"link_name":"Araya Mengesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araya_Mengesha"},{"link_name":"Fanmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanmi"},{"link_name":"Sandrine Brodeur-Desrosiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Brodeur-Desrosiers"},{"link_name":"Carmine Pierre-Dufour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Pierre-Dufour"},{"link_name":"Honour to Senator Murray Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_to_Senator_Murray_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"Alanis Obomsawin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanis_Obomsawin"},{"link_name":"Like the Ones I Used to Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_the_Ones_I_Used_to_Know"},{"link_name":"Annie St-Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_St-Pierre"},{"link_name":"Meneath: The Hidden Island of Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meneath:_The_Hidden_Island_of_Ethics"},{"link_name":"Terril Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terril_Calder"},{"link_name":"The Syed Family Xmas Eve Game Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Syed_Family_Xmas_Eve_Game_Night"},{"link_name":"Fawzia Mirza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawzia_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_(2021_short_film)"},{"link_name":"Albert Shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Shin"}],"sub_title":"Short films","text":"Ain't No Time for Women — Sarra El Abed\nAngakusajaujuq: The Shaman's Apprentice — Zacharias Kunuk\nBoobs (Lolos) — Marie Valade\nDefund — Khadijah Roberts-Abdullah, Araya Mengesha\nFanmi — Sandrine Brodeur-Desrosiers, Carmine Pierre-Dufour\nHonour to Senator Murray Sinclair — Alanis Obomsawin\nLike the Ones I Used to Know (Les grandes claques) — Annie St-Pierre\nMeneath: The Hidden Island of Ethics — Terril Calder\nThe Syed Family Xmas Eve Game Night — Fawzia Mirza\nTogether — Albert Shin","title":"Canada's Top Ten"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (July 20, 2021). \"2021 Toronto Festival Unveils 'Dear Evan Hansen' As Opening Night Premiere; Check Out First Slated Films\". Deadline. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/07/2021-toronto-film-festival-slate-dear-evan-hansen-1234796440/","url_text":"\"2021 Toronto Festival Unveils 'Dear Evan Hansen' As Opening Night Premiere; Check Out First Slated Films\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210720141143/https://deadline.com/2021/07/2021-toronto-film-festival-slate-dear-evan-hansen-1234796440/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Rebecca (July 20, 2021). \"Toronto Film Festival Lineup Adds 'Dear Evan Hansen,' 'The Eyes of Tammy Faye' and 'Clifford the Big Red Dog'\". Variety. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/film/news/toronto-film-festival-dear-evan-hansen-1235023598/","url_text":"\"Toronto Film Festival Lineup Adds 'Dear Evan Hansen,' 'The Eyes of Tammy Faye' and 'Clifford the Big Red Dog'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210720142739/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/toronto-film-festival-dear-evan-hansen-1235023598/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hassannia, Tina (September 18, 2021). \"Steven Soderbergh Reintroduces His Cult Classic 'Kafka' After Decades of Tinkering\". IndieWire. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2021/09/steven-soderbergh-tiff-kafka-mr-kneff-1234665729/","url_text":"\"Steven Soderbergh Reintroduces His Cult Classic 'Kafka' After Decades of Tinkering\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210918182106/https://www.indiewire.com/2021/09/steven-soderbergh-tiff-kafka-mr-kneff-1234665729/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://tiff.net/tiff","external_links_name":"tiff.net/tiff"},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/article-tiff-preparing-substantially-bigger-festival-and-for-every-eventuality/","external_links_name":"\"TIFF planning ‘substantially bigger’ 2021 film festival compared to last year’s hybrid event\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2021/05/06/toronto-film-festival-plans-return-to-in-person-digital-hybrid-model-for-2021.html","external_links_name":"\"Toronto film festival plans return to in-person, digital hybrid model for 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2021/06/23/tiff-cautiously-rebounds-from-pandemic-with-100-plus-features-planned-but-no-popcorn.html","external_links_name":"\"TIFF cautiously rebounds from pandemic with 100-plus features planned, but no popcorn\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2021/07/22/alanis-obomsawin-denis-villeneuve-to-get-tiff-tribute-awards-at-toronto-film-fest.html","external_links_name":"\"Alanis Obomsawin, Denis Villeneuve to get TIFF Tribute Awards at Toronto film fest\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/toronto-jessica-chastain-tiff-tribute-actor-award-1234993166/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto: Jessica Chastain to Receive TIFF Tribute Actor Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/toronto-benedict-cumberbatch-tiff-tribute-actor-award-1234996468/","external_links_name":"\"Toronto: Benedict Cumberbatch to Receive TIFF Tribute Actor Award\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/news/dionee-warwick-danis-goulet-tiff-tribute-awards-1235049857/","external_links_name":"\"Dionne Warwick and Danis Goulet to Receive TIFF Tribute Awards\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/awards/ari-wegner-tiff-variety-artisan-award-1235054568/","external_links_name":"\"‘Power of the Dog’ Cinematographer Ari Wegner to Be Honored With TIFF Variety Artisan Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/belfast-wins-toronto-film-festivals-peoples-choice-award/","external_links_name":"\"‘Belfast’ Wins Toronto Film Festival’s People’s Choice Award\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/09/dune-last-night-in-soho-spencer-tiff-peoples-choice-award-not-eligible-1234833056/","external_links_name":"\"‘Dune’, ‘Last Night In Soho’ & ‘Spencer’ Among Those Movies Not Eligible To Compete For TIFF’s Top Prize, The People’s Choice Award\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/07/2021-toronto-film-festival-slate-dear-evan-hansen-1234796440/","external_links_name":"\"2021 Toronto Festival Unveils 'Dear Evan Hansen' As Opening Night Premiere; 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Pic Looking For New Date\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/09/steven-soderbergh-surprise-movie-tiff-1234826650/","external_links_name":"\"Steven Soderbergh Surprise Movie To Premiere At TIFF\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiewire.com/2021/09/steven-soderbergh-tiff-kafka-mr-kneff-1234665729/","external_links_name":"\"Steven Soderbergh Reintroduces His Cult Classic 'Kafka' After Decades of Tinkering\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210918182106/https://www.indiewire.com/2021/09/steven-soderbergh-tiff-kafka-mr-kneff-1234665729/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.guelphmercury.com/whatson-story/10445410--wildhood-scarborough-added-to-tiff-lineup/","external_links_name":"\"'Wildhood,' 'Scarborough' added to TIFF lineup\""},{"Link":"https://www.interior-news.com/news/prince-rupert-one-of-six-cities-chosen-by-toronto-international-film-festival-for-screening/","external_links_name":"\"Prince Rupert one of six cities chosen by Toronto International Film Festival for screening\""},{"Link":"https://www.shootonline.com/news/toronto-film-festival-unveils-conversations-industry-selects-special-event-lineups","external_links_name":"\"Toronto Film Festival Unveils Conversations, Industry Selects, Special Event Lineups\""},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/movies/news-and-features/tiff-announces-canadas-top-ten-for-2021","external_links_name":"\"TIFF announces Canada’s Top Ten films of 2021\""},{"Link":"http://tiff.net/festivals/thefestival","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i_District	Călărași District	["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","2.2 Fauna","2.3 Flora","2.4 Plaiul Fagului","2.5 Rivers","3 Wine production","4 Administrative subdivisions","5 Demographics","5.1 Ethnic groups","5.2 Religion","6 Economy","7 Education","8 Politics","8.1 Elections","9 Culture","10 Health","11 Tourism","12 Personalities","13 References","14 External links"]	Coordinates: 47°15′N 28°20′E / 47.250°N 28.333°E / 47.250; 28.333District in the Republic of Moldova District in Republic of MoldovaCălărași District Raionul CălărașiDistrict (Raion) FlagCoat of armsCountry Republic of MoldovaAdministrative center (Oraș-reședinţă) CălărașiGovernment • Raion PresidentIlie Rău (PDM), since 2011Area • Total753 km2 (291 sq mi)Population (2014) • Total64,401 • Density86/km2 (220/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Area code+373 44Car platesCLWebsitewww.calarasi.md Călărași (Romanian pronunciation: ⓘ) is a district (Romanian: raion) in the centre of Moldova, with the administrative headquarters in Călărași. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 78,800. History The district territory is inhabited since Paleolithic, 50–40,000 years ago. Settlements with the earliest documentary attestation of the district are: Horodiște, Pitușca, and Sadova, they are certified in 1420. During the component was in the Principality of Moldova (1359–1812), the current Călărași territory held by the Orhei - Lăpușna County. After dividing the land Orhei - Lapusna in two separate counties, some localities have passed Orhei County and the other part Lăpușna County. From the 16th through the 18th centuries, the district developed economically (trade, wine), culturally (to build monasteries, Frumoasa, Hârbovăţ and Răciula) and grew in population. After the Treaty of Bucharest, Basarabia is occupied by the Russian Empire at this time there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Basarabia united with the motherland Romania but for a short time (1918–1940, 1941–1944). In 1940 after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Treaty, the territory between the Prut and Nistru is busy again this time the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part of the Ungheni County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova. Geography Călăraşi district situated in geomorphological area Codri Calarasi District is located in central part of Moldova. It borders with Teleneşti District in the north, east Orhei District, Străşeni District in south, south-west Nisporeni District and Ungheni District in west. Very rugged terrain, crossed the slopes with different degrees of tilt conditioning Central Moldavian Plateau, and is located in Codri. Chernozem soil in valleys, and brown soil on the plateau. Maximum altitude in the district is 400 meters, the rate reached in the south-western part of district. Climate The climate is temperate-continental. The average air temperature is 9 °C (48 °F). Average January temperature −5 °C (23 °F) and in July 21 °C (70 °F). Yearly precipitation] 550–650 mm. Average wind speed 4–6 m/s. Fauna Fauna characteristic of the so animals such as: fox, wild cat, marten, rabbit, squirrel, deer, wild boar, wolf, red deer and others and the world of birds may be mentioned: blackbird, pigeon, jay, finch, eagle, woodpecker and other. Flora Forests occupy 30.7% of district territory, dominate species: hornbeam, beech, ash, elm, oak, white, lime, etc. In strips of forest are encountered: horn, hawthorn, bat, maples and other. Plaiul Fagului Red deer in the scientific reserve Plaiul Fagului State Nature Reserve "Plaiul Fagului" was created on March 12, 1992 for the conservation, regeneration, environmental recovery, study one of the most picturesque and representative forest ecosystems in the Codri. The total area of reserve is 5642 ha, of which forests occupy 4639 ha (82.2%). The territorial-administrative structure includes 5387 hectares of natural tree, beech formations including 272 ha (4.8%), ash 1163 ha (20.6%), sessile oak 1039 ha (18.4%), lime 170 ha (3.1%) other species, 169 ha (3.0%). Flora includes 909 species, including 645 species of vascular plants, 151 species of fungi, 48 species of lichens, 65 species of moss. Fauna: As mentioned Dimitrie Cantemir, in this land dwelling deer, bears, reindeer, martens, wolves, wild boar. Arable land expansion has contributed significantly to the reduction of forested area, the numerical reduction plants and animals. Uncontrolled hunting disappearance of conditioned bear, deer, lynx, wolf, black grouse etc. Rivers District is located in the Nistru river basin, a tributary that crosses the district are: Bic, Ichel and Cula. Most lakes are of natural origin, but are rich in fish. Wine production This Călărași District is known for its red wine, white wine, and cognac. While Moldova was a part of the Soviet Union, its wines were known throughout the USSR. Administrative subdivisions District administration building Localities: 54 Administrative center: Călăraşi Cities: Călăraşi Villages: 23 Communes: 30 Demographics 1 January 2012 the district population was 78,800 of which 20.7% urban and 79.3% rural population Births (2010): 927 (11.7 per 1000) Deaths (2010): 1175 (14.9 per 100) Growth rate (2010): -248 (-3.1 per 1000) Ethnic groups Ethnic group % of total Moldovans * 79.8 Romanians * 15.5 Ukrainians 3.3 Russians 0.8 Romani 0.3 Gagauz 0.1 Bulgarians 0.1 Other 0.2 Undeclared 1.27 Footnote: * There is an ongoing controversy regarding the ethnic identification of Moldovans and Romanians. Religion Baptist church in Bravicea Christians - 98.4% Orthodox Christians - 97.7% Protestant - 0.7% Seventh-day Adventists - 0.5% Baptists - 0.2% Other - 1.1% No Religion - 0.5% Economy Viticulture an important sector of agriculture district The district recorded a total of 21,200 enterprises, of which individual enterprises 673 units, 19,792 units farms, enterprises with the legal person status 800. SMEs constitute about 99% of all enterprises. Here is a winery and a cognac factory is one of the first in Moldova and other enterprises in the food industry (canned food, sugar, dairy products). Food industry (dairy) there is a factory that produces dairy products quality first. Agricultural land - 25 801 ha (34.1%), including arable land - 13,323 ha (16.7%), orchards - 3138 ha (4.1%), vine - 6020 ha (8.0%), pastures - 7384 ha (9.8%) other - 394.7 ha (0.5%). Main crops: cereals (wheat, oats), corn, sunflower, rapeseed and soy. Education In Calarasi district works: 31 kindergartens, 34 schools, a multipurpose school, college and a special auxiliary school. Total number of students: in schools - 8176 students, in professional schools versatile - 269 students, college teaching "Alexandru cel Bun" 553 students. Politics Calarasi district in terms of political support center-right parties. AEI enjoys a major support. PCRM here usually get poor results, the last three elections is a constant fall. During the last three elections AEI had an increase of 68.9% Parliament elections results Year AEI PCRM 2010 68.13% 23,517 25.81% 8,910 July 2009 63.67% 21,516 32.10% 10,849 April 2009 43.33% 13,925 43.39% 13,947 Elections Summary of 28 November 2010 Parliament of Moldova election results in Călăraşi District Parties and coalitions Votes % +/− Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova 12,364 35.82 +18.23 Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova 8,910 25.81 −6.29 Liberal Party 5,602 16.23 −3.48 Democratic Party of Moldova 4,252 12,32 +2.30 Party Alliance Our Moldova 1,299 3.76 −12.59 European Action Movement 368 1.07 +1.07 Other Party 1,736 4.99 +0.76 Total (turnout 56.08%) 34,807 100.00 Culture The district works: 37 houses and cultural centers, 42 libraries, 7 museums, three art schools. In total the district works, 103 artistic groups, including 23 as "model". Health The district operates: Călăraşi district hospital with 200 beds general fund, a Center of Family Physicians, 4 health centers, 27 family doctor's offices, three offices Health, 35 pharmaceutical subsidiaries. Tourism Agrotouristic "Honey House" - Răciula Mansions of noblemen Malski and Russo 19th century (Bahmut, Păuleşti) Geopaleontological natural monument "Cemetery horses" (2 ha) Sanatorium Codru - Hîrjauca The four monasteries located in a cross (Frumoasa, Răciula, Hîrjauca, Hîrbovăţ) The oldest winery and brandy from Moldova (Călăraşi Divin) Unique wooden churches in Moldova (Mandra, Hîrjauca, Horodiște, Păuleşti, Hogineşti) Vestiges of ancient fortresses Getae of a ground (4th–3rd century BC) of Horodiște Personalities Iurie Colesnic - Politician (PL) Mihai Petric - Painter Pavel Stratan - Singer and songwriter of folk music Andrew Rayel - Producer and DJ Sigmund Mogulesko - Singer, actor and composer Igor Dodon - Politician and President References ^ "Results of Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova in 2014". National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-01. External links The official site of the district Number of district population Descrierea raionului vte Administrative divisions of MoldovaDistricts Anenii Noi Basarabeasca Briceni Cahul Cantemir Călărași Căușeni Cimișlia Criuleni Dondușeni Drochia Dubăsari Edineț Fălești Florești Glodeni Hîncești Ialoveni Leova Nisporeni Ocnița Orhei Rezina Rîșcani Sîngerei Soroca Strășeni Șoldănești Ștefan Vodă Taraclia Telenești Ungheni Autonomous territorial units Găgăuzia Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester1 Municipalities Bălți Bender1 Cahul Ceadîr-Lunga Chișinău Comrat Edineț Hîncești Orhei Soroca Strășeni Tiraspol1 Ungheni 1 Currently controlled by the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. 47°15′N 28°20′E / 47.250°N 28.333°E / 47.250; 28.333 Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kələˈraʃʲ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Ro-C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i.ogg/Ro-C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ro-C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i.ogg"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Călărași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i,_Moldova"}],"text":"District in the Republic of MoldovaDistrict in Republic of MoldovaCălărași (Romanian pronunciation: [kələˈraʃʲ] ⓘ) is a district (Romanian: raion) in the centre of Moldova, with the administrative headquarters in Călărași. As of January 1, 2011, its population was 78,800.","title":"Călărași District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_settlement"},{"link_name":"Horodiște","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horodi%C5%9Fte,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C5%9Fi"},{"link_name":"Pitușca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitu%C8%99ca"},{"link_name":"Sadova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadova,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C5%9Fi"},{"link_name":"Principality of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Călărași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Orhei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhei_County_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Lăpușna County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83pu%C5%9Fna_County_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Frumoasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumoasa,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C5%9Fi"},{"link_name":"Hârbovăţ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2rbov%C4%83%C5%A3"},{"link_name":"Răciula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83ciula"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)"},{"link_name":"Basarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basarabia"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"russification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification"},{"link_name":"collapse of the Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Basarabia united with the motherland Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania"},{"link_name":"Molotov–Ribbentrop Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"territory between the Prut and Nistru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"Independence of Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Ungheni County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungheni_County"}],"text":"The district territory is inhabited since Paleolithic, 50–40,000 years ago. Settlements with the earliest documentary attestation of the district are: Horodiște, Pitușca, and Sadova, they are certified in 1420. During the component was in the Principality of Moldova (1359–1812), the current Călărași territory held by the Orhei - Lăpușna County. After dividing the land Orhei - Lapusna in two separate counties, some localities have passed Orhei County and the other part Lăpușna County. From the 16th through the 18th centuries, the district developed economically (trade, wine), culturally (to build monasteries, Frumoasa, Hârbovăţ and Răciula) and grew in population. After the Treaty of Bucharest, Basarabia is occupied by the Russian Empire at this time there is an intense russification of the native population. In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Basarabia united with the motherland Romania but for a short time (1918–1940, 1941–1944). In 1940 after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Treaty, the territory between the Prut and Nistru is busy again this time the USSR. In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part of the Ungheni County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geomorph-Mol.png"},{"link_name":"Codri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codri"},{"link_name":"Teleneşti District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telene%C5%9Fti_District"},{"link_name":"Orhei District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhei_District"},{"link_name":"Străşeni District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C4%83%C5%9Feni_District"},{"link_name":"Nisporeni District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisporeni_District"},{"link_name":"Ungheni District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungheni_District"},{"link_name":"Central Moldavian Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Moldavian_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Codri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codri"},{"link_name":"Chernozem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernozem"},{"link_name":"brown soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_soil"}],"text":"Călăraşi district situated in geomorphological area CodriCalarasi District is located in central part of Moldova. It borders with Teleneşti District in the north, east Orhei District, Străşeni District in south, south-west Nisporeni District and Ungheni District in west. Very rugged terrain, crossed the slopes with different degrees of tilt conditioning Central Moldavian Plateau, and is located in Codri. Chernozem soil in valleys, and brown soil on the plateau. Maximum altitude in the district is 400 meters, the rate reached in the south-western part of district.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate is temperate-continental. The average air temperature is 9 °C (48 °F). Average January temperature −5 °C (23 °F) and in July 21 °C (70 °F). Yearly precipitation] 550–650 mm. Average wind speed 4–6 m/s.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox"},{"link_name":"wild cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_cat"},{"link_name":"marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten"},{"link_name":"rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"wild boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"red deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer"},{"link_name":"blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Blackbird"},{"link_name":"pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon"},{"link_name":"jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay"},{"link_name":"finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch"},{"link_name":"eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle"},{"link_name":"woodpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodpecker"}],"sub_title":"Fauna","text":"Fauna characteristic of the so animals such as: fox, wild cat, marten, rabbit, squirrel, deer, wild boar, wolf, red deer and others and the world of birds may be mentioned: blackbird, pigeon, jay, finch, eagle, woodpecker and other.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hornbeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeam"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_(Fraxinus)"},{"link_name":"elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia"},{"link_name":"horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrierea_calycina"},{"link_name":"hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus"},{"link_name":"bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"maples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple"}],"sub_title":"Flora","text":"Forests occupy 30.7% of district territory, dominate species: hornbeam, beech, ash, elm, oak, white,[clarification needed] lime, etc. In strips of forest are encountered: horn, hawthorn, bat, maples and other.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Red deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_conservation"},{"link_name":"regeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_regeneration"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems"},{"link_name":"Codri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codri"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_(Fraxinus)"},{"link_name":"sessile oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessile_oak"},{"link_name":"lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"Dimitrie Cantemir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"},{"link_name":"martens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten"},{"link_name":"wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves"},{"link_name":"wild boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"Arable land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"},{"link_name":"bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"black grouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_grouse"}],"sub_title":"Plaiul Fagului","text":"Red deer in the scientific reserve Plaiul FaguluiState Nature Reserve \"Plaiul Fagului\" was created on March 12, 1992 for the conservation, regeneration, environmental recovery, study one of the most picturesque and representative forest ecosystems in the Codri.\nThe total area of reserve is 5642 ha, of which forests occupy 4639 ha (82.2%). The territorial-administrative structure includes 5387 hectares of natural tree, beech formations including 272 ha (4.8%), ash 1163 ha (20.6%), sessile oak 1039 ha (18.4%), lime 170 ha (3.1%) other species, 169 ha (3.0%). Flora includes 909 species, including 645 species of vascular plants, 151 species of fungi, 48 species of lichens, 65 species of moss. Fauna: As mentioned Dimitrie Cantemir, in this land dwelling deer, bears, reindeer, martens, wolves, wild boar. Arable land expansion has contributed significantly to the reduction of forested area, the numerical reduction plants and animals. Uncontrolled hunting disappearance of conditioned bear, deer, lynx, wolf, black grouse etc.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nistru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nistru"},{"link_name":"Bic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEc_River"},{"link_name":"Cula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cula_River&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Rivers","text":"District is located in the Nistru river basin, a tributary that crosses the district are: Bic, Ichel and Cula. Most lakes are of natural origin, but are rich in fish.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"red wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wine"},{"link_name":"white wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_wine"},{"link_name":"cognac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognac"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"text":"This Călărași District is known for its red wine, white wine, and cognac. While Moldova was a part of the Soviet Union, its wines were known throughout the USSR.","title":"Wine production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consiliul_Raional_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i.jpg"},{"link_name":"Călăraşi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C5%9Fi"},{"link_name":"Călăraşi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C5%9Fi"}],"text":"District administration buildingLocalities: 54\nAdministrative center: Călăraşi\nCities: Călăraşi\nVillages: 23\nCommunes: 30","title":"Administrative subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"link_name":"rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural"},{"link_name":"Births","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Births"},{"link_name":"Deaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths"}],"text":"1 January 2012 the district population was 78,800 of which 20.7% urban and 79.3% rural populationBirths (2010): 927 (11.7 per 1000)\nDeaths (2010): 1175 (14.9 per 100)\nGrowth rate (2010): -248 (-3.1 per 1000)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ongoing controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Moldova"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups","text":"Footnote: * There is an ongoing controversy regarding the ethnic identification of Moldovans and Romanians.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baptist_church_Bravicea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baptist church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_church"},{"link_name":"Bravicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravicea"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Seventh-day Adventists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Baptist church in BraviceaChristians - 98.4%\nOrthodox Christians - 97.7%\nProtestant - 0.7%\nSeventh-day Adventists - 0.5%\nBaptists - 0.2%\nOther - 1.1%\nNo Religion - 0.5%","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chardonnay_Moldova.JPG"},{"link_name":"Viticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture"},{"link_name":"SMEs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises"},{"link_name":"winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winery"},{"link_name":"cognac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognac"},{"link_name":"canned food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canned_food"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"dairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy"},{"link_name":"arable land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"},{"link_name":"orchards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchards"},{"link_name":"vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine"},{"link_name":"pastures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastures"},{"link_name":"cereals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereals"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"oats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oats"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn"},{"link_name":"sunflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower"},{"link_name":"rapeseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeseed"},{"link_name":"soy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy"}],"text":"Viticulture an important sector of agriculture districtThe district recorded a total of 21,200 enterprises, of which individual enterprises 673 units, 19,792 units farms, enterprises with the legal person status 800. SMEs constitute about 99% of all enterprises. Here is a winery and a cognac factory is one of the first in Moldova and other enterprises in the food industry (canned food, sugar, dairy products). Food industry (dairy) there is a factory that produces dairy products quality first. Agricultural land - 25 801 ha (34.1%), including arable land - 13,323 ha (16.7%), orchards - 3138 ha (4.1%), vine - 6020 ha (8.0%), pastures - 7384 ha (9.8%) other - 394.7 ha (0.5%). Main crops: cereals (wheat, oats), corn, sunflower, rapeseed and soy.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kindergartens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergartens"},{"link_name":"professional schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_schools"}],"text":"In Calarasi district works: 31 kindergartens, 34 schools, a multipurpose school, college and a special auxiliary school. Total number of students: in schools - 8176 students, in professional schools versatile - 269 students, college teaching \"Alexandru cel Bun\" 553 students.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"center-right parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-right"},{"link_name":"AEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_European_Integration"},{"link_name":"PCRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova"},{"link_name":"AEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_European_Integration"}],"text":"Calarasi district in terms of political support center-right parties. AEI enjoys a major support. PCRM here usually get poor results, the last three elections is a constant fall.During the last three elections AEI had an increase of 68.9%","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The district works: 37 houses and cultural centers, 42 libraries, 7 museums, three art schools. In total the district works, 103 artistic groups, including 23 as \"model\".","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical"}],"text":"The district operates: Călăraşi district hospital with 200 beds general fund, a Center of Family Physicians, 4 health centers, 27 family doctor's offices, three offices Health, 35 pharmaceutical subsidiaries.","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Răciula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83ciula"},{"link_name":"noblemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblemen"},{"link_name":"Bahmut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmut"},{"link_name":"Păuleşti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83ule%C5%9Fti,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C5%9Fi"},{"link_name":"Geopaleontological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatorium"},{"link_name":"Hîrjauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AErjauca"},{"link_name":"monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteries"},{"link_name":"Frumoasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumoasa,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C5%9Fi"},{"link_name":"Răciula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83ciula"},{"link_name":"Hîrjauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AErjauca"},{"link_name":"Hîrbovăţ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AErbov%C4%83%C5%A3"},{"link_name":"winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winery"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"},{"link_name":"wooden churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_Churches_of_Maramure%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Mandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandra"},{"link_name":"Hîrjauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AErjauca_monastery"},{"link_name":"Horodiște","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horodi%C8%99te,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i"},{"link_name":"Păuleşti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83ule%C5%9Fti,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C5%9Fi"},{"link_name":"Hogineşti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogine%C5%9Fti"},{"link_name":"fortresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortresses"},{"link_name":"Getae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getae"},{"link_name":"Horodiște","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horodi%C8%99te,_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i"}],"text":"Agrotouristic \"Honey House\" - Răciula\nMansions of noblemen Malski and Russo 19th century (Bahmut, Păuleşti)\nGeopaleontological natural monument \"Cemetery horses\" (2 ha)\nSanatorium Codru - Hîrjauca\nThe four monasteries located in a cross (Frumoasa, Răciula, Hîrjauca, Hîrbovăţ)\nThe oldest winery and brandy from Moldova (Călăraşi Divin)\nUnique wooden churches in Moldova (Mandra, Hîrjauca, Horodiște, Păuleşti, Hogineşti)\nVestiges of ancient fortresses Getae of a ground (4th–3rd century BC) of Horodiște","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iurie Colesnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iurie_Colesnic"},{"link_name":"PL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Moldova)"},{"link_name":"Mihai Petric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Petric"},{"link_name":"Pavel Stratan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Stratan"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"Andrew Rayel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Rayel"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Mogulesko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Mogulesko"},{"link_name":"Igor Dodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Dodon"}],"text":"Iurie Colesnic - Politician (PL)\nMihai Petric - Painter\nPavel Stratan - Singer and songwriter of folk music\nAndrew Rayel - Producer and DJ\nSigmund Mogulesko - Singer, actor and composer\nIgor Dodon - Politician and President","title":"Personalities"}]	[{"image_text":"Călăraşi district situated in geomorphological area Codri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Geomorph-Mol.png/220px-Geomorph-Mol.png"},{"image_text":"Red deer in the scientific reserve Plaiul Fagului","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"District administration building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Consiliul_Raional_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i.jpg/220px-Consiliul_Raional_C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baptist church in Bravicea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Baptist_church_Bravicea.jpg/220px-Baptist_church_Bravicea.jpg"},{"image_text":"Viticulture an important sector of agriculture district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chardonnay_Moldova.JPG/220px-Chardonnay_Moldova.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Results of Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova in 2014\". National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Nayak	Narendra Nayak	["1 Life and work","2 Activism","3 Views","4 Awards","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Indian activist (born 1951) Narendra NayakBorn (1951-02-05) 5 February 1951 (age 73)Mangalore, Karnataka, IndiaOccupation(s)Rationalist, sceptic, columnist and biochemistry professorSpouseAsha Nayak Nayak during a miracle-exposure program conducted at Ayodhya on 5 November 2007 during the First All India Conference of Arjak Sangh, an affiliate of FIRA Narendra Nayak (born 5 February 1951) is a rationalist, sceptic, and godman debunker from Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Nayak is the current president of the Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations (FIRA). He founded the Dakshina Kannada Rationalist Association in 1976 and has been its secretary since then. He also founded an NGO called Aid Without Religion in July 2011. He tours the country conducting workshops to promote scientific temper and showing people how to debunk godmen and frauds. He has conducted over 2000 such demonstrations in India, including some in Australia, Greece, England, Norway, Denmark, Sri Lanka and Nepal. He is also a polyglot who speaks 9 languages fluently, which helps him when he is giving talks in various parts of the country. Life and work Nayak was named after Swami Vivekananda (born Narendra Nath Datta). He has stated that seeing his father's business premises being repossessed by the bank and his father buying a lottery ticket on the advice of an astrologer to pay off the loan with the total confidence that it would get the first prize made him turn to rationalism. He married Asha Nayak, a lawyer in Mangaluru in a non-religious ceremony. Nayak started out working as a lecturer in the Department of biochemistry in the Kasturba Medical College in Mangalore in 1978. In 1982, he met Basava Premanand, a notable rationalist from Kerala, and was influenced by him. Karnataka State Police withdrew his security wherein Nayak was quoted to say that it was an open invitation by forces to finish him. Activism Nayak decided to take on full-time anti-superstition activism in 2004 when he heard that a girl had been sacrificed in Gulbarga in Karnataka. He was an assistant professor of biochemistry when he took voluntary retirement on 25 November 2006, after working there for 28 years. Before the general election in 2009, Nayak laid an open challenge to any soothsayer to answer 25 questions correctly about the forthcoming elections. The prize was set at ₹1,000,000 (about US$15,000). About 450 responses were mailed to him, but none were found to be correct. The Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations has been conducting such challenges since 1991. During May 2013 Karnataka state assembly election, disappointed at the challenge being one-sided, Nayak had decided against the idea of challenging astrologers this time. But when a Bengaluru-based astrologer Shankar Hegde made claims to predict the election results accurately, he received the challenge. Nayak offered to hand over a cheque of Rs.10 lakh (after deducting taxes as applicable under income Tax Act), if 19 out of the 20 results were proven right. However, later on astrologer Hegde did not turn up. Through the organisation named Aid Without Religion which was registered in July 2011, he has been helping people and institutions where there are no religious rituals, superstitious practices, unscientific systems of medicine and such supernatural beliefs. The registration was done at Rahu Kalam, a time of the day which is the most inauspicious – so it was a double rather a triple whammy, a Saturday, new moon day that too in the month of Ati which is considered to be the most unlucky time and at Rahu Kalam! He has been featured on National Geographic's television show Is it real?. He has also appeared on the Discovery Channel. He has been a regular columnist at the newspaper Mangalore Today since its inception. He also serves on the editorial board of the Folks Magazine. He has admitted to have been attacked for his activism a few times. He also has stated that his scooter's brake wires were once found severed, after an astrologer predicted his death or injury. He was a close associate to Gauri Lankesh, M. M. Kalburgi, and Narendra Dabholkar; all three like-minded and were assassinated in a more-or-less similar fashion. He was also involved in fighting against Midbrain activation, an alleged modern technique that enables students to see objects despite being blindfolded. In March 2017, there was an attempt on Narendra Nayak's life. During the early morning hours, while on his way to the Mangala swimming pool in his car, he was approached by two unidentified men in a bike wearing helmets and hinted that his tyres were punctured. An unfazed Nayak suspected foul play and with a great presence of mind drove all the way to a nearby gas station and saw that everything was in order. He immediately filed a Police Complain. Nayak suspected that this attempt on his life could possibly be the repercussions to his fight for the justice of the slain RTI activist Vinayak Baliga, who was murdered exactly a year previous to this episode. Nayak's personal gunman was on holidays. Nayak continues to have personal gunman handed over by Mangalore Police till date. Narendra presented at the first Global Congress on Scientific Thinking and Action which was held on March 17–20, 2021. During Session III on Alternative Medicine, he talked about the wide use of alternative medicines in India, including homeopathy, and said that various alternative treatments are often claimed to be Indian in origin. In addition, he states that the relatively low death rate from COVID in India has been falsely attributed to the use of homeopathic medicines as preventative. When asked what should be done about the use of alternative medicines in India, he said, flatly, “They should be banned.” Views Nayak advocates that more people should be taught to perform the so-called miracles of godmen. He also advocates that people should be trained to recognize pseudoscience and demand scientific evidence. He holds the opinion that well-known scientists should be convinced to join the cause and form pressure groups against pseudoscience. He is also lobbying for a bill for the separation of state and religion to be introduced in the Indian parliament. After the murder of anti-superstition activist Narendra Dabholkar and enactment of the anti-superstition ordinance in Maharashtra state, Nayak expressed the need of a similar law in Karnataka. Regarding fellow Mangalorean George Fernandes, Nayak said the "You can hate George Fernandes, You can love Fernandes, but you cannot ignore him". Nayak was the guest of honour during the launch event of the book Bandh Samrat - Tales of Eternal Rebel written on George Fernandes's early trade union activities in Mangalore and Bombay Awards 2011 "Distinguished Service to Humanism Award" from the International Humanist and Ethical Union 2015 "Lawrence Pinto Human Rights Award" from the Friends of Lawry 2017 "Academy Honorary Award" Karnataka Balavikas Academy, Directorate of Women and Child Development Department, Government of Karnataka See also Superstition in India Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations James Randi and his One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge Basava Premanand Prabir Ghosh Narendra Dabholkar References ^ a b c "About Us: Narendra Nayak". Indian CSICOP. Retrieved 18 September 2013. ^ a b "'Aid Without Religion' Trust Endeavours to Spread Rationality". 30 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2014. ^ a b "Literacy doesn't make us educated". The Times of India. 10 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ a b "IHEU Awards for 2011". International Humanist and Ethical Union. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ a b c "Gawd! You can do it too". The Hindu. 21 June 2004. Archived from the original on 28 July 2004. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ a b "Extra Mural Lecture By Narendra Nayak: The Need for Rational Thinking". IIT Madras. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013. ^ a b c "60th Birthday Celebration of Narendra Nayak" (PDF). Indian Sceptic. March 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (30 March 2023). "Withdrawal of police security an open invitation to forces which want to finish me: Narendra Nayak". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 September 2023. ^ "Predict results and win Rs10 lakh". Daily News & Analysis (DNA). 26 April 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2017. ...said Narendra Nayak, national president of the FIRA. "There was a similar offer in 2009 too, but no astrologer came even five percent near to accuracy. There were some counter challenges also but, they withdrew at the last minute proving that astrology can not predict election results," he said. ^ a b "There is no such thing as scientific astrology". DNA India. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Rationalist chief's Rs 10 lakh safe". The Times of India. 15 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2013. ^ "Predictions fail to match mandate, reward money has no takers". The Times of India. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Predict and collect Rs.10 lakh, Astrologer told, Says Narendra Nayak". 7 May 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2014. ^ "Exorcism". Is It Real?. Season 1. 25 August 2005. National Geographic. ^ "Folks Magazine: Editorial Board". Folks Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2013. ^ "Rationalists fight superstition with dignity and nunchakus". The Times of India. 22 August 2013. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ Nagarajan, Kedar. "Karnataka is a Lab for Reactionary and Hindutva Groups: Noted Rationalist Narendra Nayak On the Murder of Gauri Lankesh". The Caravan. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Debunking 'midbrain activation' of children". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 October 2018. ^ "Prof. Narendra Nayak escapes assault attempt through great presence of mind". Mangalore Today. Retrieved 16 March 2017. ^ Vyse, Stuart (April 2021). "Aspen Global Congress on Scientific Thinking and Action". Skeptical Inquirer. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022. ^ "Aspen Global Congress on Scientific Thinking & Action". Aspen Institute. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022. ^ Johannes Quack (22 November 2011). Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India. Oxford University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-19-981260-8. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Activists seek early enactment of law separating state, religion". The Times of India. 21 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Separate religion from politics: FIRA president". DNA India. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Rationalists demand anti-superstition law". The New Indian Express. 22 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2013. ^ "A book on iconic leader, George Fernandes titled 'Bandh Samrat' released". Mangalore Today. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022. ^ "Mangaluru: Student capacity building programme held at Milagres College". Daijiworlddate=29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022. ^ "Humanism award for anti-superstition activist". The Times of India. 26 August 2011. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. ^ "Lawrence Pinto Human Rights Award for Prof Narendra Nayak". The Hindu. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015. ^ Release, Press (24 February 2021). "Prof. Narendra Nayak Chosen for Balavikas Academy Honorary Award". Mangalorean.com. Retrieved 3 September 2022. Further reading "Dr. Narendra Nayak's articles". Mukto Mano (Freethinker). "Fake astrologer falls into rationalists' trap". Deccan Herald. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 6 May 2004. Narendra Nayak (4 November 2003). "Indian Rationalists Expose Another Quack". International Humanist News. International Humanist and Ethical Union. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Chris Emmanuel Dsouza (18 March 2017). "Mangaluru: Attempt to murder a fearless man - Anti-social elements at it again". Daijiworld. External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narendra_nayak-miracle_exposure.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ayodhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya"},{"link_name":"FIRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Rationalist_Associations"},{"link_name":"rationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalist"},{"link_name":"sceptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceptic"},{"link_name":"godman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godman_(Hindu_ascetic)"},{"link_name":"debunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debunker"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"},{"link_name":"Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Rationalist_Associations"},{"link_name":"Dakshina Kannada Rationalist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada_Rationalist_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aid_without_religion-2"},{"link_name":"scientific temper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_temper"},{"link_name":"godmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godman_(Hindu_ascetic)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-literacy-3"},{"link_name":"polyglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHEU_award-4"}],"text":"Nayak during a miracle-exposure program conducted at Ayodhya on 5 November 2007 during the First All India Conference of Arjak Sangh, an affiliate of FIRANarendra Nayak (born 5 February 1951) is a rationalist, sceptic, and godman debunker from Mangalore, Karnataka, India.[1] Nayak is the current president of the Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations (FIRA). He founded the Dakshina Kannada Rationalist Association in 1976 and has been its secretary since then.[1] He also founded an NGO called Aid Without Religion in July 2011.[2] He tours the country conducting workshops to promote scientific temper and showing people how to debunk godmen and frauds. He has conducted over 2000 such demonstrations in India, including some in Australia, Greece, England, Norway, Denmark, Sri Lanka and Nepal.[3] He is also a polyglot who speaks 9 languages fluently, which helps him when he is giving talks in various parts of the country.[4]","title":"Narendra Nayak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swami Vivekananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda"},{"link_name":"lottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery"},{"link_name":"astrologer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologer"},{"link_name":"rationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-early_life-5"},{"link_name":"Mangaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"Kasturba Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lecture-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthday-7"},{"link_name":"Basava Premanand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basava_Premanand"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-early_life-5"},{"link_name":"Karnataka State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Police"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Nayak was named after Swami Vivekananda (born Narendra Nath Datta). He has stated that seeing his father's business premises being repossessed by the bank and his father buying a lottery ticket on the advice of an astrologer to pay off the loan with the total confidence that it would get the first prize made him turn to rationalism.[5] He married Asha Nayak, a lawyer in Mangaluru in a non-religious ceremony. Nayak started out working as a lecturer in the Department of biochemistry in the Kasturba Medical College in Mangalore in 1978.[6][7] In 1982, he met Basava Premanand, a notable rationalist from Kerala, and was influenced by him.[5]Karnataka State Police withdrew his security wherein Nayak was quoted to say that it was an open invitation by forces to finish him. [8]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulbarga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbarga"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-literacy-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lecture-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthday-7"},{"link_name":"general election in 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"soothsayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling"},{"link_name":"₹","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-astro_bet-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election-11"},{"link_name":"Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Rationalist_Associations"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIRA1991-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shankar_hegde_challenge-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aid_without_religion-2"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel"},{"link_name":"Is it real?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_it_real%3F"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isitreal-14"},{"link_name":"Discovery Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-early_life-5"},{"link_name":"Mangalore Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_Today"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthday-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-folks-15"},{"link_name":"activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karate-16"},{"link_name":"scooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_scooter"},{"link_name":"brake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-astro_bet-10"},{"link_name":"Gauri Lankesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauri_Lankesh"},{"link_name":"M. M. Kalburgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._M._Kalburgi"},{"link_name":"Narendra Dabholkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Dabholkar"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Midbrain activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain_activation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Vinayak Baliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinayak_Baliga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"homeopathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Nayak decided to take on full-time anti-superstition activism in 2004 when he heard that a girl had been sacrificed in Gulbarga in Karnataka.[3] He was an assistant professor of biochemistry when he took voluntary retirement on 25 November 2006,[1] after working there for 28 years.[6][7]Before the general election in 2009, Nayak laid an open challenge to any soothsayer to answer 25 questions correctly about the forthcoming elections. The prize was set at ₹1,000,000[9] (about US$15,000). About 450 responses were mailed to him, but none were found to be correct.[10][11] The Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations has been conducting such challenges since 1991.[12] During May 2013 Karnataka state assembly election, disappointed at the challenge being one-sided, Nayak had decided against the idea of challenging astrologers this time. But when a Bengaluru-based astrologer Shankar Hegde made claims to predict the election results accurately, he received the challenge. Nayak offered to hand over a cheque of Rs.10 lakh (after deducting taxes as applicable under income Tax Act), if 19 out of the 20 results were proven right.[13] However, later on astrologer Hegde did not turn up.Through the organisation named Aid Without Religion which was registered in July 2011, he has been helping people and institutions where there are no religious rituals, superstitious practices, unscientific systems of medicine and such supernatural beliefs. The registration was done at Rahu Kalam, a time of the day which is the most inauspicious – so it was a double rather a triple whammy, a Saturday, new moon day that too in the month of Ati which is considered to be the most unlucky time and at Rahu Kalam![2]He has been featured on National Geographic's television show Is it real?.[14] He has also appeared on the Discovery Channel.[5] He has been a regular columnist at the newspaper Mangalore Today since its inception.[7] He also serves on the editorial board of the Folks Magazine.[15]He has admitted to have been attacked for his activism a few times.[16] He also has stated that his scooter's brake wires were once found severed, after an astrologer predicted his death or injury.[10] He was a close associate to Gauri Lankesh, M. M. Kalburgi, and Narendra Dabholkar; all three like-minded and were assassinated in a more-or-less similar fashion.[17]He was also involved in fighting against Midbrain activation, an alleged modern technique that enables students to see objects despite being blindfolded.[18]\nIn March 2017, there was an attempt on Narendra Nayak's life. During the early morning hours, while on his way to the Mangala swimming pool in his car, he was approached by two unidentified men in a bike wearing helmets and hinted that his tyres were punctured. An unfazed Nayak suspected foul play and with a great presence of mind drove all the way to a nearby gas station and saw that everything was in order. He immediately filed a Police Complain. Nayak suspected that this attempt on his life could possibly be the repercussions to his fight for the justice of the slain RTI activist Vinayak Baliga, who was murdered exactly a year previous to this episode. Nayak's personal gunman was on holidays. Nayak continues to have personal gunman handed over by Mangalore Police till date. [19]Narendra presented at the first Global Congress on Scientific Thinking and Action which was held on March 17–20, 2021. During Session III on Alternative Medicine, he talked about the wide use of alternative medicines in India, including homeopathy, and said that various alternative treatments are often claimed to be Indian in origin. In addition, he states that the relatively low death rate from COVID in India has been falsely attributed to the use of homeopathic medicines as preventative. When asked what should be done about the use of alternative medicines in India, he said, flatly, “They should be banned.”[20][21]","title":"Activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"godmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godman_(Hindu_ascetic)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"scientific evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence"},{"link_name":"pressure groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_group"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quack2011-22"},{"link_name":"Indian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_parliament"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state_religion-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bill-24"},{"link_name":"Narendra Dabholkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Dabholkar"},{"link_name":"ordinance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_ordinance"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_law-25"},{"link_name":"George Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George_Fernandes-26"},{"link_name":"Bandh Samrat - Tales of Eternal Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandh_Samrat_-_Tales_of_Eternal_Rebel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trade_union-27"}],"text":"Nayak advocates that more people should be taught to perform the so-called miracles of godmen.[citation needed] He also advocates that people should be trained to recognize pseudoscience and demand scientific evidence. He holds the opinion that well-known scientists should be convinced to join the cause and form pressure groups against pseudoscience.[22] He is also lobbying for a bill for the separation of state and religion to be introduced in the Indian parliament.[23][24] After the murder of anti-superstition activist Narendra Dabholkar and enactment of the anti-superstition ordinance in Maharashtra state, Nayak expressed the need of a similar law in Karnataka.[25] Regarding fellow Mangalorean George Fernandes, Nayak said the \"You can hate George Fernandes, You can love Fernandes, but you cannot ignore him\".[26] Nayak was the guest of honour during the launch event of the book Bandh Samrat - Tales of Eternal Rebel written on George Fernandes's early trade union activities in Mangalore and Bombay [27]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Humanist and Ethical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHEU_award-4"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI_award-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lawrence_Pinto_Human_Rights_Award-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"2011 \"Distinguished Service to Humanism Award\" from the International Humanist and Ethical Union[4][28]\n2015 \"Lawrence Pinto Human Rights Award\" from the Friends of Lawry[29]\n2017 \"Academy Honorary Award\" Karnataka Balavikas Academy, Directorate of Women and Child Development Department, Government of Karnataka[30]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Dr. Narendra Nayak's articles\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mukto-mona.net/Articles/nayak/index.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Fake astrologer falls into rationalists' trap\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040506084003/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar282004/d6.asp"},{"link_name":"Deccan Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Herald"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar282004/d6.asp"},{"link_name":"\"Indian Rationalists Expose Another Quack\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130929103043/http://iheu.org/content/indian-rationalists-expose-another-quack"},{"link_name":"International Humanist and Ethical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//iheu.org/content/indian-rationalists-expose-another-quack"},{"link_name":"\"Mangaluru: Attempt to murder a fearless man - Anti-social elements at it again\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=443153"},{"link_name":"Daijiworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daijiworld"}],"text":"\"Dr. Narendra Nayak's articles\". Mukto Mano (Freethinker).\n\"Fake astrologer falls into rationalists' trap\". Deccan Herald. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 6 May 2004.\nNarendra Nayak (4 November 2003). \"Indian Rationalists Expose Another Quack\". International Humanist News. International Humanist and Ethical Union. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013.\nChris Emmanuel Dsouza (18 March 2017). \"Mangaluru: Attempt to murder a fearless man - Anti-social elements at it again\". Daijiworld.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Nayak during a miracle-exposure program conducted at Ayodhya on 5 November 2007 during the First All India Conference of Arjak Sangh, an affiliate of FIRA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Narendra_nayak-miracle_exposure.jpg/237px-Narendra_nayak-miracle_exposure.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Superstition in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition_in_India"},{"title":"Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Rationalist_Associations"},{"title":"James Randi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi"},{"title":"One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Million_Dollar_Paranormal_Challenge"},{"title":"Basava Premanand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basava_Premanand"},{"title":"Prabir Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabir_Ghosh"},{"title":"Narendra Dabholkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Dabholkar"}]	[{"reference":"\"About Us: Narendra Nayak\". Indian CSICOP. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiansceptic.in/narendra.htm","url_text":"\"About Us: Narendra Nayak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_CSICOP","url_text":"Indian CSICOP"}]},{"reference":"\"'Aid Without Religion' Trust Endeavours to Spread Rationality\". 30 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=110262","url_text":"\"'Aid Without Religion' Trust Endeavours to Spread Rationality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Literacy doesn't make us educated\". The Times of India. 10 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130929021519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-10/mangalore/30501787_1_superstition-scientific-temper-education-system","url_text":"\"Literacy doesn't make us educated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-10/mangalore/30501787_1_superstition-scientific-temper-education-system","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IHEU Awards for 2011\". International Humanist and Ethical Union. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://iheu.org/story/iheu-awards-2011","url_text":"\"IHEU Awards for 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union","url_text":"International Humanist and Ethical Union"}]},{"reference":"\"Gawd! You can do it too\". The Hindu. 21 June 2004. Archived from the original on 28 July 2004. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040728095839/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/21/stories/2004062102450300.htm","url_text":"\"Gawd! You can do it too\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/21/stories/2004062102450300.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Extra Mural Lecture By Narendra Nayak: The Need for Rational Thinking\". IIT Madras. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130918074306/http://researchportal.iitm.ac.in/?q=node/204","url_text":"\"Extra Mural Lecture By Narendra Nayak: The Need for Rational Thinking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIT_Madras","url_text":"IIT Madras"},{"url":"http://researchportal.iitm.ac.in/?q=node/204","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"60th Birthday Celebration of Narendra Nayak\" (PDF). Indian Sceptic. March 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiansceptic.in/INDIAN%20SKEPTIC%20MARCH%202011.pdf","url_text":"\"60th Birthday Celebration of Narendra Nayak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_CSICOP","url_text":"Indian Sceptic"}]},{"reference":"Bureau, The Hindu (30 March 2023). \"Withdrawal of police security an open invitation to forces which want to finish me: Narendra Nayak\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/withdrawal-of-police-security-an-open-invitation-to-forces-which-want-to-finish-me-narendra-nayak/article66679858.ece","url_text":"\"Withdrawal of police security an open invitation to forces which want to finish me: Narendra Nayak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Predict results and win Rs10 lakh\". Daily News & Analysis (DNA). 26 April 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2017. ...said Narendra Nayak, national president of the FIRA. \"There was a similar offer in 2009 too, but no astrologer came even five percent near to accuracy. There were some counter challenges also but, they withdrew at the last minute proving that astrology can not predict election results,\" he said.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-predict-results-and-win-rs10-lakh-1982145","url_text":"\"Predict results and win Rs10 lakh\""}]},{"reference":"\"There is no such thing as scientific astrology\". DNA India. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1254939/interview-there-is-no-such-thing-as-scientific-astrology","url_text":"\"There is no such thing as scientific astrology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_India","url_text":"DNA India"}]},{"reference":"\"Rationalist chief's Rs 10 lakh safe\". The Times of India. 15 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202211423/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-15/mangalore/28154673_1_astrologers-entries-prize-money","url_text":"\"Rationalist chief's Rs 10 lakh safe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-15/mangalore/28154673_1_astrologers-entries-prize-money","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Predictions fail to match mandate, reward money has no takers\". The Times of India. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130918074321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-18/mangalore/28197382_1_entries-astrology-hindutva","url_text":"\"Predictions fail to match mandate, reward money has no takers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-18/mangalore/28197382_1_entries-astrology-hindutva","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Predict and collect Rs.10 lakh, Astrologer told, Says Narendra Nayak\". 7 May 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://kannadigaworld.com/news/karavali/10173.html","url_text":"\"Predict and collect Rs.10 lakh, Astrologer told, Says Narendra Nayak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exorcism\". Is It Real?. Season 1. 25 August 2005. National Geographic.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_It_Real%3F","url_text":"Is It Real?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel","url_text":"National Geographic"}]},{"reference":"\"Folks Magazine: Editorial Board\". Folks Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823213900/http://folks.co.in/about/management-team/","url_text":"\"Folks Magazine: Editorial Board\""},{"url":"http://folks.co.in/about/management-team/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rationalists fight superstition with dignity and nunchakus\". The Times of India. 22 August 2013. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. 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The New Indian Express. 22 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140314142849/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Rationalists-demand-anti-superstition-law/2013/08/22/article1745742.ece","url_text":"\"Rationalists demand anti-superstition law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"},{"url":"http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Rationalists-demand-anti-superstition-law/2013/08/22/article1745742.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A book on iconic leader, George Fernandes titled 'Bandh Samrat' released\". Mangalore Today. 10 August 2022. 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Archived from the original on 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130929103043/http://iheu.org/content/indian-rationalists-expose-another-quack","url_text":"\"Indian Rationalists Expose Another Quack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union","url_text":"International Humanist and Ethical Union"},{"url":"http://iheu.org/content/indian-rationalists-expose-another-quack","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chris Emmanuel Dsouza (18 March 2017). \"Mangaluru: Attempt to murder a fearless man - Anti-social elements at it again\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrede	Wrede	["1 People","2 Places"]	Coat of Arms of Princes of Wrede Wrede is a surname that includes two different noble families, the German princely one and Finnish-Swede noble family "von Wrede" that originated from Westphalia. It may refer to: People Carolus Wrede (1860–1927), Finnish industrialist Caspar Wrede (1929–1998), Finnish film director Fabian Wrede, Count of Östanå (1641–1712), Swedish baron and advisor to King Charles XI of Sweden Fritz Wrede (1868−1945), German fairground barrel and organ builder, inventor Gustaf Wrede (1889–1958), Finnish engineer and businessman Gerda Wrede (1896–1967), Finnish actor and speech therapist Karl Philipp von Wrede (1767–1838), Bavarian field-marshal Klaus-Jürgen Wrede (born 1963), German game designer, creator of the board game Carcassonne Mathilda Wrede (1864–1928), Finnish baroness and philanthropist Patricia Wrede (born 1953), American fantasy writer Theodor Freiherr von Wrede (1888–1973), German general in the Wehrmacht William Wrede (1859–1906), German theologian Places Wrede Range, a mountain range in Canada Wrede School, Gillespie County, Texas Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Wrede. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish-Swede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia"}],"text":"Wrede is a surname that includes two different noble families, the German princely one and Finnish-Swede noble family \"von Wrede\" that originated from Westphalia. It may refer to:","title":"Wrede"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolus Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Wrede"},{"link_name":"Caspar Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Wrede"},{"link_name":"Fabian Wrede, Count of Östanå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Wrede,_Count_of_%C3%96stan%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Fritz Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wrede&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gustaf Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Wrede"},{"link_name":"Gerda Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_Wrede"},{"link_name":"Karl Philipp von Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Philipp_von_Wrede"},{"link_name":"Klaus-Jürgen Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen_Wrede"},{"link_name":"Mathilda Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilda_Wrede"},{"link_name":"Patricia Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Wrede"},{"link_name":"Theodor Freiherr von Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Freiherr_von_Wrede"},{"link_name":"William Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wrede"}],"text":"Carolus Wrede (1860–1927), Finnish industrialist\nCaspar Wrede (1929–1998), Finnish film director\nFabian Wrede, Count of Östanå (1641–1712), Swedish baron and advisor to King Charles XI of Sweden\nFritz Wrede (1868−1945), German fairground barrel and organ builder, inventor\nGustaf Wrede (1889–1958), Finnish engineer and businessman\nGerda Wrede (1896–1967), Finnish actor and speech therapist\nKarl Philipp von Wrede (1767–1838), Bavarian field-marshal\nKlaus-Jürgen Wrede (born 1963), German game designer, creator of the board game Carcassonne\nMathilda Wrede (1864–1928), Finnish baroness and philanthropist\nPatricia Wrede (born 1953), American fantasy writer\nTheodor Freiherr von Wrede (1888–1973), German general in the Wehrmacht\nWilliam Wrede (1859–1906), German theologian","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wrede Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrede_Range"},{"link_name":"Wrede School, Gillespie County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrede_School,_Gillespie_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Wrede&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"Wrede Range, a mountain range in Canada\nWrede School, Gillespie County, TexasSurname listThis page lists people with the surname Wrede. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.","title":"Places"}]	[{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Princes of Wrede","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Wrede%2C_Prince_von_Wrede.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Wrede%2C_Prince_von_Wrede.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Wrede&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wilson_(murder_victim)	Disappearance of Peter Wilson	["1 Disappearance","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Northern Irish murder victim (1952-1973) Peter WilsonBorn1952BelfastDisappearedAugust 1, 1973(1973-08-01) (aged 20–21)Northern Ireland Peter Wilson (1952 – 1 August 1973) was a man from Northern Ireland who was abducted and killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The IRA never gave any explanation for his abduction and murder. His body was not found for 37 years, and he was listed as one of the Disappeared by the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains. Disappearance Wilson, a native of West Belfast, with five siblings, was described as "a vulnerable man with learning difficulties". He was abducted by the IRA in the summer of 1973, somewhere in the St. James area of Belfast, and killed. Only in 2009 was he added to the list of Northern Ireland's 'Disappeared'. His body was located at the beach in Waterfoot, County Antrim on 2 November 2010, the day after excavations began following the receipt of "reliable and high quality" information. His family had often walked on the beach, unaware that he was buried there. Wilson was the ninth of the known "Disappeared" to be located since 1999. See also Charles Armstrong Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains List of solved missing person cases Murder of Jean McConville Murder of Paul Quinn Murder of Thomas Oliver Disappeared (Northern Ireland) Thomas Murphy (Irish republican) Gerard Evans Columba McVeigh Robert Nairac Murder of Gareth O'Connor Internal Security Unit References ^ a b c "Peter Wilson: 'Disappeared' by the IRA, found at the beach his family treasured". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 3 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2013. ^ "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 June 2013. ^ "BBC News - Who were the 'Disappeared'?". Bbc.co.uk. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2013. ^ "Peter Wilson: 'Disappeared' by the IRA, found at the beach his family treasured - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2017. External links Thedisappearedni.co.uk Malachiodoherty.com vteProvisional Irish Republican ArmyGeneral Anti-Treaty IRA Sinn Féin Republican News An Phoblacht The Green Book The Troubles (Timeline) Haughey arms crisis IRA campaign Chronology of Provisional IRA actions Arms importation Weaponry Barrack buster Improvised tactical vehicles Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape Blanket protest Dirty protest HM Prison Maze Anti H-Block 1981 Irish hunger strike Maze Prison escape Armalite and ballot box strategy Punishment attacks Disappeared Smithwick Tribunal Northern Ireland peace process Good Friday Agreement Organisation Chief of Staff IRA Army Council IRA Northern Command IRA Southern Command Internal Security Unit Active service unit Belfast Brigade Derry Brigade South Armagh Brigade East Tyrone Brigade Balcombe Street Gang Actions1970–1979 Battle of St Matthew's Falls Curfew 1970 Crossmaglen bombing Scottish soldiers' killings Red Lion bombing Balmoral showroom bombing Abercorn bombing Donegall Street bombing Battle at Springmartin Battle of Lenadoon Bloody Friday Claudy bombing Newry customs bombing Old Bailey bombing Honey Trap killings King's Cross & Euston bombings Coleraine bombings 1973 Westminster bombing M62 bombing Clogher attack Houses of Parliament bombing Tower of London bombing Guildford pub bombings Harrow School bombing Brooks's Club bombing Woolwich pub bombing British Airways bombing attempt Birmingham pub bombings London pillar box bombings Talbot Arms bombing Bristol bombing Telephone exchange bombings 1974 Oxford Street bombing Carlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings Mountainview attack Bayardo Bar attack Forkhill attack Caterham Arms bombing Tullyvallen massacre London Hilton bombing Piccadilly bombing Trattoria Fiore bombing Scott's Oyster Bar bombing Walton's Restaurant bombing Drummuckavall ambush Balcombe Street siege Kingsmill massacre West Ham station attack Olympia bombing Store bar shooting Stag Inn attack Garryhinch ambush Jonesborough Gazelle downing La Mon restaurant bombing Crossmaglen ambush Warrenpoint ambush Brussels bombing Dungannon attack 1980–1989 Dunmurry train bombing Lough Foyle attacks Glasdrumman ambush 1981 Bessbrook attack Chelsea Barracks bombing Hyde Park & Regent's Park bombings Harrods bombing Royal Artillery Barracks bombing Brighton hotel bombing Ballygawley land mine attack Newry mortar attack Ballygawley attack Enniskillen mortar attack RUC Birches barracks attack Rheindahlen bombing Loughgall ambush Operation Flavius Corporals killings Lisburn bombing Aughanduff Lynx shootdown 1988 Netherlands attacks Glamorgan barracks bombing Inglis Barracks bombing Ballygawley bus bombing Jonesborough ambush Clive Barracks bombing Deal barracks bombing Mayobridge attack Derryard attack  1990–1991 Derrygorry Gazelle downing South Armagh sniper Downpatrick roadside bomb Operation Conservation 1990 Wembley bombing Carlton Club bombing London Stock Exchange bombing Honourable Artillery Company bombing Lichfield gun attack RFA Fort Victoria bombing Proxy bombings Downing Street mortar attack Paddington & Victoria station bombings Mullacreevie ambush Glenanne barracks bombing Coagh ambush Musgrave Park Hospital bombing Crumlin Road Prison bombing 1992–1997 Teebane bombing Clonoe ambush London Bridge bombing Staples Cnr bombing Baltic Exchange bombing Sussex Arms bombing Cloghoge attack Coalisland riots Forensic Science Laboratory bombing Stoke Newington Road bomb 1992 Manchester bombing Night of the Long Knives 1993 Harrods bombing Warrington bombings Cullaville occupation Camden bombing Bishopsgate bombing Finchley Road bombings Battle of Newry Road Shankill Road bombing 1993 Fivemiletown ambush Heathrow attacks Crossmaglen Lynx downing Drumcree conflict Docklands bombing Aldwych bus bombing 1996 Manchester bombing Hammersmith Bridge bombing Osnabrück mortar attack Thiepval barracks bombing Coalisland attack 1997 Northern Ireland riots Personalities (Volunteers) Paddy Agnew Martina Anderson Declan Arthurs Thomas Begley Ivor Bell Patricia Black Charles Breslin Edward Butler Paul Butler Joe Cahill Liam Campbell Fergal Caraher Malachy Carey Owen Carron Gerard Casey Carál Ní Chuilín Gabriel Cleary Peter Cleary Kevin Coen Eamon Collins Eddie Copeland Marion Coyle Gerard Davison Matt Devlin Hugh Doherty Joe Doherty Kieran Doherty Martin Doherty Pat Doherty Colin Duffy Rose Dugdale Dessie Ellis Mairéad Farrell William Fleming Kieran Fleming Bernard Fox Angelo Fusco Michael Gaughan John Francis Green Dessie Grew George Harrison Brendan Hughes Francis Hughes Martin Hurson Pearse Jordan Brian Keenan Gerry Kelly John Kelly Patrick Joseph Kelly Sean Kelly Jim Lynagh Proinsias Mac Airt Breandán Mac Cionnaith Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde Joseph MacManus Seán Mac Stíofáin Patrick Magee Paul Magee Donna Maguire Larry Marley Paul Marlowe Leo Martin Alex Maskey Pearse McAuley Daniel McCann Fra McCann Jennifer McCann Raymond McCartney Martin McCaughey Raymond McCreesh Joe McDonnell Séamus McElwaine Thomas McElwee Brendan McFarlane Tom McFeely Gerry McGeough Pat McGeown John Joe McGirl Martin McGuinness Pádraig McKearney Tommy McKearney Billy McKee Kevin McKenna Laurence McKeown Michael McKevitt Thomas McMahon Jackie McMullan Martin Meehan Ian Milne Arthur Morgan Danny Morrison Conor Murphy Thomas "Slab" Murphy Kieran Nugent Ruairí Ó Brádaigh Ed O'Brien Dáithí Ó Conaill Éamonn O'Doherty Joe B. O'Hagan Siobhán O'Hanlon Rita O'Hare Diarmuid O'Neill Dolours Price Marian Price Liam Quinn Paddy Quinn Billy Reid Bobby Sands Seán Savage Pat Sheehan Frank Stagg Jimmy Steele Bobby Storey Gerard Tuite Seamus Twomey Roy Walsh Séanna Walsh Espionage andSupergrasses Eamon Collins Denis Donaldson Joseph Fenton Kevin Fulton Raymond Gilmour Martin McGartland Sean O'Callaghan Freddie Scappaticci (allegedly "Stakeknife") Associates Cumann na mBan Fianna Éireann South Armagh Republican Action Force Direct Action Against Drugs NORAID Clan na Gael Troops Out Movement Derivatives Continuity Irish Republican Army Real Irish Republican Army Prominentkillings Jeffery Stanford Agate Johnathan Ball Anthony Berry Robert Bradford Joe Bratty Matthew Burns Martin Cahill Eamon Collins Raymond Elder Gerard Evans Christopher Ewart-Biggs Joseph Fenton Billy Fox Maurice Gibson Ian Gow Heidi Hazell Donald Kaberry Andrew Kearney Baroness Brabourne William "Frenchie" Marchant Martin McBirney Jerry McCabe Robert McConnell Jean McConville Columba McVeigh Ross McWhirter Stephen Melrose Lord Mountbatten Lenny Murphy Robert Nairac Thomas Oliver Tim Parry Paul Quinn Robert Seymour Robert McCartney (allegedly) Joseph Rafferty (allegedly) Ray Smallwoods Sammy Smyth Nick Spanos James Stronge Norman Stronge Richard Sykes Stephen Tibble Sammy Ward Michael Willetts	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Provisional Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"the Disappeared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappeared_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Commission_for_the_Location_of_Victims%27_Remains"}],"text":"Peter Wilson (1952 – 1 August 1973) was a man from Northern Ireland who was abducted and killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The IRA never gave any explanation for his abduction and murder. His body was not found for 37 years, and he was listed as one of the Disappeared by the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains.","title":"Disappearance of Peter Wilson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belfasttelegraph1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Waterfoot, County Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfoot,_County_Antrim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belfasttelegraph1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belfasttelegraph1-1"}],"text":"Wilson, a native of West Belfast, with five siblings, was described as \"a vulnerable man with learning difficulties\".[1] He was abducted by the IRA in the summer of 1973, somewhere in the St. James area of Belfast, and killed.[2] Only in 2009 was he added to the list of Northern Ireland's 'Disappeared'.[3] His body was located at the beach in Waterfoot, County Antrim[4] on 2 November 2010, the day after excavations began following the receipt of \"reliable and high quality\" information. His family had often walked on the beach, unaware that he was buried there.[1] Wilson was the ninth of the known \"Disappeared\" to be located since 1999.[1]","title":"Disappearance"}]	[]	[{"title":"Charles Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Armstrong_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"title":"Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Commission_for_the_Location_of_Victims%27_Remains"},{"title":"List of solved missing person cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solved_missing_person_cases:_pre-2000"},{"title":"Murder of Jean McConville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jean_McConville"},{"title":"Murder of Paul Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Paul_Quinn"},{"title":"Murder of Thomas Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Thomas_Oliver"},{"title":"Disappeared (Northern Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappeared_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"title":"Thomas Murphy (Irish republican)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(Irish_republican)"},{"title":"Gerard Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Evans"},{"title":"Columba McVeigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_McVeigh"},{"title":"Robert Nairac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nairac"},{"title":"Murder of Gareth O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Gareth_O%27Connor"},{"title":"Internal Security Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Security_Unit"}]	[{"reference":"\"Peter Wilson: 'Disappeared' by the IRA, found at the beach his family treasured\". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 3 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/peter-wilson-disappeared-by-the-ira-found-at-the-beach-his-family-treasured-14994067.html","url_text":"\"Peter Wilson: 'Disappeared' by the IRA, found at the beach his family treasured\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/alpha/W.html","url_text":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News - Who were the 'Disappeared'?\". Bbc.co.uk. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-10814888","url_text":"\"BBC News - Who were the 'Disappeared'?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Wilson: 'Disappeared' by the IRA, found at the beach his family treasured - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk\". BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/peter-wilson-disappeared-by-the-ira-found-at-the-beach-his-family-treasured-28568519.html","url_text":"\"Peter Wilson: 'Disappeared' by the IRA, found at the beach his family treasured - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/peter-wilson-disappeared-by-the-ira-found-at-the-beach-his-family-treasured-14994067.html","external_links_name":"\"Peter Wilson: 'Disappeared' by the IRA, found at the beach his family treasured\""},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/alpha/W.html","external_links_name":"\"CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-10814888","external_links_name":"\"BBC News - Who were the 'Disappeared'?\""},{"Link":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/peter-wilson-disappeared-by-the-ira-found-at-the-beach-his-family-treasured-28568519.html","external_links_name":"\"Peter Wilson: 'Disappeared' by the IRA, found at the beach his family treasured - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk\""},{"Link":"http://thedisappearedni.co.uk/index.php/people-found","external_links_name":"Thedisappearedni.co.uk"},{"Link":"http://malachiodoherty.com/2009/11/13/digging/","external_links_name":"Malachiodoherty.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kessler_(guitarist)	Daniel Kessler (guitarist)	["1 Biography","1.1 Interpol","1.2 Big Noble","2 Gear","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	Daniel KesslerKessler performing with Interpol in 2015Background informationBirth nameDaniel Alexander KesslerBorn (1974-09-25) September 25, 1974 (age 49)London, EnglandGenresIndie rockpost-punk revivalInstrument(s)Guitarvocalspianobass guitarYears active1997–presentLabelsMatadorCapitolEMIMusical artist Daniel Kessler performing with Interpol at the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C., on March 25, 2005 Daniel Alexander Kessler (born September 25, 1974) is an American musician who is the lead guitarist and backing vocalist for the New York City-based band Interpol. Biography Interpol Kessler was born in London, England. It was his desire to play in a band which made him approach Carlos Dengler, with whom he attended a history class in New York University. Kessler knew lead singer Paul Banks from a summer program in Paris, France, and asked him to join the band when he ran into him in New York. Kessler's dormmate Greg Drudy was Interpol's first drummer. When Drudy left the band, Kessler asked his friend Sam Fogarino to replace him. Kessler had prior experience in the music industry while working for Domino Recording Company, and his knowledge of the business was very helpful to the band in their early years. He brought all the members together, and has said that he was looking mostly for specific personal qualities each member could bring to the group rather than just musical talent. He is a graduate of New York University's (NYU) Gallatin School of Individualized Study in French, film and literature. Kessler has been known as the member of the band who has been the most active in the New York underground rock scene, which included his jobs at multiple record labels, such as Domino Records and trading their early demo tape around to various bands and labels. Big Noble In 2014, Kessler announced a new side project with sound designer Joseph Fraioli of Datach'i called Big Noble. Their debut album "First Light" was released on February 2, 2015. Gear In the band's early days, he was seen playing a red Rickenbacker and a sunburst Telecaster, but has since performed with a sunburst Epiphone Casino and a cherry Gibson ES-330 as his main onstage guitars. The red Rickenbacker apparently belonged to Interpol's first keyboardist. He also owned another Casino in a cherry red, that was stolen from their green room alongside one of Banks' guitars by a drug addict in Vancouver while the band was touring in support of Turn on the Bright Lights. Following Interpol's third album, Daniel has also been seen on stage playing a sunburst Gretsch 6117-TH Anniversary on the track 'The Lighthouse' and also on their self-titled album 'Interpol'. He states in an interview around 2006, following the release of Antics, that he plays through an old Fender Twin amplifier combined with a Fender Pro Reverb. His pedalboard includes: BOSS TU-2 Tuner BOSS TR-2 Tremolo BOSS DD-5 Delay (Only for Evil) MXR Carbon Copy Tech 21 Comptortion Vox V810 Z.vex Super Duper 2-in-1 Keeley Fuzz Head Z.vex Super Hard-On EHX Holy Grail Personal life Since 2006, he resides in a loft in the Lower East Side, and is the only band member who is a pescetarian (formerly having been a vegetarian) and does not smoke. He also is fluent in French, having lived in Europe - growing up in a village outside of Paris - until the age of 11. Kessler is co-owner of the Brooklyn restaurant Bergen Hill, and is an investor in numerous New York City area bars. He is the younger brother of music journalist and former editor of Q magazine Ted Kessler. As of 2022 Kessler was reported to be living mainly in Barcelona, Spain. References ^ Archived July 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Gordon, Jeremy (October 2, 2014). "Interpol's Daniel Kessler Launches Side Project Big Noble". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved February 2, 2015. ^ "First Light - Big Noble". iTunes. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015. ^ "Food is the New Rock — Check out Food is the New Rock Episode #105 w/". Foodisthenewrock.com. August 6, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014. ^ Empire, Kitty (July 10, 2022). "Paper Cuts by Ted Kessler review – ode to the glory days, and slow demise, of the music press". theguardian.com. Retrieved July 10, 2022. ^ "Getting serious with Interpol". The New Yorker. November 21, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel Alexander Kessler. Big Noble website vteInterpol Paul Banks Daniel Kessler Sam FogarinoCarlos Dengler Greg Drudy Studio albums Turn On the Bright Lights Antics Our Love to Admire Interpol El Pintor Marauder The Other Side of Make-Believe EPs Interpol The Black EP Interpol Remix Live in Astoria EP Try It On A Fine Mess Singles "PDA" "Obstacle 1" "Say Hello to the Angels" / "NYC" "Slow Hands" "Evil" "C'mere" "The Heinrich Maneuver" "Mammoth" "Barricade" "All the Rage Back Home" "Everything Is Wrong" "The Rover" "Toni" Related articles Discography Julian Plenti is... Skyscraper Banks Muzz Muzz Banks & Steelz Anything But Words Magnetic Morning My Friends Told Me About You Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Kessler_Interpol.jpg"},{"link_name":"lead guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"backing vocalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocalist"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Interpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol_(band)"}],"text":"Musical artistDaniel Kessler performing with Interpol at the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C., on March 25, 2005Daniel Alexander Kessler (born September 25, 1974) is an American musician who is the lead guitarist and backing vocalist for the New York City-based band Interpol.","title":"Daniel Kessler (guitarist)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Dengler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Dengler"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"lead singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_singer"},{"link_name":"Paul Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Banks_(American_musician)"},{"link_name":"Greg Drudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Drudy"},{"link_name":"Interpol's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol_(band)"},{"link_name":"drummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer"},{"link_name":"Sam Fogarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fogarino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Domino Recording Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_Recording_Company"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Gallatin School of Individualized Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin_School_of_Individualized_Study"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"}],"sub_title":"Interpol","text":"Kessler was born in London, England. It was his desire to play in a band which made him approach Carlos Dengler, with whom he attended a history class in New York University. Kessler knew lead singer Paul Banks from a summer program in Paris, France, and asked him to join the band when he ran into him in New York. Kessler's dormmate Greg Drudy was Interpol's first drummer. When Drudy left the band, Kessler asked his friend Sam Fogarino to replace him.[1]Kessler had prior experience in the music industry while working for Domino Recording Company, and his knowledge of the business was very helpful to the band in their early years. He brought all the members together, and has said that he was looking mostly for specific personal qualities each member could bring to the group rather than just musical talent. He is a graduate of New York University's (NYU) Gallatin School of Individualized Study in French, film and literature.Kessler has been known as the member of the band who has been the most active in the New York underground rock scene, which included his jobs at multiple record labels, such as Domino Records and trading their early demo tape around to various bands and labels.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Noble&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Big Noble","text":"In 2014, Kessler announced a new side project with sound designer Joseph Fraioli of Datach'i called Big Noble.[2] Their debut album \"First Light\" was released on February 2, 2015.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rickenbacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickenbacker"},{"link_name":"Telecaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecaster"},{"link_name":"Epiphone Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphone_Casino"},{"link_name":"Gibson ES-330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-330"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Turn on the Bright Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_on_the_Bright_Lights"}],"text":"In the band's early days, he was seen playing a red Rickenbacker and a sunburst Telecaster, but has since performed with a sunburst Epiphone Casino and a cherry Gibson ES-330 as his main onstage guitars. The red Rickenbacker apparently belonged to Interpol's first keyboardist. He also owned another Casino in a cherry red, that was stolen from their green room alongside one of Banks' guitars by a drug addict in Vancouver while the band was touring in support of Turn on the Bright Lights. Following Interpol's third album, Daniel has also been seen on stage playing a sunburst Gretsch 6117-TH Anniversary on the track 'The Lighthouse' and also on their self-titled album 'Interpol'.He states in an interview around 2006, following the release of Antics, that he plays through an old Fender Twin amplifier combined with a Fender Pro Reverb.His pedalboard includes:BOSS TU-2 Tuner\nBOSS TR-2 Tremolo\nBOSS DD-5 Delay (Only for Evil)\nMXR Carbon Copy\nTech 21 Comptortion\nVox V810\nZ.vex Super Duper 2-in-1\nKeeley Fuzz Head\nZ.vex Super Hard-On\nEHX Holy Grail","title":"Gear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"pescetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescetarianism"},{"link_name":"vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Since 2006, he resides in a loft in the Lower East Side, and is the only band member who is a pescetarian (formerly having been a vegetarian) and does not smoke. He also is fluent in French, having lived in Europe - growing up in a village outside of Paris - until the age of 11. Kessler is co-owner of the Brooklyn restaurant Bergen Hill, and is an investor in numerous New York City area bars.[4] He is the younger brother of music journalist and former editor of Q magazine Ted Kessler.[5] As of 2022 Kessler was reported to be living mainly in Barcelona, Spain. [6]","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Daniel Kessler performing with Interpol at the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C., on March 25, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Daniel_Kessler_Interpol.jpg/200px-Daniel_Kessler_Interpol.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Gordon, Jeremy (October 2, 2014). \"Interpol's Daniel Kessler Launches Side Project Big Noble\". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved February 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/56942-interpols-daniel-kessler-launches-side-project-big-noble/","url_text":"\"Interpol's Daniel Kessler Launches Side Project Big Noble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media","url_text":"Pitchfork Media"}]},{"reference":"\"First Light - Big Noble\". iTunes. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/first-light/id937763498","url_text":"\"First Light - Big Noble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"}]},{"reference":"\"Food is the New Rock — Check out Food is the New Rock Episode #105 w/\". Foodisthenewrock.com. August 6, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foodisthenewrock.com/post/93975536030/check-out-food-is-the-new-rock-episode-105-w#notes","url_text":"\"Food is the New Rock — Check out Food is the New Rock Episode #105 w/\""}]},{"reference":"Empire, Kitty (July 10, 2022). \"Paper Cuts by Ted Kessler review – ode to the glory days, and slow demise, of the music press\". theguardian.com. Retrieved July 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Empire","url_text":"Empire, Kitty"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/10/paper-cuts-ted-kessler-review-how-i-destroyed-the-british-music-press-and-other-misadventures","url_text":"\"Paper Cuts by Ted Kessler review – ode to the glory days, and slow demise, of the music press\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theguardian.com","url_text":"theguardian.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Getting serious with Interpol\". The New Yorker. November 21, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/11/21/getting-serious-with-interpol","url_text":"\"Getting serious with Interpol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://interpolfaq.chavo.net/#form","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703161539/http://interpolfaq.chavo.net/#form","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/news/56942-interpols-daniel-kessler-launches-side-project-big-noble/","external_links_name":"\"Interpol's Daniel Kessler Launches Side Project Big Noble\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/first-light/id937763498","external_links_name":"\"First Light - Big Noble\""},{"Link":"http://www.foodisthenewrock.com/post/93975536030/check-out-food-is-the-new-rock-episode-105-w#notes","external_links_name":"\"Food is the New Rock — Check out Food is the New Rock Episode #105 w/\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/10/paper-cuts-ted-kessler-review-how-i-destroyed-the-british-music-press-and-other-misadventures","external_links_name":"\"Paper Cuts by Ted Kessler review – ode to the glory days, and slow demise, of the music press\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/11/21/getting-serious-with-interpol","external_links_name":"\"Getting serious with Interpol\""},{"Link":"http://bignoble.com/","external_links_name":"Big Noble website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a4dcd7c6-53ee-4c5b-aae2-d88f876b89c0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truong_Gia_Binh	Trương Gia Bình	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Honors and public recognition","5 References"]	Vietnamese businessman (born 1956) Trương Gia BìnhBorn1956NationalityVietnameseAlma materBSc and PhD Moscow State UniversityOccupation(s)Co-founder, Chairman and CEO, FPT CorporationYears active1988-presentKnown forCo-founding FPT - the leading ICT company in VietnamAwardsOne of the Vietnam's Top 10 ICT Persons of the Decade (2000-2009), Nikkei Asia Prize 2013 Trương Gia Bình (born 1956 in Nghệ An Province) is a Vietnamese businessman. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman and CEO of the Vietnamese technology company FPT Corporation. Bình is also the vice president of The Asian-Oceanian Computing Industry Organization (ASOCIO), Chairman of Vietnam Software Association (VINASA). Early life Trương Gia Bình was born on 1956 in Nghệ An Province. His father, Truong Gia Tho, was a doctor in Hanoi. Binh attended Chu Van An high school in Vietnam, and then went to the Soviet Union for college. He graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1978. He obtained his PhD in 1982 from the same university. In 1991, Bình was recognized as an associate professor by the State of Vietnam. Career On September 13, 1988, Bình and 12 Vietnamese scientists founded the Food Processing Technology company, the predecessor of FPT. He became the head of the Corporation for Financing and Promoting Technology, Vietnam's earliest information technology firm, in 1990. In March 2002, after the equitization of FPT, Bình became the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of FPT Corporation. Afterwards, he led the firm in its expansion from its origins as an internet service provider to other areas such as software outsourcing for Japanese companies. In 2006, his company opened FPT University, Vietnam's first private university; he also took up a position as the chairman of its managing board. He is speculated to be the richest person in Vietnam; as of January 2007, the value of his stake in FPT alone is VND2.6 trillion (US$164 million; 5,117,280 shares at VND525,000), according to the company's own prospectus. Bình himself is reportedly "tired" of the rumours. On July 16, 2012, Trương Gia Bình was appointed to a member of the National Council for Sustainable Development and Competitiveness Building. The council, chaired by Vietnam's Deputy Prime Minister Nguyễn Thiện Nhân, is tasked with developing strategies and key policies to set orientations and a legal framework for the country's sustainable development in the next decade. Personal life Trương Gia Bình was first married to Vo Hanh Phuc. She is the daughter of General Võ Nguyên Giáp, a Vietnam People's Army general and politician. Giáp was VPA's Commander-in-Chief (1944–1976), Minister of Defence (1946–1980), deputy prime minister (1954–1991). Being the deputy prime minister in charge of science and technology from 1982 to 1991, Giáp lent a lot of help to Bình in founding FPT. The couple had one daughter. Honors and public recognition In February 2010, Bình was voted by the Post Newspaper, the voice of the Ministry of Information & Communications and ICT journalists from over 30 popular newspapers in Vietnam as one of the Vietnam's Top 10 ICT Persons of the Decade (2000–2009). In 2013, Trương Gia Bình was awarded Nikkei Asia Prize 2013. Dr. Trương is the first Vietnamese entrepreneur to be honored by Nikkei Inc. in 18 years. Bình received the award in the category of regional growth for having contributed to the development of his own company but also to the development of IT business in Vietnam. He set up a software industry organization and a university to foster IT experts. References ^ "Biography of Truong Gia Binh". Bstyle Doanh Nhân. ^ "Board of Officers of ASOCIO". Asian-Oceanian Computing Industry Organization (ASOCIO). 2013. ^ Sneider, Daniel (2004-08-07). "Commercial communism selling briskly in Vietnam". San Jose Mercury Times. Retrieved 2008-01-17. ^ Hai, Ho (2007-07-24). "FPT's Creativity City". Vietnam Economic News Online. Ministry of Trade, Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2008-01-13. ^ "First Private University in Ho Chi Minh City to be Established". Sai Gon Giai Phong. Party Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City. 2007-04-06. Retrieved 2008-01-13. ^ "Who is the richest Vietnamese". Vietnamnet Bridge. Vietnam News Agency. 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2008-01-17. ^ Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (2012-07-16). "PM Okays Personnel for National Council on Sustainable Development & Competitiveness Enhancement Building". Government Portal - Socialist Republic of Vietnam (in Vietnamese). ^ "Who's Who in Vietnam ICT Industry". Business in Asia. Archived from the original on 2013-01-09. ^ "Dr. Truong Gia Binh honored with Nikkei Asia Awards 2013". FPT Corporation. ^ "Nikkei Asia Prizes 2013".	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nghệ An Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Software Association (VINASA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Software_Association"}],"text":"Trương Gia Bình (born 1956 in Nghệ An Province) is a Vietnamese businessman.[1] He is best known as the co-founder, chairman and CEO of the Vietnamese technology company FPT Corporation. Bình is also the vice president of The Asian-Oceanian Computing Industry Organization (ASOCIO),[2] Chairman of Vietnam Software Association (VINASA).","title":"Trương Gia Bình"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nghệ An Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_Province"},{"link_name":"doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Trương Gia Bình was born on 1956 in Nghệ An Province. His father, Truong Gia Tho, was a doctor in Hanoi. Binh attended Chu Van An high school in Vietnam, and then went to the Soviet Union for college. He graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1978. He obtained his PhD in 1982 from the same university. In 1991, Bình was recognized as an associate professor by the State of Vietnam.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corporation for Financing and Promoting Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_for_Financing_and_Promoting_Technology"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"internet service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"outsourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsourcing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FPT University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPT_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SGGP-5"},{"link_name":"VND2.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Thiện Nhân","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Nh%C3%A2n"}],"text":"On September 13, 1988, Bình and 12 Vietnamese scientists founded the Food Processing Technology company, the predecessor of FPT. He became the head of the Corporation for Financing and Promoting Technology, Vietnam's earliest information technology firm, in 1990.In March 2002, after the equitization of FPT, Bình became the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of FPT Corporation. Afterwards, he led the firm in its expansion from its origins as an internet service provider to other areas such as software outsourcing for Japanese companies.[3]In 2006, his company opened FPT University, Vietnam's first private university; he also took up a position as the chairman of its managing board.[4][5] He is speculated to be the richest person in Vietnam; as of January 2007, the value of his stake in FPT alone is VND2.6 trillion (US$164 million; 5,117,280 shares at VND525,000), according to the company's own prospectus. Bình himself is reportedly \"tired\" of the rumours.[6]On July 16, 2012, Trương Gia Bình was appointed to a member of the National Council for Sustainable Development and Competitiveness Building.[7] The council, chaired by Vietnam's Deputy Prime Minister Nguyễn Thiện Nhân, is tasked with developing strategies and key policies to set orientations and a legal framework for the country's sustainable development in the next decade.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_army"},{"link_name":"Võ Nguyên Giáp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p"},{"link_name":"Vietnam People's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army"}],"text":"Trương Gia Bình was first married to Vo Hanh Phuc. She is the daughter of General Võ Nguyên Giáp, a Vietnam People's Army general and politician. Giáp was VPA's Commander-in-Chief (1944–1976), Minister of Defence (1946–1980), deputy prime minister (1954–1991). Being the deputy prime minister in charge of science and technology from 1982 to 1991, Giáp lent a lot of help to Bình in founding FPT.The couple had one daughter.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nikkei Asia Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_Asia_Prize"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In February 2010, Bình was voted by the Post Newspaper, the voice of the Ministry of Information & Communications and ICT journalists from over 30 popular newspapers in Vietnam as one of the Vietnam's Top 10 ICT Persons of the Decade (2000–2009).[8]In 2013, Trương Gia Bình was awarded Nikkei Asia Prize 2013. Dr. Trương is the first Vietnamese entrepreneur to be honored by Nikkei Inc. in 18 years.[9] Bình received the award in the category of regional growth for having contributed to the development of his own company but also to the development of IT business in Vietnam. He set up a software industry organization and a university to foster IT experts.[10]","title":"Honors and public recognition"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Biography of Truong Gia Binh\". Bstyle Doanh Nhân.","urls":[{"url":"https://bstyle.vn/truong-gia-binh.html","url_text":"\"Biography of Truong Gia Binh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Officers of ASOCIO\". Asian-Oceanian Computing Industry Organization (ASOCIO). 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asocio.org/w2/?page_id=164","url_text":"\"Board of Officers of ASOCIO\""}]},{"reference":"Sneider, Daniel (2004-08-07). \"Commercial communism selling briskly in Vietnam\". San Jose Mercury Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepple	Pepple	[]	Pepple is a surname. It may refer to: Adawari Pepple, Nigerian politician Amal Pepple (born 1949), Nigerian civil servant Aribim Pepple (born 2002), professional soccer player Fubara Manilla Pepple (died 1792), king of Bonny George Oruigbiji Pepple (1849–1888), king of Bonny Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Pepple. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adawari Pepple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adawari_Pepple"},{"link_name":"Amal Pepple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amal_Pepple"},{"link_name":"Aribim Pepple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aribim_Pepple"},{"link_name":"Fubara Manilla Pepple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fubara_Manilla_Pepple"},{"link_name":"Bonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny"},{"link_name":"George Oruigbiji Pepple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Oruigbiji_Pepple"},{"link_name":"Bonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pepple&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"Adawari Pepple, Nigerian politician\nAmal Pepple (born 1949), Nigerian civil servant\nAribim Pepple (born 2002), professional soccer player\nFubara Manilla Pepple (died 1792), king of Bonny\nGeorge Oruigbiji Pepple (1849–1888), king of BonnySurname listThis page lists people with the surname Pepple. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.","title":"Pepple"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pepple&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_M._Cist	Henry M. Cist	["1 Early life and career","2 Civil War service","3 Postbellum career","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	American lawyer Henry Martyn CistBorn(1839-02-20)February 20, 1839Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.DiedDecember 16, 1902(1902-12-16) (aged 63)ItalyPlace of burialSpring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.AllegianceUnited StatesUnionService/branchUnion ArmyYears of service1861–1866Rank Captain Brevet Brigadier GeneralCommands heldnoneBattles/warsAmerican Civil War Shiloh Stone's River Chickamauga Chattanooga Other workauthor, lawyer, politician Henry Martyn Cist (February 20, 1839 – December 16, 1902) was an American soldier, lawyer, and author who was a Union Army captain and staff officer during the American Civil War. On December 11, 1866 he was nominated and on February 6, 1867 he was confirmed for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865. He is most noted for his classic and oft-referenced 1882 book The Army of the Cumberland. In addition, Cist led pioneering efforts to preserve and interpret the sites of the battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga. Early life and career Henry Cist was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the younger of two sons of Philadelphia-born author Charles Cist and his wife Janet. His paternal grandfather, also named Charles Cist, was an immigrant from St. Petersburg, Russia, and a printer and publisher in Philadelphia. Cist graduated from Farmers College in 1858, and then studied law. He passed his bar exam and became a practicing attorney. Civil War service With the outbreak of the Civil War, Cist enlisted as a private in the three-month 6th Ohio Infantry. When his term of enlistment expired, he was promoted to second lieutenant in the 52nd Ohio Infantry. He later served as post adjutant of Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, after the prisoners of war captured at Fort Donelson were transported there following Ulysses S. Grant's victory in February 1862. In April 1862, Cist joined the 74th Ohio Infantry as a first lieutenant and became its regimental adjutant, serving under Colonel Granville Moody. He later served as the assistant adjutant general with the rank of captain on the staff of Major General William S. Rosecrans in the Army of the Cumberland. Later he was on the staff of Major General George H. Thomas. At Maj. Gen. Thomas's request, he remained in the service after the close of hostilities to give the necessary orders and to arrange the details providing for the mustering out and disbanding of over 100,000 troops. In the omnibus promotions issued by the War Department following the end of the Civil War, Cist received three brevet promotions ranking from March 13, 1865, to the ranks of major, colonel, and brigadier general of U. S. Volunteers. On December 11, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Cist for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 6, 1867. Postbellum career After mustering out of the army in January 1866, Cist returned to Cincinnati, and established a successful legal practice in that city. He briefly entered politics and lost a hotly contested election for mayor of College Hill, Ohio, that required court action to declare a winner. In 1869 Cist was elected corresponding secretary of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, to which office he was re-elected every year for some years afterward. He edited all but volumes ii and iii of Reports of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland (Cincinnati, 17 vols., 1868–85). In 1882, he wrote The Army of the Cumberland (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons), which was considered one of the best first-person accounts of that army. He wrote one of the earliest biographies of Union leader "Pap" Thomas, The Life of Gen. George H. Thomas. He also wrote several magazine articles related to Cincinnati during wartime. Among his article titles were "Cincinnati with the War Fever" and "The Romance of Shiloh." Cist turned his interest in history to working to have battlefield sites preserved. He served as director of the Chickamauga Memorial Association in 1889, helping gain Congressional authorization in 1890 for the first military park, the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. In 1892 Cist served as president of the Ohio Society, Sons of the American Revolution. It is a heritage organization devoted to celebrating the history of the US and especially the meaning of the American Revolution. After contracting pneumonia while touring Italy, Cist died at the age of 63. He died at Rome, Italy. His body was returned to Ohio and buried in Cincinnati's Spring Grove Cemetery. General Cist, like Generals J. D. Cox, Lytle, Mitchel and Force, mingled scholarship with their military experience, indeed they were scholars before they were soldiers. In this work we have a skilled and thorough history of the Army of the Cumberland from its formation to the end of the battles at Chattanooga, in November, 1863. — Daniel J. Ryan, 1911 See also American Civil War portal List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union) Notes ^ Henry Howe Historical Collections of Ohio, 1888, pp. 831-32, scanned version on Ohio Bios, Ancestral Sites.com, accessed 2 Sep 2008 ^ "Details of Cist's bio, in ad for ebook The Army of the Cumberland". www.iversonsoftware.com. Retrieved Oct 9, 2022. ^ Ohio in the Civil War, in list of books on Ohio, Cist's ranks and positions are listed after his name as author ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Cist, Charles" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. ^ Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 742. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.. ^ "National Park Service Chickamauga and Chattanooga Administrative History". www.nps.gov. Retrieved Oct 9, 2022. ^ List of Ohio Society presidents, accessed 2 Sep 2008 ^ a b Ryan, Daniel J (1911). The Civil War Literature of Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio: Burrows Brothers Company. pp. 62–63. ^ "Cincinnati Civil War Round Table website". Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2008-07-20. References U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 volumes in 4 series. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. Howe, Henry, Historical Collections of Ohio, Cincinnati, Ohio: Henry Howe, publisher, 1888. External links Media related to Henry M. Cist at Wikimedia Commons Official Records; report written to Lt. Cist Excerpts from Cist's article on "Cincinnati with the War Fever" Henry Martyn Cist (1882). The Army of the Cumberland. C. Scribner's Sons. henry martyn cist. Photo of H.M. Cist in 1863 Works by Henry Martyn Cist at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Henry M. Cist at Internet Archive Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel Belgium United States Netherlands People Trove Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"brevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Army of the Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"Chickamauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Chattanooga"}],"text":"Henry Martyn Cist (February 20, 1839 – December 16, 1902) was an American soldier, lawyer, and author who was a Union Army captain and staff officer during the American Civil War. On December 11, 1866 he was nominated and on February 6, 1867 he was confirmed for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865. He is most noted for his classic and oft-referenced 1882 book The Army of the Cumberland. In addition, Cist led pioneering efforts to preserve and interpret the sites of the battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga.","title":"Henry M. Cist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia-born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Charles Cist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cist_(editor)"},{"link_name":"Charles Cist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cist_(printer)"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg, Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Henry Cist was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the younger of two sons of Philadelphia-born author Charles Cist and his wife Janet. His paternal grandfather, also named Charles Cist, was an immigrant from St. Petersburg, Russia, and a printer and publisher in Philadelphia.[1]Cist graduated from Farmers College in 1858, and then studied law. He passed his bar exam and became a practicing attorney.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)"},{"link_name":"6th Ohio Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Ohio_Infantry"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States"},{"link_name":"52nd Ohio Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Ohio_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Camp Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Chase"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war"},{"link_name":"Fort Donelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Donelson"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. 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When his term of enlistment expired, he was promoted to second lieutenant in the 52nd Ohio Infantry. He later served as post adjutant of Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, after the prisoners of war captured at Fort Donelson were transported there following Ulysses S. Grant's victory in February 1862.[2]In April 1862, Cist joined the 74th Ohio Infantry as a first lieutenant and became its regimental adjutant, serving under Colonel Granville Moody. He later served as the assistant adjutant general with the rank of captain on the staff of Major General William S. Rosecrans in the Army of the Cumberland. Later he was on the staff of Major General George H. Thomas.[3]At Maj. Gen. Thomas's request, he remained in the service after the close of hostilities to give the necessary orders and to arrange the details providing for the mustering out and disbanding of over 100,000 troops.[4]In the omnibus promotions issued by the War Department following the end of the Civil War, Cist received three brevet promotions ranking from March 13, 1865, to the ranks of major, colonel, and brigadier general of U. S. Volunteers. On December 11, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Cist for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 6, 1867.[5]","title":"Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College Hill, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Hill,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Army of the Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acab-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acab-4"},{"link_name":"Chickamauga Memorial Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickamauga_and_Chattanooga_National_Military_Park"},{"link_name":"Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickamauga_and_Chattanooga_National_Military_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sons of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Rome, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Italy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ryan-8"},{"link_name":"Spring Grove Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Grove_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"J. D. Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Dolson_Cox"},{"link_name":"Lytle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Haines_Lytle"},{"link_name":"Mitchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormsby_M._Mitchel"},{"link_name":"Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning_Force"},{"link_name":"Daniel J. Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Ryan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ryan-8"}],"text":"After mustering out of the army in January 1866, Cist returned to Cincinnati, and established a successful legal practice in that city. He briefly entered politics and lost a hotly contested election for mayor of College Hill, Ohio, that required court action to declare a winner.In 1869 Cist was elected corresponding secretary of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, to which office he was re-elected every year for some years afterward. He edited all but volumes ii and iii of Reports of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland (Cincinnati, 17 vols., 1868–85).[4] In 1882, he wrote The Army of the Cumberland (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons), which was considered one of the best first-person accounts of that army. He wrote one of the earliest biographies of Union leader \"Pap\" Thomas, The Life of Gen. George H. Thomas. He also wrote several magazine articles related to Cincinnati during wartime. Among his article titles were \"Cincinnati with the War Fever\" and \"The Romance of Shiloh.\"[4]Cist turned his interest in history to working to have battlefield sites preserved. He served as director of the Chickamauga Memorial Association in 1889, helping gain Congressional authorization in 1890 for the first military park, the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park.[6] In 1892 Cist served as president of the Ohio Society, Sons of the American Revolution. It is a heritage organization devoted to celebrating the history of the US and especially the meaning of the American Revolution.[7]After contracting pneumonia while touring Italy, Cist died at the age of 63. He died at Rome, Italy.[8] His body was returned to Ohio and buried in Cincinnati's Spring Grove Cemetery.[9]General Cist, like Generals J. D. Cox, Lytle, Mitchel and Force, mingled scholarship with their military experience, indeed they were scholars before they were soldiers. In this work we have a skilled and thorough history of the Army of the Cumberland from its formation to the end of the battles at Chattanooga, in November, 1863. — Daniel J. Ryan, 1911[8]","title":"Postbellum career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Howe"},{"link_name":"Historical Collections of Ohio, 1888, pp. 831-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ohiobios.ancestralsites.com/hamilton_co/b00132.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Details of Cist's bio, in ad for ebook The Army of the Cumberland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iversonsoftware.com/books-media/books/cj/904879/904879-910.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Ohio in the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ohiocivilwar.com/cw6.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acab_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acab_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acab_4-2"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Wilson, J. G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Fiske, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"\"Cist, Charles\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Cist,_Charles"},{"link_name":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Eicher, David J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Eicher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8047-3641-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"National Park Service Chickamauga and Chattanooga Administrative History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/archive/chch/adhi/adhiab.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"List of Ohio Society presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sar.org/ohssar/PDF/2006%20Ohio%20Society%20Presidents.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ryan_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ryan_8-1"},{"link_name":"Ryan, Daniel J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Ryan"},{"link_name":"The Civil War Literature of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/00844464.3194.emory.edu"},{"link_name":"62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/00844464.3194.emory.edu/page/n76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Cincinnati Civil War Round Table website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090203113408/http://www.cincinnaticwrt.org/data/ohio%20in%20the%20war/barnett_forty_for_the_union/barnett_article.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cincinnaticwrt.org/data/ohio%20in%20the%20war/barnett_forty_for_the_union/barnett_article.html"}],"text":"^ Henry Howe Historical Collections of Ohio, 1888, pp. 831-32, scanned version on Ohio Bios, Ancestral Sites.com, accessed 2 Sep 2008\n\n^ \"Details of Cist's bio, in ad for ebook The Army of the Cumberland\". www.iversonsoftware.com. Retrieved Oct 9, 2022.\n\n^ Ohio in the Civil War, in list of books on Ohio, Cist's ranks and positions are listed after his name as author\n\n^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). \"Cist, Charles\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.\n\n^ Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 742. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1..\n\n^ \"National Park Service Chickamauga and Chattanooga Administrative History\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved Oct 9, 2022.\n\n^ List of Ohio Society presidents, accessed 2 Sep 2008\n\n^ a b Ryan, Daniel J (1911). The Civil War Literature of Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio: Burrows Brothers Company. pp. 62–63.\n\n^ \"Cincinnati Civil War Round Table website\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2008-07-20.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_brevet_generals_(Union)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Details of Cist's bio, in ad for ebook The Army of the Cumberland\". www.iversonsoftware.com. Retrieved Oct 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iversonsoftware.com/books-media/books/cj/904879/904879-910.htm","url_text":"\"Details of Cist's bio, in ad for ebook The Army of the Cumberland\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). \"Cist, Charles\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)","url_text":"Fiske, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Cist,_Charles","url_text":"\"Cist, Charles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 742. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Eicher","url_text":"Eicher, David J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1","url_text":"978-0-8047-3641-1"}]},{"reference":"\"National Park Service Chickamauga and Chattanooga Administrative History\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved Oct 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/archive/chch/adhi/adhiab.htm","url_text":"\"National Park Service Chickamauga and Chattanooga Administrative History\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Daniel J (1911). The Civil War Literature of Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio: Burrows Brothers Company. pp. 62–63.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Ryan","url_text":"Ryan, Daniel J"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/00844464.3194.emory.edu","url_text":"The Civil War Literature of Ohio"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/00844464.3194.emory.edu/page/n76","url_text":"62"}]},{"reference":"\"Cincinnati Civil War Round Table website\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2008-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090203113408/http://www.cincinnaticwrt.org/data/ohio%20in%20the%20war/barnett_forty_for_the_union/barnett_article.html","url_text":"\"Cincinnati Civil War Round Table website\""},{"url":"http://www.cincinnaticwrt.org/data/ohio%20in%20the%20war/barnett_forty_for_the_union/barnett_article.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henry Martyn Cist (1882). The Army of the Cumberland. C. Scribner's Sons. henry martyn cist.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/armycumberland01cistgoog","url_text":"The Army of the Cumberland"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://ohiobios.ancestralsites.com/hamilton_co/b00132.html","external_links_name":"Historical Collections of Ohio, 1888, pp. 831-32"},{"Link":"http://www.iversonsoftware.com/books-media/books/cj/904879/904879-910.htm","external_links_name":"\"Details of Cist's bio, in ad for ebook The Army of the Cumberland\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohiocivilwar.com/cw6.html","external_links_name":"Ohio in the Civil War"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Cist,_Charles","external_links_name":"\"Cist, Charles\""},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/archive/chch/adhi/adhiab.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Park Service Chickamauga and Chattanooga Administrative History\""},{"Link":"http://www.sar.org/ohssar/PDF/2006%20Ohio%20Society%20Presidents.pdf","external_links_name":"List of Ohio Society presidents"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/00844464.3194.emory.edu","external_links_name":"The Civil War Literature of Ohio"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/00844464.3194.emory.edu/page/n76","external_links_name":"62"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090203113408/http://www.cincinnaticwrt.org/data/ohio%20in%20the%20war/barnett_forty_for_the_union/barnett_article.html","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati Civil War Round Table website\""},{"Link":"http://www.cincinnaticwrt.org/data/ohio%20in%20the%20war/barnett_forty_for_the_union/barnett_article.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ohiobios.ancestralsites.com/hamilton_co/b00132.html","external_links_name":"Howe, Henry, Historical Collections of Ohio, Cincinnati, Ohio: Henry Howe, publisher, 1888."},{"Link":"http://members.aol.com/stonesriverdan/millersbrigade.html","external_links_name":"Official Records; report written to Lt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Rosen	Michael E. Rosen	["1 Career","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]	British political philosopher (born 1952) Michael E. RosenBornMichael Eric Rosen (1952-05-11) 11 May 1952 (age 72)NationalityBritishAcademic backgroundAlma materBalliol College, OxfordThesisThe Rationality of Hegel's Dialectic and Its Criticism (1980)Doctoral advisorCharles TaylorAcademic workDisciplinePhilosophySub-disciplinePolitical philosophyInstitutionsMagdalen College, OxfordHarvard UniversityMerton College, OxfordUniversity College, LondonLincoln College, Oxford Michael Eric Rosen (born 11 May 1952) is a British political philosopher active in the traditions of analytic philosophy and continental European intellectual thought. He is best known for his work on Hegel and the Frankfurt School. He is currently the Senator Joseph S. Clark Professor of Government at Harvard University. Career Rosen holds a Bachelor of Arts degree with first-class honours in philosophy, awarded in 1974, and a Doctor of Philosophy degree awarded in 1980, both from Balliol College, Oxford. He was a lecturer in politics at Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1980 to 1981, an assistant professor of philosophy at Harvard University from 1981 to 1982, a special fellow in politics at Merton College, Oxford, from 1982 to 1985, and a lecturer in philosophy at University College London from 1986 to 1990. He then joined Lincoln College, Oxford, before taking his current post in Harvard's Government Department. Charles Taylor advised Rosen's doctoral thesis, “The Rationality of Hegel’s Dialectic and Its Critics". While at Oxford, he co-chaired the Hegel and Marx graduate seminar with his friend, the late G. A. Cohen. Works Michael Rosen (2012). Dignity: Its History and Meaning. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06443-0. Justin Wintle, ed. (2002). "Hegel". Makers of nineteenth century culture: 1800-1914. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26584-3. Michael Rosen (1996). On Voluntary Servitude. ISBN 0-674-63779-8. Michael Rosen (1982). Hegel's Dialectic and its Criticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24484-6. michael rosen. References ^ "Michael Eric ROSEN curriculum vitae" (PDF). ^ Harvard Gazette: Michael Rosen joins FAS as professor of government ^ Michael Rosen, Jerry Cohen - an Appreciation External links Harvard Faculty Page List of publications Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Academics PhilPeople Other IdRef This biography of a British philosopher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"political philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosopher"},{"link_name":"analytic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"continental European intellectual thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"}],"text":"Michael Eric Rosen (born 11 May 1952)[1] is a British political philosopher active in the traditions of analytic philosophy and continental European intellectual thought. He is best known for his work on Hegel and the Frankfurt School. He is currently the Senator Joseph S. Clark Professor of Government at Harvard University.","title":"Michael E. Rosen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Balliol College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Merton College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Lincoln College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"G. A. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._A._Cohen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rosen holds a Bachelor of Arts degree with first-class honours in philosophy, awarded in 1974, and a Doctor of Philosophy degree awarded in 1980, both from Balliol College, Oxford. He was a lecturer in politics at Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1980 to 1981, an assistant professor of philosophy at Harvard University from 1981 to 1982, a special fellow in politics at Merton College, Oxford, from 1982 to 1985, and a lecturer in philosophy at University College London from 1986 to 1990. He then joined Lincoln College, Oxford, before taking his current post in Harvard's Government Department.[2]Charles Taylor advised Rosen's doctoral thesis, “The Rationality of Hegel’s Dialectic and Its Critics\". While at Oxford, he co-chaired the Hegel and Marx graduate seminar with his friend, the late G. A. Cohen.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dignity: Its History and Meaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LETrUAn6RtIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-06443-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06443-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hegel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9DrWBAH5nvsC&dq=Michael+E.+Rosen&pg=PA284"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-26584-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26584-3"},{"link_name":"On Voluntary Servitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FBBEWlGOhSMC&q=on+voluntary+servitude+rosen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-63779-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-63779-8"},{"link_name":"Hegel's Dialectic and its Criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hegelsdialectici0000rose"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-24484-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24484-6"}],"text":"Michael Rosen (2012). Dignity: Its History and Meaning. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06443-0.\nJustin Wintle, ed. (2002). \"Hegel\". Makers of nineteenth century culture: 1800-1914. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26584-3.\nMichael Rosen (1996). On Voluntary Servitude. ISBN 0-674-63779-8.\nMichael Rosen (1982). Hegel's Dialectic and its Criticism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24484-6. michael rosen.","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Justin Wintle, ed. (2002). \"Hegel\". Makers of nineteenth century culture: 1800-1914. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26584-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9DrWBAH5nvsC&dq=Michael+E.+Rosen&pg=PA284","url_text":"\"Hegel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26584-3","url_text":"978-0-415-26584-3"}]},{"reference":"Michael Rosen (1996). On Voluntary Servitude. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination_by_country	Desalination by country	["1 Operating desalination plants","2 Algeria","3 Aruba","4 Australia","5 Bahrain","6 Barbados","7 Cayman Islands","8 Chile","9 China","10 Cyprus","11 Egypt","12 Germany","13 Gibraltar","14 India","15 Iran","16 Israel","17 Kazakhstan","18 Kuwait","19 Malta","20 Maldives","21 Mexico","22 Morocco","23 Norway","24 Oman","25 Palestine","26 Pakistan","27 Qatar","28 Saudi Arabia","29 Singapore","30 Spain","31 South Africa","32 Sweden","33 Taiwan","34 Trinidad and Tobago","35 United Arab Emirates","36 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies","36.1 Jersey","37 United States","37.1 Texas","37.2 California","37.3 Florida","37.4 Arizona","38 References"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs editing to comply with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. In particular, it has problems with consistency of and conversion of units - needs to standardize on liters and gallons and use {{convert}}. Please help improve the content. (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) There are approximately 16,000 operational desalination plants, located across 177 countries, which generate an estimated 95 million m3/day of fresh water. Micro desalination plants operate near almost every natural gas or fracking facility in the United States. Furthermore, micro desalination facilities exist in textile, leather, food industries, etc. Operating desalination plants This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2024) The following table is a list of operating desalination plants. Criteria for inclusion on this list include: that it's operating (not proposed or decommissioned), and has a capacity of at least 100,000 cubic meters per day or it's the largest in its country. excludes desalination plants used primarily for mining Table of operating desalination plants (A-Q) Country Territory City Name Capacity (per day) Coordinates Completion Algeria Aïn Témouchent Béni Saf Beni Saf Desalination Plant 200,000 m3 (260,000 cu yd) 35°21′36″N 1°15′55″W / 35.3600°N 1.2653°W / 35.3600; -1.2653 2009 Algiers Algiers Hamma Desalination Plant 200,000 m3 (260,000 cu yd) 36°45′05″N 3°04′47″E / 36.7515°N 3.0796°E / 36.7515; 3.0796 2008 Boumerdès Djinet Cap Djinet Desalination Station (Reverse Osmosis) 100,000 m3 (130,000 cu yd) 36°50′43″N 3°41′23″E / 36.8453°N 3.6897°E / 36.8453; 3.6897 2012 Chlef Ténès Tenes Desalination Plant 200,000 m3 (260,000 cu yd) 36°30′15″N 1°13′35″E / 36.5042°N 1.2265°E / 36.5042; 1.2265 36.014149, 0.128339 2015 Mostaganem Mostaganem TEC Sonaghter Desalination Plant 200,000 m3 (260,000 cu yd) 36°00′51″N 0°07′42″E / 36.0141°N 0.1283°E / 36.0141; 0.1283 2012 Oran Mers El Hadjadj Magtaa Reverse Osmosis (RO) Desalination Plant 500,000 m3 (650,000 cu yd) 35°47′10″N 0°09′00″W / 35.7860°N 0.1499°W / 35.7860; -0.1499 2014 Skikda Skikda Skikda Desalination Plant 100,000 m3 (130,000 cu yd) 36°52′57″N 6°57′57″E / 36.8826°N 6.9659°E / 36.8826; 6.9659 2009 Tipaza Fouka Fouka Desalination Plant 120,000 m3 (160,000 cu yd) 36°40′43″N 2°45′44″E / 36.6786°N 2.7621°E / 36.6786; 2.7621 2008 Tipaza Tipaza Desalination Plant 100,000 m3 (130,000 cu yd) 36°40′38″N 2°45′29″E / 36.677149°N 2.75819°E / 36.677149; 2.75819 Tlemcen Souk Tlata Souk Tlata Desalination Plant 200,000 m3 (260,000 cu yd) 35°04′14″N 2°00′07″W / 35.0706°N 2.002°W / 35.0706; -2.002 2011 Honaine Tlemcen Hounaine Desalination Plant 200,000 m3 (260,000 cu yd) 35°10′55″N 1°38′48″W / 35.1819°N 1.6466°W / 35.1819; -1.6466 2011 Australia New South Wales Sydney Sydney Desalination Plant 250,000 m3 (330,000 cu yd) 34°01′29″S 151°12′18″E / 34.02475°S 151.205136°E / -34.02475; 151.205136 2012 Queensland Gold Coast Gold Coast Desalination Plant 125,000 m3 (163,000 cu yd) 28°09′25″S 153°29′49″E / 28.157°S 153.497°E / -28.157; 153.497 2009 South Australia Adelaide Adelaide Desalination Plant 300,000 m3 (390,000 cu yd) 35°05′49″S 138°29′02″E / 35.097°S 138.484°E / -35.097; 138.484 2012 Victoria Dalyston Victorian Desalination Plant 410,000 m3 (540,000 cu yd) 35°05′49″S 138°29′02″E / 35.097°S 138.484°E / -35.097; 138.484 2012 Western Australia Cape Preston Cape Preston Desalination Plant 140,000 m3 (180,000 cu yd) 2012 Perth Perth Seawater Desalination Plant 130,000 m3 (170,000 cu yd) 32°12′11″S 115°46′23″E / 32.203°S 115.773°E / -32.203; 115.773 2006 Binningup Southern Seawater Desalination Plant 270,000 m3 (350,000 cu yd) 33°07′44″S 115°42′11″E / 33.129°S 115.703°E / -33.129; 115.703 2012 Bahrain Muharraq Island Al Hidd Al Hidd Desalination Plant 272,760 m3 (356,760 cu yd) 26°13′21″N 50°39′45″E / 26.222515°N 50.6625°E / 26.222515; 50.6625 2000 Barbados Saint Michael Bridgetown Ionics Desalination Plant 30,000 m3 (39,000 cu yd) 13°07′26″N 59°37′42″W / 13.1239°N 59.6283°W / 13.1239; -59.6283 February 2000 Chile Atacama Region Caldera Caldera Desalination Plant 100,000 m3 (130,000 cu yd) 27°03′23″S 70°50′24″W / 27.0563°S 70.8400°W / -27.0563; -70.8400 January 2022 China Tianjin Tianjin Beijing Desalination Plant 200,000 m3 (260,000 cu yd) 38°46′47″N 117°30′13″E / 38.7797°N 117.5035°E / 38.7797; 117.5035 Cyprus Larnaca Larnaca MN Larnaca Desalination Co 64,000 m3 (84,000 cu yd) 34°52′09″N 33°37′51″E / 34.8691°N 33.6309°E / 34.8691; 33.6309 Germany Schleswig-Holstein Helgoland Combined Desalination Plants for Island 150,000 m3 (200,000 cu yd) 54°10′28″N 7°53′26″E / 54.174421°N 7.890677°E / 54.174421; 7.890677 India Tamil Nadu Chennai Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant 100,000 m3 (130,000 cu yd) 13°19′01″N 80°20′17″E / 13.31694°N 80.33806°E / 13.31694; 80.33806 July 25, 2010 Nemmeli Nemmeli Desalination Plant 100,000 m3 (130,000 cu yd) 12°42′14″N 80°13′32″E / 12.7038°N 80.2256°E / 12.7038; 80.2256 2012 Israel Central Palmachim Palmachim Desalination Plant 123,000 m3 (161,000 cu yd) 31°56′11″N 34°42′41″E / 31.9364°N 34.7115°E / 31.9364; 34.7115 May 2007 Sorek Desalination Plant 625,000 m3 (817,000 cu yd) 31°56′37″N 34°43′57″E / 31.9436°N 34.7324°E / 31.9436; 34.7324 2013 Haifa Hadera Hadera Desalination Plant 348,000 m3 (455,000 cu yd) 32°27′57″N 34°53′07″E / 32.4658°N 34.8852°E / 32.4658; 34.8852 December 2009 Southern Ashdod Mekorot's Desalination Plant 274,000 m3 (358,000 cu yd) 31°50′59″N 34°41′08″E / 31.8497°N 34.6856°E / 31.8497; 34.6856 December 2015 Ashkelon Ashkelon Desalination Plant 329,000 m3 (430,000 cu yd) 31°38′07″N 34°31′22″E / 31.6353°N 34.5228°E / 31.6353; 34.5228 August 2005 Kazakhstan Mangystau Aktau Innovation Projects Engineering 74,000 m3 (97,000 cu yd) 43°39′02″N 51°09′19″E / 43.6506°N 51.1552°E / 43.6506; 51.1552 1967 Kuwait Ahmadi Mina Abd Allah Shuaiba North Desalination Plant 136,000 m3 (178,000 cu yd) 29°02′08″N 48°09′12″E / 29.0355°N 48.1533°E / 29.0355; 48.1533 Shuaiba South Desalination Plant 205,000 m3 (268,000 cu yd) 29°01′56″N 48°09′19″E / 29.0323°N 48.1554°E / 29.0323; 48.1554 Zour Az-Zour Desalination Plant 524,000 m3 (685,000 cu yd) 28°44′11″N 48°15′10″E / 28.7363°N 48.2527°E / 28.7363; 48.2527 Capital Shuwaikh Shuwaikh Desalination Plant 225,000 m3 (294,000 cu yd) 29°21′12″N 47°56′29″E / 29.353452°N 47.9415°E / 29.353452; 47.9415 Jahra Doha Doha East Desalination Plant 191,000 m3 (250,000 cu yd) 29°22′27″N 47°47′22″E / 29.3743°N 47.7894°E / 29.3743; 47.7894 Doha West Desalination Plant 502,000 m3 (657,000 cu yd) 29°22′20″N 47°47′03″E / 29.3722°N 47.7841°E / 29.3722; 47.7841 Subiya Subiya Desalination Plant 455,000 m3 (595,000 cu yd) 29°40′12″N 47°58′17″E / 29.6701°N 47.9714°E / 29.6701; 47.9714 Malta Southern Region Siġġiewi Għar Lapsi Reverse Osmosis Plant 20,000 m3 (26,000 cu yd) 35°49′43″N 14°25′07″E / 35.8286°N 14.4185°E / 35.8286; 14.4185 1982 Maldives Kaafu Atoll Malé Malé Water & Sewerage Company 11,000 m3 (14,000 cu yd) 4°10′16″N 73°30′30″E / 4.171046°N 73.508391°E / 4.171046; 73.508391 2003 Mexico Baja California 27,648 m3 (36,162 cu yd) 1960 Morocco Souss-Massa Chtouka Aït Baha Chtouka Aitbaha Desalination Plant 400,000 m3 (520,000 cu yd) 30°08′23″N 9°38′55″W / 30.1397°N 9.6485°W / 30.1397; -9.6485 2022 Oman Al Batinah South Ar Rumays Barka 4 Desalination Plant 281,000 m3 (368,000 cu yd) 23°42′27″N 57°58′27″E / 23.7075°N 57.9742°E / 23.7075; 57.9742 2018 Qatar Al Wakrah Doha Ras Abu Fontas 160,000 m3 (210,000 cu yd) 25°12′21″N 51°36′59″E / 25.2057°N 51.6163°E / 25.2057; 51.6163 1981 Saudi Arabia Eastern Province Jubail Saline Water Conversion Corporation 1,009,000 m3 (1,320,000 cu yd) 26°54′13″N 49°45′39″E / 26.9035°N 49.7608°E / 26.9035; 49.7608 2000 Khobar Saline Water Conversion Corporation 432,280 m3 (565,400 cu yd) 26°10′44″N 50°12′25″E / 26.1788°N 50.2069°E / 26.1788; 50.2069 2000 Mecca Province Jeddah Saline Water Conversion Corporation 364,000 m3 (476,000 cu yd) 21°07′03″N 39°11′28″E / 21.1176°N 39.1911°E / 21.1176; 39.1911 1994 Shuaiba Desalination Plant SWCC 582,290 m3 (761,610 cu yd) 20°40′12″N 39°31′36″E / 20.6700°N 39.5268°E / 20.6700; 39.5268 2001 Medina Province Yanbu Saline Water Conversion Corporation 321,420 m3 (420,400 cu yd) 23°51′47″N 38°22′41″E / 23.8630°N 38.3781°E / 23.8630; 38.3781 1998 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Al Shuweihat Al Shuweihat S1 459,000 m3 (600,000 cu yd) 24°09′54″N 52°34′11″E / 24.16509°N 52.56972°E / 24.16509; 52.56972 2001 Al Shuweihat Al Shuweihat S2 459,000 m3 (600,000 cu yd) 24°09′25″N 52°34′09″E / 24.15694°N 52.5692°E / 24.15694; 52.5692 2009 Al Taweelah Taweelah A1 231,800 m3 (303,200 cu yd) 24°45′37″N 54°40′47″E / 24.76038°N 54.67974°E / 24.76038; 54.67974 1999 Al Taweelah Taweelah A2 382,000 m3 (500,000 cu yd) 24°45′40″N 54°40′57″E / 24.76104°N 54.68258°E / 24.76104; 54.68258 2000 Al Taweelah Taweelah B 736,000 m3 (963,000 cu yd) 24°45′57″N 54°41′12″E / 24.76581°N 54.68659°E / 24.76581; 54.68659 2005 Al Taweelah Al Taweelah RO 909,200 m3 (1,189,200 cu yd) 24°45′46″S 54°41′44″E / 24.762833°S 54.695556°E / -24.762833; 54.695556 2022 Mirfa Mirfa International Power and Water Company plant 241,000 m3 (315,000 cu yd) 24°07′16″N 53°26′49″E / 24.121°N 53.447°E / 24.121; 53.447 2014 Umm Al Nar Umm Al Nar plant 432,000 m3 (565,000 cu yd) 24°26′05″N 54°29′15″E / 24.4348°N 54.48762°E / 24.4348; 54.48762 2003 Dubai Jebel Ali Jebel Ali Power Plant and Water Desalination 2,227,600 m3 (2,913,600 cu yd) 25°03′32″N 55°07′05″E / 25.059°N 55.118°E / 25.059; 55.118 2019 Fujairah Fujairah Fujairah F1 595,500 m3 (778,900 cu yd) 25°18′05″N 56°22′16″E / 25.301506°N 56.37111°E / 25.301506; 56.37111 2006 Fujairah Fujairah F2 600,000 m3 (780,000 cu yd) 25°18′30″N 56°22′22″E / 25.308195°N 56.372705°E / 25.308195; 56.372705 2007 Algeria Algeria is believed to have at least 15 desalination plants in operation. Arzew IWPP Power & Desalination Plant, Arzew, 90,000m3/day Cap Djinet Seawater Reverse Osmosis 100,000 m3/day Tlemcen Souk Tleta 200,000 m3/day Tlemcen Hounaine 200,000 m3/day Beni Saf 200,000 m3/day Tenes 200,000 m3/day Fouka 120,000 m3/day Tipaza 100,000 m3/day Skikda 100,000 m3/day Hamma Seawater Desalination Plant 200,000 m3/day built by General Electric Mostaganem, (Sonaghter) 200,000 m3/day Magtaa Reverse Osmosis (RO) Desalination Plant 500,000 m3/day, Oran Aruba The island of Aruba has a large (world's largest at the time of its inauguration) desalination plant, with a total installed capacity of 11.1 million US gallons (42,000 m3) per day. Australia Main article: Seawater desalination in Australia The Millennium Drought (1997–2009) led to a water supply crisis across much of the country. A combination of increased water usage and lower rainfall/drought in Australia caused state governments to turn to desalination. As a result, several large-scale desalination plants were constructed (see list). Large-scale seawater reverse osmosis plants (SWRO) now contribute to the domestic water supplies of several major Australian cities including Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and the Gold Coast. While desalination helped secure water supplies, it is energy intensive (≈$140/ML). In 2010, a Seawater Greenhouse went into operation in Port Augusta. A growing number of smaller scale SWRO plants are used by the oil and gas industry (both on and offshore), by mining companies to supply slurry pipelines for the transport of ore and on offshore islands to supply tourists and residents. Bahrain Completed in 2000, the Al Hidd Desalination Plant on Muharraq island employed a multistage flash process, and produces 272,760 m3 (9,632,000 cu ft) per day. The Al Hidd distillate forwarding station provides 410 million liters of distillate water storage in a series of 45-million-liter steel tanks. A 135-million-liters/day forwarding pumping station sends flows to the Hidd, Muharraq, Hoora, Sanabis, and Seef blending stations, and which has an option for gravity supply for low flows to blending pumps and pumps which forward to Janusan, Budiya and Saar. Upon completion of the third construction phase, the Durrat Al Bahrain seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant was planned to have a capacity of 36,000 cubic meters of potable water per day to serve the irrigation needs of the Durrat Al Bahrain development. The Bahrain-based utility company, Energy Central Co contracted to design, build and operate the plant. Barbados In 1994–1995 the island of Barbados experienced a severe 1 in 50 year severe drought that knocked much of the island's drinking water supply offline including the country's sole major hospital in the capital-city Bridgetown. An agreement was negotiated with General Electric's Ionics Inc. to build a reverse osmosis desalination plant on the south western coast of the island capable of supplying 20% of the islands population. The plant began operating within 15 months and was officially commissioned February 2000. Currently many cruise ships purchase water from Barbados due to its good quality. Cayman Islands West Bay, West Bay, Grand Cayman Abel Castillo Water Works, Governor's Harbour, Grand Cayman Britannia, Seven Mile Beach, Grand Cayman Chile Copiapó Desalination Plant Thorium Power Canada, with its affiliate, DBI Chile, have proposed plans to build a 10 MW demonstration thorium reactor in Chile to power the 20 million litre/day desalination plant. All land and regulatory approvals are currently in process. China China operates the Beijing Desalination Plant in Tianjin, a combination desalination and coal-fired power plant designed to alleviate Tianjin's critical water shortage. Though the facility has the capacity to produce 200,000 cubic meters of potable water per day, it has never operated at more than one-quarter capacity due to difficulties with local companies and inadequate local infrastructure. The Hong Kong Water Supplies Department had pilot desalination plants in Tuen Mun and Ap Lei Chau using reverse-osmosis technology. The production cost was put at HK$7.8 to HK$8.4 /m3. Hong Kong used to have a desalination plant in Lok On Pai, Siu Lam. In 2014, the government confirmed the reservation of a 10-hectare site at Tseung Kwan O for the construction of a reverse-osmosis desalination plant with an initial output capacity of 50 million cubic metres per annum. Plans include provisions for future expansion to an ultimate capacity of 90 million cubic metres per annum, which will meet about 10 per cent of Hong Kong's fresh water demand. Detailed feasibility studies, preliminary design and a cost-effectiveness analysis are planned to be completed by 2014. A commissioning date of 2020 is envisaged. Cyprus A plant operates in Cyprus near the town of Larnaca. The Dhekelia Desalination Plant uses the reverse osmosis system. Egypt Dahab Desalination Plants Dahab 3,600 m3/day completed 1999. The facility in the South Sinai is being expanded to produce 15,000 m3/day Hurgada and Sharm El-Sheikh Power and Desalination Plants Oyoun Moussa Power and Desalination Zaafarana Power and Desalination Remelah Desalination Plant As of May 2022, Egypt had a total of 82 desalination plants with a combined capacity of 917,000 cubic meters per day. Germany Fresh water on the island of Helgoland is supplied by two reverse osmosis desalination plants. Gibraltar Fresh water in Gibraltar is supplied by a number of reverse osmosis and multistage flash desalination plants. A demonstration forward osmosis desalination plant also operates there. India India has two desalinization plants, the Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant and the Nemmeli plant, both in Chennai. Iran An assumption is that around 400,000 m3/d of historic and newly installed capacity is operational in Iran. In terms of technology, Iran's existing desalination plants use a mix of thermal processes and RO. MSF is the most widely used thermal technology although MED and vapour compression (VC) also feature. Iranian project Persian Gulf Water Transfer WASCO will see the biggest Desalination project in the world based in Bandar Abas with 1.6 million capacity. There are three phases, phase 1 will be fully complete by 2024.IranCatchCen0 Israel Israel Desalination Enterprises' Sorek Desalination Plant north of Palmachim was foreseen to provide up to 26,000 m³ of potable water per hour once it went online in June 2013 (that is ca. 228 million m³ when projected on an entire year). Once unthinkable, given Israel's history of drought and lack of available fresh water resources, with desalination Israel can now produce a surplus of fresh water. By 2014, Israel's desalination programs provided roughly 35% of Israel's drinking water, about 50% in 2015, and it is expected to supply 70% by 2050. As of May 29, 2015 more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households, agriculture and industry is artificially produced. Existing Israeli water desalination facilities Location Opened Capacity(million m3/year) Cost of water(per m3) Notes Ashkelon August 2005 120 NIS 2.60 (capacity as of 2010) Palmachim May 2007 45 NIS 2.90 Hadera December 2009 127 NIS 2.60 Sorek 2013 228 NIS 2.01–2.19 Ashdod December 2015 100 NIS 2.40 (expansion up to 150 million m3/year possible) Additional desalination plants supply the entire freshwater needs of the city of Eilat by desalinating a mix of brackish well water and seawater. Similar plants exist in the Arava and the southern coastal plain of the Carmel range. Kazakhstan MAEK-Kazatomprom LLP operates sea water desalination plant in Aktau, Mangystau from 1967. Now its power comes to 74,000 m3/day. Earlier it was a part of combined combinate with Nuclear plant and gas electric power stations. Also in Aktau there is membrane technology water desalination plant Kaspiy, which power comes to 20,000 m3/day Kuwait Kuwait does not have any permanent rivers. It does have some wadis, the most notable of which is Wadi Al-Batin which forms the border between Kuwait and Iraq. Kuwait relies on water desalination as a primary source of fresh water for drinking and domestic purposes. There are currently more than six desalination plants. Kuwait was the first country in the world to use desalination to supply water for large-scale domestic use. The history of desalination in Kuwait dates back to 1951 when the first distillation plant was commissioned. Malta Ghar Lapsi II 50,000 m3/day Maldives Maldives is a nation of small islands. Some depend on desalination as a source of water. Mexico The first desalination plant in Mexico was built in 1960 and had a capacity of 27,648 m3/day. As of 2006, there were 435 desalination plants in Mexico with a total capacity of 311,700 m3/day. One of the world's largest desalination plants (380,160 m3/day) is planned for Rosarito. Morocco There are multiple desalination projects ongoing in Morocco, mostly desalinating seawater from the Atlantic Ocean. Existing Moroccan water desalination facilities Location Opened Capacity(million m3/year) Notes Casablanca 2030 250 Between MAD2 and MAD6 per m3. Agadir - Sous Massa 2020 275 World's largest desaliniation plant when completed Dakhla 2018 30 Jorf Lasfar 2021 40 Norway Norway is a country with little to no problems with water access. Over 99% of the population's water supply comes from fresh water sources such as lakes, tarns, rivers and ground water. There are however three water works in Norway taking use of desalination of sea water and all of them are located in the county of Nordland, only providing around 500 people with water. Oman A pilot seawater greenhouse was built in 2004 near Muscat, in collaboration with Sultan Qaboos University, providing a sustainable horticultural sector on the Batinah coast. Ghubrah Power & Desalination Plant, Muscat Sohar Power & Desalination Plant, Sohar Sur R.O. Desalination Plant 80,000 m3/day 2009 Qarn Alam 1,000 m3/day Wilayat Diba 2,000 m3/day There are at least two forward osmosis plants operating in Oman Al Najdah 200 m3/day (built by Modern Water) Al Khaluf Palestine This section is an excerpt from Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine § Desalinated seawater. As of 2007, there was one seawater desalination plant in Deir al-Balah in the Gaza Strip, built in 1997–99 with funding by the Austrian government. It has a capacity of 600 cubic metres (21,000 cu ft) per day and it is owned and operated by the Coastal Municipalities Water Utility. At least initially, the operating costs were subsidized by the Austrian government. The desalinated water is distributed to 13 water kiosks. Desalination of seawater is expected to become more important in the future through a long-planned regional desalination plant that would provide desalinated water using the piped water network throughout the entire Gaza strip. For over 20 years, a major desalination plant for Gaza has been discussed. The Palestinian Water Authority has approved a $500 million facility. Israel supports it and has quietly begun to offer Palestinians desalination training. In 2012 the French government committed a 10 million-euro grant for the plant. Arab countries, coordinated by the Islamic Development Bank, committed to provide half of the necessary funds, matching an expected European financial commitment. The European Investment Bank provides technical assistance. Another major problem is that desalination is very energy-intensive, while the import of fuel to produce the necessary electricity is restricted by Israel and Egypt. Furthermore, revenues from drinking water tariffs are insufficient to cover the operating costs of the envisaged plant at the current tariff level. Pakistan Main article: Gwadar Seawater Desalination Plant A water desalination plant was recently inaugurated by Pakistan's Minister for Ports and Shipping at the port city of Gwader on 01 Jan, 2018. This is one of the biggest of its kind plant in Pakistan. On the inauguration day the Pakistan's Minister for Ports and Shipping said in his address, To drive this point home, he mentioned that this plant (which can hold 5 million gallons of water) will provide 254,000 gallons of clean potable drinking water per day – at Rs. 0.8 per gallon. Qatar Ras Abu Fontas (RAF) A2 – 160,000 m3/day. The country has plans for two plants with an additional 735,000 m3/ day Saudi Arabia The Saline Water Conversion Corporation of Saudi Arabia provides 50% of the municipal water in the Kingdom, operates a number of desalination plants, and has contracted $1.892 billion to a Japanese-South Korean consortium to build a new facility capable of producing a billion liters per day, opening at the end of 2013. They currently operate 32 plants in the Kingdom; one example at Shoaiba cost $1.06 billion and produces 450 million liters per day. Corniche RO Plant (Crop) (operated by SAWACO) Jubail 1,400,000 m3/day North Obhor Plant (operated by SAWACO) Rabigh 7,000 m3/day (operated by wetico) planned for completion 2018 Rabigh II 600,000 m3/day (under construction Saline Water Conversion Corporation) Ras Al-Khair Power and Desalination Plant (operated by Saline Water Conversion Corporation) A hybrid plant serving Riyadh constructed in 2014, and producing 1,036,000 m3/day of water and 2,400MW of electricity. Shuaibah III 150,000 m3/day (operated by Doosan) South Jeddah Corniche Plant (SOJECO) (operated by SAWACO) Yanbu Multi Effect Distillation (MED), Saudi Arabia 146,160 m3/day Singapore Desalinated water is planned to meet 30% of Singapore's future water needs by 2060. Existing (25% of Singapore's 2017 water demand) SingSpring, Tuas (2005) – 30 million imperial gallons (mgd) / 136,380 m3/day @ 3.5kWh/m3 Sungei Tampines (2007) – 4,000 m3/day, small scale variable salinity desalination. Tuas South, Tuas (2013) – 70 million imperial gallons (mgd) / 318,500 m3/day @ integrated with a 411 MW on-site combined cycle gas turbine power plant Tuas (2017) – 137,000 m3/day Marina East (2020) – 30 million imperial gallons (mgd) / 137,000 m3/day. World's first full scale variable salinity plant capable of treating both river water and seawater. Jurong Island (2022) – 30 million imperial gallons (mgd) / 137,000 m3/day. Located next to an existing power plant Spain Lanzarote is the easternmost of the autonomous Canary Islands, which are of volcanic origin. It is the closest of the islands to the Sahara desert and therefore the driest, and it has limited water supplies. A private, commercial desalination plant was installed in 1964 to serve the whole island and enable the tourism industry. In 1974, the venture was injected with investments from local and municipal governments, and a larger infrastructure was put in place in 1989, the Lanzarote Island Waters Consortium (INALSA) was formed. A prototype seawater greenhouse was constructed in Tenerife in 1992. Alicante II 65,000 m3/day (operator Inima) Tordera 60,000 m3/day Barcelona 200,000 m3/day (operator Degremont) El Prat, near Barcelona, a desalination plant completed in 2009 was meant to provide water to the Barcelona metropolitan area, especially during the periodic severe droughts that put the available amounts of drinking water under serious stress. Oropesa 50,000 m3/day (operator Técnicas Reunidas) Moncofa 60,000 m3/day (operator Inima) Marina Baja – Mutxamel 50,000 m3/day (operator Degremont) Torrevieja 240,000 m3/day (operator Acciona) Cartagena Escombreras 63,000 m3/day (operator Cobra \| Tedagua) Edam Ibiza + Edam San Antonio 25,000 m3/day (operator Ibiza – Portmany) Mazarron 36,000 m3/day (operator Tedagua) Bajo Almanzora 65,000 m3/day South Africa Witsand Solar Desalination Plant Mossel Bay 15,000 m3/day Transnet Saldanha 2,400 m3/day Knysna 2,000 m3/day Plettenberg Bay 2,000 m3/day Bushman's River Mouth 1,800 m3/day Lambert's Bay 1,700 m3/day Cannon Rocks 750 m3/day Sweden While mainland Sweden is able to depend on long rivers, many thousands of lakes and groundwater, the sunny and dry nature of the Baltic Sea archipelago has led to a deficit of water on the island of Gotland. The island has two desalination plants for brackish water from the Baltic Sea, one built 2016 in Herrvik with a capacity to produce 480 m3/day, and another one with a capacity of 7 500 m3/day in Kvarnåkershamn. Taiwan In February 2021 a desalination plant with a daily capacity of 13000 tons was built as an answer to a water emergency. The plant supposed to support semiconductor production in greater Hscinchu area from Nanliao. Trinidad and Tobago The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago uses desalination to open up more of the island's water supply for drinking purposes. The country's desalination plant, opened in March 2003, is considered to be the first of its kind. It was the largest desalination facility in the Americas, and it processes 28,800,000 US gallons (109,000 m3) of water a day at the price of $2.67 per 1,000 US gallons (3.8 m3). This plant will be located at Trinidad's Point Lisas Industrial Estate, a park of more than 12 companies in various manufacturing and processing functions, and it will allow for easy access to water for both factories and residents in the country. United Arab Emirates The UAE relies has over 70 desalination plants, and relies on desalination for 42% of its drinking water. The hosts some of the world's largest desalination plants, which are listed in the table above. The include the Jebel Ali desalination plant in Dubai, a dual-purpose facility, uses multistage flash distillation and is the largest in the world, capable of producing 2,227,600 m3 (2,913,600 cu yd) of water per day. Al Taweelah RO is the world's largest reverse osmosis desalination plant, producing 909,200 m3 (1,189,200 cu yd) of water per day. Some of the smaller ones include: Kalba 15,000 m3/day built for Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority completed 2010 (operator CH2MHill) Khor Fakkan 22,500 m3/day (operator CH2MHill) Ghalilah RAK 68,000 m3/day (operator Aquatech) Hamriyah 90,000 m3/day (operator Aqua Engineering) Al Zawrah 27,000 m3/day (operator Aqua Engineering) Layyah I 22,500 m3/day (operator CH2MHill) Emayil & Saydiat Island ≈20,000 m3/day (operator Aqua EPC) Al Yasat Al Soghrih Island 2M gallons per day (GPD) or 9,000 m3/day A seawater greenhouse was constructed on Al Aryam Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates in 2000. United Kingdom and Crown dependencies The first large-scale plant in the United Kingdom, the Thames Water Desalination Plant, was built in Beckton, east London for Thames Water by Acciona Agua. It was built in 2010 at a cost of £250m. The plant provides up to 150 million litres of drinking water each day (150,000 cubic metres) – enough for nearly one million people. Jersey The desalination plant located near La Rosière, La Corbière, Jersey, is operated by Jersey Water. Built in 1970 in an abandoned quarry, it was the first in the British Isles. The original plant used a multistage flash (MSF) distillation process, whereby seawater was boiled under vacuum, evaporated and condensed into a freshwater distillate. In 1997, the MSF plant reached the end of its operational life and was replaced with a modern reverse osmosis plant. Its maximum power demand is 1,750 kW, and the output capacity is 6,000 cubic meters per day. Specific energy consumption is 6.8 kWh/m3. United States Texas There are a dozen different desalination projects in the state of Texas, both for desalinating groundwater and desalinating seawater from the Gulf of Mexico. However, currently there are no seawater desalination plants earmarked for municipal purposes. El Paso: Brackish groundwater has been treated at the El Paso, Texas, plant since around 2004. It produces 27,500,000 US gallons (104,000,000 L; 22,900,000 imp gal) of fresh water daily (about 25% of total freshwater deliveries) by reverse osmosis. The plant's water cost – largely representing the cost of energy – is about 2.1 times higher than ordinary groundwater production. California California has 17 desalination plants in the works, either partially constructed or through exploration and planning phases. The list of locations includes Bay Point, in the Delta, Redwood City, seven in the Santa Cruz / Monterey Bay, Cambria, Oceaneo, Redondo Beach, Huntington Beach, Dana Point, Camp Pendleton, Oceanside and Carlsbad. Carlsbad: The Claude "Bud" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant was constructed at a cost of $1 billion by Poseidon Resources and was the largest desalination plant in the United States when it went online December 14, 2015. It produces 50 million gallons a day to 110,000 customers throughout San Diego County. Concord: Planned to open in 2020, producing 20 million gallons a day. Monterey County: Sand City, two miles north of Monterey, with a population of 334, is the only city in California completely supplied with water from a desalination plant. Santa Barbara: The Charles Meyer Desalination Facility was constructed in Santa Barbara, California, in 1991–92 as a temporary emergency water supply in response to severe drought. While it has a high operating cost, the facility only needs to operate infrequently, allowing Santa Barbara to use its other supplies more extensively. The plant was re-activated in the spring of 2017. Florida RO production train, North Cape Coral RO Plant In 1977, Cape Coral, Florida became the first municipality in the United States to use the RO process on a large scale with an initial operating capacity of 3 million gallons per day. By 1985, due to the rapid growth in population of Cape Coral, the city had the largest low pressure reverse osmosis plant in the world, capable of producing 15 MGD. As of 2012, South Florida has 33 brackish and two seawater desalination plants operating with seven brackish water plants under construction. The brackish and seawater desalination plants have the capacity to produce 245 million gallons of potable water per day. The Tampa Bay Water desalination project near Tampa, Florida, was originally a private venture led by Poseidon Resources, but it was delayed by the bankruptcy of Poseidon Resources' successive partners in the venture, Stone & Webster, then Covanta (formerly Ogden) and its principal subcontractor, Hydroanautics. Stone & Webster declared bankruptcy June 2000. Covanta and Hydranautics joined in 2001, but Covanta failed to complete the construction bonding, and then the Tampa Bay Water agency purchased the project on May 15, 2002, underwriting the project. Tampa Bay Water then contracted with Covanta Tampa Construction, which produced a project that failed performance tests. After its parent went bankrupt, Covanta also filed for bankruptcy prior to performing renovations that would have satisfied contractual agreements. This resulted in nearly six months of litigation. In 2004, Tampa Bay Water hired a renovation team, American Water/Acciona Aqua, to bring the plant to its original, anticipated design. The plant was deemed fully operational in 2007, and is designed to run at a maximum capacity of 25 million US gallons (95,000 m3) per day. The plant can now produce up to 25 million US gallons (95,000 m3) per day when needed. Arizona Yuma: The desalination plant in Yuma, Arizona, was constructed under authority of the state Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act of 1974 to treat saline agricultural return flows from the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District into the Colorado River. 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Ynet. 22 July 2013. ^ "First Water Desalination Plant in Gwadar Becomes Operational". Retrieved 2018-01-02. ^ "Ras Abu Fontas (RAF) A2 Seawater Desalination Plant - Water Technology". www.water-technology.net. ^ Sasakura, Samsung $1.89bn bid lowest for Saudi plant. Reuters.com. Retrieved May 29, 2011. ^ "Dow and Saudi Saline Water Conversion Corporation Sign Commercial Agreement for Research Collaboration". Dow. Retrieved February 27, 2013. ^ Map on this page. Saudi Arabian plants. Retrieved May 29, 2011. ^ Panagopoulos, Argyris; Haralambous, Katherine-Joanne (2020-12-01). "Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment - Challenges and mitigation measures". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 161 (Pt B): 111773. Bibcode:2020MarPB.16111773P. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111773. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 33128985. S2CID 226224643. ^ "High-capacity desalination plant planned in Rabigh". Saudi Gazette. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2013. ^ a b "Does Size Matter? Meet six of the World's Largest Desalination Plants". Retrieved 3 September 2020. ^ "\|\| MARAFIQ \|\| ** First Utility Company for Jubail & Yanbu in Saudi Arabia.*". Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2016-10-15. ^ "PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency". PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency. ^ "Hyflux » Tuaspring Integrated Water & Power Project, Singapore". Archived from the original on 2016-04-30. ^ "Singapore to raise water tariffs as production, supply costs increase, Government & Economy - THE BUSINESS TIMES". Archived from the original on 2017-02-07. ^ Insular de Aguas de Lanzarote S.A.. Archived 2011-07-02 at the Wayback Machine Insala. Retrieved July 5, 2011. ^ Seawater Greenhouse Pilot Project – Canary Islands (1994). YouTube. Retrieved May 14, 2012. ^ "Visit Mossel Bay – Proud Mossel Bay Salutes Mossel Bay's Desalination Plant" Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine. visitmosselbay.co.za. ^ Veolia Environnement (February 22, 2013). "Press \| Transnet gets reverse osmosis desalination plant from Veolia Water" Archived 2018-01-03 at the Wayback Machine. veoliawaterst.co.za. ^ Veolia Environnement (May 5, 2010). "Press \| VWS Envig to Build Water Augmentation Plant in Knysna" Archived 2016-10-03 at the Wayback Machine. veoliawaterst.co.za. ^ Veolia Environnement (May 4, 2011). "Press \| Desalination Plant Will Bring Welcome Relief to Dry Southern Cape" Archived 2016-10-03 at the Wayback Machine. veoliawaterst.co.za. ^ Veolia Environnement. "Newsletter Article \| VWS South Africa hands over operations of a desalination plant to Eastern Cape municipality" Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine. veoliawaterst.co.za. ^ Veolia Environnement (June 18, 2013). "Press \| Veolia to build new seawater desalination plant in Lamberts Bay" Archived 2016-10-03 at the Wayback Machine. veoliawaterst.co.za. ^ "Largest desalination plant in South Africa; Karoo, Cacadu District". travelkaroo.co.za. January 1, 2010 ^ "Spara vatten - Region Gotland" (in Swedish). Gotland Region. Retrieved 2 April 2023. ^ "Information om Bräckvattenverket i Herrvik på Gotland - Först i Sverige!". gotland.se. ^ Obminska, Ania. "Så ska Gotland klara vattenbristen – avsaltar 7500 kubikmeter dricksvatten". Ny Teknik. ^ The Emergency Project of Seawater Desalination Plant, Hsinchu, Taiwan. HCP. ^ Ionics to build $120M desalination plant in Trinidad\|Boston Business Journal. The Business Journals. Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ Trinidad Desalination Plant Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine. Waterindustry.org (October 26, 2000). Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ "Desalination plants". u.ae. Retrieved 12 Feb 2024. ^ DC, Arab Center Washington (2023-12-21). "The Costs and Benefits of Water Desalination in the Gulf". Arab Center Washington DC. Retrieved 2024-02-11. ^ Team, S. W. M. (2023-05-26). "Abu Dhabi's Taweelah plant now the largest commercially operating RO facility in the world". Smart Water Magazine. Retrieved 2024-02-11. ^ "SEWA Seawater Reverse Osmosis Plant" (PDF). CH2MHill. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013. ^ Thames Water Desalination Plant. water-technology.net. Retrieved May 29, 2011. ^ "raw water processing plant". Jerseywater.je. July 9, 1999. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2012. ^ Desalination Facts Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. Texas Water Development Board ^ Desalination Projects Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. Texas Water Development Board ^ El Paso Water Utilities – Public Service Board\|Desalination Plant Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine. Epwu.org. Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ a b Fagan, Kevin (February 15, 2014). "Desalination plants a pricey option if drought persists". SFGate. San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Fimrite, Peter (May 7, 2015). "Tapping the ocean for drinking water: State lays down the law". SFGate. San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Boxall, Bettina (February 17, 2013). "Seawater desalination plant might be just a drop in the bucket". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 27, 2013. ^ "Charles Meyer Desalination Facility". City of Santa Barbara. Retrieved February 14, 2014. ^ Brunhuber, Kim (Apr 29, 2015). "California drought forces Santa Barbara to reopen mothballed desalination plant". CBC News. ^ Covarrubias, Amanda (March 3, 2015). "Santa Barbara working to reactivate mothballed desalination plant". Los Angeles Times. ^ Rogers, Paul (April 7, 2015). "California drought: Santa Barbara looks to ocean desalination for new water; are other cities next?". San Jose Mercury News. ^ 2012 Annual Consumer Report on the Quality of Tap Water Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. City of Cape Coral ^ "Desalination". sfwmd.gov. ^ Desalination: A Component of the Master Water Plan . tampabaywater.org ^ Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant Archived 2010-12-05 at the Wayback Machine. Tampabaywater.org. Retrieved March 20, 2011. ^ Danielson, Richard (February 16, 2010) Tampa Bay Water stands to get $31 million for reaching milestones at desal plant – St. Petersburg Times Archived 2010-04-25 at the Wayback Machine. Tampa Bay Times. ^ "Yuma Desalting Plant" Archived 2010-06-05 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved May 1, 2010 ^ "A fresh start for Yuma desalting plant" Los Angeles Times, May 1, 2010 Portal: Water	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"desalination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracking"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"There are approximately 16,000 operational desalination plants, located across 177 countries, which generate an estimated 95 million m3/day of fresh water.[1] Micro desalination plants operate near almost every natural gas or fracking facility in the United States. Furthermore, micro desalination facilities exist in textile, leather, food industries, etc.[2]","title":"Desalination by country"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following table is a list of operating desalination plants. Criteria for inclusion on this list include:that it's operating (not proposed or decommissioned), and\nhas a capacity of at least 100,000 cubic meters per day or it's the largest in its country.\nexcludes desalination plants used primarily for mining","title":"Operating desalination plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCWA-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCWA-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Algeria is believed to have at least 15 desalination plants in operation.Arzew IWPP Power & Desalination Plant, Arzew, 90,000m3/day[14]\nCap Djinet Seawater Reverse Osmosis 100,000 m3/day[15]\nTlemcen Souk Tleta 200,000 m3/day\nTlemcen Hounaine 200,000 m3/day\nBeni Saf 200,000 m3/day\nTenes 200,000 m3/day\nFouka 120,000 m3/day\nTipaza 100,000 m3/day[14]\nSkikda 100,000 m3/day\nHamma Seawater Desalination Plant 200,000 m3/day built by General Electric[16]\nMostaganem, (Sonaghter) 200,000 m3/day[17]\nMagtaa Reverse Osmosis (RO) Desalination Plant 500,000 m3/day, Oran","title":"Algeria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The island of Aruba has a large (world's largest at the time of its inauguration)[citation needed] desalination plant, with a total installed capacity of 11.1 million US gallons (42,000 m3) per day.[citation needed][18]","title":"Aruba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Millennium Drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_Australian_drought"},{"link_name":"desalination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_desalination_plants_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"see list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_desalination_plants_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Seawater Greenhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_Greenhouse"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Millennium Drought (1997–2009) led to a water supply crisis across much of the country. A combination of increased water usage and lower rainfall/drought in Australia caused state governments to turn to desalination. As a result, several large-scale desalination plants were constructed (see list).Large-scale seawater reverse osmosis plants (SWRO) now contribute to the domestic water supplies of several major Australian cities including Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and the Gold Coast. While desalination helped secure water supplies, it is energy intensive (≈$140/ML). In 2010, a Seawater Greenhouse went into operation in Port Augusta.[19][20][21]A growing number of smaller scale SWRO plants are used by the oil and gas industry (both on and offshore), by mining companies to supply slurry pipelines for the transport of ore and on offshore islands to supply tourists and residents.","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muharraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharraq"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Durrat Al Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrat_Al_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Completed in 2000, the Al Hidd Desalination Plant on Muharraq island employed a multistage flash process, and produces 272,760 m3 (9,632,000 cu ft) per day.[22] The Al Hidd distillate forwarding station provides 410 million liters of distillate water storage in a series of 45-million-liter steel tanks. A 135-million-liters/day forwarding pumping station sends flows to the Hidd, Muharraq, Hoora, Sanabis, and Seef blending stations, and which has an option for gravity supply for low flows to blending pumps and pumps which forward to Janusan, Budiya and Saar.[23]Upon completion of the third construction phase, the Durrat Al Bahrain seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant was planned to have a capacity of 36,000 cubic meters of potable water per day to serve the irrigation needs of the Durrat Al Bahrain development.[24] The Bahrain-based utility company, Energy Central Co contracted to design, build and operate the plant.[25]","title":"Bahrain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"Ionics Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionics_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In 1994–1995 the island of Barbados experienced a severe 1 in 50 year severe drought[26] that knocked much of the island's drinking water supply offline including the country's sole major hospital in the capital-city Bridgetown.[27] An agreement was negotiated with General Electric's Ionics Inc.[28] to build a reverse osmosis desalination plant on the south western coast of the island capable of supplying 20% of the islands population. The plant began operating within 15 months and was officially commissioned February 2000. Currently many cruise ships purchase water from Barbados due to its good quality.[29]","title":"Barbados"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"West Bay, West Bay, Grand Cayman[30]\nAbel Castillo Water Works, Governor's Harbour, Grand Cayman[31]\nBritannia, Seven Mile Beach, Grand Cayman[32]","title":"Cayman Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"thorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Copiapó Desalination Plant[33]\nThorium Power Canada, with its affiliate, DBI Chile, have proposed plans to build a 10 MW demonstration thorium reactor in Chile to power the 20 million litre/day desalination plant. All land and regulatory approvals are currently in process.[34]","title":"Chile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Water Supplies Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Supplies_Department"},{"link_name":"Tuen Mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuen_Mun"},{"link_name":"Ap Lei Chau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap_Lei_Chau"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2007-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-37"},{"link_name":"Lok On Pai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_On_Pai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siu Lam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siu_Lam"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2003-38"},{"link_name":"Tseung Kwan O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_O"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-39"}],"text":"China operates the Beijing Desalination Plant in Tianjin, a combination desalination and coal-fired power plant designed to alleviate Tianjin's critical water shortage. Though the facility has the capacity to produce 200,000 cubic meters of potable water per day, it has never operated at more than one-quarter capacity due to difficulties with local \ncompanies and inadequate local infrastructure.[35]The Hong Kong Water Supplies Department had pilot desalination plants in Tuen Mun and Ap Lei Chau using reverse-osmosis technology. The production cost was put at HK$7.8 to HK$8.4 /m3.[36][37] Hong Kong used to have a desalination plant in Lok On Pai, Siu Lam.[38]In 2014, the government confirmed the reservation of a 10-hectare site at Tseung Kwan O for the construction of a reverse-osmosis desalination plant with an initial output capacity of 50 million cubic metres per annum. Plans include provisions for future expansion to an ultimate capacity of 90 million cubic metres per annum, which will meet about 10 per cent of Hong Kong's fresh water demand. Detailed feasibility studies, preliminary design and a cost-effectiveness analysis are planned to be completed by 2014. A commissioning date of 2020 is envisaged.[39]","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larnaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larnaca"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"A plant operates in Cyprus near the town of Larnaca.[40] The Dhekelia Desalination Plant uses the reverse osmosis system.[41]","title":"Cyprus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Dahab Desalination Plants Dahab 3,600 m3/day completed 1999. The facility in the South Sinai is being expanded to produce 15,000 m3/day[42]\nHurgada and Sharm El-Sheikh Power and Desalination Plants\nOyoun Moussa Power and Desalination\nZaafarana Power and Desalination\nRemelah Desalination PlantAs of May 2022, Egypt had a total of 82 desalination plants with a combined capacity of 917,000 cubic meters per day.[43]","title":"Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helgoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgoland"},{"link_name":"reverse osmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Fresh water on the island of Helgoland is supplied by two reverse osmosis desalination plants.[44]","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"reverse osmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis"},{"link_name":"multistage flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-stage_flash_distillation"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"forward osmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_osmosis"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Fresh water in Gibraltar is supplied by a number of reverse osmosis and multistage flash desalination plants.[45] A demonstration forward osmosis desalination plant also operates there.[46]","title":"Gibraltar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minjur_Seawater_Desalination_Plant"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Nemmeli plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemmeli_Seawater_Desalination_Plant"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"India has two desalinization plants, the Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant[47][48] and the Nemmeli plant, both in Chennai.[49][50]","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GWI-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GWI-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IranCatchCen0.svg"}],"text":"An assumption is that around 400,000 m3/d of historic and newly installed capacity is operational in Iran.[51] In terms of technology, Iran's existing desalination plants use a mix of thermal processes and RO. MSF is the most widely used thermal technology although MED and vapour compression (VC) also feature.[51]Iranian project Persian Gulf Water Transfer WASCO will see the biggest Desalination project in the world based in Bandar Abas with 1.6 million capacity. There are three phases, phase 1 will be fully complete by 2024.[52][53]IranCatchCen0","title":"Iran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palmachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmachim"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kershner-57"},{"link_name":"Eilat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilat"},{"link_name":"Arava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabah"},{"link_name":"Carmel range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Israel Desalination Enterprises' Sorek Desalination Plant north of Palmachim was foreseen to provide up to 26,000 m³ of potable water per hour once it went online in June 2013 (that is ca. 228 million m³ when projected on an entire year).[54] Once unthinkable, given Israel's history of drought and lack of available fresh water resources, with desalination Israel can now produce a surplus of fresh water.[55]By 2014, Israel's desalination programs provided roughly 35% of Israel's drinking water, about 50% in 2015, and it is expected to supply 70% by 2050.[56] As of May 29, 2015 more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households, agriculture and industry is artificially produced.[57]Additional desalination plants supply the entire freshwater needs of the city of Eilat by desalinating a mix of brackish well water and seawater. Similar plants exist in the Arava and the southern coastal plain of the Carmel range.[68]","title":"Israel"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MAEK-Kazatomprom LLP operates sea water desalination plant in Aktau, Mangystau from 1967. Now its power comes to 74,000 m3/day. Earlier it was a part of combined combinate with Nuclear plant and gas electric power stations. Also in Aktau there is membrane technology water desalination plant Kaspiy, which power comes to 20,000 m3/day","title":"Kazakhstan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait#Water_and_sanitation"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scidi-70"}],"text":"Kuwait does not have any permanent rivers. It does have some wadis, the most notable of which is Wadi Al-Batin which forms the border between Kuwait and Iraq.Kuwait relies on water desalination as a primary source of fresh water for drinking and domestic purposes. There are currently more than six desalination plants.[69] Kuwait was the first country in the world to use desalination to supply water for large-scale domestic use. The history of desalination in Kuwait dates back to 1951 when the first distillation plant was commissioned.[70]","title":"Kuwait"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Ghar Lapsi II 50,000 m3/day[71]","title":"Malta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Maldives is a nation of small islands. Some depend on desalination as a source of water.[citation needed]","title":"Maldives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexico1-7"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"The first desalination plant in Mexico was built in 1960 and had a capacity of 27,648 m3/day.[7]As of 2006, there were 435 desalination plants in Mexico with a total capacity of 311,700 m3/day.[72]One of the world's largest desalination plants (380,160 m3/day) is planned for Rosarito.[73]","title":"Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"}],"text":"There are multiple desalination projects ongoing in Morocco, mostly desalinating seawater from the Atlantic Ocean.","title":"Morocco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Nordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordland"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"Norway is a country with little to no problems with water access. Over 99% of the population's water supply comes from fresh water sources such as lakes, tarns, rivers and ground water. There are however three water works in Norway taking use of desalination of sea water and all of them are located in the county of Nordland, only providing around 500 people with water.[77]","title":"Norway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan Qaboos University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_University"},{"link_name":"Batinah coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TechAwards-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"forward osmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_osmosis"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"A pilot seawater greenhouse was built in 2004 near Muscat, in collaboration with Sultan Qaboos University, providing a sustainable horticultural sector on the Batinah coast.[78]Ghubrah Power & Desalination Plant, Muscat\nSohar Power & Desalination Plant, Sohar\nSur R.O. Desalination Plant 80,000 m3/day 2009[79]\nQarn Alam 1,000 m3/day\nWilayat Diba 2,000 m3/dayThere are at least two forward osmosis plants operating in OmanAl Najdah 200 m3/day (built by Modern Water)[80]\nAl Khaluf[81]","title":"Oman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine § Desalinated seawater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_State_of_Palestine#Desalinated_seawater"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Deir al-Balah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_al-Balah"},{"link_name":"water kiosks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_kiosk"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Islamic Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank"},{"link_name":"European Investment Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine § Desalinated seawater.[edit]\nAs of 2007, there was one seawater desalination plant in Deir al-Balah in the Gaza Strip, built in 1997–99 with funding by the Austrian government. It has a capacity of 600 cubic metres (21,000 cu ft) per day and it is owned and operated by the Coastal Municipalities Water Utility. At least initially, the operating costs were subsidized by the Austrian government. The desalinated water is distributed to 13 water kiosks.[82][83]\nDesalination of seawater is expected[by whom?] to become more important in the future through a long-planned regional desalination plant that would provide desalinated water using the piped water network throughout the entire Gaza strip. For over 20 years, a major desalination plant for Gaza has been discussed. The Palestinian Water Authority has approved a $500 million facility. Israel supports it and has quietly begun to offer Palestinians desalination training.[84] In 2012 the French government committed a 10 million-euro grant for the plant. Arab countries, coordinated by the Islamic Development Bank, committed to provide half of the necessary funds, matching an expected European financial commitment. The European Investment Bank provides technical assistance.[85]\n\nAnother major problem is that desalination is very energy-intensive, while the import of fuel to produce the necessary electricity is restricted by Israel and Egypt. Furthermore, revenues from drinking water tariffs are insufficient to cover the operating costs of the envisaged plant at the current tariff level.[86]","title":"Palestine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadar"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"A water desalination plant was recently inaugurated by Pakistan's Minister for Ports and Shipping at the port city of Gwader on 01 Jan, 2018. This is one of the biggest of its kind plant in Pakistan. On the inauguration day the Pakistan's Minister for Ports and Shipping said in his address,To drive this point home, he mentioned that this plant (which can hold 5 million gallons of water) will provide 254,000 gallons of clean potable drinking water per day – at Rs. 0.8 per gallon.[87]","title":"Pakistan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ras Abu Fontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Abu_Fontas"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"Ras Abu Fontas (RAF) A2 – 160,000 m3/day. The country has plans for two plants with an additional 735,000 m3/ day[88]","title":"Qatar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saline Water Conversion Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_Water_Conversion_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"SAWACO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAWACO&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-92"},{"link_name":"SAWACO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAWACO&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Ras Al-Khair Power and Desalination Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Al-Khair_Power_and_Desalination_Plant"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aquatech-94"},{"link_name":"SAWACO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAWACO&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Multi Effect Distillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-effect_distillation"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"The Saline Water Conversion Corporation of Saudi Arabia provides 50% of the municipal water in the Kingdom, operates a number of desalination plants, and has contracted $1.892 billion[89] to a Japanese-South Korean consortium to build a new facility capable of producing a billion liters per day, opening at the end of 2013. They currently operate 32 plants in the Kingdom;[90] one example at Shoaiba cost $1.06 billion and produces 450 million liters per day.[91]Corniche RO Plant (Crop) (operated by SAWACO)\nJubail 1,400,000 m3/day[92]\nNorth Obhor Plant (operated by SAWACO)\nRabigh 7,000 m3/day (operated by wetico)\nplanned for completion 2018 Rabigh II 600,000 m3/day (under construction Saline Water Conversion Corporation)[93]\nRas Al-Khair Power and Desalination Plant (operated by Saline Water Conversion Corporation) A hybrid plant serving Riyadh constructed in 2014, and producing 1,036,000 m3/day of water and 2,400MW of electricity.[94]\nShuaibah III 150,000 m3/day (operated by Doosan)\nSouth Jeddah Corniche Plant (SOJECO) (operated by SAWACO)\nYanbu Multi Effect Distillation (MED), Saudi Arabia 146,160 m3/day[95]","title":"Saudi Arabia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"text":"Desalinated water is planned to meet 30% of Singapore's future water needs by 2060.[96]Existing (25% of Singapore's 2017 water demand)SingSpring, Tuas (2005) – 30 million imperial gallons (mgd) / 136,380 m3/day @ 3.5kWh/m3\nSungei Tampines (2007) – 4,000 m3/day, small scale variable salinity desalination.\nTuas South, Tuas (2013) – 70 million imperial gallons (mgd) / 318,500 m3/day @ integrated with a 411 MW on-site combined cycle gas turbine power plant[97]\nTuas (2017) – 137,000 m3/day\nMarina East (2020) – 30 million imperial gallons (mgd) / 137,000 m3/day. World's first full scale variable salinity plant capable of treating both river water and seawater.\nJurong Island (2022) – 30 million imperial gallons (mgd) / 137,000 m3/day. Located next to an existing power plant[98]","title":"Singapore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lanzarote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzarote"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"seawater greenhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater_greenhouse"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"El Prat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Prat_de_Llobregat"}],"text":"Lanzarote is the easternmost of the autonomous Canary Islands, which are of volcanic origin. It is the closest of the islands to the Sahara desert and therefore the driest, and it has limited water supplies. A private, commercial desalination plant was installed in 1964 to serve the whole island and enable the tourism industry. In 1974, the venture was injected with investments from local and municipal governments, and a larger infrastructure was put in place in 1989, the Lanzarote Island Waters Consortium (INALSA)[99] was formed.A prototype seawater greenhouse was constructed in Tenerife in 1992.[100]Alicante II 65,000 m3/day (operator Inima)\nTordera 60,000 m3/day\nBarcelona 200,000 m3/day (operator Degremont) El Prat, near Barcelona, a desalination plant completed in 2009 was meant to provide water to the Barcelona metropolitan area, especially during the periodic severe droughts that put the available amounts of drinking water under serious stress.\nOropesa 50,000 m3/day (operator Técnicas Reunidas)\nMoncofa 60,000 m3/day (operator Inima)\nMarina Baja – Mutxamel 50,000 m3/day (operator Degremont)\nTorrevieja 240,000 m3/day (operator Acciona)\nCartagena Escombreras 63,000 m3/day (operator Cobra \| Tedagua)\nEdam Ibiza + Edam San Antonio 25,000 m3/day (operator Ibiza – Portmany)\nMazarron 36,000 m3/day (operator Tedagua)\nBajo Almanzora 65,000 m3/day","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Witsand Solar Desalination Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witsand_Solar_Desalination_Plant"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"text":"Witsand Solar Desalination Plant\nMossel Bay 15,000 m3/day[101]\nTransnet Saldanha 2,400 m3/day[102]\nKnysna 2,000 m3/day[103]\nPlettenberg Bay 2,000 m3/day[104]\nBushman's River Mouth 1,800 m3/day[105]\nLambert's Bay 1,700 m3/day[106]\nCannon Rocks 750 m3/day[107]","title":"South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"text":"While mainland Sweden is able to depend on long rivers, many thousands of lakes and groundwater, the sunny and dry nature of the Baltic Sea archipelago has led to a deficit of water on the island of Gotland.[108] The island has two desalination plants for brackish water from the Baltic Sea, one built 2016 in Herrvik with a capacity to produce 480 m3/day,[109] and another one with a capacity of 7 500 m3/day in Kvarnåkershamn.[110]","title":"Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taiwan-111"}],"text":"In February 2021 a desalination plant with a daily capacity of 13000 tons was built as an answer to a water emergency. The plant supposed to support semiconductor production in greater Hscinchu area from Nanliao.[111]","title":"Taiwan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinidad-112"},{"link_name":"Point Lisas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Lisas"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tobago-113"}],"text":"The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago uses desalination to open up more of the island's water supply for drinking purposes. The country's desalination plant, opened in March 2003, is considered to be the first of its kind. It was the largest desalination facility in the Americas, and it processes 28,800,000 US gallons (109,000 m3) of water a day at the price of $2.67 per 1,000 US gallons (3.8 m3).[112]This plant will be located at Trinidad's Point Lisas Industrial Estate, a park of more than 12 companies in various manufacturing and processing functions, and it will allow for easy access to water for both factories and residents in the country.[113]","title":"Trinidad and Tobago"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"multistage flash distillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistage_flash_distillation"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aquatech-94"}],"text":"The UAE relies has over 70 desalination plants, and relies on desalination for 42% of its drinking water.[114] The hosts some of the world's largest desalination plants, which are listed in the table above.[115] The include the Jebel Ali desalination plant in Dubai, a dual-purpose facility, uses multistage flash distillation and is the largest in the world, capable of producing 2,227,600 m3 (2,913,600 cu yd) of water per day. Al Taweelah RO is the world's largest reverse osmosis desalination plant, producing 909,200 m3 (1,189,200 cu yd) of water per day.[116]Some of the smaller ones include:Kalba 15,000 m3/day built for Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority completed 2010 (operator CH2MHill)[117]\nKhor Fakkan 22,500 m3/day (operator CH2MHill)\nGhalilah RAK 68,000 m3/day (operator Aquatech)\nHamriyah 90,000 m3/day (operator Aqua Engineering)[94]\nAl Zawrah 27,000 m3/day (operator Aqua Engineering)\nLayyah I 22,500 m3/day (operator CH2MHill)\nEmayil & Saydiat Island ≈20,000 m3/day (operator Aqua EPC)\nAl Yasat Al Soghrih Island 2M gallons per day (GPD) or 9,000 m3/day\nA seawater greenhouse was constructed on Al Aryam Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates in 2000.","title":"United Arab Emirates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Thames Water Desalination Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Water_Desalination_Plant"},{"link_name":"Beckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckton"},{"link_name":"Thames Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Water"},{"link_name":"Acciona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acciona"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"text":"The first large-scale plant in the United Kingdom, the Thames Water Desalination Plant, was built in Beckton, east London for Thames Water by Acciona Agua.[118] It was built in 2010 at a cost of £250m. The plant provides up to 150 million litres of drinking water each day (150,000 cubic metres) – enough for nearly one million people.","title":"United Kingdom and Crown dependencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Corbière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Corbi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Jersey Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jersey_Water&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"multistage flash (MSF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistage_flash_distillation"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"Jersey","text":"The desalination plant located near La Rosière, La Corbière, Jersey, is operated by Jersey Water. Built in 1970 in an abandoned quarry, it was the first in the British Isles.The original plant used a multistage flash (MSF) distillation process, whereby seawater was boiled under vacuum, evaporated and condensed into a freshwater distillate. In 1997, the MSF plant reached the end of its operational life and was replaced with a modern reverse osmosis plant.Its maximum power demand is 1,750 kW, and the output capacity is 6,000 cubic meters per day. Specific energy consumption is 6.8 kWh/m3.[119]","title":"United Kingdom and Crown dependencies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"seawater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Brackish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_water"},{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"sub_title":"Texas","text":"There are a dozen different desalination projects in the state of Texas, both for desalinating groundwater and desalinating seawater from the Gulf of Mexico. However, currently there are no seawater desalination plants earmarked for municipal purposes.[120][121]El Paso: Brackish groundwater has been treated at the El Paso, Texas, plant since around 2004. It produces 27,500,000 US gallons (104,000,000 L; 22,900,000 imp gal) of fresh water daily (about 25% of total freshwater deliveries) by reverse osmosis.[122] The plant's water cost – largely representing the cost of energy – is about 2.1 times higher than ordinary groundwater production.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pricey-123"},{"link_name":"Bay Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Point,_California"},{"link_name":"Redwood City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California"},{"link_name":"Monterey Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay"},{"link_name":"Cambria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria,_California"},{"link_name":"Redondo Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Huntington Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Beach_Desalination_Plant"},{"link_name":"Dana Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Point"},{"link_name":"Camp Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"Oceanside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanside,_California"},{"link_name":"Carlsbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbad,_California"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Claude \"Bud\" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_%22Bud%22_Lewis_Carlsbad_Desalination_Plant"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pricey-123"},{"link_name":"Sand City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"California","text":"California has 17 desalination plants in the works, either partially constructed or through exploration and planning phases.[123] The list of locations includes Bay Point, in the Delta, Redwood City, seven in the Santa Cruz / Monterey Bay, Cambria, Oceaneo, Redondo Beach, Huntington Beach, Dana Point, Camp Pendleton, Oceanside and Carlsbad.[124]Carlsbad: The Claude \"Bud\" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant was constructed at a cost of $1 billion by Poseidon Resources and was the largest desalination plant in the United States when it went online December 14, 2015.[125] It produces 50 million gallons a day to 110,000 customers throughout San Diego County.\nConcord: Planned to open in 2020, producing 20 million gallons a day.[123]\nMonterey County: Sand City, two miles north of Monterey, with a population of 334, is the only city in California completely supplied with water from a desalination plant.\nSanta Barbara: The Charles Meyer Desalination Facility was constructed in Santa Barbara, California, in 1991–92 as a temporary emergency water supply in response to severe drought.[126][127] While it has a high operating cost, the facility only needs to operate infrequently, allowing Santa Barbara to use its other supplies more extensively.[128][129] The plant was re-activated in the spring of 2017.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northcapecoral-RO.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cape Coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coral"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Water"},{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tampabaywater.org-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"sub_title":"Florida","text":"RO production train, North Cape Coral RO PlantIn 1977, Cape Coral, Florida became the first municipality in the United States to use the RO process on a large scale with an initial operating capacity of 3 million gallons per day. By 1985, due to the rapid growth in population of Cape Coral, the city had the largest low pressure reverse osmosis plant in the world, capable of producing 15 MGD.[130]As of 2012, South Florida has 33 brackish and two seawater desalination plants operating with seven brackish water plants under construction. The brackish and seawater desalination plants have the capacity to produce 245 million gallons of potable water per day.[131]The Tampa Bay Water desalination project near Tampa, Florida, was originally a private venture led by Poseidon Resources, but it was delayed by the bankruptcy of Poseidon Resources' successive partners in the venture, Stone & Webster, then Covanta (formerly Ogden) and its principal subcontractor, Hydroanautics. Stone & Webster declared bankruptcy June 2000. Covanta and Hydranautics joined in 2001, but Covanta failed to complete the construction bonding, and then the Tampa Bay Water agency purchased the project on May 15, 2002, underwriting the project. Tampa Bay Water then contracted with Covanta Tampa Construction, which produced a project that failed performance tests. After its parent went bankrupt, Covanta also filed for bankruptcy prior to performing renovations that would have satisfied contractual agreements. This resulted in nearly six months of litigation. In 2004, Tampa Bay Water hired a renovation team, American Water/Acciona Aqua, to bring the plant to its original, anticipated design. The plant was deemed fully operational in 2007,[132] and is designed to run at a maximum capacity of 25 million US gallons (95,000 m3) per day.[133] The plant can now produce up to 25 million US gallons (95,000 m3) per day when needed.[134]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Desalting_Plant"},{"link_name":"Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_Basin_Salinity_Control_Act"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater"},{"link_name":"Lake Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mead"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Southern Nevada Water Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nevada_Water_Authority"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Water District of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_District_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Central Arizona Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Reclamation"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"Arizona","text":"Yuma: The desalination plant in Yuma, Arizona, was constructed under authority of the state Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act of 1974 to treat saline agricultural return flows from the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District into the Colorado River. The treated water is intended for inclusion in water deliveries to Mexico, thereby keeping a like amount of freshwater in Lake Mead, Arizona and Nevada. Construction of the plant was completed in 1992, and it has operated on two occasions since then. With a full capacity of 73 million gallons per day of permeate water, it is the largest desalination plant in the US. The plant has been maintained, but largely not operated due to sufficient freshwater supplies from the upper Colorado River.[135] An agreement was reached in April 2010 between the Southern Nevada Water Authority, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, the Central Arizona Project, and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to underwrite the cost of running the plant in a year-long pilot project.[136]","title":"United States"}]	[{"image_text":"IranCatchCen0","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/IranCatchCen0.svg/220px-IranCatchCen0.svg.png"},{"image_text":"RO production train, North Cape Coral RO Plant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Northcapecoral-RO.jpg/220px-Northcapecoral-RO.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Jones, Edward; Qadir, Manzoor; van Vliet, Michelle T. H.; Smakhtin, Vladimir; Kang, Seong-mu (2019-03-20). \"The state of desalination and brine production: A global outlook\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assateague_State_Park	Assateague State Park	["1 History","1.1 First Day Hikes","2 Wildlife","3 Activities and amenities","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°15′10″N 75°7′40″W / 38.25278°N 75.12778°W / 38.25278; -75.12778State park in Maryland, United States Assateague State ParkFeral horses in Assateague State ParkLocation in MarylandLocationWorcester County, Maryland, United StatesNearest cityOcean City, MarylandCoordinates38°15′10″N 75°7′40″W / 38.25278°N 75.12778°W / 38.25278; -75.12778Area855 acres (346 ha)Elevation3 ft (0.91 m)Established1956AdministratorMaryland Department of Natural ResourcesWebsiteAssateague State ParkMaryland State Parks Assateague State Park is a public recreation area in Worcester County, Maryland, located at the north end of Assateague Island, a barrier island bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and Sinepuxent Bay on the west. The state park is bordered on both its north and south sides by Assateague Island National Seashore and is reached via the Verrazano Bridge which carries Maryland Route 611 across Sinepuxent Bay. The park offers wildlife viewing, beach activities, and camping facilities. It is managed by the Maryland Park Service of the larger Maryland Department of Natural Resources with the support of volunteers working under the auspices of the non-profit Friends of Assateague State Park. History State planners suggested establishing a state park on Assateague Island in 1940 and again in 1952. The park was finally created in 1956 when the state Board of Public Works accepted a gift of 540 acres from North Ocean Beach, Incorporated. Funds for further acquisitions were allocated by the General Assembly of Maryland in 1959 and 1962, with funding for facility development allocated in 1965. First Day Hikes A tradition of New Year's Day walks in the park began on January 1, 1980, the same year President Jimmy Carter proclaimed "Year of the Coast." The walk was started by two women, Ilea Fehrer and Judy Johnson, founder of the Committee to Preserve Assateague Island (now known as the Assateague Coastal Trust), who sought to celebrate the beauty of the island and rally against plans to develop areas around it. It subsequently became an annual tradition, with the 40th iteration taking place in 2020, and became very popular over time, with people driving from various other parts of the state to join in with up to 300 others. The Ilia Fehrer / Judy Johnson Memorial Beach Walk, named after the two women who started it, is now part of Maryland's roster of the nationwide offering of First Day Hikes in state parks. Wildlife Wildlife found in the park's marsh areas include deer, waterfowl, and feral Assateague horses. Activities and amenities Rackliffe House, which overlooks Sinepuxent Bay, is a restored 18th-century coastal plantation building that houses the Coastal Maryland Heritage Center. The park campground has 350 sites. See also Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge References ^ a b "Assateague Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "DNR Lands Acreage Report" (PDF). Maryland Department of Natural Resources. 2022. p. 8. Retrieved March 1, 2023. ^ a b "Assateague State Park". Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved February 8, 2023. ^ "Friends of Assateague State Park". Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved February 12, 2020. ^ Preferred Planning Alternative for Assateague Island Comprehensive Plan (Report). NPS Fish and Wildlife Service/Maryland State Park Service. August 1979. p. 14. Retrieved October 7, 2016. ^ a b Pilz, Morgan (December 24, 2019). "ACT ready for 40th New Year's Day beach walk". Ocean City Today. Retrieved April 30, 2020. ^ "First Day Hikes". Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved March 1, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Assateague State Park. Assateague State Park Maryland Department of Natural Resources Assateague Island National Seashore National Park Service vteProtected areas of MarylandFederalNational battlefields Antietam Monocacy National historical parks Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National historic sites Clara Barton Hampton Thomas Stone National monuments Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine National seashores Assateague Island National Park Serviceparks Catoctin Mountain Fort Foote Fort Washington Glen Echo Greenbelt Harmony Hall Oxon Cove and Oxon Hill Farm Piscataway National wildlife refuges Blackwater Eastern Neck Glenn Martin Patuxent Research Susquehanna River National historicand scenic trails Appalachian Captain John Smith Chesapeake Potomac Heritage Star-Spangled Banner Other protected areas Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve StateState parks Assateague Big Run Bill Burton Fishing Pier Calvert Cliffs Canal Place Casselman River Bridge Chapel Point Cunningham Falls Dans Mountain Deep Creek Lake Elk Neck Fort Frederick Fort Tonoloway Gambrill Gathland Greenbrier Greenwell Gunpowder Falls Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Hart-Miller Island Herrington Manor Janes Island Martinak Matapeake New Germany North Point Palmer Patapsco Valley Patuxent River Pocomoke River Point Lookout Purse Rocks Rocky Gap Rosaryville Sandy Point Seneca Creek Smallwood South Mountain St. Clement's Island St. Mary's River Susquehanna Swallow Falls Tuckahoe Washington Monument Wye Oak State forests Cedarville Chesapeake Doncaster Elk Neck Garrett Green Ridge Mount Nebo Pocomoke Potomac Savage River Seth Stoney Wicomico Wildlife managementareas Avondale Belle Grove Billmeyer Bodkin Island Bowen Cedar Island Cedar Point Cheltenham Chicamuxen Chicone Creek Cunningham Swamp Dan's Mountain Deal Island Devil Island Area Dierssen E.A. Vaughn Earleville Ellis Bay Fairmount Fishing Bay Fort Hill Globe Com Gravel Hill Swamp Grove Farm Gwynnbrook Heater's Island Hopkins Branch Hugg-Thomas Idylwild Indian Springs Islands of the Potomac Isle of Wight Johnson Kent Island Research Center Le Compte Linkwood Little Patuxent Oxbow Maryland Marine Properties McIntosh Run McKee-Beshers Millington Mt. Nebo Myrtle Grove Nanjemoy Nanjemoy Creek Nanticoke River Old Bohemia Parker's Creek Pocomoke River Pocomoke Sound Prather's Neck Ridenour Swamp Riverside Sideling Hill Sinepuxent Bay South Marsh Island Strider Tar Bay Taylors Island Warrior Mountain Wellington Wetipquin Natural environmentareas Belt Woods Mattawoman Morgan Run Severn Run Soldiers Delight Youghiogheny Scenic & Wild River Zekiah Swamp County andmunicipalParks and sanctuaries Acorn Allen Pond Belmont Benjamin Banneker Blandair Carroll Centennial Clifton Constitution Cromwell Valley Cylburn Arboretum David Force Dinosaur Druid Hill Fairgrounds Falls Road Federal Hill Flag Ponds Fort Smallwood Foxhill Gene Mason Generals Gwynn Oak Gwynns Falls/Leakin Hagerstown City Herring Run Jefferson Patterson Jonas Green Jug Bay Wetlands Kinder Farm Lake Artemesia Lake Elkhorn Lake Kittamaqundi Lake Roland Lakelands Liberty Reservoir Loch Raven Middle Patuxent Oregon Ridge Patterson Pen Mar Prettyboy Reservoir Quiet Waters Riverside Rockburn Branch Sligo Creek Symphony Woods Thomas A. Dixon Jr. Aircraft Observation Area Troy Wheaton Wilde Lake Wyman Non-governmentalParks and sanctuaries Battle Creek Cypress Swamp Conservation and Environmental Research Areas of UMBC Merkle Wildlife Sanctuary and Visitor's Center Mount Pleasant Farm Center Sherwood Gardens Somers Cove Marina Sugarloaf Mountain University of Maryland Arboretum & Botanical Garden Western Maryland Rail Trail Youghiogheny Scenic & Wild River Nature centers List Maryland Department of Natural Resources Maryland Forest Service Maryland Park Service Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worcester County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Assateague Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assateague_Island"},{"link_name":"barrier island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Sinepuxent Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinepuxent_Bay"},{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"Assateague Island National Seashore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assateague_Island_National_Seashore"},{"link_name":"Verrazano Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazano_Bridge_(Maryland)"},{"link_name":"Maryland Route 611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_611"},{"link_name":"Maryland Park Service of the larger Maryland Department of Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Department_of_Natural_Resources"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdnr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdnr2-4"}],"text":"State park in Maryland, United StatesAssateague State Park is a public recreation area in Worcester County, Maryland, located at the north end of Assateague Island, a barrier island bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and Sinepuxent Bay on the west. The state park is bordered on both its north and south sides by Assateague Island National Seashore and is reached via the Verrazano Bridge which carries Maryland Route 611 across Sinepuxent Bay. The park offers wildlife viewing, beach activities, and camping facilities. It is managed by the Maryland Park Service of the larger Maryland Department of Natural Resources with the support of volunteers working under the auspices of the non-profit Friends of Assateague State Park.[3][4]","title":"Assateague State Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Assembly of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-planning-5"}],"text":"State planners suggested establishing a state park on Assateague Island in 1940 and again in 1952. The park was finally created in 1956 when the state Board of Public Works accepted a gift of 540 acres from North Ocean Beach, Incorporated. Funds for further acquisitions were allocated by the General Assembly of Maryland in 1959 and 1962, with funding for facility development allocated in 1965.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Year's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Ilea Fehrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilia_Fehrer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pilz-6"},{"link_name":"First Day Hikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Day_Hikes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pilz-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-md-assa-7"}],"sub_title":"First Day Hikes","text":"A tradition of New Year's Day walks in the park began on January 1, 1980, the same year President Jimmy Carter proclaimed \"Year of the Coast.\" The walk was started by two women, Ilea Fehrer and Judy Johnson, founder of the Committee to Preserve Assateague Island (now known as the Assateague Coastal Trust), who sought to celebrate the beauty of the island and rally against plans to develop areas around it. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-GH1	Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1	["1 Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features","1.1 Multi-Aspect Ratio Sensor","1.2 True HD Video AVCHD Recording","1.3 Dual CPU Engine","1.4 Contrast Detect Auto Focus with Face Recognition and Detection","1.5 High Resolution Electronic Viewfinder","1.6 LUMIX G VARIO HD 14-140mm/F4.0-5.8 ASPH./MEGA O.I.S. LENS","1.7 Body Colors and MSRP","1.8 Successor Model","2 Firmware Updates","2.1 Panasonic Releases","2.2 PTool","3 Recording Formats","3.1 Still Photography Formats","3.2 AVCHD Format (.MTS files)","3.3 M-JPEG Format (.MOV files)","4 References","5 External links"]	This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Camera model Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1Panasonic DMC-GH1KOverviewTypeMicro Four Thirds SystemReleased2009 (2009)LensLensMicro Four Thirds System mountSensor/mediumSensor17.3 × 13 mm Live MOS (in 4:3 aspect ratio)Maximum resolution4000×3000 (14.0 megapixels multi-aspect; 12.1 mp effective); 4:3, 3:2, 16:9, 1:1 image formatFilm speedISO 100–3200FocusingFocus modesAutomatic or ManualExposure/meteringExposure modesManual, Program, Automatic, Shutter Priority, Aperture PriorityExposure meteringIntelligent Multiple (Center weighted, average and spot)FlashFlashBuilt-in pop up, TTL, GN 10.5m equivalent (ISO100 · m)ShutterShutter speed range60–1/4000 secViewfinderViewfinderEVF color display, 100% field of view, 0.7x (35mm equiv), 1.4x magnification, with 1,440K dots equivalent; LCD or articulated multi-angle 3.0 inch color LCD (460,000 dots equivalent) The Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 is a digital mirrorless interchangeable lens camera adhering to the Olympus and Panasonic developed Micro Four Thirds System (MFT) system design standard. Panasonic classified the GH1 as a hybrid stills/video camera and the GH1 was introduced and marketed as a higher end camera than Panasonic's first MFT camera, the stills only, non-video capable Lumix DMC-G1. The Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 was the second MFT camera introduced under the MFT design standard and the first MFT camera to include HD video recording capability. The GH1 was announced at the April 2009 Photo Marketing Association Annual Convention and Trade Show. As a part of marketing this camera, Panasonic sponsored some professional filmmakers by allowing them to borrow the GH1 camera for their projects. One such GH1 model camera was used to film the pilot of the Swedish horror film Marianne. Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features When announced in March 2009, the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 was marketed as a new class of "Creative HD Hybrid" camera, and as Panasonic's top-of-the-line Micro Four Thirds (MFT) system camera. The GH1 appeared to be the first fully compliant camera with the MFT system standard, which includes High Definition (HD) video capability. The hybrid GH1 was designed to not only to take still photos, but full HD video, including manual controls over many video functions. The resulting GH1 camera was a smaller and lighter interchangeable lens camera when compared with traditional Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)s. Like a DSLR, the GH1 design follows the interchangeable lens DSLR form and function instead of the more traditional handheld consumer video camcorder form and function. Unlike the DSLR, the GH1, eliminated the bulky mirror box and pentaprism assembly in favour of a high resolution electronic viewfinder (EVF), allowing smaller, lighter overall body size and the use of new, smaller and lighter weight lens designs. At first glance, the GH1 appeared to be just a video capable version of the world's first MFT system camera, the Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1 mirrorless interchangeable lens camera, first introduced in September 2008 In fact, there were many distinguishing features that made the GH1 a unique, and perhaps even a ground breaking product. Some of these features, as well as some that appeared on the DMC-G1 are discussed below including a new multi-aspect image ratio sensor, full AVCHD HD video capability, stereo sound recording, dual CPU image processing, and a super zoom lens optimized for video. Multi-Aspect Ratio Sensor Panasonic first pioneered the concept of a multi-aspect ratio image sensor in its high-end compact camera, the 2008 Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3 which used a much smaller 1/1.63" CCD technology sensor. Building on the multi-aspect ratio sensor concept, the HD video capable GH1 was designed around a much larger four thirds sized sensor (about four times more area); a unique 14.0 megapixel (12.1 megapixel effective) Live MOS sensor. The 14 megapixel multi-aspect image ratio GH1 sensor was designed to cover a slightly larger image circle than the native 4:3 image aspect ratio of its 12.1 megapixel cousin in the G1. This means that the GH1 14 megapixel sensor was capable of recording images in user selectable, native aspect ratios of 4:3, 3:2 and 16:9 with no cropping, and more importantly, the same angle of view and maximization of pixel count in any particular format. Most other digital cameras achieve different image aspect ratios by cropping the image from the native sensor format. For example, most digital cameras with native 4:3 image aspect ratio sensors crop the native image on the top and the bottom to achieve either 3:2 or 16:9 images. On the other hand, most DSLRs crop their 3:2 native image aspect ratio on the top and the bottom to achieve 16:9, or in some cases, crop the 3:2 native image on either side to achieve 4:3 images. In fact, the GH1 sensor is never used to its full capacity for 14 megapixels, but for any of the three formats, as much of the sensor is used as possible, and more importantly, each image has the same point of view. For example, when cropping images from a native format, such as a 4:3 image, the point of view changes slightly, and a lot of pixels are lost, close to 25% when cropping a 16:9 image out of a 4:3 native format image. The multi-aspect ratio sensor cuts down on the loss of pixels so the pixel count for each aspect ratio is as close to 12 megapixels as possible. The multi-aspect ratio also allows more usable lens image depending on the format. For example, in a native 4:3 format, the image width is 4000 pixels, but in a native 16:9 format, the image width is 4352 pixels or about 8% wider. With a multi-aspect imager, the net effect is that any given lens has a slightly wider field of view in either native 3:2 or 16:9 when compared to the native 4:3 image format, as demonstrated by the table below. GH1 Four Thirds Multi-Aspect vs Single-Aspect Ratio Pixel Count Multi-Aspect Width Height Area Single-Aspect Width Height Area Single-Aspect* Width Height Area 4:3 4000 3000 12000000 4:3 4000 3000 12000000 4:3 4608 3456 15925248 3:2 4128 2752 11360256 3:2 4000 2672 10688000 3:2 4608 3072 14155776 16:9 4352 2448 10653696 16:9 4000 2248 8992000 16:9 4608 2592 11943936 1:1 2992 2992 8952064 1:1 2992 2992 8952064 1:1 3456 3456 11943936 The multi-aspect sensor is also capable of producing 1:1 format images, but this is a cropped image from the 4:3 format. ) Olympus OMD E-M5 with 16 megapixels, which in 16:9 format has only 12.1% more pixels compared to the GH1. True HD Video AVCHD Recording The GH1 was designed from the ground up to be capable of AVCHD recording in true HD 1080p at 24 frame/s or 720p at 60 frame/s high-definition videos with continuous autofocus (AF) and Dolby Digital stereo sound recording. The GH1 was also the first consumer-priced interchangeable lens camera to also offer continuous autofocus capability while shooting HD video. Notably, since the introduction of the GH1, every other MFT system compliant camera, whether made by Olympus or Panasonic, has been capable of some type of AVCHD HD video. However, only the GH1 and the successor GH2 have provided the wide range of manual control over HD video recording, garnering the attention of amateur film makers worldwide. AVCHD is a file based (non-magnetic tape) format for recording and playback of HD video, jointly developed by Sony and Panasonic in 2006 for HD recording. All still or video/sound recording is to a SD or SDHC memory card. The user is also able to manually select shutter speed and aperture openings for more creative control over HD video recording. Dolby Digital stereo sound is recorded via a stereo microphone, with a wind blocking feature to reduce background wind noise, built into the camera. More capable, optional external stereo microphones may also be fitted to the camera. While giving its best performance while recording in AVCHD, the GH1 can also record in more popular MPEG formats at a maximum resolution of 720p at 30 frame/s. In the United States, the HD video recording length is limited to the capacity of the memory card (or the battery life, unless the AC power adapter is used). File sizes are no larger than 4 GB due to the SDHC file allocation table limits, but the video will be seamless between files. In Europe, however, the HD video recording length is limited to 30 minutes, due to EU regulatory and tax reasons. Dual CPU Engine HD video is data intensive, and Panasonic designed the GH1 around a dual CPU image processing system named the "Venus Engine HD". This dual CPU speeds up HD image processing and offers a number of other advantages, including improved image noise reduction performance, ability to display a live view direct from the sensor for either the fully articulated LCD display on the camera back or the high resolution electronic view finder, a very fast contrast detect auto focus system, and even the ability to output both images and sound via HDMI directly from the camera. At the time of introduction, the dual processor Venus Engine HD also allowed faster contrast detect autofocus ability at the time, in addition to the implementation of a live view electronic viewfinder with DSLR like functionality, but without the penalty of a complex and bulky mirror box and pentaprism. Several automatic focus modes are enhanced by the dual processor feature, 23 area focus, user-selectable single point focusing, face recognition focus, face detection focus, and automatic focus tracking. In addition, the dual processor aids in the processor intensive AVCHD video processing. Contrast Detect Auto Focus with Face Recognition and Detection Traditional digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs), typified by Canon EOS or Nikon FX or DX offerings use Phase Detect Auto Focus (PDAF) systems. PDAF are typically very fast and responsive systems. When used in Live view mode, especially for video, traditional DSLR's must rely on direct output from the main image sensor in order to autofocus. Relying strictly on the sensor output to autofocus is called Contrast Detect Auto Focus(CDAF). CDAF as implemented in contemporary, traditional DSLR's was so slow as to be almost unusable for all but non-moving objects. The GH1 lacks a separate PDAF sensor and relies solely on CDAF techniques to autofocus. Designed from ground up as a live view, CDAF camera, and not as an "add on" auto focus system for a primarily PDAF centric camera, the GH1 CDAF system breaks new ground for an interchangeable lens camera. In combination with other features, including a 23 area AF, user selectable single AF point anywhere in the frame, subject tracking AF and facial recognition AF, the dual CPU equipped GH1 offered the fastest and most comprehensive CDAF system available at the time in a consumer camera, on par in most performance areas with similar entry level to mid-level priced contemporary DSLRs. HD video mode also uses this purpose-designed contrast-detect AF system, making the GH1 the only DSLR styled camera at the time available to offer continuous autofocusing while shooting video. Newly introduced for Panasonic MFT cameras was "Face Recognition", a facial recognition technology. The GH1 implementation of Face Recognition was an improvement of the concept first introduced in 2007 on the high end Panasonic Lumix DMC-L10 Four Thirds (not Micro Four Thirds) DSLR camera. The GH1 allows the user to memorize two different faces for easier prioritization. For example, if a child's face is set into memory, and the photo has many faces in it, the GH1 will attempt to focus on the memorized face. Face Detection (as opposed to Face Recognition) is a technology used in a wide variety of cameras. When not using a memorized face, the camera will automatically prioritize focus on a face-like shape that the camera judges could be the main subject of the photo, attempting to further set the focus point, when possible at the eyes, in both still and video recording modes. High Resolution Electronic Viewfinder The GH1 uses a high resolution (1.44 million dots) electronic viewfinder (EVF), a sophisticated projection system to achieve a clearer, smoother display than that of compact camera EVFs. The high resolution electronic viewfinder uses a technology known as LCOS, the same technology used in Panasonic's professional high end video cameras, and is supposed to be capable of much higher resolution than either LCD or plasma display technologies. As implemented in the GH1, the effect is 60 frame/s full-time live view with no visible pixels for an image as large or larger, and brighter than competing optical viewfinders using a mirror box and pentaprism than most prosumer DSLR's. The EVF has a high enough resolution view that manual focusing is possible. Unlike traditional optical viewfinders which may use a ground glass focusing screen, the GH1 EVF takes a small portion of the scene and magnifies it 10X. This magnified portion may be moved around to any section of the live view. In manual focus mode, touching the lens focus ring will immediately turn on the magnification for manual focusing. The MFT system standard specifies the lens mount flange to image sensor plane distance (flange focal distance) as 20mm, which is less than half that of typical DSLRs. The effect is that the GH1 body is smaller in every critical dimension, especially depth, and is also lighter weight when compared to a typical DSLR. This 20mm flange to image sensor distance prohibits the practical implementation of the traditional mirror box and pentaprism optical viewfinder of the typical DSLR. The Panasonic electronic viewfinder is the solution to that packaging issue. With an electronic viewfinder, in addition to providing a clear brighter than DSLR view, the user can also select between a variety of image aspect ratios (4:3; 3:2; 16:9 and 1:1) with a 100% image area through the lens in live view, something impossible with the traditional DSLR optical viewfinder. The EVF allows additional flexibility is in information and situational awareness. The user may select various overlays so that more than 20 pieces of additional information are available at a glance to the user without removing the eye from the electronic viewfinder. For example, flash setting, optical image stabilization mode (there are 3), drive mode (single, burst, bracket, timer), image aspect ratio, image quality (RAW, JPEG or both), exposure indicator, ISO speed, shutter speed, aperture, record mode, white balance, composition grid lines and exposure histogram are just some of the available pieces of information in the EVF, all without ever having to move the eye from the viewfinder. The EVF live view mode also allows a preview of the actual exposure in manual mode. The user can adjust shutter speed and aperture in manual mode and see the actual effect on the recorded exposure in the EVF. In addition to the usual depth of field preview, the GH1 allows a unique shutter speed effect preview, giving the user an accurate preview of the finished image blurring when using a slow shutter speed. In low light, the EVF has another advantage, in that it can brighten up the scene, allowing the user to see more detail than might typically be possible with a traditional optical viewfinder, the same way TV broadcasts of sporting events at twilight show many more colors and detail than human eye can see. The EVF has some disadvantages, however. In extremely low light at the sensor limits, image quality degrades into a grainy, and often lagging image. As a result, the GH1 is not strong in extremely low light situations. Although the EVF performs well in low light, and can offer a better view than optical viewfinders, at extremely low light levels, optical viewfinders will have the edge. In burst mode, when the main image sensor must pull double duty recording the image and also feeding a live view to the EVF, image lag may become apparent, and it can be difficult to follow a fast moving object in the viewfinder. As a result, the GH1, as are all current EVF centric MFT cameras, is not a strong action sports camera. With the EVF being an electronic display, the GH1 uses considerably more battery power than the traditional DSLR, requiring more frequent battery changes. Virtually all the functionality of the EVF is available on the articulated 3-inch (76 mm) LCD display panel on the back of the camera. The EVF also has an eye sensor, so that the EVF will turn on almost instantaneously, switching off the LCD panel when the eye is brought up the EVF. LUMIX G VARIO HD 14-140mm/F4.0-5.8 ASPH./MEGA O.I.S. LENS Complementing the GH1 is a purpose built video optimized "kit" super zoom lens, the HD video-optimized LUMIX G VARIO HD 14-140mm/F4.0-5.8 ASPH./MEGA O.I.S. lens. This optical image stabilized (Panasonic brand name "MEGA O.I.S") is video unique because it is near silent in operation, designed with an internal direct-drive linear motor for fast and continuous accurate contrast detect auto focusing, and a silent, step-less (as opposed to the traditional stepped) circular (as opposed to the more traditional hexagonal) aperture diaphragm, ideal for smooth light control so important for video. The 14-140mm lens is a 35mm camera equivalent focal length of 28mm wide-angle to a 280mm telephoto with manual zoom control. This lens is called a "super zoom" lens because it has a 10x magnification ratio as opposed to the more common and traditional zooms which tend to be in the 3x to 4x range. On larger sensor cameras (APS-C or larger), zoom lens tend to be large and heavy. The micro four thirds sensor provides some advantages in allowing a smaller, lighter, more compact zoom lens design. Even at a hefty (for MFT system lenses) weight at 460 grams, this lens is still relatively compact, includes in-lens optical stabilization and auto focusing, and very good (for a super zoom lens) optical performance. Nevertheless, the video optimized 14-140mm lens has been criticized as being too expensive for a kit lens, costing as much or more as the camera body. When the successor GH2 camera was introduced, Panasonic offered as another option, a much less expensive (and less capable) 3x zoom 14-42mm kit lens, in addition to the 14-140mm 10x zoom lens combination. Body Colors and MSRP The camera was available in three colors — black (suffix K), red (R) and gold (N). In the United States, initial MSRP was US$1500.00 (June 2009) for both the camera body and the 14-140mm kit zoom lens. Later on in the GH1 sales life cycle, the GH1 body only price was US$700.00 and the 14-140mm zoom lens only price was US$850.00 Successor Model Further information: List of Micro Four Thirds system cameras The GH1's successor, the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH2 was announced in September 2010. Firmware Updates Panasonic Releases Panasonic has released the following firmware updates Version Release Date Notes 1.0 Original Original 1.1 2009-06-24 Burst speed has become faster. Only when the in the mode menu is set to , Burst speed was increased from 3 pictures/second to 3.5 pictures/second. Shutter speed slower than 1/30 sec. (up to 1/2 sec.) has now become available in the Creative Motion Picture mode. Only when the in the mode menu is set to , and the focus mode dial is set to .Please note that the shutter speed slower than 1/30 sec. can not be set, when the in the mode menu is set to , and is set to Improved the stability of AF(Auto Focus) in Motion Picture recording. Improved the stability of operation in Focus mode. Improved the performance of AWB (Auto White Balance). Improved the S/N figure for the pictures taken with slow shutter speed. Fixed the instability of operation when the lens is retracted into its barrel, using Olympus Imaging Corporation's M.ZUIKO DIGITAL ED 14-42mm f3.5-5.6 lens. Fixed the instability of operation, using Olympus Imaging Corporation's M.ZUIKO DIGITAL 17mm f2.8 lens. Improved the battery identification to assure the safety standards Panasonic uses for our customer's safety. Warning: After this firmware update your Panasonic Digital Camera cannot be operated by unauthorised 3rd party batteries. 1.2 2009-09-17 Improved Auto Focus performance for the subject in low contrast. Decreased the operation noise of Auto Focus in Motion Picture recording for H-H020 lens. (In order to minimize the operation noise of Auto Focus, the Auto Focus operation speed is reduced in Motion Picture recording.) Improved the stability of AE(Auto Exposure) control for H-ES045 lens(to be introduced in Oct. 2009). 1.3 2010-09-10 Improved operation menu for image stabilizer ( will be added under only when LUMIX G VARIO 14–42mm / F3.5-5.6 ASPH. / MEGA O.I.S. (H-FS014042) is attached). Availability of AF performance in FHD (full HD) movie recording mode with Four Thirds lenses that are compatible with contrast AF. Improved AF performance in movie recording with LEICA DG MACRO-ELMARIT 45mm / F2.8 ASPH. / MEGA O.I.S. (H-ES045). Improved modulation accuracy of flash. Improved AF (auto focus) performance with lenses of other manufacturer. PTool A non-Panasonic utility, PTool has been developed by Vitaly Kiselev and has made available for downloading on his website. PTool can be allows users to remove certain firmware restrictions and change video encoding parameters. Users have collaborated in developing and testing settings known as 'patches' which enhance the video capabilities of the GH1, enabling faster bit rates and improved video quality. Speculation on internet discussion forums advances the theory that Panasonic purposely restricted the capabilities of the GH1 for fear that the low cost consumer grade camera would begin to encroach on the capabilities of its much more expensive professional video equipment. Panasonic has not endorsed PTool nor the 'patches', and certain versions of the firmware, notably 1.3, made the camera 'unhackable', that is, until about May 2011, when users developed a work around. PTool is not for the faint of heart. A careless installation can "brick" the camera, rendering it totally inoperative. Version Release Date Notes GH17 GH13 Ptool 3.56d Latest version Recording Formats Still Photography Formats Recording File Format Image Quality Aspect Ratio Image Size JPEG (DCF, Exif 2.3) RAW DPOF compatible RAW RAW+Fine RAW+Standard Fine Standard 4:3 3:2 16:9 1:1 4,000 x 3,000 (L) 2,816 x 2,112 (M) 2,048 x 1,536 (S) 4,128 x 2,752 (L) 2,928 x 1,952 (M) 2,064 x 1,376 (S) 4,352 x 2,448 (L) 3,072 x 1,728 (M) 1,920 x 1,080 (S) 2,992 x 2,992 (L) 2,112 x 2,112 (M) 1,504 x 1,504 (S) AVCHD Format (.MTS files) Menu Designation Aspect Ratio Resolution Frame Rate Bit Rate NTSC FHD 16:9 1080i 1920 × 1080 60i (sensor output is 24 fps) FHD: 17 Mbit/s NTSC HD 16:9 720p 1280 × 720 60p (sensor output is 30 fps) (60p done with frame dup) SH: 17, H: 13, L: 9 Mbit/s PAL FHD 16:9 1080i 1920 × 1080 50i (sensor output is 25 fps) FHD: 17 Mbit/s PAL HD 16:9 720p 1280 × 720 50p (sensor output is 25 fps) (50p done with frame dup) SH: 17, H: 13, L: 9 Mbit/s M-JPEG Format (.MOV files) Menu Designation Aspect Ratio Resolution Frame Rate Bit Rate HD 16:9 1280 × 720 30 frame/s ~8 Mbit/s WVGA 16:9 848 × 480 30 frame/s ~3.5 Mbit/s VGA 4:3 640 × 480 30 frame/s ~2.7 Mbit/s QVGA 4:3 320 × 240 30 frame/s ~0.7 Mbit/s References ^ "Micro Four Thirds". Micro Four Thirds. 25 October 2023. ^ "Rejouer Makes the Cover of DV Magazine". Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2011. ^ http://www.dv.com/article/86306 ^ "FEATURE: MARIANNE - a Swedish psychological horror film, shot on 7D". www.dvxuser.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. ^ "Panasonic premieres DMC-GH1 with HD video recording". DPReview. ^ "Exclusive: Panasonic Lumix G1 previewed". ^ "Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3: Digital Photography Review". ^ a b c d e f Rehm, Lars; Westlake, Andrew (10 July 2009). "Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Review". DPReview. ^ "Max resolution for 3:2, 1:1, and 16:9 (Olympus E-M10)?: Micro Four Thirds Talk Forum: Digital Photography Review". ^ "AVCHD INFORMATION WEB SITE". www.avchd-info.org. ^ a b c d "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "New EU rules set to limit video capture". ^ "Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Review". ^ http://www.pcworld.com/article/136604/panasonic_digital_slr_features_face_detection.html ^ "camcorderinfo.com - contact with domain owner \| Epik.com". camcorderinfo.com. ^ "Update Contents for DMC-GH1". av.jpn.support.panasonic.com. ^ "Topics List - Personal View Talks". www.personal-view.com. ^ "Ptool:ptool-faq ". External links Media related to Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 at Wikimedia Commons Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 site Panasonic DMC-GH1 Press Release Interview with Panasonic An S.L.R. Tailored for Video The New York Times Cinematographic Filming Quality with new GH1 hacked MJPEG & AVCHD firmware: A thorough search for the optimal settings. Preceded byPanasonic Lumix DMC-G1 Panasonic Micro Four Thirds System cameras November 2008–present Succeeded byPanasonic Lumix DMC-GH2 vtePanasonic Lumix cameras3D series 3D1 F series FS3 FS5 FX37 FX77 FX90 FX150 FX700 FZ1 FZ5 FZ7 FZ8 FZ18 FZ20 FZ28 FZ30 FZ38 FZ45 FZ48 FZ50 FZ62 FZ70/FZ72 FZ80/FZ81/FZ82/FZ83 FZ100 FZ150 FZ200 FZ300 FZ1000 FZ1000 II FZ2500 G series G1 G2 G3 G5 G6 G7/G70 G9 G10 G80/G85 G90/G91/G95 G100 GF1 GF2 GF3 GF5 GF6 GF7/GF8 GF9/GF10 GH1 GH2 GH3 GH4 GH5 GH5S GH5 II GH6 GM1 GM5 GX1 GX7 GX8 GX9 GX80/GX85 GX800/GX850/GX880 L series L1 L10 LC43 LF1 LS5 LX1 LX2 LX3 LX5 LX7 LX10 LX100 LX100 II LZ2 LZ20 LZ30 S series S1 S1H S1R S5 S5 II S5 IIX SZ series SZ1 SZ3 SZ7 SZ9 T/Z series TZ1 TZ2 TZ3 TZ4 TZ5 TZ6/ZS1 TZ7/ZS3 TZ8/ZS5 TZ10/ZS7 TZ18/ZS8 TZ20/TZ22/ZS10 TZ25/ZS15 TZ30/ZS20 TZ35/ZS25 TZ40/TZ41/ZS30 TZ60/ZS40 TZ70/ZS50 TZ80/ZS60 TZ90/ZS70 TZ95/ZS80 TZ100/ZS100 TZ200/ZS200 X series XS1 Category:Panasonic Lumix cameras vteMicro Four Thirds cameras timeline Brand Form Class 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Olympus SLR styleOM-D Professional E-M1X R High-end E-M1 E-M1 II R E-M1 III R Advanced E-M5 E-M5 II R E-M5 III R Mid-range E-M10 E-M10 II E-M10 III E-M10 IV RangefinderstylePEN Mid-range E-P1 E-P2 E-P3 E-P5 PEN-F R Upper-entry E-PL1 E-PL2 E-PL3 E-PL5 E-PL6 E-PL7 E-PL8 E-PL9 E-PL10 Entry-level E-PM1 E-PM2 remote Air OM System SLR style Professional OM-1 R OM-1 II R High-end OM-5 R PEN Mid-range E-P7 Panasonic SLR style High-end Video GH5S GH6 R GH7 R High-end Photo G9 R G9 II R High-end GH1 GH2 GH3 GH4 GH5 GH5II Mid-range G1 G2 G3 G5 G6 G7 G80/G85 G90/G95 Entry-level G10 G100 Rangefinder style Advanced GX1 GX7 GX8 GX9 Mid-range GM1 GM5 GX80/GX85 Entry-level GF1 GF2 GF3 GF5 GF6 GF7 GF8 GX800/GX850/GF9 GF10/GF90 Camcorder Professional AG-AF104 Kodak Rangefinder style Entry-level S-1 DJI Drone . Zenmuse X5S . Zenmuse X5 YI Rangefinder style Entry-level M1 Yongnuo Rangefinder style Android camera YN450M YN455 Blackmagic Design Rangefinder style High-End Video Cinema Camera Pocket Cinema Camera Pocket Cinema Camera 4K Micro Cinema Camera Micro Studio Camera 4K G2 Z CAM Cinema Advanced E1 E2 Mid-Range E2-M4 Entry-Level E2C JVC Camcorder Professional GY-LS300 SVS-Vistek Industrial EVO Tracer No Video \| Weather Sealed \| All the Rest In-Body Image Stabilization 5-Axis Sensor Stabilization Touchscreen High Resolution mode R	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic"},{"link_name":"Lumix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumix"},{"link_name":"mirrorless interchangeable lens camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable_lens_camera"},{"link_name":"Micro Four Thirds System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Four_Thirds_System"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lumix DMC-G1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-G1"},{"link_name":"HD video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_video"},{"link_name":"Photo Marketing Association Annual Convention and Trade Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_Marketing_Association_Annual_Convention_and_Trade_Show"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marianne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Camera modelThe Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 is a digital mirrorless interchangeable lens camera adhering to the Olympus and Panasonic developed Micro Four Thirds System (MFT) system design standard.[1] Panasonic classified the GH1 as a hybrid stills/video camera and the GH1 was introduced and marketed as a higher end camera than Panasonic's first MFT camera, the stills only, non-video capable Lumix DMC-G1.The Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 was the second MFT camera introduced under the MFT design standard and the first MFT camera to include HD video recording capability. The GH1 was announced at the April 2009 Photo Marketing Association Annual Convention and Trade Show.As a part of marketing this camera, Panasonic sponsored some professional filmmakers by allowing them to borrow the GH1 camera for their projects.[2][3] One such GH1 model camera was used to film the pilot of the Swedish horror film Marianne.[4]","title":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Digital Single Lens Reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Single_Lens_Reflex"},{"link_name":"camcorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorder"},{"link_name":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-G1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"When announced in March 2009,[5] the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 was marketed as a new class of \"Creative HD Hybrid\" camera, and as Panasonic's top-of-the-line Micro Four Thirds (MFT) system camera. The GH1 appeared to be the first fully compliant camera with the MFT system standard, which includes High Definition (HD) video capability. The hybrid GH1 was designed to not only to take still photos, but full HD video, including manual controls over many video functions.The resulting GH1 camera was a smaller and lighter interchangeable lens camera when compared with traditional Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)s. Like a DSLR, the GH1 design follows the interchangeable lens DSLR form and function instead of the more traditional handheld consumer video camcorder form and function. Unlike the DSLR, the GH1, eliminated the bulky mirror box and pentaprism assembly in favour of a high resolution electronic viewfinder (EVF), allowing smaller, lighter overall body size and the use of new, smaller and lighter weight lens designs.At first glance, the GH1 appeared to be just a video capable version of the world's first MFT system camera, the Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1 mirrorless interchangeable lens camera, first introduced in September 2008[6] In fact, there were many distinguishing features that made the GH1 a unique, and perhaps even a ground breaking product. Some of these features, as well as some that appeared on the DMC-G1 are discussed below including a new multi-aspect image ratio sensor, full AVCHD HD video capability, stereo sound recording, dual CPU image processing, and a super zoom lens optimized for video.","title":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-LX3"},{"link_name":"CCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"four thirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_thirds"},{"link_name":"Live MOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_MOS"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"image circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_circle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Multi-Aspect Ratio Sensor","text":"Panasonic first pioneered the concept of a multi-aspect ratio image sensor in its high-end compact camera, the 2008 Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3 which used a much smaller 1/1.63\" CCD technology sensor.[7]Building on the multi-aspect ratio sensor concept, the HD video capable GH1 was designed around a much larger four thirds sized sensor (about four times more area); a unique 14.0 megapixel (12.1 megapixel effective) Live MOS sensor.[8] The 14 megapixel multi-aspect image ratio GH1 sensor was designed to cover a slightly larger image circle than the native 4:3 image aspect ratio of its 12.1 megapixel cousin in the G1. This means that the GH1 14 megapixel sensor was capable of recording images in user selectable, native aspect ratios of 4:3, 3:2 and 16:9 with no cropping, and more importantly, the same angle of view and maximization of pixel count in any particular format.Most other digital cameras achieve different image aspect ratios by cropping the image from the native sensor format. For example, most digital cameras with native 4:3 image aspect ratio sensors crop the native image on the top and the bottom to achieve either 3:2 or 16:9 images. On the other hand, most DSLRs crop their 3:2 native image aspect ratio on the top and the bottom to achieve 16:9, or in some cases, crop the 3:2 native image on either side to achieve 4:3 images.In fact, the GH1 sensor is never used to its full capacity for 14 megapixels, but for any of the three formats, as much of the sensor is used as possible, and more importantly, each image has the same point of view. For example, when cropping images from a native format, such as a 4:3 image, the point of view changes slightly, and a lot of pixels are lost, close to 25% when cropping a 16:9 image out of a 4:3 native format image. The multi-aspect ratio sensor cuts down on the loss of pixels so the pixel count for each aspect ratio is as close to 12 megapixels as possible. The multi-aspect ratio also allows more usable lens image depending on the format. For example, in a native 4:3 format, the image width is 4000 pixels, but in a native 16:9 format, the image width is 4352 pixels or about 8% wider. With a multi-aspect imager, the net effect is that any given lens has a slightly wider field of view in either native 3:2 or 16:9 when compared to the native 4:3 image format, as demonstrated by the table below.GH1 Four Thirds Multi-Aspect vs Single-Aspect Ratio Pixel CountThe multi-aspect sensor is also capable of producing 1:1 format images, but this is a cropped image from the 4:3 format.) Olympus OMD E-M5 with 16 megapixels, which in 16:9 format has only 12.1% more pixels compared to the GH1.[9]","title":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AVCHD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVCHD"},{"link_name":"1080p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p"},{"link_name":"720p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/720p"},{"link_name":"high-definition videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video"},{"link_name":"autofocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus"},{"link_name":"Dolby Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Digital"},{"link_name":"stereo sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_sound"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"SD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital"},{"link_name":"SDHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDHC"},{"link_name":"memory card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panasonic.net-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panasonic.net-11"},{"link_name":"file allocation table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_allocation_table"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"True HD Video AVCHD Recording","text":"The GH1 was designed from the ground up to be capable of AVCHD recording in true HD 1080p at 24 frame/s or 720p at 60 frame/s high-definition videos with continuous autofocus (AF) and Dolby Digital stereo sound recording. The GH1 was also the first consumer-priced interchangeable lens camera to also offer continuous autofocus capability while shooting HD video.Notably, since the introduction of the GH1, every other MFT system compliant camera, whether made by Olympus or Panasonic, has been capable of some type of AVCHD HD video. However, only the GH1 and the successor GH2 have provided the wide range of manual control over HD video recording, garnering the attention of amateur film makers worldwide.AVCHD is a file based (non-magnetic tape) format for recording and playback of HD video, jointly developed by Sony and Panasonic in 2006[10] for HD recording. All still or video/sound recording is to a SD or SDHC memory card. The user is also able to manually select shutter speed and aperture openings for more creative control over HD video recording.[11] Dolby Digital stereo sound is recorded via a stereo microphone, with a wind blocking feature to reduce background wind noise, built into the camera. More capable, optional external stereo microphones may also be fitted to the camera.[11]While giving its best performance while recording in AVCHD, the GH1 can also record in more popular MPEG formats at a maximum resolution of 720p at 30 frame/s.In the United States, the HD video recording length is limited to the capacity of the memory card (or the battery life, unless the AC power adapter is used). File sizes are no larger than 4 GB due to the SDHC file allocation table limits, but the video will be seamless between files. In Europe, however, the HD video recording length is limited to 30 minutes, due to EU regulatory and tax reasons.[12]","title":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panasonic.net-11"},{"link_name":"HDMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panasonic.net-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"face recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_recognition_system"}],"sub_title":"Dual CPU Engine","text":"HD video is data intensive, and Panasonic designed the GH1 around a dual CPU image processing system named the \"Venus Engine HD\".[11] This dual CPU speeds up HD image processing and offers a number of other advantages, including improved image noise reduction performance, ability to display a live view direct from the sensor for either the fully articulated LCD display on the camera back or the high resolution electronic view finder, a very fast contrast detect auto focus system, and even the ability to output both images and sound via HDMI directly from the camera.[11]At the time of introduction, the dual processor Venus Engine HD also allowed faster contrast detect autofocus ability at the time, in addition to the implementation of a live view electronic viewfinder with DSLR like functionality, but without the penalty of a complex and bulky mirror box and pentaprism.[8] Several automatic focus modes are enhanced by the dual processor feature, 23 area focus, user-selectable single point focusing, face recognition focus, face detection focus, and automatic focus tracking.In addition, the dual processor aids in the processor intensive AVCHD video processing.","title":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital single-lens reflex cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera"},{"link_name":"Canon EOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS"},{"link_name":"Nikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon"},{"link_name":"FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-frame_digital_SLR"},{"link_name":"DX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_DX_format"},{"link_name":"Phase Detect Auto Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus#phase_detect"},{"link_name":"Live view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_view"},{"link_name":"Contrast Detect Auto Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus#Contrast_measurement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-L10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-L10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Contrast Detect Auto Focus with Face Recognition and Detection","text":"Traditional digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs), typified by Canon EOS or Nikon FX or DX offerings use Phase Detect Auto Focus (PDAF) systems. PDAF are typically very fast and responsive systems. When used in Live view mode, especially for video, traditional DSLR's must rely on direct output from the main image sensor in order to autofocus. Relying strictly on the sensor output to autofocus is called Contrast Detect Auto Focus(CDAF). CDAF as implemented in contemporary, traditional DSLR's was so slow as to be almost unusable for all but non-moving objects.[8]The GH1 lacks a separate PDAF sensor and relies solely on CDAF techniques to autofocus. Designed from ground up as a live view, CDAF camera, and not as an \"add on\" auto focus system for a primarily PDAF centric camera, the GH1 CDAF system breaks new ground for an interchangeable lens camera. In combination with other features, including a 23 area AF, user selectable single AF point anywhere in the frame, subject tracking AF and facial recognition AF, the dual CPU equipped GH1 offered the fastest and most comprehensive CDAF system available at the time in a consumer camera, on par in most performance areas with similar entry level to mid-level priced contemporary DSLRs.[13]HD video mode also uses this purpose-designed contrast-detect AF system, making the GH1 the only DSLR styled camera at the time available to offer continuous autofocusing while shooting video.Newly introduced for Panasonic MFT cameras was \"Face Recognition\", a facial recognition technology. The GH1 implementation of Face Recognition was an improvement of the concept first introduced in 2007 on the high end Panasonic Lumix DMC-L10 Four Thirds (not Micro Four Thirds) DSLR camera.[14][15] The GH1 allows the user to memorize two different faces for easier prioritization. For example, if a child's face is set into memory, and the photo has many faces in it, the GH1 will attempt to focus on the memorized face.Face Detection (as opposed to Face Recognition) is a technology used in a wide variety of cameras. When not using a memorized face, the camera will automatically prioritize focus on a face-like shape that the camera judges could be the main subject of the photo, attempting to further set the focus point, when possible at the eyes, in both still and video recording modes.","title":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_resolution"},{"link_name":"electronic viewfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_viewfinder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"compact camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_camera"},{"link_name":"LCOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCOS"},{"link_name":"LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD"},{"link_name":"plasma display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_display"},{"link_name":"prosumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosumer#Etymology_2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"flange focal distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange_focal_distance"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_photography"},{"link_name":"RAW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_image_format"},{"link_name":"JPEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"},{"link_name":"ISO speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_speed"},{"link_name":"shutter speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture"},{"link_name":"white balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_balance"},{"link_name":"burst mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)"}],"sub_title":"High Resolution Electronic Viewfinder","text":"The GH1 uses a high resolution (1.44 million dots) electronic viewfinder (EVF),[8] a sophisticated projection system to achieve a clearer, smoother display than that of compact camera EVFs. The high resolution electronic viewfinder uses a technology known as LCOS, the same technology used in Panasonic's professional high end video cameras, and is supposed to be capable of much higher resolution than either LCD or plasma display technologies. As implemented in the GH1, the effect is 60 frame/s full-time live view with no visible pixels for an image as large or larger, and brighter than competing optical viewfinders using a mirror box and pentaprism than most prosumer DSLR's.[8]The EVF has a high enough resolution view that manual focusing is possible. Unlike traditional optical viewfinders which may use a ground glass focusing screen, the GH1 EVF takes a small portion of the scene and magnifies it 10X. This magnified portion may be moved around to any section of the live view. In manual focus mode, touching the lens focus ring will immediately turn on the magnification for manual focusing.The MFT system standard specifies the lens mount flange to image sensor plane distance (flange focal distance) as 20mm, which is less than half that of typical DSLRs.[8] The effect is that the GH1 body is smaller in every critical dimension, especially depth, and is also lighter weight when compared to a typical DSLR. This 20mm flange to image sensor distance prohibits the practical implementation of the traditional mirror box and pentaprism optical viewfinder of the typical DSLR. The Panasonic electronic viewfinder is the solution to that packaging issue.With an electronic viewfinder, in addition to providing a clear brighter than DSLR view, the user can also select between a variety of image aspect ratios (4:3; 3:2; 16:9 and 1:1) with a 100% image area through the lens in live view, something impossible with the traditional DSLR optical viewfinder.The EVF allows additional flexibility is in information and situational awareness. The user may select various overlays so that more than 20 pieces of additional information are available at a glance to the user without removing the eye from the electronic viewfinder. For example, flash setting, optical image stabilization mode (there are 3), drive mode (single, burst, bracket, timer), image aspect ratio, image quality (RAW, JPEG or both), exposure indicator, ISO speed, shutter speed, aperture, record mode, white balance, composition grid lines and exposure histogram are just some of the available pieces of information in the EVF, all without ever having to move the eye from the viewfinder.The EVF live view mode also allows a preview of the actual exposure in manual mode. The user can adjust shutter speed and aperture in manual mode and see the actual effect on the recorded exposure in the EVF. In addition to the usual depth of field preview, the GH1 allows a unique shutter speed effect preview, giving the user an accurate preview of the finished image blurring when using a slow shutter speed.In low light, the EVF has another advantage, in that it can brighten up the scene, allowing the user to see more detail than might typically be possible with a traditional optical viewfinder, the same way TV broadcasts of sporting events at twilight show many more colors and detail than human eye can see.The EVF has some disadvantages, however. In extremely low light at the sensor limits, image quality degrades into a grainy, and often lagging image. As a result, the GH1 is not strong in extremely low light situations. Although the EVF performs well in low light, and can offer a better view than optical viewfinders, at extremely low light levels, optical viewfinders will have the edge. In burst mode, when the main image sensor must pull double duty recording the image and also feeding a live view to the EVF, image lag may become apparent, and it can be difficult to follow a fast moving object in the viewfinder. As a result, the GH1, as are all current EVF centric MFT cameras, is not a strong action sports camera. With the EVF being an electronic display, the GH1 uses considerably more battery power than the traditional DSLR, requiring more frequent battery changes.Virtually all the functionality of the EVF is available on the articulated 3-inch (76 mm) LCD display panel on the back of the camera. The EVF also has an eye sensor, so that the EVF will turn on almost instantaneously, switching off the LCD panel when the eye is brought up the EVF.","title":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"optical image stabilized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_image_stabilization"}],"sub_title":"LUMIX G VARIO HD 14-140mm/F4.0-5.8 ASPH./MEGA O.I.S. LENS","text":"Complementing the GH1 is a purpose built video optimized \"kit\" super zoom lens, the HD video-optimized LUMIX G VARIO HD 14-140mm/F4.0-5.8 ASPH./MEGA O.I.S. lens. This optical image stabilized (Panasonic brand name \"MEGA O.I.S\") is video unique because it is near silent in operation, designed with an internal direct-drive linear motor for fast and continuous accurate contrast detect auto focusing, and a silent, step-less (as opposed to the traditional stepped) circular (as opposed to the more traditional hexagonal) aperture diaphragm, ideal for smooth light control so important for video.The 14-140mm lens is a 35mm camera equivalent focal length of 28mm wide-angle to a 280mm telephoto with manual zoom control. This lens is called a \"super zoom\" lens because it has a 10x magnification ratio as opposed to the more common and traditional zooms which tend to be in the 3x to 4x range. On larger sensor cameras (APS-C or larger), zoom lens tend to be large and heavy. The micro four thirds sensor provides some advantages in allowing a smaller, lighter, more compact zoom lens design. Even at a hefty (for MFT system lenses) weight at 460 grams, this lens is still relatively compact, includes in-lens optical stabilization and auto focusing, and very good (for a super zoom lens) optical performance. Nevertheless, the video optimized 14-140mm lens has been criticized as being too expensive for a kit lens, costing as much or more as the camera body. When the successor GH2 camera was introduced, Panasonic offered as another option, a much less expensive (and less capable) 3x zoom 14-42mm kit lens, in addition to the 14-140mm 10x zoom lens combination.","title":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MSRP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggested_retail_price"}],"sub_title":"Body Colors and MSRP","text":"The camera was available in three colors — black (suffix K), red (R) and gold (N). In the United States, initial MSRP was US$1500.00 (June 2009) for both the camera body and the 14-140mm kit zoom lens. Later on in the GH1 sales life cycle, the GH1 body only price was US$700.00 and the 14-140mm zoom lens only price was US$850.00","title":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Micro Four Thirds system cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Micro_Four_Thirds_system_cameras"},{"link_name":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-GH2"}],"sub_title":"Successor Model","text":"Further information: List of Micro Four Thirds system camerasThe GH1's successor, the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH2 was announced in September 2010.","title":"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Firmware Updates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Panasonic Releases","text":"Panasonic has released the following firmware updates[16]","title":"Firmware Updates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"PTool","text":"A non-Panasonic utility, PTool has been developed by Vitaly Kiselev and has made available for downloading on his website.[17] PTool can be allows users to remove certain firmware restrictions and change video encoding parameters.[18] Users have collaborated in developing and testing settings known as 'patches' which enhance the video capabilities of the GH1, enabling faster bit rates and improved video quality.Speculation on internet discussion forums advances the theory that Panasonic purposely restricted the capabilities of the GH1 for fear that the low cost consumer grade camera would begin to encroach on the capabilities of its much more expensive professional video equipment.Panasonic has not endorsed PTool nor the 'patches', and certain versions of the firmware, notably 1.3, made the camera 'unhackable', that is, until about May 2011, when users developed a work around.PTool is not for the faint of heart. A careless installation can \"brick\" the camera, rendering it totally inoperative.","title":"Firmware Updates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recording Formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Still Photography Formats","title":"Recording Formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"AVCHD Format (.MTS files)","title":"Recording Formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"M-JPEG Format (.MOV files)","title":"Recording Formats"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Micro Four Thirds\". Micro Four Thirds. 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.four-thirds.org/en/","url_text":"\"Micro Four Thirds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rejouer Makes the Cover of DV Magazine\". Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402095442/http://www.finndependent.com/2009/08/rejouer-makes-cover-of-dv-magazine.html","url_text":"\"Rejouer Makes the Cover of DV Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.finndependent.com/2009/08/rejouer-makes-cover-of-dv-magazine.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FEATURE: MARIANNE - a Swedish psychological horror film, shot on 7D\". www.dvxuser.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929024132/http://www.dvxuser.com/V6/showthread.php?197722-MARIANNE-a-Swedish-psychological-horror-film-shot-on-7D","url_text":"\"FEATURE: MARIANNE - a Swedish psychological horror film, shot on 7D\""},{"url":"http://www.dvxuser.com/V6/showthread.php?197722-MARIANNE-a-Swedish-psychological-horror-film-shot-on-7D","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Panasonic premieres DMC-GH1 with HD video recording\". DPReview.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpreview.com/articles/0519407538/panasoniclumixdmcgh1","url_text":"\"Panasonic premieres DMC-GH1 with HD video recording\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive: Panasonic Lumix G1 previewed\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/news/2008/9/12/panasonic_DMC_G1","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Panasonic Lumix G1 previewed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3: Digital Photography Review\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/products/panasonic/compacts/panasonic_dmclx3","url_text":"\"Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3: Digital Photography Review\""}]},{"reference":"Rehm, Lars; Westlake, Andrew (10 July 2009). \"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Review\". DPReview.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpreview.com/reviews/panasonicdmcgh1","url_text":"\"Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max resolution for 3:2, 1:1, and 16:9 (Olympus E-M10)?: Micro Four Thirds Talk Forum: Digital Photography Review\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpreview.com/forums/thread/3675354","url_text":"\"Max resolution for 3:2, 1:1, and 16:9 (Olympus E-M10)?: Micro Four Thirds Talk Forum: Digital Photography Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"AVCHD INFORMATION WEB SITE\". www.avchd-info.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.avchd-info.org/","url_text":"\"AVCHD INFORMATION WEB SITE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadi_Shankar	Mahanadi Shankar	["1 Career","2 Filmography","3 Television","4 References","5 External links"]	Indian stage and film actor Mahanadi ShankarOccupationActorYears active1992 –present Mahanadi Shankar is an Indian actor and stuntman who has appeared in Tamil language films and television serials, playing mostly supporting and negative roles. He has starred in films such as Mahanadhi (1994), Baashha (1995), Ratchagan (1997), Amarkalam (1999), and Dheena (2001). The success of the former film meant that he used the title as a prefix to his stage name. Career Shankar was introduced to the film industry initially as a stuntman and action choreographer in 1986. He focused on fight sequences in film portions while working as a stuntman from 1986 to 1993. He worked as an assistant to established stunt masters. including FEFSI Vijayan, Vikram Dharma. and Raju Sundaram during this time. Shankar received the opportunity to act in the film titled Mahanadhi (1994) through his stunt master guru Vikram Dharma, who pushed Shankar to the core. It was Vikram Dharma who convinced Shankar to gain weight in order to make a noteworthy appearance in the film. By this time, Shankar weighed only 66 kilograms (143 pounds), and within three months, he had pushed it to 82 kilograms (180 pounds) in order to cash in on the opportunity to act in the film. During the film's shooting, filmmakers planned to rope in a dubbing artist to give a voiceover to the role to be played by Shankar, but the film's lead actor Kamal Haasan insisted that there was no need for a dubbing artist and recommended that Shankar himself has a fine slang and urged filmmakers to utilize Shankar's voice throughout the film for Shankar's portions. Shankar eventually made his fully-fledged acting debut in Mahanadhi. Following his notable performance, he has worked in several Tamil films in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s as a supporting actor, often as an antagonist or a comic villain. In the film Dheena (2001), Shankar referred to the film's lead actor Ajith Kumar as "Thala" in a song. Subsequently, Ajith was called "Thala" by all his fans. He made a reunion with Ajith after a gap of 22 years with the film Thunivu (2023), in which he played a police constable. Filmography Amma Vanthachu (1992) Singaravelan (1992) Mahanadhi (1994) Namma Annachi (1994) Vanaja Girija (1994) Aasai (1995) Baashha (1995) En Pondatti Nallava (1995) Ragasiya Police (1995) Indian (1996) Panchalankurichi (1996) Senathipathi (1996) Vaazhga Jananayagam (1996) Vishwanath (1996) Abhimanyu (1997) Pagaivan (1997) Pasamulla Pandiyare (1997) Ratchagan (1997) Thadayam (1997) Golmaal (1998) Dhinamdhorum (1998) Veeram Vilanja Mannu (1998) Pudhumai Pithan (1998) Amarkalam (1999) Adutha Kattam (1999) Malabar Police (1999) Unnai Thedi (1999) Kann Thirandhu Paaramma (2000) Manu Needhi (2000) Dheena (2001) Dosth (2001) Alli Thandha Vaanam (2001) Alli Arjuna (2002) Red (2002) Amaiyappan (2002) Charlie Chaplin (2002) Ivan (2002) Shree (2002) Arputham (2002) Maaran (2002) Game (2002) Ramanaa (2002) Ramachandra (2003) Naam (2003) Galatta Ganapathy (2003) Anjaneya (2003) Ottran (2003) Gajendra (2004) Arasatchi (2004) Giri (2004) Jaisurya (2004) Jananam (2004) Iyer IPS (2005) Sukran (2005) Chanakya (2005) Mazhai (2005) Kusthi (2006) Vanjagan (2006) Perarasu (2006) Vathiyar (2006) Thottal Poo Malarum (2007) Thiru Ranga (2007) Marudhamalai (2007) Kannamoochi Yenada (2007) Vasool (2008) Siva Manasula Sakthi (2009) Munnar (2009) Sirithal Rasipen (2009) Engal Aasan (2009) Sindhanai Sei (2009) Vedappan (2009) Sura (2010) Thamizh Padam (2010) Oru Kal Oru Kannadi (2012) Mirattal (2012) Etho Seithai Ennai (2012) Aachariyangal (2012) Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara (2013) Amara (2014) Vellaikaara Durai (2014) Yaamirukka Bayamey (2014) Kalkandu (2014) Vindhai (2015) Eli (2015) Vandha Mala (2015) Veera Sivaji (2016) Vaaliba Raja (2016) Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham (2016) Jackson Durai (2016) Azhahendra Sollukku Amudha (2016) Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva (2017) Julieum 4 Perum (2017) Senjittale En Kadhala (2017) Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen (2017) Padaiveeran (2018) Irumbu Thirai (2018) Dev (2019) Shree Atharvana Prathyangira (2019; Kannada) 100 (2019) Jackpot (2019) Petromax (2019) Butler Balu (2019) Sollunganne Sollunga (2020) Chithirame Solladi (2020) Master (2021) Parris Jeyaraj (2021) IPC 376 (2021) Gulu Gulu (2022) Thunivu (2023) Pallu Padama Paathukka (2023) Kulasami (2023) Jailer (2023) Tha Naa (2024) Uyir Thamizhukku (2024) Television Year Title Role Channel 2013–2015 Nadhaswaram Neliandavar Sun TV 2018 Maya Pasupathi (Saalappaa) Nandini Sathyanarayan Sun TV Udaya TV 2020–Present Vanathai Pola Sankarapandi Sun TV References ^ "The most famous unknowns! - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie Slide Shows - Varadakkutti Ennattha Kannaiya Trouser Paandi Saamiii Mayavi Suriya Michael Madana Kamarajan Kameswaran". Behindwoods.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2022. ^ "Angry, Crazy, Gemini and Cho". The Times of India. 30 August 2009. ^ Stunt நடிகர்களின் போராட்ட வாழ்க்கை \| Mahanadi Shankar Exclusive Interview, archived from the original on 23 December 2023, retrieved 23 December 2023 ^ a b c Navaneethakrishnan, Stalin. "Mahanadi Shankar: 'காதல் தோல்வி: என் இளமையின் வலி' -மகாநதி சங்கர் சங்கடம்!". Tamil Hindustan Times (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ "மகாநதி - மகாநதி சங்கர்". Kungumam (in Tamil). 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2024. ^ "Revisiting Mahanadhi: A look-back at arguably the most poignant Tamil film ever; lesser-known facts, rare pics". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ "Vindhai Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Vindhai by Times of India". The Times of India. ^ Kumar, S. R. Ashok (6 November 2013). "Audio Beat: Sankarapuram - Good vs. Evil". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2017. ^ "When Mahanadi Shankar Met Ajith Kumar On The Sets of Thunivu". News18. 28 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ "20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பின் அஜித் உடன் இணையும் 'மகாநதி' சங்கர்". Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023. ^ "அஜித் 61 அப்டேட்: 20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு மீண்டும் இணையும் `தல' காம்போ!". Vikatan (in Tamil). 20 May 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2023. External links Mahanadi Shankar at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Mahanadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadhi_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Baashha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baashha"},{"link_name":"Ratchagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchagan"},{"link_name":"Amarkalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarkalam"},{"link_name":"Dheena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dheena"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mahanadi Shankar is an Indian actor and stuntman who has appeared in Tamil language films and television serials, playing mostly supporting and negative roles. He has starred in films such as Mahanadhi (1994), Baashha (1995), Ratchagan (1997), Amarkalam (1999), and Dheena (2001). The success of the former film meant that he used the title as a prefix to his stage name.[1][2]","title":"Mahanadi Shankar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FEFSI Vijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEFSI_Vijayan"},{"link_name":"Vikram Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Dharma"},{"link_name":"Raju Sundaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raju_Sundaram"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mahanadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadhi_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Kamal Haasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Haasan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dheena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dheena"},{"link_name":"Ajith Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajith_Kumar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Thunivu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunivu"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Shankar was introduced to the film industry initially as a stuntman and action choreographer in 1986. He focused on fight sequences in film portions while working as a stuntman from 1986 to 1993.[3] He worked as an assistant to established stunt masters. including FEFSI Vijayan, Vikram Dharma. and Raju Sundaram during this time.[4][5]Shankar received the opportunity to act in the film titled Mahanadhi (1994) through his stunt master guru Vikram Dharma, who pushed Shankar to the core. It was Vikram Dharma who convinced Shankar to gain weight in order to make a noteworthy appearance in the film. By this time, Shankar weighed only 66 kilograms (143 pounds), and within three months, he had pushed it to 82 kilograms (180 pounds) in order to cash in on the opportunity to act in the film.[4] During the film's shooting, filmmakers planned to rope in a dubbing artist to give a voiceover to the role to be played by Shankar, but the film's lead actor Kamal Haasan insisted that there was no need for a dubbing artist and recommended that Shankar himself has a fine slang and urged filmmakers to utilize Shankar's voice throughout the film for Shankar's portions.[4]Shankar eventually made his fully-fledged acting debut in Mahanadhi.[6] Following his notable performance, he has worked in several Tamil films in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s as a supporting actor, often as an antagonist or a comic villain.[7][8]In the film Dheena (2001), Shankar referred to the film's lead actor Ajith Kumar as \"Thala\" in a song. Subsequently, Ajith was called \"Thala\" by all his fans.[9][10] He made a reunion with Ajith after a gap of 22 years with the film Thunivu (2023), in which he played a police constable.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amma Vanthachu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amma_Vanthachu"},{"link_name":"Singaravelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaravelan"},{"link_name":"Mahanadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadhi_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Namma Annachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namma_Annachi"},{"link_name":"Vanaja Girija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaja_Girija"},{"link_name":"Aasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasai"},{"link_name":"Baashha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baashha"},{"link_name":"En Pondatti Nallava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Pondatti_Nallava"},{"link_name":"Ragasiya 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Yenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannamoochi_Yenada"},{"link_name":"Vasool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasool"},{"link_name":"Siva Manasula Sakthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva_Manasula_Sakthi"},{"link_name":"Munnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sirithal Rasipen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirithal_Rasipen"},{"link_name":"Engal Aasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engal_Aasan"},{"link_name":"Sindhanai Sei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhanai_Sei"},{"link_name":"Vedappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedappan"},{"link_name":"Sura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura_(film)"},{"link_name":"Thamizh Padam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamizh_Padam"},{"link_name":"Oru Kal Oru Kannadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru_Kal_Oru_Kannadi"},{"link_name":"Mirattal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirattal"},{"link_name":"Etho Seithai Ennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etho_Seithai_Ennai"},{"link_name":"Aachariyangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachariyangal"},{"link_name":"Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idharkuthane_Aasaipattai_Balakumara"},{"link_name":"Amara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vellaikaara Durai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellaikaara_Durai"},{"link_name":"Yaamirukka Bayamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaamirukka_Bayamey"},{"link_name":"Kalkandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkandu"},{"link_name":"Vindhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhai"},{"link_name":"Eli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Veera Sivaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veera_Sivaji"},{"link_name":"Vaaliba Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaaliba_Raja"},{"link_name":"Sutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutta_Pazham_Sudatha_Pazham"},{"link_name":"Jackson Durai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Durai"},{"link_name":"Azhahendra Sollukku Amudha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhahendra_Sollukku_Amudha"},{"link_name":"Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motta_Shiva_Ketta_Shiva"},{"link_name":"Julieum 4 Perum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julieum_4_Perum"},{"link_name":"Senjittale En Kadhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjittale_En_Kadhala"},{"link_name":"Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saravanan_Irukka_Bayamaen"},{"link_name":"Padaiveeran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padaiveeran"},{"link_name":"Irumbu Thirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irumbu_Thirai_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Dev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Petromax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petromax_(film)"},{"link_name":"Butler Balu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Balu"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Parris Jeyaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parris_Jeyaraj"},{"link_name":"IPC 376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPC_376"},{"link_name":"Gulu Gulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulu_Gulu"},{"link_name":"Thunivu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunivu"},{"link_name":"Pallu Padama Paathukka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallu_Padama_Paathukka"},{"link_name":"Kulasami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulasami"},{"link_name":"Jailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailer_(2023_Tamil_film)"},{"link_name":"Uyir Thamizhukku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyir_Thamizhukku"}],"text":"Amma Vanthachu (1992)\nSingaravelan (1992)\nMahanadhi (1994)\nNamma Annachi (1994)\nVanaja Girija (1994)\nAasai (1995)\nBaashha (1995)\nEn Pondatti Nallava (1995)\nRagasiya Police (1995)\nIndian (1996)\nPanchalankurichi (1996)\nSenathipathi (1996)\nVaazhga Jananayagam (1996)\nVishwanath (1996)\nAbhimanyu (1997)\nPagaivan (1997)\nPasamulla Pandiyare (1997)\nRatchagan (1997)\nThadayam (1997)\nGolmaal (1998)\nDhinamdhorum (1998)\nVeeram Vilanja Mannu (1998)\nPudhumai Pithan (1998)\nAmarkalam (1999)\nAdutha Kattam (1999)\nMalabar Police (1999)\nUnnai Thedi (1999)\nKann Thirandhu Paaramma (2000)\nManu Needhi (2000)\nDheena (2001)\nDosth (2001)\nAlli Thandha Vaanam (2001)\nAlli Arjuna (2002)\nRed (2002)\nAmaiyappan (2002)\nCharlie Chaplin (2002)\nIvan (2002)\nShree (2002)\nArputham (2002)\nMaaran (2002)\nGame (2002)\nRamanaa (2002)\nRamachandra (2003)\nNaam (2003)\nGalatta Ganapathy (2003)\nAnjaneya (2003)\nOttran (2003)\nGajendra (2004)\nArasatchi (2004)\nGiri (2004)\nJaisurya (2004)\nJananam (2004)\nIyer IPS (2005)\nSukran (2005)\nChanakya (2005)\nMazhai (2005)\nKusthi (2006)\nVanjagan (2006)\nPerarasu (2006)\nVathiyar (2006)\nThottal Poo Malarum (2007)\nThiru Ranga (2007)\nMarudhamalai (2007)\nKannamoochi Yenada (2007)\nVasool (2008)\nSiva Manasula Sakthi (2009)\nMunnar (2009)\nSirithal Rasipen (2009)\nEngal Aasan (2009)\nSindhanai Sei (2009)\nVedappan (2009)\nSura (2010)\nThamizh Padam (2010)\nOru Kal Oru Kannadi (2012)\nMirattal (2012)\nEtho Seithai Ennai (2012)\nAachariyangal (2012)\nIdharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara (2013)\nAmara (2014)\nVellaikaara Durai (2014)\nYaamirukka Bayamey (2014)\nKalkandu (2014)\nVindhai (2015)\nEli (2015)\nVandha Mala (2015)\nVeera Sivaji (2016)\nVaaliba Raja (2016)\nSutta Pazham Sudatha Pazham (2016)\nJackson Durai (2016)\nAzhahendra Sollukku Amudha (2016)\nMotta Shiva Ketta Shiva (2017)\nJulieum 4 Perum (2017)\nSenjittale En Kadhala (2017)\nSaravanan Irukka Bayamaen (2017)\nPadaiveeran (2018)\nIrumbu Thirai (2018)\nDev (2019)\nShree Atharvana Prathyangira (2019; Kannada)\n100 (2019)\nJackpot (2019)\nPetromax (2019)\nButler Balu (2019)\nSollunganne Sollunga (2020)\nChithirame Solladi (2020)\nMaster (2021)\nParris Jeyaraj (2021)\nIPC 376 (2021)\nGulu Gulu (2022)\nThunivu (2023)\nPallu Padama Paathukka (2023)\nKulasami (2023)\nJailer (2023)\nTha Naa (2024)\nUyir Thamizhukku (2024)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Television"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The most famous unknowns! - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie Slide Shows - Varadakkutti Ennattha Kannaiya Trouser Paandi Saamiii Mayavi Suriya Michael Madana Kamarajan Kameswaran\". Behindwoods.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/kollywood-unknown/hindi-pandit.html","url_text":"\"The most famous unknowns! - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie Slide Shows - Varadakkutti Ennattha Kannaiya Trouser Paandi Saamiii Mayavi Suriya Michael Madana Kamarajan Kameswaran\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200545/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/kollywood-unknown/hindi-pandit.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Angry, Crazy, Gemini and Cho\". The Times of India. 30 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Angry-Crazy-Gemini-and-Cho/articleshow/4949730.cms?prtpage=1","url_text":"\"Angry, Crazy, Gemini and Cho\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Stunt நடிகர்களின் போராட்ட வாழ்க்கை \| Mahanadi Shankar Exclusive Interview, archived from the original on 23 December 2023, retrieved 23 December 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t172m4JoucI","url_text":"Stunt நடிகர்களின் போராட்ட வாழ்க்கை \| Mahanadi Shankar Exclusive Interview"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t172m4JoucI","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Navaneethakrishnan, Stalin. \"Mahanadi Shankar: 'காதல் தோல்வி: என் இளமையின் வலி' -மகாநதி சங்கர் சங்கடம்!\". Tamil Hindustan Times (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/fighter-and-actor-mahanadi-shankar-interview-131675096798577.html","url_text":"\"Mahanadi Shankar: 'காதல் தோல்வி: என் இளமையின் வலி' -மகாநதி சங்கர் சங்கடம்!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/fighter-and-actor-mahanadi-shankar-interview-131675096798577.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"மகாநதி - மகாநதி சங்கர்\". Kungumam (in Tamil). 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9776&id1=40&issue=20191108","url_text":"\"மகாநதி - மகாநதி சங்கர்\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200707155955/http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9776&id1=40&issue=20191108","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Revisiting Mahanadhi: A look-back at arguably the most poignant Tamil film ever; lesser-known facts, rare pics\". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jan/16/revisiting-mahanadhi-alook-back-at-arguably-the-most-poignant-tamil-filmever-lesser-known-facts-853.html","url_text":"\"Revisiting Mahanadhi: A look-back at arguably the most poignant Tamil film ever; lesser-known facts, rare pics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jan/16/revisiting-mahanadhi-alook-back-at-arguably-the-most-poignant-tamil-filmever-lesser-known-facts-853.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vindhai Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Vindhai by Times of India\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vindhai/movie-review/47390209.cms","url_text":"\"Vindhai Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Vindhai by Times of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, S. R. Ashok (6 November 2013). \"Audio Beat: Sankarapuram - Good vs. Evil\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-sankarapuram-good-vs-evil/article5321294.ece","url_text":"\"Audio Beat: Sankarapuram - Good vs. Evil\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200303051242/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-sankarapuram-good-vs-evil/article5321294.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"When Mahanadi Shankar Met Ajith Kumar On The Sets of Thunivu\". News18. 28 February 2023. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/movies/when-mahanadi-shankar-met-ajith-kumar-on-the-sets-of-thunivu-7181977.html","url_text":"\"When Mahanadi Shankar Met Ajith Kumar On The Sets of Thunivu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240615034910/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/when-mahanadi-shankar-met-ajith-kumar-on-the-sets-of-thunivu-7181977.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பின் அஜித் உடன் இணையும் 'மகாநதி' சங்கர்\". Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/802536-mahanadhi-shankar-to-reuite-with-ajith-after-20-years-in-ak-61.html","url_text":"\"20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பின் அஜித் உடன் இணையும் 'மகாநதி' சங்கர்\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/802536-mahanadhi-shankar-to-reuite-with-ajith-after-20-years-in-ak-61.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"அஜித் 61 அப்டேட்: 20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு மீண்டும் இணையும் `தல' காம்போ!\". Vikatan (in Tamil). 20 May 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/mahanadi-shankar-to-play-a-role-in-ajith-61-directed-by-h-vinoth","url_text":"\"அஜித் 61 அப்டேட்: 20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு மீண்டும் இணையும் `தல' காம்போ!\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/kollywood-unknown/hindi-pandit.html","external_links_name":"\"The most famous unknowns! - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie Slide Shows - Varadakkutti Ennattha Kannaiya Trouser Paandi Saamiii Mayavi Suriya Michael Madana Kamarajan Kameswaran\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200545/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/kollywood-unknown/hindi-pandit.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Angry-Crazy-Gemini-and-Cho/articleshow/4949730.cms?prtpage=1","external_links_name":"\"Angry, Crazy, Gemini and Cho\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t172m4JoucI","external_links_name":"Stunt நடிகர்களின் போராட்ட வாழ்க்கை \| Mahanadi Shankar Exclusive Interview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t172m4JoucI","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/fighter-and-actor-mahanadi-shankar-interview-131675096798577.html","external_links_name":"\"Mahanadi Shankar: 'காதல் தோல்வி: என் இளமையின் வலி' -மகாநதி சங்கர் சங்கடம்!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/fighter-and-actor-mahanadi-shankar-interview-131675096798577.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9776&id1=40&issue=20191108","external_links_name":"\"மகாநதி - மகாநதி சங்கர்\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200707155955/http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9776&id1=40&issue=20191108","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jan/16/revisiting-mahanadhi-alook-back-at-arguably-the-most-poignant-tamil-filmever-lesser-known-facts-853.html","external_links_name":"\"Revisiting Mahanadhi: A look-back at arguably the most poignant Tamil film ever; lesser-known facts, rare pics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jan/16/revisiting-mahanadhi-alook-back-at-arguably-the-most-poignant-tamil-filmever-lesser-known-facts-853.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vindhai/movie-review/47390209.cms","external_links_name":"\"Vindhai Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Vindhai by Times of India\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-sankarapuram-good-vs-evil/article5321294.ece","external_links_name":"\"Audio Beat: Sankarapuram - Good vs. Evil\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200303051242/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-sankarapuram-good-vs-evil/article5321294.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/news/movies/when-mahanadi-shankar-met-ajith-kumar-on-the-sets-of-thunivu-7181977.html","external_links_name":"\"When Mahanadi Shankar Met Ajith Kumar On The Sets of Thunivu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240615034910/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/when-mahanadi-shankar-met-ajith-kumar-on-the-sets-of-thunivu-7181977.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/802536-mahanadhi-shankar-to-reuite-with-ajith-after-20-years-in-ak-61.html","external_links_name":"\"20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பின் அஜித் உடன் இணையும் 'மகாநதி' சங்கர்\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231223140924/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/802536-mahanadhi-shankar-to-reuite-with-ajith-after-20-years-in-ak-61.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/mahanadi-shankar-to-play-a-role-in-ajith-61-directed-by-h-vinoth","external_links_name":"\"அஜித் 61 அப்டேட்: 20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு மீண்டும் இணையும் `தல' காம்போ!\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4787137/","external_links_name":"Mahanadi Shankar"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Leicester_City_F.C._season	1995–96 Leicester City F.C. season	["1 Season summary","2 Final league table","3 Results","3.1 Legend","3.2 Football League First Division","3.3 First Division play-offs","3.4 FA Cup","3.5 League Cup","4 Squad","5 References"]	1995–96 season of Leicester City Leicester City 1995–96 football seasonLeicester City1995–96 seasonChairmanMartin GeorgeManagerMark McGhee (until 13 December) Martin O'Neill (from 21 December)StadiumFilbert StreetFirst Division5th (promoted via playoffs)FA CupThird roundLeague CupThird roundTop goalscorerLeague: Roberts (19)All: Roberts (20)Highest home attendance20,911 vs. Derby County (28 February 1996)Lowest home attendance12,543 vs. Millwall (23 March 1996)Average home league attendance16,198← 1994–951996–97 → During the 1995–96 English football season, Leicester City F.C. competed in the Football League First Division. Season summary Mark McGhee left the club unexpectedly in December 1995 whilst Leicester were top of Division One to take charge of Wolverhampton Wanderers. McGhee was replaced by Martin O'Neill. Under O'Neill, Leicester qualified for the 1995–96 Division One promotion playoffs and beat Crystal Palace 2–1 with a last-gasp Steve Claridge goal securing an immediate return to the Premiership. Final league table Main article: 1995–96 Football League § First Division Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 3 Crystal Palace 46 20 15 11 67 48 +19 75 Qualification for the First Division play-offs 4 Stoke City 46 20 13 13 60 49 +11 73 5 Leicester City (O, P) 46 19 14 13 66 60 +6 71 6 Charlton Athletic 46 17 20 9 57 45 +12 71 7 Ipswich Town 46 19 12 15 79 69 +10 69 Source: Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goals scored; 3) Goal difference(O) Play-off winners; (P) Promoted See also: Play-off results Results Leicester City's score comes first Legend Win Draw Loss Football League First Division Date Opponent Venue Result Attendance Scorers 12 August 1995 Sunderland A 2–1 18,593 Corica, Robins 19 August 1995 Stoke City H 2–3 17,719 Walsh, Parker (pen) 26 August 1995 Luton Town A 1–1 7,612 Parker 30 August 1995 Portsmouth H 4–2 15,170 Roberts (3), Parker 2 September 1995 Wolverhampton Wanderers H 1–0 18,441 Whitlow 10 September 1995 Derby County A 1–0 11,767 Joachim 12 September 1995 Port Vale A 2–0 8,814 McMahon, Roberts 16 September 1995 Reading H 1–1 19,103 Roberts 23 September 1995 Southend United H 1–3 15,276 Lowe 30 September 1995 Norwich City A 1–0 18,435 Heskey 7 October 1995 Barnsley A 2–2 13,669 Robins, Walsh 14 October 1995 Charlton Athletic H 1–1 16,771 Lowe 21 October 1995 Sheffield United A 3–1 13,100 Roberts, Taylor, Lowe 28 October 1995 Crystal Palace H 2–3 18,376 Robins, Taylor 5 November 1995 West Bromwich Albion A 3–2 16,071 Taylor (2), Roberts 11 November 1995 Watford H 1–0 16,230 Roberts 19 November 1995 Tranmere Rovers H 0–1 13,125 21 November 1995 Huddersfield Town A 1–3 14,300 Robins 26 November 1995 Birmingham City A 2–2 17,350 Roberts, Grayson 2 December 1995 Barnsley H 2–2 15,125 Roberts, Grayson 9 December 1995 Southend United A 1–2 5,835 Roberts 17 December 1995 Norwich City H 3–2 14,251 Whitlow, Roberts, Heskey 23 December 1995 Grimsby Town A 2–2 7,713 Roberts, Walsh 1 January 1996 Millwall A 1–1 9,953 Corica 13 January 1996 Stoke City A 0–1 13,669 21 January 1996 Sunderland H 0–0 16,130 3 February 1996 Luton Town H 1–1 14,821 Roberts 10 February 1996 Portsmouth A 1–2 9,003 Roberts 17 February 1996 Port Vale H 1–1 13,758 Taylor 21 February 1996 Wolverhampton Wanderers A 3–2 27,381 Roberts, Heskey (2) 24 February 1996 Reading A 1–1 9,817 Lewis 28 February 1996 Derby County H 0–0 20,911 3 March 1996 Ipswich Town A 2–4 9,817 Roberts (2) 9 March 1996 Grimsby Town H 2–1 13,784 Heskey (2) 13 March 1996 Ipswich Town H 0–2 17,783 16 March 1996 Oldham Athletic A 1–3 5,582 Whitlow 23 March 1996 Millwall H 2–1 12,543 Carey, Taylor 30 March 1996 Sheffield United H 0–2 15,230 2 April 1996 Charlton Athletic A 1–0 11,287 Claridge 6 April 1996 Crystal Palace A 1–0 17,331 Roberts 9 April 1996 West Bromwich Albion H 1–2 17,889 Robins 13 April 1996 Tranmere Rovers A 1–1 8,882 Robins 17 April 1996 Oldham Athletic H 2–0 12,790 Claridge (2) 20 April 1996 Huddersfield Town H 2–1 17,619 Walsh, Claridge 27 April 1996 Birmingham City H 3–0 19,702 Claridge, Heskey, Lennon 5 May 1996 Watford A 1–0 20,089 Izzet First Division play-offs Round Date Opponent Venue Result Attendance Scorers SF 1st Leg 12 May 1996 Stoke City H 0–0 20,323 SF 2nd Leg 15 May 1996 Stoke City A 1–0 (won 1–0 on agg) 21,037 Parker F 27 May 1996 Crystal Palace N 2–1 (a.e.t.) 73,573 Parker (pen), Claridge FA Cup Main article: 1995–96 FA Cup Round Date Opponent Venue Result Attendance Goalscorers R3 6 January 1996 Manchester City H 0–0 20,640 R3R 17 January 1996 Manchester City A 0–5 19,980 League Cup Main article: 1995–96 Football League Cup Round Date Opponent Venue Result Attendance Goalscorers R2 1st Leg 20 September 1995 Burnley H 2–0 11,142 Robins, Joachim R2 2nd Leg 3 October 1995 Burnley A 2–0 4,553 Robins (2) R3 24 October 1995 Bolton Wanderers A 0–0 9,166 R3R 8 November 1995 Bolton Wanderers H 2–3 14,884 Robins, Roberts Squad Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK ENG Kevin Poole — GK AUS Željko Kalac — DF ENG Simon Grayson — DF ENG Colin Hill — DF ENG Neil Lewis — DF ENG Richard Smith — DF ENG Steve Walsh — DF ENG Julian Watts — DF ENG Mike Whitlow — DF ENG Jimmy Willis — DF IRL Brian Carey — DF FRA Franck Rolling — DF SWE Pontus Kåmark — DF JAM Jamie Lawrence — MF ENG Mark Blake No. Pos. Nation Player — MF ENG David Lowe — MF ENG Sam McMahon — MF ENG Garry Parker — MF ENG Lee Philpott — MF ENG Scott Taylor — MF NIR Neil Lennon — MF TUR Muzzy Izzet — MF AUS Steve Corica — FW ENG Steve Claridge — FW ENG Phil Gee — FW ENG Emile Heskey — FW ENG Julian Joachim — FW ENG Mark Robins — FW WAL Iwan Roberts References ^ "McGhee the new man at Molineux". The Independent. London. 14 December 1995. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2009. ^ "O'Neill set for Leicester". The Independent. London. 21 December 1995. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2011. ^ "Leicester City 1995-1996 Results - statto.com". Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014. ^ "All Leicester City players: 1996.HTM". vteLeicester City F.C. seasons 1884–85 1885-86 1886-87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte1995–96 in English football « 1994–95 1996–97 » National teams UEFA Euro 1996 (Group A) Terry Venables League competitionsLevel 1 Premier League Levels 2–4 Football League (First Division, Second Division, Third Division, play-offs) Level 5 Football Conference Levels 6–7 Isthmian League (Premier, One) Northern Premier League (Premier, One) Southern League (Premier, Midland, Southern) Levels 8–9 Isthmian League (Two, Three) Combined Counties League (level 8 only) Eastern Counties League (Premier, One) Essex Senior League (level 8 only) Hellenic League (Premier, One) Kent League (level 8 only) Midland Alliance (level 8 only) Midland Football Combination (level 9 only) North West Counties League (One, Two) Northern Counties East League (Premier, One) Northern League (One, Two) South Midlands League (Premier, Senior) Spartan League (Premier, One) Sussex County League (One, Two) United Counties League (Premier, One) Wessex League (level 8 only) West Midlands (Regional) League (level 9 only) Western League (Premier, One) Cup competitionsFA cups FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final) Charity Shield FA Trophy (Final) Football League cups League Cup (Final) Football League Trophy (Final) European competitions Champions League UEFA Cup Cup Winners' Cup Intertoto Cup Club seasonsPremier League Arsenal Aston Villa Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Chelsea Coventry City Everton Leeds United Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Queens Park Rangers Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Wimbledon First Division Barnsley Birmingham City Charlton Athletic Crystal Palace Derby County Grimsby Town Huddersfield Town Ipswich Town Leicester City Luton Town Millwall Norwich City Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Port Vale Reading Sheffield United Southend United Stoke City Sunderland Tranmere Rovers Watford West Bromwich Albion Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Blackpool Bournemouth Bradford City Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol City Bristol Rovers Burnley Carlisle United Chesterfield Crewe Alexandra Hull City Notts County Oxford United Peterborough United Shrewsbury Town Stockport County Swansea City Swindon Town Walsall Wrexham Wycombe Wanderers York City Third Division Barnet Bury Cambridge United Cardiff City Chester City Colchester United Darlington Doncaster Rovers Exeter City Fulham Gillingham Hartlepool United Hereford United Leyton Orient Lincoln City Mansfield Town Northampton Town Plymouth Argyle Preston North End Rochdale Scarborough Scunthorpe United Torquay United Wigan Athletic List of transfers	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicester City F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"}],"text":"Leicester City 1995–96 football seasonDuring the 1995–96 English football season, Leicester City F.C. competed in the Football League First Division.","title":"1995–96 Leicester City F.C. season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark McGhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McGhee"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent_1995-12-14-1"},{"link_name":"Martin O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent_1995-12-21-2"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Steve Claridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Claridge"}],"text":"Mark McGhee left the club unexpectedly in December 1995 whilst Leicester were top of Division One to take charge of Wolverhampton Wanderers.[1] McGhee was replaced by Martin O'Neill.[2] Under O'Neill, Leicester qualified for the 1995–96 Division One promotion playoffs and beat Crystal Palace 2–1 with a last-gasp Steve Claridge goal securing an immediate return to the Premiership.","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Play-off results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship_play-offs#1996"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goals scored; 3) Goal difference(O) Play-off winners; (P) PromotedSee also: Play-off results","title":"Final league table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Leicester City's score comes 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Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Squad"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"McGhee the new man at Molineux\". The Independent. London. 14 December 1995. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/mcghee-the-new-man-at-molineux-1525726.html","url_text":"\"McGhee the new man at Molineux\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/mcghee-the-new-man-at-molineux-1525726.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"O'Neill set for Leicester\". The Independent. London. 21 December 1995. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. 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Retrieved 29 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729125052/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1995-1996/results","url_text":"\"Leicester City 1995-1996 Results - statto.com\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1995-1996/results","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"All Leicester City players: 1996.HTM\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11v11.com/teams/leicester-city/tab/players/season/1996.htm","url_text":"\"All Leicester City players: 1996.HTM\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/mcghee-the-new-man-at-molineux-1525726.html","external_links_name":"\"McGhee the new man at Molineux\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/mcghee-the-new-man-at-molineux-1525726.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/oneill-set-for-leicester-1526870.html","external_links_name":"\"O'Neill set for Leicester\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/oneill-set-for-leicester-1526870.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729125052/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1995-1996/results","external_links_name":"\"Leicester City 1995-1996 Results - statto.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1995-1996/results","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.11v11.com/teams/leicester-city/tab/players/season/1996.htm","external_links_name":"\"All Leicester City players: 1996.HTM\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Belt_Cranes	Link-Belt Cranes	["1 History","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	American company Link-Belt CranesCompany typeWholly-owned subsidiaryIndustryHeavy equipmentPredecessorsLink-Belt Machinery Company (1986–1998)Link-Belt Company (1906–1986)Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company (1880–1906)Founded1880; 144 years ago (1880) in Belle Plaine, Iowa, USFounderWilliam Dana EwartHeadquartersLexington, Kentucky, USKey peopleMelvin Porter (President & CEO)ProductsCranesMobile cranesParentSumitomo Heavy IndustriesWebsitelinkbelt.comFootnotes / references Link-Belt Cranes is an American industrial company that develops and manufactures heavy construction equipment, specializing in telescopic and lattice boom cranes. Link-Belt is headquartered in Lexington, Kentucky, and is a subsidiary of the Japanese conglomerate, Sumitomo Heavy Industries. History The Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company was founded as Link-Belt Machinery Company in 1880 by William Dana Ewart. Ewart was a farm implement dealer in Belle Plaine, Iowa. Ewart conceived the idea of a square detachable chain belt system for use in the harvester equipment, for which he obtained a patent on an "improvement in drive-chain", on September 1, 1874. In 1939, Link-Belt Co. purchased the Speeder Machinery Corporation, a crane-shovel manufacturer in the 3/8 yard to 3/4 yard capacity range. Speeder had introduced the first wheel mounted excavator, in 1922. Link-Belt's Crane and Shovel Division merged with Speeder Machinery to form the Link-Belt Speeder Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Link-Belt Co., eventually locating in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. In 1955, The Syntron Company, a manufacturer of vibratory feeders, was purchased by Link-Belt, which was in turn purchased by FMC Corporation in 1965. In 1967, the FMC Corporation merged with the Link-Belt Company. The company produced FMC Link-Belt branded cranes and excavators. FMC also produced fire truck fire pumps and pumper bodies, and had an OEM arrangement with Ladder Towers Inc. (LTI) to market aerial ladders. In the early 1980s the fire apparatus division of FMC tried to expand its role in aerial ladders on fire trucks, leveraging the Link-Belt crane division. FMC was ultimately unsuccessful in its expansion into production of aerial ladders. The FMC Fire Apparatus division was also ultimately shut down in 1990. Then in 1986, the Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company was formed as a joint venture between FMC Corporation and Sumitomo Heavy Industries. In 1998, the excavator products were spun off from the Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company to the LBX Company, a stand-alone, joint-venture company formed between Sumitomo Construction Machinery Co. and Case Corporation to market and sell Link-Belt excavators. In 2010, Sumitomo (S.H.I.) Construction Machinery Company acquired full ownership of LBX Company. In 2012 marked the establishment of LBX do Brasil to meet the fast-paced growth of Brazil's booming excavator construction demands. With LBX do Brasil's offices, training facilities, and parts depot located in Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil, LBX do Brasil offers the same world-class support and service to our dealer network and customers in Brazil. Gallery Link-Belt steam shovel crane circa 1890 Vintage Link-Belt excavator Chaires Engine 12-61 GMC FMC 1991 Ford FMC Link-Belt crane on US Navy docks A Link-Belt 348 HYLAB 5 lattice crawler crane A Link-Belt 348 HYLAB 5 lattice crawler crane Base section of a Link-Belt 348 HYLAB 5 lattice crawler crane on a lowboy trailer See also Liebherr Group Manitowoc Cranes Tadano Limited Terex References Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company website, www.linkbelt.com LBX Link-Belt Excavators www.lbxco.com ^ a b "About Link-Belt > Overview". Link-Belt Cranes. 2018. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018. ^ a b "About Link-Belt > History". Link-Belt Cranes. 2018. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018. ^ Wilson, Bill (1 July 2001). "Link-Belt usage". Roads & Bridges. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018. ^ "ABOUT ~ Link-Belt Construction Equipment Co". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-07-20. ^ "Site Description". EPA. ^ Google Books. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Link-Belt Construction Equipment. Official website Locomotive Coaling Stations, Link-Belt Co. booklet of cyanotype photographs, c. 1894	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_2018-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"Sumitomo Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_2018-2"}],"text":"Link-Belt Cranes is an American industrial company that develops and manufactures heavy construction equipment, specializing in telescopic and lattice boom cranes.[1][4] Link-Belt is headquartered in Lexington, Kentucky, and is a subsidiary of the Japanese conglomerate, Sumitomo Heavy Industries.[2]","title":"Link-Belt Cranes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Dana Ewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dana_Ewart"},{"link_name":"Belle Plaine, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Plaine,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"drive-chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive"},{"link_name":"Cedar Rapids, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"FMC Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMC_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"FMC Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMC_Corporation"},{"link_name":"fire truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_apparatus"},{"link_name":"Ladder Towers Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_LaFrance"},{"link_name":"fire apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_apparatus"},{"link_name":"aerial ladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_apparatus#Aerial_apparatus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sumitomo Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator"},{"link_name":"LBX Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LBX_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Case Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Corporation"}],"text":"The Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company was founded as Link-Belt Machinery Company in 1880 by William Dana Ewart. Ewart was a farm implement dealer in Belle Plaine, Iowa. Ewart conceived the idea of a square detachable chain belt system for use in the harvester equipment, for which he obtained a patent on an \"improvement in drive-chain\", on September 1, 1874.In 1939, Link-Belt Co. purchased the Speeder Machinery Corporation, a crane-shovel manufacturer in the 3/8 yard to 3/4 yard capacity range. Speeder had introduced the first wheel mounted excavator, in 1922. Link-Belt's Crane and Shovel Division merged with Speeder Machinery to form the Link-Belt Speeder Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Link-Belt Co., eventually locating in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.In 1955, The Syntron Company, a manufacturer of vibratory feeders, was purchased by Link-Belt, which was in turn purchased by FMC Corporation in 1965.[5]In 1967, the FMC Corporation merged with the Link-Belt Company. The company produced FMC Link-Belt branded cranes and excavators.FMC also produced fire truck fire pumps and pumper bodies, and had an OEM arrangement with Ladder Towers Inc. (LTI) to market aerial ladders. In the early 1980s the fire apparatus division of FMC tried to expand its role in aerial ladders on fire trucks, leveraging the Link-Belt crane division. FMC was ultimately unsuccessful in its expansion into production of aerial ladders. The FMC Fire Apparatus division was also ultimately shut down in 1990.[6]Then in 1986, the Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company was formed as a joint venture between FMC Corporation and Sumitomo Heavy Industries.In 1998, the excavator products were spun off from the Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company to the LBX Company, a stand-alone, joint-venture company formed between Sumitomo Construction Machinery Co. and Case Corporation to market and sell Link-Belt excavators.In 2010, Sumitomo (S.H.I.) Construction Machinery Company acquired full ownership of LBX Company.In 2012 marked the establishment of LBX do Brasil to meet the fast-paced growth of Brazil's booming excavator construction demands. With LBX do Brasil's offices, training facilities, and parts depot located in Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil, LBX do Brasil offers the same world-class support and service to our dealer network and customers in Brazil.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkBeltSteamcrane.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vintage_excavator.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International-FMC_Crew_Cab_-_Chaires-Capitola_VFD.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ew_Market_Community_Volunteer_Fire_Department_%26_SW_Rescue_engine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_070821-N-4515N-261_Navy_divers_from_Mobile_Diving_and_Salvage_Unit_(MDSU)_2_pack_their_gear_in_preparation_for_their_return_to_Naval_Amphibious_Base_Little_Creek,_Virginia_Beach,_Va.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Link_Belt_348_HYLAB_5_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"crawler crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)#Crawler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Link_Belt_348_HYLAB_5_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Talbert_Lowboy_Trailer_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"lowboy trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowboy_(trailer)"}],"text":"Link-Belt steam shovel crane circa 1890\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVintage Link-Belt excavator\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChaires Engine 12-61 GMC FMC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1991 Ford FMC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLink-Belt crane on US Navy docks\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Link-Belt 348 HYLAB 5 lattice crawler crane\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Link-Belt 348 HYLAB 5 lattice crawler crane\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBase section of a Link-Belt 348 HYLAB 5 lattice crawler crane on a lowboy trailer","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"Liebherr Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebherr_Group"},{"title":"Manitowoc Cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitowoc_Cranes"},{"title":"Tadano Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadano_Limited"},{"title":"Terex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terex"}]	[{"reference":"\"About Link-Belt > Overview\". Link-Belt Cranes. 2018. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181013212443/https://linkbelt.com/about-us","url_text":"\"About Link-Belt > Overview\""},{"url":"https://linkbelt.com/about-us","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Link-Belt > History\". Link-Belt Cranes. 2018. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181013212918/https://linkbelt.com/about-us/history","url_text":"\"About Link-Belt > History\""},{"url":"https://linkbelt.com/about-us/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Bill (1 July 2001). \"Link-Belt usage\". Roads & Bridges. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181013220215/https://www.roadsbridges.com/link-belt-usage","url_text":"\"Link-Belt usage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_%26_Bridges","url_text":"Roads & Bridges"},{"url":"https://www.roadsbridges.com/link-belt-usage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ABOUT ~ Link-Belt Construction Equipment Co\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041711/http://www.linkbelt.com/masters/home_about.htm","url_text":"\"ABOUT ~ Link-Belt Construction Equipment Co\""},{"url":"http://www.linkbelt.com/masters/home_about.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Site Description\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm_(disambiguation)	Animal Farm (disambiguation)	["1 Films based on the novel","2 Other uses","3 See also"]	Animal Farm is a 1945 novel by George Orwell. Animal Farm may also refer to: Films based on the novel Animal Farm (1954 film), an animated film based on the book Animal Farm (1999 film), a live action film based on the book Animal Farm (upcoming film), an animated film based on the book Other uses Animal Farm (video), pornographic film "Animal Farm" (song), by The Kinks "Animal Farm", a song by Greenslade from the 1975 album Time and Tide "Animal Farm", a song by Clutch from the 1995 album Clutch "Animal Farm", a song by Bibi from her upcoming debut studio album "Animal Farm", an episode of HBO drama Oz "Animal Farm", adapted by Peter Hall, National Theatre) 1984 Animal Farm (opera) by the Russian composer Alexander Raskatov TV Animal Farm, a South Korean television program See also Farm Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Animal Farm.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Animal Farm may also refer to:","title":"Animal Farm (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal Farm (1954 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Animal Farm (1999 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Animal Farm (upcoming film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm_(upcoming_film)"}],"text":"Animal Farm (1954 film), an animated film based on the book\nAnimal Farm (1999 film), a live action film based on the book\nAnimal Farm (upcoming film), an animated film based on the book","title":"Films based on the novel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal Farm (video)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm_(video)"},{"link_name":"\"Animal Farm\" (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm_(song)"},{"link_name":"Time and Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_and_Tide_(Greenslade_album)"},{"link_name":"Clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch_(Clutch_album)"},{"link_name":"Bibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oz_episodes"},{"link_name":"Peter Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hall_(director)"},{"link_name":"Animal Farm (opera)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm_(opera)"},{"link_name":"TV Animal Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Animal_Farm"}],"text":"Animal Farm (video), pornographic film\n\"Animal Farm\" (song), by The Kinks\n\"Animal Farm\", a song by Greenslade from the 1975 album Time and Tide\n\"Animal Farm\", a song by Clutch from the 1995 album Clutch\n\"Animal Farm\", a song by Bibi from her upcoming debut studio album\n\"Animal Farm\", an episode of HBO drama Oz\n\"Animal Farm\", adapted by Peter Hall, National Theatre) 1984\nAnimal Farm (opera) by the Russian composer Alexander Raskatov\nTV Animal Farm, a South Korean television program","title":"Other uses"}]	[]	[{"title":"Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Animal_Farm_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Animal_Farm_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_Daemons	Sumerian Daemons	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]	2003 studio album by Septic FleshSumerian DaemonsStudio album by Septic FleshReleased18 February 2003RecordedMay–June 2002StudioStudio Fredman (Sweden)GenreBlackened death metal, symphonic metal, industrial metalLength56:06LabelHammerheartProducerFredrik NordströmSeptic Flesh chronology Revolution DNA(1999) Sumerian Daemons(2003) Communion(2008) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingMetalstorm.net Sumerian Daemons is the sixth studio album by the Greek death metal band Septicflesh. It was released by Hammerheart Records in 2003. It was originally the band's final album before they disbanded later the same year, until they reformed in 2007. The cover art for the album was a real background constructed in accordance with Spiros' instructions by a Greek FX team that usually works for films and advertisements, called the Alahouzos Bros. The words "Demon resurrection passages from The Book of the Dead" and "Two hours since I've translated and spoken aloud the demon resurrection passages from The Book of the Dead" in "Unbeliever" (2:29-2:32 and 3:56-4:03) come from horror movie Evil Dead II. Track listing All lyrics are written by Sotiris V.No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Behold... the Land of Promise"Christos A.2:102."Unbeliever"Spiros A.4:523."Virtues of the Beast"Spiros A.5:174."Faust"Christos A.5:095."When All is None"Spiros A.4:386."Red Code Cult"Sotiris V.4:097."Dark River"Spiros A., Sotiris V., Christos A.3:568."Magic Loves Infinity"Sotiris V.3:589."Sumerian Daemon"Spiros A.4:0410."Mechanical Babylon"Spiros A.4:5511."Infernal Sun"Sotiris V.3:2612."The Watchers"Sotiris V.4:1413."Shapeshifter"Christos A.5:12 Personnel Septic Flesh – production Seth/Spiros A. – bass, vocals, artwork Sotiris V. – guitar Christos A. – guitar, samplers, orchestration Akis K. – drums George Z. – keyboards Natalie Rassoulis – soprano Gore – backing vocals on "Unbeliever" Fredrik Nordström – production, engineering Patrik J. – sound engineering Hammerheart Records – executive production References ^ "Sumerian Daemons - SepticFlesh". allmusic.com. ^ "Septicflesh - Sumerian Daemons review - Metal Storm". www.metalstorm.net. vteSepticflesh Sotiris Vayenas (Sotiris Anunnaki V.) Spiros "Seth" Antoniou Christos Antoniou Kerim "Krimh" Lechner Studio albums Mystic Places of Dawn (1994) Esoptron (1995) The Ophidian Wheel (1997) A Fallen Temple (1998) Revolution DNA (1999) Sumerian Daemons (2003) Communion (2008) The Great Mass (2011) Titan (2014) Codex Omega (2017) Modern Primitive (2022) Related articles Chaostar Firewind Nightfall Nightrage Rotting Christ Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_metal"},{"link_name":"Septicflesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septicflesh"},{"link_name":"Hammerheart Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerheart_Records"},{"link_name":"Evil Dead II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Dead_II"}],"text":"Sumerian Daemons is the sixth studio album by the Greek death metal band Septicflesh. It was released by Hammerheart Records in 2003. It was originally the band's final album before they disbanded later the same year, until they reformed in 2007.The cover art for the album was a real background constructed in accordance with Spiros' instructions by a Greek FX team that usually works for films and advertisements, called the Alahouzos Bros.The words \"Demon resurrection passages from The Book of the Dead\" and \"Two hours since I've translated and spoken aloud the demon resurrection passages from The Book of the Dead\" in \"Unbeliever\" (2:29-2:32 and 3:56-4:03) come from horror movie Evil Dead II.","title":"Sumerian Daemons"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All lyrics are written by Sotiris V.No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Behold... the Land of Promise\"Christos A.2:102.\"Unbeliever\"Spiros A.4:523.\"Virtues of the Beast\"Spiros A.5:174.\"Faust\"Christos A.5:095.\"When All is None\"Spiros A.4:386.\"Red Code Cult\"Sotiris V.4:097.\"Dark River\"Spiros A., Sotiris V., Christos A.3:568.\"Magic Loves Infinity\"Sotiris V.3:589.\"Sumerian Daemon\"Spiros A.4:0410.\"Mechanical Babylon\"Spiros A.4:5511.\"Infernal Sun\"Sotiris V.3:2612.\"The Watchers\"Sotiris V.4:1413.\"Shapeshifter\"Christos A.5:12","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Septic Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_Flesh"},{"link_name":"Seth/Spiros A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiros_Antoniou"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocals"},{"link_name":"Fredrik Nordström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Nordstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Hammerheart Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerheart_Records"}],"text":"Septic Flesh – production\nSeth/Spiros A. – bass, vocals, artwork\nSotiris V. – guitar\nChristos A. – guitar, samplers, orchestration\nAkis K. – drums\nGeorge Z. – keyboards\nNatalie Rassoulis – soprano\nGore – backing vocals on \"Unbeliever\"\nFredrik Nordström – production, engineering\nPatrik J. – sound engineering\nHammerheart Records – executive production","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sumerian Daemons - SepticFlesh\". allmusic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/sumerian-daemons-mw0000021368","url_text":"\"Sumerian Daemons - SepticFlesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Septicflesh - Sumerian Daemons review - Metal Storm\". www.metalstorm.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalstorm.net/pub/review.php?review_id=665&page=&message_id=","url_text":"\"Septicflesh - Sumerian Daemons review - Metal Storm\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/sumerian-daemons-mw0000021368","external_links_name":"\"Sumerian Daemons - SepticFlesh\""},{"Link":"http://www.metalstorm.net/pub/review.php?review_id=665&page=&message_id=","external_links_name":"\"Septicflesh - Sumerian Daemons review - Metal Storm\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/7e62b7f5-66ba-349a-937e-34c3d030b1f8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulasekhara_dynasty_(Second_Cheras)	Chera Perumals of Makotai	["1 Historiography","1.1 Index to Chera inscriptions","2 History","2.1 Organs of the Perumal state","3 Major chieftaincies","4 Chera Perumal genealogy","4.1 Abhisekanama","4.2 Chera Perumal genealogy","5 Chera Perumal epigraphic records","6 See also","7 References"]	For early historic Chera rulers of south India, see Chera dynasty. Chera Perumals of MakotaiPerumal dynasty844 CE–1124 CEChera Perumal Kingdom with respect to the Chola EmpireCapital Mahodayapuram Common languages Middle Tamil Sanskrit Old Malayalam Religion HinduismGovernmentOligarchyPerumal • 844-870 (first) Sthanu Ravi Varma• 1089-1124 (Last) Rama Kulasekhara Establishment844 CEHistory • Established 844 CE• Disestablished 1124 CE Area• Total50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) Preceded by Succeeded by Kongu Chera dynasty Kingdom of Cochin Zamorin Venad (kingdom) Today part ofKerala,India Cheraman Perumal dynasty, also known as the Perumal dynasty of Kerala, or Chera Perumals of Makotai, (fl. c. 844 CE–1124 CE) were a ruling dynasty in present-day Kerala, South India. Mahodayapuram, or Makotai, the seat of the Cheraman Perumals, is identified with present-day Kodungallur in central Kerala. Initially, their influence appeared limited to the area between present-day Quilon and Quilandy, but later extended to up to Chandragiri river in north Kerala and to Nagercoil in the south. The medieval Cheras claimed that they were descended from the Cheras who flourished in pre-Pallava (early historic) south India. The exact relationship between the medieval Chera rulers of present-day Kerala and that of western Tamil country is not known to scholars. The Chera Perumals are often described as the members of Surya Vamsa (the Solar Race). The Chera dynasty had multiple branches, one of which was known as the Chera Perumals, who ruled from the city of Makotai (modern-day Kodungallur) in Kerala. The Chera Perumals, like other Chera rulers, are often associated with the Tamil language and culture. They are mentioned in ancient Tamil texts and inscriptions. The Chera Perumal kingdom derived most of its wealth from maritime trade relations (the spice trade) with the Middle East. The port of Kollam, in the kingdom, was a major point in overseas India trade to the West and the East Asia. The Cheraman Perumals are known for employing a single script (Vattezhuthu with Grantha characters) and language (early form of Malayalam) in all of their records in Kerala. Historiography An earlier version of conventional Kerala historiography had believed that the "Second/Later Chera Empire", or "Kulasekhara Empire" was a highly centralized monarchy (unitary or imperial state model, emphasizing centralized administration). Modern scholars have accused early Kerala historians of inventing a "Second Chera Empire" to rival the glories of the imperial Cholas. However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s offered a major corrective to this (a monarchy supported by a Brahmin oligarchy). The theories of a Chera "empire", propounded by the early writers, were rejected. It was also discovered that the Chera kings did not bear the specific abhisekanama "Kulasekhara". Some recent scholarship also proposes a gradual transition from 'a monarchy' to a 'ritual monarchy'. They question the general inclination to treat the three centuries of Chera Perumal rule as a "single historical block". Suggestions pointing to the other extreme, that the king at Kodungallur had only a "ritual sovereignty" and the actual political power rested with "a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy" has also emerged. It describes "a fragmented array of local chiefdoms ... held in check by a loose Tamil hegemony". "The Cera kingdom was not a strong, absolute monarchy by any means, but rather a confederation of lords and powerful Brahmin communities under the mantle of the Perumal...Therefore, the portrayal of the post Cera period as a time of major political decentralization attributes a false centrality to the Cera period itself..."— Donald R. Davis Jr., According to the third model, the power of the Perumal was restricted to the capital Mahodayapuram (Kodungallur). His kingship was only ritual and remained nominal compared with the power that local chieftains (the udaiyavar) exercised politically and militarily. Brahmins also possessed huge authority in religious and social subjects ('ritual sovereignty combined with a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy'). Index to Chera inscriptions An index of most of the so-called Chera Perumal inscriptions can be found in 'Perumals of Kerala' (1972) by M. G. S. Narayanan. This general catalogue lists records discovered till 1972 (some of the recently discovered inscriptions remain unreported and undeciphered). History See also: Kongu Chera dynasty Remains of the Thillaisthanam inscription (9th century CE, Aditya Chola) Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple (northern entrance gateway) Fragmentary laterite walls, outside Thrikulasekharapuram Temple, Kodungallur (10th-11th centuries) The Chera Perumals of Makotai claimed that they were descended from the Cheras who flourished in pre-Pallava (early historic) south India. There are clear indications as to how different branches of the Chera family managed different centres of power in Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the early Tamil poems. The Chera/Perumal dynasty introduced rule through kingship in Kerala (a departure from the early historic system of clan-based societies). It is speculated that there was little economic pressure on the Kerala rulers for territorial conquest, the region being naturally rich and obtaining income from the trade with the Middle East. The Perumal kingdom had alternating friendly or hostile relations with the Cholas and the Pandyas. The kingdom was attacked, and eventually forced into submission, by the Cholas in the early 11th century CE (in order to break the monopoly of trade with the Middle East)."A naval campaign led to the conquest of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and northern Sri Lanka, all of which were essential to the Chola control over trade with Southeast Asia and with Arabia and eastern Africa. These were the transit areas, ports of call for the Arab traders and ships to Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of the valuable spices sold at a high profit to Europe."— Romila Thapar, The Perumal kingship remained nominal compared with the power that local chieftains, the so-called "nattu-udaiyavar" or "nadu-vazhumavar", exercised politically and militarily. Chiefdoms under Chera Perumal rule, known as "nadus", are roughly comparable to the "rashtra" under the Rashtrakutas and "padi" under the Cholas. These chieftains wielded militaristic authority over their country (even over the Brahmin temples and settlements in the nadu). The udaiyavar chieftains were liable to serve the Chera Perumal in battles (against invading Pandyas and Cholas) and the chiefdoms functioned as revenue collection units for the Chera kingdom. The Chera Perumal only held direct authority over the country that extended from Palakkad to Vembanad Lake, including the port of Kodungallur. Koyil Adhikarikal/Al Koyil, the Chera royal present in a chiefdom, collected regular dues (the attaikkol and arantai) from the chiefdoms for the Perumal at Kodungallur. Bhakti saints Cheraman Perumal Nayanar and Kulasekhara Alvar are generally identified as Perumal kings of Kerala. Shankaracharya, founder of the Vedanta advaita, is also traced to 8th century Kerala. Copper-plate charters of the Perumals show grants to Jewish and Christian merchants of West Asia. The West Asian Muslims had also established themselves as traders in the kingdom. Merchant guilds such as manigramam, and anjuvannam were active in the Perumal kingdom. The origin of the Malayalam language is also dated to the Chera Perumal period in Kerala. Temple architecture style known as "Kerala-Dravida" can be seen from the 11th century CE. In the 12th century, the Perumal kingdom was dissolved into several local powers. The Perumal dynasty was succeeded in south Kerala (Venad) by the Kulasekhara dynasty (whose kings were also known as the Cheras). In other parts of Kerala, chieftains of Kolathunad, Kozhikode and Kochi succeeded the Perumals. Organs of the Perumal state Jewish copper plates of Cochin (plate I, side I). Chola coin of king Rajendra, with legend "Uttama Chola", showing the Chera emblem (Bow, left to the Sitting Tiger).Koyil Adhikarikal or Ala Koyil was the Chera royal appointed to a chiefdom. This prince collected regular dues (the attaikkol and arantai) from the chiefdoms for the Chera Perumal. The managers of the four Nambudiri-Brahmin temples around Kodungallur, known as the Nalu Thali, acted as Chera Perumal's permanent council or ministers. Four Temples (the Nalu Thali) Temple Brahmin settlement Notes Nediya-thali or Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple Paravur Associated with Cheraman Perumal Nayanar Mel-thali or Thrikkulasekharapuram Temple Muzhikkalam Founded by Kulasekhara Alvar. Kizh-thali Airanikkalam Chingapuram/Sringapuram Thali Iringalakkudai The Thousand or the Ayiram were the personal Nair protection guards of the Chera Perumal king (related to the Kodungallur Bhagavathi Temple). They functioned as the 'companions of honour' of the Perumal. Padai-nayakar or Padai-nair was the commander of the armed forces of the kingdom or a chiefdom. The Hundred or the Nutruvar was the military organisation of each chiefdom (this body had no defined limits of territorial jurisdiction). The Hundred multiple generally indicated the number of households in the nadu that could join the militia. The Shadow or the Nizhal were the personal protection guards of the udaiyavar. They functioned as the 'companions of honour' of the udaiyavar. Prakrithi was a body of non-Brahmin or Vellala notables assisting the udaiyavar. The Adhikarar were the temple or royal servants involved in management and collection of dues or a local arbitrator. Major chieftaincies Through the analysis of the medieval Kerala inscriptions relating to the Chera Perumal period, scholars have substantiated the existence of several chieftaincies. From north to south, they are as follows: Kolla-desam (or) Kolathu-nadu (proposed name), Purakizha-nadu, Kurumporai-nadu, Erala-nadu, Valluva-nadu, Kizhmalai-nadu (the Eastern Hill Country), Vempala-nadu, Munji-nadu, Nanruzhai-nadu and Venadu or Kupaka (Kollam). Kolathu-nadu came under the influence of the Perumals during the 11th century and Venadu was probably formed under the influence of the Perumals during the early 9th century. The Perumal held direct authority over the country that extended from Palakkad to Vembanad Lake (including Kodungallur in the Periyar Valley). Within this country, the nadus were present as militaristic/revenue units (with members of martial families serving the Perumal king appointed as the Udayaivar). Chera Perumal genealogy Depiction of "Cherman Perumal" Nayanar in Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur Abhisekanama An earlier version of conventional Kerala historiography had believed that the kings of the "Second/Later Chera Empire", or "Kulasekhara Empire" borne the specific abhisekanama "Kulasekhara" (hence "Kulasekhara dynasty"). However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s offered a major corrective to this. The theories of a Chera "empire", propounded by the early writers, were rejected. It was also discovered that the Chera Permal kings did not bear the specific abhisekanama "Kulasekhara". Chera Perumal genealogy Corrected by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972) from E. P. N. Kunjan Pillai (1963) Recent corrections (2014 and 2020) on Narayanan are also employed. Lists of Chera Perumals Chera Perumal Regnal years (tentative) Notes Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara 844–870 Contemporary to Chola king Aditya I Probably identical with Kulasekhara Alvar. Rama Rajasekhara 870–883 Probably identical with Cheraman Perumal Nayanar. Vijayaraga 883–895 Married the daughter of king Kulasekhara. Married off his two daughters to Chola king Parantaka. Goda Goda 895—905 Kerala Kesari Probably identical with king Goda Goda (above) Goda Ravi 905–943 Indu/Indesvaran Goda 943–962 Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya 962–1021 (or) 959–1025 Contemporary to Chola king Rajendra Ravi Goda 1021—1089 Contemporary to Chola king Rajendra. Rajasimha Contemporary to Chola king Rajendra Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya Probably identical with king Ravi Goda (above) Raja Raja Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya. Contemporary to Chola viceroy Maravarman Chola-Pandya. Ravi Rama Adityan Kota Ranaditya Rama Kulasekhara 1089—1122 Crowned in 1089 CE. Elder contemporary to Chola king Vikrama ^ Both Rajasimha and Raja Raja, from the Pandya inscriptions at Ambasamudram, were categorically identified as Chera Perumals by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972). This was confirmed in a recent book edited by Kesavan Veluthat (2014). The claim is disputed by Daud Ali (2007). Chera Perumal epigraphic records Quilon Syrian copper plates (Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara) Quilon Syrian copper plates (plate 6) Vazhappally copper plate (Rama Rajasekhara) Jewish copper plates of Cochin (Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya) Viraraghava copper plates (1225 CE) or Syrian Christian copper plates of Kottayam (Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya) Tiruvalla copper plates Perunna inscription (Rama Kulasekhara) See also The last Chera Perumal: Rama Kulasekhara Jewish copper plates of Cochin (early 11th century CE) Quilon Syrian copper plates (9th century CE) References ^ a b c d Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 331-32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44. ^ a b Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 326-27. ^ "Cheraman Parambu - the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals of Chera dynasty\| Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam". www.muzirisheritage.org. Retrieved 1 February 2023. ^ a b c d e f Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44. ^ a b c d e Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in South-Indian Horizons, eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 89-90 and 92-93. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 80-81. ^ a b c d Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 364-65. ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 382-83. ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 379-80. ^ a b c d e Veluthat, Kesavan. "History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala." Studies in People's History, vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Ganesh, K. N. (2009). Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala. Indian Historical Review, 36(1), 3–21. ^ a b Freeman, Rich (2003), 'Genre and Society', in Literary Cultures in History, ed., Sheldon Pollock. Berkeleyand Los Angeles: University of California Press. 444-445. ^ a b c d e f g h i Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9781108494571. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. 'The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala', in State and Society in Premodern South India, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp. 111–119. Thrissur, CosmoBooks. ^ a b c d e 'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds), Irreverent History: Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan, Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014. ^ Gurukkal, Rajan. "Classical Indo-Roman Trade: A Historiographical Reconsideration." Indian Historical Review, vol. 40, no. 2, Dec. 2013, pp. 181–206. ^ a b Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 368-69. ^ "The Rajputs". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 July 2020. ^ a b Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 136-37. ^ Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 161-62. ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 368. ^ Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 124-25. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 161-63. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 118-119. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 189-90. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 234-36. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-73. ^ Pillai Elamkulam, P. N. Kunhan. Cila Keralacaritra Prasnangal, (Kottayam, 1955 Second Ed. 1963), pp. 152-4. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 79-80. ^ a b Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143. ^ Veluthat, Kesavan. "The Temple and the State in Medieval South India." Studies in People's History, vol. 4, no. 1, June 2017, pp. 15–23. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 437-438. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 442-43. ^ George Spencer, 'Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period', Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723. ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 65-67. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 67-68. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 68-69. ^ a b c d e f g Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 461-62. ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 72-73 and 466-67. ^ a b c d Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 71-72 and 464-66. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 70-72. ^ Ali, Daud. "The Service Retinues of the Chola Court: A Study of the Term Veḷam in Tamil Inscriptions." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 70, no. 3, 2007, pp. 487–509. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 73-74 and 467-70. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 470. vte State of KeralaCapital: ThiruvananthapuramDistricts Thiruvananthapuram KL-01 Kollam KL-02 Pathanamthitta KL-03 Alappuzha KL-04 Kottayam KL-05 Idukki KL-06 Ernakulam KL-07 Thrissur KL-08 Palakkad KL-09 Malappuram KL-10 Kozhikode KL-11 Wayanad KL-12 Kannur KL-13 Kasaragod KL-14 Topics Arts Culture Demographics Economy Education Film Geography Roads Ports History Wildlife Government Tourism Sports Symbols Bird Great hornbill Animal Indian elephant Tree Coconut Flower Golden rain Fish Karimeen Fruit Jackfruit Insect Papilio buddha Taluks Adoor Alathur Aluva Ambalappuzha Chalakudy Changanassery Chavakkad Chengannur Cherthala Chirayinkeezhu Chittur Devikulam Eranad Hosdurg Idukki Iritty Kanayannur Kanjirappally Kannur Karthikappally Karunagappalli Kasaragod Kattakada Kochi Kodungallur Kollam Kondotty Konni Kothamangalam Kottarakkara Kottayam Koyilandy Kozhencherry Kozhikode Kunnamkulam Kunnathunad Kunnathur Kuttanad Mallapally Mananthavady 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Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram Vallam kali Wayanad India portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chera dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chera_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noburu_Karashmia_2014-2"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Cheraman Perumals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumal"},{"link_name":"Kodungallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-6"},{"link_name":"Quilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"},{"link_name":"Quilandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilandy"},{"link_name":"Chandragiri river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payaswini"},{"link_name":"Nagercoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagercoil"},{"link_name":"Cheras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chera_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Pallava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-8"},{"link_name":"Chera dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chera_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Kollam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Periyar Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_(river)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-12"}],"text":"For early historic Chera rulers of south India, see Chera dynasty.Cheraman Perumal dynasty,[1] also known as the Perumal dynasty of Kerala,[1] or Chera Perumals of Makotai,[2] (fl. c. 844 CE–1124 CE) were a ruling dynasty in present-day Kerala, South India.[3] Mahodayapuram, or Makotai, the seat of the Cheraman Perumals, is identified with present-day Kodungallur in central Kerala.[4][5][6] Initially, their influence appeared limited to the area between present-day Quilon and Quilandy, but later extended to up to Chandragiri river in north Kerala and to Nagercoil in the south.The medieval Cheras claimed that they were descended from the Cheras who flourished in pre-Pallava (early historic) south India.[7] The exact relationship between the medieval Chera rulers of present-day Kerala and that of western Tamil country is not known to scholars.[8] The Chera Perumals are often described as the members of Surya Vamsa (the Solar Race).[8] The Chera dynasty had multiple branches, one of which was known as the Chera Perumals, who ruled from the city of Makotai (modern-day Kodungallur) in Kerala. The Chera Perumals, like other Chera rulers, are often associated with the Tamil language and culture. They are mentioned in ancient Tamil texts and inscriptions.The Chera Perumal kingdom derived most of its wealth from maritime trade relations (the spice trade) with the Middle East.[1][9] The port of Kollam, in the kingdom, was a major point in overseas India trade to the West and the East Asia.[10] [ settlements of agriculturally rich areas (fertile wet land) were another major source of support to Mahodayapuram kingdom in the Periyar Valley.[1][11] The Cheraman Perumals are known for employing a single script (Vattezhuthu with Grantha characters) and language (early form of Malayalam) in all of their records in Kerala.[12]","title":"Chera Perumals of Makotai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noburu_Karashmia_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"Cholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noburu_Karashmia_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noburu_Karashmia_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026483519342"},{"link_name":"Kodungallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"}],"text":"An earlier version of conventional Kerala historiography had believed that the \"Second/Later Chera Empire\", or \"Kulasekhara Empire\" was a highly centralized monarchy (unitary or imperial state model, emphasizing centralized administration).[2][12][13] Modern scholars have accused early Kerala historians of inventing a \"Second Chera Empire\" to rival the glories of the imperial Cholas.[14]\nHowever, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s offered a major corrective to this (a monarchy supported by a Brahmin oligarchy).[2][12] The theories of a Chera \"empire\", propounded by the early writers, were rejected.[13] It was also discovered that the Chera kings did not bear the specific abhisekanama \"Kulasekhara\".[13] Some recent scholarship also proposes a gradual transition from 'a monarchy' to a 'ritual monarchy'. They question the general inclination to treat the three centuries of Chera Perumal rule as a \"single historical block\".[15]\nSuggestions pointing to the other extreme, that the king at Kodungallur had only a \"ritual sovereignty\" and the actual political power rested with \"a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy\" has also emerged.[2][16] It describes \"a fragmented array of local chiefdoms ... held in check by a loose Tamil hegemony\".[14]\"The Cera kingdom was not a strong, absolute monarchy by any means, but rather a confederation of lords and powerful Brahmin communities under the mantle of the Perumal...Therefore, the portrayal of the post Cera period as a time of major political decentralization attributes a false centrality to the Cera period itself...\"— Donald R. Davis Jr., [1]According to the third model, the power of the Perumal was restricted to the capital Mahodayapuram (Kodungallur).[5] His kingship was only ritual and remained nominal compared with the power that local chieftains (the udaiyavar) exercised politically and militarily. Brahmins also possessed huge authority in religious and social subjects ('ritual sovereignty combined with a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy').[5][16]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M. G. S. Narayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-17"}],"sub_title":"Index to Chera inscriptions","text":"An index of most of the so-called Chera Perumal inscriptions can be found in 'Perumals of Kerala' (1972) by M. G. S. Narayanan. This general catalogue lists records discovered till 1972 (some of the recently discovered inscriptions remain unreported and undeciphered).[17]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kongu Chera dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongu_Chera_dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thillaisthanam_inscription_(9th_century_AD,_Aditya_Chola).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThiruvanchikulamTemp5_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvanchikulam_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laterite_walls,_outside_Thrikulasekharapuram_Temple,_Kodungallur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cheras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chera_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Pallava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"Cholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Pandyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandya_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"Rashtrakutas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Cholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"Kodungallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"Cheraman Perumal Nayanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheraman_Perumal_Nayanar"},{"link_name":"Kulasekhara Alvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulasekhara_Alvar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noburu_Karashmia_2014-2"},{"link_name":"Shankaracharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankaracharya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noburu_Karashmia_2014-2"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"},{"link_name":"Malayalam language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"},{"link_name":"Kerala-Dravida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Venad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venad"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"text":"See also: Kongu Chera dynastyRemains of the Thillaisthanam inscription (9th century CE, Aditya Chola)Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple (northern entrance gateway)Fragmentary laterite walls, outside Thrikulasekharapuram Temple, Kodungallur (10th-11th centuries)The Chera Perumals of Makotai claimed that they were descended from the Cheras who flourished in pre-Pallava (early historic) south India.[7] There are clear indications as to how different branches of the Chera family managed different centres of power in Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the early Tamil poems.[18]The Chera/Perumal dynasty introduced rule through kingship in Kerala (a departure from the early historic system of clan-based societies).[3] It is speculated that there was little economic pressure on the Kerala rulers for territorial conquest, the region being naturally rich and obtaining income from the trade with the Middle East.[19] The Perumal kingdom had alternating friendly or hostile relations with the Cholas and the Pandyas.[9] The kingdom was attacked, and eventually forced into submission, by the Cholas in the early 11th century CE (in order to break the monopoly of trade with the Middle East).[9]\"A naval campaign led to the conquest of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and northern Sri Lanka, all of which were essential to the Chola control over trade with Southeast Asia and with Arabia and eastern Africa. These were the transit areas, ports of call for the Arab traders and ships to Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of the valuable spices sold at a high profit to Europe.\"— Romila Thapar, [20]The Perumal kingship remained nominal compared with the power that local chieftains, the so-called \"nattu-udaiyavar\" or \"nadu-vazhumavar\", exercised politically and militarily.[13][5] Chiefdoms under Chera Perumal rule, known as \"nadus\", are roughly comparable to the \"rashtra\" under the Rashtrakutas and \"padi\" under the Cholas.[13] These chieftains wielded militaristic authority over their country (even over the Brahmin temples and settlements in the nadu).[13] The udaiyavar chieftains were liable to serve the Chera Perumal in battles (against invading Pandyas and Cholas[5]) and the chiefdoms functioned as revenue collection units for the Chera kingdom.[13] The Chera Perumal only held direct authority over the country that extended from Palakkad to Vembanad Lake, including the port of Kodungallur.[13] Koyil Adhikarikal/Al Koyil, the Chera royal present in a chiefdom, collected regular dues (the attaikkol and arantai) from the chiefdoms for the Perumal at Kodungallur.[13]Bhakti saints Cheraman Perumal Nayanar and Kulasekhara Alvar are generally identified as Perumal kings of Kerala.[6][2] Shankaracharya, founder of the Vedanta advaita, is also traced to 8th century Kerala.[2] Copper-plate charters of the Perumals show grants to Jewish and Christian merchants of West Asia.[19] The West Asian Muslims had also established themselves as traders in the kingdom.[9] Merchant guilds such as manigramam, and anjuvannam were active in the Perumal kingdom.[21] The origin of the Malayalam language is also dated to the Chera Perumal period in Kerala.[21] Temple architecture style known as \"Kerala-Dravida\" can be seen from the 11th century CE.[22]In the 12th century, the Perumal kingdom was dissolved into several local powers. The Perumal dynasty was succeeded in south Kerala (Venad) by the Kulasekhara dynasty (whose kings were also known as the Cheras[23]).[24] In other parts of Kerala, chieftains of Kolathunad, Kozhikode and Kochi succeeded the Perumals.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewish_copper_plates_of_Cochin_-_(plate_I,_side_I)_(early_11th_century_AD).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jewish copper plates of Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_copper_plates_of_Cochin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_(south_India).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rajendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"Nambudiri-Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambudiri"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-25"},{"link_name":"Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nair"},{"link_name":"Kodungallur Bhagavathi Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur_Bhagavathy_Temple"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noburu_Karashmia_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-25"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noburu_Karashmia_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"}],"sub_title":"Organs of the Perumal state","text":"Jewish copper plates of Cochin (plate I, side I).Chola coin of king Rajendra, with legend \"Uttama Chola\", showing the Chera emblem (Bow, left to the Sitting Tiger).[citation needed]Koyil Adhikarikal or Ala Koyil was the Chera royal appointed to a chiefdom. This prince collected regular dues (the attaikkol and arantai) from the chiefdoms for the Chera Perumal.[13] The managers of the four Nambudiri-Brahmin temples around Kodungallur, known as the Nalu Thali, acted as Chera Perumal's permanent council or ministers.[25]The Thousand or the Ayiram were the personal Nair protection guards of the Chera Perumal king (related to the Kodungallur Bhagavathi Temple). They functioned as the 'companions of honour' of the Perumal.[2][6] Padai-nayakar or Padai-nair was the commander of the armed forces of the kingdom or a chiefdom.[25] The Hundred or the Nutruvar was the military organisation of each chiefdom (this body had no defined limits of territorial jurisdiction). The Hundred multiple generally indicated the number of households in the nadu that could join the militia.[13] The Shadow or the Nizhal were the personal protection guards of the udaiyavar. They functioned as the 'companions of honour' of the udaiyavar.[2][13] Prakrithi was a body of non-Brahmin or Vellala notables assisting the udaiyavar.[13] The Adhikarar were the temple or royal servants involved in management and collection of dues or a local arbitrator.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-26"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"Venadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venad_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-28"},{"link_name":"Venadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venad_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-28"},{"link_name":"Palakkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakkad"},{"link_name":"Vembanad Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vembanad_lake"},{"link_name":"Kodungallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur"},{"link_name":"Periyar Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_(river)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"}],"text":"Through the analysis of the medieval Kerala inscriptions relating to the Chera Perumal period, scholars have substantiated the existence of several chieftaincies. From north to south, they are as follows: Kolla-desam (or) Kolathu-nadu (proposed name[26]), Purakizha-nadu, Kurumporai-nadu, Erala-nadu, Valluva-nadu,[13] Kizhmalai-nadu (the Eastern Hill Country[27]), Vempala-nadu, Munji-nadu, Nanruzhai-nadu[13] and Venadu or Kupaka (Kollam[26]).[28]Kolathu-nadu came under the influence of the Perumals during the 11th century and Venadu was probably formed under the influence of the Perumals during the early 9th century.[13][28] The Perumal held direct authority over the country that extended from Palakkad to Vembanad Lake (including Kodungallur in the Periyar Valley).[13] Within this country, the nadus were present as militaristic/revenue units (with members of martial families serving the Perumal king appointed as the Udayaivar).[13]","title":"Major chieftaincies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Depiction_of_%22Cherman_Perumal%22_Nayanar_(Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Brihadisvara Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple"},{"link_name":"Thanjavur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanjavur"}],"text":"Depiction of \"Cherman Perumal\" Nayanar in Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur","title":"Chera Perumal genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noburu_Karashmia_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noburu_Karashmia_2014-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-13"}],"sub_title":"Abhisekanama","text":"An earlier version of conventional Kerala historiography had believed that the kings of the \"Second/Later Chera Empire\", or \"Kulasekhara Empire\" borne the specific abhisekanama \"Kulasekhara\" (hence \"Kulasekhara dynasty\").[2][12][13] However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s offered a major corrective to this.[2][12] The theories of a Chera \"empire\", propounded by the early writers, were rejected.[13]It was also discovered that the Chera Permal kings did not bear the specific abhisekanama \"Kulasekhara\".[13]","title":"Chera Perumal genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M. G. S. Narayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan"},{"link_name":"E. P. N. Kunjan Pillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamkulam_Kunjan_Pillai"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:99-43"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-17"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Chera Perumal genealogy","text":"Corrected by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972) from E. P. N. Kunjan Pillai (1963)[29][30] Recent corrections (2014 and 2020) on Narayanan are also employed.[15][17]^ Both Rajasimha and Raja Raja, from the Pandya inscriptions at Ambasamudram, were categorically identified as Chera Perumals by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972).[43] This was confirmed in a recent book edited by Kesavan Veluthat (2014).[17] The claim is disputed by Daud Ali (2007).[44]","title":"Chera Perumal genealogy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_(849_AD).jpg"},{"link_name":"Quilon Syrian copper plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates"},{"link_name":"Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthanu_Ravi_Kulasekhara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_-_plate_6_(9th_century_AD)..jpg"},{"link_name":"Quilon Syrian copper plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vazhappally_copper_plate_(9th_century_AD).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vazhappally copper plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazhappally_copper_plate"},{"link_name":"Rama Rajasekhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Rajasekhara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewish_copper_plates_of_Cochin_(c._1000_AD).png"},{"link_name":"Jewish copper plates of Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_copper_plates_of_Cochin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viraraghava_copper_plates_(1225_CE).jpg"},{"link_name":"Viraraghava copper plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viraraghava_copper_plates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thiruvalla_copper_plates_(India).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tiruvalla copper plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruvalla_copper_plates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perunna_inscription_of_Rama_Kulasekhara_(1099_AD).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rama Kulasekhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Kulasekhara"}],"text":"Quilon Syrian copper plates (Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQuilon Syrian copper plates (plate 6)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVazhappally copper plate (Rama Rajasekhara)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJewish copper plates of Cochin (Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tViraraghava copper plates (1225 CE) or Syrian Christian copper plates of Kottayam (Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTiruvalla copper plates\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPerunna inscription (Rama Kulasekhara)","title":"Chera Perumal epigraphic records"}]	[{"image_text":"Remains of the Thillaisthanam inscription (9th century CE, Aditya Chola)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thillaisthanam_inscription_%289th_century_AD%2C_Aditya_Chola%29.png/256px-Thillaisthanam_inscription_%289th_century_AD%2C_Aditya_Chola%29.png"},{"image_text":"Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple (northern entrance gateway)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ThiruvanchikulamTemp5_%28cropped%29.JPG/251px-ThiruvanchikulamTemp5_%28cropped%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fragmentary laterite walls, outside Thrikulasekharapuram Temple, Kodungallur (10th-11th centuries)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Laterite_walls%2C_outside_Thrikulasekharapuram_Temple%2C_Kodungallur.jpg/253px-Laterite_walls%2C_outside_Thrikulasekharapuram_Temple%2C_Kodungallur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jewish copper plates of Cochin (plate I, side I).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jewish_copper_plates_of_Cochin_-_%28plate_I%2C_side_I%29_%28early_11th_century_AD%29.jpg/263px-Jewish_copper_plates_of_Cochin_-_%28plate_I%2C_side_I%29_%28early_11th_century_AD%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chola coin of king Rajendra, with legend \"Uttama Chola\", showing the Chera emblem (Bow, left to the Sitting Tiger).[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_%28south_India%29.jpg/263px-Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_%28south_India%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Depiction of \"Cherman Perumal\" Nayanar in Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Depiction_of_%22Cherman_Perumal%22_Nayanar_%28Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/262px-Depiction_of_%22Cherman_Perumal%22_Nayanar_%28Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"The last Chera Perumal: Rama Kulasekhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Kulasekhara"},{"title":"Jewish copper plates of Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_copper_plates_of_Cochin"},{"title":"Quilon Syrian copper plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates"}]	[{"reference":"\"Cheraman Parambu - the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals of Chera dynasty\| Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam\". www.muzirisheritage.org. Retrieved 1 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muzirisheritage.org/cheraman-parambu.php","url_text":"\"Cheraman Parambu - the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals of Chera dynasty\| Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam\""}]},{"reference":"Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). \"Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State\". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9781108494571.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India","url_text":"The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108494571","url_text":"9781108494571"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rajputs\". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Rajputs#ref46892","url_text":"\"The Rajputs\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026483519342","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.muzirisheritage.org/cheraman-parambu.php","external_links_name":"\"Cheraman Parambu - the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals of Chera dynasty\| Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India","external_links_name":"The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6Uz0oQEACAAJ&q=Irreverent+History:+Essays+for+M.G.S.+Narayanan","external_links_name":"Irreverent History: Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Rajputs#ref46892","external_links_name":"\"The Rajputs\""},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/service-retinues-of-the-chola-court-a-study-of-the-term-velam-in-tamil-inscriptions/89BC54E804CCAFFD9CAA2C3EDF46F6A8","external_links_name":"The Service Retinues of the Chola Court: A Study of the Term Veḷam in Tamil Inscriptions"}]

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