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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Johnson_(disambiguation)	Phillip Johnson	["1 Sports","2 Law, politics, crime","3 Other","4 See also"]	Phillip, Philip, or Phil Johnson may refer to: Sports Phil Johnson (basketball, born 1941), former basketball player and coach Phil Johnson (basketball, born 1958), assistant men's basketball coach at UTEP since 2012 Tony Johnson (rower) (Philip Anthony Johnson, born 1940), American rower Philip Johnson (tennis) (born 1964), American tennis player Philip G. Johnson (horseman) (1925–2004), American horseman Philip Johnson (rugby league), rugby league footballer in England Law, politics, crime J. Philip Johnson (born 1938), North Dakota judge Phil Johnson (judge) (born 1944), justice of the Texas Supreme Court Philip Johnson (congressman) (1818–1867), U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania Phillip E. Johnson (1940–2019), professor of law and one of the founders of the intelligent design movement Philip Francis Johnson (1835–1926), Irish nationalist political labour activist Philip N. Johnson (born 1955), armored car guard who stole approximately $19 million Other Philip Johnson (1906–2005), American architect Philip Johnson (UK architect) (born 1972), UK architect Philip C. Johnson Jr. (1828–1887), U.S. Navy officer Philip G. Johnson (1894–1944), President of Boeing Philip S. Johnson (1953–2011), American violinist and thief of the Ames Stradivarius Philip Johnson (actor) (born 1991), American actor See also Philip Johnson-Laird (born 1936), professor of psychology Philip Johnston (disambiguation) Phil Johnston (footballer) (born 1990), Scottish footballer Phil Johnstone (born 1957), musician Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phillip Johnson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phil Johnson (basketball, born 1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Johnson_(basketball,_born_1941)"},{"link_name":"Phil Johnson (basketball, born 1958)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Johnson_(basketball,_born_1958)"},{"link_name":"Tony Johnson (rower)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Johnson_(rower)"},{"link_name":"Philip Johnson (tennis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Philip G. Johnson (horseman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_G._Johnson_(horseman)"},{"link_name":"Philip Johnson (rugby league)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson_(rugby_league)"}],"text":"Phil Johnson (basketball, born 1941), former basketball player and coach\nPhil Johnson (basketball, born 1958), assistant men's basketball coach at UTEP since 2012\nTony Johnson (rower) (Philip Anthony Johnson, born 1940), American rower\nPhilip Johnson (tennis) (born 1964), American tennis player\nPhilip G. Johnson (horseman) (1925–2004), American horseman\nPhilip Johnson (rugby league), rugby league footballer in England","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Philip Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Philip_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Phil Johnson (judge)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Johnson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Philip Johnson (congressman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson_(congressman)"},{"link_name":"Phillip E. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_E._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Philip Francis Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Francis_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Philip N. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_N._Johnson"}],"text":"J. Philip Johnson (born 1938), North Dakota judge\nPhil Johnson (judge) (born 1944), justice of the Texas Supreme Court\nPhilip Johnson (congressman) (1818–1867), U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania\nPhillip E. Johnson (1940–2019), professor of law and one of the founders of the intelligent design movement\nPhilip Francis Johnson (1835–1926), Irish nationalist political labour activist\nPhilip N. Johnson (born 1955), armored car guard who stole approximately $19 million","title":"Law, politics, crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Philip Johnson (UK architect)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson_(UK_architect)"},{"link_name":"Philip C. Johnson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_C._Johnson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Philip G. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_G._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Philip S. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_S._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Philip Johnson (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson_(actor)"}],"text":"Philip Johnson (1906–2005), American architect\nPhilip Johnson (UK architect) (born 1972), UK architect\nPhilip C. Johnson Jr. (1828–1887), U.S. Navy officer\nPhilip G. Johnson (1894–1944), President of Boeing\nPhilip S. Johnson (1953–2011), American violinist and thief of the Ames Stradivarius\nPhilip Johnson (actor) (born 1991), American actor","title":"Other"}]	[]	[{"title":"Philip Johnson-Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson-Laird"},{"title":"Philip Johnston (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnston_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Phil Johnston (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Johnston_(footballer)"},{"title":"Phil Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Johnstone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Phillip_Johnson&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Phillip_Johnson&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Woman%27s_Weekly	Jennie Scott Griffiths	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Fiji (1896–1912)","2.2 Australia (1913–1920)","2.3 United States (1920–1951)","3 Death and legacy","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"]	American journalist and rights activist Jennie Scott GriffithsGriffiths, Brisbane, 1920BornJennie Scott Wilson(1875-10-30)October 30, 1875Woodville, Texas, U.S.DiedJune 29, 1951(1951-06-29) (aged 75)San Francisco, California, U.S.CitizenshipUnited States (until 1897)United Kingdom (1897–1928)United States (from 1928)Occupation(s)Journalist, activistYears active1893–1951EmployersFiji TimesAustralian Woman's Weeklyfreelance writerKnown forFeminist, labor, and socialist organizingpacifismChildren10, including Ciwa Jennie Scott Griffiths (October 30, 1875 – June 29, 1951) was an American newspaper editor, journalist, and political and women's rights activist. Born in Texas, from the age of two, she performed as an orator and was a well-known elocutionist and child prodigy. Mostly homeschooled, she did attend formal institutions briefly and learned shorthand and typing. Her first job was typing the History of Texas from 1685 to 1892. Then she worked as a journalist and as a promoter for the Hagey Institute, which led to her traveling abroad. While on a world tour to promote the institute, she went to Fiji and married. Griffiths began editing for the Fiji Times, a newspaper owned by her husband. In 1913, the family moved to Australia where she became active in feminist, labor, and socialist organizations. As a pacifist, she opposed drafting personnel for war service. She wrote regularly for The Australian Worker and the socialist press. In the 1920s her family moved to San Francisco and naturalized as American citizens. She worked on the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration and continued publishing in journals like the Industrial Worker. She served as the secretary of the California branch of the National Woman's Party in the 1940s and lectured frequently in favor of the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. Her papers are housed in the National Library of Australia. Early life and education Jennie Scott Wilson was born on October 30, 1875, near Woodville, in a log cabin built by her father on the banks of Wolf Creek in Tyler County, Texas, to Laura (Cowart née Nettles) and Stephen Randolph Wilson. Her mother was from Louisiana, and her father, known as Randolph, was a cotton farmer from Tennessee. He had served in Hood's Texan Brigade of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War and her mother had lost all of her brothers in the conflict. After their marriage, the couple would have two daughters together, R. Ellen (b. 1874) and Jennie, who was named after a family friend. Wilson was the youngest child, very small for her age weighing only 14 pounds (6.4 kg) at nearly age three (as an adult she stood 4 feet 9 inches (145 cm)), and was considered a child prodigy in elocution. She began to deliver speeches when she was just two years old and went on to cover subjects such as temperance and spirituality when addressing veterans groups and Sunday schools. The orations were written by her father, or included well known works, such as Rose Hartwick Thorpe's Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight and Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven and were presented throughout the state. She also recited prose and poetry, for which newspapers reported about her remarkable memorization skills. At the end of her performances she collected offerings from the audience. The family moved to Limestone County, Texas, when she was young, first settling in Pottersville and later in Lost Prairie. When Wilson was twelve, the family moved again, settling in Huntsville, Texas. She enrolled in school for the first time there, but quickly rose to the top of the class and left, continuing her education with a tutor at home, studying the works of Edward Bellamy, Charles Darwin, Henry George, Thomas Huxley, and Thomas Paine. The family moved again in 1890 to Austin, and Wilson began learning shorthand and typing at a local business school. She did not finish the course, as she received a job offer to type John Henry Brown's History of Texas from 1685 to 1892. In 1893, she moved to San Antonio and began writing for and editing the youth column of the journal Texas Farmer. Simultaneously, she also began working as a court reporter and became involved in the work of the Hagey Institute, an organization which promised to cure alcoholism and narcotic addiction. Her main income came from her promotional work with Hagey, frequently traveling from Texas to California, Colorado, and Mexico over the next three years on their behalf. Career Fiji (1896–1912) In 1896, Wilson left Texas with her half-brother Thomas Cowart and his family to promote the establishment of Hagey Institutes internationally. After stopping in Honolulu, Hawaii, the group made their way to Auckland, New Zealand, before arriving in Suva, Fiji. Upon her arrival, she met Arthur George Griffiths, oldest son of the editor of the Fiji Times newspaper. Arthur proposed to her upon their meeting and despite her brother's protests, the two were married the following day, November 9, 1897, at the Holy Trinity Anglican Cathedral, in Suva. Under the nationality laws in place at the time, United States nationals who were women, lost their nationality upon marriage, as it was assumed that they acquired the nationality of their husband. Because of the legislation, Wilson lost her United States' citizenship. Fiji, at the time was a British colony and under the Fijian nationality law, Europeans living in Fiji were British subjects. Under terms of the British Aliens Act 1844, foreign women marrying British husbands became British subjects. The couple would have ten children together: Randolph (1898), Tom (1900), Don (1901), Max (1902), Laura (1903), Leonard (1905), Stephen (1907), Leonie (1908), Ciwa (1911), and Hazel (1913). Despite her duties as a mother, Griffiths became a contributor and editor at the Fiji Times, out of financial necessity. The couple engaged a nanny to help with the children and both Arthur and she worked as unpaid help to keep the paper going. When Jennie's father-in-law George Littleton Griffiths died in 1908, Arthur inherited the businesses. He had little training in writing, as he had focused on the management side of the business and keeping the equipment running. As Griffiths' experience was in writing, she took over editing the paper and wrote a regular column "Passing Notes", a society page, as well as reporting on the news, including coverage of foreign events and the legislature. Arthur was not suited to running the business and because of a lack of schooling opportunities, Griffiths urged him to sell it so that they could relocate to Australia in 1912. Australia (1913–1920) "Australian Woman's Weekly" redirects here. Not to be confused with The Australian Women's Weekly. Arthur invested the proceeds from the sale in a large house in Sydney and the B & R Motor Company. The business went bankrupt, causing them to have to move. As the children reached the age of fourteen, each had to go to work to help with the family finances. Three months after having given birth to her last child in 1913, Griffiths went to work at Australian Woman's Weekly, a women's journal which was operated by Denton & Spencer from 1911 to 1921 before folding. The paper focused on household hints, fashion, handicrafts, and short fiction pieces. Under her editorship, Griffiths began to add articles on professional women and employment issues, as well as political and social movements. Eventually, she added more radical commentary in an opinion column which covered issues such as cooperative child care centers and kitchens to help the poor, the plight of unemployed women immigrants, equal pay, child welfare programs, legal reforms of divorce laws, women's participation in politics, sexual hygiene and birth control. By 1915, Griffiths was publishing articles in other journals and newspapers like The Australian Worker, Sydney's The International Socialist and The Sunday Times, which allowed her to express her pacifist and socialist views. By 1916, she was publishing more articles on feminism and politics in other journals than she was writing for Australian Woman's Weekly. In the debates on the draft, which emerged in women's groups in 1916 and 1917 after Australia entered into World War I, she argued strongly against the policy. She joined organizations like the Australian Labor Party, Social Democratic League, the Women's Anti-Conscription Committee, and the Women's Peace Army and actively took an anti-war stance. She participated in peace demonstrations, petition drives, and used her skill from her youth as an elocution performer to speak perched upon boxes in the street proclaiming the evils of war and its ties to power and wealth for those who benefited from the profits of increased manufacturing of weapons and other war-related products. These activities led the publishers of the Australian Woman's Weekly to fire her in October 1916. After her termination, Griffiths was unable to find permanent employment and took assignments to write articles for numerous papers both in and out of Australia. In addition to publishing in the Sunday Times, the International Socialist and Brisbane's Daily Standard, she wrote articles on feminism and against the war for Britain's Social Democrat and Chicago's Industrial Worker. She also wrote articles criticizing racism and the prosecution of people who opposed the war. Federal policies in favor of the war, the uncertain employment of both herself and Arthur, and the fact that T. J. Ryan, Premier of Queensland, was the only remaining Labor Party leader in power, convinced Griffiths to move to Queensland in 1917, where the family settled in Brisbane. She became very active there, speaking at meetings in support of the Bolshevik revolution, International Workers' Day, and the Sydney Twelve, members of the Industrial Workers of the World who had been arrested and charged with treason. She attempted to revive the Queensland Socialist League and was involved in the Red Flag riots, both in sewing banners and participating in demonstrations. When participants in the March 1919 protest were arrested, she campaigned for their release, but was disillusioned by the Australian turn toward conservatism and decided after the prisoner release to return to the United States. United States (1920–1951) In June 1920, Griffiths returned to Texas, first settling in San Benito in Cameron County. Family members followed a few at a time over several months, with some of the boys taking positions as crew on sailing vessels to pay for their passage. Two of her sons, Randolph and Don, remained behind in Australia. In 1922, they were back in San Antonio, and Griffiths was campaigning for the pardon of George McKinley Grace, a Black man who had been found guilty of assaulting a White woman. Griffiths and his other supporters opposed his hanging, believing that he was wrongfully convicted, but they were unsuccessful. Unable to make a living there, by 1923 the family had moved to San Francisco, California. She became a regular contributor of poetry to the Industrial Worker and wrote for the San Francisco Examiner and other local newspapers. She was involved in speaking engagements and activities of the Children's Protection Society, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, the Women's Peace Union, and the National Woman's Party. In 1928, she regained her United States nationality, when she and Arthur naturalized. During the 1930s Griffiths was recognized in the book American Women Poets of 1937 published by Henry Harrison in 1937 and was involved in the California division of the Federal Writers' Project for the Works Progress Administration. She gave lectures and worked for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment in the 1940s and in 1943 was elected as secretary-treasurer of the California branch of the National Woman's Party. Griffiths was one of the featured lecturers on women's gains toward equality for the National Woman's Party's commemoration of Susan B. Anthony's 125th birthday in 1945. In 1947, she was one of the women honored by the National Woman's Party for their work to gain suffrage and advance women's rights and in 1949, she was the California delegate to the party convention. Death and legacy Griffiths died on June 29, 1951, in San Francisco and was buried on July 2 at the Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Colma, California. Her papers were donated to the National Library of Australia in 1993. The leather bag which was presented to her by the Red Flag prisoners, for whose release she had pressed, is also part of the collection of her memorabilia at the National Library. Griffiths is remembered as an activist who championed equal opportunity and equal rights for women, in part because she was often the main breadwinner in her family and in part because of her beliefs and idealism to defend those she felt had been wronged by social conventions and injustice. Her daughter, Ciwa, became a pioneering speech therapist who founded the HEAR Center in California and spent her career advocating for the use of technology and speech education to help people with hearing difficulties. Notes ^ Laura had previously been married to William J. Cowart and had four children with him: Thomas (b. 1860), John (b. 1862), William (b. 1864), and James (b. 1866). Randolph had previously been married to Rachael A Charlton with whom he had three children: Mary (b. 1854), J.C. (b. 1856), and Sarah (b. 1864). ^ Wilson later claimed that she enrolled in law school in 1890, at the University of Texas at Austin, but left before graduating because women were not allowed to practice law. The university credits Ella Crim Lynch as the first woman to enroll in 1906, in their law school and the Texas District and County Attorneys Association confirms that women could not be licensed until 1913. A 1909 newspaper story about Griffiths published in The Panola Watchman indicates only that she attended business school in Austin when she was sixteen. Law school records for the University of Texas do not show Wilson as a student, but do show her half-brother Thomas Cowart as a student in 1892. T. H. Irving, who wrote the entry on Griffiths for the Australian Dictionary of Biography, speculated that she might have learned law from her brother. ^ Per Clarke, the Australian Woman's Weekly published by Denton & Spencer had no affiliation with the current magazine The Australian Women's Weekly which was founded in 1931. References Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Irving 2002. ^ a b c d e f g Clarke 2016, p. 1. ^ a b c d e f g h i The Panola Watchman 1909, p. 7. ^ a b US Census 1860, p. 37. ^ US Census 1870b, p. 68. ^ Marriage Records 1854. ^ US Census 1870a, p. 1. ^ a b US Census 1880, p. 32. ^ The Daily Express 1906, p. 7. ^ The San Antonio Light 1884, p. 1. ^ The Fort Worth Daily Gazette 1888, p. 6. ^ Clarke 2016, pp. 1–2. ^ University of Texas at Austin 2021. ^ Kaspar 2014. ^ Tarlton Law Library 2021. ^ a b c d e f Clarke 2016, p. 2. ^ The Democrat 1893, p. 3. ^ The Weimar Mercury 1898, p. 7. ^ Sapiro 1984, p. 9. ^ Smith 1998, p. 1. ^ a b c d e f g h Clarke 2016, p. 12. ^ Fransman 2011, p. 925. ^ Newbury 2011, p. 45. ^ Llewellyn-Jones 1929, p. 122. ^ Clarke 2016, p. 3. ^ Clarke 2016, pp. 3–4. ^ a b Clarke 2016, p. 4. ^ a b Clarke 2016, pp. 5, 8. ^ Clarke 2016, p. 5. ^ a b Clarke 2016, p. 6. ^ a b c Clarke 2016, p. 8. ^ Clarke 2016, p. 7. ^ Clarke 2016, pp. 8–9. ^ Clarke 2016, p. 9. ^ Clarke 2016, pp. 9–10. ^ Clarke 2016, p. 10. ^ a b c Clarke 2016, p. 11. ^ The Worker 1920, p. 20. ^ The Austin American 1922a, p. 13. ^ The Austin American 1922b, p. 8. ^ The San Francisco Examiner 1951, p. 27. ^ The Peninsula Times Tribune 1925, p. 1. ^ The Press Democrat 1937, p. 11. ^ The Peninsula Times Tribune 1943, p. 8. ^ Los Angeles Daily News 1943, p. 25. ^ The Oakland Tribune 1945, p. 35. ^ The Oakland Tribune 1947, p. 4. ^ The Washington Post 1949, p. 22. ^ The Peninsula Times Tribune 1951, p. 9. ^ National Library of Australia 1993. ^ Clarke 2016, pp. 12–13. ^ Leisure World News 2004, p. 37. Bibliography Clarke, Patricia (December 2016). "Jennie Scott Griffiths: How A Conservative Texan Became a Radical Socialist and Feminist in World War I Australia". ISAA Review. 15 (2). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Independent Scholars Association of Australia: 31–51. ISSN 1444-0881. OCLC 8600186764. Retrieved September 19, 2022. (Cited page numbers refer to on-line version) Fransman, Laurie (2011). Fransman's British Nationality Law (3rd ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex: Bloomsbury Professional. ISBN 978-1-84592-095-1. Irving, T. H. (2002). "Scott Griffiths, Jennie (1875–1951)". In Ritchie, John; Langmore, Diane (eds.). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 16: 1940-1980, Pik–Z. Acton, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84997-4. Retrieved September 18, 2022. Kaspar, Lori J. (March–April 2014). "Meet Nellie Gray Robertson, the First Female County Attorney in Texas". The Texas Prosecutor. Austin, Texas: Texas District and County Attorneys Association. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022. Llewellyn-Jones, Frederick (1929). "The Nationality of Married Women". Transactions of the Grotius Society. 15. London: Grotius Society: 121–138. ISSN 1479-1234. JSTOR 742756. OCLC 5544683551. Retrieved March 25, 2021. Newbury, Colin (June 2011). "History, Hermeneutics and Fijian Ethnic 'Paramountcy': Reflections on the Deed of Cession of 1874". The Journal of Pacific History. 46 (1). London: Taylor & Francis: 27–57. doi:10.1080/00223344.2011.573631. ISSN 0022-3344. JSTOR 41343775. OCLC 7973272270. S2CID 142204566. Retrieved May 2, 2021. Sapiro, Virginia (March 1984). "Women, Citizenship, and Nationality: Immigration and Naturalization Policies in the United States". Politics & Society. 13 (1). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 1–26. doi:10.1177/003232928401300101. ISSN 0032-3292. OCLC 4650679194. S2CID 153555230. Retrieved December 11, 2020. Smith, Marian L. (Summer 1998). "'Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married...': Women and Naturalization, ca. 1802–1940". Prologue Magazine. 30 (2). Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration: 146–153, part 1, part 2. ISSN 0033-1031. OCLC 208742006. "1860 US Census, Jasper County, Texas". FamilySearch. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. August 3, 1860. p. 37. NARA Microfilm series #M653, Roll 1298, lines 37–40. Retrieved September 18, 2022.(subscription required) "1870 US Census, Woodville, Tyler County, Texas". FamilySearch. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 13, 1870. p. 1. NARA Microfilm series #M593, Roll 1606, lines 16–20. Retrieved September 18, 2022.(subscription required) "1870 US Census, Tyler County, Texas". FamilySearch. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. July 16, 1870. p. 68. NARA Microfilm series #M593, Roll 1606, lines 36–40. Retrieved September 18, 2022.(subscription required) "1880 US Census, Limestone County, Texas". FamilySearch. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 14, 1880. p. 32. NARA Microfilm series #T9, Roll 1317, lines 9–16. Retrieved September 18, 2022.(subscription required) "Council Names New Officers". Los Angeles Daily News. Los Angeles, California. June 2, 1943. p. 25. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. "Died at Age of 71". The Daily Express. Vol. 41, no. 269. San Antonio, Texas. September 26, 1906. p. 7. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via The Portal to Texas History. "Dr. Ciwa Griffiths". Leisure World News. Laguna Hills, California. January 8, 2004. p. 37. Retrieved September 21, 2022 – via Newspaperarchive.com. "Equal Rights". The Washington Post. No. 26594. Washington, D.C. April 8, 1949. p. 22. Retrieved September 21, 2022. "Grace to Hang Neff Decides". The Austin American. Vol. 8, no. 211. Austin, Texas. January 4, 1922. p. 8. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via The Portal to Texas History. "Guide to the Papers of Jennie Scott Griffiths". Trove. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: National Library of Australia. 1993. MS 1071 et al. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2022. "History-Makers: The First Women At Texas Law". University of Texas School of Law. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin. March 8, 2021. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022. "Jennie Scott Wilson". The San Antonio Light. San Antonio, Texas. March 20, 1884. p. 1. Retrieved September 19, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. "Miss Jennie Scott Wilson". The Democrat. Mckinney, Texas. August 17, 1893. p. 3. Retrieved September 19, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. "Mrs.Griffiths Rites Held". The San Francisco Examiner. San Francisco, California. July 3, 1951. p. 27. Retrieved September 18, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. "Mrs. Jennie Griffiths, Kin of Wilson Dies". The Peninsula Times Tribune. Palo Alto, California. July 3, 1951. p. 9. Retrieved September 18, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. "Pioneers of Suffrage To Be Honored at Reception". The Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California, California. November 22, 1947. p. 4. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. "Printed on Bark". The Weimar Mercury. Weimar, Texas. January 22, 1898. p. 7. Retrieved September 19, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. "Seek Pardon in Death Case". The Austin American. Vol. 8, no. 209. Austin, Texas. January 1, 1922. p. 13. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via The Portal to Texas History. "Sumner County, Tennessee Marriage Records: Charlton/Wilson". FamilySearch. Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee State Library and Archives. July 25, 1854. Sumner County, 1850–1859, volume L-Z. Retrieved September 18, 2022.(subscription required) "Texas Girl in Fiji Islands". The Panola Watchman. Vol. 37, no. 2. Carthage, Texas. July 21, 1909. p. 7. Retrieved September 19, 2022 – via The Portal to Texas History. "The Department of Law 1890-1899". Tarlton Law Library. Austin, Texas: University of Texas School of Law. 2021. pp. 1890, 1891, 1892. Archived from the original on September 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022. "Woman's Party Hears Debate on Equality Bill". The Peninsula Times Tribune. Palo Alto, California. March 12, 1943. p. 8. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. "Woman's Party Honor Founder". The Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California, California. February 11, 1945. p. 35. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. "Women's Successes, Responsibilities Are Outlined by Speaker". The Peninsula Times Tribune. Palo Alto, California. January 9, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. "Woman's Ways". The Worker. Brisbane, Queensland. November 25, 1920. p. 20. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via Trove. "Women Poets Known in Bay Cities Recorded in Book". The Press Democrat. Vol. 81, no. 309. Santa Rosa, California. December 26, 1937. p. 11. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection. "Woodville". The Fort Worth Daily Gazette. Fort Worth, Texas. January 14, 1888. p. 6. Retrieved September 19, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. External links Photographs Authority control databases International VIAF National Australia People Australia Australian Women's Register Trove Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"child prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prodigy"},{"link_name":"homeschooled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling"},{"link_name":"Hagey Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hagey_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fiji Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_Times"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"},{"link_name":"drafting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"The Australian Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Worker"},{"link_name":"Federal Writers' Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"Industrial Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Worker"},{"link_name":"National Woman's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"National Library of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia"}],"text":"American journalist and rights activistJennie Scott Griffiths (October 30, 1875 – June 29, 1951) was an American newspaper editor, journalist, and political and women's rights activist. Born in Texas, from the age of two, she performed as an orator and was a well-known elocutionist and child prodigy. Mostly homeschooled, she did attend formal institutions briefly and learned shorthand and typing. Her first job was typing the History of Texas from 1685 to 1892. Then she worked as a journalist and as a promoter for the Hagey Institute, which led to her traveling abroad. While on a world tour to promote the institute, she went to Fiji and married. Griffiths began editing for the Fiji Times, a newspaper owned by her husband. In 1913, the family moved to Australia where she became active in feminist, labor, and socialist organizations. As a pacifist, she opposed drafting personnel for war service. She wrote regularly for The Australian Worker and the socialist press. In the 1920s her family moved to San Francisco and naturalized as American citizens. She worked on the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration and continued publishing in journals like the Industrial Worker. She served as the secretary of the California branch of the National Woman's Party in the 1940s and lectured frequently in favor of the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. Her papers are housed in the National Library of Australia.","title":"Jennie Scott Griffiths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tyler County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20161-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Panola_Watchman''19097-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Census186037-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"Hood's Texan Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Confederate Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20161-2"},{"link_name":"[Notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20161-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Census188032-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Daily_Express''19067-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Panola_Watchman''19097-3"},{"link_name":"child prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prodigy"},{"link_name":"elocution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20161-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Panola_Watchman''19097-3"},{"link_name":"temperance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20161-2"},{"link_name":"Rose Hartwick Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Hartwick_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew_Must_Not_Ring_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"The Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raven"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20161-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Panola_Watchman''19097-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_San_Antonio_Light''18841-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Fort_Worth_Daily_Gazette''18886-12"},{"link_name":"offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratuity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Panola_Watchman''19097-3"},{"link_name":"Limestone County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pottersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oletha,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Panola_Watchman''19097-3"},{"link_name":"Huntsville, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20161-2"},{"link_name":"Edward Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Henry George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George"},{"link_name":"Thomas Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley"},{"link_name":"Thomas Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Panola_Watchman''19097-3"},{"link_name":"[Notes 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"John Henry Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Brown"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Panola_Watchman''19097-3"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20162-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Democrat''18933-19"},{"link_name":"Hagey Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hagey_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20162-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20162-18"}],"text":"Jennie Scott Wilson was born on October 30, 1875, near Woodville, in a log cabin built by her father on the banks of Wolf Creek in Tyler County, Texas, to Laura (Cowart née Nettles) and Stephen Randolph Wilson.[1][2][3] Her mother was from Louisiana,[4] and her father, known as Randolph, was a cotton farmer from Tennessee.[1] He had served in Hood's Texan Brigade of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War and her mother had lost all of her brothers in the conflict.[2][Notes 1] After their marriage, the couple would have two daughters together, R. Ellen (b. 1874) and Jennie,[2][8][9] who was named after a family friend.[3]Wilson was the youngest child, very small for her age weighing only 14 pounds (6.4 kg) at nearly age three (as an adult she stood 4 feet 9 inches (145 cm)), and was considered a child prodigy in elocution.[2][3] She began to deliver speeches when she was just two years old and went on to cover subjects such as temperance and spirituality when addressing veterans groups and Sunday schools.[2] The orations were written by her father, or included well known works, such as Rose Hartwick Thorpe's Curfew Must Not Ring Tonight and Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven and were presented throughout the state.[2][3] She also recited prose and poetry, for which newspapers reported about her remarkable memorization skills.[10][11] At the end of her performances she collected offerings from the audience.[3] The family moved to Limestone County, Texas, when she was young, first settling in Pottersville and later in Lost Prairie.[3]When Wilson was twelve, the family moved again, settling in Huntsville, Texas. She enrolled in school for the first time there, but quickly rose to the top of the class and left,[2] continuing her education with a tutor at home, studying the works of Edward Bellamy, Charles Darwin, Henry George, Thomas Huxley, and Thomas Paine.[1] The family moved again in 1890 to Austin, and Wilson began learning shorthand and typing at a local business school.[3][Notes 2] She did not finish the course, as she received a job offer to type John Henry Brown's History of Texas from 1685 to 1892.[3] In 1893, she moved to San Antonio and began writing for and editing the youth column of the journal Texas Farmer.[16][17] Simultaneously, she also began working as a court reporter and became involved in the work of the Hagey Institute, an organization which promised to cure alcoholism and narcotic addiction.[1][16] Her main income came from her promotional work with Hagey, frequently traveling from Texas to California, Colorado, and Mexico over the next three years on their behalf.[16]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Suva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20162-18"},{"link_name":"Fiji Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_Times"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20162-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Weimar_Mercury''18987-20"},{"link_name":"nationality laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESapiro19849-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19981-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201612-23"},{"link_name":"Fijian nationality law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFransman2011925-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewbury201145-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones1929122-26"},{"link_name":"Ciwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwa_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20162-18"},{"link_name":"George Littleton Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Littleton_Griffiths&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20163-27"},{"link_name":"society page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_reporting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20163%E2%80%934-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20164-29"}],"sub_title":"Fiji (1896–1912)","text":"In 1896, Wilson left Texas with her half-brother Thomas Cowart and his family to promote the establishment of Hagey Institutes internationally. After stopping in Honolulu, Hawaii, the group made their way to Auckland, New Zealand, before arriving in Suva, Fiji.[16] Upon her arrival, she met Arthur George Griffiths, oldest son of the editor of the Fiji Times newspaper. Arthur proposed to her upon their meeting and despite her brother's protests, the two were married the following day, November 9, 1897, at the Holy Trinity Anglican Cathedral, in Suva.[16][18] Under the nationality laws in place at the time, United States nationals who were women, lost their nationality upon marriage, as it was assumed that they acquired the nationality of their husband.[19][20] Because of the legislation, Wilson lost her United States' citizenship.[21] Fiji, at the time was a British colony and under the Fijian nationality law, Europeans living in Fiji were British subjects.[22][23] Under terms of the British Aliens Act 1844, foreign women marrying British husbands became British subjects.[24] The couple would have ten children together: Randolph (1898), Tom (1900), Don (1901), Max (1902), Laura (1903), Leonard (1905), Stephen (1907), Leonie (1908), Ciwa (1911), and Hazel (1913).[1][16]Despite her duties as a mother, Griffiths became a contributor and editor at the Fiji Times, out of financial necessity. The couple engaged a nanny to help with the children and both Arthur and she worked as unpaid help to keep the paper going. When Jennie's father-in-law George Littleton Griffiths died in 1908, Arthur inherited the businesses. He had little training in writing, as he had focused on the management side of the business and keeping the equipment running.[25] As Griffiths' experience was in writing, she took over editing the paper and wrote a regular column \"Passing Notes\", a society page, as well as reporting on the news, including coverage of foreign events and the legislature.[1][26] Arthur was not suited to running the business and because of a lack of schooling opportunities, Griffiths urged him to sell it so that they could relocate to Australia in 1912.[27]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Australian Women's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Women%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20164-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20165,_8-30"},{"link_name":"[Notes 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20165-32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20166-33"},{"link_name":"The Australian Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Worker"},{"link_name":"The International Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Socialist_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20166-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20168-34"},{"link_name":"the draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia entered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20167-35"},{"link_name":"Australian Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Women's Peace Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Peace_Army"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20168-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20168-34"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Daily Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Standard_(Brisbane)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Industrial Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Worker"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20168%E2%80%939-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20169-37"},{"link_name":"T. J. Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._J._Ryan"},{"link_name":"Premier of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20169%E2%80%9310-38"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik_revolution"},{"link_name":"International Workers' Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day"},{"link_name":"Sydney Twelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Twelve"},{"link_name":"Industrial Workers of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"Red Flag riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Flag_riots"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201610-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201611-40"}],"sub_title":"Australia (1913–1920)","text":"\"Australian Woman's Weekly\" redirects here. Not to be confused with The Australian Women's Weekly.Arthur invested the proceeds from the sale in a large house in Sydney and the B & R Motor Company. The business went bankrupt, causing them to have to move. As the children reached the age of fourteen, each had to go to work to help with the family finances.[27] Three months after having given birth to her last child in 1913, Griffiths went to work at Australian Woman's Weekly, a women's journal which was operated by Denton & Spencer from 1911 to 1921 before folding.[28][Notes 3] The paper focused on household hints, fashion, handicrafts, and short fiction pieces. Under her editorship, Griffiths began to add articles on professional women and employment issues, as well as political and social movements.[29] Eventually, she added more radical commentary in an opinion column which covered issues such as cooperative child care centers and kitchens to help the poor, the plight of unemployed women immigrants, equal pay, child welfare programs, legal reforms of divorce laws, women's participation in politics, sexual hygiene and birth control.[1][30]By 1915, Griffiths was publishing articles in other journals and newspapers like The Australian Worker, Sydney's The International Socialist and The Sunday Times, which allowed her to express her pacifist and socialist views.[30] By 1916, she was publishing more articles on feminism and politics in other journals than she was writing for Australian Woman's Weekly.[31] In the debates on the draft, which emerged in women's groups in 1916 and 1917 after Australia entered into World War I, she argued strongly against the policy.[32] She joined organizations like the Australian Labor Party, Social Democratic League, the Women's Anti-Conscription Committee, and the Women's Peace Army and actively took an anti-war stance. She participated in peace demonstrations, petition drives, and used her skill from her youth as an elocution performer to speak perched upon boxes in the street proclaiming the evils of war and its ties to power and wealth for those who benefited from the profits of increased manufacturing of weapons and other war-related products.[31] These activities led the publishers of the Australian Woman's Weekly to fire her in October 1916.[31]After her termination, Griffiths was unable to find permanent employment and took assignments to write articles for numerous papers both in and out of Australia. In addition to publishing in the Sunday Times, the International Socialist and Brisbane's Daily Standard, she wrote articles on feminism and against the war for Britain's Social Democrat and Chicago's Industrial Worker.[33] She also wrote articles criticizing racism and the prosecution of people who opposed the war.[34] Federal policies in favor of the war, the uncertain employment of both herself and Arthur, and the fact that T. J. Ryan, Premier of Queensland, was the only remaining Labor Party leader in power, convinced Griffiths to move to Queensland in 1917, where the family settled in Brisbane.[1][35] She became very active there, speaking at meetings in support of the Bolshevik revolution, International Workers' Day, and the Sydney Twelve, members of the Industrial Workers of the World who had been arrested and charged with treason.[1] She attempted to revive the Queensland Socialist League and was involved in the Red Flag riots, both in sewing banners and participating in demonstrations.[1][36] When participants in the March 1919 protest were arrested, she campaigned for their release, but was disillusioned by the Australian turn toward conservatism and decided after the prisoner release to return to the United States.[37]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cameron County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Worker''192020-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201611-40"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201612-23"},{"link_name":"wrongfully convicted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Austin_American''1922a13-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Austin_American''1922b8-43"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201612-23"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201612-23"},{"link_name":"Women's International League for Peace and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Women's Peace Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Peace_Union"},{"link_name":"National Woman's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201612-23"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_San_Francisco_Examiner''195127-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Peninsula_Times_Tribune''19251-45"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201612-23"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Press_Democrat''193711-46"},{"link_name":"Federal Writers' Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Peninsula_Times_Tribune''19438-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Los_Angeles_Daily_News''194325-48"},{"link_name":"Susan B. Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201612-23"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Oakland_Tribune''194535-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Oakland_Tribune''19474-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post''194922-51"}],"sub_title":"United States (1920–1951)","text":"In June 1920, Griffiths returned to Texas, first settling in San Benito in Cameron County.[1][38] Family members followed a few at a time over several months, with some of the boys taking positions as crew on sailing vessels to pay for their passage.[37] Two of her sons, Randolph and Don, remained behind in Australia.[21] In 1922, they were back in San Antonio, and Griffiths was campaigning for the pardon of George McKinley Grace, a Black man who had been found guilty of assaulting a White woman. Griffiths and his other supporters opposed his hanging, believing that he was wrongfully convicted, but they were unsuccessful.[39][40] Unable to make a living there, by 1923 the family had moved to San Francisco, California.[1][21] She became a regular contributor of poetry to the Industrial Worker and wrote for the San Francisco Examiner and other local newspapers.[21] She was involved in speaking engagements and activities of the Children's Protection Society, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, the Women's Peace Union, and the National Woman's Party.[21][41][42] In 1928, she regained her United States nationality, when she and Arthur naturalized.[1][21]During the 1930s Griffiths was recognized in the book American Women Poets of 1937 published by Henry Harrison in 1937[43] and was involved in the California division of the Federal Writers' Project for the Works Progress Administration.[1] She gave lectures and worked for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment in the 1940s and in 1943 was elected as secretary-treasurer of the California branch of the National Woman's Party.[44][45] Griffiths was one of the featured lecturers on women's gains toward equality for the National Woman's Party's commemoration of Susan B. Anthony's 125th birthday in 1945.[21][46] In 1947, she was one of the women honored by the National Woman's Party for their work to gain suffrage and advance women's rights and in 1949, she was the California delegate to the party convention.[47][48]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn_Memorial_Park_Cemetery_(Colma,_California)"},{"link_name":"Colma, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colma,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Peninsula_Times_Tribune''19519-52"},{"link_name":"National Library of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Library_of_Australia1993-53"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201611-40"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201612%E2%80%9313-54"},{"link_name":"speech therapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_therapist"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201612-23"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Leisure_World_News''200437-55"}],"text":"Griffiths died on June 29, 1951, in San Francisco and was buried on July 2 at the Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Colma, California.[1][49] Her papers were donated to the National Library of Australia in 1993.[50] The leather bag which was presented to her by the Red Flag prisoners, for whose release she had pressed, is also part of the collection of her memorabilia at the National Library.[37] Griffiths is remembered as an activist who championed equal opportunity and equal rights for women, in part because she was often the main breadwinner in her family and in part because of her beliefs and idealism to defend those she felt had been wronged by social conventions and injustice.[51] Her daughter, Ciwa, became a pioneering speech therapist who founded the HEAR Center in California and spent her career advocating for the use of technology and speech education to help people with hearing difficulties.[21][52]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Census186037-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Census1870b68-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarriage_Records1854-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Census1870a1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Census188032-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20161%E2%80%932-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Texas_at_Austin2021-14"},{"link_name":"Texas District and County Attorneys Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_District_and_County_Attorneys_Association"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaspar2014-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Panola_Watchman''19097-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarlton_Law_Library2021-16"},{"link_name":"Australian Dictionary of Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2002-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke20165,_8-30"}],"text":"^ Laura had previously been married to William J. Cowart and had four children with him: Thomas (b. 1860), John (b. 1862), William (b. 1864), and James (b. 1866).[4][5] Randolph had previously been married to Rachael A Charlton with whom he had three children: Mary (b. 1854), J.C. (b. 1856), and Sarah (b. 1864).[6][7][8]\n\n^ Wilson later claimed that she enrolled in law school in 1890, at the University of Texas at Austin, but left before graduating because women were not allowed to practice law.[1][12] The university credits Ella Crim Lynch as the first woman to enroll in 1906, in their law school[13] and the Texas District and County Attorneys Association confirms that women could not be licensed until 1913.[14] A 1909 newspaper story about Griffiths published in The Panola Watchman indicates only that she attended business school in Austin when she was sixteen.[3] Law school records for the University of Texas do not show Wilson as a student, but do show her half-brother Thomas Cowart as a student in 1892.[15] T. H. Irving, who wrote the entry on Griffiths for the Australian Dictionary of Biography, speculated that she might have learned law from her brother.[1]\n\n^ Per Clarke, the Australian Woman's Weekly published by Denton & Spencer had no affiliation with the current magazine The Australian Women's Weekly which was founded in 1931.[28]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Clarke, Patricia (December 2016). \"Jennie Scott Griffiths: How A Conservative Texan Became a Radical Socialist and Feminist in World War I Australia\". ISAA Review. 15 (2). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Independent Scholars Association of Australia: 31–51. ISSN 1444-0881. OCLC 8600186764. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Clarke_(historian)","url_text":"Clarke, Patricia"},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/41948189","url_text":"\"Jennie Scott Griffiths: How A Conservative Texan Became a Radical Socialist and Feminist in World War I Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1444-0881","url_text":"1444-0881"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8600186764","url_text":"8600186764"}]},{"reference":"Fransman, Laurie (2011). Fransman's British Nationality Law (3rd ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex: Bloomsbury Professional. ISBN 978-1-84592-095-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Professional","url_text":"Bloomsbury Professional"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84592-095-1","url_text":"978-1-84592-095-1"}]},{"reference":"Irving, T. H. (2002). \"Scott Griffiths, Jennie (1875–1951)\". In Ritchie, John; Langmore, Diane (eds.). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 16: 1940-1980, Pik–Z. Acton, Australian Capital Territory: Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84997-4. Retrieved September 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/scott-griffiths-jennie-11641","url_text":"\"Scott Griffiths, Jennie (1875–1951)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84997-4","url_text":"978-0-522-84997-4"}]},{"reference":"Kaspar, Lori J. (March–April 2014). \"Meet Nellie Gray Robertson, the First Female County Attorney in Texas\". The Texas Prosecutor. Austin, Texas: Texas District and County Attorneys Association. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tdcaa.com/journal/meet-nellie-gray-robertson-the-first-female-county-attorney-in-texas/","url_text":"\"Meet Nellie Gray Robertson, the First Female County Attorney in Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_District_and_County_Attorneys_Association","url_text":"Texas District and County Attorneys Association"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211020103155/https://www.tdcaa.com/journal/meet-nellie-gray-robertson-the-first-female-county-attorney-in-texas/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Llewellyn-Jones, Frederick (1929). \"The Nationality of Married Women\". Transactions of the Grotius Society. 15. London: Grotius Society: 121–138. ISSN 1479-1234. JSTOR 742756. OCLC 5544683551. Retrieved March 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/742756","url_text":"\"The Nationality of Married Women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotius_Society","url_text":"Grotius Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1479-1234","url_text":"1479-1234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/742756","url_text":"742756"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5544683551","url_text":"5544683551"}]},{"reference":"Newbury, Colin (June 2011). \"History, Hermeneutics and Fijian Ethnic 'Paramountcy': Reflections on the Deed of Cession of 1874\". The Journal of Pacific History. 46 (1). London: Taylor & Francis: 27–57. doi:10.1080/00223344.2011.573631. ISSN 0022-3344. JSTOR 41343775. OCLC 7973272270. S2CID 142204566. Retrieved May 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41343775","url_text":"\"History, Hermeneutics and Fijian Ethnic 'Paramountcy': Reflections on the Deed of Cession of 1874\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223344.2011.573631","url_text":"10.1080/00223344.2011.573631"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3344","url_text":"0022-3344"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41343775","url_text":"41343775"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7973272270","url_text":"7973272270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142204566","url_text":"142204566"}]},{"reference":"Sapiro, Virginia (March 1984). \"Women, Citizenship, and Nationality: Immigration and Naturalization Policies in the United States\". Politics & Society. 13 (1). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 1–26. doi:10.1177/003232928401300101. ISSN 0032-3292. OCLC 4650679194. S2CID 153555230. Retrieved December 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Sapiro","url_text":"Sapiro, Virginia"},{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249674290","url_text":"\"Women, Citizenship, and Nationality: Immigration and Naturalization Policies in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_%26_Society","url_text":"Politics & Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publications","url_text":"SAGE Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003232928401300101","url_text":"10.1177/003232928401300101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3292","url_text":"0032-3292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4650679194","url_text":"4650679194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153555230","url_text":"153555230"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Marian L. (Summer 1998). \"'Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married...': Women and Naturalization, ca. 1802–1940\". Prologue Magazine. 30 (2). Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration: 146–153, part 1, part 2. ISSN 0033-1031. OCLC 208742006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue_Magazine","url_text":"Prologue Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"U.S. National Archives and Records Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101143403/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/summer/women-and-naturalization-1.html","url_text":"part 1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027184906/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1998/summer/women-and-naturalization-2.html","url_text":"part 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-1031","url_text":"0033-1031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/208742006","url_text":"208742006"}]},{"reference":"\"1860 US Census, Jasper County, Texas\". FamilySearch. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. August 3, 1860. p. 37. NARA Microfilm series #M653, Roll 1298, lines 37–40. Retrieved September 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9BSH-GMY?i=38&cc=1473181&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AMXF5-1QC","url_text":"\"1860 US Census, Jasper County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"National Archives and Records Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"1870 US Census, Woodville, Tyler County, Texas\". FamilySearch. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 13, 1870. p. 1. NARA Microfilm series #M593, Roll 1606, lines 16–20. Retrieved September 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-XXH3-WVZ?cc=1438024&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AMXGD-8CS","url_text":"\"1870 US Census, Woodville, Tyler County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"National Archives and Records Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"1870 US Census, Tyler County, Texas\". FamilySearch. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. July 16, 1870. p. 68. NARA Microfilm series #M593, Roll 1606, lines 36–40. Retrieved September 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-XXH3-7XT?i=67&cc=1438024","url_text":"\"1870 US Census, Tyler County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"National Archives and Records Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"1880 US Census, Limestone County, Texas\". FamilySearch. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 14, 1880. p. 32. NARA Microfilm series #T9, Roll 1317, lines 9–16. Retrieved September 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GYB2-3LS?i=32&cc=1417683&personaUrl=%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AMFNB-LQ8","url_text":"\"1880 US Census, Limestone County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration","url_text":"National Archives and Records Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Council Names New Officers\". Los Angeles Daily News. Los Angeles, California. June 2, 1943. p. 25. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DNLA19430602.1.25&srpos=2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22Jennie+Scott+Griffiths%22-------1","url_text":"\"Council Names New Officers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News","url_text":"Los Angeles Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Digital_Newspaper_Collection","url_text":"California Digital Newspaper Collection"}]},{"reference":"\"Died at Age of 71\". The Daily Express. Vol. 41, no. 269. San Antonio, Texas. September 26, 1906. p. 7. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via The Portal to Texas History.","urls":[{"url":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth441221/m1/7/zoom/?q=%22Jennie%20Scott%20Wilson%22&resolution=3&lat=3706.5801637344134&lon=1203.7488971343182","url_text":"\"Died at Age of 71\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portal_to_Texas_History","url_text":"The Portal to Texas History"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Ciwa Griffiths\". Leisure World News. Laguna Hills, California. January 8, 2004. p. 37. Retrieved September 21, 2022 – via Newspaperarchive.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/obituary-clipping-jan-08-2004-3437538/","url_text":"\"Dr. Ciwa Griffiths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com","url_text":"Newspaperarchive.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Equal Rights\". The Washington Post. No. 26594. Washington, D.C. April 8, 1949. p. 22. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/per_washington-post_1949-04-08_26594/page/n22/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Equal Rights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Grace to Hang Neff Decides\". The Austin American. Vol. 8, no. 211. Austin, Texas. January 4, 1922. p. 8. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via The Portal to Texas History.","urls":[{"url":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1465406/m1/8/zoom/?q=%22Jennie%20Scott%20Griffiths%22&resolution=2&lat=5467.242272977476&lon=689.1284372517205","url_text":"\"Grace to Hang Neff Decides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_American","url_text":"The Austin American"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portal_to_Texas_History","url_text":"The Portal to Texas History"}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Papers of Jennie Scott Griffiths\". Trove. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: National Library of Australia. 1993. MS 1071 et al. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-252386038/findingaid","url_text":"\"Guide to the Papers of Jennie Scott Griffiths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trove","url_text":"Trove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105034633/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-252386038/findingaid","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History-Makers: The First Women At Texas Law\". University of Texas School of Law. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin. March 8, 2021. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.utexas.edu/news/2021/03/08/history-makers-the-first-women-at-texas-law/","url_text":"\"History-Makers: The First Women At Texas Law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law","url_text":"University of Texas School of Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin","url_text":"University of Texas at Austin"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211128090406/https://law.utexas.edu/news/2021/03/08/history-makers-the-first-women-at-texas-law/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jennie Scott Wilson\". The San Antonio Light. San Antonio, Texas. March 20, 1884. p. 1. 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Oakland, California, California. November 22, 1947. p. 4. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19471122.1.4&srpos=4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22Jennie+Scott+Griffiths%22-------1","url_text":"\"Pioneers of Suffrage To Be Honored at Reception\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oakland_Tribune","url_text":"The Oakland Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Digital_Newspaper_Collection","url_text":"California Digital Newspaper Collection"}]},{"reference":"\"Printed on Bark\". The Weimar Mercury. Weimar, Texas. January 22, 1898. p. 7. Retrieved September 19, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109763938/marriage-of-griffiths-scott-wilson/","url_text":"\"Printed on Bark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Seek Pardon in Death Case\". The Austin American. Vol. 8, no. 209. Austin, Texas. January 1, 1922. p. 13. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via The Portal to Texas History.","urls":[{"url":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1465404/m1/13/zoom/?q=%22Jennie%20Scott%20Griffiths%22&resolution=2&lat=5412.175206405328&lon=2352.9969269822636","url_text":"\"Seek Pardon in Death Case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_American","url_text":"The Austin American"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portal_to_Texas_History","url_text":"The Portal to Texas History"}]},{"reference":"\"Sumner County, Tennessee Marriage Records: Charlton/Wilson\". FamilySearch. Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee State Library and Archives. July 25, 1854. Sumner County, 1850–1859, volume L-Z. 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The Peninsula Times Tribune. Palo Alto, California. January 9, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109759474/the-peninsula-times-tribune/","url_text":"\"Women's Successes, Responsibilities Are Outlined by Speaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peninsula_Times_Tribune","url_text":"The Peninsula Times Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Woman's Ways\". The Worker. Brisbane, Queensland. November 25, 1920. p. 20. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71048215","url_text":"\"Woman's Ways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Worker_(Brisbane)","url_text":"The Worker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trove","url_text":"Trove"}]},{"reference":"\"Women Poets Known in Bay Cities Recorded in Book\". The Press Democrat. Vol. 81, no. 309. Santa Rosa, California. December 26, 1937. p. 11. Retrieved September 20, 2022 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SRPD19371226.1.11&srpos=3&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22Jennie+Scott+Griffiths%22-------1","url_text":"\"Women Poets Known in Bay Cities Recorded in Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_Democrat","url_text":"The Press Democrat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Digital_Newspaper_Collection","url_text":"California Digital Newspaper Collection"}]},{"reference":"\"Woodville\". The Fort Worth Daily Gazette. Fort Worth, Texas. January 14, 1888. p. 6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snow_Leopard_(EP)	Shearwater (band)	["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Matador records","1.3 Sub Pop records","1.4 Jet Plane and Oxbow Tour and Self-Releases","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Splits","2.3 EPs","3 Timeline","4 References","5 External links"]	American indie rock band ShearwaterShearwater in 2014Background informationOriginAustin, TexasGenresIndie rock, psychedelic folk, folk rockYears active1999–presentLabelsMisra, Matador, Sub PopMembersJonathan Meiburg Lucas OswaldEmily LeeSadie PowersJosh HalpernPast membersKimberly BurkeThor HarrisWill SheffChristiaan MaderMitch BilleaudHoward DraperAdam CormackJordan GeigerKevin SchneiderDanny ReischAbram ShookJesca HoopWebsiteshearwatermusic.com Shearwater is an American indie rock band from Austin, Texas, led by multi-instrumentalist and lead singer Jonathan Meiburg, a singer-songwriter. The band's music is notable for its imagery based in nature, cerebral yet intimate melodic songs, as well as Meiburg's vocals. History Early years In 1999, Okkervil River band members Jonathan Meiburg and Will Sheff founded Shearwater as an outlet for quieter songs on which they were collaborating. The band's name comes from the shearwater, a tribe of seabirds related to petrels and albatrosses. Meiburg, who holds a master's degree in geography with a focus on ornithology, picked the name mostly for the sound of the word. Shearwater's debut, The Dissolving Room, introduced Kim Burke on upright bass; shortly after, drummer and vibraphonist Thor Harris joined the band. The addition of multi-instrumentalist Howard Draper plus tours and support dates with The Mountain Goats, Akron/Family and Blonde Redhead brought them exposure. Shearwater continued to produce music under this lineup in Everybody Makes Mistakes (2002) and Winged Life (2004), as well as the Thieves EP (2005). In May 2006, Shearwater released Palo Santo, their fourth full-length album and last to be released on Misra Records, to much acclaim from critics and fans. The song "Red Sea, Black Sea," was featured as an NPR Song of the Day. NPR's Stephen Thompson subsequently named Palo Santo as the best album of 2006. Although Sheff appeared as an instrumentalist for the recording of Palo Santo, the album's songs were composed and sung entirely by Meiburg, as the band felt that the songs that Meiburg had written were best suited for the project. Sheff then left the band to concentrate on other projects. Matador records Midway through the tour for Palo Santo, the band was notified by Misra Records that they would be unable to continue to distribute Shearwater's music. Meiburg personally emailed the owner of Matador Records, Gerard Cosloy, who subsequently signed Shearwater to a multi-album deal. On April 10, 2007, Shearwater released a two-disc edition of Palo Santo which featured five re-recorded tracks, remastered versions of the other six tracks, as well as a bonus disc of outtakes from the original sessions. Meiburg had felt that the original Palo Santo suffered from "murkiness", and could be improved upon in the studio. Matador Records released the album Rook on June 3, 2008. On the tour that followed, Shearwater opened for Clinic and later Coldplay. Additional touring accompanists were added at that time: Jordan Geiger of Hospital Ships and Minus Story (on cornet, synthesizer, and percussion) and Kevin Schneider of Black Before Red (on keyboard, bass, and guitar) replaced Howard Draper. In November, 2009, Shearwater was the just the ninth artist featured on NPR's Tiny Desk Concerts, with NPR's Stephen Thompson calling it a "glorious four-song set that was at once pristine and ramshackle", referring to the featured a set of unusual instruments including "banjos and auto parts to go with Harris' homemade 'waterphone' and hammered dulcimer". On February 23, 2010, Shearwater released their sixth album, The Golden Archipelago, which the band produced with John Congleton. The band toured extensively behind the record in 2010, with an international tour in the spring (with Wye Oak and Hospital Ships opening) and additional U.S. dates in the fall (with special guest Damien Jurado). The Golden Archipelago concluded the band's Island Arc trilogy, a project also encompassing Palo Santo and Rook. On November 6, 2010, the band released an instrumental album, Shearwater is Enron, via Bandcamp. The album was recorded in the spring of 2010 and includes live material recorded at a performance under the pseudonym "Enron." It introduces some textures not traditionally associated with the band, such as electronic drum tracks and squalling guitar rock. Members of Wye Oak and Hospital Ships assist on the live tracks. Sub Pop records In February 2012, a new full-length album called Animal Joy was released. It was Shearwater's first record with Sub Pop Records. The record signaled a new chapter for the band after the conclusion of the Island trilogy, as the album included more rock elements. Following the release of the album, the band opened for the North American tour of Sharon Van Etten. In 2013, Fellow Travelers was released on Sub Pop, a Shearwater album consisting entirely of cover songs by bands that Shearwater had toured with. Each band that was covered on the album was also invited to play on the album, under the condition that they could not play on their own song. The record Jet Plane and Oxbow was released on Sub Pop January 22, 2016. Frequent collaborator, producer Danny Reisch, worked on the album, as did composer Brian Reitzell, Wye Oak's Jenn Wasner, drummer Cully Symington, Howard Draper, and regular band members Jesca Hoop, Lucas Oswald, and Abram Shook. Jet Plane and Oxbow Tour and Self-Releases The band toured the Jet Plane and Oxbow album in 2016. The lineup for the tour was considerably different than the studio album, retaining Meiburg and Oswald but adding Emily Lee on keyboards, Sadie Powers on bass and Josh Halpern on drums. During the tour, it was customary for the band to play several covers from the David Bowie album Lodger as an encore. On March 25, 2016, the entire album was covered at Chicago's Schuba's Tavern, followed by a subsequent recording for the AV Club the next day. This was released as a limited edition vinyl and digital download and would eventually lead to a performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy at Brookfield Place, New York for WNYC in October of 2018. The live recording was released as a limited digital download in 2019. During the tour, Meiburg became impressed with openers Cross Record. Meiburg and Cross Record's Emily Cross and Dan Duszynski went on to form a side-project, Loma, which has released two albums on Sub Pop: the self-titled Loma (2018) and Don't Shy Away (2020). In 2020, Shearwater began production of a crowdfunded studio album, but the recording was disrupted as a result of the COVID-19 lockdowns. In response, Meiburg enlisted Dan Duszynski to produce the ambient Quarantine Music series, released digitally through Bandcamp. The new studio album, The Great Awakening, was released in June 2022. Discography Albums 2001: The Dissolving Room (Grey Flat) 2002: Everybody Makes Mistakes (Misra Records) 2004: Winged Life (Misra Records) 2006: Palo Santo (Misra Records) 2007: Palo Santo: Expanded Edition (Matador Records) 2008: Rook (Matador Records) 2010: The Golden Archipelago (Matador Records) 2010: Shearwater Is Enron (self-released) 2011: Excerpts from The Island Arc Live (self-released) 2012: Animal Joy (Sub Pop Records) 2013: Fellow Travelers (Sub Pop Records) 2014: Missing Islands: Demos and Outtakes 2007–2012 (self-released) 2016: Jet Plane and Oxbow (Sub Pop Records) 2016: Shearwater Plays Lodger (self-released; a song-for-song performance of David Bowie's 1979 album Lodger) 2016: Rook: Live at Florence Gould Hall (self-released) 2016: Live in St. Malo 2010 (self-released) 2017: The Sky Is a Blank Screen: Live Recordings 2016 (self-released) 2019: Shearwater Plays Bowie's Berlin Trilogy (self-released; live recording of David Bowie's entire Berlin Trilogy) 2022: The Great Awakening (Polyborus Records) Splits 2004: Sham Wedding/Hoax Funeral by Shearwater/Okkervil River (Jound) 2013: Stop Draggin' My Heart Around/A Wake for the Minotaur by Shearwater & Sharon Van Etten 2014: Stay/Novacane by Low/Shearwater EPs 2005: Thieves (Misra Records) 2008: The Snow Leopard (Matador Records) 2020: Quarantine Music Vols. 1-8 (Bandcamp) Timeline References ^ Swaminathan, Nikhil (August 4, 2008). "Birdman/Bandman: A Q&A with Shearwater's Jonathan Meiburg". Scientific American. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Gendron, Bob (April 6, 2010). "Shearwater combines power, peacefulness". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Kelly, Jennifer (February 14, 2012). "Animal Spirits: an Interview with Shearwater's Jonathan Meiburg". PopMatters. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Moores, Charlie (2009). "Interview: Jonathan Meiburg of 'Shearwater'". 10,000 Birds. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2009. ^ Sanneh, Kelefa (May 29, 2006). "Critics' Choice: New CDs; Shearwater Palo Santo (Misra)". The New York Times. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Sanneh, Kelefa (July 8, 2006). "Music Review; Shearwater's Songs Stretch From the Heavens to the Deep Sea". The New York Times. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Yu, Kathryn (April 5, 2006). "Telling Tales of Stormy Seas". NPR Music. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Thompson, Stephen (December 25, 2006). "Songs of the Year: Top 10 CDs of 2006". NPR Music. Retrieved May 26, 2016. ^ Haupt, Melanie (May 12, 2006). "Transcendentalism: Shearwater's Jonathan Meiburg wants you to listen, but you can't sing along". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Jason Crock (April 2, 2007). "Shearwater". Pitchfork.com. Retrieved March 7, 2020. ^ Takacs, Lou (June 10, 2008). "Interview: Jonathan Meiburg of Shearwater". Aural States. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Stephen Thompson (November 14, 2008). "Shearwater: Tiny Desk Concert". NPR.org. Retrieved August 23, 2022. ^ Allen, Dustin (February 24, 2010). "Shearwater – The Golden Archipelago". American Songwriter. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Van Meter, William (March 1, 2010). "Now Listening: Shearwater's "The Golden Archipelago"". The New York Times. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ "Shearwater – new album, MP3 & 2010 Tour Dates w/ Wye Oak & Hospital Ships (Bowery Ballroom)". Brooklyn Vegan. January 13, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010. ^ "Shearwater on tour, released some new stuff". Brooklyn Vegan. November 8, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010. ^ a b Hoinski, Michael (March 5, 2012). "Shearwater Celebrate New CD With Hometown Gig in Austin". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ a b ""Shearwater is Enron" by Shearwater". Bandcamp. November 6, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010. ^ Hann, Kaylen (November 19, 2010). "Shearwater Shearwater is ENRON". Coke Machine Glow. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Thompson, Stephen (February 5, 2012). "First Listen: Shearwater, 'Animal Joy'". NPR. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ "Sub Pop Records: Now with 100% More Shearwater". Sub Pop Records. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013. ^ Breihan, Tom (February 14, 2012). "Album Of The Week: Shearwater Animal Joy". Stereogum. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Pelly, Jenn (March 13, 2012). "Watch Sharon Van Etten and Shearwater Cover "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around"". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Schaefer, John (March 31, 2014). "Shearwater: Grandiose And Operatic Pop". WNYC Soundcheck. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Humphries, Stephen (November 27, 2013). "Track-by-Track: Shearwater on "Fellow Travelers" – The Complete Interview Jonathan Meiburg on the Band's Ninth Album (Web Exclusive)". Under the Radar. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ "Playlist: Shearwater – The Snow Leopard". KEXP-FM. December 16, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ "Jet Plane and Oxbow – Shearwater". AllMusic. Retrieved January 25, 2016. ^ Minsker, Evan (October 20, 2015). "Oxbow, Share "Quiet Americans"". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved October 20, 2015. ^ Azerrad, Michael; Meiburg, Jonathan. "Michael Azerrad vs. Jonathan Meiburg on Jet Plane and Oxbow". Sub Pop Records. Retrieved October 20, 2015. ^ "'Shearwater Plays Lodger - David Bowie - The AV Club 2016 - YouTube". YouTube.com. Retrieved November 26, 2022. ^ Dorris, Jesse (October 23, 2018). "A Surprising Tribute to David Bowie's Berlin Trilogy, Played in a Manhattan Mall". Pitchfork.com. Retrieved November 26, 2022. ^ Payne, Helen. "'It Seemed To Come From Somewhere Outside of Us': Jonathan Meiburg Talks Loma's Sublime Debut - Stereoboard". Stereoboard.com. Retrieved October 24, 2020. ^ Hernandez, Raoul (August 30, 2013). "Shearwater & Sharon Van Etten – "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" b/w "A Wake for the Minotaur" (Sub Pop)". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved October 19, 2015. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Shearwater. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shearwater (band). Official website vteShearwater Jonathan Meiburg Lucas Oswald Josh Halpern Emily Lee Sadie Powers Studio albums The Dissolving Room Everybody Makes Mistakes Winged Life Palo Santo Rook The Golden Archipelago Animal Joy Jet Plane and Oxbow Other albums Sham Wedding/Hoax Funeral Thieves EP The Snow Leopard EP Shearwater Is Enron Excerpts from The Island Arc Live Missing Islands: Demos and Outtakes 2007–2012 Rook: Live at Florence Gould Hall Live at St. Malo 2010 Fellow Travelers The Sky is a Blank Screen Shearwater Plays Bowie's Berlin Trilogy Former members Kimberly Burke Thor Harris Will Sheff Christiaan Mader Mitch Billeaud Howard Draper Jordan Geiger Kevin Schneider Danny Reisch Abram Shook Jesca Hoop Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Meiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Meiburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciAm-BirdmanBandman-2008-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChicagoTrib-ConcertReview-2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopMatters-AnimalJoy-2012-3"}],"text":"Shearwater is an American indie rock band from Austin, Texas, led by multi-instrumentalist and lead singer Jonathan Meiburg,[1] a singer-songwriter. The band's music is notable for its imagery based in nature, cerebral yet intimate melodic songs, as well as Meiburg's vocals.[2][3]","title":"Shearwater (band)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okkervil River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkervil_River_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Meiburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Meiburg"},{"link_name":"Will Sheff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Sheff"},{"link_name":"shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearwater"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10kBirds-Meiburg-2009-4"},{"link_name":"The Dissolving Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dissolving_Room"},{"link_name":"The Mountain Goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountain_Goats"},{"link_name":"Akron/Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron/Family"},{"link_name":"Blonde Redhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde_Redhead"},{"link_name":"Everybody Makes Mistakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Makes_Mistakes_(Shearwater)"},{"link_name":"Winged Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_Life"},{"link_name":"Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves_(EP)"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Palo Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Santo_(Shearwater_album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-PaloSanto-Review-2006-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-ShowReview-PaloSanto-2006-6"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPRMusic-SoTD-RedSea-2006-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPRMusic-SoTY-PaloSanto-2006-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustinChronicle-PaloSanto-2006-9"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"In 1999, Okkervil River band members Jonathan Meiburg and Will Sheff founded Shearwater as an outlet for quieter songs on which they were collaborating. The band's name comes from the shearwater, a tribe of seabirds related to petrels and albatrosses. Meiburg, who holds a master's degree in geography with a focus on ornithology, picked the name mostly for the sound of the word.[4]Shearwater's debut, The Dissolving Room, introduced Kim Burke on upright bass; shortly after, drummer and vibraphonist Thor Harris joined the band. The addition of multi-instrumentalist Howard Draper plus tours and support dates with The Mountain Goats, Akron/Family and Blonde Redhead brought them exposure. Shearwater continued to produce music under this lineup in Everybody Makes Mistakes (2002) and Winged Life (2004), as well as the Thieves EP (2005).In May 2006, Shearwater released Palo Santo, their fourth full-length album and last to be released on Misra Records, to much acclaim from critics and fans.[5][6] The song \"Red Sea, Black Sea,\" was featured as an NPR Song of the Day.[7] NPR's Stephen Thompson subsequently named Palo Santo as the best album of 2006.[8] Although Sheff appeared as an instrumentalist for the recording of Palo Santo, the album's songs were composed and sung entirely by Meiburg, as the band felt that the songs that Meiburg had written were best suited for the project. Sheff then left the band to concentrate on other projects.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matador Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_Records"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AuralStates-Rook-2008-11"},{"link_name":"Coldplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay"},{"link_name":"Minus Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minus_Story"},{"link_name":"Tiny Desk Concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Desk_Concerts"},{"link_name":"waterphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterphone"},{"link_name":"hammered dulcimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Golden Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmSongwriter-GoldenArch-2010-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-GoldenArchipelago-2010-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BklynVegan-2010-15"},{"link_name":"Wye Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Oak_(band)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BklynVegan-GoldArch-2010-16"},{"link_name":"Damien Jurado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Jurado"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RStone-AnimalJoy-2012-17"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandcamp-Enron-2010-18"},{"link_name":"Wye Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Oak_(band)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CokeMachineGlow-Enron-2010-19"}],"sub_title":"Matador records","text":"Midway through the tour for Palo Santo, the band was notified by Misra Records that they would be unable to continue to distribute Shearwater's music. Meiburg personally emailed the owner of Matador Records, Gerard Cosloy, who subsequently signed Shearwater to a multi-album deal. On April 10, 2007, Shearwater released a two-disc edition of Palo Santo which featured five re-recorded tracks, remastered versions of the other six tracks, as well as a bonus disc of outtakes from the original sessions. Meiburg had felt that the original Palo Santo suffered from \"murkiness\", and could be improved upon in the studio.[10]Matador Records released the album Rook on June 3, 2008.[11] On the tour that followed, Shearwater opened for Clinic and later Coldplay. Additional touring accompanists were added at that time: Jordan Geiger of Hospital Ships and Minus Story (on cornet, synthesizer, and percussion) and Kevin Schneider of Black Before Red (on keyboard, bass, and guitar) replaced Howard Draper.In November, 2009, Shearwater was the just the ninth artist featured on NPR's Tiny Desk Concerts, with NPR's Stephen Thompson calling it a \"glorious four-song set that was at once pristine and ramshackle\", referring to the featured a set of unusual instruments including \"banjos and auto parts to go with Harris' homemade 'waterphone' and hammered dulcimer\".[12]On February 23, 2010, Shearwater released their sixth album, The Golden Archipelago,[13] which the band produced with John Congleton.[14] The band toured extensively behind the record in 2010, with an international tour in the spring[15] (with Wye Oak and Hospital Ships opening) and additional U.S. dates in the fall[16] (with special guest Damien Jurado). The Golden Archipelago concluded the band's Island Arc trilogy, a project also encompassing Palo Santo and Rook.[17]On November 6, 2010, the band released an instrumental album, Shearwater is Enron, via Bandcamp.[18] The album was recorded in the spring of 2010 and includes live material recorded at a performance under the pseudonym \"Enron.\" It introduces some textures not traditionally associated with the band, such as electronic drum tracks and squalling guitar rock. Members of Wye Oak and Hospital Ships assist on the live tracks.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Joy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-FirstListen-AnimalJoy-2012-20"},{"link_name":"Sub Pop Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop_Records"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RStone-AnimalJoy-2012-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SubPop-100Shearwater-2013-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stereogum-AnimalJoy-2012-22"},{"link_name":"Sharon Van Etten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Van_Etten"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-EttenShear-Petty-2012-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WNYC-Soundcheck-FellowTrav-2014-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UTR-FellowTravellers-2013-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEXP-JetPlane-2014-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Brian Reitzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Reitzell"},{"link_name":"Wye Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Oak"},{"link_name":"Jenn Wasner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenn_Wasner"},{"link_name":"Jesca Hoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesca_Hoop"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-JetPlaneOxbowAnnounce-2015-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SubPop-JetPlaneOxBow-MichaelAzerrad-2015-29"}],"sub_title":"Sub Pop records","text":"In February 2012, a new full-length album called Animal Joy was released.[20] It was Shearwater's first record with Sub Pop Records.[17][21] The record signaled a new chapter for the band after the conclusion of the Island trilogy, as the album included more rock elements.[22] Following the release of the album, the band opened for the North American tour of Sharon Van Etten.[23]In 2013, Fellow Travelers was released on Sub Pop, a Shearwater album consisting entirely of cover songs by bands that Shearwater had toured with.[24] Each band that was covered on the album was also invited to play on the album, under the condition that they could not play on their own song.[25]The record Jet Plane and Oxbow was released on Sub Pop January 22, 2016.[26][27] Frequent collaborator, producer Danny Reisch, worked on the album, as did composer Brian Reitzell, Wye Oak's Jenn Wasner, drummer Cully Symington, Howard Draper, and regular band members Jesca Hoop, Lucas Oswald, and Abram Shook.[28][29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Lodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodger_(album)"},{"link_name":"AV Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"}],"sub_title":"Jet Plane and Oxbow Tour and Self-Releases","text":"The band toured the Jet Plane and Oxbow album in 2016. The lineup for the tour was considerably different than the studio album, retaining Meiburg and Oswald but adding Emily Lee on keyboards, Sadie Powers on bass and Josh Halpern on drums. During the tour, it was customary for the band to play several covers from the David Bowie album Lodger as an encore. On March 25, 2016, the entire album was covered at Chicago's Schuba's Tavern, followed by a subsequent recording for the AV Club the next day.[30] This was released as a limited edition vinyl and digital download and would eventually lead to a performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy at Brookfield Place, New York for WNYC in October of 2018.[31] The live recording was released as a limited digital download in 2019.During the tour, Meiburg became impressed with openers Cross Record.[32] Meiburg and Cross Record's Emily Cross and Dan Duszynski went on to form a side-project, Loma, which has released two albums on Sub Pop: the self-titled Loma (2018) and Don't Shy Away (2020).In 2020, Shearwater began production of a crowdfunded studio album, but the recording was disrupted as a result of the COVID-19 lockdowns. In response, Meiburg enlisted Dan Duszynski to produce the ambient Quarantine Music series, released digitally through Bandcamp. The new studio album, The Great Awakening, was released in June 2022.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Dissolving Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dissolving_Room"},{"link_name":"Everybody Makes Mistakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Makes_Mistakes_(Shearwater)"},{"link_name":"Misra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra_Records"},{"link_name":"Winged Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_Life"},{"link_name":"Misra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra_Records"},{"link_name":"Palo Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Santo_(Shearwater_album)"},{"link_name":"Misra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra_Records"},{"link_name":"Palo Santo: Expanded Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Santo_(Shearwater_album)"},{"link_name":"Matador Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_Records"},{"link_name":"Rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(album)"},{"link_name":"Matador Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_Records"},{"link_name":"The Golden Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Matador Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_Records"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bandcamp-Enron-2010-18"},{"link_name":"Animal Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Joy"},{"link_name":"Sub Pop Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop_Records"},{"link_name":"Sub Pop Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop_Records"},{"link_name":"Jet Plane and Oxbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Plane_and_Oxbow"},{"link_name":"Sub Pop Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop_Records"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Lodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodger_(album)"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Berlin Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Trilogy"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"2001: The Dissolving Room (Grey Flat)\n2002: Everybody Makes Mistakes (Misra Records)\n2004: Winged Life (Misra Records)\n2006: Palo Santo (Misra Records)\n2007: Palo Santo: Expanded Edition (Matador Records)\n2008: Rook (Matador Records)\n2010: The Golden Archipelago (Matador Records)\n2010: Shearwater Is Enron (self-released)[18]\n2011: Excerpts from The Island Arc Live (self-released)\n2012: Animal Joy (Sub Pop Records)\n2013: Fellow Travelers (Sub Pop Records)\n2014: Missing Islands: Demos and Outtakes 2007–2012 (self-released)\n2016: Jet Plane and Oxbow (Sub Pop Records)\n2016: Shearwater Plays Lodger (self-released; a song-for-song performance of David Bowie's 1979 album Lodger)\n2016: Rook: Live at Florence Gould Hall (self-released)\n2016: Live in St. Malo 2010 (self-released)\n2017: The Sky Is a Blank Screen: Live Recordings 2016 (self-released)\n2019: Shearwater Plays Bowie's Berlin Trilogy (self-released; live recording of David Bowie's entire Berlin Trilogy)\n2022: The Great Awakening (Polyborus Records)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sham Wedding/Hoax Funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Wedding/Hoax_Funeral"},{"link_name":"Okkervil River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkervil_River_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sharon Van Etten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Van_Etten"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustinChron-RSD-2013-33"},{"link_name":"Stay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_(Rihanna_song)"},{"link_name":"Novacane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novacane_(song)"},{"link_name":"Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Splits","text":"2004: Sham Wedding/Hoax Funeral by Shearwater/Okkervil River (Jound)\n2013: Stop Draggin' My Heart Around/A Wake for the Minotaur by Shearwater & Sharon Van Etten[33]\n2014: Stay/Novacane by Low/Shearwater","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Misra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra_Records"},{"link_name":"Matador Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_Records"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"}],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"2005: Thieves (Misra Records)\n2008: The Snow Leopard (Matador Records)\n2020: Quarantine Music Vols. 1-8 (Bandcamp)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Swaminathan, Nikhil (August 4, 2008). \"Birdman/Bandman: A Q&A with Shearwater's Jonathan Meiburg\". Scientific American. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/birdman-bandman-shearwater-jonathan-meiburg/","url_text":"\"Birdman/Bandman: A Q&A with Shearwater's Jonathan Meiburg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American","url_text":"Scientific American"}]},{"reference":"Gendron, Bob (April 6, 2010). \"Shearwater combines power, peacefulness\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-04-06/entertainment/ct-live-0406-shearwater-review-20100406_1_okkervil-river-shearwater-jonathan-meiburg","url_text":"\"Shearwater combines power, peacefulness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Jennifer (February 14, 2012). \"Animal Spirits: an Interview with Shearwater's Jonathan Meiburg\". PopMatters. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/feature/154186-animal-spirits-an-interview-with-shearwaters-jonathan-meiburg/","url_text":"\"Animal Spirits: an Interview with Shearwater's Jonathan Meiburg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Moores, Charlie (2009). \"Interview: Jonathan Meiburg of 'Shearwater'\". 10,000 Birds. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20100105031724/http://10000birds.com/interview-jonathan-meiburg-of-shearwater.htm","url_text":"\"Interview: Jonathan Meiburg of 'Shearwater'\""},{"url":"http://10000birds.com/interview-jonathan-meiburg-of-shearwater.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sanneh, Kelefa (May 29, 2006). \"Critics' Choice: New CDs; Shearwater Palo Santo (Misra)\". The New York Times. 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Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5324264","url_text":"\"Telling Tales of Stormy Seas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR_Music","url_text":"NPR Music"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Stephen (December 25, 2006). \"Songs of the Year: Top 10 CDs of 2006\". NPR Music. Retrieved May 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6660262","url_text":"\"Songs of the Year: Top 10 CDs of 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR_Music","url_text":"NPR Music"}]},{"reference":"Haupt, Melanie (May 12, 2006). \"Transcendentalism: Shearwater's Jonathan Meiburg wants you to listen, but you can't sing along\". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2006-05-12/364659/","url_text":"\"Transcendentalism: Shearwater's Jonathan Meiburg wants you to listen, but you can't sing along\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"The Austin Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Jason Crock (April 2, 2007). \"Shearwater\". Pitchfork.com. Retrieved March 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/features/interview/6593-shearwater/","url_text":"\"Shearwater\""}]},{"reference":"Takacs, Lou (June 10, 2008). \"Interview: Jonathan Meiburg of Shearwater\". Aural States. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611235619/http://auralstates.com/2008/06/interview-jonathan-meiburg-of-shearwater.html","url_text":"\"Interview: Jonathan Meiburg of Shearwater\""},{"url":"http://auralstates.com/2008/06/interview-jonathan-meiburg-of-shearwater.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Thompson (November 14, 2008). \"Shearwater: Tiny Desk Concert\". NPR.org. Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2008/11/14/97001174/shearwater-tiny-desk-concert","url_text":"\"Shearwater: Tiny Desk Concert\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Dustin (February 24, 2010). \"Shearwater – The Golden Archipelago\". American Songwriter. 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Retrieved November 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2010/01/shearwater_-_ne.html","url_text":"\"Shearwater – new album, MP3 & 2010 Tour Dates w/ Wye Oak & Hospital Ships (Bowery Ballroom)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Vegan","url_text":"Brooklyn Vegan"}]},{"reference":"\"Shearwater on tour, released some new stuff\". Brooklyn Vegan. November 8, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2010/11/shearwater_on_t.html","url_text":"\"Shearwater on tour, released some new stuff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Vegan","url_text":"Brooklyn Vegan"}]},{"reference":"Hoinski, Michael (March 5, 2012). \"Shearwater Celebrate New CD With Hometown Gig in Austin\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/shearwater-celebrate-new-cd-with-hometown-gig-in-austin-20120305","url_text":"\"Shearwater Celebrate New CD With Hometown Gig in Austin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Shearwater is Enron\" by Shearwater\". Bandcamp. November 6, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://shearwater.bandcamp.com/album/shearwater-is-enron","url_text":"\"\"Shearwater is Enron\" by Shearwater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp","url_text":"Bandcamp"}]},{"reference":"Hann, Kaylen (November 19, 2010). \"Shearwater Shearwater is ENRON\". Coke Machine Glow. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://cokemachineglow.com/records/shearwater-shearwaterisenron-2010/","url_text":"\"Shearwater Shearwater is ENRON\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_Machine_Glow","url_text":"Coke Machine Glow"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Stephen (February 5, 2012). \"First Listen: Shearwater, 'Animal Joy'\". NPR. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2012/02/05/146083321/first-listen-shearwater-animal-joy","url_text":"\"First Listen: Shearwater, 'Animal Joy'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"\"Sub Pop Records: Now with 100% More Shearwater\". Sub Pop Records. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231924/http://www.subpop.com/channel/blog/sub_pop_records_now_with_100_more_shearwater","url_text":"\"Sub Pop Records: Now with 100% More Shearwater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop_Records","url_text":"Sub Pop Records"},{"url":"http://www.subpop.com/channel/blog/sub_pop_records_now_with_100_more_shearwater","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Breihan, Tom (February 14, 2012). \"Album Of The Week: Shearwater Animal Joy\". Stereogum. Retrieved October 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stereogum.com/951392/album-of-the-week-shearwater-animal-joy/franchises/album-of-the-week/","url_text":"\"Album Of The Week: Shearwater Animal Joy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"Pelly, Jenn (March 13, 2012). \"Watch Sharon Van Etten and Shearwater Cover \"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around\"\". Pitchfork Media. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Rugby_League_Conference	History of the Rugby League Conference	["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Earlier non-heartland competitions","1.3 1997","1.4 1998","1.5 1999","1.6 2000","1.7 2001","1.8 2002","1.9 2003","1.10 2004","1.11 2005","1.12 2006","1.13 2007","1.14 2008","1.15 2009","1.16 2010","1.17 2011","1.18 2012 and the future","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "History of the Rugby League Conference" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Rugby League Conference (RLC), also known as the Co-operative Rugby League Conference as a result of sponsorship from The Co-operative Group, was a series of regionally based divisions of amateur rugby league teams spread throughout England, Scotland and Wales. It was founded in 1997 as the Southern Conference League. History Background Main article: History of rugby league In 1895, several clubs in the North of England broke away from the Rugby Football Union (RFU), the governing body of rugby football in England, over the issue of player expenses. This led to the great schism which resulted in rugby becoming two separate sports: rugby union administered by the RFU and rugby league administered by the Rugby Football League as the two games evolved different sets of rules. Although rugby league spread overseas, sanctions by the RFU made it more difficult for the sport to expand beyond its "heartlands" in the traditional counties of Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumberland. Earlier non-heartland competitions Prior to the Rugby League Conference, there were several non-heartland leagues throughout England run by the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA); the most recent ones being the London Amateur Rugby League, the Midlands and South West Amateur Rugby League Association (MASWARLA), the East Midlands Amateur Rugby League Association (EMARLA), the Eastern Counties Amateur Rugby League and the North Eastern Amateur Rugby League Association (NEARLA). The Eastern Counties and the MASWARLA competitions folded in 1995 (as did the Welsh Amateur League of the time) The few remaining teams were absorbed by the London ARL and the EMARLA. The London League initially regionalised its division 2 to cope with the increased travel pressures this caused, but they were unable to keep up numbers for this. While their leagues at the time survived (albeit at a low level) teams in the North East of England and the East Midlands were looking at playing in Yorkshire-based heartland leagues. However teams in the South of England had no such option, London Skolars were even rejected from BARLA's National Conference League for the 1996–97 season. A further major factor leading to the creation of the Southern Conference League was the fact that the professional clubs had switched to a summer season the previous year and thus interest in the sport in the winter was decreased. The abandonment of amateurism by the rival sport of rugby union in 1995 meant that it was now possible for rugby union players to play rugby league during their off-season without risking a ban from rugby union whilst adding an element of competition for players in the winter. This gave non-heartland clubs a larger player pool but only if they switched to summer. 1997 The Southern Conference League began as a 10-team pilot league in 1997. The teams selected were not necessarily those with the highest playing standard, as off-field factors were initially considered very important. Furthermore, teams were selected to represent medium to large-sized towns and thus some clubs were considered undesirable, either due to being pub teams or due to being in small towns based too near a large town with a club (the latter being one of the reasons St Ives Roosters were outside the league until 2003). The initial line-up was as follows: Central Division: Birmingham, Leicester Phoenix, Oxford Cavaliers, Reading Raiders, Worcester Royals Eastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Ipswich Rhinos, Kingston, North London Skolars, West London Birmingham and Leicester Phoenix had been playing in the EMARLA (the former since the demise of the MASWARLA). Among the newly formed clubs were Bedford Swifts, the first ever cross-code club (i.e. playing both rugby union and rugby league), West London (formed from a merger of two of the more successful London ARL teams Brent-Ealing and London Colonials), Oxford Cavaliers and Worcester Royals (though the latter 2 had played friendlies the preceding summer). The other clubs joined from the London ARL including North London Skolars who were based on the student old boys network. However, before the season started Reading Raiders announced that they would remain in the London ARL, the tenth place being offered to fellow London ARL club Cambridge Eagles, a club that missed out at the first stage of applications. As a result of Cambridge Eagles being more geographically suited to the Eastern Division, Bedford Swifts were switched to the Central Division. Kingston were to resign from the league after only playing one game, but besides this and a forfeited semi-final this pilot season was generally successful, resulting in an increase of RFL funding to allow further expansion. North London Skolars were the winners of the first and only Southern Conference defeating Leicester Phoenix in the final. The Scottish Conference was also founded in 1997 with five teams and had its first season. However, it would remain outside the Rugby League Conference structure until 2006. 1998 The newly renamed Rugby League Conference was founded in 1998 with 14 teams (initially planned to be 15, but the proposed Northampton club failed to materialise) with several new clubs resulting in a reorganisation of the divisional line-ups to three divisions (West, East and South). Of these new clubs St Albans Centurions had previously been playing in the London ARL and Cheltenham had had two clubs in the MASWARLA when that existed. Another new twist was the addition of the monikers of Super League clubs by many clubs, with Worcester becoming the Saints, Birmingham the Bulls and West London the Sharks; some Super League clubs also gave support to the new clubs. North London Skolars joined the National Conference League after the first season, while retaining a team in the Rugby League Conference. Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): Western Division: Birmingham Bulls, Cheltenham Warriors, Chester Wolves, Leicester Phoenix, Worcester Saints Eastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Cambridge Eagles, Ipswich Rhinos, Northampton (failed to start season), South Norfolk Saints Southern Division: Crawley Jets, North London Skolars, Oxford Cavaliers, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks In an all new team final Crawley Jets beat South Norfolk Saints at the Prince of Wales Stadium in Cheltenham. 1999 The 1999 season saw further expansion to 20 teams, resulting in another change in the divisional system. Initially only 15 clubs were to be funded by the RFL and Hemel Stags were admitted to the East division to fill the gap originally intended for Northampton the previous season after their Northern Ford Premiership application was rejected and the Alliance (reserve grade) was scrapped. However, a change of decision and the collapse of the EMARLA saw this changed. Derby City were welcomed as the final champions of the EMARLA and the other 4 new sides were formed from the ashes of defunct winter clubs. Worcester Saints became Worcestershire Saints after moving to Redditch in the first relocation. For the first time all starting teams finished the season. Team line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): Northern Division: Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Derby City, Manchester Knights, Nottingham Outlaws Western Division: Birmingham Bulls, Cheltenham Warriors, Leicester Phoenix, Worcestershire Saints, Wolverhampton Wizards Eastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Cambridge Eagles, Hemel Stags, Ipswich Rhinos, South Norfolk Saints Southern Division: Crawley Jets, North London Skolars, Oxford Cavaliers, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks The title was won by Chester Wolves who defeated Crawley Jets in the final. 2000 This season saw a relatively modest further expansion to 24 teams, including the return of founder members Kingston. Leicester Phoenix's Chairman Julian Harrison was appointed the new Conference Administrator. This also coincided with the demise of the London ARL as a winter British Amateur Rugby League Association league but saw it reform as a summer based merit league with a combination of reserve teams and new clubs (though South London Storm and Kingston Warriors joined the Rugby League Conference). In a second relocation Cheltenham Warriors moved to Gloucester and became Gloucestershire Warriors. Another rebranding was had by Birmingham Bulls, who became Birmingham Bulldogs to avoid a legal challenge by the Birmingham Bulls American football team. This season also saw a test of summer rugby league in the North East of England, with a Northern Rugby League Summer Conference with teams from various BARLA leagues won by Teesside Steelers, also featuring Gateshead Panthers, Bridlington Bulls, West Craven Warriors and Wetherby Bulldogs. Team line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): Northern Division: Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Derby City, Manchester Knights, Nottingham Outlaws, Rotherham Giants Western Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Phoenix, Wolverhampton Wizards, Worcestershire Saints Eastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Cambridge Eagles, Hemel Stags, Ipswich Rhinos, South Norfolk Saints, St Albans Centurions Southern Division: Crawley Jets, Kingston Warriors, North London Skolars, Oxford Cavaliers, South London Storm, West London Sharks The league was won by Crawley Jets who defeated Rotherham Giants in the final. 2001 The Conference expanded into Wales for the first time in 2001 when Cardiff Demons, who had formerly run a young team in the Academy competition, joined the league. Along with the new North East Division this left the Rugby League Conference with 30 teams in the 2001 season. Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): North East Division: Bridlington Bulls, Gateshead Panthers, Newcastle Knights, Sunderland City, Teesside Steelers Northern Division: Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Derby City, Manchester Knights, Rotherham Giants Midlands Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Leicester Phoenix, Nottingham Outlaws, Wolverhampton Wizards South Central Division: Cardiff Demons, Gloucestershire Warriors, Hemel Stags, Oxford Cavaliers, Worcestershire Saints Eastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Cambridge Eagles, Ipswich Rhinos, South Norfolk Saints, St Albans Centurions London & South Division: Crawley Jets, Kingston Warriors, North London Skolars, South London Storm, West London Sharks However, Gateshead Panthers merged into Newcastle Knights before the season started leaving a gap in the North East Division which was filled by Durham Phoenix, who after this one season returned to their former name of Durham Tigers. Teesside beat Coventry Bears by a narrow margin in the grand final at Webb Ellis Road, Rugby. 2002 The competition for the first time remained at the same number of teams in the 2002 season, the only change being the addition of Luton Vipers from the London League to replace South Norfolk Saints who took a year out into that same competition. Plans to expand to Scotland with a Glasgow team in 2002 on the Cardiff model failed to materialise, and the Conference had to wait until 2007 to have Scottish full members for the first time. Another plan to expand to 32 teams with the addition of teams based in Bolton and Telford also fell through with Telford withdrawing their application. This season saw a controversial format change, with two sets of three second round groups, both for the top three teams in each group but also for the bottom teams. These provided four extra fixtures, giving 14 guaranteed games, but the extra fixtures were poorly scheduled, seeing Manchester Knights eliminated despite winning all four extra games. This format was ditched after this season, though the idea of tiered competition was to return with the advent of premier divisions. Team line-ups as follows (new club in italics): North East Division: Bridlington Bulls, Durham Tigers, Newcastle Knights, Sunderland City, Teesside Steelers Northern Division: Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Derby City, Manchester Knights, Rotherham Giants Midlands Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Leicester Phoenix, Nottingham Outlaws, Wolverhampton Wizards South Central Division: Cardiff Demons, Gloucestershire Warriors, Hemel Stags, Oxford Cavaliers, Worcestershire Saints Eastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Cambridge Eagles, Ipswich Rhinos, Luton Vipers, St Albans Centurions London & South Division: Crawley Jets, Kingston Warriors, North London Skolars, South London Storm, West London Sharks In 2002 London Skolars were accepted into National League Two, from the following season the first club in over fifty years to make the transition from the amateur ranks to the professional leagues (the previous club to do so being Cardiff who unsuccessfully had stepped up from the Welsh League in 1951) and the first to step up successfully from a non-league competition since Castleford's elevation from the Yorkshire Senior League in 1926 (from which league Featherstone Rovers had also successfully stepped up a few years previously), though this league was theoretically semi-professional. In September, last year's losing finalist Coventry Bears beat Hemel Stags in the grand final held at Cheltenham. 2003 Hemel Stags, St Albans Centurions, Coventry Bears, Manchester Knights, South London Storm (their position initially given to Crawley Jets, who later turned it down) and Teesside Steelers joined the newly formed National League Three in 2003, where they were joined by BARLA clubs Woolston Rovers (Warrington), Bradford Dudley Hill, Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks and Huddersfield Underbank Rangers. The inaugural winners were Woolston Rovers (Warrington) who defeated surprise finalists Teesside Steelers in the final. The conference made the leap from 30 to 52 teams with the main growth areas being Wales and the North West of England, both of which gained their own division for the first time, but also in the South East with the addition of no fewer than 5 teams from the London League (North London Skolars 'A', South London Storm 'A', Greenwich Admirals, St Ives Roosters and the returning South Norfolk Saints). Also for the first time two teams further southwest than Gloucester participated: the Bristol Sonics and Somerset Vikings. This rapid expansion was in part possible due to the lowering of the strict minimum criteria which were considered less necessary due to National League Three allowing a higher standard of play for the teams more suited to it. However, despite this, the only team to fail to complete the season was founder member Bedford Swifts. More controversial at the time was the inclusion in a development competition of Leeds Akademiks, a team based on the student old boys model very successfully used by the North London Skolars, in the largely rugby league free northern part of Leeds, but still nonetheless in a city known for rugby league. This was to pave the way for a huge influx of truly heartland teams the following season, drastically changing the face of the competition. Team line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): North East Division: Bridlington Bulls, Durham Tigers, Gateshead Storm, Leeds Akademiks, Newcastle Knights, Sunderland City, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Yorkshire Coast Tigers North West Division: Bolton Le Moors, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Carlisle Centurions, Chester Wolves, Lancaster, Liverpool Buccaneers North Midlands Division: Crewe Wolves, Derby City, Mansfield Storm, Nottingham Outlaws, Rotherham Giants, Worksop Sharks Midlands Division: Bedford Swifts, Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears 'A' , Leicester Phoenix, Telford Raiders, Wolverhampton Wizards South West Division: Bristol Sonics, Cardiff Demons, Gloucestershire Warriors, Oxford Cavaliers, Somerset Vikings, Worcestershire Saints Welsh Division: Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cynon Valley Cougars, Rumney Rhinos, Swansea Bulls, Torfaen Tigers Eastern Division: Cambridge Eagles, Essex Eels, Ipswich Rhinos, Luton Vipers, South Norfolk Saints, St Ives Roosters London & South Division: Crawley Jets, Gosport & Fareham Vikings, Greenwich Admirals, Hemel Stags 'A', Kingston Warriors, North London Skolars 'A', South London Storm 'A', West London Sharks Bedford Swifts failed to complete the season. Bridgend Blue Bulls won the 2003 title defeating Carlisle Centurions in the final. 2004 The 2004 season saw Birmingham Bulldogs, Carlisle Centurions, Gateshead Storm (late replacements after Teesside Steelers surprisingly announced they were folding after being runners-up the previous season) and Essex Eels leave the Conference to join National League Three, which also gained the reformed Bramley Buffaloes. National league three was won by expansion club Coventry Bears, whose team featured professional rugby union players from Coventry RFC and Australian semi-pros including National Rugby League (NRL) reserve graders. They defeated Woolston Rovers (Warrington) 48–24 at Widnes Vikings' Halton Stadium, the first time the NL3 final had been held on the same bill as the other National League finals. This season saw major expansion in the heartlands resulting in new Yorkshire and Cumbria divisions. The decision to include them has been much criticised, especially since many (though by no means all) are uncommitted to summer rugby league, seeing British Amateur Rugby League Association as their priority. However, only through the inclusion of heartland teams was it possible to create some of the premier divisions the following season, and a few of the heartland clubs were needed by National League Three over the years to keep it going when teams resigned from it. Furthermore, allowing heartland teams in meant all National League Three teams could run a reserve team in the summer if they so chose Unlike the previous season only one team (St Albans Centurions 'A') was admitted from the London ARL. Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): North East Division: Durham Tigers, Jarrow Vikings, Newcastle Knights, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland City, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Yorkshire Coast Tigers Yorkshire Division: Bradford Dudley Hill 'A', Bridlington Bulls, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 'A', Hull Phoenix, Leeds Akademiks, South Wakefield Sharks, Thorne Moor Marauders, Wetherby Bulldogs Cumbrian Division: Barrow Shipbuilders, Carlisle Centurions 'A', Copeland Athletic, Penrith Pumas, West Cumbria Crusaders North West Division: Bolton Le Moors, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Lancaster, Liverpool Buccaneers, North Wales Coasters, Widnes Saints North Midlands Division: Derby City, Mansfield Storm, Nottingham Outlaws, Rotherham Giants, Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 'A' , Worksop Sharks South Midlands Division: Birmingham Bulldogs 'A', Coventry Bears 'A', Leicester Phoenix, Rugby Raiders, St Albans Centurions 'A' , Wolverhampton Wizards Western Division: Bristol Sonics, Gloucestershire Warriors, Oxford Cavaliers, Somerset Vikings, Telford Raiders, Worcestershire Saints Welsh Division: Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Swansea Valley Miners, Torfaen Tigers, Newport Titans, Valley Cougars Eastern Division: Cambridge Eagles, Hemel Stags 'A', Ipswich Rhinos, Luton Vipers, Middlesex Lions, North London Skolars ('A'), South Norfolk Saints, St Ives Roosters South Division: Crawley Jets, Gosport & Fareham Vikings, Greenwich Admirals, Kingston Warriors, South London Storm 'A', West London Sharks The start of the season was marred by the withdrawal of twice former champions Crawley Jets, whose proposed replacements Reigate Crusaders never materialised. The only team to withdraw mid-season was Carlisle Centurions 'A', the last time this number was so few. New team Widnes Saints defeated West London Sharks in the final. 2005 In 2005 National League Three changed from a period of expansion to one of consolidation, with both Manchester Knights (who had failed to complete their last few games the previous season) and South London Storm both deciding to enter the new Premier Divisions, though in fact Manchester Knights would only last two games before folding, with their position taken over by former BARLA club Dewsbury Celtic who saw summer as their future. In fact the National League Three season saw both Carlisle Centurions and Birmingham Bulldogs fail to complete the season (Birmingham took over their reserve teams' fixtures) showing that the expansionist bubble had seemingly burst with Bradford Dudley Hill defeating Bramley Buffaloes in an all-heartland final and both Coventry Bears and Essex Eels resigning at the end of the season. The RLC Premier divisions were set up in 2005 to include the stronger teams in those areas who were able to travel further to play away games. The North and Central divisions were largely dominated by heartland teams that had been part of the influx the previous two seasons, the former of which incorporated all remaining Cumbrian division teams, while the Welsh Premier Division was the same teams as the regional division en masse promoted in status for pragmatic reasons. The South Premier offered the best hope for expanding rugby league into new areas. New teams Redditch Ravens and Scarborough Pirates were formed from the ashes of the Worcestershire Saints and Yorkshire Coast Tigers clubs respectively. Leeds Akademiks had to change their moniker to the Akkies due to a legal challenge from an American clothing brand named Akademik. The ever fruitful London League provided three more teams this year: Bedford Tigers (formed the previous year from the ashes of Bedford Swifts), Haringey Hornets (effectively London Skolars' third team) and Luton Vipers 'A'. Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): North Premier Division: Copeland Athletic, Jarrow Vikings, Penrith Pumas, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland City, West Cumbria Crusaders, Central Premier Division: Bolton Le Moors, Hull Phoenix, Leeds Akkies, Manchester Knights, Nottingham Outlaws, Telford Raiders South Premier Division: Greenwich Admirals, Ipswich Rhinos, London Skolars 'A', Luton Vipers, South London Storm, West London Sharks Welsh Premier Division: Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Newport Titans, Swansea Valley Miners, Torfaen Tigers, Valley Cougars North East Division: Catterick Panthers, Durham Tigers, Newcastle Knights, Scarborough Pirates,, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Winlaton Vulcans Yorkshire Division: Bradford Dudley Hill 'A', Bramley Buffaloes 'A', Bridlington Bulls, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 'A', Hull Phoenix 'A' , Leeds Akkies 'A', South Wakefield Sharks, Wetherby Bulldogs North West Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Lancaster, Liverpool Buccaneers, North Wales Coasters, Ormskirk Heelers, Runcorn Vikings, Warrington Wizards 'A', Widnes Saints North Midlands Division: Derby City, Lincoln City Knights, Mansfield Storm, Rotherham Giants, Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 'A', Thorne Moor Marauders, Worksop Sharks West Midlands Division: Birmingham Bulldogs ('A'), Coventry Bears 'A', Leicester Phoenix, Redditch Ravens, Rugby Raiders, Wolverhampton Wizards South West Division: Bristol Sonics, Gloucestershire Warriors, Oxford Cavaliers, Plymouth, Somerset Vikings, Thames Valley Eastern Division: Bedford Tigers, Cambridge Eagles, Luton Vipers 'A' , South Norfolk Saints, St Albans Centurions 'A', St Ives Roosters London & South Division: Gosport & Fareham Vikings, Haringey Hornets, Hemel Stags 'A', Kingston Warriors, Middlesex Lions, South London Storm 'A' It was felt that this season saw too many unstable teams admitted to make up the gaps left by teams joining the Premier Division. This was supported by the unprecedented number of midseason withdrawals, though a couple of these were more due to the increasing standards created by the influx of heartland teams. Aside from the aforementioned NL3 withdrawals and Manchester's replacement by Dewsbury Celtic in the Premier Division there were many Regional Division withdrawals. This started with the pre-season withdrawal of Lancaster (replaced by Rochdale Spotland Rangers), Chester Wolves (replaced by Wigan & Leigh Cavaliers), Rugby Raiders and Thames Valley. This continued with mid-season withdrawals of Oxford Cavaliers (who were to return), Luton Vipers 'A', Middlesex Lions, Gosport & Fareham Vikings and most surprisingly Rotherham Giants. The Premier divisions saw Bridgend Blue Bulls defeat Leeds Akkies in the final, while Wetherby Bulldogs defeated Gloucestershire Warriors in the regional final. 2006 The 2006 season saw Coventry Bears and Essex Eels return to the RLC structure in the Midlands and Premier South Divisions respectively. Their NL3 places were taken by the promoted Dewsbury Celtic and Featherstone Lions, who had recently resigned from the BARLA National Conference League. Though Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks soon resigned from NL3 leaving their reserves as their first team. The Premier divisions saw a change in boundaries leaving the North Premier division covering a larger area to give the English Midlands clubs their own premier division without having to face heartland teams, though this left the West Midlands division with too few teams to run, forcing it into a merger with the South West division. The Welsh premier division was split into two divisions, though this decision was reversed for the following season. The London League provided three more clubs in Broadstairs Bulldogs, Kent Ravens and Colchester Romans. Two further relocations were Bolton Le Moors moving to Darwen to become East Lancashire Lions and Hull Phoenix moving to Cottingham. Furthermore, London Skolars 'A' had a one-season rebrand as Haringey Hornets, leaving the regional team of that name to become their reserves. The new Chester Wolves team were unconnected to the former team and in fact a summer team for Widnes-based BARLA club West Bank Bears. Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): North Premier Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Cottingham Phoenix, East Lancashire Lions, Huddersfield Sharks, Leeds Akkies, West Cumbria Crusaders, Widnes Saints Midlands Premier Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Derby City, Nottingham Outlaws, Leicester Phoenix, Telford Raiders, Wolverhampton Wizards South Premier Division: Essex Eels, Haringey Hornets, Ipswich Rhinos, Kingston Warriors, Luton Vipers, South London Storm, West London Sharks Welsh Premier Division (East): Blackwood Bulldogs, Cardiff Demons, Newport Titans, Torfaen Tigers, Valley Cougars Welsh Premier Division (West): Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Pembrokeshire Panthers, Swansea Valley Miners, West Wales Sharks North Division: Carlisle, Copeland Athletic, Jarrow Vikings, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland Nissan North East Division: Catterick Panthers, Durham Tigers, Newcastle Knights, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Winlaton Vulcans Yorkshire Division: Bramley Buffaloes 'A', Bridlington Bulls, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 'A', Leeds Akkies 'A', Ossett Trinity, Scarborough Pirates, Cheshire Division: Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Liverpool Buccaneers, North Wales Coasters, Ormskirk Heelers, Runcorn Vikings, Warrington Wizards 'A', Winnington Park North Midlands & South Yorkshire Division: Lincoln City Knights, Mansfield Storm, Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks ('A'), Thorne Moor Marauders, Worksop Sharks West Midlands and South West Division: Bristol Sonics, Burntwood Barbarians, Coventry Bears 'A', Gloucestershire Warriors, Oxford Cavaliers, Plymouth, Redditch Ravens, Somerset Vikings Eastern Division: Bedford Tigers, Cambridge Eagles, Colchester Romans, Northampton, South Norfolk Saints, St Ives Roosters South East Division: Broadstairs Bulldogs, Greenwich Admirals, Haringey Hornets 'A', Hemel Stags 'A', Kent Ravens, St Albans Centurions 'A' As with the previous season there were many drop-outs with Winlaton Vulcans (replaced by Gateshead Storm 'A'), Pembrokeshire Panthers and Northampton failing to make the starting gate and West Cumbria Crusaders, Huddersfield Sharks, Luton Vipers, Essex Eels, Catterick Panthers and Mansfield Storm subsequently resigned. Also while they withdrew before the fixtures were finalised South Wakefield Sharks were expected to play in the North Midlands & South Yorkshire division. Furthermore, Haringey Hornets 'A' were allowed to remain in the competition despite scratching 7 out of their 10 fixtures. However, unlike the previous season the withdrawals were less to do with unsuitable teams being let into the regionals and more to do with regional division standard teams being forced into the premier divisions to make up the numbers there. The 2006 Premier division saw South London defeat East Lancashire in the final, while Liverpool beat Thorne Moor in the regionals final. In 2006 a new league was founded as a feeder league to the RLC in the Midlands and South Yorkshire. The Midlands RL Merit League (now known as RL Merit League) was based on the principles of the successful London League and consisted of new clubs who are not ready for the full commitment of the Conference season together with RLC clubs' 'A' teams. The Rugby League Conference provided administrative and promotional support to the Scottish Conference as a pilot scheme with a view to integrating the Scottish league as a full part of the Conference for the 2007 season. The six teams being Glasgow Bulls, Easterhouse Panthers, Paisley Hurricanes, Edinburgh Eagles, Fife Lions and Moray Eels. Gloucestershire Warriors became the first Conference side to beat a 'traditional' amateur side when they beat Pennine League team Illingworth 25–24 away from home in the 2006 Challenge Cup. South London Storm were crowned RLC National Champions after beating East Lancashire Lions 30–0 in the final at Broadstreet RUFC. 2007 The 2007 season also saw a new sponsor for the league with Totalrlc being replaced by United Co-operatives in a six figure deal. Following United's merger with the larger The Co-operative Group, the league was named the Co-operative Rugby League Conference for sponsorship purposes. In 2007, Bradford Dudley Hill withdrew from National League Three to return to the National Conference League and St Albans Centurions decided to join the RLC Premier South. Hemel Stags were left as the only southern team and National League Three was absorbed into the Rugby League Conference as the Rugby League Conference National Division with the addition of three teams from the Premier North Division: Leeds Akkies, Cottingham Phoenix and East Lancashire Lions. Cottingham Phoenix were subsequently expelled about halfway through the season for forfeiting three fixtures. The inaugural RLC National Division was won by Featherstone Lions who defeated Bramley Buffaloes in the final. The promotion of three teams to the RLC National left the already depleted Premier North unviable and an artificial North Premier was created out of the North East and North regional divisions so that a league of this name could still exist. The Midlands Premier Division gained Gloucestershire and Somerset in place of struggling Wolverhampton, who returned to the regionals. This season was a new South West division created for teams from the deep South West. While this was rather artificially created it was necessary due to the unique circumstances of the region to reduce travelling costs for what are ultimately amateur clubs. There was also already local interest for more teams, but intervention was needed to make sure this was a full division. For the first time in several years no London League teams were promoted, but Farnborough Falcons and London Griffins had intended to enter before receiving call-ups (to form the short lived South Division intended to replace the failed South East division) and still played a small number of fixtures in it. The Midlands Merit League produced new club South Humber Rabbitohs and also helped provide Scunthorpe Barbarians partly based on former MML club Scunthorpe Braves. Aberavon Fighting Irish rebranded as Neath Port Talbot Steelers and South Norfolk Saints as Thetford Titans. Worksop Sharks relocated to Rossington, Doncaster controversially as Doncaster already had a team - Thorne Moor Marauders and this broke the one club, one town policy theoretically in place. Thorne Moor Marauders merged with BARLA club Moorends to become the Moorends & Thorne Marauders. The Scottish affiliated division of 2006 became a full member division with all six teams admitted, though Glasgow never completed the season. Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): National Division: Bramley Buffaloes, Cottingham Phoenix, Dewsbury Celtic, East Lancashire Lions, Featherstone Lions, Gateshead Storm, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Leeds Akkies, Warrington Wizards North Premier Division: Billingham Lions, Carlisle, Copeland Athletic, Durham Tigers, Gateshead Storm 'A', Jarrow Vikings, Newcastle Knights, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland Nissan, Whitley Bay Barbarians Midlands Premier Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Derby City, Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Phoenix, Nottingham Outlaws, Somerset Vikings, Telford Raiders South Premier Division: Ipswich Rhinos, Kent Ravens, Kingston Warriors, London Skolars 'A', South London Storm, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks Welsh Premier Division: Blackwood Bulldogs, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Newport Titans, Neath Port Talbot Steelers, Torfaen Tigers, Valley Cougars, West Wales Sharks Yorkshire & Lincolnshire Division: Bridlington Bulls, Leeds Akkies 'A', Lincoln City Knights, Moorends & Thorne Marauders, Rossington Sharks, Scarborough Pirates, Scunthorpe Barbarians, South Humber Rabbitohs North West Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Liverpool Buccaneers, Ormskirk Heelers, Warrington Wizards 'A', Widnes Saints Cheshire Division: Crewe Wolves, Macclesfield Titans, North Wales Coasters, Runcorn, Winnington Park West Midlands Division: Bristol Sonics, Burntwood Barbarians, Coventry Bears 'A', Oxford Cavaliers, Redditch Ravens, Wolverhampton Wizards South West Division: Devon Sharks, East Devon Eagles, Exeter Centurions, Plymouth Titans, Somerset Vikings 'A' Eastern Division: Bedford Tigers, Cambridge Eagles, Colchester Romans, Greenwich Admirals, St Ives Roosters, Thetford Titans South Division: Broadstairs Bulldogs, Farnborough Falcons, Finchley, Gosport & Fareham Vikings Scottish Division: Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles, Fife Lions, Glasgow Bulls, Moray Eels, Paisley Hurricanes Broadstairs Bulldogs failed to start the season and were replaced by London Griffins. Cottingham Phoenix, Gateshead Storm 'A', Ormskirk Heelers, North Wales Coasters and Glasgow Bulls all failed to complete the season, which while less than in the previous two seasons was still far from ideal, especially in the North West and Cheshire divisions which were both left with just four teams. The Premier division was won by St Albans Centurions who defeated Coventry Bears in the final. The Regional division was won by Widnes Saints who defeated Bedford Tigers in the final. 2008 The RLC National in 2008 saw Leeds Akkies drop to the Premier North but the addition of a Colts team to professional club Crusaders and the double promotion of Liverpool Buccaneers to the National Division. Also notably for the first time no RLC National clubs ran a reserve team in the RLC, in fact Hemel were the only club to run one at all, in the London League. There were multiple rebrandings: Crewe Wolves became Lymm Wolves, Winnington Park became Northwich Stags, the returning North Wales Coasters became Rhyl Coasters, Kingston Warriors became Elmbridge and Gosport & Fareham Vikings became Portsmouth Navy Seahawks. The Midlands Merit League, renamed RL Merit League this season, produced East Riding and Sheffield Forgers for the Conference but South Humber Rabbitohs stepped back down. The London League provided Northampton Casuals and Hainault Bulldogs but regained London Griffins and Farnborough Falcons with the scrapping of the unviable South Division. 2008 also the saw the creation of the Women's Rugby League Conference. Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): National Division: Bramley Buffaloes, Celtic Crusaders Colts, Dewsbury Celtic, East Lancashire Lions, Featherstone Lions, Gateshead Storm, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Liverpool Buccaneers, Warrington Wizards North Premier Division: Carlisle Centurions, Durham Tigers, Jarrow Vikings, Leeds Akkies, Newcastle Knights, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland Nissan, Whitley Bay Barbarians Midlands Premier Division: Bedford Tigers, Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Derby City, Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Phoenix, Nottingham Outlaws South Premier Division: Elmbridge, Ipswich Rhinos, Kent Ravens, London Skolars 'A', Portsmouth Navy Seahawks, South London Storm, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks Welsh Premier Division: Blackwood Bulldogs, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Neath Port Talbot Steelers, Newport Titans, Torfaen Tigers, Valley Cougars, West Wales Sharks Yorkshire Division: Bridlington Bulls, East Riding, Leeds Akkies 'A', Northallerton Stallions, Scarborough Pirates, York Lokomotive South Yorkshire & Lincolnshire Division: Lincoln City Knights, Moorends & Thorne Marauders, Rossington Sharks, Rotherham Giants, Scunthorpe Barbarians, Sheffield Forgers North West Division: Barrow Vikings, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Manchester Jets, New Broughton Rangers, Widnes Saints Cheshire Division: Lymm Wolves, Macclesfield Titans, Northwich Stags, Rhyl Coasters, Runcorn West Midlands Division: Bristol Sonics, Coventry Bears 'A', Oxford Cavaliers, Redditch Ravens, Swindon St George, Telford Raiders, Wolverhampton Wizards South West Division: Devon Sharks, East Devon Eagles, Exeter Centurions, Plymouth Titans, Somerset Vikings Eastern Division: Cambridge Eagles, Colchester Romans, Greenwich Admirals, Hainault Bulldogs, Northampton Casuals, St Ives Roosters, Thetford Titans Scottish Division: Carluke Tigers, Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles, Fife Lions, Glasgow Bulls, Jordanhill Phoenix, Moray Eels, Paisley Hurricanes Glasgow Bulls, Manchester Jets and Macclesfield Titans all failed to start the season, with Kent Ravens having their fixtures stopped after one game, joined the London League. Established club Durham Tigers failed to complete the season in the North East division. Also while they withdrew before the fixtures were finalised Copeland Athletic were expected to play in the North West division. 2009 The North Premier Division was scrapped replaced by two new Premiers; the North West Premier and the Yorkshire Premier though the bulk of its membership joined the newly reformed North East Division. The heartland winter league the National Conference League launched a series of Summer Divisions in 2009 similar to the Conference. The National Division lost Celtic Crusaders Colts to the Super League Reserve Grade but regained Carlisle Centurions from the North Premier Division and gained Nottingham Outlaws from the Midlands Premier Division West Wales Sharks relocated and became Dinefwr Sharks. Thetford Titans moved to Bury St Edmunds and became Bury Titans. The North East saw established club Durham Tigers fail to return, but saw the return of rugby league to Winlaton in the name of Winlanton Warriors (Winlaton had previously not only had its own team in 2005 but had also hosted Gateshead Storm and Whitley Bay Barbarians). Victoria Knights were formed from the ashes of Paisley Hurricanes though could barely raise a team. Nottingham Outlaws A, Moorends-Thorne Marauders A and Wigan Riversiders joined the Rugby League Conference from the RL Merit League. The Midlands Rugby League was formed out of the RL Merit League giving the Conference a new feeder competition with the RL Merit League being split into North West and Yorkshire divisions. Norwich City Saxons, Hainault Bulldogs 'A', Kent Ravens, Farnborough Falcons and Southampton Spitfires all moved up from the London ARL, this influx of new teams allowing the re-separation of the two Regional divisions in the South East (East and London & South). Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): National Division: Bramley Buffaloes, Carlisle Centurions, Dewsbury Celtic, East Lancashire Lions, Featherstone Lions, Gateshead Storm, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Liverpool Buccaneers, Nottingham Outlaws, Warrington Wizards North West Premier Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Lymm RL, New Broughton Rangers, Rhyl Coasters, Runcorn RLC, Widnes Saints, Wigan Riversiders Yorkshire Premier Division: Bridlington Bulls, Cottingham Phoenix, East Riding Rangers, Kippax Knights, Leeds Akkies, Moorends-Thorne Marauders, Scarborough Pirates, York Lokomotive Midlands Premier Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Bristol Sonics, Coventry Bears, Derby City, Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Phoenix, Redditch Ravens, Telford Raiders Southern Premier Division: Bedford Tigers, Elmbridge Eagles, Hainault Bulldogs, Ipswich Rhinos, London Skolars 'A', Portsmouth Navy Seahawks, South London Storm, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks, Welsh Premier Division: Blackwood Bulldogs, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Dinefwr Sharks, Torfaen Tigers, Neath Port Talbot Steelers, Newport Titans, Valley Cougars, West Wales Wildboars Scottish Division: Carluke Tigers, Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles, Fife Lions, Hillfoot Rams, Jordanhill Phoenix, Moray Eels, Paisley Hurricanes, Victoria Knights North East Division: Hartlepool, Jarrow Vikings, Newcastle Knights, Northallerton Stallions, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland City, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Winlaton Warriors North Midlands: Leeds Akkies A, Lincoln City Knights, Moorends-Thorne Marauders 'A', Nottingham Outlaws 'A', Rotherham Giants, Scunthorpe Barbarians East Division: Bury Titans, Cambridge Eagles, Colchester Romans, Hainault Bulldogs A, St Ives Roosters, Northampton Casuals, Norwich City Saxons London & South Division: Farnborough Falcons, Greenwich Admirals, Kent Ravens, Oxford Cavaliers, Southampton Spitfires, Swindon St George South West Division: Devon Sharks, East Devon Eagles, Exeter Centurions, Plymouth Titans, Somerset Vikings, South Dorset Giants Bridlington Bulls failed to start the season in the Yorkshire Premier division. Guildford Giants replaced Farnborough Falcons in the London & South division. Kent Ravens failed to complete the season in the London & South division. Moorends & Thorne Marauders 'A' failed to start the season in the North Midlands Division and were replaced by Parkside Hawks. Redditch Ravens failed to complete the season in the Midlands Premier Division and entered the Midlands Merit League. Telford Raiders also failed to complete the season in the Midlands Premier Division. However, their results stood. Cambridge Eagles and Hainault Bulldogs 'A' failed to complete the season in the Eastern Division. Plymouth Titans failed to complete the season in the South West division, but the results stood. Hartlepool failed to complete the season in the North East but the results stood. 2010 2010 saw an expansion in the numbers of divisions with the Midlands, Wales and North West all forming new regional divisions. The North Midlands division formed the basis for the new Yorkshire regional division. These new divisions saw many teams step up from the merit leagues: Coventry Bears A, Birmingham Bulldogs A, North East Worcestershire Ravens (formerly Redditch Ravens) and Leamington Royals either joined or rejoined from the Midlands Rugby League; Chester Gladiators, Crewe & Nantwich Steamers, Wigan Riversiders Eels, Mancunians RL, Victoria Rangers and Barnsley Broncos (formerly called Barnsley) stepped up from the RL Merit League and Hammersmith Hills Hoists, St Albans Centurions A, South London Storm A and Sussex Merlins moved up from the London League. The National Conference League failed to repeat its summer experiment leading three clubs: East Leeds, Milford Marlins and Shaw Cross Sharks to join the Rugby League Conference. 2010 also saw an expansion of the Merit Leagues as the rump RL Merit League split into the Yorkshire & Humber Merit League and the North West Merit League. A plan to form a North Wales League failed, but a five team 9s tournament was played. Gateshead Storm and Newcastle Knights merged to form Newcastle Storm, Ipswich Rhinos and Colchester Romans merged to form Eastern Rhinos. Leicester Phoenix became Leicester Storm. Northampton Casuals became Northampton Demons. This season had a much higher rate of teams dropping out or forfeiting games than usual with for example the North West Premier division losing three out of five initial teams and the Welsh Regional Division having four out of the original seven teams fail to play a game. The inaugural Rugby League Conference Regional Championships took place at Derby's Haslams Lane ground, with six representative teams representing different English regions. The event was won by the Midlands. Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): National Division: Bramley Buffaloes, Carlisle Centurions, Dewsbury Celtic, Featherstone Lions, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Kippax Knights, Liverpool Buccaneers, Nottingham Outlaws, Warrington Wizards North West Premier Division: Lymm RL, New Broughton Rangers, Runcorn RLC, Widnes Saints, Wigan Riversiders Yorkshire Premier Division: East Leeds, Haworth Park, Milford Marlins, Moorends-Thorne Marauders, Rotherham Giants, Scarborough Pirates, York Lokomotive Midlands Premier Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Bristol Sonics, Coventry Bears, Derby City, Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Storm Southern Premier Division: Eastern Rhinos, Hainault Bulldogs, Hammersmith Hillshoists, London Skolars 'A', Portsmouth Navy Seahawks, South London Storm, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks, Welsh Premier Division: Blackwood Bulldogs, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire & Ceredigion Bears, Newport Titans, Valley Cougars Scottish Division: Ayrshire Storm, Carluke Tigers, Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles, Falkirk, Fife Lions, Jordanhill Phoenix, Kirkcaldy, Moray Eels North East Division: Cramlington Rockets, Durham Demons, Jarrow Vikings, Newcastle Storm, Northallerton Stallions, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland City, Wallsend Eagles, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Winlaton Warriors North West Regional Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Chester Gladiators, Crewe & Nantwich Steamers, Mancunians, Wigan Riversiders Eels Yorkshire Regional Division: Barnsley Broncos, Bradford Salem, Bradford Victoria Rangers, Leeds Akkies, Lincoln City Knights, Parkside Hawks, Scunthorpe Barbarians, Wetherby Bulldogs Midlands Regional Division: Birmingham Bulldogs A, Coventry Bears A, Leamington Royals, North East Worcestershire Ravens, Nottingham Outlaws A, Telford Raiders East Division: Bedford Tigers, Bury Titans, Northampton Demons, Norwich City Saxons, St Albans Centurions A, St Ives Roosters, London & South Division: Elmbridge Eagles, Guildford Giants, Greenwich Admirals, Oxford Cavaliers, South London Storm A, Southampton Spitfires, Sussex Merlins, Swindon St George South West Division: Devon Sharks, East Devon Eagles, Exeter Centurions, North Devon Raiders, Plymouth Titans, Somerset Vikings, South Dorset Giants, South Somerset Warriors South Wales Championship: Amman Valley Rhinos, Dinefwr Sharks, Tydfil Wildcats Rugby League, Neath Port Talbot Steelers, Swansea-Llanelli Dragons, Torfaen Tigers, Wildboars Carlisle Centurions withdrew from the National Division mid-season and their results were expunged, Liverpool Buccaneers withdrew from the National Division and their results stood. Jordanhill Phoenix and Kirkcaldy failed to start the season in the Scottish division, Forth & Clyde Nomads were brought in as replacements. Runcorn and Widnes Saints withdrew from the North West Premier Division pre-season to be replaced by Widnes West Bank and Wirral Warriors. New Broughton Rangers folded midseason in the North West Premier Division. Haworth Park failed to complete the season in the Yorkshire Premier Division but their results stood. Bradford Salem withdrew from the Yorkshire Regional Division to be replaced by Shaw Cross Sharks. Wetherby Bulldogs and Scunthorpe Barbarians failed to complete the season in the Yorkshire Regional division but their results stood. Derby City withdrew mid-season from the Midlands Premier but their results stood. North East Worcestershire Ravens failed to complete the season in the Midlands Regional division but the results stood. Blackwood Bulldogs failed to complete the season in the Welsh Premier division. Amman Valley Rhinos, Dinefwr Sharks, Wildboars (St Clears) and Swansea-Llanelli Dragons were all excluded from the Welsh Regional division after not fulfilling any fixtures and replaced by Dyffryn Devils. St Albans Centurions A withdrew from the East Regional division but their fixtures stood. 2011 2011 saw the National Division regain Coventry Bears from the Midlands Premier Division and Valley Cougars step up from the Welsh Premier Division. Gateshead Lightning were admitted as well as a reserve team for Gateshead Thunder but failed to start the season. 2011 also saw more new divisions with Scotland and North East gaining a Premier Division and a new Regional Division being formed in the West of England with clubs from various divisions to reduce the travel burden. The Midlands Premier and Regional Divisions merged with a split season format. Yorkshire replaced its Premier and Regional Divisions with two geographically split divisions (west and east) that would have premier and regional division playoffs. The only clubs moving up from feeder leagues were Northampton Demons A and Bristol Sonics A from the Midlands Rugby League and East Lancashire Vikings from the North West Merit League. A new feeder league was created the Eastern Merit League which split off from the London League. The Yorkshire & Humber Merit League split into a North division and a Midlands division. The plans for 2012 saw several winter sides switching to summer with Cadishead Rhinos, Chorley Panthers and Rochdale Cobras joining the North West Regional division; Walton Warriors, Knottingley Rockware Stolze and Cutsyke Raiders in the Yorkshire East division and Doncaster Toll Bar, Guiseley Rangers and Lindley Swifts in the Yorkshire West (which also gained new side Prospect Pirates). There were also numerous BARLA clubs entering teams in the North West Merit League. Northallerton Stallions moved to Catterick and became North Yorkshire Stallions. Newcastle Storm became Gateshead Storm. Newport Titans became Titans with a relocation to Machen. Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics): National Division: Bramley Buffaloes, Coventry Bears, Dewsbury Celtic, Featherstone Lions, Gateshead Lightning, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Kippax Knights, Nottingham Outlaws, Valley Cougars, Warrington Wizards North West Premier Division: Accrington & Leyland Lions, East Lancashire Vikings, Liverpool Buccaneers, Mancunians, Widnes West Bank, Wigan Riversiders Yorkshire Premier Division (East): Barnsley Broncos, Cutsyke Raiders, Knottingley Rockware Stolze, Moorends-Thorne Marauders, Rotherham Giants, Scarborough Pirates, Walton Warriors, York Lokomotive Yorkshire Premier Division (West): Doncaster Toll Bar, East Leeds, Guiseley Rangers, Leeds Akkies, Lindley Swifts Parkside Hawks, Prospect Pirates, Shaw Cross Sharks Midlands Division (West): Birmingham Bulldogs, Bristol Sonics, Leamington Royals, Telford Raiders Midlands Division (East): Birmingham Bulldogs A, Leicester Storm, Northampton Demons A, Nottingham Outlaws A Southern Premier Division: Eastern Rhinos, Hainault Bulldogs, Hammersmith Hillshoists, South London Storm, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks, Welsh Premier Division: Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire & Ceredigion Bears, Titans, Torfaen Tigers, Valley Cougars A Scottish Premier Division: Ayrshire Storm, Carluke Tigers, Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles, Fife Lions, Moray Eels North East Premier Division: Gateshead Spartans, Gateshead Storm, Jarrow Vikings, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland City, Wallsend Eagles Scottish 1st Division: Aberdeen Warriors, Ayr Knights, Cumbernauld, Falkirk, Moray Titans North East Regional Division: Cramlington Rockets, Durham Demons, East Cumbria Crusaders, Hartlepool, North Yorkshire Stallions, Peterlee Pumas A, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Winlaton Warriors North West Regional Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Cadishead Rhinos, Chester Gladiators, Chorley Panthers, Crewe & Nantwich Steamers, Rochdale Cobras East Division: Bedford Tigers, Bury Titans, Northampton Demons 'A', Norwich City Saxons, St Ives Roosters, Sudbury Gladiators London & South Division: Elmbridge Eagles, Guildford Giants, Greenwich Admirals, Medway Dragons, Portsmouth Navy Seahawks, Southampton Spitfires, Sussex Merlins South West Division: Devon Sharks, East Devon Eagles, Exeter Centurions, North Devon Raiders, Plymouth Titans, Somerset Vikings, South Dorset Giants, South Somerset Warriors West Of England Division: Bristol Sonics A, Gloucestershire Warriors, Oxford Cavaliers, Swindon St George, Wiltshire Wyverns South Wales Championship: Blackwood Bulldogs, Bonymaen Broncos, Dyffryn Devils, Tydfil Wildcats Rugby League, Neath Port Talbot Steelers Gateshead Lightning failed to start the season in the National Division. Guiseley Rangers and East Leeds failed to start the season in the Yorkshire Premier (West). Doncaster Toll Bar failed to complete the season in the Yorkshire Premier Division (West) and their results stood. Moray Eels failed to start the season in the Scottish Premier division Falkirk failed to start the season in the Scottish 1st Division. Ayr Knights failed to complete the season in the Scottish 1st Division and their results stood. South Somerset Warriors failed to complete the season in the South West Division. CPC Bears failed to complete the season in the Welsh Premier and their results stood. Blackwood Bulldogs failed to start the season in the South Wales Championship. Hainault Bulldogs failed to complete the season in the Premier South division and had London Skolars A take over their fixtures midseason. Birmingham Bulldogs A failed to complete the season in the Midlands Division (East). Mancunians, Widnes West Bank and East Lancashire Vikings failed to complete the season in the North West Premier division and their results stood. Crewe & Nantwich Steamers failed to complete the season in the North West Regional division and their results stood. Norwich City Knights and Northampton Demons A failed to complete the season in the East division and their results stood 2012 and the future Main articles: National Conference League and Conference League South The RFL have released plans for a new structure in the summer game. Initial plans were for the Rugby League Conference to be scrapped and replaced with a Northern and Southern Conference at tier 4 to replace the National division (and the National Conference League that switched from winter). These plans were later amended to have three National Conference League divisions staying as they were underpinned by a separate division 4 based on the Rugby League Conference National division. Tier 5 will consist of a series of regional leagues where Rugby League Conference clubs will be joined by some BARLA clubs switching to summer. These regional leagues will include the Yorkshire Men's League, North West Men's League and Midlands Rugby League and cover the length and breadth of the country. See also Rugby League Conference Rugby League Conference trophy winners History of the Midlands Merit League References General Beyond the Heartlands - The History of the Rugby League Conference Julian Harrison Inline ^ "Coventry launch league courtship". The Independent. 12 April 2000. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Bears' chance to step ahead". Coventry Telegraph. 5 April 2002. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "TotalRL.com Rugby League Conference Expands". British Amateur Rugby League Association. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2024. ^ "Conference set for further expansion". Warrington Guardian. 31 January 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ a b "Perfect Ten for RL Conference". Love Rugby League. 2 April 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2023. ^ "Wizards start at Celtic". Warrington Guardian. 7 December 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2024. ^ "RL Conference breaks 100 team barrier". Love Rugby League. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2023. External links Official website Unofficial RLC website Official tables Fixture lists	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby League Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference"},{"link_name":"The Co-operative Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"}],"text":"The Rugby League Conference (RLC), also known as the Co-operative Rugby League Conference as a result of sponsorship from The Co-operative Group, was a series of regionally based divisions of amateur rugby league teams spread throughout England, Scotland and Wales.It was founded in 1997 as the Southern Conference League.","title":"History of the Rugby League Conference"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_of_England"},{"link_name":"Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"rugby football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Rugby Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_League"},{"link_name":"sanctions by the RFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_sports#Rugby"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"In 1895, several clubs in the North of England broke away from the Rugby Football Union (RFU), the governing body of rugby football in England, over the issue of player expenses.This led to the great schism which resulted in rugby becoming two separate sports: rugby union administered by the RFU and rugby league administered by the Rugby Football League as the two games evolved different sets of rules.Although rugby league spread overseas, sanctions by the RFU made it more difficult for the sport to expand beyond its \"heartlands\" in the traditional counties of Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumberland.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Amateur Rugby League Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Amateur_Rugby_League_Association"},{"link_name":"London Amateur Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_League_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"the North East of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"East Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"South of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_England"},{"link_name":"London Skolars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Skolars"},{"link_name":"National Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"}],"sub_title":"Earlier non-heartland competitions","text":"Prior to the Rugby League Conference, there were several non-heartland leagues throughout England run by the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA); the most recent ones being the London Amateur Rugby League, the Midlands and South West Amateur Rugby League Association (MASWARLA), the East Midlands Amateur Rugby League Association (EMARLA), the Eastern Counties Amateur Rugby League and the North Eastern Amateur Rugby League Association (NEARLA).The Eastern Counties and the MASWARLA competitions folded in 1995 (as did the Welsh Amateur League of the time) The few remaining teams were absorbed by the London ARL and the EMARLA. The London League initially regionalised its division 2 to cope with the increased travel pressures this caused, but they were unable to keep up numbers for this. While their leagues at the time survived (albeit at a low level) teams in the North East of England and the East Midlands were looking at playing in Yorkshire-based heartland leagues. However teams in the South of England had no such option, London Skolars were even rejected from BARLA's National Conference League for the 1996–97 season.A further major factor leading to the creation of the Southern Conference League was the fact that the professional clubs had switched to a summer season the previous year and thus interest in the sport in the winter was decreased. The abandonment of amateurism by the rival sport of rugby union in 1995 meant that it was now possible for rugby union players to play rugby league during their off-season without risking a ban from rugby union whilst adding an element of competition for players in the winter. This gave non-heartland clubs a larger player pool but only if they switched to summer.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Ives Roosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives_Roosters"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"West London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_London_Sharks"},{"link_name":"North London Skolars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Skolars"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Eagles"},{"link_name":"North London Skolars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Skolars"},{"link_name":"Leicester Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Scottish Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_Scotland_Division"}],"sub_title":"1997","text":"The Southern Conference League began as a 10-team pilot league in 1997. The teams selected were not necessarily those with the highest playing standard, as off-field factors were initially considered very important. Furthermore, teams were selected to represent medium to large-sized towns and thus some clubs were considered undesirable, either due to being pub teams or due to being in small towns based too near a large town with a club (the latter being one of the reasons St Ives Roosters were outside the league until 2003).The initial line-up was as follows:Central Division: Birmingham, Leicester Phoenix, Oxford Cavaliers, Reading Raiders, Worcester Royals\nEastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Ipswich Rhinos, Kingston, North London Skolars, West LondonBirmingham and Leicester Phoenix had been playing in the EMARLA (the former since the demise of the MASWARLA). \nAmong the newly formed clubs were Bedford Swifts, the first ever cross-code club (i.e. playing both rugby union and rugby league), West London (formed from a merger of two of the more successful London ARL teams Brent-Ealing and London Colonials), Oxford Cavaliers and Worcester Royals (though the latter 2 had played friendlies the preceding summer). The other clubs joined from the London ARL including North London Skolars who were based on the student old boys network.However, before the season started Reading Raiders announced that they would remain in the London ARL, the tenth place being offered to fellow London ARL club Cambridge Eagles, a club that missed out at the first stage of applications. As a result of Cambridge Eagles being more geographically suited to the Eastern Division, Bedford Swifts were switched to the Central Division.Kingston were to resign from the league after only playing one game, but besides this and a forfeited semi-final this pilot season was generally successful, resulting in an increase of RFL funding to allow further expansion. North London Skolars were the winners of the first and only Southern Conference defeating Leicester Phoenix in the final.The Scottish Conference was also founded in 1997 with five teams and had its first season. However, it would remain outside the Rugby League Conference structure until 2006.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Albans Centurions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"National Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"South Norfolk Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetford_Titans"}],"sub_title":"1998","text":"The newly renamed Rugby League Conference was founded in 1998 with 14 teams (initially planned to be 15, but the proposed Northampton club failed to materialise) with several new clubs resulting in a reorganisation of the divisional line-ups to three divisions (West, East and South). Of these new clubs St Albans Centurions had previously been playing in the London ARL and Cheltenham had had two clubs in the MASWARLA when that existed. Another new twist was the addition of the monikers of Super League clubs by many clubs, with Worcester becoming the Saints, Birmingham the Bulls and West London the Sharks; some Super League clubs also gave support to the new clubs.North London Skolars joined the National Conference League after the first season, while retaining a team in the Rugby League Conference.Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):Western Division: Birmingham Bulls, Cheltenham Warriors, Chester Wolves, Leicester Phoenix, Worcester Saints\nEastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Cambridge Eagles, Ipswich Rhinos, Northampton (failed to start season), South Norfolk Saints\nSouthern Division: Crawley Jets, North London Skolars, Oxford Cavaliers, St Albans Centurions, West London SharksIn an all new team final Crawley Jets beat South Norfolk Saints at the Prince of Wales Stadium in Cheltenham.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemel Stags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemel_Stags"},{"link_name":"Northern Ford Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ford_Premiership"},{"link_name":"Chester Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester_Wolves&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"1999","text":"The 1999 season saw further expansion to 20 teams, resulting in another change in the divisional system. Initially only 15 clubs were to be funded by the RFL and Hemel Stags were admitted to the East division to fill the gap originally intended for Northampton the previous season after their Northern Ford Premiership application was rejected and the Alliance (reserve grade) was scrapped. However, a change of decision and the collapse of the EMARLA saw this changed. Derby City were welcomed as the final champions of the EMARLA and the other 4 new sides were formed from the ashes of defunct winter clubs. Worcester Saints became Worcestershire Saints after moving to Redditch in the first relocation. For the first time all starting teams finished the season.Team line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):Northern Division: Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Derby City, Manchester Knights, Nottingham Outlaws\nWestern Division: Birmingham Bulls, Cheltenham Warriors, Leicester Phoenix, Worcestershire Saints, Wolverhampton Wizards\nEastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Cambridge Eagles, Hemel Stags, Ipswich Rhinos, South Norfolk Saints\nSouthern Division: Crawley Jets, North London Skolars, Oxford Cavaliers, St Albans Centurions, West London SharksThe title was won by Chester Wolves who defeated Crawley Jets in the final.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British Amateur Rugby League Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Amateur_Rugby_League_Association"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Bulls_(WHA)"},{"link_name":"North East of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_of_England"},{"link_name":"Rotherham Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_Giants"}],"sub_title":"2000","text":"This season saw a relatively modest further expansion to 24 teams, including the return of founder members Kingston.[1] Leicester Phoenix's Chairman Julian Harrison was appointed the new Conference Administrator. This also coincided with the demise of the London ARL as a winter British Amateur Rugby League Association league but saw it reform as a summer based merit league with a combination of reserve teams and new clubs (though South London Storm and Kingston Warriors joined the Rugby League Conference). In a second relocation Cheltenham Warriors moved to Gloucester and became Gloucestershire Warriors. Another rebranding was had by Birmingham Bulls, who became Birmingham Bulldogs to avoid a legal challenge by the Birmingham Bulls American football team.This season also saw a test of summer rugby league in the North East of England, with a Northern Rugby League Summer Conference with teams from various BARLA leagues won by Teesside Steelers, also featuring Gateshead Panthers, Bridlington Bulls, West Craven Warriors and Wetherby Bulldogs.Team line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):Northern Division: Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Derby City, Manchester Knights, Nottingham Outlaws, Rotherham Giants\nWestern Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Phoenix, Wolverhampton Wizards, Worcestershire Saints\nEastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Cambridge Eagles, Hemel Stags, Ipswich Rhinos, South Norfolk Saints, St Albans Centurions\nSouthern Division: Crawley Jets, Kingston Warriors, North London Skolars, Oxford Cavaliers, South London Storm, West London SharksThe league was won by Crawley Jets who defeated Rotherham Giants in the final.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Demons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Demons"},{"link_name":"North East Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_North_East_Division"},{"link_name":"Durham Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Coventry Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Bears"}],"sub_title":"2001","text":"The Conference expanded into Wales for the first time in 2001 when Cardiff Demons, who had formerly run a young team in the Academy competition, joined the league. Along with the new North East Division this left the Rugby League Conference with 30 teams in the 2001 season.Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):North East Division: Bridlington Bulls, Gateshead Panthers, Newcastle Knights, Sunderland City, Teesside Steelers\nNorthern Division: Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Derby City, Manchester Knights, Rotherham Giants\nMidlands Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Leicester Phoenix, Nottingham Outlaws, Wolverhampton Wizards\nSouth Central Division: Cardiff Demons, Gloucestershire Warriors, Hemel Stags, Oxford Cavaliers, Worcestershire Saints\nEastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Cambridge Eagles, Ipswich Rhinos, South Norfolk Saints, St Albans Centurions\nLondon & South Division: Crawley Jets, Kingston Warriors, North London Skolars, South London Storm, West London SharksHowever, Gateshead Panthers merged into Newcastle Knights before the season started leaving a gap in the North East Division which was filled by Durham Phoenix, who after this one season returned to their former name of Durham Tigers.Teesside beat Coventry Bears by a narrow margin in the grand final at Webb Ellis Road, Rugby.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Norfolk Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Norfolk_Saints"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"National League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_League_1"},{"link_name":"Hemel Stags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemel_Stags"}],"sub_title":"2002","text":"The competition for the first time remained at the same number of teams in the 2002 season, the only change being the addition of Luton Vipers from the London League to replace South Norfolk Saints who took a year out into that same competition.[2] Plans to expand to Scotland with a Glasgow team in 2002 on the Cardiff model failed to materialise, and the Conference had to wait until 2007 to have Scottish full members for the first time. Another plan to expand to 32 teams with the addition of teams based in Bolton and Telford also fell through with Telford withdrawing their application.This season saw a controversial format change, with two sets of three second round groups, both for the top three teams in each group but also for the bottom teams. These provided four extra fixtures, giving 14 guaranteed games, but the extra fixtures were poorly scheduled, seeing Manchester Knights eliminated despite winning all four extra games. This format was ditched after this season, though the idea of tiered competition was to return with the advent of premier divisions.Team line-ups as follows (new club in italics):North East Division: Bridlington Bulls, Durham Tigers, Newcastle Knights, Sunderland City, Teesside Steelers\nNorthern Division: Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Derby City, Manchester Knights, Rotherham Giants\nMidlands Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Leicester Phoenix, Nottingham Outlaws, Wolverhampton Wizards\nSouth Central Division: Cardiff Demons, Gloucestershire Warriors, Hemel Stags, Oxford Cavaliers, Worcestershire Saints\nEastern Division: Bedford Swifts, Cambridge Eagles, Ipswich Rhinos, Luton Vipers, St Albans Centurions\nLondon & South Division: Crawley Jets, Kingston Warriors, North London Skolars, South London Storm, West London SharksIn 2002 London Skolars were accepted into National League Two, from the following season the first club in over fifty years to make the transition from the amateur ranks to the professional leagues (the previous club to do so being Cardiff who unsuccessfully had stepped up from the Welsh League in 1951) and the first to step up successfully from a non-league competition since Castleford's elevation from the Yorkshire Senior League in 1926 (from which league Featherstone Rovers had also successfully stepped up a few years previously), though this league was theoretically semi-professional.In September, last year's losing finalist Coventry Bears beat Hemel Stags in the grand final held at Cheltenham.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemel Stags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemel_Stags"},{"link_name":"St Albans Centurions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions"},{"link_name":"Coventry Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Bears"},{"link_name":"South London Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London_Storm_Rugby_League_Club"},{"link_name":"National League Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_National_Division"},{"link_name":"Woolston Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolston_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"Bradford Dudley Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Dudley_Hill"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Hillsborough_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Underbank Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Underbank_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Woolston Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolston_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"North West of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Admirals"},{"link_name":"St Ives Roosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives_Roosters"},{"link_name":"Bristol Sonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Sonics"},{"link_name":"Somerset Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Leeds Akademiks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Akkies"},{"link_name":"Bridgend Blue Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_Blue_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Carlisle Centurions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_Centurions"}],"sub_title":"2003","text":"Hemel Stags, St Albans Centurions, Coventry Bears, Manchester Knights, South London Storm (their position initially given to Crawley Jets, who later turned it down) and Teesside Steelers joined the newly formed National League Three in 2003, where they were joined by BARLA clubs Woolston Rovers (Warrington), Bradford Dudley Hill, Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks and Huddersfield Underbank Rangers. The inaugural winners were Woolston Rovers (Warrington) who defeated surprise finalists Teesside Steelers in the final.The conference made the leap from 30 to 52 teams with the main growth areas being Wales and the North West of England, both of which gained their own division for the first time, but also in the South East with the addition of no fewer than 5 teams from the London League (North London Skolars 'A', South London Storm 'A', Greenwich Admirals, St Ives Roosters and the returning South Norfolk Saints). Also for the first time two teams further southwest than Gloucester participated: the Bristol Sonics and Somerset Vikings.This rapid expansion was in part possible due to the lowering of the strict minimum criteria which were considered less necessary due to National League Three allowing a higher standard of play for the teams more suited to it. However, despite this, the only team to fail to complete the season was founder member Bedford Swifts. More controversial at the time was the inclusion in a development competition of Leeds Akademiks, a team based on the student old boys model very successfully used by the North London Skolars, in the largely rugby league free northern part of Leeds, but still nonetheless in a city known for rugby league. This was to pave the way for a huge influx of truly heartland teams the following season, drastically changing the face of the competition.Team line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):North East Division: Bridlington Bulls, Durham Tigers, Gateshead Storm, Leeds Akademiks, Newcastle Knights, Sunderland City, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Yorkshire Coast Tigers\nNorth West Division: Bolton Le Moors, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Carlisle Centurions, Chester Wolves, Lancaster, Liverpool Buccaneers\nNorth Midlands Division: Crewe Wolves, Derby City, Mansfield Storm, Nottingham Outlaws, Rotherham Giants, Worksop Sharks\nMidlands Division: Bedford Swifts, Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears 'A' , Leicester Phoenix, Telford Raiders, Wolverhampton Wizards\nSouth West Division: Bristol Sonics, Cardiff Demons, Gloucestershire Warriors, Oxford Cavaliers, Somerset Vikings, Worcestershire Saints\nWelsh Division: Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cynon Valley Cougars, Rumney Rhinos, Swansea Bulls, Torfaen Tigers\nEastern Division: Cambridge Eagles, Essex Eels, Ipswich Rhinos, Luton Vipers, South Norfolk Saints, St Ives Roosters\nLondon & South Division: Crawley Jets, Gosport & Fareham Vikings, Greenwich Admirals, Hemel Stags 'A', Kingston Warriors, North London Skolars 'A', South London Storm 'A', West London SharksBedford Swifts failed to complete the season.Bridgend Blue Bulls won the 2003 title defeating Carlisle Centurions in the final.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Carlisle Centurions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_Centurions"},{"link_name":"Gateshead Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead_Storm"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Coventry RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_RFC"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Woolston Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolston_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"Widnes Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Vikings"},{"link_name":"Halton Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halton_Stadium"},{"link_name":"British Amateur Rugby League Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Amateur_Rugby_League_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Widnes Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Saints"},{"link_name":"West London Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_London_Sharks"}],"sub_title":"2004","text":"The 2004 season saw Birmingham Bulldogs, Carlisle Centurions, Gateshead Storm (late replacements after Teesside Steelers surprisingly announced they were folding after being runners-up the previous season) and Essex Eels leave the Conference to join National League Three, which also gained the reformed Bramley Buffaloes. National league three was won by expansion club Coventry Bears, whose team featured professional rugby union players from Coventry RFC and Australian semi-pros including National Rugby League (NRL) reserve graders. They defeated Woolston Rovers (Warrington) 48–24 at Widnes Vikings' Halton Stadium, the first time the NL3 final had been held on the same bill as the other National League finals.This season saw major expansion in the heartlands resulting in new Yorkshire and Cumbria divisions. The decision to include them has been much criticised, especially since many (though by no means all) are uncommitted to summer rugby league, seeing British Amateur Rugby League Association as their priority. However, only through the inclusion of heartland teams was it possible to create some of the premier divisions the following season, and a few of the heartland clubs were needed by National League Three over the years to keep it going when teams resigned from it. Furthermore, allowing heartland teams in meant all National League Three teams could run a reserve team in the summer if they so choseUnlike the previous season only one team (St Albans Centurions 'A') was admitted from the London ARL.Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):[3]North East Division: Durham Tigers, Jarrow Vikings, Newcastle Knights, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland City, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Yorkshire Coast Tigers\nYorkshire Division: Bradford Dudley Hill 'A', Bridlington Bulls, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 'A', Hull Phoenix, Leeds Akademiks, South Wakefield Sharks, Thorne Moor Marauders, Wetherby Bulldogs\nCumbrian Division: Barrow Shipbuilders, Carlisle Centurions 'A', Copeland Athletic, Penrith Pumas, West Cumbria Crusaders \nNorth West Division: Bolton Le Moors, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Lancaster, Liverpool Buccaneers, North Wales Coasters, Widnes Saints\nNorth Midlands Division: Derby City, Mansfield Storm, Nottingham Outlaws, Rotherham Giants, Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 'A' , Worksop Sharks\nSouth Midlands Division: Birmingham Bulldogs 'A', Coventry Bears 'A', Leicester Phoenix, Rugby Raiders, St Albans Centurions 'A' , Wolverhampton Wizards\nWestern Division: Bristol Sonics, Gloucestershire Warriors, Oxford Cavaliers, Somerset Vikings, Telford Raiders, Worcestershire Saints\nWelsh Division: Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Swansea Valley Miners, Torfaen Tigers, Newport Titans, Valley Cougars\nEastern Division: Cambridge Eagles, Hemel Stags 'A', Ipswich Rhinos, Luton Vipers, Middlesex Lions, North London Skolars ('A'), South Norfolk Saints, St Ives Roosters\nSouth Division: Crawley Jets, Gosport & Fareham Vikings, Greenwich Admirals, Kingston Warriors, South London Storm 'A', West London SharksThe start of the season was marred by the withdrawal of twice former champions Crawley Jets, whose proposed replacements Reigate Crusaders never materialised. The only team to withdraw mid-season was Carlisle Centurions 'A', the last time this number was so few.New team Widnes Saints defeated West London Sharks in the final.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South London Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London_Storm"},{"link_name":"Dewsbury Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewsbury_Celtic"},{"link_name":"Carlisle Centurions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_Centurions"},{"link_name":"Bradford Dudley Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Dudley_Hill"},{"link_name":"Bramley Buffaloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramley_Buffaloes"},{"link_name":"Cumbrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Welsh Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_Welsh_Premier"},{"link_name":"South Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_South_Premier"},{"link_name":"Redditch Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redditch_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Scarborough Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Pirates"},{"link_name":"London League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_League_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Bedford Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bridgend Blue Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_Blue_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Leeds Akkies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Akkies"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Warriors"}],"sub_title":"2005","text":"In 2005 National League Three changed from a period of expansion to one of consolidation, with both Manchester Knights (who had failed to complete their last few games the previous season) and South London Storm both deciding to enter the new Premier Divisions, though in fact Manchester Knights would only last two games before folding, with their position taken over by former BARLA club Dewsbury Celtic who saw summer as their future. In fact the National League Three season saw both Carlisle Centurions and Birmingham Bulldogs fail to complete the season (Birmingham took over their reserve teams' fixtures) showing that the expansionist bubble had seemingly burst with Bradford Dudley Hill defeating Bramley Buffaloes in an all-heartland final and both Coventry Bears and Essex Eels resigning at the end of the season.The RLC Premier divisions were set up in 2005 to include the stronger teams in those areas who were able to travel further to play away games. The North and Central divisions were largely dominated by heartland teams that had been part of the influx the previous two seasons, the former of which incorporated all remaining Cumbrian division teams, while the Welsh Premier Division was the same teams as the regional division en masse promoted in status for pragmatic reasons. The South Premier offered the best hope for expanding rugby league into new areas.New teams Redditch Ravens and Scarborough Pirates were formed from the ashes of the Worcestershire Saints and Yorkshire Coast Tigers clubs respectively. Leeds Akademiks had to change their moniker to the Akkies due to a legal challenge from an American clothing brand named Akademik. The ever fruitful London League provided three more teams this year: Bedford Tigers (formed the previous year from the ashes of Bedford Swifts), Haringey Hornets (effectively London Skolars' third team) and Luton Vipers 'A'.[4]Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):North Premier Division: Copeland Athletic, Jarrow Vikings, Penrith Pumas, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland City, West Cumbria Crusaders,\nCentral Premier Division: Bolton Le Moors, Hull Phoenix, Leeds Akkies, Manchester Knights, Nottingham Outlaws, Telford Raiders\nSouth Premier Division: Greenwich Admirals, Ipswich Rhinos, London Skolars 'A', Luton Vipers, South London Storm, West London Sharks\nWelsh Premier Division: Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Newport Titans, Swansea Valley Miners, Torfaen Tigers, Valley Cougars\nNorth East Division: Catterick Panthers, Durham Tigers, Newcastle Knights, Scarborough Pirates,, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Winlaton Vulcans\nYorkshire Division: Bradford Dudley Hill 'A', Bramley Buffaloes 'A', Bridlington Bulls, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 'A', Hull Phoenix 'A' , Leeds Akkies 'A', South Wakefield Sharks, Wetherby Bulldogs\nNorth West Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Lancaster, Liverpool Buccaneers, North Wales Coasters, Ormskirk Heelers, Runcorn Vikings, Warrington Wizards 'A', Widnes Saints\nNorth Midlands Division: Derby City, Lincoln City Knights, Mansfield Storm, Rotherham Giants, Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks 'A', Thorne Moor Marauders, Worksop Sharks\nWest Midlands Division: Birmingham Bulldogs ('A'), Coventry Bears 'A', Leicester Phoenix, Redditch Ravens, Rugby Raiders, Wolverhampton Wizards\nSouth West Division: Bristol Sonics, Gloucestershire Warriors, Oxford Cavaliers, Plymouth, Somerset Vikings, Thames Valley\nEastern Division: Bedford Tigers, Cambridge Eagles, Luton Vipers 'A' , South Norfolk Saints, St Albans Centurions 'A', St Ives Roosters\nLondon & South Division: Gosport & Fareham Vikings, Haringey Hornets, Hemel Stags 'A', Kingston Warriors, Middlesex Lions, South London Storm 'A'It was felt that this season saw too many unstable teams admitted to make up the gaps left by teams joining the Premier Division. This was supported by the unprecedented number of midseason withdrawals, though a couple of these were more due to the increasing standards created by the influx of heartland teams. Aside from the aforementioned NL3 withdrawals and Manchester's replacement by Dewsbury Celtic in the Premier Division there were many Regional Division withdrawals. This started with the pre-season withdrawal of Lancaster (replaced by Rochdale Spotland Rangers), Chester Wolves (replaced by Wigan & Leigh Cavaliers), Rugby Raiders and Thames Valley. This continued with mid-season withdrawals of Oxford Cavaliers (who were to return), Luton Vipers 'A', Middlesex Lions, Gosport & Fareham Vikings and most surprisingly Rotherham Giants.The Premier divisions saw Bridgend Blue Bulls defeat Leeds Akkies in the final, while Wetherby Bulldogs defeated Gloucestershire Warriors in the regional final.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dewsbury Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewsbury_Celtic"},{"link_name":"Featherstone Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherstone_Lions"},{"link_name":"National Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Hillsborough_Hawks"},{"link_name":"English Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Kent Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Colchester Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_Romans"},{"link_name":"East Lancashire Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancashire_Lions"},{"link_name":"Chester Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester_Wolves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Midlands RL Merit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RL_Merit_League"},{"link_name":"London League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_League_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_Scotland_Division"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasgow_Bulls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Easterhouse Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easterhouse_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Fife Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife_Lions"},{"link_name":"Moray Eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moray_Eels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Pennine League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennine_League"},{"link_name":"Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"South London Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London_Storm"},{"link_name":"East Lancashire Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancashire_Lions"}],"sub_title":"2006","text":"The 2006 season saw Coventry Bears and Essex Eels return to the RLC structure in the Midlands and Premier South Divisions respectively. Their NL3 places were taken by the promoted Dewsbury Celtic and Featherstone Lions, who had recently resigned from the BARLA National Conference League. Though Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks soon resigned from NL3 leaving their reserves as their first team.The Premier divisions saw a change in boundaries leaving the North Premier division covering a larger area to give the English Midlands clubs their own premier division without having to face heartland teams, though this left the West Midlands division with too few teams to run, forcing it into a merger with the South West division. The Welsh premier division was split into two divisions, though this decision was reversed for the following season.The London League provided three more clubs in Broadstairs Bulldogs, Kent Ravens and Colchester Romans. Two further relocations were Bolton Le Moors moving to Darwen to become East Lancashire Lions and Hull Phoenix moving to Cottingham. Furthermore, London Skolars 'A' had a one-season rebrand as Haringey Hornets, leaving the regional team of that name to become their reserves. The new Chester Wolves team were unconnected to the former team and in fact a summer team for Widnes-based BARLA club West Bank Bears.Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):North Premier Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Cottingham Phoenix, East Lancashire Lions, Huddersfield Sharks, Leeds Akkies, West Cumbria Crusaders, Widnes Saints\nMidlands Premier Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Derby City, Nottingham Outlaws, Leicester Phoenix, Telford Raiders, Wolverhampton Wizards\nSouth Premier Division: Essex Eels, Haringey Hornets, Ipswich Rhinos, Kingston Warriors, Luton Vipers, South London Storm, West London Sharks\nWelsh Premier Division (East): Blackwood Bulldogs, Cardiff Demons, Newport Titans, Torfaen Tigers, Valley Cougars\nWelsh Premier Division (West): Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Pembrokeshire Panthers, Swansea Valley Miners, West Wales Sharks\nNorth Division: Carlisle, Copeland Athletic, Jarrow Vikings, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland Nissan\nNorth East Division: Catterick Panthers, Durham Tigers, Newcastle Knights, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Winlaton Vulcans\nYorkshire Division: Bramley Buffaloes 'A', Bridlington Bulls, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers 'A', Leeds Akkies 'A', Ossett Trinity, Scarborough Pirates,\nCheshire Division: Chester Wolves, Crewe Wolves, Liverpool Buccaneers, North Wales Coasters, Ormskirk Heelers, Runcorn Vikings, Warrington Wizards 'A', Winnington Park\nNorth Midlands & South Yorkshire Division: Lincoln City Knights, Mansfield Storm, Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks ('A'), Thorne Moor Marauders, Worksop Sharks\nWest Midlands and South West Division: Bristol Sonics, Burntwood Barbarians, Coventry Bears 'A', Gloucestershire Warriors, Oxford Cavaliers, Plymouth, Redditch Ravens, Somerset Vikings\nEastern Division: Bedford Tigers, Cambridge Eagles, Colchester Romans, Northampton, South Norfolk Saints, St Ives Roosters\nSouth East Division: Broadstairs Bulldogs, Greenwich Admirals, Haringey Hornets 'A', Hemel Stags 'A', Kent Ravens, St Albans Centurions 'A'As with the previous season there were many drop-outs with Winlaton Vulcans (replaced by Gateshead Storm 'A'), Pembrokeshire Panthers and Northampton failing to make the starting gate and West Cumbria Crusaders, Huddersfield Sharks, Luton Vipers, Essex Eels, Catterick Panthers and Mansfield Storm subsequently resigned. Also while they withdrew before the fixtures were finalised South Wakefield Sharks were expected to play in the North Midlands & South Yorkshire division. Furthermore, Haringey Hornets 'A' were allowed to remain in the competition despite scratching 7 out of their 10 fixtures. However, unlike the previous season the withdrawals were less to do with unsuitable teams being let into the regionals and more to do with regional division standard teams being forced into the premier divisions to make up the numbers there.The 2006 Premier division saw South London defeat East Lancashire in the final, while Liverpool beat Thorne Moor in the regionals final.In 2006 a new league was founded as a feeder league to the RLC in the Midlands and South Yorkshire. The Midlands RL Merit League (now known as RL Merit League) was based on the principles of the successful London League and consisted of new clubs who are not ready for the full commitment of the Conference season together with RLC clubs' 'A' teams.The Rugby League Conference provided administrative and promotional support to the Scottish Conference as a pilot scheme with a view to integrating the Scottish league as a full part of the Conference for the 2007 season. The six teams being Glasgow Bulls, Easterhouse Panthers, Paisley Hurricanes, Edinburgh Eagles, Fife Lions and Moray Eels.Gloucestershire Warriors became the first Conference side to beat a 'traditional' amateur side when they beat Pennine League team Illingworth 25–24 away from home in the 2006 Challenge Cup. South London Storm were crowned RLC National Champions after beating East Lancashire Lions 30–0 in the final at Broadstreet RUFC.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Co-operatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Co-operatives"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perfect_Ten_for_RL_Conference-5"},{"link_name":"The Co-operative Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group"},{"link_name":"Bradford Dudley Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Dudley_Hill"},{"link_name":"National Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"St Albans Centurions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions"},{"link_name":"Hemel Stags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemel_Stags"},{"link_name":"southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_England"},{"link_name":"Rugby League Conference National Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_National_Division"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England"},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe Barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_Barbarians"},{"link_name":"Neath Port Talbot Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot_Steelers"},{"link_name":"Thetford Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetford_Titans"},{"link_name":"Moorends & Thorne Marauders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorends-Thorne_Marauders_RLFC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perfect_Ten_for_RL_Conference-5"},{"link_name":"Ormskirk Heelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormskirk_Heelers"},{"link_name":"St Albans Centurions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_Centurions"},{"link_name":"Coventry Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Bears"},{"link_name":"Widnes Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Saints"},{"link_name":"Bedford Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Tigers"}],"sub_title":"2007","text":"The 2007 season also saw a new sponsor for the league with Totalrlc being replaced by United Co-operatives in a six figure deal.[5] Following United's merger with the larger The Co-operative Group, the league was named the Co-operative Rugby League Conference for sponsorship purposes.In 2007, Bradford Dudley Hill withdrew from National League Three to return to the National Conference League and St Albans Centurions decided to join the RLC Premier South. Hemel Stags were left as the only southern team and National League Three was absorbed into the Rugby League Conference as the Rugby League Conference National Division with the addition of three teams from the Premier North Division: Leeds Akkies, Cottingham Phoenix and East Lancashire Lions.[6] Cottingham Phoenix were subsequently expelled about halfway through the season for forfeiting three fixtures. The inaugural RLC National Division was won by Featherstone Lions who defeated Bramley Buffaloes in the final.The promotion of three teams to the RLC National left the already depleted Premier North unviable and an artificial North Premier was created out of the North East and North regional divisions so that a league of this name could still exist.The Midlands Premier Division gained Gloucestershire and Somerset in place of struggling Wolverhampton, who returned to the regionals. This season was a new South West division created for teams from the deep South West. While this was rather artificially created it was necessary due to the unique circumstances of the region to reduce travelling costs for what are ultimately amateur clubs. There was also already local interest for more teams, but intervention was needed to make sure this was a full division.For the first time in several years no London League teams were promoted, but Farnborough Falcons and London Griffins had intended to enter before receiving call-ups (to form the short lived South Division intended to replace the failed South East division) and still played a small number of fixtures in it. The Midlands Merit League produced new club South Humber Rabbitohs and also helped provide Scunthorpe Barbarians partly based on former MML club Scunthorpe Braves. Aberavon Fighting Irish rebranded as Neath Port Talbot Steelers and South Norfolk Saints as Thetford Titans. Worksop Sharks relocated to Rossington, Doncaster controversially as Doncaster already had a team - Thorne Moor Marauders and this broke the one club, one town policy theoretically in place. Thorne Moor Marauders merged with BARLA club Moorends to become the Moorends & Thorne Marauders.The Scottish affiliated division of 2006 became a full member division with all six teams admitted, though Glasgow never completed the season.Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):[5]National Division: Bramley Buffaloes, Cottingham Phoenix, Dewsbury Celtic, East Lancashire Lions, Featherstone Lions, Gateshead Storm, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Leeds Akkies, Warrington Wizards\nNorth Premier Division: Billingham Lions, Carlisle, Copeland Athletic, Durham Tigers, Gateshead Storm 'A', Jarrow Vikings, Newcastle Knights, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland Nissan, Whitley Bay Barbarians\nMidlands Premier Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Derby City, Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Phoenix, Nottingham Outlaws, Somerset Vikings, Telford Raiders\nSouth Premier Division: Ipswich Rhinos, Kent Ravens, Kingston Warriors, London Skolars 'A', South London Storm, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks\nWelsh Premier Division: Blackwood Bulldogs, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Newport Titans, Neath Port Talbot Steelers, Torfaen Tigers, Valley Cougars, West Wales Sharks\nYorkshire & Lincolnshire Division: Bridlington Bulls, Leeds Akkies 'A', Lincoln City Knights, Moorends & Thorne Marauders, Rossington Sharks, Scarborough Pirates, Scunthorpe Barbarians, South Humber Rabbitohs\nNorth West Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Liverpool Buccaneers, Ormskirk Heelers, Warrington Wizards 'A', Widnes Saints\nCheshire Division: Crewe Wolves, Macclesfield Titans, North Wales Coasters, Runcorn, Winnington Park\nWest Midlands Division: Bristol Sonics, Burntwood Barbarians, Coventry Bears 'A', Oxford Cavaliers, Redditch Ravens, Wolverhampton Wizards\nSouth West Division: Devon Sharks, East Devon Eagles, Exeter Centurions, Plymouth Titans, Somerset Vikings 'A' \nEastern Division: Bedford Tigers, Cambridge Eagles, Colchester Romans, Greenwich Admirals, St Ives Roosters, Thetford Titans\nSouth Division: Broadstairs Bulldogs, Farnborough Falcons, Finchley, Gosport & Fareham Vikings\nScottish Division: Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles, Fife Lions, Glasgow Bulls, Moray Eels, Paisley HurricanesBroadstairs Bulldogs failed to start the season and were replaced by London Griffins. Cottingham Phoenix, Gateshead Storm 'A', Ormskirk Heelers, North Wales Coasters and Glasgow Bulls all failed to complete the season, which while less than in the previous two seasons was still far from ideal, especially in the North West and Cheshire divisions which were both left with just four teams.The Premier division was won by St Albans Centurions who defeated Coventry Bears in the final. The Regional division was won by Widnes Saints who defeated Bedford Tigers in the final.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusaders_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Lymm Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymm_Wolves"},{"link_name":"Rhyl Coasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyl_Coasters"},{"link_name":"Elmbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmbridge_Rugby_League_Club"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Navy Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Navy_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"RL Merit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RL_Merit_League"},{"link_name":"Northampton Casuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Casuals"},{"link_name":"Hainault Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainault_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"London Griffins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Griffins"},{"link_name":"Farnborough Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farnborough_Falcons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Women's Rugby League Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Rugby_League_Conference"},{"link_name":"Kent Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Ravens"}],"sub_title":"2008","text":"The RLC National in 2008 saw Leeds Akkies drop to the Premier North but the addition of a Colts team to professional club Crusaders and the double promotion of Liverpool Buccaneers to the National Division. Also notably for the first time no RLC National clubs ran a reserve team in the RLC, in fact Hemel were the only club to run one at all, in the London League.There were multiple rebrandings: Crewe Wolves became Lymm Wolves, Winnington Park became Northwich Stags, the returning North Wales Coasters became Rhyl Coasters, Kingston Warriors became Elmbridge and Gosport & Fareham Vikings became Portsmouth Navy Seahawks.The Midlands Merit League, renamed RL Merit League this season, produced East Riding and Sheffield Forgers for the Conference but South Humber Rabbitohs stepped back down. The London League provided Northampton Casuals and Hainault Bulldogs but regained London Griffins and Farnborough Falcons with the scrapping of the unviable South Division. 2008 also the saw the creation of the \nWomen's Rugby League Conference.Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):National Division: Bramley Buffaloes, Celtic Crusaders Colts, Dewsbury Celtic, East Lancashire Lions, Featherstone Lions, Gateshead Storm, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Liverpool Buccaneers, Warrington Wizards\nNorth Premier Division: Carlisle Centurions, Durham Tigers, Jarrow Vikings, Leeds Akkies, Newcastle Knights, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland Nissan, Whitley Bay Barbarians\nMidlands Premier Division: Bedford Tigers, Birmingham Bulldogs, Coventry Bears, Derby City, Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Phoenix, Nottingham Outlaws\nSouth Premier Division: Elmbridge, Ipswich Rhinos, Kent Ravens, London Skolars 'A', Portsmouth Navy Seahawks, South London Storm, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks\nWelsh Premier Division: Blackwood Bulldogs, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Neath Port Talbot Steelers, Newport Titans, Torfaen Tigers, Valley Cougars, West Wales Sharks\nYorkshire Division: Bridlington Bulls, East Riding, Leeds Akkies 'A', Northallerton Stallions, Scarborough Pirates, York Lokomotive\nSouth Yorkshire & Lincolnshire Division: Lincoln City Knights, Moorends & Thorne Marauders, Rossington Sharks, Rotherham Giants, Scunthorpe Barbarians, Sheffield Forgers\nNorth West Division: Barrow Vikings, Blackpool Sea Eagles, Manchester Jets, New Broughton Rangers, Widnes Saints\nCheshire Division: Lymm Wolves, Macclesfield Titans, Northwich Stags, Rhyl Coasters, Runcorn\nWest Midlands Division: Bristol Sonics, Coventry Bears 'A', Oxford Cavaliers, Redditch Ravens, Swindon St George, Telford Raiders, Wolverhampton Wizards\nSouth West Division: Devon Sharks, East Devon Eagles, Exeter Centurions, Plymouth Titans, Somerset Vikings\nEastern Division: Cambridge Eagles, Colchester Romans, Greenwich Admirals, Hainault Bulldogs, Northampton Casuals, St Ives Roosters, Thetford Titans\nScottish Division: Carluke Tigers, Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles, Fife Lions, Glasgow Bulls, Jordanhill Phoenix, Moray Eels, Paisley HurricanesGlasgow Bulls, Manchester Jets and Macclesfield Titans all failed to start the season, with Kent Ravens having their fixtures stopped after one game, joined the London League. Established club Durham Tigers failed to complete the season in the North East division. Also while they withdrew before the fixtures were finalised Copeland Athletic were expected to play in the North West division.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North West Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_North_West_Premier"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_Yorkshire_Premier"},{"link_name":"National Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"Durham Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Midlands Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"RL Merit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RL_Merit_League"},{"link_name":"Hainault Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainault_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Kent Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Farnborough Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farnborough_Falcons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southampton Spitfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Spitfires"},{"link_name":"London ARL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_League_(rugby_league)"}],"sub_title":"2009","text":"The North Premier Division was scrapped replaced by two new Premiers; the North West Premier and the Yorkshire Premier though the bulk of its membership joined the newly reformed North East Division. The heartland winter league the National Conference League launched a series of Summer Divisions in 2009 similar to the Conference.The National Division lost Celtic Crusaders Colts to the Super League Reserve Grade but regained Carlisle Centurions from the North Premier Division and gained Nottingham Outlaws from the Midlands Premier DivisionWest Wales Sharks relocated and became Dinefwr Sharks. Thetford Titans moved to Bury St Edmunds and became Bury Titans. The North East saw established club Durham Tigers fail to return, but saw the return of rugby league to Winlaton in the name of Winlanton Warriors (Winlaton had previously not only had its own team in 2005 but had also hosted Gateshead Storm and Whitley Bay Barbarians). Victoria Knights were formed from the ashes of Paisley Hurricanes though could barely raise a team.Nottingham Outlaws A, Moorends-Thorne Marauders A and Wigan Riversiders joined the Rugby League Conference from the RL Merit League. The Midlands Rugby League was formed out of the RL Merit League giving the Conference a new feeder competition with the RL Merit League being split into North West and Yorkshire divisions. Norwich City Saxons, Hainault Bulldogs 'A', Kent Ravens, Farnborough Falcons and Southampton Spitfires all moved up from the London ARL, this influx of new teams allowing the re-separation of the two Regional divisions in the South East (East and London & South).Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):National Division: Bramley Buffaloes, Carlisle Centurions, Dewsbury Celtic, East Lancashire Lions, Featherstone Lions, Gateshead Storm, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Liverpool Buccaneers, Nottingham Outlaws, Warrington Wizards\nNorth West Premier Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Lymm RL, New Broughton Rangers, Rhyl Coasters, Runcorn RLC, Widnes Saints, Wigan Riversiders\nYorkshire Premier Division: Bridlington Bulls, Cottingham Phoenix, East Riding Rangers, Kippax Knights, Leeds Akkies, Moorends-Thorne Marauders, Scarborough Pirates, York Lokomotive\nMidlands Premier Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Bristol Sonics, Coventry Bears, Derby City, Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Phoenix, Redditch Ravens, Telford Raiders\nSouthern Premier Division: Bedford Tigers, Elmbridge Eagles, Hainault Bulldogs, Ipswich Rhinos, London Skolars 'A', Portsmouth Navy Seahawks, South London Storm, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks,\nWelsh Premier Division: Blackwood Bulldogs, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Dinefwr Sharks, Torfaen Tigers, Neath Port Talbot Steelers, Newport Titans, Valley Cougars, West Wales Wildboars\nScottish Division: Carluke Tigers, Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles, Fife Lions, Hillfoot Rams, Jordanhill Phoenix, Moray Eels, Paisley Hurricanes, Victoria Knights\nNorth East Division: Hartlepool, Jarrow Vikings, Newcastle Knights, Northallerton Stallions, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland City, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Winlaton Warriors\nNorth Midlands: Leeds Akkies A, Lincoln City Knights, Moorends-Thorne Marauders 'A', Nottingham Outlaws 'A', Rotherham Giants, Scunthorpe Barbarians\nEast Division: Bury Titans, Cambridge Eagles, Colchester Romans, Hainault Bulldogs A, St Ives Roosters, Northampton Casuals, Norwich City Saxons\nLondon & South Division: Farnborough Falcons, Greenwich Admirals, Kent Ravens, Oxford Cavaliers, Southampton Spitfires, Swindon St George\nSouth West Division: Devon Sharks, East Devon Eagles, Exeter Centurions, Plymouth Titans, Somerset Vikings, South Dorset GiantsBridlington Bulls failed to start the season in the Yorkshire Premier division. Guildford Giants replaced Farnborough Falcons in the London & South division. Kent Ravens failed to complete the season in the London & South division. Moorends & Thorne Marauders 'A' failed to start the season in the North Midlands Division and were replaced by Parkside Hawks. Redditch Ravens failed to complete the season in the Midlands Premier Division and entered the Midlands Merit League. Telford Raiders also failed to complete the season in the Midlands Premier Division. However, their results stood. Cambridge Eagles and Hainault Bulldogs 'A' failed to complete the season in the Eastern Division. Plymouth Titans failed to complete the season in the South West division, but the results stood. Hartlepool failed to complete the season in the North East but the results stood.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"RL Merit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RL_Merit_League"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire & Humber Merit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_%26_Humber_Merit_League"},{"link_name":"North West Merit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Merit_League"},{"link_name":"North Wales League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales_League"},{"link_name":"9s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_nines"},{"link_name":"Rugby League Conference Regional Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugby_League_Conference_Regional_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tydfil Wildcats Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydfil_Wildcats_Rugby_League"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"2010 saw an expansion in the numbers of divisions with the Midlands, Wales and North West all forming new regional divisions.[7] The North Midlands division formed the basis for the new Yorkshire regional division.These new divisions saw many teams step up from the merit leagues: Coventry Bears A, Birmingham Bulldogs A, North East Worcestershire Ravens (formerly Redditch Ravens) and Leamington Royals either joined or rejoined from the Midlands Rugby League; Chester Gladiators, Crewe & Nantwich Steamers, Wigan Riversiders Eels, Mancunians RL, Victoria Rangers and Barnsley Broncos (formerly called Barnsley) stepped up from the RL Merit League and Hammersmith Hills Hoists, St Albans Centurions A, South London Storm A and Sussex Merlins moved up from the London League. The National Conference League failed to repeat its summer experiment leading three clubs: East Leeds, Milford Marlins and Shaw Cross Sharks to join the Rugby League Conference.2010 also saw an expansion of the Merit Leagues as the rump RL Merit League split into the Yorkshire & Humber Merit League and the North West Merit League. A plan to form a North Wales League failed, but a five team 9s tournament was played.Gateshead Storm and Newcastle Knights merged to form Newcastle Storm, Ipswich Rhinos and Colchester Romans merged to form Eastern Rhinos. Leicester Phoenix became Leicester Storm. Northampton Casuals became Northampton Demons.This season had a much higher rate of teams dropping out or forfeiting games than usual with for example the North West Premier division losing three out of five initial teams and the Welsh Regional Division having four out of the original seven teams fail to play a game.The inaugural Rugby League Conference Regional Championships took place at Derby's Haslams Lane ground, with six representative teams representing different English regions. The event was won by the Midlands.Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):National Division: Bramley Buffaloes, Carlisle Centurions, Dewsbury Celtic, Featherstone Lions, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Kippax Knights, Liverpool Buccaneers, Nottingham Outlaws, Warrington Wizards\nNorth West Premier Division: Lymm RL, New Broughton Rangers, Runcorn RLC, Widnes Saints, Wigan Riversiders\nYorkshire Premier Division: East Leeds, Haworth Park, Milford Marlins, Moorends-Thorne Marauders, Rotherham Giants, Scarborough Pirates, York Lokomotive\nMidlands Premier Division: Birmingham Bulldogs, Bristol Sonics, Coventry Bears, Derby City, Gloucestershire Warriors, Leicester Storm\nSouthern Premier Division: Eastern Rhinos, Hainault Bulldogs, Hammersmith Hillshoists, London Skolars 'A', Portsmouth Navy Seahawks, South London Storm, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks,\nWelsh Premier Division: Blackwood Bulldogs, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire & Ceredigion Bears, Newport Titans, Valley Cougars\nScottish Division: Ayrshire Storm, Carluke Tigers, Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles, Falkirk, Fife Lions, Jordanhill Phoenix, Kirkcaldy, Moray Eels\nNorth East Division: Cramlington Rockets, Durham Demons, Jarrow Vikings, Newcastle Storm, Northallerton Stallions, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland City, Wallsend Eagles, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Winlaton Warriors\nNorth West Regional Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Chester Gladiators, Crewe & Nantwich Steamers, Mancunians, Wigan Riversiders Eels\nYorkshire Regional Division: Barnsley Broncos, Bradford Salem, Bradford Victoria Rangers, Leeds Akkies, Lincoln City Knights, Parkside Hawks, Scunthorpe Barbarians, Wetherby Bulldogs\nMidlands Regional Division: Birmingham Bulldogs A, Coventry Bears A, Leamington Royals, North East Worcestershire Ravens, Nottingham Outlaws A, Telford Raiders\nEast Division: Bedford Tigers, Bury Titans, Northampton Demons, Norwich City Saxons, St Albans Centurions A, St Ives Roosters,\nLondon & South Division: Elmbridge Eagles, Guildford Giants, Greenwich Admirals, Oxford Cavaliers, South London Storm A, Southampton Spitfires, Sussex Merlins, Swindon St George\nSouth West Division: Devon Sharks, East Devon Eagles, Exeter Centurions, North Devon Raiders, Plymouth Titans, Somerset Vikings, South Dorset Giants, South Somerset Warriors\nSouth Wales Championship: Amman Valley Rhinos, Dinefwr Sharks, Tydfil Wildcats Rugby League, Neath Port Talbot Steelers, Swansea-Llanelli Dragons, Torfaen Tigers, WildboarsCarlisle Centurions withdrew from the National Division mid-season and their results were expunged, Liverpool Buccaneers withdrew from the National Division and their results stood.Jordanhill Phoenix and Kirkcaldy failed to start the season in the Scottish division, Forth & Clyde Nomads were brought in as replacements.Runcorn and Widnes Saints withdrew from the North West Premier Division pre-season to be replaced by Widnes West Bank and Wirral Warriors. New Broughton Rangers folded midseason in the North West Premier Division.Haworth Park failed to complete the season in the Yorkshire Premier Division but their results stood. \nBradford Salem withdrew from the Yorkshire Regional Division to be replaced by Shaw Cross Sharks. Wetherby Bulldogs and Scunthorpe Barbarians failed to complete the season in the Yorkshire Regional division but their results stood.Derby City withdrew mid-season from the Midlands Premier but their results stood. North East Worcestershire Ravens failed to complete the season in the Midlands Regional division but the results stood.Blackwood Bulldogs failed to complete the season in the Welsh Premier division. Amman Valley Rhinos, Dinefwr Sharks, Wildboars (St Clears) and Swansea-Llanelli Dragons were all excluded from the Welsh Regional division after not fulfilling any fixtures and replaced by Dyffryn Devils.St Albans Centurions A withdrew from the East Regional division but their fixtures stood.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gateshead Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Midlands Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"North West Merit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Merit_League"},{"link_name":"Eastern Merit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Merit_League"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire & Humber Merit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_%26_Humber_Merit_League"},{"link_name":"Catterick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catterick,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire Stallions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Stallions"},{"link_name":"Gateshead Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead_Storm"},{"link_name":"Lindley Swifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley_swifts"},{"link_name":"Tydfil Wildcats Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydfil_Wildcats_Rugby_League"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"2011 saw the National Division regain Coventry Bears from the Midlands Premier Division and Valley Cougars step up from the Welsh Premier Division. Gateshead Lightning were admitted as well as a reserve team for Gateshead Thunder but failed to start the season.2011 also saw more new divisions with Scotland and North East gaining a Premier Division and a new Regional Division being formed in the West of England with clubs from various divisions to reduce the travel burden. The Midlands Premier and Regional Divisions merged with a split season format. Yorkshire replaced its Premier and Regional Divisions with two geographically split divisions (west and east) that would have premier and regional division playoffs.The only clubs moving up from feeder leagues were Northampton Demons A and Bristol Sonics A from the Midlands Rugby League and East Lancashire Vikings from the North West Merit League. A new feeder league was created the Eastern Merit League which split off from the London League. The Yorkshire & Humber Merit League split into a North division and a Midlands division.The plans for 2012 saw several winter sides switching to summer with Cadishead Rhinos, Chorley Panthers and Rochdale Cobras joining the North West Regional division; Walton Warriors, Knottingley Rockware Stolze and Cutsyke Raiders in the Yorkshire East division and Doncaster Toll Bar, Guiseley Rangers and Lindley Swifts in the Yorkshire West (which also gained new side Prospect Pirates). There were also numerous BARLA clubs entering teams in the North West Merit League.Northallerton Stallions moved to Catterick and became North Yorkshire Stallions. Newcastle Storm became Gateshead Storm. Newport Titans became Titans with a relocation to Machen.Initial line-ups as follows (new clubs in italics):National Division: Bramley Buffaloes, Coventry Bears, Dewsbury Celtic, Featherstone Lions, Gateshead Lightning, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Kippax Knights, Nottingham Outlaws, Valley Cougars, Warrington Wizards\nNorth West Premier Division: Accrington & Leyland Lions, East Lancashire Vikings, Liverpool Buccaneers, Mancunians, Widnes West Bank, Wigan Riversiders\nYorkshire Premier Division (East): Barnsley Broncos, Cutsyke Raiders, Knottingley Rockware Stolze, Moorends-Thorne Marauders, Rotherham Giants, Scarborough Pirates, Walton Warriors, York Lokomotive\nYorkshire Premier Division (West): Doncaster Toll Bar, East Leeds, Guiseley Rangers, Leeds Akkies, Lindley Swifts Parkside Hawks, Prospect Pirates, Shaw Cross Sharks\nMidlands Division (West): Birmingham Bulldogs, Bristol Sonics, Leamington Royals, Telford Raiders\nMidlands Division (East): Birmingham Bulldogs A, Leicester Storm, Northampton Demons A, Nottingham Outlaws A\nSouthern Premier Division: Eastern Rhinos, Hainault Bulldogs, Hammersmith Hillshoists, South London Storm, St Albans Centurions, West London Sharks,\nWelsh Premier Division: Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Demons, Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire & Ceredigion Bears, Titans, Torfaen Tigers, Valley Cougars A\nScottish Premier Division: Ayrshire Storm, Carluke Tigers, Easterhouse Panthers, Edinburgh Eagles, Fife Lions, Moray Eels\nNorth East Premier Division: Gateshead Spartans, Gateshead Storm, Jarrow Vikings, Peterlee Pumas, Sunderland City, Wallsend Eagles\nScottish 1st Division: Aberdeen Warriors, Ayr Knights, Cumbernauld, Falkirk, Moray Titans\nNorth East Regional Division: Cramlington Rockets, Durham Demons, East Cumbria Crusaders, Hartlepool, North Yorkshire Stallions, Peterlee Pumas A, Whitley Bay Barbarians, Winlaton Warriors\nNorth West Regional Division: Blackpool Sea Eagles, Cadishead Rhinos, Chester Gladiators, Chorley Panthers, Crewe & Nantwich Steamers, Rochdale Cobras\nEast Division: Bedford Tigers, Bury Titans, Northampton Demons 'A', Norwich City Saxons, St Ives Roosters, Sudbury Gladiators\nLondon & South Division: Elmbridge Eagles, Guildford Giants, Greenwich Admirals, Medway Dragons, Portsmouth Navy Seahawks, Southampton Spitfires, Sussex Merlins\nSouth West Division: Devon Sharks, East Devon Eagles, Exeter Centurions, North Devon Raiders, Plymouth Titans, Somerset Vikings, South Dorset Giants, South Somerset Warriors\nWest Of England Division: Bristol Sonics A, Gloucestershire Warriors, Oxford Cavaliers, Swindon St George, Wiltshire Wyverns\nSouth Wales Championship: Blackwood Bulldogs, Bonymaen Broncos, Dyffryn Devils, Tydfil Wildcats Rugby League, Neath Port Talbot SteelersGateshead Lightning failed to start the season in the National Division. Guiseley Rangers and East Leeds failed to start the season in the Yorkshire Premier (West). Doncaster Toll Bar failed to complete the season in the Yorkshire Premier Division (West) and their results stood. Moray Eels failed to start the season in the Scottish Premier division Falkirk failed to start the season in the Scottish 1st Division. Ayr Knights failed to complete the season in the Scottish 1st Division and their results stood. South Somerset Warriors failed to complete the season in the South West Division. CPC Bears failed to complete the season in the Welsh Premier and their results stood. Blackwood Bulldogs failed to start the season in the South Wales Championship. Hainault Bulldogs failed to complete the season in the Premier South division and had London Skolars A take over their fixtures midseason. Birmingham Bulldogs A failed to complete the season in the Midlands Division (East). Mancunians, Widnes West Bank and East Lancashire Vikings failed to complete the season in the North West Premier division and their results stood. Crewe & Nantwich Steamers failed to complete the season in the North West Regional division and their results stood. Norwich City Knights and Northampton Demons A failed to complete the season in the East division and their results stood","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Men's League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Men%27s_League"},{"link_name":"North West Men's League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Men%27s_League"},{"link_name":"Midlands Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_Rugby_League"}],"sub_title":"2012 and the future","text":"The RFL have released plans for a new structure in the summer game. Initial plans were for the Rugby League Conference to be scrapped and replaced with a Northern and Southern Conference at tier 4 to replace the National division (and the National Conference League that switched from winter). These plans were later amended to have three National Conference League divisions staying as they were underpinned by a separate division 4 based on the Rugby League Conference National division.Tier 5 will consist of a series of regional leagues where Rugby League Conference clubs will be joined by some BARLA clubs switching to summer. These regional leagues will include the Yorkshire Men's League, North West Men's League and Midlands Rugby League and cover the length and breadth of the country.","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"Rugby League Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference"},{"title":"Rugby League Conference trophy winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_trophy_winners"},{"title":"History of the Midlands Merit League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Midlands_Merit_League"}]	[{"reference":"\"Coventry launch league courtship\". The Independent. 12 April 2000. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/coventry-launch-league-courtship-280769.html","url_text":"\"Coventry launch league courtship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bears' chance to step ahead\". Coventry Telegraph. 5 April 2002. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/sport/other-sport/bears-chance-to-step-ahead-3171050","url_text":"\"Bears' chance to step ahead\""}]},{"reference":"\"TotalRL.com Rugby League Conference Expands\". British Amateur Rugby League Association. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112939/http://www.barla.org.uk/News/Details.asp?id=253","url_text":"\"TotalRL.com Rugby League Conference Expands\""},{"url":"http://www.barla.org.uk/News/Details.asp?id=253","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Conference set for further expansion\". Warrington Guardian. 31 January 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/5209035.conference-set-for-further-expanasion/","url_text":"\"Conference set for further expansion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perfect Ten for RL Conference\". Love Rugby League. 2 April 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/perfect-ten-for-rl-conference","url_text":"\"Perfect Ten for RL Conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wizards start at Celtic\". Warrington Guardian. 7 December 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/sport/1060641.wizards-start-at-celtic/","url_text":"\"Wizards start at Celtic\""}]},{"reference":"\"RL Conference breaks 100 team barrier\". Love Rugby League. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/rl-conference-breaks-100-team-barrier","url_text":"\"RL Conference breaks 100 team barrier\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+the+Rugby+League+Conference%22","external_links_name":"\"History of the Rugby League Conference\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+the+Rugby+League+Conference%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+the+Rugby+League+Conference%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+the+Rugby+League+Conference%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+the+Rugby+League+Conference%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+the+Rugby+League+Conference%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/coventry-launch-league-courtship-280769.html","external_links_name":"\"Coventry launch league courtship\""},{"Link":"https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/sport/other-sport/bears-chance-to-step-ahead-3171050","external_links_name":"\"Bears' chance to step ahead\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112939/http://www.barla.org.uk/News/Details.asp?id=253","external_links_name":"\"TotalRL.com Rugby League Conference Expands\""},{"Link":"http://www.barla.org.uk/News/Details.asp?id=253","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/5209035.conference-set-for-further-expanasion/","external_links_name":"\"Conference set for further expansion\""},{"Link":"https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/perfect-ten-for-rl-conference","external_links_name":"\"Perfect Ten for RL Conference\""},{"Link":"https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/sport/1060641.wizards-start-at-celtic/","external_links_name":"\"Wizards start at Celtic\""},{"Link":"https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/rl-conference-breaks-100-team-barrier","external_links_name":"\"RL Conference breaks 100 team barrier\""},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueconference.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905214652/http://rugbyleagueconference.rugbyleague.org/","external_links_name":"Unofficial RLC website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090503123429/http://www.sportfocus.com/webpro/rfl_leagues/rlc/index.cfm","external_links_name":"Official tables"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090614081723/http://www.sportfocus.com/webpro/rfl_leagues/rlc/fixtures.cfm","external_links_name":"Fixture lists"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Legislature	Connecticut General Assembly	["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Committee system","3.1 Permanent committees","3.2 Select committees","3.3 Leadership and staff","4 Subpoena power","5 Public participation","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Legislative branch of the state government of Connecticut This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Connecticut General Assembly" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Connecticut General AssemblyTypeTypeBicameral HousesSenateHouse of RepresentativesLeadershipPresident of the Senate (Lieutenant Governor)Susan Bysiewicz (D) since January 9, 2019 President pro tempore of the SenateMartin Looney (D) since January 7, 2015 Senate Majority LeaderBob Duff (D) since January 6, 2015 Senate Minority Leader Stephen Harding (R) since February 16, 2024 Speaker of the HouseMatthew Ritter (D) since January 6, 2021 House Majority LeaderJason Rojas (D) since January 6, 2021 House Minority LeaderVincent Candelora (R) since January 6, 2021 StructureSeats187 voting members 36 senators 151 representatives State Senate political groups Democratic (24) Republican (12)House of Representatives political groups Democratic (98) Republican (53)ElectionsLast State Senate electionNovember 8, 2022(36 seats)Last House of Representatives electionNovember 8, 2022(151 seats)Meeting placeConnecticut State CapitolHartfordWebsitecga.ct.gov Interior of the Legislative Office Building (LOB) The Connecticut General Assembly (CGA) is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is a bicameral body composed of the 151-member House of Representatives and the 36-member Senate. It meets in the state capital, Hartford. There are no term limits for either chamber. During even-numbered years, the General Assembly is in session from February to May. In odd-numbered years, when the state budget is completed, session lasts from January to June. The governor has the right to call for a special session after the end of the regular session, while the General Assembly can call for a "veto session" after the close in order to override gubernatorial vetoes. During the first half of session, the House and Senate typically meet on Wednesdays only, though by the end of the session, they meet daily due to increased workload and deadlines. History The three settlements that would become Connecticut (Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor) were established in 1633, and were originally governed by the Massachusetts Bay Company under terms of a commission for settlement. When the commission expired in 1636 and the Connecticut Colony was established, the legislature was established as the "General Corte", consisting of six magistrates along with three-member committees representing each of the three towns. In 1639, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were adopted, which changed the spelling to "General Court;" formalized its executive, judicial, and legislative authority; and changed its membership to consist of the governor and six magistrates (each elected for one year terms) and three or four deputies per town (elected for six-month terms). Although the magistrates and deputies sat together, they voted separately and in 1645 it was decreed that a measure had to have the approval of both groups in order to pass. The Charter of 1662 changed the name to the General Assembly, while replacing the six magistrates with twelve assistants and reducing the number of deputies per town to no more than two. In 1698, the General Assembly divided itself into its current bicameral form, with the twelve assistants as the Council and the deputies as the House of Representatives. The modern form of the General Assembly (divided into the upper Senate and lower House and devoid of all executive and judicial authority) was incorporated in the 1818 constitution. Facilities Most of the General Assembly's committee and caucus meetings are held in the modern Legislative Office Building (LOB), while the House and Senate sessions are held in the State Capitol. The two buildings are connected via a tunnel known as the "Concourse", which stretches underneath an off-ramp of Interstate 84. Most offices for legislators and their aides are also housed in the LOB, though some legislative leaders choose to be based in the State Capitol itself. Each committee has its own office space, with most being located in the LOB. A few committees, particularly select committees, have their offices in the Capitol. Committee chairs and ranking members normally choose to have their personal offices near their committee offices, rather than staying in their caucus areas. The General Assembly is also provided with facilities such as a cafeteria, private dining room, newsstand, and library. Committee system The General Assembly has 26 committees, all of which are joint committees; that is, their membership includes House and Senate members alike. Several committees have subcommittees, each with their own chair and special focus. Before most bills are considered in either the House or Senate, they must first go through the committee system. The primary exception to this rule is the emergency certification bill, or "e-cert," which can be passed on the floor without going through committee first. The e-cert is generally reserved for use during times of crisis, such as natural disasters or when deadlines are approaching too quickly to delay action. Permanent committees Most are permanent committees, which are authorized and required by state statute to be continued each session. The twenty-six permanent committees of the General Assembly are: Aging Committee Appropriations Committee Banks Committee Children Committee Commerce Committee Education Committee (K–12) Energy and Technology Committee Environment Committee Executive and Legislative Nominations Committee Finance, Revenue, and Bonding Committee General Law Committee Government Administration and Elections Committee Higher Education and Employment Advancement Committee Housing Committee Human Services Committee Insurance and Real Estate Committee Internship Committee Judiciary Committee Labor and Public Employees Committee Joint Committee on Legislative Management Planning and Development Committee Public Health Committee Public Safety and Security Committee Regulation Review Committee Transportation Committee Veterans' Affairs Committee Of those, the Executive and Legislative Nominations Committee, Internship Committee, Joint Committee on Legislative Management, and Regulation Review Committee are considered bi-partisan and feature leadership from each party. Select committees Some committees are select committees, authorized to only function for a set number of years before being brought up for review. Most select committees deal with issues of major importance during a particular time period and are created in response to specific problems facing the state. As of the 2013 legislative session, there are no active select committees. Leadership and staff Most committee chair positions are held by the ruling party, but committees considered officially bi-partisan have chairs from both the Republican and Democratic caucuses. Bi-partisan committees are ones that are mostly administrative in nature, such as the Legislative Internship Committee. Most committees have ranking members, or leaders from the minority party who serve as the leaders of their party on each committee. All committees have their own staff members. The four largest committees (Appropriations, Finance, Judiciary, and Public Health) are led by non-partisan senior committee administrators. The rest are led by a committee clerk appointed by the majority party. The majority and minority party appoint assistant clerks. Each committee is assigned additional non-partisan staffers from the Office of Legislative Research, the Office of Fiscal Analysis, and the Legislative Commissioners' Office who, respectively, research legislation and issues, assess fiscal impacts, and draft legislation. Subpoena power The General Assembly has subpoena power under Connecticut General Statutes §2-46. Recent decisions by the Connecticut Supreme Court, the state supreme court, have clarified and limited this power. §2-46 vests the Connecticut General Assembly with broad subpoena power. The power to compel documents and testimony is vested in the President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Representatives, or either of the chairman of any committee (Connecticut has joint Committees, with a chairman from each house of the General Assembly). Once subpoenaed, a person refusing to comply may be fined between $100 and $1000, and imprisoned for between one month and one year. The legislature has the power to subpoena the sitting governor of Connecticut in limited circumstances. The Connecticut Supreme Court clarified these circumstances, during the John G. Rowland impeachment process, in Office of the Legislature v. The Select Committee On Inquiry, 271 Conn. 540 (2004), holding that the legislature can issue subpoenas only in conjunction with its mandate under the state constitution. Impeachment is a constitutional power of the legislature under Article IX of the Connecticut Constitution, and therefore the legislature can compel the testimony of the governor in conjunction with impeachment proceedings. The ability of the legislature to subpoena judges of the state court has also been clarified in court. During the controversy surrounding the retirement of the chief justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court, William "Taco" Sullivan, the Connecticut General Assembly subpoenaed the testimony of Sullivan, who was still sitting on the Court. Sullivan challenged the subpoena in Connecticut Superior Court. The court ruled, in Sullivan v. McDonald (WL 2054052 2006), that the legislature could only subpoena a sitting Justice in an impeachment proceeding. On appeal, the entire Connecticut Supreme Court recused itself, and the argument was made before the judges of the Connecticut Appellate Court sitting as the Supreme Court. The Judiciary Committee, who issued the subpoenas, argued that they could also issue subpoenas in conjunction with their constitutional confirmation power. Sullivan voluntarily testified before a ruling was issued. Public participation The majority of General Assembly proceedings are open to members of the public. Public hearings are held regularly during the session for residents to be given a chance to testify on pending legislation. Viewing areas are offered in both chambers for people who would like to observe, though the floor of each chamber is generally restricted to legislators, staff members, interns, and certain members of the media collectively known as the Capitol Press Corps. Additionally, the Connecticut Network, or CT-N, broadcasts the majority of each session for viewing on television. Members of the public are often recognized during legislative proceedings, particularly sessions of the House. Representatives and Senators can call for a "point of personal privilege" when there is no business pending on the floor, which allows them to introduce family members or residents of their districts to the rest of the membership. The entire chamber often recognizes civic and youth groups, particularly championship-winning sports teams. Some residents receive special citations from the membership as well. See also Connecticut State Capitol Connecticut House of Representatives Connecticut State Senate Connecticut Capitol Police List of members of the Connecticut General Assembly from Norwalk References ^ Under the Gold Dome: An Insider's Look at the Connecticut Legislature, by Judge Robert Satter. New Haven: Connecticut Conference of Municipalities, 2004, pp. 16-27. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connecticut General Assembly. Wikisource has original works on the topic: Connecticut General Assembly Connecticut General Assembly CGA Legislative Member Database, 1776-Present Capitol Tours vteMembers of the Connecticut State Senate President of the Senate Susan Bysiewicz (D) President pro tempore Martin Looney (D) Majority Leader Bob Duff (D) Minority Leader Stephen Harding (R) ▌John Fonfara (D) ▌Douglas McCrory (D) ▌Saud Anwar (D) ▌MD Rahman (D) ▌Derek Slap (D) ▌Rick Lopes (D) ▌John Kissel (R) ▌Lisa Seminara (R) ▌Matt Lesser (D) ▌Gary Winfield (D) ▌Martin Looney (D) ▌Christine Cohen (D) ▌Jan Hochadel (D) ▌James Maroney (D) ▌Joan Hartley (D) ▌Robert Sampson (R) ▌Jorge Cabrera (D) ▌Heather Somers (R) ▌Cathy Osten (D) ▌Martha Marx (D) ▌Kevin C. Kelly (R) ▌Marilyn Moore (D) ▌Herron Gaston (D) ▌Julie Kushner (D) ▌Bob Duff (D) ▌Ceci Maher (D) ▌Patricia B. Miller (D) ▌Tony Hwang (R) ▌Mae Flexer (D) ▌Stephen Harding (R) ▌Henri Martin (R) ▌Eric Berthel (R) ▌Norman Needleman (D) ▌Paul Cicarella (R) ▌Jeff Gordon (R) ▌Ryan Fazio (R) ▌Democratic (24) ▌Republican (12) Connecticut General Assembly Connecticut House of Representatives Connecticut State Senate vteMembers of the Connecticut House of Representatives Speaker of the House Matthew Ritter (D) Majority Leader Jason Rojas (D) Minority Leader Vincent Candelora (R) ▌Matthew Ritter (D) ▌Raghib Allie-Brennan (D) ▌Minnie Gonzalez (D) ▌Julio Concepcion (D) ▌Maryam Khan (D) ▌James Sánchez (D) ▌Joshua M. Hall (D) ▌Tim Ackert (R) ▌Jason Rojas (D) ▌Henry Genga (D) ▌Jeffrey Currey (D) ▌Geoff Luxenberg (D) ▌Jason Doucette (D) ▌Tom Delnicki (R) ▌Bobby Gibson (D) ▌Melissa Osborne (D) ▌Eleni Kavros DeGraw (D) ▌Jillian Gilchrest (D) ▌Tammy Exum (D) ▌Kate Farrar (D) ▌Mike Demicco (D) ▌Francis Cooley (R) ▌Devin Carney (R) ▌Emmanuel Sanchez (D) ▌Bobby Sanchez (D) ▌Peter Tercyak (D) ▌Gary Turco (D) ▌Amy Morrin Bello (D) ▌Kerry Szeps Wood (D) ▌Donna Veach (R) ▌Jill Barry (D) ▌Christie Carpino (R) ▌Brandon Chafee (D) ▌Irene Haines (R) ▌Chris Aniskovich (R) ▌Christine Palm (D) ▌Holly Cheeseman (R) ▌Kathleen McCarty (R) ▌Anthony Nolan (D) ▌Christine Conley (D) ▌Aundre Bumgardner (D) ▌Keith Denning (D) ▌Greg Howard (R) ▌Anne Dauphinais (R) ▌Brian Lanoue (R) ▌Derell Wilson (D) ▌Doug Dubitsky (R) ▌Mark DeCaprio (R) ▌Susan Johnson (D) ▌Pat Boyd (D) ▌Rick Hayes (R) ▌Kurt Vail (R) ▌Tammy Nuccio (R) ▌Gregory Haddad (D) ▌Steve Weir (R) ▌Kevin Brown (D) ▌Jaime Foster (D) ▌Tom Arnone (D) ▌Carol Hall (R) ▌Jane Garibay (D) ▌Tami Zawistowski (R) ▌Mark Anderson (R) ▌Jay Case (R) ▌Maria Horn (D) ▌Michelle Cook (D) ▌Karen Reddington-Hughes (R) ▌Bill Buckbee (R) ▌Joseph Polletta (R) ▌Cindy Harrison (R) ▌Seth Bronko (R) ▌William Pizzuto (R) ▌Larry Butler (D) ▌Ronald Napoli (D) ▌Michael DiGiovancarlo (D) ▌Geraldo Reyes (D) ▌John Piscopo (R) ▌Cara Pavalock-D'Amato (R) ▌Joe Hoxha (R) ▌Mary Fortier (D) ▌Gale Mastrofrancesco (R) ▌Chris Poulos (D) ▌Michael Quinn (D) ▌Jack Fazzino (D) ▌Hilda Santiago (D) ▌Mary Mushinsky (D) ▌Vincent Candelora (R) ▌Dave Yaccarino (R) ▌Josh Elliott (D) ▌Lezlye Zupkus (R) ▌Craig Fishbein (R) ▌Michael D'Agostino (D) ▌Patricia Dillon (D) ▌Toni Walker (D) ▌Robyn Porter (D) ▌Juan Candelaria (D) ▌Roland Lemar (D) ▌Alphonse Paolillo (D) ▌Moira Rader (D) ▌Joseph Zullo (R) ▌Kai Belton (D) ▌John-Michael Parker (D) ▌Robin Comey (D) ▌Liz Linehan (D) ▌Kara Rochelle (D) ▌Nicole Klarides-Ditria (R) ▌Mitch Bolinsky (R) ▌Martin Foncello (R) ▌Patrick Callahan (R) ▌Farley Santos (D) ▌Bob Godfrey (D) ▌Aimee Berger-Girvalo (D) ▌Tony Scott (R) ▌Jason Perillo (R) ▌Mary Welander (D) ▌William Heffernan III (D) ▌Treneé McGee (D) ▌Charles Ferraro (R) ▌Frank Smith (D) ▌Kathy Kennedy (R) ▌Laura Dancho (R) ▌Joseph Gresko (D) ▌Ben McGorty (R) ▌David Rutigliano (R) ▌Andre Baker (D) ▌Tom O'Dea (R) ▌Fred Gree (D) ▌Marcus Brown (D) ▌Christopher Rosario (D) ▌Steven Stafstrom (D) ▌Antonio Felipe (D) ▌David Labriola (R) ▌Jennifer Leeper (D) ▌Cristin McCarthy Vahey (D) ▌Sarah Keitt (D) ▌Anne Hughes (D) ▌Jonathan Steinberg (D) ▌Kadeem Roberts (D) ▌Rachel Chaleski (R) ▌Kevin Ryan (D) ▌Travis Simms (D) ▌Tracy Marra (R) ▌Lucy Dathan (D) ▌Dominique Johnson (D) ▌Hubert Douglas Delany (D) ▌Corey Paris (D) ▌David Michel (D) ▌Matt Blumenthal (D) ▌Anabel Figueroa (D) ▌Rachel Khanna (D) ▌Steve Meskers (D) ▌Hector Arzeno (D) ▌Democratic (98) ▌Republican (53) Connecticut General Assembly Connecticut House of Representatives Connecticut State Senate vteLegislatures of the United StatesUnited States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama (H, S) Alaska (H, S) Arizona (H, S) Arkansas (H, S) California (A, S) Colorado (H, S) Connecticut (H, S) Delaware (H, S) Florida (H, S) Georgia (H, S) Hawaii (H, S) Idaho (H, S) Illinois (H, S) Indiana (H, S) Iowa (H, S) Kansas (H, S) Kentucky (H, S) Louisiana (H, S) Maine (H, S) Maryland (H, S) Massachusetts (H, S) Michigan (H, S) Minnesota (H, S) Mississippi (H, S) Missouri (H, S) Montana (H, S) Nebraska Nevada (A, S) New Hampshire (H, S) New Jersey (GA, S) New Mexico (H, S) New York (A, S) North Carolina (H, S) North Dakota (H, S) Ohio (H, S) Oklahoma (H, S) Oregon (H, S) Pennsylvania (H, S) Rhode Island (H, S) South Carolina (H, S) South Dakota (H, S) Tennessee (H, S) Texas (H, S) Utah (H, S) Vermont (H, S) Virginia (H, S) Washington (H, S) West Virginia (H, S) Wisconsin (A, S) Wyoming (H, S) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa (H, S) Guam Northern Mariana Islands (H, S) Puerto Rico (H, S) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of U.S. state legislators vteState of ConnecticutHartford (capital)Topics Index Constitution Delegations Elections Geography Government History Images People Symbols Tourist attractions Society Abortion Climate change Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gun laws LGBT rights Party strength Regions Councils of governments Coastal Connecticut Farmington Valley Gold Coast Greater Bridgeport Greater Danbury Greater Hartford Tri-State area Connecticut panhandle Greater New Haven Housatonic Valley Litchfield Hills Lower Connecticut River Valley Central Naugatuck Valley Naugatuck River Valley Quiet Corner Southeastern Connecticut Planning regions Capitol Greater Bridgeport Lower Connecticut River Valley Naugatuck Valley Northeastern Connecticut Northwest Hills South Central Connecticut Southeastern Connecticut Western Connecticut Counties Fairfield Hartford Litchfield Middlesex New Haven New London Tolland Windham Cities Ansonia Bridgeport Bristol Danbury Derby Groton Hartford Meriden Middletown Milford New Britain New Haven New London Norwalk Norwich Shelton Stamford Torrington Waterbury West Haven All towns Andover Ansonia Ashford Avon Barkhamsted Beacon Falls Berlin Bethany Bethel Bethlehem Bloomfield Bolton Bozrah Branford Bridgeport Bridgewater Bristol Brookfield Brooklyn Burlington Canaan Canterbury Canton Chaplin Cheshire Chester Clinton Colchester Colebrook Columbia Cornwall Coventry Cromwell Danbury Darien Deep River Derby Durham East Granby East Haddam East Hampton East Hartford East Haven East Lyme East Windsor Eastford Easton Ellington Enfield Essex Fairfield Farmington Franklin Glastonbury Goshen Granby Greenwich Griswold Groton Guilford Haddam Hamden Hampton Hartford Hartland Harwinton Hebron Hartford Kent Killingly Killingworth Lebanon Ledyard Lisbon Litchfield Lyme Madison Manchester Mansfield Marlborough Meriden Middlebury Middlefield Middletown Milford Monroe Montville Morris Naugatuck New Britain New Canaan New Fairfield New Hartford New Haven New London New Milford Newington Newtown Norfolk North Branford North Canaan North Haven North Stonington Norwalk Norwich Old Lyme Old Saybrook Orange Oxford Plainfield Plainville Plymouth Pomfret Portland Preston Prospect Putnam Redding Ridgefield Rocky Hill Roxbury Salem Salisbury Scotland Seymour Sharon Shelton Sherman Simsbury Somers South Windsor Southbury Southington Sprague Stafford Stamford Sterling Stonington Stratford Suffield Thomaston Thompson Tolland Torrington Trumbull Union Vernon Voluntown Wallingford Warren Washington Waterbury Waterford Watertown West Hartford West Haven Westbrook Weston Westport Wethersfield Willington Wilton Winchester Windham Windsor Windsor Locks Wolcott Woodbridge Woodbury Woodstock Places Boroughs Villages Historic Places Geography Connecticut portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connecticut_Legislative_Office_Building_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"bicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Senate"},{"link_name":"state capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"term limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limit"},{"link_name":"budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget"},{"link_name":"special session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_session"},{"link_name":"veto session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_session"},{"link_name":"vetoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"}],"text":"Interior of the Legislative Office Building (LOB)The Connecticut General Assembly (CGA) is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is a bicameral body composed of the 151-member House of Representatives and the 36-member Senate. It meets in the state capital, Hartford. There are no term limits for either chamber.During even-numbered years, the General Assembly is in session from February to May. In odd-numbered years, when the state budget is completed, session lasts from January to June. The governor has the right to call for a special session after the end of the regular session, while the General Assembly can call for a \"veto session\" after the close in order to override gubernatorial vetoes.During the first half of session, the House and Senate typically meet on Wednesdays only, though by the end of the session, they meet daily due to increased workload and deadlines.","title":"Connecticut General Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Wethersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wethersfield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Colony"},{"link_name":"Fundamental Orders of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Charter of 1662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Connecticut_Constitution#The_Connecticut_Charter_of_1662"},{"link_name":"1818 constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Connecticut_Constitution#The_Constitution_of_1818"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The three settlements that would become Connecticut (Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor) were established in 1633, and were originally governed by the Massachusetts Bay Company under terms of a commission for settlement. When the commission expired in 1636 and the Connecticut Colony was established, the legislature was established as the \"General Corte\", consisting of six magistrates along with three-member committees representing each of the three towns. In 1639, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were adopted, which changed the spelling to \"General Court;\" formalized its executive, judicial, and legislative authority; and changed its membership to consist of the governor and six magistrates (each elected for one year terms) and three or four deputies per town (elected for six-month terms). Although the magistrates and deputies sat together, they voted separately and in 1645 it was decreed that a measure had to have the approval of both groups in order to pass. The Charter of 1662 changed the name to the General Assembly, while replacing the six magistrates with twelve assistants and reducing the number of deputies per town to no more than two. In 1698, the General Assembly divided itself into its current bicameral form, with the twelve assistants as the Council and the deputies as the House of Representatives. The modern form of the General Assembly (divided into the upper Senate and lower House and devoid of all executive and judicial authority) was incorporated in the 1818 constitution.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Interstate 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_(east)"}],"text":"Most of the General Assembly's committee and caucus meetings are held in the modern Legislative Office Building (LOB), while the House and Senate sessions are held in the State Capitol. The two buildings are connected via a tunnel known as the \"Concourse\", which stretches underneath an off-ramp of Interstate 84. Most offices for legislators and their aides are also housed in the LOB, though some legislative leaders choose to be based in the State Capitol itself.Each committee has its own office space, with most being located in the LOB. A few committees, particularly select committees, have their offices in the Capitol. Committee chairs and ranking members normally choose to have their personal offices near their committee offices, rather than staying in their caucus areas.The General Assembly is also provided with facilities such as a cafeteria, private dining room, newsstand, and library.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subcommittees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcommittee"},{"link_name":"emergency certification bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_certification_bill&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The General Assembly has 26 committees, all of which are joint committees; that is, their membership includes House and Senate members alike. Several committees have subcommittees, each with their own chair and special focus.Before most bills are considered in either the House or Senate, they must first go through the committee system. The primary exception to this rule is the emergency certification bill, or \"e-cert,\" which can be passed on the floor without going through committee first. The e-cert is generally reserved for use during times of crisis, such as natural disasters or when deadlines are approaching too quickly to delay action.","title":"Committee system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aging Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/age/"},{"link_name":"Appropriations Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/app/"},{"link_name":"Banks Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/ba/"},{"link_name":"Children Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/KID/"},{"link_name":"Commerce Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/ce/"},{"link_name":"Education Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/ED/"},{"link_name":"Energy and Technology Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/ET/"},{"link_name":"Environment Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/ENV/"},{"link_name":"Executive and Legislative Nominations Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/EXN/"},{"link_name":"Finance, Revenue, and Bonding Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/FIN/"},{"link_name":"General Law Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/GL/"},{"link_name":"Government Administration and Elections Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/GAE/"},{"link_name":"Higher Education and Employment Advancement Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/HED/"},{"link_name":"Housing Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/HSG/"},{"link_name":"Human Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/HS/"},{"link_name":"Insurance and Real Estate Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/INS/"},{"link_name":"Internship Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/ISC/"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/JUD/"},{"link_name":"Labor and Public Employees Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/LAB/"},{"link_name":"Joint Committee on Legislative Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/LM/"},{"link_name":"Planning and Development Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/PD/"},{"link_name":"Public Health Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/PH/"},{"link_name":"Public Safety and Security Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/PS/"},{"link_name":"Regulation Review Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/RR/"},{"link_name":"Transportation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/TRA/"},{"link_name":"Veterans' Affairs Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga.ct.gov/VA/"}],"sub_title":"Permanent committees","text":"Most are permanent committees, which are authorized and required by state statute to be continued each session.The twenty-six permanent committees of the General Assembly are:Aging Committee\nAppropriations Committee\nBanks Committee\nChildren Committee\nCommerce Committee\nEducation Committee (K–12)\nEnergy and Technology Committee\nEnvironment Committee\nExecutive and Legislative Nominations Committee\nFinance, Revenue, and Bonding Committee\nGeneral Law Committee\nGovernment Administration and Elections Committee\nHigher Education and Employment Advancement Committee\nHousing Committee\nHuman Services Committee\nInsurance and Real Estate Committee\nInternship Committee\nJudiciary Committee\nLabor and Public Employees Committee\nJoint Committee on Legislative Management\nPlanning and Development Committee\nPublic Health Committee\nPublic Safety and Security Committee\nRegulation Review Committee\nTransportation Committee\nVeterans' Affairs CommitteeOf those, the Executive and Legislative Nominations Committee, Internship Committee, Joint Committee on Legislative Management, and Regulation Review Committee are considered bi-partisan and feature leadership from each party.","title":"Committee system"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Select committees","text":"Some committees are select committees, authorized to only function for a set number of years before being brought up for review. Most select committees deal with issues of major importance during a particular time period and are created in response to specific problems facing the state. As of the 2013 legislative session, there are no active select committees.","title":"Committee system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caucuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus"},{"link_name":"ranking members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking_member"},{"link_name":"clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_(position)"}],"sub_title":"Leadership and staff","text":"Most committee chair positions are held by the ruling party, but committees considered officially bi-partisan have chairs from both the Republican and Democratic caucuses. Bi-partisan committees are ones that are mostly administrative in nature, such as the Legislative Internship Committee. Most committees have ranking members, or leaders from the minority party who serve as the leaders of their party on each committee.All committees have their own staff members. The four largest committees (Appropriations, Finance, Judiciary, and Public Health) are led by non-partisan senior committee administrators. The rest are led by a committee clerk appointed by the majority party. The majority and minority party appoint assistant clerks.Each committee is assigned additional non-partisan staffers from the Office of Legislative Research, the Office of Fiscal Analysis, and the Legislative Commissioners' Office who, respectively, research legislation and issues, assess fiscal impacts, and draft legislation.","title":"Committee system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subpoena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena"},{"link_name":"Connecticut General Statutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_General_Statutes"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"state supreme court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_supreme_court"},{"link_name":"President of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Connecticut_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"imprisoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisoned"},{"link_name":"governor of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"John G. Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Rowland"},{"link_name":"impeachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"state constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Constitution"},{"link_name":"judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"state court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_court_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"chief justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_justice"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Superior_Court"},{"link_name":"recused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualification"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Appellate Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Appellate_Court"}],"text":"The General Assembly has subpoena power under Connecticut General Statutes §2-46. Recent decisions by the Connecticut Supreme Court, the state supreme court, have clarified and limited this power.§2-46 vests the Connecticut General Assembly with broad subpoena power. The power to compel documents and testimony is vested in the President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Representatives, or either of the chairman of any committee (Connecticut has joint Committees, with a chairman from each house of the General Assembly). Once subpoenaed, a person refusing to comply may be fined between $100 and $1000, and imprisoned for between one month and one year.The legislature has the power to subpoena the sitting governor of Connecticut in limited circumstances. The Connecticut Supreme Court clarified these circumstances, during the John G. Rowland impeachment process, in Office of the Legislature v. The Select Committee On Inquiry, 271 Conn. 540 (2004), holding that the legislature can issue subpoenas only in conjunction with its mandate under the state constitution. Impeachment is a constitutional power of the legislature under Article IX of the Connecticut Constitution, and therefore the legislature can compel the testimony of the governor in conjunction with impeachment proceedings.The ability of the legislature to subpoena judges of the state court has also been clarified in court. During the controversy surrounding the retirement of the chief justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court, William \"Taco\" Sullivan, the Connecticut General Assembly subpoenaed the testimony of Sullivan, who was still sitting on the Court. Sullivan challenged the subpoena in Connecticut Superior Court. The court ruled, in Sullivan v. McDonald (WL 2054052 2006), that the legislature could only subpoena a sitting Justice in an impeachment proceeding. On appeal, the entire Connecticut Supreme Court recused itself, and the argument was made before the judges of the Connecticut Appellate Court sitting as the Supreme Court. The Judiciary Committee, who issued the subpoenas, argued that they could also issue subpoenas in conjunction with their constitutional confirmation power. Sullivan voluntarily testified before a ruling was issued.","title":"Subpoena power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Network"}],"text":"The majority of General Assembly proceedings are open to members of the public. Public hearings are held regularly during the session for residents to be given a chance to testify on pending legislation. Viewing areas are offered in both chambers for people who would like to observe, though the floor of each chamber is generally restricted to legislators, staff members, interns, and certain members of the media collectively known as the Capitol Press Corps. Additionally, the Connecticut Network, or CT-N, broadcasts the majority of each session for viewing on television.Members of the public are often recognized during legislative proceedings, particularly sessions of the House. Representatives and Senators can call for a \"point of personal privilege\" when there is no business pending on the floor, which allows them to introduce family members or residents of their districts to the rest of the membership. The entire chamber often recognizes civic and youth groups, particularly championship-winning sports teams. Some residents receive special citations from the membership as well.","title":"Public participation"}]	[{"image_text":"Interior of the Legislative Office Building (LOB)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Connecticut_Legislative_Office_Building_interior.jpg/220px-Connecticut_Legislative_Office_Building_interior.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Connecticut State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_State_Capitol"},{"title":"Connecticut House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives"},{"title":"Connecticut State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_State_Senate"},{"title":"Connecticut Capitol Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Capitol_Police"},{"title":"List of members of the Connecticut General Assembly from Norwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Connecticut_General_Assembly_from_Norwalk"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Connecticut+General+Assembly%22","external_links_name":"\"Connecticut General Assembly\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Connecticut+General+Assembly%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Connecticut+General+Assembly%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Connecticut+General+Assembly%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Connecticut+General+Assembly%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Connecticut+General+Assembly%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.cga.ct.gov/","external_links_name":"cga.ct.gov"},{"Link":"http://www.cga.ct.gov/age/","external_links_name":"Aging Committee"},{"Link":"http://www.cga.ct.gov/app/","external_links_name":"Appropriations Committee"},{"Link":"http://www.cga.ct.gov/ba/","external_links_name":"Banks 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Byrne_Show	The Gay Byrne Show	["1 History","2 End","3 Legacy","4 References","5 External links"]	Irish radio programme Radio show The Gay Byrne ShowOther namesThe Gay Byrne HourGenreNews and current affairsRunning time2 hoursCountry of originIrelandLanguage(s)EnglishHome stationRTÉ Radio 1TV adaptationsThe Late Late ShowHosted byGay ByrneProduced byJohn CadenRecording studioDonnybrook, DublinOriginal release2 February 1973 –24 December 1998 Gay Byrne, the show's presenter The Gay Byrne Show (previously The Gay Byrne Hour and also known as The GB Show) was an Irish radio programme, which ran from 1973 until 1998. The programme was presented by Gay Byrne, and aired Monday to Friday for two hours each day. It was a favourite of Irish housewives. Before Byrne's retirement in 1998, he was helped by Gareth O'Callaghan (who left for RTÉ 2fm) and then Des Cahill. Future Labour Party face Alex White edited the show for four years. History The Gay Byrne Hour began broadcasting on 2 February 1973. It featured many Irish taboo subjects, with forums and discussions. In 1979, because of an extended air time, the programme was retitled The Gay Byrne Show. The show's reporter was Joe Duffy. In 1976, Byrne won a Jacob's Award for his programme. Duffy also won a Jacob's Award in 1992. In 1984, the show received letters in response to a report by Kevin O'Connor on the death of schoolgirl Ann Lovett from childbirth. Byrne and two actors read on air stories of rape, abortion and sexual abuse. Christine Buckley was invited with her father onto the show in 1992 to discuss her experiences at St. Vincent's Industrial School, Goldenbridge, receiving what she later described as an "overwhelming response". End Speculation that Byrne would leave his show began in January 1998. In August of that year, a spokeswoman for the Director of Radio confirmed the show would end. On 16 December 1998, while presenting his programme in Studio 5, Mike Murphy interrupted the programme and escorted a surprised Byrne into Studio 1. An audience of 150 celebrities and guests greeted Byrne. The then-Taoiseach Bertie Ahern and President Mary McAleese were among the guests. The final show was broadcast on Grafton Street, on Christmas Eve (24 December) 1998. "The output of those involved was phenomenal, and utterly mad". Byrne on presenting his radio live. Byrne later spoke of his regret at not having retired from presenting the show five years earlier. He also claimed that the craziest thing he had ever done was present the show live for so long. Legacy The influential show and the life of presenter was celebrated in the 2006 twenty-part book series Lives That Shaped the Nation, a collection by the Irish Independent which documented the lives of significant figures in Irish history. Others featured in the series included Bono, Éamon de Valera, James Joyce, Patrick Pearse, Mary Robinson, Oscar Wilde and W. B. Yeats. Byrne commented in The Irish Times in 2010: Constantly people remind me that they grew up with me as a daily presence. They were young wives at the time, stuck in the kitchen. Or they may be remembering when they were children and they were off sick and got off school for the day and the mammy would look after them and Gay Byrne was on the radio. The show was nothing to them, but it was what their mothers did: listen to the radio. You get the same messages over and over again from all over the world. To me, the wonder is that I am still getting messages from all kinds of weird places and the fact that they are listening to me. Because when I started they couldn’t hear me much beyond Moate. Now they listen in Manila. And the Toy Show meant a lot to people growing up. So, yes, I am conscious that I was part of people’s life". References ^ a b "No Gay Byrne show in Kenmare". The Kerryman. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009. ^ a b "Gay Byrne: I'm just sorry I didn't quit the show sooner". Belfast Telegraph. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009. ^ Power, Bairbre (10 August 1998). "Top of the bill year after year on the airwaves". Irish Independent. Retrieved 27 December 2017. Gareth O'Callaghan later did the job but left for 2FM after becoming disgruntled. Des Cahill co-chaired the show with Gay last season. ^ "Alex White: Biography". alexwhite.ie. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011. ^ a b "Irish Public Service Broadcasting – 1970s". RTÉ Libraries and Archives. Retrieved 29 July 2009. ^ "End of era". Irish Independent. 10 August 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2009. ^ The Irish Times, "Critics honour 'Olives' and 'Riordans'", 16 May 1977 ^ The Irish Times, "Winners of radio and TV awards", 16 November 1992 ^ a b c Gay Byrne (13 February 2010). "The chameleon of Montrose". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010. ^ Christine Buckley (19 May 2009). "A long journey in search of justice for victims of abuse". The Irish Times. Retrieved 12 December 2009. In 1992 Dad duly arrived and his old friend Gay Byrne invited both of us to tell our story on RTÉ Radio. Many might have thought that would be the end of it, with maybe a book, possibly titled Daughter Finds Parents, which would close with an almost fairytale ending as we could all live happily ever after. But thousands of others wanted help to undertake similar investigations and wrote and phoned Gay Byrne and me asking for our help. Their stories demonstrated how many children, several with the collusion of the judiciary, were incarcerated in industrial schools to undertake slave labour in order to swell the coffers of the religious congregations. After the overwhelming response to the Gay Byrne radio interview, a senior member of the Mercy congregation apologised on the airwaves and agreed to meet me to discuss funding a counselling service for a handful of women who were with me in Goldenbridge. Alas, that promise was not realised. ^ "Gay Byrne denies he is to quit radio show". The Irish Times. 1 January 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2009. ^ "Gay Byrne will quit radio show". The Irish Times. 8 August 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2009. ^ a b "Irish Public Service Broadcasting – 1990s". RTÉ Libraries and Archives. Retrieved 29 July 2009. ^ "Fans tune in to hear Byrne fade out". The Irish Times. 12 December 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2009. ^ "Gay gets Green light". Irish Independent. 24 December 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2009. ^ a b "Gay Byrne presents Sunday With Gay Byrne, Lyric fm". RTÉ Guide. 20 January 2009. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009. ^ a b "Lives that Shaped the Nation Book 10 – Gay Byrne with Deirdre Purcell". Irish Independent. 17 November 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2009. External links RTÉ Libraries and Archives – 1990s vteGay ByrneRadio The Gay Byrne Hour (1973–1979) The Gay Byrne Show (1979–1998) Television The Late Late Show (1962–1999) Open House (1964) Rose of Tralee (1978–1994) Calor Kosangas Housewife of the Year (1982–1994) People in Need Telethon (1988–2001) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (2000–2002) Class Reunion (2005) Gaybo's Grumpy Men (2005) Gaybo Laughs Back (2008) The Meaning of Life (2009–16) For One Night Only (2011–12) Related topics Kathleen Watkins List of people on stamps of Ireland Road Safety Authority Synge Street CBS 2011 presidential election vteRTÉ Radio 1Presenters and showsPresentersWeekday Shay Byrne Des Cahill Audrey Carville John Creedon Gerry Daly Ray D'Arcy Joe Duffy Louise Duffy Myles Dungan Rachael English Gavin Jennings Áine Lawlor Cathal Mac Coille Sarah McInerney Cathal Murray John Murray Ryan Tubridy Mary Wilson Vincent Woods Weekend John Bowman Carole Coleman Richard Crowley Neil Doherty Sinéad Gleeson Kieran Hanrahan Avril Hoare Jacqui Hurley Ronan Collins Ronan Kelly David McCullagh Derek Mooney Marty Morrissey Con Murphy Áine Ní Bhreisleáin Siún Ní Dhuinn Sinéad Ní Uallacháin Aoife Nic Cormaic Fiachna Ó Braonáin Miriam O'Callaghan Brendan O'Connor Donncha Ó Dúlaing Kevin Rafter Ruth Smith Former Brendan Balfe Gerald Barry Charlie Bird Vincent Browne Gay Byrne Derek Davis Richard Downes Eamon Dunphy Séamus Ennis Dave Fanning Brian Farrell Marian Finucane Bridie Gallagher Jimmy Greeley David Hanly Aoife Kavanagh John Kelly Pat Kenny Shane Kenny Des Keogh Joe Lynch Maxi Proinsias Mac Aonghusa Ciarán Mac Mathúna Seán Mac Réamoinn Tom McGurk Leo Maguire Mike Murphy Gareth O'Callaghan Seán Óg Ó Ceallacháin Pádraic Ó Neachtain Sean O'Rourke Brenda Power Marc Roberts John Skehan Terry Wogan ShowsCurrent Beo ar Éigean Bowman Sunday Morning Céilí House The Collins Collection Doc on One Green Tea Liveline Miriam Meets... Mooney Playback The Ray D'Arcy Show Risin' Time Seascapes Sunday Miscellany Today with Claire Byrne News andSport Drivetime The Late Debate Morning Ireland News at One Saturday View The Business This Week Weekend Sport (Saturday Sport, Sunday Sport) World Report Former The Arts Show Conversations with Eamon Dunphy The Dave Fanning Show The Derek Davis Show Five Seven Live Future Tense The Gay Byrne Show The John Murray Show The Marian Finucane Show Mo Cheol Thú Ronan Collins The Ryan Tubridy Show (2015–2023) Scrap Saturday Today with ... The Tubridy Show (2005–2010) Women Today Newsreaders Aengus Mac Grianna Eileen Dunne Brian Jennings John Finnerty Mary Kennedy Michael Murphy Siún Nic Gearailt Barry O'Neill Ray Kennedy Other contributors Philip Boucher-Hayes Oliver Callan Brian Carthy Eoghan Corry Vincent DeVeau Larry Gogan Dylan Haskins Darren Kennedy Bill Long Manchán Magan Jimmy Magee Aonghus McAnally Nell McCafferty Ella McSweeney Brendan McWilliams Gina Menzies Seán Moncrieff Dermot Morgan Bryan Murray Joseph O'Connor Olivia O'Leary Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh Dermot O'Neill Evelyn O'Rourke Radio Éireann Players Kathryn Thomas Other RTÉ radio stations RTÉ 2fm RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta RTÉ lyric fm vteRTÉ News and Current AffairsBulletins RTÉ News: One O'Clock RTÉ News: Six One RTÉ News: Nine O'Clock news2day Irish-language 7 Lá Nuacht RTÉ le TG4 Nuacht TG4 Internet RTÉ News channel People List RadioCurrent The Late Debate Morning Ireland Today with Claire Byrne RTÉ News at One Drivetime Saturday View World Report This Week Past Five Seven Live The Gay Byrne Show Today with ... The Marian Finucane ShowTelevisionCurrent Prime Time Leader's Questions The Week in Politics European Parliament Report Past Broadsheet The Frontline Oireachtas Report One to One Claire Byrne Live Later with Finlay and Dunlop Morning Edition Newsbeat Prime Time Investigates Pobal Questions and Answers 7 Days Today Tonight	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gay_Byrne.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gay Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Byrne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-No_Gay_Byrne_show_in_Kenmare-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gay_Byrne:_I%E2%80%99m_just_sorry_I_didn%E2%80%99t_quit_the_show_sooner-2"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Gay Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Byrne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-No_Gay_Byrne_show_in_Kenmare-1"},{"link_name":"Gareth O'Callaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_O%27Callaghan"},{"link_name":"RTÉ 2fm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_2fm"},{"link_name":"Des Cahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Cahill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Alex White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_White_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Radio showGay Byrne, the show's presenterThe Gay Byrne Show (previously The Gay Byrne Hour[1] and also known as The GB Show[2]) was an Irish radio programme, which ran from 1973 until 1998. The programme was presented by Gay Byrne, and aired Monday to Friday for two hours each day. It was a favourite of Irish housewives.[1] Before Byrne's retirement in 1998, he was helped by Gareth O'Callaghan (who left for RTÉ 2fm) and then Des Cahill.[3] Future Labour Party face Alex White edited the show for four years.[4]","title":"The Gay Byrne Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libraries_and_Archives-_1970s-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-End_of_era-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libraries_and_Archives-_1970s-5"},{"link_name":"Joe Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Jacob's Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ann Lovett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Lovett"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_chameleon_of_Montrose-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_chameleon_of_Montrose-9"},{"link_name":"Christine Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Buckley"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent's Industrial School, Goldenbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent%27s_Industrial_School,_Goldenbridge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_long_journey_in_search_of_justice_for_victims_of_abuse-10"}],"text":"The Gay Byrne Hour began broadcasting on 2 February 1973.[5] It featured many Irish taboo subjects, with forums and discussions.[6]In 1979, because of an extended air time, the programme was retitled The Gay Byrne Show.[5] The show's reporter was Joe Duffy. In 1976, Byrne won a Jacob's Award for his programme.[7] Duffy also won a Jacob's Award in 1992.[8]In 1984, the show received letters in response to a report by Kevin O'Connor on the death of schoolgirl Ann Lovett from childbirth.[9] Byrne and two actors read on air stories of rape, abortion and sexual abuse.[9]Christine Buckley was invited with her father onto the show in 1992 to discuss her experiences at St. Vincent's Industrial School, Goldenbridge, receiving what she later described as an \"overwhelming response\".[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mike Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Murphy_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libraries_and_Archives_-_1990s-13"},{"link_name":"Taoiseach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach"},{"link_name":"Bertie Ahern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Ahern"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mary McAleese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McAleese"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Grafton Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Street"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libraries_and_Archives_-_1990s-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gay_Byrne_presents_Sunday_With_Gay_Byrne,_Lyric_fm-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gay_Byrne:_I%E2%80%99m_just_sorry_I_didn%E2%80%99t_quit_the_show_sooner-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gay_Byrne_presents_Sunday_With_Gay_Byrne,_Lyric_fm-16"}],"text":"Speculation that Byrne would leave his show began in January 1998.[11] In August of that year, a spokeswoman for the Director of Radio confirmed the show would end.[12]On 16 December 1998, while presenting his programme in Studio 5, Mike Murphy interrupted the programme and escorted a surprised Byrne into Studio 1.[13] An audience of 150 celebrities and guests greeted Byrne. The then-Taoiseach Bertie Ahern and President Mary McAleese were among the guests.[14]The final show was broadcast on Grafton Street, on Christmas Eve (24 December) 1998.[13][15]\"The output of those involved was phenomenal, and utterly mad\".\n\n\n Byrne on presenting his radio live.[16]Byrne later spoke of his regret at not having retired from presenting the show five years earlier.[2] He also claimed that the craziest thing he had ever done was present the show live for so long.[16]","title":"End"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lives_that_Shaped_the_Nation_Book_10_-_Gay_Byrne_with_Deirdre_Purcell-17"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"Éamon de Valera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera"},{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Patrick Pearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pearse"},{"link_name":"Mary Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"W. B. Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lives_that_Shaped_the_Nation_Book_10_-_Gay_Byrne_with_Deirdre_Purcell-17"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"Moate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moate"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Toy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Late_Toy_Show"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_chameleon_of_Montrose-9"}],"text":"The influential show and the life of presenter was celebrated in the 2006 twenty-part book series Lives That Shaped the Nation, a collection by the Irish Independent which documented the lives of significant figures in Irish history.[17] Others featured in the series included Bono, Éamon de Valera, James Joyce, Patrick Pearse, Mary Robinson, Oscar Wilde and W. B. Yeats.[17]Byrne commented in The Irish Times in 2010:Constantly people remind me that they grew up with me as a daily presence. They were young wives at the time, stuck in the kitchen. Or they may be remembering when they were children and they were off sick and got off school for the day and the mammy would look after them and Gay Byrne was on the radio. The show was nothing to them, but it was what their mothers did: listen to the radio. You get the same messages over and over again from all over the world. To me, the wonder is that I am still getting messages from all kinds of weird places and the fact that they are listening to me. Because when I started they couldn’t hear me much beyond Moate. Now they listen in Manila. And the Toy Show meant a lot to people growing up. So, yes, I am conscious that I was part of people’s life\".[9]","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Gay Byrne, the show's presenter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gay_Byrne.JPG/220px-Gay_Byrne.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"No Gay Byrne show in Kenmare\". The Kerryman. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kerryman.ie/lifestyle/no-gay-byrne-show-in-kenmare-1834282.html","url_text":"\"No Gay Byrne show in Kenmare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kerryman","url_text":"The Kerryman"}]},{"reference":"\"Gay Byrne: I'm just sorry I didn't quit the show sooner\". Belfast Telegraph. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/film-tv/news/gay-byrne-irsquom-just-sorry-i-didnrsquot-quit-the-show-sooner-14248353.html","url_text":"\"Gay Byrne: I'm just sorry I didn't quit the show sooner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph","url_text":"Belfast Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Power, Bairbre (10 August 1998). \"Top of the bill year after year on the airwaves\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 27 December 2017. Gareth O'Callaghan later did the job but left for 2FM after becoming disgruntled. Des Cahill co-chaired the show with Gay last season.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/top-of-the-bill-year-after-year-on-the-airwaves-435397.html","url_text":"\"Top of the bill year after year on the airwaves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alex White: Biography\". alexwhite.ie. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110205193117/http://www.alexwhite.ie/meet.php?y=1&x=8","url_text":"\"Alex White: Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.alexwhite.ie/meet.php?y=1&x=8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Public Service Broadcasting – 1970s\". RTÉ Libraries and Archives. Retrieved 29 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/laweb/brc/brc_1970s.html","url_text":"\"Irish Public Service Broadcasting – 1970s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Libraries_and_Archives","url_text":"RTÉ Libraries and Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"End of era\". Irish Independent. 10 August 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/end-of-era-435361.html","url_text":"\"End of era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent","url_text":"Irish Independent"}]},{"reference":"Gay Byrne (13 February 2010). \"The chameleon of Montrose\". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101118184127/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0213/1224264325263.html","url_text":"\"The chameleon of Montrose\""},{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0213/1224264325263.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christine Buckley (19 May 2009). \"A long journey in search of justice for victims of abuse\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 12 December 2009. In 1992 Dad duly arrived and his old friend Gay Byrne invited both of us to tell our story on RTÉ Radio. Many might have thought that would be the end of it, with maybe a book, possibly titled Daughter Finds Parents, which would close with an almost fairytale ending as we could all live happily ever after. But thousands of others wanted help to undertake similar investigations and wrote and phoned Gay Byrne and me asking for our help. Their stories demonstrated how many children, several with the collusion of the judiciary, were incarcerated in industrial schools to undertake slave labour in order to swell the coffers of the religious congregations. [...] After the overwhelming response to the Gay Byrne radio interview, a senior member of the Mercy congregation apologised on the airwaves and agreed to meet me to discuss funding a counselling service for a handful of women who were with me in Goldenbridge. Alas, that promise was not realised.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Buckley","url_text":"Christine Buckley"},{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0519/1224246879530.html","url_text":"\"A long journey in search of justice for victims of abuse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gay Byrne denies he is to quit radio show\". The Irish Times. 1 January 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/1998/0112/98011200022.html","url_text":"\"Gay Byrne denies he is to quit radio show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gay Byrne will quit radio show\". The Irish Times. 8 August 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/1998/0810/98081000014.html","url_text":"\"Gay Byrne will quit radio show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Public Service Broadcasting – 1990s\". RTÉ Libraries and Archives. Retrieved 29 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/laweb/brc/brc_1990s.html","url_text":"\"Irish Public Service Broadcasting – 1990s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fans tune in to hear Byrne fade out\". The Irish Times. 12 December 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/1998/1217/98121700030.html","url_text":"\"Fans tune in to hear Byrne fade out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gay gets Green light\". Irish Independent. 24 December 1998. Retrieved 29 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/gay-gets-green-light-424852.html","url_text":"\"Gay gets Green light\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gay Byrne presents Sunday With Gay Byrne, Lyric fm\". RTÉ Guide. 20 January 2009. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090211091241/http://rteguide.ie/2009/0120/lifelessons.html","url_text":"\"Gay Byrne presents Sunday With Gay Byrne, Lyric fm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_Guide","url_text":"RTÉ Guide"},{"url":"https://www.rteguide.ie/2009/0120/lifelessons.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lives that Shaped the Nation Book 10 – Gay Byrne with Deirdre Purcell\". Irish Independent. 17 November 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/unsorted/features/lives-that-shaped-the-nation-book-10--gay-byrne-with-deirdre-purcell-69204.html","url_text":"\"Lives that Shaped the Nation Book 10 – Gay Byrne with Deirdre Purcell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent","url_text":"Irish Independent"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.kerryman.ie/lifestyle/no-gay-byrne-show-in-kenmare-1834282.html","external_links_name":"\"No Gay Byrne show in Kenmare\""},{"Link":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/film-tv/news/gay-byrne-irsquom-just-sorry-i-didnrsquot-quit-the-show-sooner-14248353.html","external_links_name":"\"Gay Byrne: I'm just sorry I didn't quit the show sooner\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/top-of-the-bill-year-after-year-on-the-airwaves-435397.html","external_links_name":"\"Top of the bill year after year on the airwaves\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110205193117/http://www.alexwhite.ie/meet.php?y=1&x=8","external_links_name":"\"Alex White: Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.alexwhite.ie/meet.php?y=1&x=8","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/laweb/brc/brc_1970s.html","external_links_name":"\"Irish Public Service Broadcasting – 1970s\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/end-of-era-435361.html","external_links_name":"\"End of era\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101118184127/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0213/1224264325263.html","external_links_name":"\"The chameleon of Montrose\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0213/1224264325263.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0519/1224246879530.html","external_links_name":"\"A long journey in search of justice for victims of abuse\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/1998/0112/98011200022.html","external_links_name":"\"Gay Byrne denies he is to quit radio show\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/1998/0810/98081000014.html","external_links_name":"\"Gay Byrne will quit radio show\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/laweb/brc/brc_1990s.html","external_links_name":"\"Irish Public Service Broadcasting – 1990s\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/1998/1217/98121700030.html","external_links_name":"\"Fans tune in to hear Byrne fade out\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/national-news/gay-gets-green-light-424852.html","external_links_name":"\"Gay gets Green light\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090211091241/http://rteguide.ie/2009/0120/lifelessons.html","external_links_name":"\"Gay Byrne presents Sunday With Gay Byrne, Lyric fm\""},{"Link":"https://www.rteguide.ie/2009/0120/lifelessons.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/unsorted/features/lives-that-shaped-the-nation-book-10--gay-byrne-with-deirdre-purcell-69204.html","external_links_name":"\"Lives that Shaped the Nation Book 10 – Gay Byrne with Deirdre Purcell\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/laweb/brc/brc_1990s.html","external_links_name":"RTÉ Libraries and Archives – 1990s"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andolalao_Rakotoarison	Andolalao Rakotoarison	["1 Life and research","2 Matronyms","3 References"]	Malagasy Herpetologist Andolalao RakotoarisonBorn1982 (age 41–42)Mahajanga, MadagascarNationalityMalagasyAlma materTechnical University of BraunschweigScientific careerFieldsHerpetologyThesis Integrative systematics of the narrow-mouthed frogs of Madagascar (Amphibia: Microhylidae: Cophylinae) (2017)Doctoral advisorMiguel Vences Andolalao Rakotoarison (born 1982 in Mahajanga) is a Malagasy herpetologist. Life and research Rakotoarison conducted her Master's thesis at the University of Antananarivo in 2011. She then conducted her PhD at the Technical University of Braunschweig on the systematics of the frogs of the Madagascar-endemic narrow-mouthed frog subfamily Cophylinae, under the supervision of Professor Miguel Vences. As of mid-2020, she has co-authored the description of 52 frog species and two reptiles (one gecko and one chameleon). In particular, Rakotoarison has contributed to knowledge of Madagascar's smallest frogs. In 2017, she led a study published as a monograph with sixteen other coauthors, describing 26 new species of the genus Stumpffia, including several frogs that number among the smallest in the world, and in 2020, she was also involved in the description of five more miniaturised frogs, including the new genus Mini and its three diminutive species. After completing her PhD thesis in 2017, Rakotoarison was appointed as a lecturer at Soavinandriana in Itasy, Madagascar, an affiliate of the University of Antananrivo. In 2017 she also became co-chair of the IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group for Madagascar, a position she still holds today. Currently, Rakotoarison is the Academic Director for the 'Madagascar: Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management' study abroad programme of the SIT Graduate Institute. Matronyms In 2019, the frog species Platypelis ando was named in honour of Rakotoarison in recognition of her contributions to research on the amphibians of Madagascar. References ^ a b c d School for International Training. "Andolalao Rakotoarison, PhD". School for International Training. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ Rakotoarison, Andolalao (2017). Integrative systematics of the narrow-mouthed frogs of Madagascar (Amphibia: Microhylidae: Cophylinae). Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig. OCLC 1015308724. ^ Scherz, Mark D. (14 August 2019). "Herpetofauna of Madagascar". Dr Mark D. Scherz. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ Rakotoarison, A.; Scherz, M.D.; Glaw, F.; Köhler, J; Andreone, F.; Franzen, M.; Glos, J.; Hawlitschek, O.; Jono, T.; Mori, A.; Ndriantsoa, S.H.; Raminosoa Rasoamampionona, N.; Riemann, J.C.; Rödel, M.-O.; Rosa, G.M.; Vieites, D.R.; Crottini, A.; Vences, M. (2017). "Describing the smaller majority: Integrative fast-track taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus Stumpffia) from Madagascar". Vertebrate Zoology. 67 (3): 271–398. doi:10.3897/vz.67.e31595. S2CID 257190990. ^ Müller-Jung, Joachim. "26 neue Zwergfrosch-Arten: Ein gigantischer Clan". FAZ.NET (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 2020-06-08. ^ "26 neue Arten von Stumpffia-Fröschen aufgespürt - derStandard.de". DER STANDARD (in Austrian German). Retrieved 2020-06-08. ^ Scherz, Mark D.; Hutter, Carl D.; Rakotoarison, Andolalao; Riemann, Jana C.; Rödel, Mark-Oliver; Ndriantsoa, Serge H.; Glos, Julian; Roberts, Sam Hyde; Crottini, Angelica; Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank (2019-03-27). "Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213314. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413314S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213314. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6436692. PMID 30917162. ^ "New staple-size frog is one of the tiniest ever discovered". National Geographic. 2019-03-27. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved 2020-06-08. ^ Solly, Meilan. "Meet Mini mum, Mini scule and Mini ature, Three New Frog Species Among the World's Smallest". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-06-08. ^ a b "Regional Working Groups – IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group". Retrieved 2020-06-07. ^ Scherz, Mark D.; Köhler, Jörn; Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank (2019-06-26). "A new yellow-toed Platypelis species (Anura, Microhylidae, Cophylinae) from the Maroantsetra region, northeastern Madagascar". Evolutionary Systematics. 3 (1): 75–83. doi:10.3897/evolsyst.3.33417. ISSN 2535-0730. Authority control databases: Academics ORCID	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahajanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanga"},{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_people"},{"link_name":"herpetologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetologist"}],"text":"Andolalao Rakotoarison (born 1982 in Mahajanga) is a Malagasy herpetologist.","title":"Andolalao Rakotoarison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Antananarivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antananarivo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIT-1"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"systematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics"},{"link_name":"frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogs"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"narrow-mouthed frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhylidae"},{"link_name":"Cophylinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cophylinae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RakotoarisonThesis-2"},{"link_name":"Miguel Vences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Vences"},{"link_name":"frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko"},{"link_name":"chameleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScherzHerpsofMadagascar-3"},{"link_name":"Stumpffia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumpffia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rakoto17-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_(frog)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scherz2019-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatGeo2019-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"University of Antananrivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antananarivo_(Madagascar)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIT-1"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCNSSC-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIT-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCNSSC-10"},{"link_name":"SIT Graduate Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIT_Graduate_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIT-1"}],"text":"Rakotoarison conducted her Master's thesis at the University of Antananarivo in 2011.[1] She then conducted her PhD at the Technical University of Braunschweig on the systematics of the frogs of the Madagascar-endemic narrow-mouthed frog subfamily Cophylinae,[2] under the supervision of Professor Miguel Vences. As of mid-2020, she has co-authored the description of 52 frog species and two reptiles (one gecko and one chameleon).[3] In particular, Rakotoarison has contributed to knowledge of Madagascar's smallest frogs. In 2017, she led a study published as a monograph with sixteen other coauthors, describing 26 new species of the genus Stumpffia, including several frogs that number among the smallest in the world,[4][5][6] and in 2020, she was also involved in the description of five more miniaturised frogs, including the new genus Mini and its three diminutive species.[7][8][9]After completing her PhD thesis in 2017, Rakotoarison was appointed as a lecturer at Soavinandriana in Itasy, Madagascar, an affiliate of the University of Antananrivo.[1] In 2017 she also became co-chair of the IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group for Madagascar,[10][1] a position she still holds today.[10] \nCurrently, Rakotoarison is the Academic Director for the 'Madagascar: Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management' study abroad programme of the SIT Graduate Institute.[1]","title":"Life and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Platypelis ando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platypelis_ando&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2019, the frog species Platypelis ando was named in honour of Rakotoarison[11] in recognition of her contributions to research on the amphibians of Madagascar.","title":"Matronyms"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"School for International Training. \"Andolalao Rakotoarison, PhD\". 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ISSN 2535-0730.","urls":[{"url":"https://evolsyst.pensoft.net/article/33417/","url_text":"\"A new yellow-toed Platypelis species (Anura, Microhylidae, Cophylinae) from the Maroantsetra region, northeastern Madagascar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fevolsyst.3.33417","url_text":"10.3897/evolsyst.3.33417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2535-0730","url_text":"2535-0730"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.sit.edu/sit_faculty/andolalao-rakotoarison-phd/","external_links_name":"\"Andolalao Rakotoarison, PhD\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015308724","external_links_name":"Integrative systematics of the narrow-mouthed frogs of Madagascar (Amphibia: Microhylidae: Cophylinae)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015308724","external_links_name":"1015308724"},{"Link":"http://www.markscherz.com/herpetofauna-of-madagascar","external_links_name":"\"Herpetofauna of Madagascar\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fvz.67.e31595","external_links_name":"\"Describing the smaller majority: Integrative fast-track taxonomy reveals twenty-six new species of tiny microhylid frogs (genus Stumpffia) from Madagascar\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fvz.67.e31595","external_links_name":"10.3897/vz.67.e31595"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257190990","external_links_name":"257190990"},{"Link":"https://www.faz.net/1.5302324","external_links_name":"\"26 neue Zwergfrosch-Arten: Ein gigantischer Clan\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909","external_links_name":"0174-4909"},{"Link":"https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000068340364/26-neue-arten-von-stumpffia-froeschen-aufgespuert","external_links_name":"\"26 neue Arten von Stumpffia-Fröschen aufgespürt - derStandard.de\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436692","external_links_name":"\"Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturised microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413314S","external_links_name":"2019PLoSO..1413314S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0213314","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0213314"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","external_links_name":"1932-6203"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436692","external_links_name":"6436692"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917162","external_links_name":"30917162"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190329011214/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/03/smallest-frog-species-discovered-mini-mum/","external_links_name":"\"New staple-size frog is one of the tiniest ever discovered\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/03/smallest-frog-species-discovered-mini-mum/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/three-newly-discovered-frog-species-are-among-worlds-smallest-180971819/","external_links_name":"\"Meet Mini mum, Mini scule and Mini ature, Three New Frog Species Among the World's Smallest\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucn-amphibians.org/working-groups/regional/","external_links_name":"\"Regional Working Groups – IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group\""},{"Link":"https://evolsyst.pensoft.net/article/33417/","external_links_name":"\"A new yellow-toed Platypelis species (Anura, Microhylidae, Cophylinae) from the Maroantsetra region, northeastern Madagascar\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fevolsyst.3.33417","external_links_name":"10.3897/evolsyst.3.33417"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2535-0730","external_links_name":"2535-0730"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2620-440X","external_links_name":"ORCID"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Oakley_Aldrich	Aldrichian Chairs	["1 Chair of Chemistry","2 Chair of Physic","3 George Oakley Aldrich","4 Notes"]	University of Oxford professor positions The Aldrichian Chairs were professorial positions at the University of Oxford during the nineteenth century, endowed by George Oakley Aldrich. His will left the residue of his estate to Oxford, to found in equal parts three chairs. By the 1850s the funds amounted to over £12,000. The handling of the chairs, however, was not of free-standing professorships, and by the end of that decade the funds had been repurposed. Chair of Chemistry The initial holder of the Aldrichian Chair of Chemistry was John Kidd, from 1803. He resigned when the Regius Chair of Physic became vacant on the death of Christopher Pegge in 1822. Kidd made sure he was succeeded as Aldrichian Professor by Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny. For financial reasons Daubeny held onto the chair until 1854, when a college stipend he held was increased. The third and final holder of the Chair was Benjamin Collins Brodie, elected in 1855. It was renamed the Waynflete Chair of Chemistry in 1865. The funding was transferred in the 1870s to create the Aldrichian Demonstrator in Chemistry. Chair of Physic From 1803 to 1824 Robert Bourne was the first Aldrichian professor of physic. The title is also given as "medicine", and the endowment was described as "annexed" to the Regius Chair of that area. The endowment was also supposed to support an anatomy professor. In practice the anatomy funds were added to those from the benefaction of Richard Tomlins, to provide an anatomy reader. The anatomy funding was assigned to the Linacre Chair in 1858. George Oakley Aldrich Portrait of George Oakley Aldrichby Pompeo Batoni, c. 1750(Bodleian Library, Oxford) Born in 1721 or 1722, he was the son of Thomas and Grace Aldrich of Holborn, and was educated at Eton College. He matriculated at Merton College in 1739, with his name registered as George Oakeley Aldrich. He graduated B.A. in 1742, M.A. in 1745, M.B. and M.D. in 1755. He went on the Grand Tour and was in Rome in 1750 with John Neale – then an undergraduate at Merton, later parish priest at Tollerton, Nottinghamshire. While in Rome, Aldrich had his portrait painted by the artist Pompeo Batoni. The portrait was rediscovered in the Bodleian Library's collection, and after conservation treatment by Simon Gillespie, it was confirmed to be by Batoni. Cockglode House, 1797 engraving Aldrich built up a medical practice in Nottingham, and he married Anne Bland in 1753. In the 1770s, Aldrich had moved on from residence at Mansfield Woodhouse to Cockglode House near Edwinstowe in Sherwood Forest, which he began to build in 1774 and occupied under lease from the 3rd Duke of Portland from 1777. Aldrich married a second time, in 1783, to the much younger Sibylla Benson (died 1802), daughter of the Rev. Thomas Benson, rector of Bilsthorpe. Benson in 1770 had become curate at Ollerton Chapel, Edwinstowe. The Duke of Portland was Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1792 and became Home Secretary in 1794. Thomas Beddoes, of radical views and initially a supporter of the French Revolution, was a reader in chemistry at Oxford from 1787 to 1793, when he left for Bristol. It has been suggested that Portland may have influenced Aldrich to include chemistry in founding by bequest the Aldrichian Chairs. In 1792, an Oxford Regius Chair of Chemistry, for which Beddoes would have been a candidate, was mooted but was then put on hold. Aldrich died in 1797 and had no child as heir. After some individual legacies, his lengthy will left a considerable sum to found the three Chairs that bore his name. The portrait of him was given to the Bodleian Library in 1837 by one of Sibylla's sisters. The next tenant at Cockglode was Robert Shore Milnes, who left his position in Canada, which had brought him into contact with Portland, in 1805. Notes ^ "The historical register of the University of Oxford". Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1900. p. 70. ^ Clark, J. F. M. "Kidd, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15511. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Goddard, Nicholas. "Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7187. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Brock, W. H. "Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, second baronet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3485. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Brock, M. G.; Curthoys, Mark C. (1997). Nineteenth-century Oxford. Clarendon Press. p. 675 note 120. ISBN 9780199510160. ^ Brock, W. H. "Bourne, Robert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3009. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Moore, James J. (1878). The historical handbook and guide to Oxford. Thos. Shrimpton and Son. p. 80. ^ Townsend, George Henry (1867). The Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records. Frederick Warne&Company. p. 739. ^ Oxford, University of; Ward, G. R. M.; Heywood, James (1851). Oxford University Statutes. William Pickering. p. 238. ^ "The historical register of the University of Oxford". Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1900. p. 60. ^ a b Williams, Robert Joseph Paton; Chapman, Allan; Rowlinson, John Shipley (2009). Chemistry at Oxford: A History from 1600 to 2005. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 79. ISBN 9780854041398. ^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Aldrich, George Oakeley" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource. ^ a b c d e "The Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire > Articles from the Thoroton Society Newsletter". thorotonsociety.org.uk. ^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Neale, John (2)" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource. ^ "Neale, John (1755–1781) (CCEd Person ID 18016)". The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835. Retrieved 1 November 2019. ^ Day, Reyhaan (4 December 2019). "Bringing art back to life". The Mayfair Times. ^ Brock, M. G.; Curthoys, Mark C. (1997). Nineteenth-century Oxford. Clarendon Press. p. 563. ISBN 9780199510160. ^ Gray, Adrian (2008). Sherwood Forest and the Dukeries. Phillimore. p. 69. ISBN 9781860774829. ^ "Benson, Thomas (1758–1810) (CCEd Person ID 10213)". The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835. Retrieved 1 November 2019. ^ Wilkinson, David. "Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-, third duke of Portland". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2162. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Clive Emsley, Repression, "Terror" and the Rule of Law in England during the Decade of the French Revolution, The English Historical Review Vol. 100, No. 397 (Oct., 1985), pp. 801–825, at p. 802. Published by: Oxford University Press JSTOR 572566 ^ Rodgers, Joseph (1908). "The scenery of Sherwood Forest, with an account of some eminent people once resident there". London : Unwin. p. 421. ^ "Biography – Milnes, Sir Robert Shore – Volume VII (1836-1850) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"George Oakley Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#George_Oakley_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Aldrichian Chairs were professorial positions at the University of Oxford during the nineteenth century, endowed by George Oakley Aldrich. His will left the residue of his estate to Oxford, to found in equal parts three chairs. By the 1850s the funds amounted to over £12,000. The handling of the chairs, however, was not of free-standing professorships, and by the end of that decade the funds had been repurposed.[1]","title":"Aldrichian Chairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Kidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kidd_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Pegge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Pegge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Giles_Bridle_Daubeny"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Collins Brodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Waynflete Chair of Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynflete_Chair_of_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The initial holder of the Aldrichian Chair of Chemistry was John Kidd, from 1803. He resigned when the Regius Chair of Physic became vacant on the death of Christopher Pegge in 1822.[2] Kidd made sure he was succeeded as Aldrichian Professor by Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny. For financial reasons Daubeny held onto the chair until 1854, when a college stipend he held was increased.[3]The third and final holder of the Chair was Benjamin Collins Brodie, elected in 1855. It was renamed the Waynflete Chair of Chemistry in 1865.[4] The funding was transferred in the 1870s to create the Aldrichian Demonstrator in Chemistry.[5]","title":"Chair of Chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bourne_(doctor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Linacre Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linacre_Chair"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"From 1803 to 1824 Robert Bourne was the first Aldrichian professor of physic.[6] The title is also given as \"medicine\", and the endowment was described as \"annexed\" to the Regius Chair of that area.[7]The endowment was also supposed to support an anatomy professor.[8] In practice the anatomy funds were added to those from the benefaction of Richard Tomlins, to provide an anatomy reader.[9] The anatomy funding was assigned to the Linacre Chair in 1858.[10]","title":"Chair of Physic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Oakley_Aldrich.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pompeo Batoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Merton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_College"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChemOx-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour"},{"link_name":"Tollerton, Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollerton,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thoroton-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pompeo Batoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"Simon Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Rollo_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cockglode_Hall.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thoroton-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Woodhouse"},{"link_name":"Edwinstowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwinstowe"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Forest"},{"link_name":"3rd Duke of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thoroton-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bilsthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilsthorpe"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thoroton-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Thomas Beddoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Beddoes"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChemOx-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thoroton-13"},{"link_name":"Robert Shore Milnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shore_Milnes"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Portrait of George Oakley Aldrichby Pompeo Batoni, c. 1750(Bodleian Library, Oxford)Born in 1721 or 1722, he was the son of Thomas and Grace Aldrich of Holborn, and was educated at Eton College. He matriculated at Merton College in 1739, with his name registered as George Oakeley Aldrich. He graduated B.A. in 1742, M.A. in 1745, M.B. and M.D. in 1755.[11][12]He went on the Grand Tour and was in Rome in 1750 with John Neale – then an undergraduate at Merton, later parish priest at Tollerton, Nottinghamshire.[13][14][15] While in Rome, Aldrich had his portrait painted by the artist Pompeo Batoni. The portrait was rediscovered in the Bodleian Library's collection, and after conservation treatment by Simon Gillespie, it was confirmed to be by Batoni.[16]Cockglode House, 1797 engravingAldrich built up a medical practice in Nottingham, and he married Anne Bland in 1753.[13][17] In the 1770s, Aldrich had moved on from residence at Mansfield Woodhouse to Cockglode House near Edwinstowe in Sherwood Forest, which he began to build in 1774 and occupied under lease from the 3rd Duke of Portland from 1777.[13][18]Aldrich married a second time, in 1783, to the much younger Sibylla Benson (died 1802), daughter of the Rev. Thomas Benson, rector of Bilsthorpe.[13] Benson in 1770 had become curate at Ollerton Chapel, Edwinstowe.[19]The Duke of Portland was Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1792 and became Home Secretary in 1794.[20] Thomas Beddoes, of radical views and initially a supporter of the French Revolution, was a reader in chemistry at Oxford from 1787 to 1793, when he left for Bristol. It has been suggested that Portland may have influenced Aldrich to include chemistry in founding by bequest the Aldrichian Chairs.[11] In 1792, an Oxford Regius Chair of Chemistry, for which Beddoes would have been a candidate, was mooted but was then put on hold.[21]Aldrich died in 1797 and had no child as heir. After some individual legacies, his lengthy will left a considerable sum to found the three Chairs that bore his name. The portrait of him was given to the Bodleian Library in 1837 by one of Sibylla's sisters.[13] The next tenant at Cockglode was Robert Shore Milnes, who left his position in Canada, which had brought him into contact with Portland, in 1805.[22][23]","title":"George Oakley Aldrich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The historical register of the University of Oxford\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historicalregis01oxfogoog/page/n70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/15511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15511"},{"link_name":"UK public library 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Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1900. p. 70.\n\n^ Clark, J. F. M. \"Kidd, John\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15511. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Goddard, Nicholas. \"Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7187. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Brock, W. H. \"Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, second baronet\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3485. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Brock, M. G.; Curthoys, Mark C. (1997). Nineteenth-century Oxford. Clarendon Press. p. 675 note 120. ISBN 9780199510160.\n\n^ Brock, W. H. \"Bourne, Robert\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3009. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Moore, James J. (1878). The historical handbook and guide to Oxford. Thos. Shrimpton and Son. p. 80.\n\n^ Townsend, George Henry (1867). The Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records. Frederick Warne&Company. p. 739.\n\n^ Oxford, University of; Ward, G. R. M.; Heywood, James (1851). Oxford University Statutes. William Pickering. p. 238.\n\n^ \"The historical register of the University of Oxford\". Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1900. p. 60.\n\n^ a b Williams, Robert Joseph Paton; Chapman, Allan; Rowlinson, John Shipley (2009). Chemistry at Oxford: A History from 1600 to 2005. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 79. ISBN 9780854041398.\n\n^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). \"Aldrich, George Oakeley\" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.\n\n^ a b c d e \"The Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire > Articles from the Thoroton Society Newsletter\". thorotonsociety.org.uk.\n\n^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). \"Neale, John (2)\" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.\n\n^ \"Neale, John (1755–1781) (CCEd Person ID 18016)\". The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835. Retrieved 1 November 2019.\n\n^ Day, Reyhaan (4 December 2019). \"Bringing art back to life\". The Mayfair Times.\n\n^ Brock, M. G.; Curthoys, Mark C. (1997). Nineteenth-century Oxford. Clarendon Press. p. 563. ISBN 9780199510160.\n\n^ Gray, Adrian (2008). Sherwood Forest and the Dukeries. Phillimore. p. 69. ISBN 9781860774829.\n\n^ \"Benson, Thomas (1758–1810) (CCEd Person ID 10213)\". The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835. Retrieved 1 November 2019.\n\n^ Wilkinson, David. \"Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-, third duke of Portland\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2162. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Clive Emsley, Repression, \"Terror\" and the Rule of Law in England during the Decade of the French Revolution, The English Historical Review Vol. 100, No. 397 (Oct., 1985), pp. 801–825, at p. 802. Published by: Oxford University Press JSTOR 572566\n\n^ Rodgers, Joseph (1908). \"The scenery of Sherwood Forest, with an account of some eminent people once resident there\". London : Unwin. p. 421.\n\n^ \"Biography – Milnes, Sir Robert Shore – Volume VII (1836-1850) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography\". www.biographi.ca.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Portrait of George Oakley Aldrichby Pompeo Batoni, c. 1750(Bodleian Library, Oxford)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/George_Oakley_Aldrich.jpg/220px-George_Oakley_Aldrich.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cockglode House, 1797 engraving","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cockglode_Hall.jpeg/220px-Cockglode_Hall.jpeg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The historical register of the University of Oxford\". Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1900. p. 70.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicalregis01oxfogoog/page/n70","url_text":"\"The historical register of the University of Oxford\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, J. F. M. \"Kidd, John\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eueretagrotis_sigmoides	Eueretagrotis sigmoides	["1 External links"]	Species of moth Eueretagrotis sigmoides Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Superfamily: Noctuoidea Family: Noctuidae Genus: Eueretagrotis Species: E. sigmoides Binomial name Eueretagrotis sigmoides(Guenée, 1852) The sigmoid dart (Eueretagrotis sigmoides) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in eastern North America species. In southern Canada it is found from Ontario to central Saskatchewan, and in the United States from Maine to Minnesota, south to western Maryland, Ohio, and western Kentucky. It has recently been recorded from North Carolina and Tennessee. The wingspan is about 40 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July. External links Bug Guide The Noctuinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A. Taxon identifiersEueretagrotis sigmoides Wikidata: Q5406803 BAMONA: Eueretagrotis-sigmoides BOLD: 89738 BugGuide: 42262 CoL: 3C3DB EoL: 447769 GBIF: 1786565 iNaturalist: 176356 IRMNG: 11080012 ITIS: 771392 LepIndex: 248890 MONA: 11007 NatureServe: 2.112713 NCBI: 1488774 Open Tree of Life: 3206102 This Noctuinae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Noctuidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctuidae"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"}],"text":"The sigmoid dart (Eueretagrotis sigmoides) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in eastern North America species. In southern Canada it is found from Ontario to central Saskatchewan, and in the United States from Maine to Minnesota, south to western Maryland, Ohio, and western Kentucky. It has recently been recorded from North Carolina and Tennessee.The wingspan is about 40 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July.","title":"Eueretagrotis sigmoides"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://bugguide.net/node/view/42262","external_links_name":"Bug Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01215p096.pdf","external_links_name":"The Noctuinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A."},{"Link":"https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Eueretagrotis-sigmoides","external_links_name":"Eueretagrotis-sigmoides"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=89738","external_links_name":"89738"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/42262","external_links_name":"42262"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3C3DB","external_links_name":"3C3DB"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/447769","external_links_name":"447769"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1786565","external_links_name":"1786565"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/176356","external_links_name":"176356"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11080012","external_links_name":"11080012"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=771392","external_links_name":"771392"},{"Link":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=248890","external_links_name":"248890"},{"Link":"https://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=11007","external_links_name":"11007"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.112713/","external_links_name":"2.112713"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1488774","external_links_name":"1488774"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3206102","external_links_name":"3206102"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eueretagrotis_sigmoides&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_e_Televisiun_Rumantscha	Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha	["1 History","2 Broadcasting","2.1 Radio","2.2 Television","3 Notes and references","4 External links"]	Romansh-language public broadcaster in Switzerland RTR Radiotelevisiun Svizra RumantschaTypeBroadcast, radio, television and onlineCountrySwitzerlandAvailabilitySwitzerland, onlineTV stationsTvR Televisiun RumantschaRadio stationsRadio RumantschHeadquartersChurBroadcast areaRomansh GrischunParentSRG SSRFormer namesrtROfficial websitehttp://www.rtr.ch Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha (RTR, English: Radio-Television Romansh Switzerland or Swiss Romansh Radio-Television), formerly known as Radio e Televisiun Rumantscha (English: Romansh Radio and Television), is a Swiss broadcasting company (part of SRG SSR) which offers programming to Romansh-speakers in Switzerland and around the world. History RTR logo until 31 December 2010. The first radio program in Romansh was broadcast on 17 January 1925. The person responsible for this broadcast was Felix Huonder. Regular Romansh programming began in 1943. Las Cristallas, the Romansh "radioscola" (radio school, or lectures delivered by radio broadcast), premiered on 27 January 1955. Il Balcun Tort, the first television program in Romansh, was broadcast on 17 February 1963. This commemorated the 25th anniversary of Romansh's becoming Switzerland's fourth national language. Broadcasting Radio Radio RTR logo Radio RTR is a Swiss radio station broadcasting in Romansh. The Editor in Chief is Flavio Bundi. Television Televisiun Rumantscha (TvR) is RTR's television production unit. It does not have its own dedicated channel; instead RSI La 2, SRF 1, SRF zwei and SRF info air TvR programming for a few hours a day. It produces 90 minutes of television programmes a week. Its programmes comprise approximately of 50 hours of in house productions, 6 hours of programmes purchased from another broadcaster and 20 hours of special occasions. The Editor in Chief is Flavio Bundi. Notes and references External links Official website vteSwiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG SSR)German(SRF)Radio Radio SRF 1 Radio SRF 2 Kultur Radio SRF 3 Radio SRF 4 News Radio SRF Virus Radio SRF Musikwelle Television SRF 1 SRF zwei SRF info Historical SR DRS SF French(RTS)Radio La Première Espace 2 Couleur 3 Option Musique Television RTS 1 RTS 2 RTS Info Historical RSR TSR Italian(RSI)Radio Rete Uno Rete Due Rete Tre Television La 1 La 2 Romansh(RTR)Radio Radio RTR Television Televisiun Rumantscha (production unit) Satellite Radio(SSatR) Swiss Satellite Radio Radio Swiss Pop Radio Swiss Classic Radio Swiss Jazz Partnerships TV5Monde 3sat Euronews Arte Subsidiaries Swissinfo SWISS TXT Publisuisse Publica Data TPC Telvetia SA Former/defunctRadio stations Swiss Radio International (defunct) World Radio Switzerland (sold) Television channels SRG Sportkette – SSR Chaine Sportive – SSR Canale Sportivo Schweiz – Suisse – Svizzera – Svizra 4 HD suisse See also Languages of Switzerland Mass media in Switzerland Portals: Companies Radio Television Switzerland Authority control databases International VIAF Other MusicBrainz label This article about Romance languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a European television station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Switzerland-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"SRG SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRG_SSR"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"}],"text":"Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha (RTR, English: Radio-Television Romansh Switzerland or Swiss Romansh Radio-Television), formerly known as Radio e Televisiun Rumantscha (English: Romansh Radio and Television), is a Swiss broadcasting company (part of SRG SSR) which offers programming to Romansh-speakers in Switzerland and around the world.","title":"Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RTR_Swiss_television_logo.png"},{"link_name":"lectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture"}],"text":"RTR logo until 31 December 2010.The first radio program in Romansh was broadcast on 17 January 1925. The person responsible for this broadcast was Felix Huonder. Regular Romansh programming began in 1943. Las Cristallas, the Romansh \"radioscola\" (radio school, or lectures delivered by radio broadcast), premiered on 27 January 1955.Il Balcun Tort, the first television program in Romansh, was broadcast on 17 February 1963. This commemorated the 25th anniversary of Romansh's becoming Switzerland's fourth national language.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radio_RTR_logo.png"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Romansh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language"}],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"Radio RTR logoRadio RTR is a Swiss radio station broadcasting in Romansh. The Editor in Chief is Flavio Bundi.","title":"Broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RSI La 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSI_La_2"},{"link_name":"SRF 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRF_1"},{"link_name":"SRF zwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRF_zwei"},{"link_name":"SRF info","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRF_info"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Televisiun Rumantscha (TvR) is RTR's television production unit. It does not have its own dedicated channel; instead RSI La 2, SRF 1, SRF zwei and SRF info air TvR programming for a few hours a day.It produces 90 minutes of television programmes a week. Its programmes comprise approximately of 50 hours of in house productions, 6 hours of programmes purchased from another broadcaster and 20 hours of special occasions. The Editor in Chief is Flavio Bundi.","title":"Broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"}]	[{"image_text":"RTR logo until 31 December 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bf/RTR_Swiss_television_logo.png"},{"image_text":"Radio RTR logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Radio_RTR_logo.png/125px-Radio_RTR_logo.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.rtr.ch/","external_links_name":"http://www.rtr.ch"},{"Link":"http://www.rtr.ch/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/237145857935223021528","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/18555a6b-3904-4563-b068-2682ea16b30b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiotelevisiun_Svizra_Rumantscha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiotelevisiun_Svizra_Rumantscha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiotelevisiun_Svizra_Rumantscha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardijan_Nuhiji	Ardian Nuhiu	["1 Playing career","1.1 Club","1.2 International","2 Managerial career","3 References","4 External links"]	Macedonian footballer Ardijan NuhijiPersonal informationFull name Ardijan NuhijiАрдијан НухииDate of birth (1978-12-07) 7 December 1978 (age 45)Place of birth Skopje, SR Macedonia, SFR Yugoslavia(modern North Macedonia)Height 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team KF Shkëndija (manager)Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2000–2001 Vardar 1 (0)2001–2004 Sloga Jugomagnat 47 (9)2004–2006 Rabotnichki 39 (6)2006–2007 Dinamo Tirana 15 (3)2007–2008 Elbasani 29 (3)2008 Rabotnichki 4 (1)2009 Metalurg 8 (2)2009 Steel Azin 15 (1)2009–2010 Hapoel Acre 5 (2)2010 Vardar 9 (4)2010–2011 Shkendija 29 (7)2011–2012 11 Oktomvri 7 (0)2012–2013 Drita Bogovinë 30 (9)2013 Shkendija 14 (4)2014–2016 Shkupi 22 (4)International career‡2005 Macedonia B 2 (1)2003–2005 Macedonia 3 (0)Managerial career2016–2018 Shkupi2019–2022 Drita Gjilan2023– Shkendija Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 7 June 2016‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 7 June 2016 Ardian Nuhiu (Macedonian: Ардијан Нухии; Ardijan Nuhiji, born 7 December 1978 in Skopje) is a retired association footballer and manager born in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. An ethnic Albanian, he represented Macedonia at the international level. Playing career Nuhiji played as an attacking midfielder or striker. Club He had previously played in Republic of Macedonia and in Albania. International He made his senior debut for Macedonia in an October 2003 friendly match against Ukraine and has earned a total of 5 caps (2 unofficial), scoring 1 goal. His final international was a November 2005 friendly against Paraguay. Managerial career After a retirement, Nuhiji was from 2016 to 2018 a manager of the club where he finished his playing career, FK Shkupi. References ^ "Player Database". eu-football.info. Retrieved 27 April 2020. External links Ardian Nuhiu at National-Football-Teams.com Ardian Nuhiu – FIFA competition record (archived) vteFC Drita – managers Osmani (1999–2000) Halimi (1999–2000) Sokoli (2000–01) Halimi (2001–02) Muriqi (2001–02) Maxhunic (2002) Cimili (2002–03) Halimic (2003) Sahiti (2003–04) Osmanic (2007) Zuzaku (2007–08) Rexhepajc (2008) Zuzaku (2008–09) Isufi (2011–12) Morina (2012–13) Selimi (2013) Morina (2013) Isufi (2013–14) Selmani (2014) Shahini (2014–15) Pajaziti (2015) Isufi (2015–16) Alagić (2016) Munishi (2016) Zuzaku (2016–17) Isufi (2017–18) Duro (2018–19) Nuhiu (2019–22) Thaqi (2023) Vavalis (2023) Ramadani (2023–) (c) = caretaker manager vteFootball Superleague of Kosovo winning managers 2000: Shosholli 2001: Tortoshi 2002: Sokoli 2003: Cimili 2004: Tortoshi 2005: Shoshi 2006: Hoxha 2007: Hoxha 2008: Tovërlani 2009: Tovërlani 2010: Sejdiu 2011: Ademi 2012: Tortoshi 2013: Tovërlani 2014: Munishi 2015: Sejdiu 2016: Tovërlani 2017: Ramadani 2018: Isufi 2019: Ramadani 2020: Nuhiu 2021: Ramadani 2022: Daja 2023: Daja This biographical article relating to association football in North Macedonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"association footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia"}],"text":"Ardian Nuhiu (Macedonian: Ардијан Нухии; Ardijan Nuhiji, born 7 December 1978 in Skopje) is a retired association footballer and manager born in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. An ethnic Albanian, he represented Macedonia at the international level.","title":"Ardian Nuhiu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striker_(association_football)"}],"text":"Nuhiji played as an attacking midfielder or striker.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"He had previously played in Republic of Macedonia and in Albania.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"friendly match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_match"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"He made his senior debut for Macedonia in an October 2003 friendly match against Ukraine and has earned a total of 5 caps (2 unofficial), scoring 1 goal. His final international was a November 2005 friendly against Paraguay.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FK Shkupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Shkupi"}],"text":"After a retirement, Nuhiji was from 2016 to 2018 a manager of the club where he finished his playing career, FK Shkupi.","title":"Managerial career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Player Database\". eu-football.info. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=24657","url_text":"\"Player Database\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=24657","external_links_name":"\"Player Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12036.html","external_links_name":"Ardian Nuhiu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=237959/index.html","external_links_name":"Ardian Nuhiu"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardian_Nuhiu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Papa_Noel	Petit Papa Noël	["1 Track listings","2 Charts","3 See also","4 References"]	Single by Tino Rossi"Petit Papa Noël"Single by Tino RossiB-side"Minuit, Chrétiens"Recorded1946GenreChristmas songLength3:07LabelDisques Pathé, Fifty Five, M6 InteractionsSongwriter(s)Raymond VincyHenri Martinet "Petit Papa Noël" (literally Little Father Christmas) is a 1946 song recorded by French singer Tino Rossi. Written by Raymond Vincy (lyrics) and Henri Martinet (music), this Christmas song was originally performed by Rossi in Richard Pottier's film Destins. Since its initial recording, over 30 million copies have been sold worldwide. The song peaked at No. 6 on 28 December 1991 (the French SNEP Singles Chart was created on 4 November 1984), and was ranked every year under several labels, including Disques Pathé, Fifty Five and M6 Interactions (every label is charted separately). The song has been covered by many artists over the years. Track listings Tino Rossi CD single – 1992 version "Petit Papa Noël" – 3:07 "Minuit, chrétiens" – 3:11 CD single – Disques Pathé "Petit Papa Noel" – 3:07 "Vive le vent" – 2:30 "Douce nuit" – 2:05 "Noël des enfants oubliés" – 2:45 CD single – Fifty Five "Petit Papa Noël" "Ave Maria" "Mon étoile" "Minuit Chrétien" Bébé Lilly CD single "Petit Papa Noël" – 3:26 "Vive le vent d'hiver" – 2:00 "Mon beau sapin, roi des forêts" – 2:09 "Bonne année" – 3:28 Pinocchio & Marilou CD single "Petit Papa Noël" – 3:59 "Sous la neige étoilée" by Pinocchio – 4:16 Charts Chart Peakposition Tino Rossi (from 1984) French SNEP Singles Chart1 6 French SNEP Singles Chart2 17 French SNEP Singles Chart3 17 French SNEP Singles Chart4 29 French SNEP Singles Chart5 9 The Smurfs (1996) French SNEP Singles Chart 21 Roch Voisine (2000) French SNEP Singles Chart 49 Roberto Alagna (2003) French SNEP Singles Chart 91 Pinocchio & Marilou (2005) Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart 17 French SNEP Singles Chart 7 Swiss Singles Chart 23 Bébé Lilly (2006) French SNEP Singles Chart 5 Swiss Singles Chart 41 Josh Groban (2008) French SNEP Singles Chart 12 1 Original version 2 "Petit Papa Noël / Minuit, chrétiens" 3 Disques Pathé label 4 Fifty Five label 5 M6 Interactions label See also List of Christmas carols References ^ Elia Habib, Muz hit. tubes, p. 225 (ISBN 2-9518832-0-X) ^ "Tino Rossi, 76, Singer; Recorded 2,000 Songs". The New York Times. 28 September 1983. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ "Petit Papa Noël", French Singles Chart Lescharts.com Retrieved 16 June 2009 ^ a b c d e f Tino Rossi's peak positions in France Lescharts.com Retrieved 16 June 2009 ^ The Smurfs version, French Singles Chart Lescharts.com (Retrieved 16 June 2009) ^ Roch Voisine version, French Singles Chart Lescharts.com (Retrieved 16 June 2009) ^ Roberto Alagna version, French Singles Chart Lescharts.com (Retrieved 16 June 2009) ^ a b c Pinocchio & Marilou version, in various singles charts Lescharts.com (Retrieved 16 June 2009) ^ a b Bébé Lily version, in various singles charts Lescharts.com (Retrieved 16 June 2009) ^ Josh Groban version, French Singles Chart Lescharts.com (Retrieved 16 June 2009) vtePinocchio (virtual singer)Studio albums Mon Alboum! Magic Pinocchio Singles "T'es pas cap Pinocchio" "Pinocchio en hiver (Kalinka)" "Petit Papa Noël" "Mon cœur fait boom boom" "DJ Pinocchio" "Pinocchio le clown" "L'Oiseau électrique" Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tino Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tino_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Christmas song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_song"},{"link_name":"Destins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts2-4"}],"text":"Single by Tino Rossi\"Petit Papa Noël\" (literally Little Father Christmas) is a 1946 song recorded by French singer Tino Rossi. Written by Raymond Vincy (lyrics) and Henri Martinet (music), this Christmas song was originally performed by Rossi in Richard Pottier's film Destins.[1] Since its initial recording, over 30 million copies have been sold worldwide.[2] The song peaked at No. 6 on 28 December 1991[3] (the French SNEP Singles Chart was created on 4 November 1984), and was ranked every year under several labels, including Disques Pathé, Fifty Five and M6 Interactions (every label is charted separately).[4] The song has been covered by many artists over the years.","title":"Petit Papa Noël"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tino RossiCD single – 1992 version\"Petit Papa Noël\" – 3:07\n\"Minuit, chrétiens\" – 3:11CD single – Disques Pathé\"Petit Papa Noel\" – 3:07\n\"Vive le vent\" – 2:30\n\"Douce nuit\" – 2:05\n\"Noël des enfants oubliés\" – 2:45CD single – Fifty Five\"Petit Papa Noël\"\n\"Ave Maria\"\n\"Mon étoile\"\n\"Minuit Chrétien\"Bébé LillyCD single\"Petit Papa Noël\" – 3:26\n\"Vive le vent d'hiver\" – 2:00\n\"Mon beau sapin, roi des forêts\" – 2:09\n\"Bonne année\" – 3:28Pinocchio & MarilouCD single\"Petit Papa Noël\" – 3:59\n\"Sous la neige étoilée\" by Pinocchio – 4:16","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1 Original version\n2 \"Petit Papa Noël / Minuit, chrétiens\"\n3 Disques Pathé label\n4 Fifty Five label\n5 M6 Interactions label","title":"Charts"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Christmas carols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols"}]	[{"reference":"\"Tino Rossi, 76, Singer; Recorded 2,000 Songs\". The New York Times. 28 September 1983. Retrieved 19 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/28/obituaries/tino-rossi-76-singer-recorded-2000-songs.html","url_text":"\"Tino Rossi, 76, Singer; Recorded 2,000 Songs\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/28/obituaries/tino-rossi-76-singer-recorded-2000-songs.html","external_links_name":"\"Tino Rossi, 76, Singer; Recorded 2,000 Songs\""},{"Link":"http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?key=164774&cat=s","external_links_name":"Lescharts.com"},{"Link":"http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Tino+Rossi","external_links_name":"Lescharts.com"},{"Link":"http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?key=251983&cat=s","external_links_name":"Lescharts.com"},{"Link":"http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?key=256219&cat=s","external_links_name":"Lescharts.com"},{"Link":"http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?key=257244&cat=s","external_links_name":"Lescharts.com"},{"Link":"http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?key=164324&cat=s","external_links_name":"Lescharts.com"},{"Link":"http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?key=271981&cat=s","external_links_name":"Lescharts.com"},{"Link":"http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?key=404946&cat=s","external_links_name":"Lescharts.com"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/292961992","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14797861w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14797861w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/6da2ed6c-4935-36a7-835c-4ccef95f2d81","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Ice_Hockey_Federation	Hungarian Ice Hockey Federation	["1 Notable people","2 References","3 External links"]	Ice hockey governing body in Hungary HungaryAssociation nameHungarian Ice Hockey FederationIIHF CodeHUNIIHF membershipJanuary 24, 1927PresidentMiklós NémethIIHF men's ranking18 1 (27 May 2024)IIHF women's ranking10 2 (28 August 2023)jegkorongszovetseg.hu The Hungarian Ice Hockey Federation (Hungarian: Magyar Jégkorong Szövetség, MJSZ) is the governing body of ice hockey in Hungary. The federation was founded under the leadership of György Pásztor in 1988, when it separated from the Hungarian Ice Sports Association. He felt that to improve ice hockey in Hungary, a stronger national league was needed, which required more youths, more arenas, and proper leadership. Notable people György Pásztor, vice-president (1988 to 1994) and IIHF Hall of Fame inductee. Zoltán Kovács, vice-president (since 2017) and Paul Loicq Award recipient. References ^ "IIHF Men's World Ranking". IIHF. 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024. ^ "IIHF Women's World Ranking". IIHF. 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023. ^ "Hungary has right balance to advance - The Budapest Times". ^ a b Burkovits, Ferenc (6 March 2015). "Pálinka a gyógyszere a gyógyszerésznek". Magyar Hírlap (in Hungarian). Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ a b "Képesnek tartja a feljutásra a jégkorong-válogatottat a 95 éves Pásztor György". Szabadság hírportál (in Hungarian). Magyar Távirati Iroda. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2019. ^ a b "Isten éltesse a 95 éves Pásztor Györgyöt!". jegkorongszovetseg.hu (in Hungarian). 2 March 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2019. ^ Szabolcs, Vincze (8 November 2010). "Pásztor György: Magyarország újra bekerülhet az elitbe". hvg.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 14 February 2019. ^ Podnieks, Andrew (4 February 2020). "Legends join IIHF Hall of Fame". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 4 February 2020. External links Official website Hungary at IIHF.com vteNational members of the International Ice Hockey FederationFull members Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus† Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada China Chinese Taipei Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand North Korea Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia† Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Associatemembers Algeria Andorra Argentina Armenia Brazil Colombia Greece Indonesia Jamaica Lebanon Liechtenstein Macau Morocco Nepal North Macedonia Oman Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Tunisia Uzbekistan Affiliatemembers Chile Former members Czechoslovakia East Germany Moldova Namibia Soviet Union Yugoslavia † Russia and Belarus were suspended by the IIHF due to their invasion of Ukraine. vteSports governing bodies in Hungary (HUN)Summer Olympic Sports Aquatics Diving Swimming Synchronized Swimming Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field Hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern Pentathlon Rugby 7's Rowing Sailing Shooting Practical Shooting Table Tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball inc. Beach Volleyball Water Polo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic Sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating Figure Speed Short Track) Ice Hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing Alpine Cross Country Nordic Combined Freestyle Jumping Snowboarding Other IOC Recognised Sports Air sports Auto racing Bandy Baseball Billiard Sports Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and Climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota Vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water Ski Wushu Others Sports Rugby League Rugby Union Hungarian Olympic Committee Hungarian Paralympic Committee This ice hockey organization article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"György Pásztor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_P%C3%A1sztor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burkovits-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-szabadsag-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jegkorongszovetseg-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szabolcs-7"}],"text":"The Hungarian Ice Hockey Federation (Hungarian: Magyar Jégkorong Szövetség, MJSZ) is the governing body of ice hockey in Hungary.[3] The federation was founded under the leadership of György Pásztor in 1988, when it separated from the Hungarian Ice Sports Association.[4][5][6] He felt that to improve ice hockey in Hungary, a stronger national league was needed, which required more youths, more arenas, and proper leadership.[7]","title":"Hungarian Ice Hockey Federation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"György Pásztor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_P%C3%A1sztor"},{"link_name":"IIHF Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burkovits-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-szabadsag-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jegkorongszovetseg-6"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kov%C3%A1cs_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Paul Loicq Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Loicq_Award"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inductees-2020-8"}],"text":"György Pásztor, vice-president (1988 to 1994) and IIHF Hall of Fame inductee.[4][5][6]\nZoltán Kovács, vice-president (since 2017) and Paul Loicq Award recipient.[8]","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"IIHF Men's World Ranking\". IIHF. 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/worldranking","url_text":"\"IIHF Men's World Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"IIHF Women's World Ranking\". IIHF. 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/worldranking","url_text":"\"IIHF Women's World Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hungary has right balance to advance - The Budapest Times\".","urls":[{"url":"http://budapesttimes.hu/2015/04/19/hungary-has-right-balance-to-advance/","url_text":"\"Hungary has right balance to advance - The Budapest Times\""}]},{"reference":"Burkovits, Ferenc (6 March 2015). \"Pálinka a gyógyszere a gyógyszerésznek\". Magyar Hírlap (in Hungarian). Retrieved 17 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://magyarhirlap.hu/cikk/19069/Palinka_a_gyogyszere_a_gyogyszeresznek","url_text":"\"Pálinka a gyógyszere a gyógyszerésznek\""}]},{"reference":"\"Képesnek tartja a feljutásra a jégkorong-válogatottat a 95 éves Pásztor György\". Szabadság hírportál (in Hungarian). Magyar Távirati Iroda. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://szabadsag.ro/-/kepesnek-tartja-a-feljutasra-a-jegkorong-valogatottat-a-95-eves-pasztor-gyorgy","url_text":"\"Képesnek tartja a feljutásra a jégkorong-válogatottat a 95 éves Pásztor György\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isten éltesse a 95 éves Pásztor Györgyöt!\". jegkorongszovetseg.hu (in Hungarian). 2 March 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jegkorongszovetseg.hu/isten-eltesse","url_text":"\"Isten éltesse a 95 éves Pásztor Györgyöt!\""}]},{"reference":"Szabolcs, Vincze (8 November 2010). \"Pásztor György: Magyarország újra bekerülhet az elitbe\". hvg.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 14 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.hvg.hu/sport/20101107_pasztor_gyorgy_jegkorong_iihf_interju","url_text":"\"Pásztor György: Magyarország újra bekerülhet az elitbe\""}]},{"reference":"Podnieks, Andrew (4 February 2020). \"Legends join IIHF Hall of Fame\". International Ice Hockey Federation. Retrieved 4 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Podnieks","url_text":"Podnieks, Andrew"},{"url":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/17847/iihf-hall-of-fame-welcomes-class-of-2020","url_text":"\"Legends join IIHF Hall of Fame\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.jegkorongszovetseg.hu/","external_links_name":"jegkorongszovetseg.hu"},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/worldranking","external_links_name":"\"IIHF Men's World Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/worldranking","external_links_name":"\"IIHF Women's World Ranking\""},{"Link":"http://budapesttimes.hu/2015/04/19/hungary-has-right-balance-to-advance/","external_links_name":"\"Hungary has right balance to advance - The Budapest Times\""},{"Link":"http://magyarhirlap.hu/cikk/19069/Palinka_a_gyogyszere_a_gyogyszeresznek","external_links_name":"\"Pálinka a gyógyszere a gyógyszerésznek\""},{"Link":"http://szabadsag.ro/-/kepesnek-tartja-a-feljutasra-a-jegkorong-valogatottat-a-95-eves-pasztor-gyorgy","external_links_name":"\"Képesnek tartja a feljutásra a jégkorong-válogatottat a 95 éves Pásztor György\""},{"Link":"https://www.jegkorongszovetseg.hu/isten-eltesse","external_links_name":"\"Isten éltesse a 95 éves Pásztor Györgyöt!\""},{"Link":"https://m.hvg.hu/sport/20101107_pasztor_gyorgy_jegkorong_iihf_interju","external_links_name":"\"Pásztor György: Magyarország újra bekerülhet az elitbe\""},{"Link":"https://www.iihf.com/en/news/17847/iihf-hall-of-fame-welcomes-class-of-2020","external_links_name":"\"Legends join IIHF Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://www.jegkorongszovetseg.hu/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/countries/hungary.html","external_links_name":"Hungary"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_Ice_Hockey_Federation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Vehicle_Owners%27_Right_to_Repair_Act	Motor Vehicle Owners' Right to Repair Act	["1 Background","2 Legislation","3 Support and opposition","4 Debate","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Proposed law Main article: Right to repair The Motor Vehicle Owners' Right to Repair Act, sometimes also referred to as Right to Repair, is a name for several related proposed bills in the United States Congress and several state legislatures which would require automobile manufacturers to provide the same information to independent repair shops as they do for dealer shops. Versions of the bill generally have been supported by independent repair and after-market associations and generally opposed by auto manufacturers and dealerships. It was first considered at the federal level in 2001, but no provisions were adopted until the Massachusetts legislature enacted Right to Repair bill H. 4362 on July 31, 2012. This law was passed in advance of a binding ballot initiative referendum which appeared on Massachusetts's statewide ballot also on November 6. The measure passed with 86% voter support. Because there were now two different laws in effect, the Massachusetts legislature enacted a bill, H. 3757 to reconcile the two laws. That bill was signed into law on November 26, 2013. Early in 2014, the Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association, Coalition for Auto Repair Equality, Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, and the Association for Global Automakers signed a memorandum of understanding that is based on the Massachusetts law and which would commit the vehicle manufacturers to meet the requirements of the Massachusetts law in all fifty states. In February 2019, the Right to Repair Coalition started a new public awareness ad campaign to update the Right to Repair Law which members claim is at risk because of wireless automotive technology which could limit independent repair shop's access to information which dealerships receive. Voters later passed 2020 Massachusetts Question 1 to address this problem. Background The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments required all vehicles built after 1994 to include on-board computer systems to monitor vehicle emissions. The bill also required automakers to provide independent repairers the same emissions service information as provided to franchised new car dealers. California further passed legislation requiring that all emissions related service information and tools be made available to independent shops. Unlike the Clean Air Act, the California bill also required the car companies to maintain web sites which contained all of their service information and which was accessible on a subscription basis to repair shops and car owners. As automotive technology advanced, computers came to control the vital systems of every vehicle, including brakes, ignition keys, air bags, steering mechanisms and more. Repairing motor vehicles became a high-tech operation, with computer diagnostic tools replacing a mechanic's observation and experience. These developments eventually made manufacturers the "gatekeepers" of advanced information necessary to repair or supply parts to motor vehicles. Legislation The Massachusetts Right to Repair Initiative passed with 86% voter support in the state's 2012 general election. It was expanded to include telematics by 2020 Massachusetts Question 1, though this was met with legal challenges. The first Right to Repair bill was introduced in the United States Senate by Senator Paul Wellstone and in the House of Representatives by Joe Barton and Edolphus Towns in August 2001. The Senate bill described its goal as ending the "unfair monopoly" of car manufacturers maintaining control over repair information that could result in independent shops turning away car owners due to lack of information. Among the states where versions of the Right to Repair Act have been introduced is New Jersey, where it was first proposed in 2006 and (A803) was overwhelmingly passed (49-22) by the State Assembly in 2008. The bill did not make it through the state Senate before the legislature adjourned. Right to repair bills also were considered in Connecticut, Illinois, New York, Oklahoma and Oregon. Support and opposition In addition to support from the American Automobile Association, Right to Repair's primary support is from the Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association, Coalition for Auto Repair Equality (CARE) and a number of state groups representing the repair industry. Initial opposition was from auto manufacturers who responded that the bill was unnecessary because of its work since 2000 through the National Automotive Service Task Force (NASTF), a cooperative based on a pilot program in Arizona involving sixty-three organizations, including carmakers plus auto service and equipment and tool companies. Debate In May 2001 NASTF established a website providing reference for all technicians on obtaining service information and tools from manufacturers. In October 2001, carmakers announced their commitment to correct any remaining gaps by January 2003. According to a letter from representatives of the ASA, Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) and Association of International Automobile Manufacturers (AIAM), in August 2002 a voluntary agreement was reached between them for auto manufacturers to provide independent repair shops the same service and training information as franchised dealerships. Reaching a final agreement in September 2002, the Automotive Service Association, representing a number of independent repair shops, withdrew its support for the bill. CARE was not party to the agreement. Neither AAIA nor CARE were a party to the agreement. Both groups pointed to the fact that absent legislation or a law, there was nothing to compel the vehicle manufacturers to comply with the terms of the voluntary agreement should right to repair legislative efforts disappear. Consumer Reports has expressed skepticism about the proposed bill, noting that its analysis showed the problem affects a "minuscule 0.2 percent of auto-repair customers." Consumer Reports also noted that the ASA said the NASTF had "mostly filled the information gap." Consumer Reports also argued that releasing "understandably secret details about vehicle security, smart-key codes, and engine immobilizer drives" would be a mistake. The Highway Loss Data Institute also wrote in a letter to Rep. Bart Stupak an expansion of access to information regarding passive antitheft devices, it "would be naive to expect the security of the information to remain uncompromised." However, an April, 2005 Consumer Reports article providing repair tips to consumers stated that "A federal bill, the Right to Repair Act, would help independents because it would require automakers to provide them with technical information they need to compete with dealers." In a letter requested by John Dingell, ranking member of the House Energy and Commerce committee, the FTC noted of 6,786 complaints relating to auto parts and repairs it had received between January 1, 1996, and May 16, 2006, only two complaints were relevant and there were "none relating to the inability of consumers or independent auto repair shops to acquire the equipment needed to repair cars." A 2005 survey of repair shops performed by the Tarrance Group found that 59% of respondents had problems getting access to repair information or needed tools necessary for repairs and 67% reported that they had been forced to send vehicles back to the dealer. See also Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act Specialty Equipment Market Association References ^ "Right to Repair Question 1 - 2012 Massachusetts Election Results". Boston Globe. November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012. ^ "Automakers agree to 'right to repair' deal \| Automotive News". January 24, 2014. ^ State House News Service ^ a b c d "Automotive Group Testifies Against Right to Repair Act Bill". Autoparts Report. August 6, 2002. ^ a b Sturgis, Scott (January 26, 2007). "A Mechanic's Laptop Makes Manual All But Obsolete". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2009. ^ National Automotive Service Task Force ^ "Automakers and Independent Repairers Reach Historic Agreement on Service Information" (Press release). Automotive Service Association. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2009. ^ "Automakers trying for deal on repair info". The Hill. December 20, 2005. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2009. ^ "Bogus Solution to high auto-repair costs". ConsumerReports.org. Consumers Union of U.S. July 12, 2006. ^ "Letter to the Honorable Bart Stupak" (Press release). Highway Loss Data Institute. June 28, 2006. ^ Deborah Platt, Majoras (June 12, 2006). "Letter to The Honorable John D. Dingell" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2009. External links The Coalition for Auto Repair Equality (CARE) Automotive Service Association Association of International Automobile Manufacturers "Car related blog". Right to Repair Cars. Retrieved April 10, 2019.	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It was first considered at the federal level in 2001, but no provisions were adopted until the Massachusetts legislature enacted Right to Repair bill H. 4362 on July 31, 2012. This law was passed in advance of a binding ballot initiative referendum which appeared on Massachusetts's statewide ballot also on November 6. The measure passed with 86% voter support.[1] Because there were now two different laws in effect, the Massachusetts legislature enacted a bill, H. 3757 to reconcile the two laws. That bill was signed into law on November 26, 2013. Early in 2014, the Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association, Coalition for Auto Repair Equality, Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, and the Association for Global Automakers signed a memorandum of understanding that is based on the Massachusetts law and which would commit the vehicle manufacturers to meet the requirements of the Massachusetts law in all fifty states.[2]In February 2019, the Right to Repair Coalition started a new public awareness ad campaign to update the Right to Repair Law which members claim is at risk because of wireless automotive technology which could limit independent repair shop's access to information which dealerships receive.[3] Voters later passed 2020 Massachusetts Question 1 to address this problem.","title":"Motor Vehicle Owners' Right to Repair Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990 Clean Air Act Amendments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Clean_Air_Act"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autoparts_Report-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autoparts_Report-4"}],"text":"The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments required all vehicles built after 1994 to include on-board computer systems to monitor vehicle emissions. The bill also required automakers to provide independent repairers the same emissions service information as provided to franchised new car dealers. California further passed legislation requiring that all emissions related service information and tools be made available to independent shops. Unlike the Clean Air Act, the California bill also required the car companies to maintain web sites which contained all of their service information and which was accessible on a subscription basis to repair shops and car owners.As automotive technology advanced, computers came to control the vital systems of every vehicle, including brakes, ignition keys, air bags, steering mechanisms and more.[4] Repairing motor vehicles became a high-tech operation, with computer diagnostic tools replacing a mechanic's observation and experience.[5] These developments eventually made manufacturers the \"gatekeepers\" of advanced information necessary to repair or supply parts to motor vehicles.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Right_to_Repair_(Question_1)_Massachusetts_2012_ballot_measure_voting_results_by_municipality.svg"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Right to Repair Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Right_to_Repair_Initiative_(2012)"},{"link_name":"2020 Massachusetts Question 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Massachusetts_Question_1"},{"link_name":"Paul Wellstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wellstone"},{"link_name":"Joe Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Barton"},{"link_name":"Edolphus Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edolphus_Towns"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autoparts_Report-4"},{"link_name":"Right to repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_repair"}],"text":"The Massachusetts Right to Repair Initiative passed with 86% voter support in the state's 2012 general election. It was expanded to include telematics by 2020 Massachusetts Question 1, though this was met with legal challenges.The first Right to Repair bill was introduced in the United States Senate by Senator Paul Wellstone and in the House of Representatives by Joe Barton and Edolphus Towns in August 2001. The Senate bill described its goal as ending the \"unfair monopoly\" of car manufacturers maintaining control over repair information that could result in independent shops turning away car owners due to lack of information.[4]Among the states where versions of the Right to Repair Act have been introduced is New Jersey, where it was first proposed in 2006 and (A803) was overwhelmingly passed (49-22) by the State Assembly in 2008. The bill did not make it through the state Senate before the legislature adjourned. Right to repair bills also were considered in Connecticut, Illinois, New York, Oklahoma and Oregon.","title":"Legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Automobile Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"}],"text":"In addition to support from the American Automobile Association, Right to Repair's primary support is from the Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association, Coalition for Auto Repair Equality (CARE) and a number of state groups representing the repair industry.Initial opposition was from auto manufacturers who responded that the bill was unnecessary because of its work since 2000 through the National Automotive Service Task Force (NASTF),[6] a cooperative based on a pilot program in Arizona[5] involving sixty-three organizations, including carmakers plus auto service and equipment and tool companies.","title":"Support and opposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autoparts_Report-4"},{"link_name":"Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Automobile_Manufacturers"},{"link_name":"Association of International Automobile Manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_International_Automobile_Manufacturers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agreement-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill-8"},{"link_name":"right to repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_repair"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Consumer Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Reports"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CR.org-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLDI-10"},{"link_name":"John Dingell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dingell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Majoras-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In May 2001 NASTF established a website providing reference for all technicians on obtaining service information and tools from manufacturers. In October 2001, carmakers announced their commitment to correct any remaining gaps by January 2003.[4]According to a letter from representatives of the ASA, Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) and Association of International Automobile Manufacturers (AIAM), in August 2002 a voluntary agreement was reached between them for auto manufacturers to provide independent repair shops the same service and training information as franchised dealerships. Reaching a final agreement in September 2002, the Automotive Service Association, representing a number of independent repair shops, withdrew its support for the bill.[7] CARE was not party to the agreement.[8]Neither AAIA nor CARE were a party to the agreement. Both groups pointed to the fact that absent legislation or a law, there was nothing to compel the vehicle manufacturers to comply with the terms of the voluntary agreement should right to repair legislative efforts disappear.[citation needed]Consumer Reports has expressed skepticism about the proposed bill, noting that its analysis showed the problem affects a \"minuscule 0.2 percent of auto-repair customers.\" Consumer Reports also noted that the ASA said the NASTF had \"mostly filled the information gap.\" Consumer Reports also argued that releasing \"understandably secret details about vehicle security, smart-key codes, and engine immobilizer drives\" would be a mistake.[9] The Highway Loss Data Institute also wrote in a letter to Rep. Bart Stupak an expansion of access to information regarding passive antitheft devices, it \"would be naive to expect the security of the information to remain uncompromised.\"[10]However, an April, 2005 Consumer Reports article providing repair tips to consumers stated that \"A federal bill, the Right to Repair Act, would help independents because it would require automakers to provide them with technical information they need to compete with dealers.\"In a letter requested by John Dingell, ranking member of the House Energy and Commerce committee, the FTC noted of 6,786 complaints relating to auto parts and repairs it had received between January 1, 1996, and May 16, 2006, only two complaints were relevant and there were \"none relating to the inability of consumers or independent auto repair shops to acquire the equipment needed to repair cars.\"[11]A 2005 survey of repair shops performed by the Tarrance Group found that 59% of respondents had problems getting access to repair information or needed tools necessary for repairs and 67% reported that they had been forced to send vehicles back to the dealer.[citation needed]","title":"Debate"}]	[{"image_text":"The Massachusetts Right to Repair Initiative passed with 86% voter support in the state's 2012 general election. It was expanded to include telematics by 2020 Massachusetts Question 1, though this was met with legal challenges.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Right_to_Repair_%28Question_1%29_Massachusetts_2012_ballot_measure_voting_results_by_municipality.svg/300px-Right_to_Repair_%28Question_1%29_Massachusetts_2012_ballot_measure_voting_results_by_municipality.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Moss_Warranty_Act"},{"title":"Specialty Equipment Market Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_Equipment_Market_Association"}]	[{"reference":"\"Right to Repair Question 1 - 2012 Massachusetts Election Results\". Boston Globe. November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/special/politics/2012/general/mass-ballot-question-1-election-results-2012.html","url_text":"\"Right to Repair Question 1 - 2012 Massachusetts Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe","url_text":"Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Automakers agree to 'right to repair' deal \| Automotive News\". January 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autonews.com/article/20140125/RETAIL05/301279936/automakers-agree-to-right-to-repair-deal","url_text":"\"Automakers agree to 'right to repair' deal \| Automotive News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Automotive Group Testifies Against Right to Repair Act Bill\". Autoparts Report. August 6, 2002.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sturgis, Scott (January 26, 2007). \"A Mechanic's Laptop Makes Manual All But Obsolete\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505E1D6163FF93BA15752C0A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2","url_text":"\"A Mechanic's Laptop Makes Manual All But Obsolete\""}]},{"reference":"\"Automakers and Independent Repairers Reach Historic Agreement on Service Information\" (Press release). Automotive Service Association. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100615085352/http://asashop.org/news/2002/sept2002/jointrelease.htm","url_text":"\"Automakers and Independent Repairers Reach Historic Agreement on Service Information\""},{"url":"http://www.asashop.org/news/2002/sept2002/jointrelease.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Automakers trying for deal on repair info\". The Hill. December 20, 2005. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611051046/http://thehill.com/letters/its-inappropriate-for-congress-to-endorse-religious-traditions-2005-12-20.html","url_text":"\"Automakers trying for deal on repair info\""},{"url":"http://thehill.com/letters/its-inappropriate-for-congress-to-endorse-religious-traditions-2005-12-20.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bogus Solution to high auto-repair costs\". ConsumerReports.org. Consumers Union of U.S. July 12, 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Letter to the Honorable Bart Stupak\" (Press release). Highway Loss Data Institute. June 28, 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Deborah Platt, Majoras (June 12, 2006). \"Letter to The Honorable John D. Dingell\" (PDF). Federal Trade Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708175339/http://www.collisionweek.com/cw/graphics/2006-0620-FTC-letter.pdf","url_text":"\"Letter to The Honorable John D. Dingell\""},{"url":"http://www.collisionweek.com/cw/graphics/2006-0620-FTC-letter.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Car related blog\". Right to Repair Cars. Retrieved April 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.r2rc.eu/","url_text":"\"Car related blog\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/special/politics/2012/general/mass-ballot-question-1-election-results-2012.html","external_links_name":"\"Right to Repair Question 1 - 2012 Massachusetts Election Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.autonews.com/article/20140125/RETAIL05/301279936/automakers-agree-to-right-to-repair-deal","external_links_name":"\"Automakers agree to 'right to repair' deal \| Automotive News\""},{"Link":"https://www.statehousenews.com/?login=yes&trial=yes&path=cms/brief.aspx&yr=2019&select=2019137","external_links_name":"State House News Service"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505E1D6163FF93BA15752C0A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2","external_links_name":"\"A Mechanic's Laptop Makes Manual All But Obsolete\""},{"Link":"http://www.nastf.org/","external_links_name":"National Automotive Service Task Force"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100615085352/http://asashop.org/news/2002/sept2002/jointrelease.htm","external_links_name":"\"Automakers and Independent Repairers Reach Historic Agreement on Service Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.asashop.org/news/2002/sept2002/jointrelease.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611051046/http://thehill.com/letters/its-inappropriate-for-congress-to-endorse-religious-traditions-2005-12-20.html","external_links_name":"\"Automakers trying for deal on repair info\""},{"Link":"http://thehill.com/letters/its-inappropriate-for-congress-to-endorse-religious-traditions-2005-12-20.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708175339/http://www.collisionweek.com/cw/graphics/2006-0620-FTC-letter.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Letter to The Honorable John D. Dingell\""},{"Link":"http://www.collisionweek.com/cw/graphics/2006-0620-FTC-letter.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.careauto.org/","external_links_name":"The Coalition for Auto Repair Equality"},{"Link":"http://www.asashop.org/","external_links_name":"Automotive Service Association"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090308000129/http://www.aiam.org/public/aiam/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Association of International Automobile Manufacturers"},{"Link":"http://www.r2rc.eu/","external_links_name":"\"Car related blog\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_at_k	Evaluation measures (information retrieval)	["1 Background","2 Applications","3 Online measures","3.1 Session abandonment rate","3.2 Click-through rate","3.3 Session success rate","3.4 Zero result rate","4 Offline metrics","4.1 Precision","4.2 Recall","4.3 Fall-out","4.4 F-score / F-measure","4.5 Average precision","4.6 Precision at k","4.7 R-precision","4.8 Mean average precision","4.9 Discounted cumulative gain","4.10 Other measures","4.11 Visualization","5 Non-relevance measures","5.1 Queries per time","6 See also","7 References"]	Statistics about search result quality Evaluation measures for an information retrieval (IR) system assess how well an index, search engine, or database returns results from a collection of resources that satisfy a user's query. They are therefore fundamental to the success of information systems and digital platforms. The most important factor in determining a system's effectiveness for users is the overall relevance of results retrieved in response to a query. The success of an IR system may be judged by a range of criteria including relevance, speed, user satisfaction, usability, efficiency and reliability. Evaluation measures may be categorised in various ways including offline or online, user-based or system-based and include methods such as observed user behaviour, test collections, precision and recall, and scores from prepared benchmark test sets. Evaluation for an information retrieval system should also include a validation of the measures used, i.e. an assessment of how well they measure what they are intended to measure and how well the system fits its intended use case. Measures are generally used in two settings: online experimentation, which assesses users' interactions with the search system, and offline evaluation, which measures the effectiveness of an information retrieval system on a static offline collection. Background Indexing and classification methods to assist with information retrieval have a long history dating back to the earliest libraries and collections however systematic evaluation of their effectiveness began in earnest in the 1950s with the rapid expansion in research production across military, government and education and the introduction of computerised catalogues. At this time there were a number of different indexing, classification and cataloguing systems in operation which were expensive to produce and it was unclear which was the most effective. Cyril Cleverdon, Librarian of the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield, England, began a series of experiments of print indexing and retrieval methods in what is known as the Cranfield paradigm, or Cranfield tests, which set the standard for IR evaluation measures for many years. Cleverdon developed a test called ‘known-item searching’ - to check whether an IR system returned the documents that were known to be relevant or correct for a given search. Cleverdon’s experiments established a number of key aspects required for IR evaluation: a test collection, a set of queries and a set of pre-determined relevant items which combined would determine precision and recall. Cleverdon's approach formed a blueprint for the successful Text Retrieval Conference series that began in 1992. Applications Evaluation of IR systems is central to the success of any search engine including internet search, website search, databases and library catalogues. Evaluations measures are used in studies of information behaviour, usability testing, business costs and efficiency assessments. Measuring the effectiveness of IR systems has been the main focus of IR research, based on test collections combined with evaluation measures. A number of academic conferences have been established that focus specifically on evaluation measures including the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC), Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) and NTCIR. Online measures Online metrics are generally created from search logs. The metrics are often used to determine the success of an A/B test. Session abandonment rate Session abandonment rate is a ratio of search sessions which do not result in a click. Click-through rate Click-through rate (CTR) is the ratio of users who click on a specific link to the number of total users who view a page, email, or advertisement. It is commonly used to measure the success of an online advertising campaign for a particular website as well as the effectiveness of email campaigns. Session success rate Session success rate measures the ratio of user sessions that lead to a success. Defining "success" is often dependent on context, but for search a successful result is often measured using dwell time as a primary factor along with secondary user interaction, for instance, the user copying the result URL is considered a successful result, as is copy/pasting from the snippet. Zero result rate Zero result rate (ZRR) is the ratio of Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs) which returned with zero results. The metric either indicates a recall issue, or that the information being searched for is not in the index. Offline metrics Offline metrics are generally created from relevance judgment sessions where the judges score the quality of the search results. Both binary (relevant/non-relevant) and multi-level (e.g., relevance from 0 to 5) scales can be used to score each document returned in response to a query. In practice, queries may be ill-posed, and there may be different shades of relevance. For instance, there is ambiguity in the query "mars": the judge does not know if the user is searching for the planet Mars, the Mars chocolate bar, the singer Bruno Mars, or the Roman deity Mars. Precision Main article: Precision and recall Precision is the fraction of the documents retrieved that are relevant to the user's information need. precision = \| { relevant documents } ∩ { retrieved documents } \| \| { retrieved documents } \| {\displaystyle {\mbox{precision}}={\frac {\|\{{\mbox{relevant documents}}\}\cap \{{\mbox{retrieved documents}}\}\|}{\|\{{\mbox{retrieved documents}}\}\|}}} In binary classification, precision is analogous to positive predictive value. Precision takes all retrieved documents into account. It can also be evaluated considering only the topmost results returned by the system using Precision@k. Note that the meaning and usage of "precision" in the field of information retrieval differs from the definition of accuracy and precision within other branches of science and statistics. Recall Main article: Precision and recall Recall is the fraction of the documents that are relevant to the query that are successfully retrieved. recall = \| { relevant documents } ∩ { retrieved documents } \| \| { relevant documents } \| {\displaystyle {\mbox{recall}}={\frac {\|\{{\mbox{relevant documents}}\}\cap \{{\mbox{retrieved documents}}\}\|}{\|\{{\mbox{relevant documents}}\}\|}}} In binary classification, recall is often called sensitivity. So it can be looked at as the probability that a relevant document is retrieved by the query. It is trivial to achieve recall of 100% by returning all documents in response to any query. Therefore, recall alone is not enough but one needs to measure the number of non-relevant documents also, for example by computing the precision. Fall-out The proportion of non-relevant documents that are retrieved, out of all non-relevant documents available: fall-out = \| { non-relevant documents } ∩ { retrieved documents } \| \| { non-relevant documents } \| {\displaystyle {\mbox{fall-out}}={\frac {\|\{{\mbox{non-relevant documents}}\}\cap \{{\mbox{retrieved documents}}\}\|}{\|\{{\mbox{non-relevant documents}}\}\|}}} In binary classification, fall-out is the opposite of specificity and is equal to ( 1 − specificity ) {\displaystyle (1-{\mbox{specificity}})} . It can be looked at as the probability that a non-relevant document is retrieved by the query. It is trivial to achieve fall-out of 0% by returning zero documents in response to any query. F-score / F-measure Main article: F-score The weighted harmonic mean of precision and recall, the traditional F-measure or balanced F-score is: F = 2 ⋅ p r e c i s i o n ⋅ r e c a l l ( p r e c i s i o n + r e c a l l ) {\displaystyle F={\frac {2\cdot \mathrm {precision} \cdot \mathrm {recall} }{(\mathrm {precision} +\mathrm {recall} )}}} This is also known as the F 1 {\displaystyle F_{1}} measure, because recall and precision are evenly weighted. The general formula for non-negative real β {\displaystyle \beta } is: F β = ( 1 + β 2 ) ⋅ ( p r e c i s i o n ⋅ r e c a l l ) ( β 2 ⋅ p r e c i s i o n + r e c a l l ) {\displaystyle F_{\beta }={\frac {(1+\beta ^{2})\cdot (\mathrm {precision} \cdot \mathrm {recall} )}{(\beta ^{2}\cdot \mathrm {precision} +\mathrm {recall} )}}\,} Two other commonly used F measures are the F 2 {\displaystyle F_{2}} measure, which weights recall twice as much as precision, and the F 0.5 {\displaystyle F_{0.5}} measure, which weights precision twice as much as recall. The F-measure was derived by van Rijsbergen (1979) so that F β {\displaystyle F_{\beta }} "measures the effectiveness of retrieval with respect to a user who attaches β {\displaystyle \beta } times as much importance to recall as precision". It is based on van Rijsbergen's effectiveness measure E = 1 − 1 α P + 1 − α R {\displaystyle E=1-{\frac {1}{{\frac {\alpha }{P}}+{\frac {1-\alpha }{R}}}}} . Their relationship is: F β = 1 − E {\displaystyle F_{\beta }=1-E} where α = 1 1 + β 2 {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {1}{1+\beta ^{2}}}} Since F-measure combines information from both precision and recall it is a way to represent overall performance without presenting two numbers. Average precision Precision and recall are single-value metrics based on the whole list of documents returned by the system. For systems that return a ranked sequence of documents, it is desirable to also consider the order in which the returned documents are presented. By computing a precision and recall at every position in the ranked sequence of documents, one can plot a precision-recall curve, plotting precision p ( r ) {\displaystyle p(r)} as a function of recall r {\displaystyle r} . Average precision computes the average value of p ( r ) {\displaystyle p(r)} over the interval from r = 0 {\displaystyle r=0} to r = 1 {\displaystyle r=1} : AveP = ∫ 0 1 p ( r ) d r {\displaystyle \operatorname {AveP} =\int _{0}^{1}p(r)dr} That is the area under the precision-recall curve. This integral is in practice replaced with a finite sum over every position in the ranked sequence of documents: AveP = ∑ k = 1 n P ( k ) Δ r ( k ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {AveP} =\sum _{k=1}^{n}P(k)\Delta r(k)} where k {\displaystyle k} is the rank in the sequence of retrieved documents, n {\displaystyle n} is the number of retrieved documents, P ( k ) {\displaystyle P(k)} is the precision at cut-off k {\displaystyle k} in the list, and Δ r ( k ) {\displaystyle \Delta r(k)} is the change in recall from items k − 1 {\displaystyle k-1} to k {\displaystyle k} . This finite sum is equivalent to: AveP = ∑ k = 1 n P ( k ) × rel ⁡ ( k ) total number of relevant documents {\displaystyle \operatorname {AveP} ={\frac {\sum _{k=1}^{n}P(k)\times \operatorname {rel} (k)}{\mbox{total number of relevant documents}}}\!} where rel ⁡ ( k ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {rel} (k)} is an indicator function equaling 1 if the item at rank k {\displaystyle k} is a relevant document, zero otherwise. Note that the average is over relevant documents in top-k retrieved documents and the relevant documents not retrieved get a precision score of zero. Some authors choose to interpolate the p ( r ) {\displaystyle p(r)} function to reduce the impact of "wiggles" in the curve. For example, the PASCAL Visual Object Classes challenge (a benchmark for computer vision object detection) until 2010 computed the average precision by averaging the precision over a set of evenly spaced recall levels {0, 0.1, 0.2, ... 1.0}: AveP = 1 11 ∑ r ∈ { 0 , 0.1 , … , 1.0 } p interp ( r ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {AveP} ={\frac {1}{11}}\sum _{r\in \{0,0.1,\ldots ,1.0\}}p_{\operatorname {interp} }(r)} where p interp ( r ) {\displaystyle p_{\operatorname {interp} }(r)} is an interpolated precision that takes the maximum precision over all recalls greater than r {\displaystyle r} : p interp ( r ) = max r ~ : r ~ ≥ r ⁡ p ( r ~ ) {\displaystyle p_{\operatorname {interp} }(r)=\operatorname {max} _{{\tilde {r}}:{\tilde {r}}\geq r}p({\tilde {r}})} . An alternative is to derive an analytical p ( r ) {\displaystyle p(r)} function by assuming a particular parametric distribution for the underlying decision values. For example, a binormal precision-recall curve can be obtained by assuming decision values in both classes to follow a Gaussian distribution. The minimum achievable AveP for a given classification task is given by: 1 n p o s ∑ k = 1 n p o s k k + n n e g {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{n_{pos}}}\sum _{k=1}^{n_{pos}}{\frac {k}{k+n_{neg}}}} Precision at k For modern (web-scale) information retrieval, recall is no longer a meaningful metric, as many queries have thousands of relevant documents, and few users will be interested in reading all of them. Precision at k documents (P@k) is still a useful metric (e.g., P@10 or "Precision at 10" corresponds to the number of relevant results among the top 10 retrieved documents), but fails to take into account the positions of the relevant documents among the top k. Another shortcoming is that on a query with fewer relevant results than k, even a perfect system will have a score less than 1. It is easier to score manually since only the top k results need to be examined to determine if they are relevant or not. R-precision R-precision requires knowing all documents that are relevant to a query. The number of relevant documents, R {\displaystyle R} , is used as the cutoff for calculation, and this varies from query to query. For example, if there are 15 documents relevant to "red" in a corpus (R=15), R-precision for "red" looks at the top 15 documents returned, counts the number that are relevant r {\displaystyle r} turns that into a relevancy fraction: r / R = r / 15 {\displaystyle r/R=r/15} . Note that the R-Precision is equivalent to both the precision at the R {\displaystyle R} -th position (P@ R {\displaystyle R} ) and the recall at the R {\displaystyle R} -th position. Empirically, this measure is often highly correlated to mean average precision. Mean average precision Mean average precision (MAP) for a set of queries is the mean of the average precision scores for each query. MAP = ∑ q = 1 Q A v e P ( q ) Q {\displaystyle \operatorname {MAP} ={\frac {\sum _{q=1}^{Q}\operatorname {AveP(q)} }{Q}}\!} where Q is the number of queries. Discounted cumulative gain Main article: Discounted cumulative gain DCG uses a graded relevance scale of documents from the result set to evaluate the usefulness, or gain, of a document based on its position in the result list. The premise of DCG is that highly relevant documents appearing lower in a search result list should be penalized as the graded relevance value is reduced logarithmically proportional to the position of the result. The DCG accumulated at a particular rank position p {\displaystyle p} is defined as: D C G p = ∑ i = 1 p r e l i log 2 ⁡ ( i + 1 ) . {\displaystyle \mathrm {DCG_{p}} =\sum _{i=1}^{p}{\frac {rel_{i}}{\log _{2}(i+1)}}.} Since result set may vary in size among different queries or systems, to compare performances the normalised version of DCG uses an ideal DCG. To this end, it sorts documents of a result list by relevance, producing an ideal DCG at position p ( I D C G p {\displaystyle IDCG_{p}} ), which normalizes the score: n D C G p = D C G p I D C G p . {\displaystyle \mathrm {nDCG_{p}} ={\frac {DCG_{p}}{IDCG{p}}}.} The nDCG values for all queries can be averaged to obtain a measure of the average performance of a ranking algorithm. Note that in a perfect ranking algorithm, the D C G p {\displaystyle DCG_{p}} will be the same as the I D C G p {\displaystyle IDCG_{p}} producing an nDCG of 1.0. All nDCG calculations are then relative values on the interval 0.0 to 1.0 and so are cross-query comparable. Other measures Mean reciprocal rank bpref - a summation-based measure of how many relevant documents are ranked before irrelevant documents GMAP - geometric mean of (per-topic) average precision Measures based on marginal relevance and document diversity - see Relevance (information retrieval) § Problems and alternatives Measures of both relevance and credibility (for fake news in search results) Hit Rate Visualization Visualizations of information retrieval performance include: Graphs which chart precision on one axis and recall on the other Histograms of average precision over various topics Receiver operating characteristic (ROC curve) Confusion matrix Non-relevance measures Queries per time Measuring how many queries are performed on the search system per (month/day/hour/minute/sec) tracks the utilization of the search system. It can be used for diagnostics to indicate an unexpected spike in queries, or simply as a baseline when comparing with other metrics, like query latency. For example, a spike in query traffic, may be used to explain a spike in query latency. See also Learning to rank References ^ Carterette, Ben; Voorhees, Ellen M. (2011), Lupu, Mihai; Mayer, Katja; Tait, John; Trippe, Anthony J. (eds.), "Overview of Information Retrieval Evaluation", Current Challenges in Patent Information Retrieval, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 69–85, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19231-9_3, ISBN 978-3-642-19231-9, retrieved 2022-12-09 ^ Clough, P.; Sanderson, M. (2013-06-15). "Evaluating the performance of information retrieval systems using test collections". Information Research. Retrieved 2022-12-09. ^ Karlgren, Jussi (2019). "Adopting systematic evaluation benchmarks in operational settings" (PDF). Information Retrieval in a Changing World. Retrieved 27 June 2022. ^ a b Harman, Donna (2011). Information Retrieval Evaluation. Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-02276-0. ISBN 978-3-031-02276-0. S2CID 207318946. ^ Sanderson, Mark (2010). "Test Collection Based Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems". Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval. 4 (4): 247–375. doi:10.1561/1500000009. ISSN 1554-0669. ^ American Marketing Association Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-11-02. The Marketing Accountability Standards Board (MASB) endorses this definition as part of its ongoing Common Language in Marketing Project Archived 2019-04-05 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b Zhu, Mu (2004). "Recall, Precision and Average Precision" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Turpin, Andrew; Scholer, Falk (2006). "User performance versus precision measures for simple search tasks". Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval. New York, NY: ACM. pp. 11–18. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.533.4100. doi:10.1145/1148170.1148176. ISBN 978-1-59593-369-0. S2CID 9810253. ^ a b Everingham, Mark; Van Gool, Luc; Williams, Christopher K. I.; Winn, John; Zisserman, Andrew (June 2010). "The PASCAL Visual Object Classes (VOC) Challenge" (PDF). International Journal of Computer Vision. 88 (2): 303–338. doi:10.1007/s11263-009-0275-4. hdl:20.500.11820/88a29de3-6220-442b-ab2d-284210cf72d6. S2CID 4246903. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-20. Retrieved 2011-08-29. ^ a b Manning, Christopher D.; Raghavan, Prabhakar; Schütze, Hinrich (2008). Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press. ^ "The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge 2012 (VOC2012) Development Kit". host.robots.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-03-23. ^ K.H. Brodersen, C.S. Ong, K.E. Stephan, J.M. Buhmann (2010). The binormal assumption on precision-recall curves Archived December 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 4263-4266. ^ Boyd, K., Davis, J., Page, D., & Costa, V.S. (2012). Unachievable Region in Precision-Recall Space and Its Effect on Empirical Evaluation. Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Machine Learning. International Conference on Machine Learning, 2012, 349 . ^ Kalervo, J~irvelin (2017). "IR evaluation methods for retrieving highly relevant documents" (PDF). ACM SIGIR Forum. 51, 2: 243–250. ^ a b c Christopher D. Manning; Prabhakar Raghavan & Hinrich Schütze (2009). "Chapter 8: Evaluation in information retrieval" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-06-14. Part of Introduction to Information Retrieval ^ a b c d e http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec15/appendices/CE.MEASURES06.pdf ^ C. Lioma; J. G. Simonsen; B. Larsen (2017). "Evaluation Measures for Relevance and Credibility in Ranked Lists" (PDF). Proceedings of the ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval, 91-98. vteMachine learning evaluation metricsRegression MSE MAE sMAPE MAPE MASE MSPE RMS RMSE/RMSD R2 MDA MAD Classification F-score P4 Accuracy Precision Recall Kappa MCC AUC ROC Sensitivity and specificity Logarithmic Loss Clustering Silhouette Calinski-Harabasz index Davies-Bouldin Dunn index Hopkins statistic Jaccard index Rand index Similarity measure SMC SimHash Ranking MRR NDCG AP Computer Vision PSNR SSIM IoU NLP Perplexity BLEU Deep Learning Related Metrics Inception score FID Recommender system Coverage Intra-list Similarity Similarity Cosine similarity Euclidean distance Pearson correlation coefficient Confusion matrix	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"information retrieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karlgren2019-3"}],"text":"Evaluation measures for an information retrieval (IR) system assess how well an index, search engine, or database returns results from a collection of resources that satisfy a user's query. They are therefore fundamental to the success of information systems and digital platforms.The most important factor in determining a system's effectiveness for users is the overall relevance of results retrieved in response to a query.[1] The success of an IR system may be judged by a range of criteria including relevance, speed, user satisfaction, usability, efficiency and reliability.[2] Evaluation measures may be categorised in various ways including offline or online, user-based or system-based and include methods such as observed user behaviour, test collections, precision and recall, and scores from prepared benchmark test sets.Evaluation for an information retrieval system should also include a validation of the measures used, i.e. an assessment of how well they measure what they are intended to measure and how well the system fits its intended use case.[3] Measures are generally used in two settings: online experimentation, which assesses users' interactions with the search system, and offline evaluation, which measures the effectiveness of an information retrieval system on a static offline collection.","title":"Evaluation measures (information retrieval)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Cyril Cleverdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Cleverdon"},{"link_name":"series of experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranfield_experiments"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Text Retrieval Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_Retrieval_Conference"}],"text":"Indexing and classification methods to assist with information retrieval have a long history dating back to the earliest libraries and collections however systematic evaluation of their effectiveness began in earnest in the 1950s with the rapid expansion in research production across military, government and education and the introduction of computerised catalogues. At this time there were a number of different indexing, classification and cataloguing systems in operation which were expensive to produce and it was unclear which was the most effective.[4]Cyril Cleverdon, Librarian of the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield, England, began a series of experiments of print indexing and retrieval methods in what is known as the Cranfield paradigm, or Cranfield tests, which set the standard for IR evaluation measures for many years.[4] Cleverdon developed a test called ‘known-item searching’ - to check whether an IR system returned the documents that were known to be relevant or correct for a given search. Cleverdon’s experiments established a number of key aspects required for IR evaluation: a test collection, a set of queries and a set of pre-determined relevant items which combined would determine precision and recall.Cleverdon's approach formed a blueprint for the successful Text Retrieval Conference series that began in 1992.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"information behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_behavior"},{"link_name":"usability testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability_testing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Evaluation of IR systems is central to the success of any search engine including internet search, website search, databases and library catalogues. Evaluations measures are used in studies of information behaviour, usability testing, business costs and efficiency assessments. Measuring the effectiveness of IR systems has been the main focus of IR research, based on test collections combined with evaluation measures.[5] A number of academic conferences have been established that focus specifically on evaluation measures including the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC), Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF) and NTCIR.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A/B test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/B_testing"}],"text":"Online metrics are generally created from search logs. The metrics are often used to determine the success of an A/B test.","title":"Online measures"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Session abandonment rate","text":"Session abandonment rate is a ratio of search sessions which do not result in a click.","title":"Online measures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Click-through rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click-through_rate"},{"link_name":"online advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMA-6"}],"sub_title":"Click-through rate","text":"Click-through rate (CTR) is the ratio of users who click on a specific link to the number of total users who view a page, email, or advertisement. It is commonly used to measure the success of an online advertising campaign for a particular website as well as the effectiveness of email campaigns.[6]","title":"Online measures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dwell time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwell_time_(information_retrieval)"}],"sub_title":"Session success rate","text":"Session success rate measures the ratio of user sessions that lead to a success. Defining \"success\" is often dependent on context, but for search a successful result is often measured using dwell time as a primary factor along with secondary user interaction, for instance, the user copying the result URL is considered a successful result, as is copy/pasting from the snippet.","title":"Online measures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_and_recall"}],"sub_title":"Zero result rate","text":"Zero result rate (ZRR) is the ratio of Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs) which returned with zero results. The metric either indicates a recall issue, or that the information being searched for is not in the index.","title":"Online measures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ill-posed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill-posed"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(chocolate_bar)"},{"link_name":"Bruno Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Mars"},{"link_name":"the Roman deity Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythology)"}],"text":"Offline metrics are generally created from relevance judgment sessions where the judges score the quality of the search results. Both binary (relevant/non-relevant) and multi-level (e.g., relevance from 0 to 5) scales can be used to score each document returned in response to a query. In practice, queries may be ill-posed, and there may be different shades of relevance. For instance, there is ambiguity in the query \"mars\": the judge does not know if the user is searching for the planet Mars, the Mars chocolate bar, the singer Bruno Mars, or the Roman deity Mars.","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relevant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_(information_retrieval)"},{"link_name":"binary classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_classification"},{"link_name":"positive predictive value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_predictive_value"},{"link_name":"Precision@k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Precision_at_k"},{"link_name":"accuracy and precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"}],"sub_title":"Precision","text":"Precision is the fraction of the documents retrieved that are relevant to the user's information need.precision\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n {\n \n \n relevant documents\n \n \n }\n ∩\n {\n \n \n retrieved documents\n \n \n }\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n {\n \n \n retrieved documents\n \n \n }\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mbox{precision}}={\\frac {\|\\{{\\mbox{relevant documents}}\\}\\cap \\{{\\mbox{retrieved documents}}\\}\|}{\|\\{{\\mbox{retrieved documents}}\\}\|}}}In binary classification, precision is analogous to positive predictive value. Precision takes all retrieved documents into account. It can also be evaluated considering only the topmost results returned by the system using [email protected] that the meaning and usage of \"precision\" in the field of information retrieval differs from the definition of accuracy and precision within other branches of science and statistics.","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity"}],"sub_title":"Recall","text":"Recall is the fraction of the documents that are relevant to the query that are successfully retrieved.recall\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n {\n \n \n relevant documents\n \n \n }\n ∩\n {\n \n \n retrieved documents\n \n \n }\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n {\n \n \n relevant documents\n \n \n }\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mbox{recall}}={\\frac {\|\\{{\\mbox{relevant documents}}\\}\\cap \\{{\\mbox{retrieved documents}}\\}\|}{\|\\{{\\mbox{relevant documents}}\\}\|}}}In binary classification, recall is often called sensitivity. So it can be looked at as the probability that a relevant document is retrieved by the query.It is trivial to achieve recall of 100% by returning all documents in response to any query. Therefore, recall alone is not enough but one needs to measure the number of non-relevant documents also, for example by computing the precision.","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"specificity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity"}],"sub_title":"Fall-out","text":"The proportion of non-relevant documents that are retrieved, out of all non-relevant documents available:fall-out\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n {\n \n \n non-relevant documents\n \n \n }\n ∩\n {\n \n \n retrieved documents\n \n \n }\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \|\n \n {\n \n \n non-relevant documents\n \n \n }\n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mbox{fall-out}}={\\frac {\|\\{{\\mbox{non-relevant documents}}\\}\\cap \\{{\\mbox{retrieved documents}}\\}\|}{\|\\{{\\mbox{non-relevant documents}}\\}\|}}}In binary classification, fall-out is the opposite of specificity and is equal to \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n −\n \n \n specificity\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1-{\\mbox{specificity}})}\n \n. It can be looked at as the probability that a non-relevant document is retrieved by the query.It is trivial to achieve fall-out of 0% by returning zero documents in response to any query.","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harmonic mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_mean"},{"link_name":"van Rijsbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._van_Rijsbergen"}],"sub_title":"F-score / F-measure","text":"The weighted harmonic mean of precision and recall, the traditional F-measure or balanced F-score is:F\n =\n \n \n \n 2\n ⋅\n \n p\n r\n e\n c\n i\n s\n i\n o\n n\n \n ⋅\n \n r\n e\n c\n a\n l\n l\n \n \n \n (\n \n p\n r\n e\n c\n i\n s\n i\n o\n n\n \n +\n \n r\n e\n c\n a\n l\n l\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F={\\frac {2\\cdot \\mathrm {precision} \\cdot \\mathrm {recall} }{(\\mathrm {precision} +\\mathrm {recall} )}}}This is also known as the \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{1}}\n \n measure, because recall and precision are evenly weighted.The general formula for non-negative real \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n is:F\n \n β\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n 1\n +\n \n β\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n ⋅\n (\n \n p\n r\n e\n c\n i\n s\n i\n o\n n\n \n ⋅\n \n r\n e\n c\n a\n l\n l\n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n β\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋅\n \n p\n r\n e\n c\n i\n s\n i\n o\n n\n \n +\n \n r\n e\n c\n a\n l\n l\n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\beta }={\\frac {(1+\\beta ^{2})\\cdot (\\mathrm {precision} \\cdot \\mathrm {recall} )}{(\\beta ^{2}\\cdot \\mathrm {precision} +\\mathrm {recall} )}}\\,}Two other commonly used F measures are the \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{2}}\n \n measure, which weights recall twice as much as precision, and the \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n 0.5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{0.5}}\n \n measure, which weights precision twice as much as recall.The F-measure was derived by van Rijsbergen (1979) so that \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n β\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\beta }}\n \n \"measures the effectiveness of retrieval with respect to a user who attaches \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n times as much importance to recall as precision\". It is based on van Rijsbergen's effectiveness measure \n \n \n \n E\n =\n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n α\n P\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 1\n −\n α\n \n R\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E=1-{\\frac {1}{{\\frac {\\alpha }{P}}+{\\frac {1-\\alpha }{R}}}}}\n \n. Their relationship is:F\n \n β\n \n \n =\n 1\n −\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{\\beta }=1-E}\n \n where \n \n \n \n α\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n +\n \n β\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha ={\\frac {1}{1+\\beta ^{2}}}}Since F-measure combines information from both precision and recall it is a way to represent overall performance without presenting two numbers.","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhu2004-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhu2004-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turpin2006-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voc2010-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlpbook-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voc2010-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlpbook-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Average precision","text":"Precision and recall are single-value metrics based on the whole list of documents returned by the system. For systems that return a ranked sequence of documents, it is desirable to also consider the order in which the returned documents are presented. By computing a precision and recall at every position in the ranked sequence of documents, one can plot a precision-recall curve, plotting precision \n \n \n \n p\n (\n r\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(r)}\n \n as a function of recall \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n. Average precision computes the average value of \n \n \n \n p\n (\n r\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(r)}\n \n over the interval from \n \n \n \n r\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r=0}\n \n to \n \n \n \n r\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r=1}\n \n:[7]AveP\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n p\n (\n r\n )\n d\n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {AveP} =\\int _{0}^{1}p(r)dr}That is the area under the precision-recall curve.\nThis integral is in practice replaced with a finite sum over every position in the ranked sequence of documents:AveP\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n Δ\n r\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {AveP} =\\sum _{k=1}^{n}P(k)\\Delta r(k)}where \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is the rank in the sequence of retrieved documents, \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is the number of retrieved documents, \n \n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(k)}\n \n is the precision at cut-off \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n in the list, and \n \n \n \n Δ\n r\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta r(k)}\n \n is the change in recall from items \n \n \n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k-1}\n \n to \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n.[7]This finite sum is equivalent to:AveP\n =\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n P\n (\n k\n )\n ×\n rel\n ⁡\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n total number of relevant documents\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {AveP} ={\\frac {\\sum _{k=1}^{n}P(k)\\times \\operatorname {rel} (k)}{\\mbox{total number of relevant documents}}}\\!}where \n \n \n \n rel\n ⁡\n (\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {rel} (k)}\n \n is an indicator function equaling 1 if the item at rank \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is a relevant document, zero otherwise.[8] Note that the average is over relevant documents in top-k retrieved documents and the relevant documents not retrieved get a precision score of zero.Some authors choose to interpolate the \n \n \n \n p\n (\n r\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(r)}\n \n function to reduce the impact of \"wiggles\" in the curve.[9][10] For example, the PASCAL Visual Object Classes challenge (a benchmark for computer vision object detection) until 2010[11] computed the average precision by averaging the precision over a set of evenly spaced recall levels {0, 0.1, 0.2, ... 1.0}:[9][10]AveP\n =\n \n \n 1\n 11\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n r\n ∈\n {\n 0\n ,\n 0.1\n ,\n …\n ,\n 1.0\n }\n \n \n \n p\n \n interp\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {AveP} ={\\frac {1}{11}}\\sum _{r\\in \\{0,0.1,\\ldots ,1.0\\}}p_{\\operatorname {interp} }(r)}where \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n interp\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{\\operatorname {interp} }(r)}\n \n is an interpolated precision that takes the maximum precision over all recalls greater than \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n:p\n \n interp\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n =\n \n max\n \n \n \n \n r\n ~\n \n \n \n :\n \n \n \n r\n ~\n \n \n \n ≥\n r\n \n \n ⁡\n p\n (\n \n \n \n r\n ~\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{\\operatorname {interp} }(r)=\\operatorname {max} _{{\\tilde {r}}:{\\tilde {r}}\\geq r}p({\\tilde {r}})}\n \n.An alternative is to derive an analytical \n \n \n \n p\n (\n r\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(r)}\n \n function by assuming a particular parametric distribution for the underlying decision values. For example, a binormal precision-recall curve can be obtained by assuming decision values in both classes to follow a Gaussian distribution.[12]The minimum achievable AveP for a given classification task is given by:1\n \n n\n \n p\n o\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n \n n\n \n p\n o\n s\n \n \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n k\n +\n \n n\n \n n\n e\n g\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{n_{pos}}}\\sum _{k=1}^{n_{pos}}{\\frac {k}{k+n_{neg}}}}\n \n[13]","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Precision"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanford-15"}],"sub_title":"Precision at k","text":"For modern (web-scale) information retrieval, recall is no longer a meaningful metric, as many queries have thousands of relevant documents, and few users will be interested in reading all of them. Precision at k documents (P@k) is still a useful metric (e.g., P@10 or \"Precision at 10\" corresponds to the number of relevant results among the top 10 retrieved documents), but fails to take into account the positions of the relevant documents among the top k.[14] Another shortcoming is that on a query with fewer relevant results than k, even a perfect system will have a score less than 1.[15] It is easier to score manually since only the top k results need to be examined to determine if they are relevant or not.","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trec15-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanford-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stanford-15"}],"sub_title":"R-precision","text":"R-precision requires knowing all documents that are relevant to a query. The number of relevant documents, \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n, is used as the cutoff for calculation, and this varies from query to query. For example, if there are 15 documents relevant to \"red\" in a corpus (R=15), R-precision for \"red\" looks at the top 15 documents returned, counts the number that are relevant \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n turns that into a relevancy fraction: \n \n \n \n r\n \n /\n \n R\n =\n r\n \n /\n \n 15\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r/R=r/15}\n \n.[16]Note that the R-Precision is equivalent to both the precision at the \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n-th position (P@\n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n) and the recall at the \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n-th position.[15]Empirically, this measure is often highly correlated to mean average precision.[15]","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"average precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_precision"}],"sub_title":"Mean average precision","text":"Mean average precision (MAP) for a set of queries is the mean of the average precision scores for each query.MAP\n =\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n q\n =\n 1\n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n A\n v\n e\n P\n (\n q\n )\n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {MAP} ={\\frac {\\sum _{q=1}^{Q}\\operatorname {AveP(q)} }{Q}}\\!}where Q is the number of queries.","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Discounted cumulative gain","text":"DCG uses a graded relevance scale of documents from the result set to evaluate the usefulness, or gain, of a document based on its position in the result list. The premise of DCG is that highly relevant documents appearing lower in a search result list should be penalized as the graded relevance value is reduced logarithmically proportional to the position of the result.The DCG accumulated at a particular rank position \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n is defined as:D\n C\n \n G\n \n p\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n \n \n r\n e\n \n l\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n ⁡\n (\n i\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {DCG_{p}} =\\sum _{i=1}^{p}{\\frac {rel_{i}}{\\log _{2}(i+1)}}.}Since result set may vary in size among different queries or systems, to compare performances the normalised version of DCG uses an ideal DCG. To this end, it sorts documents of a result list by relevance, producing an ideal DCG at position p (\n \n \n \n I\n D\n C\n \n G\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle IDCG_{p}}\n \n), which normalizes the score:n\n D\n C\n \n G\n \n p\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n D\n C\n \n G\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n I\n D\n C\n G\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {nDCG_{p}} ={\\frac {DCG_{p}}{IDCG{p}}}.}The nDCG values for all queries can be averaged to obtain a measure of the average performance of a ranking algorithm. Note that in a perfect ranking algorithm, the \n \n \n \n D\n C\n \n G\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle DCG_{p}}\n \n will be the same as the \n \n \n \n I\n D\n C\n \n G\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle IDCG_{p}}\n \n producing an nDCG of 1.0. All nDCG calculations are then relative values on the interval 0.0 to 1.0 and so are cross-query comparable.","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mean reciprocal rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_reciprocal_rank"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trec15-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trec15-16"},{"link_name":"Relevance (information retrieval) § Problems and alternatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_(information_retrieval)#Problems_and_alternatives"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ictir17-17"}],"sub_title":"Other measures","text":"Mean reciprocal rank\nbpref - a summation-based measure of how many relevant documents are ranked before irrelevant documents[16]\nGMAP - geometric mean of (per-topic) average precision[16]\nMeasures based on marginal relevance and document diversity - see Relevance (information retrieval) § Problems and alternatives\nMeasures of both relevance and credibility (for fake news in search results)[17]\nHit Rate","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trec15-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trec15-16"},{"link_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic"},{"link_name":"Confusion matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_matrix"}],"sub_title":"Visualization","text":"Visualizations of information retrieval performance include:Graphs which chart precision on one axis and recall on the other[16]\nHistograms of average precision over various topics[16]\nReceiver operating characteristic (ROC curve)\nConfusion matrix","title":"Offline metrics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-relevance measures"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Queries per time","text":"Measuring how many queries are performed on the search system per (month/day/hour/minute/sec) tracks the utilization of the search system. It can be used for diagnostics to indicate an unexpected spike in queries, or simply as a baseline when comparing with other metrics, like query latency. For example, a spike in query traffic, may be used to explain a spike in query latency.","title":"Non-relevance measures"}]	[]	[{"title":"Learning to rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_to_rank"}]	[{"reference":"Carterette, Ben; Voorhees, Ellen M. (2011), Lupu, Mihai; Mayer, Katja; Tait, John; Trippe, Anthony J. (eds.), \"Overview of Information Retrieval Evaluation\", Current Challenges in Patent Information Retrieval, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 69–85, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19231-9_3, ISBN 978-3-642-19231-9, retrieved 2022-12-09","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19231-9_3","url_text":"\"Overview of Information Retrieval Evaluation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-19231-9_3","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-19231-9_3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19231-9","url_text":"978-3-642-19231-9"}]},{"reference":"Clough, P.; Sanderson, M. (2013-06-15). \"Evaluating the performance of information retrieval systems using test collections\". Information Research. Retrieved 2022-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://informationr.net/ir/18-2/paper582.html","url_text":"\"Evaluating the performance of information retrieval systems using test collections\""}]},{"reference":"Karlgren, Jussi (2019). \"Adopting systematic evaluation benchmarks in operational settings\" (PDF). Information Retrieval in a Changing World. Retrieved 27 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1503901/FULLTEXT01.pdf","url_text":"\"Adopting systematic evaluation benchmarks in operational settings\""}]},{"reference":"Harman, Donna (2011). Information Retrieval Evaluation. Synthesis Lectures on Information Concepts, Retrieval, and Services. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-02276-0. ISBN 978-3-031-02276-0. S2CID 207318946.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-02276-0","url_text":"Information Retrieval Evaluation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-02276-0","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-031-02276-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-02276-0","url_text":"978-3-031-02276-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207318946","url_text":"207318946"}]},{"reference":"Sanderson, Mark (2010). \"Test Collection Based Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems\". Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval. 4 (4): 247–375. doi:10.1561/1500000009. ISSN 1554-0669.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/INR-009","url_text":"\"Test Collection Based Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1561%2F1500000009","url_text":"10.1561/1500000009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1554-0669","url_text":"1554-0669"}]},{"reference":"Zhu, Mu (2004). \"Recall, Precision and Average Precision\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110504130953/http://sas.uwaterloo.ca/stats_navigation/techreports/04WorkingPapers/2004-09.pdf","url_text":"\"Recall, Precision and Average Precision\""},{"url":"http://sas.uwaterloo.ca/stats_navigation/techreports/04WorkingPapers/2004-09.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Turpin, Andrew; Scholer, Falk (2006). \"User performance versus precision measures for simple search tasks\". Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval. New York, NY: ACM. pp. 11–18. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.533.4100. doi:10.1145/1148170.1148176. ISBN 978-1-59593-369-0. S2CID 9810253.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sigirseattle20060000inte/page/11","url_text":"\"User performance versus precision measures for simple search tasks\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sigirseattle20060000inte/page/11","url_text":"11–18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.533.4100","url_text":"10.1.1.533.4100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1148170.1148176","url_text":"10.1145/1148170.1148176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-369-0","url_text":"978-1-59593-369-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9810253","url_text":"9810253"}]},{"reference":"Everingham, Mark; Van Gool, Luc; Williams, Christopher K. I.; Winn, John; Zisserman, Andrew (June 2010). \"The PASCAL Visual Object Classes (VOC) Challenge\" (PDF). International Journal of Computer Vision. 88 (2): 303–338. doi:10.1007/s11263-009-0275-4. hdl:20.500.11820/88a29de3-6220-442b-ab2d-284210cf72d6. S2CID 4246903. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-20. Retrieved 2011-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111120074515/http://pascallin.ecs.soton.ac.uk/challenges/VOC/pubs/everingham10.pdf","url_text":"\"The PASCAL Visual Object Classes (VOC) Challenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11263-009-0275-4","url_text":"10.1007/s11263-009-0275-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F88a29de3-6220-442b-ab2d-284210cf72d6","url_text":"20.500.11820/88a29de3-6220-442b-ab2d-284210cf72d6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4246903","url_text":"4246903"},{"url":"http://pascallin.ecs.soton.ac.uk/challenges/VOC/pubs/everingham10.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Christopher D.; Raghavan, Prabhakar; Schütze, Hinrich (2008). Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://nlp.stanford.edu/IR-book/html/htmledition/evaluation-of-ranked-retrieval-results-1.html","url_text":"Introduction to Information Retrieval"}]},{"reference":"\"The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge 2012 (VOC2012) Development Kit\". host.robots.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://host.robots.ox.ac.uk/pascal/VOC/voc2012/htmldoc/devkit_doc.html#sec:ap","url_text":"\"The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge 2012 (VOC2012) Development Kit\""}]},{"reference":"Kalervo, J~irvelin (2017). \"IR evaluation methods for retrieving highly relevant documents\" (PDF). ACM SIGIR Forum. 51, 2: 243–250.","urls":[{"url":"https://sigir.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/p243.pdf","url_text":"\"IR evaluation methods for retrieving highly relevant documents\""}]},{"reference":"Christopher D. Manning; Prabhakar Raghavan & Hinrich Schütze (2009). \"Chapter 8: Evaluation in information retrieval\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Essex_County_Cricket_Club_players	List of Essex County Cricket Club players	[]	This is a complete list in alphabetical order of cricketers who have played for Essex County Cricket Club in top-class matches since 1894 when the team was elevated to first-class status before the club joined the County Championship in 1895. Essex has been classified as a List A team since the beginning of limited overs cricket in 1963 and as a top-level Twenty20 team since the inauguration of the Twenty20 Cup in 2003. The details are the player's usual name followed by the years in which he was active as an Essex player and then his name is given as it would appear on modern match scorecards. Note that many players represented other first-class teams besides Essex and that some played for the club in minor cricket before 1894. Current players are shown as active to the latest season in which they played for the club. The list excludes Second XI and other players who did not play for the club's first team and players whose first team appearances were in minor matches only. Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References Notes As of 26 April 2024 A David Acfield (1966–1986) : D. L. Acfield Andre Adams (2004–2006) : A. R. Adams Adeel Malik (2015) : Adeel Malik Ben Allison (2020–2023) : B. M. J. Allison Charlie Allison (2023) : C. W. J. Allison Hashim Amla (2009) : H. M. Amla Ricaldo Anderson (1999–2001) : R. S. G. Anderson Steve Andrew (1990–1997) : S. J. W. Andrew Francis Appleyard (1946–1947) : F. Appleyard Harold Arkwright (1893–1895) : H. A. Arkwright Ashar Zaidi (2016–2018) : Ashar Zaidi Claude Ashton (1921–1938) : C. T. Ashton Hubert Ashton (1921–1939) : H. Ashton Percy Ashton (1924) : P. Ashton Sonny Avery (1935–1954) : A. V. Avery George Ayres (1899) : G. W. Ayres B Jack Bailey (1953–1958) : J. A. Bailey Trevor Bailey (1946–1967) : T. E. Bailey Richard Baker (1970–1972) : R. K. Baker Arthur Banfield (1921) : A. E. Banfield Arthur Barber (1925) : A. N. Barber Gordon Barker (1954–1971) : G. Barker James Barnfather (1924) : J. D. Barnfather Patrick Barrow (1922) : P. L. Barrow John Bawtree (1895–1896) : J. F. Bawtree Michael Bear (1954–1968) : M. J. Bear Aaron Beard (2016–2024) : A. P. Beard Luc Benkenstein (2021–2023) : L. Benkenstein Brian Belle (1935–1937) : B. H. Belle Charles Benham (1904–1909) : C. E. Benham Maurice Berkley (1894) : M. Berkley Andy Bichel (2006–2007) : A. J. Bichel Frank Billham (1924) : F. D. Billham Justin Bishop (1999–2005) : J. E. Bishop David Boden (1992–1993) : D. J. P. Boden John Bonner (1896–1898) : J. W. Bonner Ravi Bopara (2002–2019) : R. S. Bopara Allan Border (1986–1988) : A. R. Border Oswell Borradaile (1891–1894) : O. R. Borradaile Norman Borrett (1937–1946) : N. F. Borrett Cecil Boswell (1932–1936) : C. S. R. Boswell Keith Boyce (1966–1977) : K. D. Boyce Michael Boyers (1968–1969) : M. J. Boyers Doug Bracewell (2023) : D. A. J. Bracewell Arthur Bradfield (1922) : A. Bradfield Scott Brant (2003–2004) : S. A. Brant Dwayne Bravo (2010) : D. J. Bravo Charles Bray (1927–1937) : C. Bray James Brinkley (1998) : J. E. Brinkley Orme Bristowe (1913–1914) : O. C. Bristowe Vic Brooks (1969–1971) : V. C. G. Brooks Adrian Brown (1988–1992) : A. D. Brown Rainy Brown (1924–1932) : G. R. R. Brown Nick Browne (2012–2024) : N. L. J. Browne Herbert Brunwin (1937) : H. J. Brunwin Claude Buckenham (1899–1914) : C. P. Buckenham Frederick Bull (1895–1900) : F. G. Bull James Burns (1887–1896) : J. Burns Neil Burns (1986) : N. D. Burns Herbert Burrell (1888–1895) : H. J. E. Burrell John Burrell (1894–1895) : R. J. Burrell Keith Butler (1989–1992) : K. A. Butler Will Buttleman (2019–2023) : W. E. L. Buttleman C Clem Calnan (1919–1929) : C. N. Calnan Percy Campbell (1911–1919) : P. Campbell Nigel Capel-Cure (1929) : G. N. Capel-Cure Noel Carbutt (1923) : N. J. O. Carbutt Herbert Carpenter (1888–1920) : H. A. Carpenter Ronald Carr (1960) : R. B. Carr Andy Carter (2010) : A. Carter George Carter (1921–1923) : G. Carter Rodney Cass (1964–1967) : G. R. Cass Brian Castor (1930–1932) : B. K. Castor Maurice Chambers (2005–2013) : M. A. Chambers Ivan Chapman (1929) : I. Chapman John Childs (1985–1996) : J. H. Childs Varun Chopra (2006–2020) : V. Chopra Horace Clark (1923) : H. G. Clark Len Clark (1946–1947) : L. S. Clark Ronald Clark (1912–1919) : R. D. Clark Andrew Clarke (2001–2004) : A. J. Clarke Bertie Clarke (1959–1960) : C. B. Clarke Richard Clinton (2001–2002) : R. S. Clinton David Cock (1939–1946) : D. F. Cock Edward Coleman (1912) : E. C. Coleman Matt Coles (2018–2019) : M. T. Coles Michael Comber (2007–2012) : M. A. Comber Edward Connor (1905) : E. J. Connor Alastair Cook (2003–2023) : A. N. Cook Sam Cook (2017–2024) : S. J. Cook Bob Cooke (1973–1975) : R. M. O. Cooke Albert Cooper (1923) : A. V. Cooper Fred Cooper (1921–1923) : F. J. Cooper Walter Cooper (1905–1910) : W. Cooper Francis Cottam (1922) : F. W. Cottam Peter Cousens (1950–1955) : P. Cousens Darren Cousins (1993–1998) : D. M. Cousins Ashley Cowan (1995–2005) : A. P. Cowan Jordan Cox (2024) : J. M. Cox Harry Crabtree (1931–1947) : H. P. Crabtree Tom Craddock (2011–2014) : T. R. Craddock Charles Crawley (1929) : C. L. Crawley Leonard Crawley (1926–1936) : L. G. Crawley Chick Cray (1938–1950) : S. J. Cray Matt Critchley (2022–2024) : M. J. J. Critchley Matthew Cross (2016) : M. H. Cross Jim Cutmore (1924–1936) : J. A. Cutmore D Arthur Daer (1925–1935) : A. G. Daer Harry Daer (1938–1939) : H. B. Daer Jonathan Dakin (2002–2003) : J. M. Dakin Danish Kaneria (2004–2010) : Danish Kaneria Robin Das (2020–2023) : R. J. Das Geoffrey Davies (1912–1914) : G. B. Davies Michael Davies (2001) : M. K. Davies W. Davis (1920) : W. Davis Liam Dawson (2015) : L. A. Dawson Herman de Zoete (1897) : H. W. de Zoete Cameron Delport (2019–2020) : C. S. Delport Mike Denness (1977–1980) : M. H. Denness Nicholas Denning (2003) : N. A. Denning Jack Dennis (1934–1939) : J. N. Dennis Nick Derbyshire (1995–1996) : N. A. Derbyshire Neil Dexter (2008) : N. J. Dexter Bill Dines (1947–1949) : W. J. Dines Steve Dinsdale (1970) : S. C. Dinsdale Muneeb Diwan (1994) : M. Diwan Joseph Dixon (1914–1922) : J. G. Dixon Matt Dixon (2016–2017) : M. W. Dixon Dickie Dodds (1946–1959) : T. C. Dodds Cecil Douglas (1912–1919) : C. H. Douglas Johnny Douglas (1901–1928) : J. W. H. T. Douglas Bill Dow (1958–1959) : W. D. F. Dow Harry Duke (2024) : H. G. Duke Tony Durley (1957) : A. W. Durley E David East (1981–1991) : D. E. East Ray East (1965–1984) : R. E. East George Eastman (1926–1929) : G. F. Eastman Laurie Eastman (1920–1939) : L. C. Eastman Brian Edmeades (1961–1976) : B. E. A. Edmeades Guy Edwards (1907) : G. J. Edwards Dean Elgar (2024): D. Elgar Herbert Elliott (1913) : H. D. E. Elliott Ron Evans (1950–1957) : R. E. Evans Victor Evans (1932–1937) : V. J. Evans Stan Eve (1949–1957) : S. C. Eve F Frederick Fane (1895–1922) : F. L. Fane Harold Faragher (1949–1951) : H. A. Faragher Ken Farnes (1930–1939) : K. Farnes Geoffrey Farnfield (1921) : G. G. Farnfield William Faviell (1908) : W. F. O. Faviell Michael Field-Buss (1987) : M. G. Field-Buss Ian Flanagan (1997–2000) : I. N. Flanagan Keith Fletcher (1962–1988) : K. W. R. Fletcher Andy Flower (2002–2007) : A. Flower Grant Flower (2005–2010) : G. W. Flower Ben Foakes (2011–2015) : B. T. Foakes Matthew Fosh (1976–1978) : M. K. Fosh James Foster (2000–2018) : J. S. Foster Neil Foster (1980–1993) : N. A. Foster Bruce Francis (1971–1973) : B. C. Francis Henry Franklin (1921–1931) : H. W. F. Franklin James Franklin (2012) : J. E. C. Franklin Ronald Franklin (1924) : R. C. Franklin Alastair Fraser (1990–1992) : A. G. J. Fraser Alfred Freeman (1920) : A. J. Freeman Edward Freeman senior (1887–1896) : E. C. Freeman Edward Freeman junior (1904–1912) : E. J. Freeman John Freeman (1905–1928) : J. R. Freeman G Jason Gallian (2007–2009) : J. E. R. Gallian Gautam Gambhir (2013) : G. Gambhir Mike Garnham (1989–1995) : M. A. Garnham William Garrett (1900–1903) : W. T. Garrett Jack Gentry (1925) : J. S. B. Gentry Paul Gibb (1951–1956) : P. A. Gibb Archie Gibson (1895–1910) : A. L. Gibson Kenneth Gibson (1909–1912) : K. L. Gibson Frank William Gilligan (1919–1929) : F. W. Gilligan Frank Gillingham (1903–1928) : F. H. Gillingham Chris Gladwin (1981–1987) : C. Gladwin Billy Godleman (2009–2012) : B. A. Godleman Andrew Golding (1983) : A. K. Golding Graham Gooch (1972–1997) : G. A. Gooch Cecil Gosling (1930) : C. H. Gosling Robert Cunliffe Gosling (1888–1896) : R. C. Gosling Darren Gough (2004–2006) : D. Gough Leonard Graham (1926) : L. Graham Joe Grant (2001–2003) : J. B. Grant David Gray (1947) : D. A. A. Gray William Gray (1894) : W. J. Gray Paul Grayson (1996–2005) : A. P. Grayson Michael Green (1930) : M. A. Green Bill Greensmith (1947–1963) : W. T. Greensmith Colin Griffiths (1951–1953) : C. Griffiths Alfred Grimwood (1925) : A. S. Grimwood Tray Grinter (1909–1921) : T. G. Grinter Jamie Grove (1998–1999) : J. O. Grove Bill Gunary (1929) : W. C. Gunary H Aftab Habib (2002–2004) : A. Habib Sid Hadden (1912–1920) : S. Hadden Henry Hailey (1891–1895) : H. Hailey Harbhajan Singh (2012) : Harbhajan Singh Brian Hardie (1973–1990) : B. R. Hardie Mark Hardinges (2009) : M. A. Hardinges Steriker Hare (1921) : S. N. Hare Simon Harmer (2017–2024) : S. R. Harmer Harris (1905) : Harris James Harrold (1923–1928) : J. G. W. Harrold Ronald Harvey (1952) : R. C. Harvey Cyril Hawker (1937) : F. C. Hawker Allan Hayzelden (1929–1931) : A. F. G. Hayzelden Wyndham Hazelton (1919) : E. W. Hazelton Arthur Heatley (1894) : A. E. Heatley Ray Heaven (1939) : R. M. Heaven Pat Hector (1976–1977) : P. A. Hector Reuben Herbert (1976–1981) : R. Herbert John Herringshaw (1921–1922) : J. P. Herringshaw Andrew Hibbert (1995–1998) : A. J. E. Hibbert George Higgins (1894–1895) : G. F. Higgins Harry Hills (1912–1919) : H. M. Hills Colin Hilton (1964) : C. Hilton Joe Hipkin (1923–1931) : A. B. Hipkin Robin Hobbs (1961–1975) : R. N. S. Hobbs George Hockey (1928–1931) : G. W. Hockey Tim Hodgson (1996–1999) : T. P. Hodgson Adam Hollioake (2007) : A. J. Hollioake Graham Horrex (1956–1957) : G. W. Horrex Dick Horsfall (1947–1955) : R. Horsfall William Hubble (1923) : W. G. Hubble Merv Hughes (1983) : M. G. Hughes Francis Hugonin (1927–1928) : F. E. Hugonin Alan Hurd (1958–1960) : A. Hurd Geoff Hurst (1962) : G. C. Hurst Nasser Hussain (1986–2004) : N. Hussain Barry Hyam (1993–2002) : B. J. Hyam Robert Hyndson (1919) : R. W. M. Hyndson I Mark Ilott (1988–2002) : M. C. Ilott John Inns (1898–1904) : J. H. Inns Doug Insole (1947–1969) : D. J. Insole Ronnie Irani (1994–2007) : R. C. Irani Lee Irvine (1968–1969) : B. L. Irvine J Jahid Ahmed (2005–2009) : Jahid Ahmed Victor Jarvis (1925) : V. E. Jarvis Will Jefferson (2000–2006) : W. I. Jefferson Cecil Jenkinson (1922–1923) : C. V. Jenkinson Lindsey Jerman (1950–1951) : L. C. S. Jerman Arthur Johnston (1889–1896) : A. S. Johnston Tony Jorden (1966–1970) : A. M. Jorden Ronald Joy (1922–1928) : R. C. G. Joy K Eshun Kalley (2023): E. S. Kalley Michael Kasprowicz (1994) : M. S. Kasprowicz Henry Keigwin (1906–1907) : H. D. Keigwin Richard Keigwin (1903–1919) : R. P. Keigwin Charles Kenny (1950–1953) : C. J. M. Kenny Terry Kent (1960–1962) : T. Kent Feroze Khushi (2020–2024) : F. I. N. Khushi Ian King (1957) : I. M. King Robert King (1928) : R. J. S. King Barry Knight (1955–1966) : B. R. Knight Nick Knight (1991–1994) : N. V. Knight Charles Kortright (1889–1911) : C. J. Kortright L Jim Laker (1962–1964) : J. C. Laker Arthur Lapham (1921) : A. W. E. Lapham Albert Lashbrooke (1908) : A. E. Lashbrooke Alan Lavers (1937–1953) : A. B. Lavers Danny Law (1997–2000) : D. R. Law Stuart Law (1996–2001) : S. G. Law Dan Lawrence (2015–2023) : D. W. Lawrence Terry Lawrence (1933–1935) : T. P. Lawrence Jack Leiper (1950) : J. M. Leiper Robert Leiper (1981–1982) : R. J. Leiper John Lever (1967–1989) : J. K. Lever Derek Levick (1950–1951) : D. C. Levick Jonathan Lewis (1990–1996) : J. J. B. Lewis Alan Lilley (1978–1990) : A. W. Lilley Peter Lindsey (1964) : P. J. Lindsey Charles Littlehales (1896–1904) : C. G. Littlehales Jesse Littlewood (1905) : J. Littlewood George Locks (1928) : G. M. Locks George Louden (1912–1927) : G. M. Louden Francis Loveday (1921–1923) : F. A. Loveday Alfred Lucas (1889–1907) : A. P. Lucas Roger Luckin (1962–1963) : R. A. G. Luckin Ron Lynch (1954) : R. V. Lynch Lewis Lywood (1930) : L. W. Lywood M Malcolm Mackinnon (1927) : M. Mackinnon Sajid Mahmood (2013–2014) : S. I. Mahmood Steve Malone (1975–1978) : S. J. Malone John Marston (1923–1924) : J. W. Marston Arthur Martin (1920–1921) : A. D. Martin Chris Martin (2010) : C. S. Martin Eric Martin (1928) : E. G. Martin Oswald Martyn (1922) : O. Martyn Tim Mason (2000–2001) : T. J. Mason David Masters (2007–2016) : D. D. Masters John Maunders (2008–2010) : J. K. Maunders William Mayes (1914) : W. H. J. Mayes Adrian McCoubrey (2003–2004) : A. G. A. M. McCoubrey Michael McEvoy (1973–1981) : M. S. A. McEvoy Ken McEwan (1973–1985) : K. S. McEwan Charlie McGahey (1893–1921) : C. P. McGahey Bryce McGain (2010) : B. E. McGain Andrew McGarry (1999–2007) : A. C. McGarry Colin McIver (1902–1922) : C. D. McIver Harold Mead (1913–1914) : H. Mead Walter Mead (1890–1913) : W. Mead Gordon Melluish (1926) : G. C. Melluish Charles Mercer (1929) : C. F. Mercer Alexander Meston (1926–1927) : A. H. Meston Sam Meston (1907–1908) : S. P. Meston Jaik Mickleburgh (2007–2016) : J. C. Mickleburgh James Middlebrook (2002–2009) : J. D. Middlebrook Geoff Miller (1987–1989) : G. Miller Tymal Mills (2011–2014) : T. S. Mills Joseph Milner (1957–1961) : J. Milner Edward Missen (1921) : E. S. Missen George Mitchell (1926) : G. F. Mitchell Mohammad Akram (2003) : Mohammad Akram Mohammad Amir (2017–2019) : Mohammad Amir (Mohammad Aamer) Ken Moore (1961) : K. F. Moore Tom Moore (2014–2016) : T. C. Moore Bill Morris (1946–1950) : W. B. Morris Philip Morris (1909–1924) : P. E. Morris Whiz Morris (1919–1932) : H. M. Morris Harry Mortlock (1912–1921) : H. C. Mortlock Alf Moule (1921–1924) : A. S. Moule N Graham Napier (1997–2016) : G. R. Napier W. Naylor (1906) : W. Naylor Jimmy Neesham (2021) : J. D. S. Neesham André Nel (2005–2008) : A. Nel Oliver Newby (2014) : O. J. Newby Fred Nicholas (1912–1929) : F. W. H. Nicholas Stan Nichols (1924–1939) : M. S. Nichols Aron Nijjar (2015–2022) : A. S. S. Nijjar Geoff Nolan (1968) : G. J. Nolan George Norman (1920) : G. Norman Oliver Norman (1932) : R. O. G. Norman O Jack O'Connor (1921–1939) : J. O'Connor Charles Orman (1896) : C. E. L. Orman Max Osborne (2009–2011) : M. Osborne Hugh Owen (1880–1902) : H. G. P. Owen P Hugh Page (1987) : H. A. Page Tony Palladino (2003–2010) : A. P. Palladino Eric Palmer (1957) : E. J. Palmer Harold Palmer (1924–1932) : H. J. Palmer Monty Panesar (2013–2015) : M. S. Panesar Len Parslow (1946) : L. F. Parslow Charles Pascoe (1909) : C. H. Pascoe Ravi Patel (2015) : R. H. Patel Rishi Patel (2019) : R. K. Patel Robert Paterson (1946–1948) : R. F. T. Paterson John Pawle (1935–1938) : J. H. Pawle Tom Pearce (1929–1950) : T. N. Pearce Richard Pearson (1994–1995) : R. M. Pearson Michael Pepper (2018–2024) : M. S. Pepper Percy Perrin (1896–1928) : P. A. Perrin Stephen Peters (1996–2001) : S. D. Peters Alviro Petersen (2012) : A. N. Petersen Mark Pettini (2001–2015) : M. L. Pettini Paddy Phelan (1958–1965) : P. J. Phelan Norbert Phillip (1978–1985) : N. Phillip Leslie Phillips (1919–1922) : L. J. Phillips Tim Phillips (1999–2014) : T. J. Phillips Harry Pickering (1938) : H. G. Pickering Harry Pickett (1881–1897) : H. Pickett Jack Plom (2018–2021) : J. H. Plom Steve Plumb (1975–1977) : S. G. Plumb Ian Pont (1985–1988) : I. L. Pont Keith Pont (1970–1986) : K. R. Pont Robert Pook (1988) : N. R. Pook Dudley Pope (1928–1934) : D. F. Pope Jamie Porter (2014–2024) : J. A. Porter Adam Powell (1932–1937) : A. G. Powell Jonathan Powell (1996–1999) : J. C. Powell Henry Preece (1895) : H. C. Preece Eddie Presland (1962–1972) : E. R. Presland Ken Preston (1948–1964) : K. C. Preston Eric Price (1948–1949) : E. J. Price Paul Prichard (1982–2001) : P. J. Prichard Derek Pringle (1978–1994) : D. R. Pringle Graham Pritchard (1965–1966) : G. C. Pritchard Stanley Proffitt (1937) : S. Proffitt Syd Puddefoot (1922–1923) : S. C. Puddefoot George Pullinger (1949–1950) : G. R. Pullinger James Purves (1960–1961) : J. H. Purves Q Arnold Quick (1936–1952) : A. B. Quick Stan Quin (1924) : S. E. V. Quin Rob Quiney (2013) : R. J. Quiney Matt Quinn (2016–2020) : M. R. Quinn R Max Raison (1928–1930) : M. Raison Roy Ralph (1953–1961) : L. H. R. Ralph Arnold Read (1904–1911) : A. H. Read Hopper Read (1933–1935) : H. D. Read Ian Redpath (1987) : I. Redpath Dan Reese (1906) : D. Reese Bill Reeves (1897–1921) : W. Reeves Will Rhodes (2016) : W. M. H. Rhodes Bob Richards (1967–1970) : R. J. Richards Jamal Richards (2022–2023) : J. A. Richards Charles Richardson (1914) : C. S. Richardson James Richardson (1924–1926) : J. V. Richardson Percy Richardson (1912) : P. J. Richardson Ken Rickards (1953) : K. R. Rickards Henry Riding (1921) : H. W. Riding Gerald Ridley (1922–1926) : G. V. N. Ridley Frank Rist (1934–1953) : F. H. Rist Alex Roberts (cricketer) (2008) : A. Roberts Darren Robinson (1993–2003) : D. D. J. Robinson Douglas Robinson (1908) : D. C. Robinson Ralf Robinson (1912) : R. H. Robinson Grant Roelofsen (2022) : G. Roelofsen Robert Rollins (1992–1999) : R. J. Rollins Adam Rossington (2022–2024) : A. M. Rossington Charles Round (1921) : C. J. Round Francis Rowe (1882–1895) : F. E. Rowe George Rowley (1926) : G. W. Rowley Jack Russell (1908–1930) : C. A. G. Russell Edward Russell (1898–1910) : A. E. Russell Thomas Russell (1888–1905) : T. M. Russell Hamish Rutherford (2013) : H. D. Rutherford Jesse Ryder (2014–2016) : J. D. Ryder Josh Rymell (2021–2022) : J. S. Rymell S Sadiq Mohammad (1970) : Sadiq Mohammad Martin Saggers (2007) : M. J. Saggers Gary Sainsbury (1979–1980) : G. E. Sainsbury Norman Saint (1920–1923) : N. H. Saint Matt Salisbury (2013–2015) : M. E. T. Salisbury Saleem Malik (1991–1993) : Saleem Malik Daniel Sams (2022–2023) : D. R. Sams Les Savill (1953–1961) : L. A. Savill Graham Saville (1963–1974) : G. J. Saville Denis Sayers (1967) : D. Sayers Fred Scoulding (1912–1920) : F. J. Scoulding Cyril Searle (1947) : C. J. Searle Leslie Sears (1925) : L. D. Sears Derek Semmence (1962) : D. J. Semmence Edward Sewell (1902–1904) : E. H. D. Sewell Adam Seymour (1988–1991) : A. C. H. Seymour Owais Shah (2011–2013) : O. A. Shah Nadeem Shahid (1989–1994) : N. Shahid Zoheb Sharif (2001–2004) : Z. K. Sharif Robert Sharp (1925–1928) : R. H. Sharp Roy Sheffield (1929–1936) : J. R. Sheffield Howard Sherman (1967–1969) : H. R. Sherman Richard Shorter (1927–1929) : R. N. Shorter Peter Siddle (2018–2021) : P. M. Siddle Ivor Skinner (1950) : I. J. Skinner Geoff Smith (1951–1966) : G. J. Smith George Smith (1929–1930) : G. W. O. Smith Greg Smith (2012–2015) : G. M. Smith Harry Smith (1912–1922) : H. W. Smith Tom Smith (1929–1935) : H. T. O. Smith Neil Smith (1973–1982) : N. Smith Peter Smith (1929–1951) : T. P. B. Smith Ray Smith (1934–1956) : R. Smith Shane Snater (2018–2024) : S. Snater Tim Southee (2011) : T. G. Southee Don Spencer (1938–1948) : W. G. Spencer Peter Spicer (1962–1963) : P. A. Spicer Fred Spinks (1926) : E. F. Spinks Harold Spurr (1923) : H. Spurr Ernest Stanley (1950–1952) : E. A. W. Stanley Anthony Stanyard (1960) : A. R. Stanyard Barry Stead (1962) : B. Stead Mark Steketee (2022) : M. T. Steketee John Stephenson (1934–1939) : J. W. A. Stephenson John Stephenson (1985–2004) : J. P. Stephenson Tony Steward (1964–1965) : E. A. W. Steward Dale Steyn (2005) : D. W. Steyn Frank Street (1898–1899) : F. Street Benjamin Strutton (1914–1919) : B. T. Strutton Scott Styris (2010–2011) : S. B. Styris Peter Such (1990–2001) : P. M. Such George Sutton (1912) : G. T. Sutton Charles Swann (1912) : C. F. Swann Basil Swyer (1923) : B. J. Swyer T Tanveer Sikandar (2014) : Tanveer Sikandar Alf Taylor (1923) : A. G. Taylor Brian Taylor (1949–1973) : B. Taylor Callum Taylor (2015–2018) : C. J. Taylor John Taylor (1960–1965) : J. F. Taylor Reginald Taylor (1931–1946) : R. M. Taylor Ernest Tedder (1946) : E. C. Tedder Ryan ten Doeschate (2003–2021) : R. N. ten Doeschate Noah Thain (2023–2024) : N. R. M. Thain Kevin Thomas (1990) : K. O. Thomas David Thompson (1999–2000) : D. J. J. Thompson Eddie Thompson (1926–1929) : E. C. Thompson Hubert Thorn (1928) : H. W. Thorn Nick Thornicroft (2005) : N. D. Thornicroft Raymond Toole (2022) : R. Toole Percy Toone (1912–1922) : P. Toone Don Topley (1985–1994) : T. D. Topley Reece Topley (2011–2015) : R. J. W. Topley Gilbert Tosetti (1898–1905) : G. Tosetti Evelyn Toulmin (1899–1912) : E. M. O. Toulmin Miles Townsend (1910) : A. F. M. Townsend Claude Treglown (1922–1928) : C. J. H. Treglown Bert Tremlin (1900–1919) : B. Tremlin Stanley Arthur Trick (1905–1919) : S. A. Trick Lonwabo Tsotsobe (2011) : L. L. Tsotsobe Alex Tudor (2005–2008) : A. J. Tudor Arthur Turner (1897–1910) : A. J. Turner Stuart Turner (1965–1986) : S. Turner Walter Turner (1899–1926) : W. M. F. Turner Percy Turrall (1927) : P. W. Turrall U Frederick Unwin (1932–1950) : F. S. Unwin Jim Unwin (1932–1939) : E. J. Unwin V James Valiant (1912) : J. Valiant Henry van Straubenzee (1938) : H. H. van Straubenzee Kishen Velani (2012–2016) : K. S. Velani Nicholas Vere-Hodge (1936–1939) : N. Vere-Hodge Frank Vigar (1938–1954) : F. H. Vigar Murali Vijay (2018) : M. Vijay W John Waddington (1931) : J. E. W. Waddington Tom Wade (1929–1950) : T. H. Wade Neil Wagner (2017–2018) : N. Wagner Hugh Wagstaff (1920–1921) : H. Wagstaff Matthew Walker (2008–2011) : M. J. Walker Ken Wallace (1967–1972) : K. W. Wallace Paul Walter (2016–2024) : P. I. Walter Tim Walton (1999) : T. C. Walton Brian Ward (1967–1973) : B. Ward Geoff Ward (1950) : G. H. Ward Brian Warsop (1931–1932) : B. Warsop Alfred Waterman (1937–1938) : A. G. Waterman David Watkins (1949–1954) : D. Watkins Arthur Watson (1913–1914) : A. C. Watson Charles Watts (1928) : C. J. M. Watts Hubert Waugh (1919–1929) : H. P. Waugh Mark Waugh (1988–2002) : M. E. Waugh Beau Webster (2023) : B. J. Webster Gordon West (1949–1953) : G. H. S. West Leslie West (1928) : L. H. West Mervyn Westfield (2005–2010) : M. S. Westfield Tom Westley (2006–2024) : T. Westley Adam Wheater (2007–2022) : A. J. A. Wheater Henry Whitcombe (1922) : H. M. Whitcombe Philip Whitcombe (1922) : P. S. Whitcombe Denys Wilcox (1928–1947) : D. R. Wilcox John Wilcox (1964–1967) : J. W. T. Wilcox Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel (1954–1959) : C. C. P. Williams Herbert Williams (1919–1920) : H. R. H. Williams Neil Williams (1995–1998) : N. F. Williams Charl Willoughby (2012) : C. M. Willoughby Danny Wilson (1996–1998) : D. G. Wilson Jack Winslade (2015) : J. R. Winslade Dale Womersley (1910) : L. D. Womersley Albert Wright (1931–1934) : A. E. Wright Chris Wright (2007–2011) : C. J. C. Wright John Wright (1962–1967) : J. V. Wright Roger Wrightson (1965–1967) : R. W. Wrightson Norman Wykes (1925–1936) : N. G. Wykes Y Umesh Yadav (2023) : U. T. Yadav Sailor Young (1898–1912) : H. I. Young Z Adam Zampa (2018–2019) : A. Zampa See also List of Essex cricket captains Notes ^ Davis played in four County Championship matches during 1920 as well as for the Second XI during the same season. Other than a surname and initial no biographical details are known. ^ Gunary was born at Dagenham in 1895. He was a farmer who played club cricket for Ilford, captaining the first XI from 1929 to 1932, as well as playing for both Dagenham and Dagenham United. He played a single match for the county side, a 1929 fixture against Leicestershire in which he bowled 19 overs in the match without taking a wicket. ^ Harris played in two first-class matches for the side as a wicket-keeper in 1905, scoring no runs and holding four catches. He may have had the first initial J, but otherwise no biographical details are known. ^ Naylor played in one first-class match for Essex as a wicket-keeper in 1906. He scored two runs and held two catches. Other than a surname and initial no biographical details are known. References ^ "First-class events played by Essex". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 March 2017. ^ "List A events played by Essex". CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 November 2015. ^ "Twenty20 matches played by Essex". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 March 2017. ^ "Essex players". CricketArchive. Retrieved 25 October 2018. ^ W Davis, CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 April 2022. (subscription required) ^ "Notices" (PDF). The London Gazette. 21 July 1933. p. 4912. Retrieved 16 May 2023. ^ "Ilford Cricket Club sensation". The Recorder. 1 February 1929. p. 13. Retrieved 16 May 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Bill Gunary resigns". The Recorder. 8 September 1932. p. 3. Retrieved 16 May 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ Porter, J. "Cricket in Dagenham". Barking and District Historical Society. Retrieved 16 May 2023. ^ "William Gunary". CricketArchive. Retrieved 16 May 2023. ^ Harris, CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 April 2022. (subscription required) ^ Lemmon, David (1994). The Book of Essex Cricketers. Derby: Breedon Books. p. 79. ISBN 1873626770. ^ W Naylor, CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 April 2022. (subscription required) vteEssex County Cricket Club Essex County Cricket Club Essex Women Players Current squad List of players Category:Essex cricketers GroundsCurrent grounds County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford Previous grounds Leyton Cricket Ground Southchurch Park, Southend-on-Sea Castle Park, Colchester Old County Ground, Brentwood Valentines Park, Ilford Garrison A Cricket Ground, Colchester Vista Road Recreation Ground, Clacton-on-Sea Chalkwell Park, Westcliff-on-Sea Gidea Park Sports Ground, Romford Hoffman's Sports and Social Club Ground, Chelmsford Harlow Sportcentre Thames Board Mills Sports Ground, Purfleet Garon Park, Southend-on-Sea Captains List of Essex cricket captains Records First-class List A Twenty20 vteLists of English cricketersNational men Test ODI T20I National women Test ODI T20I Current first-class counties Derbyshire Durham Essex Glamorgan Gloucestershire Hampshire Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Middlesex Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Somerset Surrey Sussex Warwickshire Worcestershire Yorkshire Current women's regional teams Central Sparks Northern Diamonds North West Thunder South East Stars Southern Vipers Sunrisers The Blaze Western Storm The Hundred teams Birmingham Phoenix London Spirit Manchester Originals Northern Superchargers Oval Invincibles Southern Brave Trent Rockets Welsh Fire Marylebone Cricket Club 1787–1826 1827–1863 1864–1894 1895–1914 1919–1939 1946–1977 1978– Gentlemen v Players Gentlemen (1806–1840) Gentlemen (1841–1962) Players (1806–1840) Players (1841–1962) Former first-class universities British Universities Cambridge UCCE & MCCU Cambridge University Cardiff MCCU Combined Universities Durham UCCE & MCCU Leeds/Bradford MCCU Loughborough MCCU Oxford UCCE & MCCU Oxford University Oxford and Cambridge Universities Former first-class teams A. J. Webbe's XI Berkshire and Oldfield British Army Cambridge Town/Cambridgeshire Combined Services D. H. Robins' XI Essex Gentlemen of Kent Hampshire H. D. G. Leveson-Gower's XI I Zingari Kent London County Manchester Norfolk Nottingham Oxford University Authentics Royal Air Force Royal Navy Sheffield Suffolk Surrey Sussex W. G. Grace's XI Minor counties Bedfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumberland Devon Dorset Herefordshire Hertfordshire Huntingdonshire Lincolnshire Minor Counties Minor Counties East Minor Counties North Minor Counties South Minor Counties West Norfolk Northumberland Oxfordshire Shropshire Staffordshire Suffolk Unicorns Wales Minor Counties Wiltshire County cricket boards Derbyshire CB Durham CB Essex CB Gloucs CB Hampshire CB Kent CB Lancashire CB Leicestershire CB Middlesex CB Northants CB Notts CB Somerset CB Surrey CB Sussex CB Warwickshire CB Worcestershire CB Yorkshire CB Former women's regional teams Lancashire Thunder Loughborough Lightning Surrey Stars Yorkshire Diamonds Players by era to 1771 1772–1786 1787–1825 1826–1840 1841–1850 1851–1860 1861–1870 1871–1880 Birthplace Players born abroad	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Essex County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"first-class status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"County Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"List A team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"limited overs cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_overs_cricket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T20-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"See also","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#See_also"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"},{"link_name":"Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Notes"}],"text":"This is a complete list in alphabetical order of cricketers who have played for Essex County Cricket Club in top-class matches since 1894 when the team was elevated to first-class status before the club joined the County Championship in 1895.[1] Essex has been classified as a List A team since the beginning of limited overs cricket in 1963[2] and as a top-level Twenty20 team since the inauguration of the Twenty20 Cup in 2003.[3]The details are the player's usual name followed by the years in which he was active as an Essex player and then his name is given as it would appear on modern match scorecards. Note that many players represented other first-class teams besides Essex and that some played for the club in minor cricket before 1894. Current players are shown as active to the latest season in which they played for the club. The list excludes Second XI and other players who did not play for the club's first team and players whose first team appearances were in minor matches only.[4]Contents\n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ\nSee also\nReferences\nNotesAs of 26 April 2024","title":"List of Essex County Cricket Club players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Acfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Acfield"},{"link_name":"Andre Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Adams"},{"link_name":"Adeel Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeel_Malik"},{"link_name":"Ben Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Allison_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Allison"},{"link_name":"Hashim Amla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashim_Amla"},{"link_name":"Ricaldo Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricaldo_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Steve Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Andrew"},{"link_name":"Francis Appleyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Appleyard"},{"link_name":"Harold Arkwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Arkwright"},{"link_name":"Ashar Zaidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashar_Zaidi"},{"link_name":"Claude Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Ashton"},{"link_name":"Hubert Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Ashton"},{"link_name":"Percy Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Ashton"},{"link_name":"Sonny Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Avery"},{"link_name":"George Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ayres_(cricketer)"}],"text":"David Acfield (1966–1986) : D. L. Acfield\nAndre Adams (2004–2006) : A. R. Adams\nAdeel Malik (2015) : Adeel Malik\nBen Allison (2020–2023) : B. M. J. Allison\nCharlie Allison (2023) : C. W. J. Allison\nHashim Amla (2009) : H. M. Amla\nRicaldo Anderson (1999–2001) : R. S. G. Anderson\nSteve Andrew (1990–1997) : S. J. W. Andrew\nFrancis Appleyard (1946–1947) : F. Appleyard\nHarold Arkwright (1893–1895) : H. A. Arkwright\nAshar Zaidi (2016–2018) : Ashar Zaidi\nClaude Ashton (1921–1938) : C. T. Ashton\nHubert Ashton (1921–1939) : H. Ashton\nPercy Ashton (1924) : P. Ashton\nSonny Avery (1935–1954) : A. V. Avery\nGeorge Ayres (1899) : G. W. Ayres","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Bailey"},{"link_name":"Trevor Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Richard Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baker_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Banfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Banfield"},{"link_name":"Arthur Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Barber"},{"link_name":"Gordon Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Barker"},{"link_name":"James Barnfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barnfather"},{"link_name":"Patrick Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Barrow"},{"link_name":"John Bawtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bawtree"},{"link_name":"Michael Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bear"},{"link_name":"Aaron Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Beard"},{"link_name":"Luc Benkenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Benkenstein"},{"link_name":"Brian Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Belle"},{"link_name":"Charles Benham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Benham_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Maurice Berkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Berkley"},{"link_name":"Andy Bichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bichel"},{"link_name":"Frank Billham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Billham"},{"link_name":"Justin Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bishop_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"David Boden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boden"},{"link_name":"John Bonner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bonner_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Ravi Bopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Bopara"},{"link_name":"Allan Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border"},{"link_name":"Oswell Borradaile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswell_Borradaile"},{"link_name":"Norman Borrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borrett"},{"link_name":"Cecil Boswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Boswell"},{"link_name":"Keith Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Boyce"},{"link_name":"Michael Boyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Boyers"},{"link_name":"Doug Bracewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Bracewell"},{"link_name":"Arthur Bradfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bradfield"},{"link_name":"Scott Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brant_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Dwayne Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Charles Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bray_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"James Brinkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brinkley"},{"link_name":"Orme Bristowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orme_Bristowe"},{"link_name":"Vic Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Adrian Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Brown_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Rainy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainy_Brown"},{"link_name":"Nick Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Browne_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Herbert Brunwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Brunwin"},{"link_name":"Claude Buckenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Buckenham"},{"link_name":"Frederick Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Bull"},{"link_name":"James Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burns_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Neil Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Burns"},{"link_name":"Herbert Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Burrell"},{"link_name":"John Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burrell_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Keith Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Butler_(English_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Will Buttleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Buttleman"}],"text":"Jack Bailey (1953–1958) : J. A. Bailey\nTrevor Bailey (1946–1967) : T. E. Bailey\nRichard Baker (1970–1972) : R. K. Baker\nArthur Banfield (1921) : A. E. Banfield\nArthur Barber (1925) : A. N. Barber\nGordon Barker (1954–1971) : G. Barker\nJames Barnfather (1924) : J. D. Barnfather\nPatrick Barrow (1922) : P. L. Barrow\nJohn Bawtree (1895–1896) : J. F. Bawtree\nMichael Bear (1954–1968) : M. J. Bear\nAaron Beard (2016–2024) : A. P. Beard\nLuc Benkenstein (2021–2023) : L. Benkenstein\nBrian Belle (1935–1937) : B. H. Belle\nCharles Benham (1904–1909) : C. E. Benham\nMaurice Berkley (1894) : M. Berkley\nAndy Bichel (2006–2007) : A. J. Bichel\nFrank Billham (1924) : F. D. Billham\nJustin Bishop (1999–2005) : J. E. Bishop\nDavid Boden (1992–1993) : D. J. P. Boden\nJohn Bonner (1896–1898) : J. W. Bonner\nRavi Bopara (2002–2019) : R. S. Bopara\nAllan Border (1986–1988) : A. R. Border\nOswell Borradaile (1891–1894) : O. R. Borradaile\nNorman Borrett (1937–1946) : N. F. Borrett\nCecil Boswell (1932–1936) : C. S. R. Boswell\nKeith Boyce (1966–1977) : K. D. Boyce\nMichael Boyers (1968–1969) : M. J. Boyers\nDoug Bracewell (2023) : D. A. J. Bracewell\nArthur Bradfield (1922) : A. Bradfield\nScott Brant (2003–2004) : S. A. Brant\nDwayne Bravo (2010) : D. J. Bravo\nCharles Bray (1927–1937) : C. Bray\nJames Brinkley (1998) : J. E. Brinkley\nOrme Bristowe (1913–1914) : O. C. Bristowe\nVic Brooks (1969–1971) : V. C. G. Brooks\nAdrian Brown (1988–1992) : A. D. Brown\nRainy Brown (1924–1932) : G. R. R. Brown\nNick Browne (2012–2024) : N. L. J. Browne\nHerbert Brunwin (1937) : H. J. Brunwin\nClaude Buckenham (1899–1914) : C. P. Buckenham\nFrederick Bull (1895–1900) : F. G. Bull\nJames Burns (1887–1896) : J. Burns\nNeil Burns (1986) : N. D. Burns\nHerbert Burrell (1888–1895) : H. J. E. Burrell\nJohn Burrell (1894–1895) : R. J. Burrell\nKeith Butler (1989–1992) : K. A. Butler\nWill Buttleman (2019–2023) : W. E. L. Buttleman","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clem Calnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Calnan"},{"link_name":"Percy Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Nigel Capel-Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Capel-Cure"},{"link_name":"Noel Carbutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Carbutt"},{"link_name":"Herbert Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Ronald Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Carr"},{"link_name":"Andy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Carter_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"George Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Carter_(Essex_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Rodney Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Cass"},{"link_name":"Brian Castor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Castor"},{"link_name":"Maurice Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Chambers"},{"link_name":"John Childs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Childs_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Varun Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varun_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Horace Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Clark_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Len Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Clark_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Clark_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Clarke_(cricketer,_born_1975)"},{"link_name":"Bertie Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Richard Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Selvey_Clinton"},{"link_name":"David Cock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cock"},{"link_name":"Edward Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Coleman_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Matt Coles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Coles"},{"link_name":"Michael Comber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Comber"},{"link_name":"Edward Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Connor_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Alastair Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Cook"},{"link_name":"Sam Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Cook_(Essex_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Bob Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cooke_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Albert Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Cooper_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Fred Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Cooper_(cricketer,_born_1888)"},{"link_name":"Walter Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cooper_(Essex_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Francis Cottam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Cottam"},{"link_name":"Peter Cousens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cousens_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Darren Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Cousins"},{"link_name":"Ashley Cowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Cowan"},{"link_name":"Jordan Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Cox_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Crabtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Crabtree"},{"link_name":"Tom Craddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Craddock_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Charles Crawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Crawley"},{"link_name":"Leonard Crawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Crawley"},{"link_name":"Chick Cray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Cray"},{"link_name":"Matt Critchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Critchley"},{"link_name":"Matthew Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Cross_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Jim Cutmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cutmore"}],"text":"Clem Calnan (1919–1929) : C. N. Calnan\nPercy Campbell (1911–1919) : P. Campbell\nNigel Capel-Cure (1929) : G. N. Capel-Cure\nNoel Carbutt (1923) : N. J. O. Carbutt\nHerbert Carpenter (1888–1920) : H. A. Carpenter\nRonald Carr (1960) : R. B. Carr\nAndy Carter (2010) : A. Carter\nGeorge Carter (1921–1923) : G. Carter\nRodney Cass (1964–1967) : G. R. Cass\nBrian Castor (1930–1932) : B. K. Castor\nMaurice Chambers (2005–2013) : M. A. Chambers\nIvan Chapman (1929) : I. Chapman\nJohn Childs (1985–1996) : J. H. Childs\nVarun Chopra (2006–2020) : V. Chopra\nHorace Clark (1923) : H. G. Clark\nLen Clark (1946–1947) : L. S. Clark\nRonald Clark (1912–1919) : R. D. Clark\nAndrew Clarke (2001–2004) : A. J. Clarke\nBertie Clarke (1959–1960) : C. B. Clarke\nRichard Clinton (2001–2002) : R. S. Clinton\nDavid Cock (1939–1946) : D. F. Cock\nEdward Coleman (1912) : E. C. Coleman\nMatt Coles (2018–2019) : M. T. Coles\nMichael Comber (2007–2012) : M. A. Comber\nEdward Connor (1905) : E. J. Connor\nAlastair Cook (2003–2023) : A. N. Cook\nSam Cook (2017–2024) : S. J. Cook\nBob Cooke (1973–1975) : R. M. O. Cooke\nAlbert Cooper (1923) : A. V. Cooper\nFred Cooper (1921–1923) : F. J. Cooper\nWalter Cooper (1905–1910) : W. Cooper\nFrancis Cottam (1922) : F. W. Cottam\nPeter Cousens (1950–1955) : P. Cousens\nDarren Cousins (1993–1998) : D. M. Cousins\nAshley Cowan (1995–2005) : A. P. Cowan\nJordan Cox (2024) : J. M. Cox\nHarry Crabtree (1931–1947) : H. P. Crabtree\nTom Craddock (2011–2014) : T. R. Craddock\nCharles Crawley (1929) : C. L. Crawley\nLeonard Crawley (1926–1936) : L. G. Crawley\nChick Cray (1938–1950) : S. J. Cray\nMatt Critchley (2022–2024) : M. J. J. Critchley\nMatthew Cross (2016) : M. H. Cross\nJim Cutmore (1924–1936) : J. A. Cutmore","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Daer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Daer"},{"link_name":"Harry Daer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Daer"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Dakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Dakin"},{"link_name":"Danish Kaneria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Kaneria"},{"link_name":"Robin Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Das"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Davies_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Michael Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Davies_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Liam Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Herman de Zoete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_de_Zoete"},{"link_name":"Cameron Delport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Delport"},{"link_name":"Mike Denness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Denness"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Denning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Denning"},{"link_name":"Jack Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dennis_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Nick Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Derbyshire_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Neil Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Bill Dines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dines"},{"link_name":"Steve Dinsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Dinsdale"},{"link_name":"Muneeb Diwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muneeb_Diwan"},{"link_name":"Joseph Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dixon_(English_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Matt Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Dickie Dodds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickie_Dodds"},{"link_name":"Cecil Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Johnny Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Bill Dow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Dow_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Duke"},{"link_name":"Tony Durley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Durley"}],"text":"Arthur Daer (1925–1935) : A. G. Daer\nHarry Daer (1938–1939) : H. B. Daer\nJonathan Dakin (2002–2003) : J. M. Dakin\nDanish Kaneria (2004–2010) : Danish Kaneria\nRobin Das (2020–2023) : R. J. Das\nGeoffrey Davies (1912–1914) : G. B. Davies\nMichael Davies (2001) : M. K. Davies\nW. Davis (1920) : W. Davis[a]\nLiam Dawson (2015) : L. A. Dawson\nHerman de Zoete (1897) : H. W. de Zoete\nCameron Delport (2019–2020) : C. S. Delport\nMike Denness (1977–1980) : M. H. Denness\nNicholas Denning (2003) : N. A. Denning\nJack Dennis (1934–1939) : J. N. Dennis\nNick Derbyshire (1995–1996) : N. A. Derbyshire\nNeil Dexter (2008) : N. J. Dexter\nBill Dines (1947–1949) : W. J. Dines\nSteve Dinsdale (1970) : S. C. Dinsdale\nMuneeb Diwan (1994) : M. Diwan\nJoseph Dixon (1914–1922) : J. G. Dixon\nMatt Dixon (2016–2017) : M. W. Dixon\nDickie Dodds (1946–1959) : T. C. Dodds\nCecil Douglas (1912–1919) : C. H. Douglas\nJohnny Douglas (1901–1928) : J. W. H. T. Douglas\nBill Dow (1958–1959) : W. D. F. Dow\nHarry Duke (2024) : H. G. Duke\nTony Durley (1957) : A. W. Durley","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_East_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Ray East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_East"},{"link_name":"George Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastman_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Laurie Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Eastman"},{"link_name":"Brian Edmeades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Edmeades"},{"link_name":"Guy Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Edwards_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Dean Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Elgar"},{"link_name":"Herbert Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Ron Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Evans_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Victor Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Evans"},{"link_name":"Stan Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Eve"}],"text":"David East (1981–1991) : D. E. East\nRay East (1965–1984) : R. E. East\nGeorge Eastman (1926–1929) : G. F. Eastman\nLaurie Eastman (1920–1939) : L. C. Eastman\nBrian Edmeades (1961–1976) : B. E. A. Edmeades\nGuy Edwards (1907) : G. J. Edwards\nDean Elgar (2024): D. Elgar\nHerbert Elliott (1913) : H. D. E. Elliott\nRon Evans (1950–1957) : R. E. Evans\nVictor Evans (1932–1937) : V. J. Evans\nStan Eve (1949–1957) : S. C. Eve","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Fane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Fane"},{"link_name":"Harold Faragher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Faragher"},{"link_name":"Ken Farnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Farnes"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Farnfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Farnfield"},{"link_name":"William Faviell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faviell"},{"link_name":"Michael Field-Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Field-Buss"},{"link_name":"Ian Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Flanagan_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Keith Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Andy Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Flower"},{"link_name":"Grant Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Flower"},{"link_name":"Ben Foakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Foakes"},{"link_name":"Matthew Fosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Fosh"},{"link_name":"James Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Foster_(cricketer,_born_1980)"},{"link_name":"Neil Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Foster"},{"link_name":"Bruce Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Francis"},{"link_name":"Henry Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Franklin_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"James Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franklin_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Alastair Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Alfred Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Freeman_(Essex_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Edward Freeman senior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Freeman_(cricketer,_born_1860)"},{"link_name":"Edward Freeman junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Freeman_(cricketer,_born_1880)"},{"link_name":"John Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Freeman_(cricketer)"}],"text":"Frederick Fane (1895–1922) : F. L. Fane\nHarold Faragher (1949–1951) : H. A. Faragher\nKen Farnes (1930–1939) : K. Farnes\nGeoffrey Farnfield (1921) : G. G. Farnfield\nWilliam Faviell (1908) : W. F. O. Faviell\nMichael Field-Buss (1987) : M. G. Field-Buss\nIan Flanagan (1997–2000) : I. N. Flanagan\nKeith Fletcher (1962–1988) : K. W. R. Fletcher\nAndy Flower (2002–2007) : A. Flower\nGrant Flower (2005–2010) : G. W. Flower\nBen Foakes (2011–2015) : B. T. Foakes\nMatthew Fosh (1976–1978) : M. K. Fosh\nJames Foster (2000–2018) : J. S. Foster\nNeil Foster (1980–1993) : N. A. Foster\nBruce Francis (1971–1973) : B. C. Francis\nHenry Franklin (1921–1931) : H. W. F. Franklin\nJames Franklin (2012) : J. E. C. Franklin\nRonald Franklin (1924) : R. C. Franklin\nAlastair Fraser (1990–1992) : A. G. J. Fraser\nAlfred Freeman (1920) : A. J. Freeman\nEdward Freeman senior (1887–1896) : E. C. Freeman\nEdward Freeman junior (1904–1912) : E. J. Freeman\nJohn Freeman (1905–1928) : J. R. Freeman","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Gallian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Gallian"},{"link_name":"Gautam Gambhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautam_Gambhir"},{"link_name":"Mike Garnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Garnham"},{"link_name":"William Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Garrett_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Jack Gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Gentry_(English_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gibb"},{"link_name":"Archie Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Gibson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Frank William Gilligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_William_Gilligan"},{"link_name":"Frank Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gillingham"},{"link_name":"Chris Gladwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gladwin_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Billy Godleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Godleman"},{"link_name":"Andrew Golding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Golding"},{"link_name":"Graham Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Gooch"},{"link_name":"Cecil Gosling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Gosling"},{"link_name":"Robert Cunliffe Gosling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Cunliffe_Gosling"},{"link_name":"Darren Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Gough"},{"link_name":"Leonard Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Graham"},{"link_name":"Joe Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Grant_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"David Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gray_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"William Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gray_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grayson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Michael Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Green_(cricketer,_born_1891)"},{"link_name":"Bill Greensmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Greensmith"},{"link_name":"Colin Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Griffiths_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Grimwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Grimwood"},{"link_name":"Tray Grinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tray_Grinter"},{"link_name":"Jamie Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Grove"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Jason Gallian (2007–2009) : J. E. R. Gallian\nGautam Gambhir (2013) : G. Gambhir\nMike Garnham (1989–1995) : M. A. Garnham\nWilliam Garrett (1900–1903) : W. T. Garrett\nJack Gentry (1925) : J. S. B. Gentry\nPaul Gibb (1951–1956) : P. A. Gibb\nArchie Gibson (1895–1910) : A. L. Gibson\nKenneth Gibson (1909–1912) : K. L. Gibson\nFrank William Gilligan (1919–1929) : F. W. Gilligan\nFrank Gillingham (1903–1928) : F. H. Gillingham\nChris Gladwin (1981–1987) : C. Gladwin\nBilly Godleman (2009–2012) : B. A. Godleman\nAndrew Golding (1983) : A. K. Golding\nGraham Gooch (1972–1997) : G. A. Gooch\nCecil Gosling (1930) : C. H. Gosling\nRobert Cunliffe Gosling (1888–1896) : R. C. Gosling\nDarren Gough (2004–2006) : D. Gough\nLeonard Graham (1926) : L. Graham\nJoe Grant (2001–2003) : J. B. Grant\nDavid Gray (1947) : D. A. A. Gray\nWilliam Gray (1894) : W. J. Gray\nPaul Grayson (1996–2005) : A. P. Grayson\nMichael Green (1930) : M. A. Green\nBill Greensmith (1947–1963) : W. T. Greensmith\nColin Griffiths (1951–1953) : C. Griffiths\nAlfred Grimwood (1925) : A. S. Grimwood\nTray Grinter (1909–1921) : T. G. Grinter\nJamie Grove (1998–1999) : J. O. Grove\nBill Gunary (1929) : W. C. Gunary[b]","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aftab Habib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftab_Habib"},{"link_name":"Sid Hadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Hadden"},{"link_name":"Henry Hailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hailey"},{"link_name":"Harbhajan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbhajan_Singh"},{"link_name":"Brian Hardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hardie"},{"link_name":"Mark Hardinges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hardinges"},{"link_name":"Steriker Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steriker_Hare"},{"link_name":"Simon Harmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Harmer"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"James Harrold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harrold"},{"link_name":"Ronald Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Harvey_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Cyril Hawker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Hawker"},{"link_name":"Allan Hayzelden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hayzelden"},{"link_name":"Wyndham Hazelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Hazelton"},{"link_name":"Arthur Heatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Heatley"},{"link_name":"Ray Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Pat Hector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Hector"},{"link_name":"Reuben Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Herbert"},{"link_name":"John Herringshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herringshaw"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hibbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hibbert"},{"link_name":"George Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Higgins_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hills"},{"link_name":"Colin Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Joe Hipkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hipkin"},{"link_name":"Robin Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"George Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hockey"},{"link_name":"Tim Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Adam Hollioake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Hollioake"},{"link_name":"Graham Horrex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Horrex"},{"link_name":"Dick Horsfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Horsfall"},{"link_name":"William Hubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hubble"},{"link_name":"Merv Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Francis Hugonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hugonin"},{"link_name":"Alan Hurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hurd"},{"link_name":"Geoff Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Hurst"},{"link_name":"Nasser Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_Hussain"},{"link_name":"Barry Hyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Hyam"},{"link_name":"Robert Hyndson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hyndson"}],"text":"Aftab Habib (2002–2004) : A. Habib\nSid Hadden (1912–1920) : S. Hadden\nHenry Hailey (1891–1895) : H. Hailey\nHarbhajan Singh (2012) : Harbhajan Singh\nBrian Hardie (1973–1990) : B. R. Hardie\nMark Hardinges (2009) : M. A. Hardinges\nSteriker Hare (1921) : S. N. Hare\nSimon Harmer (2017–2024) : S. R. Harmer\nHarris (1905) : Harris[c]\nJames Harrold (1923–1928) : J. G. W. Harrold\nRonald Harvey (1952) : R. C. Harvey\nCyril Hawker (1937) : F. C. Hawker\nAllan Hayzelden (1929–1931) : A. F. G. Hayzelden\nWyndham Hazelton (1919) : E. W. Hazelton\nArthur Heatley (1894) : A. E. Heatley\nRay Heaven (1939) : R. M. Heaven\nPat Hector (1976–1977) : P. A. Hector\nReuben Herbert (1976–1981) : R. Herbert\nJohn Herringshaw (1921–1922) : J. P. Herringshaw\nAndrew Hibbert (1995–1998) : A. J. E. Hibbert\nGeorge Higgins (1894–1895) : G. F. Higgins\nHarry Hills (1912–1919) : H. M. Hills\nColin Hilton (1964) : C. Hilton\nJoe Hipkin (1923–1931) : A. B. Hipkin\nRobin Hobbs (1961–1975) : R. N. S. Hobbs\nGeorge Hockey (1928–1931) : G. W. Hockey\nTim Hodgson (1996–1999) : T. P. Hodgson\nAdam Hollioake (2007) : A. J. Hollioake\nGraham Horrex (1956–1957) : G. W. Horrex\nDick Horsfall (1947–1955) : R. Horsfall\nWilliam Hubble (1923) : W. G. Hubble\nMerv Hughes (1983) : M. G. Hughes\nFrancis Hugonin (1927–1928) : F. E. Hugonin\nAlan Hurd (1958–1960) : A. Hurd\nGeoff Hurst (1962) : G. C. Hurst\nNasser Hussain (1986–2004) : N. Hussain\nBarry Hyam (1993–2002) : B. J. Hyam\nRobert Hyndson (1919) : R. W. M. Hyndson","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Ilott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ilott"},{"link_name":"John Inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Inns"},{"link_name":"Doug Insole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Insole"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Irani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Irani"},{"link_name":"Lee Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Irvine"}],"text":"Mark Ilott (1988–2002) : M. C. Ilott\nJohn Inns (1898–1904) : J. H. Inns\nDoug Insole (1947–1969) : D. J. Insole\nRonnie Irani (1994–2007) : R. C. Irani\nLee Irvine (1968–1969) : B. L. Irvine","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jahid Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahid_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Victor Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Will Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Cecil Jenkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Jenkinson"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Jerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Jerman"},{"link_name":"Arthur Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Johnston_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Tony Jorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Jorden"},{"link_name":"Ronald Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Joy"}],"text":"Jahid Ahmed (2005–2009) : Jahid Ahmed\nVictor Jarvis (1925) : V. E. Jarvis\nWill Jefferson (2000–2006) : W. I. Jefferson\nCecil Jenkinson (1922–1923) : C. V. Jenkinson\nLindsey Jerman (1950–1951) : L. C. S. Jerman\nArthur Johnston (1889–1896) : A. S. Johnston\nTony Jorden (1966–1970) : A. M. Jorden\nRonald Joy (1922–1928) : R. C. G. Joy","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eshun Kalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshun_Kalley"},{"link_name":"Michael Kasprowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kasprowicz"},{"link_name":"Henry Keigwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Keigwin"},{"link_name":"Richard Keigwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._P._Keigwin"},{"link_name":"Charles Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kenny_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Terry Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Kent_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Feroze Khushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroze_Khushi"},{"link_name":"Ian King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_King_(English_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Robert King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_King_(cricketer,_born_1909)"},{"link_name":"Barry Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Knight_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Nick Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Knight_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Charles Kortright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kortright"}],"text":"Eshun Kalley (2023): E. S. Kalley\nMichael Kasprowicz (1994) : M. S. Kasprowicz\nHenry Keigwin (1906–1907) : H. D. Keigwin\nRichard Keigwin (1903–1919) : R. P. Keigwin\nCharles Kenny (1950–1953) : C. J. M. Kenny\nTerry Kent (1960–1962) : T. Kent\nFeroze Khushi (2020–2024) : F. I. N. Khushi\nIan King (1957) : I. M. King\nRobert King (1928) : R. J. S. King\nBarry Knight (1955–1966) : B. R. Knight\nNick Knight (1991–1994) : N. V. Knight\nCharles Kortright (1889–1911) : C. J. Kortright","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Laker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Laker"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lapham"},{"link_name":"Albert Lashbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lashbrooke"},{"link_name":"Alan Lavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lavers"},{"link_name":"Danny Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Law"},{"link_name":"Stuart Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Law"},{"link_name":"Dan Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Terry Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Jack Leiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Leiper"},{"link_name":"Robert Leiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Leiper"},{"link_name":"John Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lever"},{"link_name":"Derek Levick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Levick"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Lewis_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Alan Lilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lilley"},{"link_name":"Peter Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Charles Littlehales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Littlehales"},{"link_name":"Jesse Littlewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Littlewood"},{"link_name":"George Locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Locks"},{"link_name":"George Louden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Louden"},{"link_name":"Francis Loveday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Loveday"},{"link_name":"Alfred Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Lucas"},{"link_name":"Roger Luckin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Luckin"},{"link_name":"Ron Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Lynch_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Lywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Lywood"}],"text":"Jim Laker (1962–1964) : J. C. Laker\nArthur Lapham (1921) : A. W. E. Lapham\nAlbert Lashbrooke (1908) : A. E. Lashbrooke\nAlan Lavers (1937–1953) : A. B. Lavers\nDanny Law (1997–2000) : D. R. Law\nStuart Law (1996–2001) : S. G. Law\nDan Lawrence (2015–2023) : D. W. Lawrence\nTerry Lawrence (1933–1935) : T. P. Lawrence\nJack Leiper (1950) : J. M. Leiper\nRobert Leiper (1981–1982) : R. J. Leiper\nJohn Lever (1967–1989) : J. K. Lever\nDerek Levick (1950–1951) : D. C. Levick\nJonathan Lewis (1990–1996) : J. J. B. Lewis\nAlan Lilley (1978–1990) : A. W. Lilley\nPeter Lindsey (1964) : P. J. Lindsey\nCharles Littlehales (1896–1904) : C. G. Littlehales\nJesse Littlewood (1905) : J. Littlewood\nGeorge Locks (1928) : G. M. Locks\nGeorge Louden (1912–1927) : G. M. Louden\nFrancis Loveday (1921–1923) : F. A. Loveday\nAlfred Lucas (1889–1907) : A. P. Lucas\nRoger Luckin (1962–1963) : R. A. G. Luckin\nRon Lynch (1954) : R. V. Lynch\nLewis Lywood (1930) : L. W. Lywood","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malcolm Mackinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Mackinnon"},{"link_name":"Sajid Mahmood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid_Mahmood"},{"link_name":"Steve Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Malone"},{"link_name":"John Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marston_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Martin_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Chris Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Martin_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Eric Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Martin_(Essex_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Tim Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Mason_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"David Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Masters"},{"link_name":"John Maunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maunders"},{"link_name":"William Mayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mayes_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Adrian McCoubrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_McCoubrey"},{"link_name":"Michael McEvoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McEvoy"},{"link_name":"Ken McEwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_McEwan"},{"link_name":"Charlie McGahey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_McGahey"},{"link_name":"Bryce McGain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_McGain"},{"link_name":"Andrew McGarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McGarry"},{"link_name":"Colin McIver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McIver"},{"link_name":"Harold Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Mead"},{"link_name":"Walter Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mead_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Melluish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Melluish"},{"link_name":"Charles Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mercer_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Meston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Meston"},{"link_name":"Sam Meston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Meston"},{"link_name":"Jaik Mickleburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaik_Mickleburgh"},{"link_name":"James Middlebrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Middlebrook"},{"link_name":"Geoff Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Miller"},{"link_name":"Tymal Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymal_Mills"},{"link_name":"Joseph Milner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Milner_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Edward Missen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Missen"},{"link_name":"George Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mitchell_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Akram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Akram_(cricketer,_born_1974)"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Amir"},{"link_name":"Ken Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Moore_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Tom Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Moore_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Bill Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Morris_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Philip Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_(English_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Whiz Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiz_Morris"},{"link_name":"Harry Mortlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Mortlock"},{"link_name":"Alf Moule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Moule"}],"text":"Malcolm Mackinnon (1927) : M. Mackinnon\nSajid Mahmood (2013–2014) : S. I. Mahmood\nSteve Malone (1975–1978) : S. J. Malone\nJohn Marston (1923–1924) : J. W. Marston\nArthur Martin (1920–1921) : A. D. Martin\nChris Martin (2010) : C. S. Martin\nEric Martin (1928) : E. G. Martin\nOswald Martyn (1922) : O. Martyn\nTim Mason (2000–2001) : T. J. Mason\nDavid Masters (2007–2016) : D. D. Masters\nJohn Maunders (2008–2010) : J. K. Maunders\nWilliam Mayes (1914) : W. H. J. Mayes\nAdrian McCoubrey (2003–2004) : A. G. A. M. McCoubrey\nMichael McEvoy (1973–1981) : M. S. A. McEvoy\nKen McEwan (1973–1985) : K. S. McEwan\nCharlie McGahey (1893–1921) : C. P. McGahey\nBryce McGain (2010) : B. E. McGain\nAndrew McGarry (1999–2007) : A. C. McGarry\nColin McIver (1902–1922) : C. D. McIver\nHarold Mead (1913–1914) : H. Mead\nWalter Mead (1890–1913) : W. Mead\nGordon Melluish (1926) : G. C. Melluish\nCharles Mercer (1929) : C. F. Mercer\nAlexander Meston (1926–1927) : A. H. Meston\nSam Meston (1907–1908) : S. P. Meston\nJaik Mickleburgh (2007–2016) : J. C. Mickleburgh\nJames Middlebrook (2002–2009) : J. D. Middlebrook\nGeoff Miller (1987–1989) : G. Miller\nTymal Mills (2011–2014) : T. S. Mills\nJoseph Milner (1957–1961) : J. Milner\nEdward Missen (1921) : E. S. Missen\nGeorge Mitchell (1926) : G. F. Mitchell\nMohammad Akram (2003) : Mohammad Akram\nMohammad Amir (2017–2019) : Mohammad Amir (Mohammad Aamer)\nKen Moore (1961) : K. F. Moore\nTom Moore (2014–2016) : T. C. Moore\nBill Morris (1946–1950) : W. B. Morris\nPhilip Morris (1909–1924) : P. E. Morris\nWhiz Morris (1919–1932) : H. M. Morris\nHarry Mortlock (1912–1921) : H. C. Mortlock\nAlf Moule (1921–1924) : A. S. Moule","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Napier"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Neesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Neesham"},{"link_name":"André Nel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Nel"},{"link_name":"Oliver Newby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Newby"},{"link_name":"Fred Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Stan Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Aron Nijjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron_Nijjar"},{"link_name":"Geoff Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Nolan"},{"link_name":"George Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Norman_(cricketer,_born_1890)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Norman"}],"text":"Graham Napier (1997–2016) : G. R. Napier\nW. Naylor (1906) : W. Naylor[d]\nJimmy Neesham (2021) : J. D. S. Neesham\nAndré Nel (2005–2008) : A. Nel\nOliver Newby (2014) : O. J. Newby\nFred Nicholas (1912–1929) : F. W. H. Nicholas\nStan Nichols (1924–1939) : M. S. Nichols\nAron Nijjar (2015–2022) : A. S. S. Nijjar\nGeoff Nolan (1968) : G. J. Nolan\nGeorge Norman (1920) : G. Norman\nOliver Norman (1932) : R. O. G. Norman","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Connor_(English_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Charles Orman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Orman"},{"link_name":"Max Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Hugh Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Owen_(cricketer)"}],"text":"Jack O'Connor (1921–1939) : J. O'Connor\nCharles Orman (1896) : C. E. L. Orman\nMax Osborne (2009–2011) : M. Osborne\nHugh Owen (1880–1902) : H. G. P. Owen","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Page"},{"link_name":"Tony Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Palladino"},{"link_name":"Eric Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Palmer_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Harold Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Palmer_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Monty Panesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Panesar"},{"link_name":"Len Parslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Parslow"},{"link_name":"Charles Pascoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pascoe"},{"link_name":"Ravi Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Patel_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Rishi Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Patel"},{"link_name":"Robert Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Paterson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"John Pawle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pawle"},{"link_name":"Tom Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pearce_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pearson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Michael Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pepper_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Percy Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Perrin"},{"link_name":"Stephen Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Peters"},{"link_name":"Alviro Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alviro_Petersen"},{"link_name":"Mark Pettini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Pettini"},{"link_name":"Paddy Phelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Phelan_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Norbert Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Phillip"},{"link_name":"Leslie Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Phillips_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Tim Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Phillips_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Pickering_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Pickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Pickett"},{"link_name":"Jack Plom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Plom"},{"link_name":"Steve Plumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Plumb"},{"link_name":"Ian Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Pont"},{"link_name":"Keith Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Pont"},{"link_name":"Robert Pook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pook"},{"link_name":"Dudley Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Pope_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Porter"},{"link_name":"Adam Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Powell_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Powell_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Preece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Preece"},{"link_name":"Eddie Presland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Presland"},{"link_name":"Ken Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Preston"},{"link_name":"Eric Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Price_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Prichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Prichard"},{"link_name":"Derek Pringle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Pringle"},{"link_name":"Graham Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Pritchard_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Proffitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Proffitt"},{"link_name":"Syd Puddefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Puddefoot"},{"link_name":"George Pullinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pullinger"},{"link_name":"James Purves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Purves_(cricketer)"}],"text":"Hugh Page (1987) : H. A. Page\nTony Palladino (2003–2010) : A. P. Palladino\nEric Palmer (1957) : E. J. Palmer\nHarold Palmer (1924–1932) : H. J. Palmer\nMonty Panesar (2013–2015) : M. S. Panesar\nLen Parslow (1946) : L. F. Parslow\nCharles Pascoe (1909) : C. H. Pascoe\nRavi Patel (2015) : R. H. Patel\nRishi Patel (2019) : R. K. Patel\nRobert Paterson (1946–1948) : R. F. T. Paterson\nJohn Pawle (1935–1938) : J. H. Pawle\nTom Pearce (1929–1950) : T. N. Pearce\nRichard Pearson (1994–1995) : R. M. Pearson\nMichael Pepper (2018–2024) : M. S. Pepper\nPercy Perrin (1896–1928) : P. A. Perrin\nStephen Peters (1996–2001) : S. D. Peters\nAlviro Petersen (2012) : A. N. Petersen\nMark Pettini (2001–2015) : M. L. Pettini\nPaddy Phelan (1958–1965) : P. J. Phelan\nNorbert Phillip (1978–1985) : N. Phillip\nLeslie Phillips (1919–1922) : L. J. Phillips\nTim Phillips (1999–2014) : T. J. Phillips\nHarry Pickering (1938) : H. G. Pickering\nHarry Pickett (1881–1897) : H. Pickett\nJack Plom (2018–2021) : J. H. Plom\nSteve Plumb (1975–1977) : S. G. Plumb\nIan Pont (1985–1988) : I. L. Pont\nKeith Pont (1970–1986) : K. R. Pont\nRobert Pook (1988) : N. R. Pook\nDudley Pope (1928–1934) : D. F. Pope\nJamie Porter (2014–2024) : J. A. Porter\nAdam Powell (1932–1937) : A. G. Powell\nJonathan Powell (1996–1999) : J. C. Powell\nHenry Preece (1895) : H. C. Preece\nEddie Presland (1962–1972) : E. R. Presland\nKen Preston (1948–1964) : K. C. Preston\nEric Price (1948–1949) : E. J. Price\nPaul Prichard (1982–2001) : P. J. Prichard\nDerek Pringle (1978–1994) : D. R. Pringle\nGraham Pritchard (1965–1966) : G. C. Pritchard\nStanley Proffitt (1937) : S. Proffitt\nSyd Puddefoot (1922–1923) : S. C. Puddefoot\nGeorge Pullinger (1949–1950) : G. R. Pullinger\nJames Purves (1960–1961) : J. H. Purves","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnold Quick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Quick"},{"link_name":"Stan Quin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Quin"},{"link_name":"Rob Quiney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Quiney"},{"link_name":"Matt Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Quinn"}],"text":"Arnold Quick (1936–1952) : A. B. Quick\nStan Quin (1924) : S. E. V. Quin\nRob Quiney (2013) : R. J. Quiney\nMatt Quinn (2016–2020) : M. R. Quinn","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Raison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Raison"},{"link_name":"Roy Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Ralph"},{"link_name":"Arnold Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Read"},{"link_name":"Hopper Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper_Read"},{"link_name":"Ian Redpath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Redpath_(English_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Dan Reese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Reese_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Bill Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Will Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Bob Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Richards_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Jamal Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Richards"},{"link_name":"Charles Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Richardson_(cricketer,_born_1885)"},{"link_name":"James Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Richardson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Percy Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Ken Rickards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Rickards"},{"link_name":"Henry Riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Riding"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ridley"},{"link_name":"Frank Rist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rist"},{"link_name":"Alex Roberts (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Roberts_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Darren Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Robinson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Robinson_(English_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Ralf Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Grant Roelofsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Roelofsen"},{"link_name":"Robert Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rollins"},{"link_name":"Adam Rossington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Rossington"},{"link_name":"Charles Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Round"},{"link_name":"Francis Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Rowe_(Essex_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"George Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rowley_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Jack Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Russell_(cricketer,_born_1887)"},{"link_name":"Edward Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Russell_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Russell_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Hamish Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Jesse Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Ryder"},{"link_name":"Josh Rymell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Rymell"}],"text":"Max Raison (1928–1930) : M. Raison\nRoy Ralph (1953–1961) : L. H. R. Ralph\nArnold Read (1904–1911) : A. H. Read\nHopper Read (1933–1935) : H. D. Read\nIan Redpath (1987) : I. Redpath\nDan Reese (1906) : D. Reese\nBill Reeves (1897–1921) : W. Reeves\nWill Rhodes (2016) : W. M. H. Rhodes\nBob Richards (1967–1970) : R. J. Richards\nJamal Richards (2022–2023) : J. A. Richards\nCharles Richardson (1914) : C. S. Richardson\nJames Richardson (1924–1926) : J. V. Richardson\nPercy Richardson (1912) : P. J. Richardson\nKen Rickards (1953) : K. R. Rickards\nHenry Riding (1921) : H. W. Riding\nGerald Ridley (1922–1926) : G. V. N. Ridley\nFrank Rist (1934–1953) : F. H. Rist\nAlex Roberts (cricketer) (2008) : A. Roberts\nDarren Robinson (1993–2003) : D. D. J. Robinson\nDouglas Robinson (1908) : D. C. Robinson\nRalf Robinson (1912) : R. H. Robinson\nGrant Roelofsen (2022) : G. Roelofsen\nRobert Rollins (1992–1999) : R. J. Rollins\nAdam Rossington (2022–2024) : A. M. Rossington\nCharles Round (1921) : C. J. Round\nFrancis Rowe (1882–1895) : F. E. Rowe\nGeorge Rowley (1926) : G. W. Rowley\nJack Russell (1908–1930) : C. A. G. Russell\nEdward Russell (1898–1910) : A. E. Russell\nThomas Russell (1888–1905) : T. M. Russell\nHamish Rutherford (2013) : H. D. Rutherford\nJesse Ryder (2014–2016) : J. D. Ryder\nJosh Rymell (2021–2022) : J. S. Rymell","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sadiq Mohammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Mohammad"},{"link_name":"Martin Saggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Saggers"},{"link_name":"Gary Sainsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Sainsbury"},{"link_name":"Norman Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Saint"},{"link_name":"Matt Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Saleem Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleem_Malik"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sams"},{"link_name":"Les Savill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Savill"},{"link_name":"Graham Saville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Saville"},{"link_name":"Denis Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sayers"},{"link_name":"Fred Scoulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Scoulding"},{"link_name":"Cyril Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Searle"},{"link_name":"Leslie Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Sears"},{"link_name":"Derek Semmence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Semmence"},{"link_name":"Edward Sewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._D._Sewell"},{"link_name":"Adam Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Seymour_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Owais Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owais_Shah"},{"link_name":"Nadeem Shahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadeem_Shahid"},{"link_name":"Zoheb Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoheb_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Robert Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sharp_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Roy Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Howard Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Sherman_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Shorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shorter"},{"link_name":"Peter Siddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Siddle"},{"link_name":"Ivor Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Skinner"},{"link_name":"Geoff Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Smith_(Essex_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"George Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smith_(cricketer,_born_1906)"},{"link_name":"Greg Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Smith_(cricketer,_born_1983)"},{"link_name":"Harry Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Smith_(cricketer,_born_1890)"},{"link_name":"Tom Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Smith_(cricketer,_born_1906)"},{"link_name":"Neil Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Smith_(cricketer,_born_1949)"},{"link_name":"Peter Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Smith_(cricketer,_born_1908)"},{"link_name":"Ray Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Smith_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Shane Snater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Snater"},{"link_name":"Tim Southee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Southee"},{"link_name":"Don Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Spencer_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Spicer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Spicer"},{"link_name":"Fred Spinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Spinks"},{"link_name":"Harold Spurr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Spurr"},{"link_name":"Ernest Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Anthony Stanyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Stanyard"},{"link_name":"Barry Stead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Stead"},{"link_name":"Mark Steketee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Steketee"},{"link_name":"John Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stephenson_(cricketer,_born_1907)"},{"link_name":"John Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stephenson_(cricketer,_born_1965)"},{"link_name":"Tony Steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Steward_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Dale Steyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Steyn"},{"link_name":"Frank Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Street_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Strutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Strutton"},{"link_name":"Scott Styris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Styris"},{"link_name":"Peter Such","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Such"},{"link_name":"George Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sutton_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Charles Swann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Swann"},{"link_name":"Basil Swyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Swyer"}],"text":"Sadiq Mohammad (1970) : Sadiq Mohammad\nMartin Saggers (2007) : M. J. Saggers\nGary Sainsbury (1979–1980) : G. E. Sainsbury\nNorman Saint (1920–1923) : N. H. Saint\nMatt Salisbury (2013–2015) : M. E. T. Salisbury\nSaleem Malik (1991–1993) : Saleem Malik\nDaniel Sams (2022–2023) : D. R. Sams\nLes Savill (1953–1961) : L. A. Savill\nGraham Saville (1963–1974) : G. J. Saville\nDenis Sayers (1967) : D. Sayers\nFred Scoulding (1912–1920) : F. J. Scoulding\nCyril Searle (1947) : C. J. Searle\nLeslie Sears (1925) : L. D. Sears\nDerek Semmence (1962) : D. J. Semmence\nEdward Sewell (1902–1904) : E. H. D. Sewell\nAdam Seymour (1988–1991) : A. C. H. Seymour\nOwais Shah (2011–2013) : O. A. Shah\nNadeem Shahid (1989–1994) : N. Shahid\nZoheb Sharif (2001–2004) : Z. K. Sharif\nRobert Sharp (1925–1928) : R. H. Sharp\nRoy Sheffield (1929–1936) : J. R. Sheffield\nHoward Sherman (1967–1969) : H. R. Sherman\nRichard Shorter (1927–1929) : R. N. Shorter\nPeter Siddle (2018–2021) : P. M. Siddle\nIvor Skinner (1950) : I. J. Skinner\nGeoff Smith (1951–1966) : G. J. Smith\nGeorge Smith (1929–1930) : G. W. O. Smith\nGreg Smith (2012–2015) : G. M. Smith\nHarry Smith (1912–1922) : H. W. Smith\nTom Smith (1929–1935) : H. T. O. Smith\nNeil Smith (1973–1982) : N. Smith\nPeter Smith (1929–1951) : T. P. B. Smith\nRay Smith (1934–1956) : R. Smith\nShane Snater (2018–2024) : S. Snater\nTim Southee (2011) : T. G. Southee\nDon Spencer (1938–1948) : W. G. Spencer\nPeter Spicer (1962–1963) : P. A. Spicer\nFred Spinks (1926) : E. F. Spinks\nHarold Spurr (1923) : H. Spurr\nErnest Stanley (1950–1952) : E. A. W. Stanley\nAnthony Stanyard (1960) : A. R. Stanyard\nBarry Stead (1962) : B. Stead\nMark Steketee (2022) : M. T. Steketee\nJohn Stephenson (1934–1939) : J. W. A. Stephenson\nJohn Stephenson (1985–2004) : J. P. Stephenson\nTony Steward (1964–1965) : E. A. W. Steward\nDale Steyn (2005) : D. W. Steyn\nFrank Street (1898–1899) : F. Street\nBenjamin Strutton (1914–1919) : B. T. Strutton\nScott Styris (2010–2011) : S. B. Styris\nPeter Such (1990–2001) : P. M. Such\nGeorge Sutton (1912) : G. T. Sutton\nCharles Swann (1912) : C. F. Swann\nBasil Swyer (1923) : B. J. Swyer","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanveer Sikandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanveer_Sikandar"},{"link_name":"Alf Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Taylor_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Brian Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Taylor_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Callum Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callum_Taylor_(English_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"John Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_(cricketer,_born_1937)"},{"link_name":"Reginald Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Taylor_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Ernest Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Tedder"},{"link_name":"Ryan ten Doeschate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_ten_Doeschate"},{"link_name":"Noah Thain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Thain"},{"link_name":"Kevin Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Thomas_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"David Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Thompson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Hubert Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Thorn"},{"link_name":"Nick Thornicroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Thornicroft"},{"link_name":"Raymond Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Toole"},{"link_name":"Percy Toone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Toone"},{"link_name":"Don Topley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Topley"},{"link_name":"Reece Topley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece_Topley"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Tosetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Tosetti"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Toulmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Toulmin"},{"link_name":"Miles Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Townsend"},{"link_name":"Claude Treglown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Treglown"},{"link_name":"Bert Tremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Tremlin"},{"link_name":"Stanley Arthur Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Arthur_Trick"},{"link_name":"Lonwabo Tsotsobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonwabo_Tsotsobe"},{"link_name":"Alex Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Tudor"},{"link_name":"Arthur Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Turner_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Turner_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Walter Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Turner_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Percy Turrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Turrall"}],"text":"Tanveer Sikandar (2014) : Tanveer Sikandar\nAlf Taylor (1923) : A. G. Taylor\nBrian Taylor (1949–1973) : B. Taylor\nCallum Taylor (2015–2018) : C. J. Taylor\nJohn Taylor (1960–1965) : J. F. Taylor\nReginald Taylor (1931–1946) : R. M. Taylor\nErnest Tedder (1946) : E. C. Tedder\nRyan ten Doeschate (2003–2021) : R. N. ten Doeschate\nNoah Thain (2023–2024) : N. R. M. Thain\nKevin Thomas (1990) : K. O. Thomas\nDavid Thompson (1999–2000) : D. J. J. Thompson\nEddie Thompson (1926–1929) : E. C. Thompson\nHubert Thorn (1928) : H. W. Thorn\nNick Thornicroft (2005) : N. D. Thornicroft\nRaymond Toole (2022) : R. Toole\nPercy Toone (1912–1922) : P. Toone\nDon Topley (1985–1994) : T. D. Topley\nReece Topley (2011–2015) : R. J. W. Topley\nGilbert Tosetti (1898–1905) : G. Tosetti\nEvelyn Toulmin (1899–1912) : E. M. O. Toulmin\nMiles Townsend (1910) : A. F. M. Townsend\nClaude Treglown (1922–1928) : C. J. H. Treglown\nBert Tremlin (1900–1919) : B. Tremlin\nStanley Arthur Trick (1905–1919) : S. A. Trick\nLonwabo Tsotsobe (2011) : L. L. Tsotsobe\nAlex Tudor (2005–2008) : A. J. Tudor\nArthur Turner (1897–1910) : A. J. Turner\nStuart Turner (1965–1986) : S. Turner\nWalter Turner (1899–1926) : W. M. F. Turner\nPercy Turrall (1927) : P. W. Turrall","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Unwin"},{"link_name":"Jim Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Unwin"}],"text":"Frederick Unwin (1932–1950) : F. S. Unwin\nJim Unwin (1932–1939) : E. J. Unwin","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Valiant"},{"link_name":"Henry van Straubenzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_van_Straubenzee"},{"link_name":"Kishen Velani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishen_Velani"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Vere-Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Vere-Hodge"},{"link_name":"Frank Vigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Vigar"},{"link_name":"Murali Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murali_Vijay"}],"text":"James Valiant (1912) : J. Valiant\nHenry van Straubenzee (1938) : H. H. van Straubenzee\nKishen Velani (2012–2016) : K. S. Velani\nNicholas Vere-Hodge (1936–1939) : N. Vere-Hodge\nFrank Vigar (1938–1954) : F. H. Vigar\nMurali Vijay (2018) : M. Vijay","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Waddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waddington_(cricketer,_born_1910)"},{"link_name":"Tom Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wade_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Neil Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Hugh Wagstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Wagstaff"},{"link_name":"Matthew Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Walker_(English_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Ken Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Wallace_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Walter"},{"link_name":"Tim Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Walton_(cricketer,_born_1972)"},{"link_name":"Brian Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Ward_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Geoff Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Ward_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Brian Warsop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Warsop"},{"link_name":"Alfred Waterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waterman"},{"link_name":"David Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Watkins_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Watson_(cricketer,_born_1884)"},{"link_name":"Charles Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Watts_(cricketer,_born_1905)"},{"link_name":"Hubert Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Mark Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Beau Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Webster"},{"link_name":"Gordon West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_West_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Leslie West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_West_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Mervyn Westfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_Westfield"},{"link_name":"Tom Westley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Westley"},{"link_name":"Adam Wheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Wheater"},{"link_name":"Henry Whitcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Whitcombe"},{"link_name":"Philip Whitcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sidney_Whitcombe"},{"link_name":"Denys Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"John Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilcox_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Williams,_Baron_Williams_of_Elvel"},{"link_name":"Herbert Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Williams_(cricketer,_born_1900)"},{"link_name":"Neil Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Williams_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Charl Willoughby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charl_Willoughby"},{"link_name":"Danny Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Wilson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Jack Winslade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Winslade"},{"link_name":"Dale Womersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Womersley"},{"link_name":"Albert Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Wright_(cricketer,_born_1902)"},{"link_name":"Chris Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Wright_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"John Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wright_(cricketer,_born_1935)"},{"link_name":"Roger Wrightson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wrightson"},{"link_name":"Norman Wykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Wykes"}],"text":"John Waddington (1931) : J. E. W. Waddington\nTom Wade (1929–1950) : T. H. Wade\nNeil Wagner (2017–2018) : N. Wagner\nHugh Wagstaff (1920–1921) : H. Wagstaff\nMatthew Walker (2008–2011) : M. J. Walker\nKen Wallace (1967–1972) : K. W. Wallace\nPaul Walter (2016–2024) : P. I. Walter\nTim Walton (1999) : T. C. Walton\nBrian Ward (1967–1973) : B. Ward\nGeoff Ward (1950) : G. H. Ward\nBrian Warsop (1931–1932) : B. Warsop\nAlfred Waterman (1937–1938) : A. G. Waterman\nDavid Watkins (1949–1954) : D. Watkins\nArthur Watson (1913–1914) : A. C. Watson\nCharles Watts (1928) : C. J. M. Watts\nHubert Waugh (1919–1929) : H. P. Waugh\nMark Waugh (1988–2002) : M. E. Waugh\nBeau Webster (2023) : B. J. Webster\nGordon West (1949–1953) : G. H. S. West\nLeslie West (1928) : L. H. West\nMervyn Westfield (2005–2010) : M. S. Westfield\nTom Westley (2006–2024) : T. Westley\nAdam Wheater (2007–2022) : A. J. A. Wheater\nHenry Whitcombe (1922) : H. M. Whitcombe\nPhilip Whitcombe (1922) : P. S. Whitcombe\nDenys Wilcox (1928–1947) : D. R. Wilcox\nJohn Wilcox (1964–1967) : J. W. T. Wilcox\nCharles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel (1954–1959) : C. C. P. Williams\nHerbert Williams (1919–1920) : H. R. H. Williams\nNeil Williams (1995–1998) : N. F. Williams\nCharl Willoughby (2012) : C. M. Willoughby\nDanny Wilson (1996–1998) : D. G. Wilson\nJack Winslade (2015) : J. R. Winslade\nDale Womersley (1910) : L. D. Womersley\nAlbert Wright (1931–1934) : A. E. Wright\nChris Wright (2007–2011) : C. J. C. Wright\nJohn Wright (1962–1967) : J. V. Wright\nRoger Wrightson (1965–1967) : R. W. Wrightson\nNorman Wykes (1925–1936) : N. G. Wykes","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umesh Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umesh_Yadav"},{"link_name":"Sailor Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Young"}],"text":"Umesh Yadav (2023) : U. T. Yadav\nSailor Young (1898–1912) : H. I. Young","title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Zampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Zampa"}],"text":"Adam Zampa (2018–2019) : A. Zampa","title":"Z"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Dagenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagenham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"club cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_cricket"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"wicket-keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicket-keeper"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"wicket-keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicket-keeper"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"^ Davis played in four County Championship matches during 1920 as well as for the Second XI during the same season. Other than a surname and initial no biographical details are known.[5]\n\n^ Gunary was born at Dagenham in 1895. He was a farmer[6] who played club cricket for Ilford, captaining the first XI from 1929 to 1932,[7][8] as well as playing for both Dagenham and Dagenham United.[9] He played a single match for the county side, a 1929 fixture against Leicestershire in which he bowled 19 overs in the match without taking a wicket.[10]\n\n^ Harris played in two first-class matches for the side as a wicket-keeper in 1905, scoring no runs and holding four catches.[11] He may have had the first initial J,[12] but otherwise no biographical details are known.\n\n^ Naylor played in one first-class match for Essex as a wicket-keeper in 1906. He scored two runs and held two catches. Other than a surname and initial no biographical details are known.[13]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Essex cricket captains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Essex_cricket_captains"}]	[{"reference":"\"First-class events played by Essex\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/101/First-Class_Events.html","url_text":"\"First-class events played by Essex\""}]},{"reference":"\"List A events played by Essex\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/101/List_A_Events.html","url_text":"\"List A events played by Essex\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twenty20 matches played by Essex\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 7 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/101/Twenty20_Matches.html","url_text":"\"Twenty20 matches played by Essex\""}]},{"reference":"\"Essex players\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/101/Players.html","url_text":"\"Essex players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notices\" (PDF). The London Gazette. 21 July 1933. p. 4912. Retrieved 16 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33962/supplement/4912/data.pdf","url_text":"\"Notices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ilford Cricket Club sensation\". The Recorder. 1 February 1929. p. 13. Retrieved 16 May 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003480/19290201/217/0013","url_text":"\"Ilford Cricket Club sensation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Gunary resigns\". The Recorder. 8 September 1932. p. 3. Retrieved 16 May 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003480/19320908/037/0003","url_text":"\"Bill Gunary resigns\""}]},{"reference":"Porter, J. \"Cricket in Dagenham\". Barking and District Historical Society. Retrieved 16 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barkinghistory.co.uk/cricket-in-dagenham.html","url_text":"\"Cricket in Dagenham\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Gunary\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 16 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Players/4/4891/4891.html","url_text":"\"William Gunary\""}]},{"reference":"Lemmon, David (1994). The Book of Essex Cricketers. Derby: Breedon Books. p. 79. ISBN 1873626770.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1873626770","url_text":"1873626770"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/101/First-Class_Events.html","external_links_name":"\"First-class events played by Essex\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/101/List_A_Events.html","external_links_name":"\"List A events played by Essex\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/101/Twenty20_Matches.html","external_links_name":"\"Twenty20 matches played by Essex\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/101/Players.html","external_links_name":"\"Essex players\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/28/28985/28985.html","external_links_name":"W Davis"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33962/supplement/4912/data.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Notices\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003480/19290201/217/0013","external_links_name":"\"Ilford Cricket Club sensation\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003480/19320908/037/0003","external_links_name":"\"Bill Gunary resigns\""},{"Link":"http://www.barkinghistory.co.uk/cricket-in-dagenham.html","external_links_name":"\"Cricket in Dagenham\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Players/4/4891/4891.html","external_links_name":"\"William Gunary\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/29/29980/29980.html","external_links_name":"Harris"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/7/7076/7076.html","external_links_name":"W Naylor"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(disambiguation)	John Henry	["1 People","1.1 Politicians","1.2 Sportsmen","1.3 Other people","2 In art, media, and entertainment","2.1 Characters","2.2 Film","2.3 Literature","2.4 Music","3 Other uses","4 See also"]	Look up John Henry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. John Henry most commonly refers to: John Henry (folklore) John or Jack Henry may also refer to: People Politicians John Henry, Margrave of Moravia (1322–1375), Royal family member of the Holy Roman Empire John Henry (Maryland politician) (1750–1798), U.S. senator from and governor of Maryland John Vernon Henry (1767–1829), American politician, New York State comptroller John Flournoy Henry (1793–1873), U.S. representative from Kentucky John Franklin Henry Mississippi state representative John Henry (representative) (1800–1882), U.S. representative from Illinois John Snowdon Henry (1824–1896), British politician from South-East Lancashire J. L. Henry (John Lane Henry, 1831–1907), Supreme Court of Texas judge John Henry (Australian politician) (1834–1912), Tasmanian House of Assembly member and treasurer of Tasmania Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1931–2010), Hungarian prince John Henry (Ontario politician) (born 1960), Canadian politician, mayor of Oshawa, Ontario John Henry (Cook Islands politician), Cook Islander politician Sportsmen John Henry (outfielder/pitcher) (1863–1939), American baseball outfielder/pitcher John Henry (catcher) (1889–1941), American baseball catcher Jack Henry (footballer, born 1922) (1922–2004), Australian rules footballer for Essendon Jack Henry (American football) (fl. 1990s), American football player and coach John Henry (footballer) (born 1971), Scottish footballer Jack Henry (footballer, born 1998), Australian rules footballer for Geelong Other people John Henry (actor) (1738–1794), Irish and early American actor John Joseph Henry (1758–1811), American Revolutionary War soldier John Henry (spy) (c. 1776–1853), British spy Seán Ó hEinirí (1915–1998), known in English as John Henry, Irish storyteller and known monolingual speaker of the Irish language Jack Henry (industrialist) (1917–2003), New Zealand industrialist Don Marion Davis (1917–2020), American former child actor known as John Henry Jr. John Henry (judge) (born c.1933), New Zealand jurist John Henry (toxicologist) (1939–2007), English toxicologist John Raymond Henry (1943-2022), American sculptor John Ruthell Henry (1951–2014), American serial killer John W. Henry (born 1949), American businessman and owner of sports teams John B. Henry Jr. (1916-2013), United States Air Force general John Henry (born c. 1972), American vocalist in the band Darkest Hour John Henry, a stage name of British comedian Norman Clapham (1879–1934) Jon Henri, a pseudonym used by American cartoonist Joe Simon In art, media, and entertainment Characters John Henry, a character/ stage name of the comedian Norman Clapham, popular in BBC radio in the 1920s John Henry, character in the 2006 comic series The Transformers: Evolutions John Henry, character in the Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles science-fiction TV series John Henry (DC Comics), alter ego of John Wilson, character in DC Comics Steel (John Henry Irons), character from DC Comics, more commonly known as the superhero Steel Film John Henry, a character in the 1963 film All the Way Home John Henry (2000 film), a short film in the Disney's American Legends series John Henry (2020 film), a dramatic thriller film starring Terry Crews and Ludacris Literature John Henry (novel), a 1931 novel by Roark Bradford John Henry, an American Legend (1971), a children's book by Ezra Jack Keats John Henry (picture book) (1994) a children's picture book by Julius Lester Music John Henry (album), a 1994 album by They Might Be Giants "John Henry" or "John Henry Blues", a song recorded by DeFord Bailey John Henry (musical), a 1940 Broadway musical based on the 1931 novel Other uses John Henry (horse) (1975–2007), American Thoroughbred race horse Jack Henry & Associates, an American information technology company John Henry, an American brand of clothing, originated by Henry Grethel, now owned by Perry Ellis International See also All pages with titles beginning with John Henry All pages with titles containing John Henry John Hemry John Henryism, a psychological term for a type of coping behaviours, named after the folklore John Henry Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title John Henry.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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L. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Henry"},{"link_name":"John Henry (Australian politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Johannes_Heinrich_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"John Henry (Ontario politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(Ontario_politician)"},{"link_name":"John Henry (Cook Islands politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(Cook_Islands_politician)"}],"sub_title":"Politicians","text":"John Henry, Margrave of Moravia (1322–1375), Royal family member of the Holy Roman Empire\nJohn Henry (Maryland politician) (1750–1798), U.S. senator from and governor of Maryland\nJohn Vernon Henry (1767–1829), American politician, New York State comptroller\nJohn Flournoy Henry (1793–1873), U.S. representative from Kentucky\nJohn Franklin Henry Mississippi state representative\nJohn Henry (representative) (1800–1882), U.S. representative from Illinois\nJohn Snowdon Henry (1824–1896), British politician from South-East Lancashire\nJ. L. Henry (John Lane Henry, 1831–1907), Supreme Court of Texas judge\nJohn Henry (Australian politician) (1834–1912), Tasmanian House of Assembly member and treasurer of Tasmania\nPrince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1931–2010), Hungarian prince\nJohn Henry (Ontario politician) (born 1960), Canadian politician, mayor of Oshawa, Ontario\nJohn Henry (Cook Islands politician), Cook Islander politician","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Henry (outfielder/pitcher)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(outfielder/pitcher)"},{"link_name":"John Henry (catcher)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"Jack Henry (footballer, born 1922)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Henry_(footballer,_born_1922)"},{"link_name":"Jack Henry (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Henry_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"John Henry (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jack Henry (footballer, born 1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Henry_(footballer,_born_1998)"}],"sub_title":"Sportsmen","text":"John Henry (outfielder/pitcher) (1863–1939), American baseball outfielder/pitcher\nJohn Henry (catcher) (1889–1941), American baseball catcher\nJack Henry (footballer, born 1922) (1922–2004), Australian rules footballer for Essendon\nJack Henry (American football) (fl. 1990s), American football player and coach\nJohn Henry (footballer) (born 1971), Scottish footballer\nJack Henry (footballer, born 1998), Australian rules footballer for Geelong","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Henry (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Joseph Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Henry"},{"link_name":"John Henry (spy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(spy)"},{"link_name":"Seán Ó hEinirí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_hEinir%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Jack Henry (industrialist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Henry_(industrialist)"},{"link_name":"Don Marion Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Marion_Davis"},{"link_name":"John Henry (judge)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(judge)"},{"link_name":"John Henry (toxicologist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(toxicologist)"},{"link_name":"John Raymond Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Raymond_Henry"},{"link_name":"John Ruthell Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruthell_Henry"},{"link_name":"John W. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Henry"},{"link_name":"John B. Henry Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Henry_Jr."},{"link_name":"Darkest Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkest_Hour_(band)"},{"link_name":"Norman Clapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Clapham"},{"link_name":"Joe Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Simon"}],"sub_title":"Other people","text":"John Henry (actor) (1738–1794), Irish and early American actor\nJohn Joseph Henry (1758–1811), American Revolutionary War soldier\nJohn Henry (spy) (c. 1776–1853), British spy\nSeán Ó hEinirí (1915–1998), known in English as John Henry, Irish storyteller and known monolingual speaker of the Irish language\nJack Henry (industrialist) (1917–2003), New Zealand industrialist\nDon Marion Davis (1917–2020), American former child actor known as John Henry Jr.\nJohn Henry (judge) (born c.1933), New Zealand jurist\nJohn Henry (toxicologist) (1939–2007), English toxicologist\nJohn Raymond Henry (1943-2022), American sculptor\nJohn Ruthell Henry (1951–2014), American serial killer\nJohn W. Henry (born 1949), American businessman and owner of sports teams\nJohn B. Henry Jr. (1916-2013), United States Air Force general\nJohn Henry (born c. 1972), American vocalist in the band Darkest Hour\nJohn Henry, a stage name of British comedian Norman Clapham (1879–1934)\nJon Henri, a pseudonym used by American cartoonist Joe Simon","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In art, media, and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Clapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Clapham"},{"link_name":"The Transformers: Evolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transformers:_Evolutions"},{"link_name":"Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Terminator:_The_Sarah_Connor_Chronicles_minor_characters#John_Henry"},{"link_name":"John Henry (DC Comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Steel (John Henry Irons)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_(John_Henry_Irons)"}],"sub_title":"Characters","text":"John Henry, a character/ stage name of the comedian Norman Clapham, popular in BBC radio in the 1920s\nJohn Henry, character in the 2006 comic series The Transformers: Evolutions\nJohn Henry, character in the Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles science-fiction TV series\nJohn Henry (DC Comics), alter ego of John Wilson, character in DC Comics\nSteel (John Henry Irons), character from DC Comics, more commonly known as the superhero Steel","title":"In art, media, and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All the Way Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Way_Home_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"John Henry (2000 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"John Henry (2020 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(2020_film)"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"John Henry, a character in the 1963 film All the Way Home\nJohn Henry (2000 film), a short film in the Disney's American Legends series\nJohn Henry (2020 film), a dramatic thriller film starring Terry Crews and Ludacris","title":"In art, media, and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Henry (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(novel)"},{"link_name":"John Henry, an American Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry,_an_American_Legend"},{"link_name":"John Henry (picture book)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(picture_book)"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"John Henry (novel), a 1931 novel by Roark Bradford\nJohn Henry, an American Legend (1971), a children's book by Ezra Jack Keats\nJohn Henry (picture book) (1994) a children's picture book by Julius Lester","title":"In art, media, and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Henry (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(album)"},{"link_name":"DeFord Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeFord_Bailey"},{"link_name":"John Henry (musical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(musical)"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"John Henry (album), a 1994 album by They Might Be Giants\n\"John Henry\" or \"John Henry Blues\", a song recorded by DeFord Bailey\nJohn Henry (musical), a 1940 Broadway musical based on the 1931 novel","title":"In art, media, and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Henry (horse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Jack Henry & Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Henry_%26_Associates"},{"link_name":"Henry Grethel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Grethel"}],"text":"John Henry (horse) (1975–2007), American Thoroughbred race horse\nJack Henry & Associates, an American information technology company\nJohn Henry, an American brand of clothing, originated by Henry Grethel, now owned by Perry Ellis International","title":"Other uses"}]	[]	[{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with John Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/John_Henry"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing John Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22John_Henry%22"},{"title":"John Hemry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hemry"},{"title":"John Henryism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henryism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/John_Henry&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/John_Henry&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics	Hungary at the 1998 Winter Olympics	["1 Alpine skiing","2 Biathlon","3 Bobsleigh","4 Cross-country skiing","5 Figure skating","6 Speed skating","7 References"]	Sporting event delegationHungary at the1998 Winter OlympicsIOC codeHUNNOCHungarian Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.olimpia.hu (in Hungarian and English)in NaganoCompetitors17 (8 men and 9 women) in 6 sportsFlag bearer Krisztina Egyed (speed skating)OfficialsKrisztina CzakóJános PanyikMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Winter Olympics appearances (overview)192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022 Hungary competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. Alpine skiing Main article: Alpine skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics Women Athlete Event Race 1 Race 2 Total Time Time Time Rank Kinga Barsi Slalom DNF – DNF – Mónika Kovács Downhill DSQ – Super-G 1:24.77 40 Giant Slalom 1:30.73 1:44.83 3:15.56 32 Marika Labancz Slalom DNF – DNF – Women's combined Athlete Downhill Slalom Total Time Time 1 Time 2 Total time Rank Mónika Kovács 1:37.35 45.90 43.06 3:06.31 21 Biathlon Main article: Biathlon at the 1998 Winter Olympics Men Event Athlete Misses 1 Time Rank 10 km Sprint János Panyik 1 31:50.0 63 Women Event Athlete Misses 1 Time Rank 7.5 km Sprint Zsuzsanna Bekecs 6 29:50.3 64 Bernadett Dira 5 28:48.9 63 Event Athlete Time Misses Adjusted time 2 Rank 15 km Éva Szemcsák 1'00:51.8 5 1'05:51.8 58 Anna Bozsik 59:41.1 6 1'05:41.1 57 1 A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target. 2 One minute added per missed target. Bobsleigh Main article: Bobsleigh at the 1998 Winter Olympics Sled Athletes Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank HUN-1 Nicholas FranklPéter PallaiZsolt ZsomborBertalan Pintér Four-man 55.16 25 54.82 23 54.94 23 2:44.92 24 Cross-country skiing Main article: Cross-country skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics Men Event Athlete Race Time Rank 10 km C Balázs Latrompette Yann 35:30.9 89 C = Classical style, F = Freestyle Figure skating Main article: Figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics Men Athlete SP FS TFP Rank Szabolcs Vidrai 12 13 19.0 13 Women Athlete SP FS TFP Rank Júlia Sebestyén 19 15 24.5 15 Speed skating Main article: Speed skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics Men Event Athlete Race 1 Race 2 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank 500 m Zsolt Baló 38.48 40 38.08 38 76.56 37 1000 m Zsolt Baló 1:15.87 42 1500 m Zsolt Baló 1:55.52 42 Women Event Athlete Race 1 Race 2 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank 500 m Krisztina Egyed 41.20 33 41.41 33 82.61 32 1000 m Krisztina Egyed 1:21.23 23 1500 m Krisztina Egyed 2:05.79 27 References Official Olympic Reports International Olympic Committee results database Olympic Winter Games 1998, full results by sports-reference.com vteNations at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, JapanAfrica Kenya South Africa America Argentina Bermuda Brazil Canada Chile Jamaica Puerto Rico Trinidad-Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia China Chinese Taipei India Iran Japan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kyrgyzstan Mongolia Uzbekistan Europe Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Yugoslavia Oceania Australia New Zealand This article about sports in Hungary is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This 1998 Winter Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"1998 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"text":"Hungary competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.","title":"Hungary at the 1998 Winter Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"WomenWomen's combined","title":"Alpine skiing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen1 A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target.\n2 One minute added per missed target.","title":"Biathlon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bobsleigh"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenC = Classical style, F = Freestyle","title":"Cross-country skiing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Figure skating"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Speed skating"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.olimpia.hu/","external_links_name":"www.olimpia.hu"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.amateur-boxing.vip.interia.pl/Championships/OlympicGames2000.html","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Reports"},{"Link":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp","external_links_name":"International Olympic Committee results database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090425191343/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1998/","external_links_name":"Olympic Winter Games 1998, full results by sports-reference.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungary_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungary_at_the_1998_Winter_Olympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinobatos_sainsburyi	Goldeneye shovelnose ray	["1 References"]	Species of cartilaginous fish Goldeneye shovelnose ray Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Subclass: Elasmobranchii Superorder: Batoidea Order: Rhinopristiformes Family: Rhinobatidae Genus: Rhinobatos Species: R. sainsburyi Binomial name Rhinobatos sainsburyiLast, 2004 The goldeneye shovelnose ray (Rhinobatos sainsburyi) is a species of fish in the Rhinobatidae family. It is endemic to north-western Australia (Monte Bello Islands to Melville Island). Its natural habitat is open seas. References ^ McAuley, R.B.; Kyne, P.M. (2015). "Rhinobatos sainsburyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T42721A68641936. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T42721A68641936.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Taxon identifiersRhinobatos sainsburyi Wikidata: Q4668690 Wikispecies: Rhinobatos sainsburyi AFD: Rhinobatos_sainsburyi BOLD: 890378 CoL: 4S7XN FishBase: 63347 GBIF: 2419070 iNaturalist: 111681 IRMNG: 11124913 IUCN: 42721 NCBI: 2961591 OBIS: 271609 Open Tree of Life: 3594590 Plazi: D912579C-6E87-A2D7-F12F-0E3664FBE720 WoRMS: 271609 ZooBank: 9E973A69-CED4-4DE8-BF1E-96E14D7BF7E9 This Rajiformes article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Rhinobatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinobatidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Monte Bello Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Bello_Islands"},{"link_name":"Melville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Island_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea"}],"text":"The goldeneye shovelnose ray (Rhinobatos sainsburyi) is a species of fish in the Rhinobatidae family. It is endemic to north-western Australia (Monte Bello Islands to Melville Island). Its natural habitat is open seas.","title":"Goldeneye shovelnose ray"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"McAuley, R.B.; Kyne, P.M. (2015). \"Rhinobatos sainsburyi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T42721A68641936. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T42721A68641936.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42721/68641936","url_text":"\"Rhinobatos sainsburyi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T42721A68641936.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T42721A68641936.en"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42721/68641936","external_links_name":"\"Rhinobatos sainsburyi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T42721A68641936.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T42721A68641936.en"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Rhinobatos_sainsburyi","external_links_name":"Rhinobatos_sainsburyi"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=890378","external_links_name":"890378"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4S7XN","external_links_name":"4S7XN"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/63347","external_links_name":"63347"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2419070","external_links_name":"2419070"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/111681","external_links_name":"111681"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11124913","external_links_name":"11124913"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/42721","external_links_name":"42721"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2961591","external_links_name":"2961591"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/271609","external_links_name":"271609"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3594590","external_links_name":"3594590"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D912579C-6E87-A2D7-F12F-0E3664FBE720","external_links_name":"D912579C-6E87-A2D7-F12F-0E3664FBE720"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=271609","external_links_name":"271609"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/9E973A69-CED4-4DE8-BF1E-96E14D7BF7E9","external_links_name":"9E973A69-CED4-4DE8-BF1E-96E14D7BF7E9"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldeneye_shovelnose_ray&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_diseases	Nine diseases	["1 Excerpt from Kalevala","2 See also","3 Footnotes","4 References"]	In Finnish mythology, the Nine diseases are the sons of Loviatar, the blind daughter of Tuoni. She is impregnated by wind (some versions of the story tell that Iku-Turso fathered them). According to the version told in the Kalevala they are Pistos (consumption), Ähky (colic), Luuvalo (gout), Riisi (rickets), Paise (ulcer), Rupi (scab), Syöjä (cancer), and Rutto (plague). The ninth, a witch and the worst of all, remains unnamed. He, the personification of envy, is banished by his mother to become the scourge of mankind. Other rune versions mention nine diseases by name the witch being the tenth son. Some of them also use more esoteric names such as Nuolennoutaja (Retriever of arrow), Painaja (Strainer or nightmare), Kielen kantaja (Carrier of tongue), Ohimoiden ottaja (Taker of temples), and Sydämen syöjä (Eater of heart), which can as well be interpreted as names of diseases. Louhi, the Mistress of North who acts as a midwife to the sons, sends them to Kaleva where they are defeated by Väinämöinen. Excerpt from Kalevala Thus Lowyatar named her offspring, Colic, Pleurisy, and Fever, Ulcer, Plague, and dread Consumption, Gout, Sterility, and Cancer. And the worst of these nine children Blind Lowyatar quickly banished, Drove away as an enchanter, To bewitch the lowland people, To engender strife and envy. See also Syöjätär, in one recorded Finnish folk song Syöjätär originates from the tenth child of Loviatar Footnotes ^ Suomalainen mytologia. By Martti Haavio. Published in 1967. ^ Kalevala, Rune XLV. Translated by John Martin Crawford (1888). References Turunen, Aimo (1981). Kalevalan sanat ja niiden taustat. Karjalaisen kulttuurin edistämissäätiö. ISBN 951-9363-24-6. This article relating to a European folklore is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nine diseases"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Excerpt from Kalevala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-crawford1_2-0"},{"link_name":"Kalevala, Rune XLV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sacred-texts.com/neu/kveng/kvrune45.htm"}],"text":"^ Suomalainen mytologia. By Martti Haavio. Published in 1967.\n\n^ Kalevala, Rune XLV. Translated by John Martin Crawford (1888).","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Syöjätär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%B6j%C3%A4t%C3%A4r"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/kveng/kvrune45.htm","external_links_name":"Kalevala, Rune XLV"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nine_diseases&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Bireley	Robert L. Bireley	["1 Life","2 Works","3 References"]	American historian (1933–2018) Robert L. Bireley (July 26, 1933 – March 14, 2018) was an American Jesuit historian of Counter-Reformation Central Europe. Life Bireley was born in Evanston, Illinois, on July 26, 1933. He joined the Jesuits in 1951, making his final vows in 1974. He was ordained a priest in Germany in 1964. He took degrees in Latin and History from Loyola University Chicago, in Philosophy from West Baden College in Indiana, and in Theology from Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt am Main. In 1972 he completed a doctorate in History at Harvard University. He taught at Loyola University Chicago for 45 years. Bireley received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1982. He served as president of the American Catholic Historical Association (2008) and on the editorial boards of the Catholic Historical Review (1979–85) and Renaissance Quarterly (2000-3). He died on March 14, 2018, in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, aged 84. Works Politics and Religion in the Age of the Counterreformation: Emperor Ferdinand II, William Lamormaini, SJ, and the Formation of Imperial Policy (University of North Carolina Press, 1981) The Counter-Reformation Prince (University of North Carolina Press, 1990) The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 (Macmillan, 1999) The Jesuits and the Thirty Years War (Cambridge, 2003) Ferdinand II: Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578-1637 (Cambridge, 2014) References ^ a b c In Memoriam: Fr. Robert L. Bireley, SJ, Jesuits USA Midwest Province ^ Robert Bireley s.j., John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. ^ Emeritus Faculty: Bireley, Robert, Loyola University of Chicago Department of History. Portals: Biography Catholicism United States Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"}],"text":"Robert L. Bireley (July 26, 1933 – March 14, 2018) was an American Jesuit historian of Counter-Reformation Central Europe.","title":"Robert L. Bireley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evanston, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jesuits-1"},{"link_name":"Loyola University Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago"},{"link_name":"West Baden College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baden_College"},{"link_name":"Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Georgen_Graduate_School_of_Philosophy_and_Theology"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jesuits-1"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American Catholic Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Catholic_Historical_Association"},{"link_name":"Catholic Historical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Historical_Review"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wauwatosa, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wauwatosa,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jesuits-1"}],"text":"Bireley was born in Evanston, Illinois, on July 26, 1933.[1] He joined the Jesuits in 1951, making his final vows in 1974. He was ordained a priest in Germany in 1964.He took degrees in Latin and History from Loyola University Chicago, in Philosophy from West Baden College in Indiana, and in Theology from Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt am Main. In 1972 he completed a doctorate in History at Harvard University. He taught at Loyola University Chicago for 45 years.[1]Bireley received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1982.[2] He served as president of the American Catholic Historical Association (2008) and on the editorial boards of the Catholic Historical Review (1979–85) and Renaissance Quarterly (2000-3).[3]He died on March 14, 2018, in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, aged 84.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Politics and Religion in the Age of the Counterreformation: Emperor Ferdinand II, William Lamormaini, SJ, and the Formation of Imperial Policy (University of North Carolina Press, 1981)\nThe Counter-Reformation Prince (University of North Carolina Press, 1990)\nThe Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 (Macmillan, 1999)\nThe Jesuits and the Thirty Years War (Cambridge, 2003)\nFerdinand II: Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578-1637 (Cambridge, 2014)","title":"Works"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://jesuitsmidwest.org/news-detail?TN=NEWS-20180315025408","external_links_name":"In Memoriam: Fr. Robert L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cade	Jack Cade's Rebellion	["1 Identity","2 Origins of the Jack Cade Rebellion","3 Rebellion","4 Cade's fall","5 Aftermath","6 Monument","7 Literature","8 See also","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"]	Popular revolt in England, 1450 For the American Civil War scout, see Jack Cade (scout). Jack Cade's RebellionJack Cade's Rebellion, depicted in a mural of the history of the Old Kent RoadDate1450LocationSouth-east EnglandResulted inGovernment victoryParties England City of London Jack Cade's Rebels Lead figures Henry VI of England Jack Cade † Casualties and losses 40 London citizens 200 Rebels Lord Saye and Sele brought before Jack Cade, painting by Charles Lucy Jack Cade's Rebellion was a popular revolt in 1450 against the government of England, which took place in the south-east of the country between the months of April and July. It stemmed from local grievances regarding the corruption, maladministration and abuse of power of the king's closest advisors and local officials, as well as recent military losses in France during the Hundred Years' War. Leading an army of men from south-eastern England, the rebellion's leader Jack Cade marched on London in order to force the government to reform the administration and remove from power the "traitors" deemed responsible for bad governance. Apart from the Cornish rebellion of 1497, it was the largest popular uprising to take place in England during the 15th century. Despite Cade's attempt to keep his men under control, once the rebel forces had entered London they began to loot. The citizens of London turned on the rebels and forced them out of the city in a bloody battle on London Bridge. To end the bloodshed the rebels were issued pardons by the king and told to return home. Cade fled but was later caught on 12 July 1450 by Alexander Iden, a future High Sheriff of Kent. As a result of the skirmish with Iden, the mortally wounded Cade died before reaching London for trial. The Jack Cade Rebellion has been perceived as a reflection of the social, political, and economic issues of the time period and as a precursor to the Wars of the Roses which saw the decline of the Lancaster dynasty and the rise of the House of York. Identity Jack CadeBornc. 1420–1430Probably SussexDied12 July 1450Cade Street, SussexOther namesJohn CadeJohn MortimerKnown forJack Cade's rebellion Very little is known about the identity and origins of Jack (possibly John) Cade. Given that the rebel leader did not leave behind any personal documents, and the use of aliases was common among rebels, historians are forced to base their claims on rumour and speculation. According to Mark Antony Lower, Jack (or John) Cade was probably born in Sussex between 1420 and 1430 and historians agree for certain that he was a member of the lower ranks of society. During the rebellion of 1450, Cade took on the title of "Captain of Kent" and adopted the alias "John Mortimer". The name "Mortimer" had negative connotations for King Henry VI and his associates because Henry's main rival for the throne of England was Richard, Duke of York, who had Mortimer ancestry on his mother's side. The possibility that Cade may have been working with York was enough to prompt the king into moving against the rebels without delay. At the time of the rebellion the Duke of York was out of the country serving as Lieutenant of Ireland. To date, no evidence has been found indicating that he was involved in funding or inciting the uprising. It is more likely that Cade used the name "Mortimer" as propaganda to give his cause more legitimacy. When the rebels were issued a pardon on 7 July 1450, Cade was issued a pardon under the name "Mortimer", but once it was discovered that he had lied about his identity, the pardon was rendered void. Among his followers, Cade's dedication to having the people's complaints heard and restoring order within both local and central governments earned him the nickname "John Mend-all" or "John Amend-all". It is not known whether Cade himself chose the name or not. One tale of the time claimed that Cade was the doctor John Alymere who was married to the daughter of a squire in Surrey. Another rumour suggested that he enjoyed dabbling in the dark arts and had once worked for Sir Tomas Dacres before fleeing the country after murdering a pregnant woman. Origins of the Jack Cade Rebellion In the years preceding the Jack Cade Rebellion, England suffered from both internal and external difficulties and the animosity of the lower classes toward Henry VI was on the rise. Years of war against France had caused the country to go into debt and the recent loss of Normandy caused morale to decline and led to a widespread fear of invasion. Already the coastal regions of England such as Kent and Sussex were seeing attacks by Norman soldiers and French armies. Ill-equipped by the government, English soldiers took to raiding towns along the route to France with their victims receiving no compensation. Henry's call to set warning beacons along the coastline confirmed peoples' suspicions that an attack by the French was possible. These fears and continuous unrest in the coastal counties inspired many Englishmen to rally in an attempt to force the King to address their problems or abdicate his throne in favour of someone more competent. At court the different opinions on how England should proceed in the war with France led to party divisions. Henry favoured peace while his uncle the Duke of Gloucester and other nobles felt England should continue to fight for England's claim to the French throne. Internecine fighting in court eventually led to the banishment of the king's closest friend and advisor William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk. To add to England's troubles many believed that the king had surrounded himself with advisors who were ineffective and corrupt. At the heart of the corruption scandal was the Duke of Suffolk. When the duke's body washed up on the shores of Dover the people of Kent feared retaliation. Rumours emerged claiming that the king intended to turn Kent into a Royal forest in retaliation for the duke's death. Tired of the exploitation that the Duke of Suffolk had come to represent, the commons of Kent led by Jack Cade marched on London. It is estimated that about 5,000 people took part in the uprising. In the spring of 1450, Cade organised the creation and distribution of a manifesto entitled The Complaint of the Poor Commons of Kent. The manifesto represented not only the grievances of the people but of several MPs, lords and magnates as well. The document included a list of fifteen complaints and five demands to be brought before the king for scrutiny and dictated the causes of the revolt. The first issue to be addressed was that Cade's followers from Kent were being unjustly blamed for the death of the Duke of Suffolk. Despite the well-known anger of the peasants towards the Duke, the Bill of Complaints dismissed the idea that the rebels were responsible. In addition the rebels called for inquiries into cases of corruption within local and national governments and for the removal of corrupt high officials. Cade's list of complaints goes on to charge King Henry with injustice for not choosing to impeach his underlings and lords even though they were guilty of treasonous and unlawful acts. The king's counselors and officials were accused of rigging elections, extortion, manipulating the king for their own gains and using their close position to the king to oppress those below them. Besides the Duke of Suffolk, the rebels explicitly called out Lord Saye and officials Crowmer, Isley, St Leger and Est for extortion. Affiliates of Suffolk, Lord Saye and his son-in-law Crowmer held prominent positions within the king's household and in the local administration of Kent. Both had served several terms as High Sheriffs of Kent and as members of the king's council. Furthermore, in 1449, Saye was appointed to the prestigious office of Lord High Treasurer. Isley and St Leger also served as Sheriffs and MPs in the county of Kent. When the king failed to remedy their grievances the rebels marched on London. Rebellion In May 1450, the rebels began to join together in an organised fashion and began to move towards London. Cade sent out delegates to the surrounding counties to elicit aid and additional men. By early June more than 5,000 men had assembled at Blackheath, 6 miles (9.7 km) south-east of the City of London. They were mostly peasants but their numbers were swelled by shopkeepers, craftsmen, and some landowners (the list of pardoned shows the presence of one knight, two MPs, and eighteen squires). Several soldiers and sailors returning via Kent from the French wars also joined in the fray. Hoping to disperse the rebellion before any real damage could be done, the king sent a small host of his royal contingents to quell the rebellion. The royal forces were led by Sir Humphrey Stafford (d. 1450), of Grafton in the parish of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, and his second cousin William Stafford (d. 1450), of Southwick, Wiltshire (father of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon). The royal forces underestimated the rebels' strength and were led into an ambush at Sevenoaks. In the skirmish on 18 June 1450, the two Stafford cousins were killed. Cade took the expensive clothing and armour of Sir Humphrey as his own. On 28 June, William Ayscough, the unpopular Bishop of Salisbury, was murdered by a mob in Wiltshire. William Ayscough had been the king's personal confessor and his position next to the king had allowed him to become one of the most powerful men in the country. Afraid that he might meet the same fate and shocked by the rebels' military ability, the king sought refuge in Warwickshire. Gaining confidence through their victory the rebels advanced to Southwark, at the southern end of London Bridge. Cade set up headquarters in The White Hart inn before crossing the bridge and entering the city with his followers on 3 July 1450. To prevent any infringement on his comings and goings within the city Cade cut the ropes on the bridge so that they could not be raised against him. Upon entering London, Cade stopped at the London Stone. He struck the stone with his sword and declared himself Lord Mayor in the traditional manner. By striking the stone, Cade had symbolically reclaimed the country for the Mortimers to whom he claimed to be related. Once inside the city's gates, Cade and his men initiated a series of tribunals dedicated to seeking out and convicting those accused of corruption. At Guildhall on 4 July, James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele, the Lord High Treasurer, was brought in for a sham trial. Upon being found guilty of treason he was taken to Cheapside and beheaded. Fiennes' son-in-law William Crowmer (son of William Cromer, a former Sheriff of London, MP and twice Lord Mayor of London) was also executed by the rebels. The heads of the two men were put on pikes and unceremoniously paraded through the streets of London while their bearers pushed them together so that they appeared to kiss. Their heads were then affixed to London Bridge. Despite Cade's frequent assurances that his followers would maintain a proper and orderly demeanour, as the rebel host made its way through the city many of the rebels, including Cade himself, began to engage in looting and drunken behaviour. Gradually Cade's inability to control his followers alienated the initially sympathetic citizens of London, who eventually turned against the rebels. When, on 7 July, Cade's army returned over the bridge to Southwark for the night, the London officials closed the bridge to prevent Cade from re-entering the city. The next day, on 8 July, at about ten in the evening, a battle erupted on London Bridge between Cade's army and various citizens and officials of London. The battle lasted until eight the next morning, when the rebels retreated with heavy casualties. One writer estimated that at least 40 Londoners and 200 rebels were killed at the battle. Cade's fall After the battle on London Bridge, Archbishop John Kemp (Lord Chancellor) persuaded Cade to call off his followers by issuing official pardons, and promising to fulfil the rebels' demands. Although King Henry VI had issued pardons to Cade and his followers, a proclamation written by the King shortly after the rebellion voided all previously issued pardons. The document was entitled "Writ and Proclamation by the King for the Taking of Cade". In the document the King claimed that he revoked the previous pardons because they had not been created or approved by the Parliament. In the proclamation Cade was charged with deceiving the people of England to assemble with him in his rebellion and stated that none of the King's subjects should join Cade or help him in any way. A reward of 1,000 marks was promised to whoever could capture and deliver Jack Cade to the king, dead or alive. Cade fled towards Lewes but on 12 July, in a garden in which he had taken shelter, was overtaken by Alexander Iden (eventual second husband of the murdered William Cromer's widow Elizabeth Fiennes, and a future High Sheriff of Kent). In the skirmish, Cade was fatally wounded and died before reaching London for trial. As a warning to others, Cade's body underwent a mock trial and was beheaded at Newgate. Cade's body was dragged through the streets of London before being quartered. His limbs were sent throughout Kent to various cities and locations that were believed to have been strong supporters of the rebel uprising. Aftermath To prevent further uprisings, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham was given permission from the king to seek out the remainder of Cade's followers and bring them to trial. The search took place in and around areas where support for the uprising was felt to be the strongest—Blackheath, Canterbury and the coastal areas of Faversham and the Isle of Sheppey. The inquiries by bishops and justices were so thorough that in Canterbury (the first area searched by the royal commission) eight followers were quickly found and hanged. Although the Jack Cade Rebellion was quickly dispersed after Cade's death, the royal commission failed to rid England of the feeling of rebellion. Inspired by Cade and his rebellion many other counties in England revolted. In Sussex the yeomen brothers John and William Merfold organised their own rebellion against King Henry VI. Unlike Cade's revolt the men of Sussex were more radical and aggressive in their demands for reform. It is possible the animosity felt by the men of Sussex had arisen in part because the king had revoked the pardons issued to Cade and his followers. An indictment following the Sussex rebellion accused the rebels of wanting to kill the king and all his Lords, replacing them with twelve of the rioters' own men. The rebellions in Sussex did not achieve the same following as that of Cade's. While the minor rebellions inspired by Cade's rebellion did not produce a large number of deaths or immediate changes they can be seen as important precursors to the Wars of the Roses. These large battles over the crown of England would result in the end of the Lancaster dynasty and the creation of the Yorks. The weakness of the Lancaster dynasty and the English government had been exposed. In addition, the request made by the rebels in Cade's manifesto that the king welcome the Duke of York as his advisor outright informed the king that the masses wished to see the duke return from exile. When Richard the Duke of York finally did return to England in September 1450 several of his demands and reform policies were based on those made in the manifesto issued by Cade. Monument There is long-standing tradition that this clash between Iden and Cade took place at a small hamlet near (old) Heathfield in East Sussex. This place had since become known as Cade Street. A monument dedicated to Cade has been placed along the roadside. The monument states that on this location the rebel leader Jack Cade was captured and killed by Alexander Iden. Given that the exact location of Cade's capture is under dispute it is possible that Cade Street was named in error. The monument was erected by Francis Newbury between 1791 and 1819. Literature The story of Jack Cade's Rebellion was later dramatised by William Shakespeare in his play, Henry VI, Part 2. It was also dramatized in the 1835 play Aylmere (also billed as Jack Cade) by the Philadelphia politician and writer Robert T. Conrad. Though originally written for another actor, the play was for many years a principal part of the repertory of the American tragedian Edwin Forrest. In 1852 Conrad published a volume of poetry entitled Aylmere, or the Bondman of Kent, and other Poems. The novel London Bridge Is Falling (1934) by Philip Lindsay focuses on Jack Cade's revolt. Jack Cade is a prominent character in the historical novel series Wars of the Roses, by Conn Iggulden. Jack Cade, as well as Wat Tyler, is mentioned as a failed rebel whose example the protagonist seeks to learn from in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain. Jack Cade appears as a resident of Heaven in Charles Erskine Scott Wood's Heavenly Discourse. See also Bay Fleet Great Slump (15th century) Hundred Years' War Jack Cade's Cavern John and William Merfold Wars of the Roses References ^ Kaufman, Alexander L. (2009). The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion. Burlington: Ashgate, p. 1. ^ Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 628. ^ Kaufman, Alexander L. (2009). The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion. Burlington: Ashgate, p. 202. ^ a b Lower, Mark Antony (1865). The Worthies of Sussex: biographical sketches of the most eminent natives or inhabitants of the county, from the earliest period to the present time. p. 55. ^ Harvey, I. M. W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 78. ^ Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 617. ^ a b Harvey, I. M. W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 97. ^ Carroll, D. Allen. (1989). "Johannes Factotum and Jack Cade." Shakespeare Quarterly 40: 491–492. ^ Harvey, I. M. W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 61. ^ Mate, Mavis. (1992). "The Economic and Social Roots of Medieval Popular Rebellion: Sussex in 1450–1451." Economic History Review 45: 673. ^ Thomson, John A. F. (1983). The Transformation of Medieval England 1370–1529. London: Longman, pp. 195–297. ^ Simons, Eric N. (1963). Lord of London. London: Frederick Muller Limited, p. 176. ^ Simons,Eric N. (1963). Lord of London. London: Frederick Muller Limited, p. 179. ^ Harvey, I. M. W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 80–81; 186–191. ^ Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 378–341. ^ Harvey, I. M. W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 81. ^ Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 619–620. ^ Bohna, Montgomery. (2003). "Armed Force and Civic Legitimacy in Jack Cade’s Revolt, 1450." English Historical Review 188: 563–582. ^ Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 612. ^ Harvey, I. M. W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 86. ^ Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 628. ^ Harvey, I. M. W. (1991) Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 93. ^ Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 618. ^ a b British History Online: Parish of Tunstall, accessed 10 July 2017 ^ Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 619. ^ Simons, Eric N. (1963). Lord of London. London: Frederick Muller Limited, pp. 181–182. ^ Harvey, I. M. W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 100. ^ Simons, Eric N. (1963). Lord of London. London: Frederick Muller Limited, p. 157. ^ Simons, Eric N. (1963). Lord of London. London: Frederick Muller Limited, pp. 663–666. ^ Simons, Eric N. (1963). Lord of London. London: Frederick Muller Limited, p. 179. ^ Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 642. ^ British History Online www.british-history.ac ^ McGarry Daniel D., and White, Sarah Harriman, Historical Fiction Guide: Annotated Chronological, Geographical, and Topical List of Five Thousand Selected Historical Novels. Scarecrow Press, New York, 1963 (pp. 78). ^ Mark Twain (1889), in the fictional work A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, chapter 13. Bibliography Bohna, M. (2003). "Armed Force and Civic Legitimacy in Jack Cade's Revolt, 1450". English Historical Review. 118 (477): 563–582. doi:10.1093/ehr/118.477.563. JSTOR 3489286. Griffiths, R.A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI. London: Ernest Benn. ISBN 978-0-510-26261-7. Harvey, I.M.W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press (published 3 October 1991). ISBN 978-0-19-820160-1. Harvey, I.M.W. (1995). "Was There Popular Politics in Fifteenth Century England?". In R.H. Britnell & A.J. Pollard (eds.). The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 155–174. ISBN 978-0-7509-0626-5. Harvey, I.M.W. (2004). "Cade, John (d. 1450), rebel leader". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4292. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Kaufman, Alexander L. (2009). The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion. Farnham: Ashgate (published 28 September 2009). ISBN 978-0-7546-6703-2. Lower, M.A. (1865). The Worthies of Sussex. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society. OCLC 156054788. Mate, Mavis (1992). "The economic and social roots of medieval popular rebellion: Sussex in 1450–1451". Economic History Review. 45 (4): 661–676. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1992.tb01311.x. JSTOR 2597413. Rosenthal, Joel T. (1994). "Reviews: I. M. W. Harvey, Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450 ". Speculum. 69 (1): 161–163. doi:10.2307/2864822. JSTOR 2864822. Edward Vallance, A Radical History of Britain Abacus books, 2009; 2010 ISBN 978-0-349-12026-3 Alison Weir, "The Wars of the Roses", Ballantine Books, Trade Paper back edition July 1996, p. 147 ISBN 0-345-40433-5 Jack Cade's Rebellion on britainexpress.com "The second Part of Henry the Sixth", Project Gutenberg External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Jack Cade Jack Cade's Rebellion on Medieval Archives Podcast vteMedieval and Early Modern European peasant wars Bagaudae Stellinga Rebellions of Basil the Copper Hand Uprising of Ivaylo Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28 St. George's Night Uprising Jacquerie Ciompi Revolt Peasants' Revolt in England Harelle Cabochien Revolt Transylvanian peasant revolt Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions Jack Cade's rebellion John and William Merfold's uprising Carinthian Peasant Revolt Friulian Revolt of 1511 Poor Conrad Dózsa rebellion Slovene peasant revolt of 1515 Arumer Zwarte Hoop German Peasants' War Dalecarlian Rebellions Palatine Peasants' War Skipper Clement's Rebellion Opryshky Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark Dacke War Kett's Rebellion Cudgel War Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt Ivan Bolotnikov's Rebellion Peasants' War in Upper Austria Kostka-Napierski Uprising Morning Star Rebellion Swiss peasant war of 1653 Stenka Razin Uprising Bulavin Rebellion Dalecarlian Rebellion (1743) Pugachev's Rebellion Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan Great Fear Saxon Peasants' Revolt Peasants' War (1798)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Cade (scout)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cade_(scout)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Cade.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Saye and Sele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fiennes,_1st_Baron_Saye_and_Sele"},{"link_name":"Charles Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucy"},{"link_name":"popular revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_revolt"},{"link_name":"maladministration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladministration"},{"link_name":"abuse of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_power"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(government)"},{"link_name":"Cornish rebellion of 1497","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_rebellion_of_1497"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses"},{"link_name":"House of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_York"}],"text":"For the American Civil War scout, see Jack Cade (scout).Lord Saye and Sele brought before Jack Cade, painting by Charles LucyJack Cade's Rebellion was a popular revolt in 1450 against the government of England, which took place in the south-east of the country between the months of April and July. It stemmed from local grievances regarding the corruption, maladministration and abuse of power of the king's closest advisors and local officials, as well as recent military losses in France during the Hundred Years' War. Leading an army of men from south-eastern England, the rebellion's leader Jack Cade marched on London in order to force the government to reform the administration and remove from power the \"traitors\" deemed responsible for bad governance. Apart from the Cornish rebellion of 1497, it was the largest popular uprising to take place in England during the 15th century.[1]Despite Cade's attempt to keep his men under control, once the rebel forces had entered London they began to loot. The citizens of London turned on the rebels and forced them out of the city in a bloody battle on London Bridge. To end the bloodshed the rebels were issued pardons by the king and told to return home.[2] Cade fled but was later caught on 12 July 1450 by Alexander Iden, a future High Sheriff of Kent. As a result of the skirmish with Iden, the mortally wounded Cade died before reaching London for trial.[3] The Jack Cade Rebellion has been perceived as a reflection of the social, political, and economic issues of the time period and as a precursor to the Wars of the Roses which saw the decline of the Lancaster dynasty and the rise of the House of York.","title":"Jack Cade's Rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Antony Lower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony_Lower"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"King Henry VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England"},{"link_name":"Richard, Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_de_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_governors_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey,_I._M._W._1991_p._97-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey,_I._M._W._1991_p._97-7"}],"text":"Very little is known about the identity and origins of Jack (possibly John) Cade. Given that the rebel leader did not leave behind any personal documents, and the use of aliases was common among rebels, historians are forced to base their claims on rumour and speculation. According to Mark Antony Lower, Jack (or John) Cade was probably born in Sussex between 1420 and 1430 and historians agree for certain that he was a member of the lower ranks of society.During the rebellion of 1450, Cade took on the title of \"Captain of Kent\" and adopted the alias \"John Mortimer\". The name \"Mortimer\" had negative connotations for King Henry VI and his associates because Henry's main rival for the throne of England was Richard, Duke of York, who had Mortimer ancestry on his mother's side.[5] The possibility that Cade may have been working with York was enough to prompt the king into moving against the rebels without delay. At the time of the rebellion the Duke of York was out of the country serving as Lieutenant of Ireland. To date, no evidence has been found indicating that he was involved in funding or inciting the uprising. It is more likely that Cade used the name \"Mortimer\" as propaganda to give his cause more legitimacy.[6] When the rebels were issued a pardon on 7 July 1450, Cade was issued a pardon under the name \"Mortimer\", but once it was discovered that he had lied about his identity, the pardon was rendered void.[7]Among his followers, Cade's dedication to having the people's complaints heard and restoring order within both local and central governments earned him the nickname \"John Mend-all\" or \"John Amend-all\". It is not known whether Cade himself chose the name or not.[8]One tale of the time claimed that Cade was the doctor John Alymere who was married to the daughter of a squire in Surrey. Another rumour suggested that he enjoyed dabbling in the dark arts and had once worked for Sir Tomas Dacres before fleeing the country after murdering a pregnant woman.[7]","title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Royal forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_forest"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Complaint of the Poor Commons of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complaint_of_the_Poor_Commons_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lord Saye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fiennes,_1st_Baron_Saye_and_Sele"},{"link_name":"High Sheriffs of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Lord High Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In the years preceding the Jack Cade Rebellion, England suffered from both internal and external difficulties and the animosity of the lower classes toward Henry VI was on the rise. Years of war against France had caused the country to go into debt and the recent loss of Normandy caused morale to decline and led to a widespread fear of invasion. Already the coastal regions of England such as Kent and Sussex were seeing attacks by Norman soldiers and French armies. Ill-equipped by the government, English soldiers took to raiding towns along the route to France with their victims receiving no compensation. Henry's call to set warning beacons along the coastline confirmed peoples' suspicions that an attack by the French was possible.[9] These fears and continuous unrest in the coastal counties inspired many Englishmen to rally in an attempt to force the King to address their problems or abdicate his throne in favour of someone more competent.[10]\nAt court the different opinions on how England should proceed in the war with France led to party divisions. Henry favoured peace while his uncle the Duke of Gloucester and other nobles felt England should continue to fight for England's claim to the French throne. Internecine fighting in court eventually led to the banishment of the king's closest friend and advisor William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk.[11]To add to England's troubles many believed that the king had surrounded himself with advisors who were ineffective and corrupt. At the heart of the corruption scandal was the Duke of Suffolk. When the duke's body washed up on the shores of Dover the people of Kent feared retaliation. Rumours emerged claiming that the king intended to turn Kent into a Royal forest in retaliation for the duke's death. Tired of the exploitation that the Duke of Suffolk had come to represent, the commons of Kent led by Jack Cade marched on London. It is estimated that about 5,000 people took part in the uprising.[12] In the spring of 1450, Cade organised the creation and distribution of a manifesto entitled The Complaint of the Poor Commons of Kent. The manifesto represented not only the grievances of the people but of several MPs, lords and magnates as well. The document included a list of fifteen complaints and five demands to be brought before the king for scrutiny and dictated the causes of the revolt. The first issue to be addressed was that Cade's followers from Kent were being unjustly blamed for the death of the Duke of Suffolk. Despite the well-known anger of the peasants towards the Duke, the Bill of Complaints dismissed the idea that the rebels were responsible. In addition the rebels called for inquiries into cases of corruption within local and national governments and for the removal of corrupt high officials. Cade's list of complaints goes on to charge King Henry with injustice for not choosing to impeach his underlings and lords even though they were guilty of treasonous and unlawful acts.[13] The king's counselors and officials were accused of rigging elections, extortion, manipulating the king for their own gains and using their close position to the king to oppress those below them.[14] Besides the Duke of Suffolk, the rebels explicitly called out Lord Saye and officials Crowmer, Isley, St Leger and Est for extortion. Affiliates of Suffolk, Lord Saye and his son-in-law Crowmer held prominent positions within the king's household and in the local administration of Kent. Both had served several terms as High Sheriffs of Kent and as members of the king's council. Furthermore, in 1449, Saye was appointed to the prestigious office of Lord High Treasurer. Isley and St Leger also served as Sheriffs and MPs in the county of Kent.[15]When the king failed to remedy their grievances the rebels marched on London.","title":"Origins of the Jack Cade Rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Blackheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_London"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford_(died_1450)"},{"link_name":"Grafton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Manor"},{"link_name":"Bromsgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove"},{"link_name":"William Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stafford_(died_1450)"},{"link_name":"Southwick, Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwick,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Sevenoaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"William Ayscough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ayscough"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge"},{"link_name":"The White Hart inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Hart#Southwark,_London"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"London Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stone"},{"link_name":"Mortimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Guildhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall"},{"link_name":"James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fiennes,_1st_Baron_Saye_and_Sele"},{"link_name":"Cheapside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheapside"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"William Cromer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cromer"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_London"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(England)"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHOTunstall-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In May 1450, the rebels began to join together in an organised fashion and began to move towards London. Cade sent out delegates to the surrounding counties to elicit aid and additional men.[16] By early June more than 5,000 men had assembled at Blackheath, 6 miles (9.7 km) south-east of the City of London. They were mostly peasants but their numbers were swelled by shopkeepers, craftsmen, and some landowners (the list of pardoned shows the presence of one knight, two MPs, and eighteen squires). Several soldiers and sailors returning via Kent from the French wars also joined in the fray.[17]Hoping to disperse the rebellion before any real damage could be done, the king sent a small host of his royal contingents to quell the rebellion.[18] The royal forces were led by Sir Humphrey Stafford (d. 1450), of Grafton in the parish of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, and his second cousin William Stafford (d. 1450), of Southwick, Wiltshire (father of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon).The royal forces underestimated the rebels' strength and were led into an ambush at Sevenoaks. In the skirmish on 18 June 1450, the two Stafford cousins were killed. Cade took the expensive clothing and armour of Sir Humphrey as his own.[19]On 28 June, William Ayscough, the unpopular Bishop of Salisbury, was murdered by a mob in Wiltshire. William Ayscough had been the king's personal confessor and his position next to the king had allowed him to become one of the most powerful men in the country.[20] Afraid that he might meet the same fate and shocked by the rebels' military ability, the king sought refuge in Warwickshire.Gaining confidence through their victory the rebels advanced to Southwark, at the southern end of London Bridge. Cade set up headquarters in The White Hart inn before crossing the bridge and entering the city with his followers on 3 July 1450. To prevent any infringement on his comings and goings within the city Cade cut the ropes on the bridge so that they could not be raised against him.[21]Upon entering London, Cade stopped at the London Stone. He struck the stone with his sword and declared himself Lord Mayor in the traditional manner. By striking the stone, Cade had symbolically reclaimed the country for the Mortimers to whom he claimed to be related.[citation needed]Once inside the city's gates, Cade and his men initiated a series of tribunals dedicated to seeking out and convicting those accused of corruption. At Guildhall on 4 July, James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele, the Lord High Treasurer, was brought in for a sham trial. Upon being found guilty of treason he was taken to Cheapside and beheaded.[22]Fiennes' son-in-law William Crowmer (son of William Cromer, a former Sheriff of London, MP and twice Lord Mayor of London) was also executed by the rebels. The heads of the two men were put on pikes and unceremoniously paraded through the streets of London while their bearers pushed them together so that they appeared to kiss.[23] Their heads were then affixed to London Bridge.[24]Despite Cade's frequent assurances that his followers would maintain a proper and orderly demeanour, as the rebel host made its way through the city many of the rebels, including Cade himself, began to engage in looting and drunken behaviour.Gradually Cade's inability to control his followers alienated the initially sympathetic citizens of London, who eventually turned against the rebels. When, on 7 July, Cade's army returned over the bridge to Southwark for the night, the London officials closed the bridge to prevent Cade from re-entering the city.The next day, on 8 July, at about ten in the evening, a battle erupted on London Bridge between Cade's army and various citizens and officials of London. The battle lasted until eight the next morning, when the rebels retreated with heavy casualties. One writer estimated that at least 40 Londoners and 200 rebels were killed at the battle.[25]","title":"Rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(currency)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHOTunstall-24"},{"link_name":"quartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"After the battle on London Bridge, Archbishop John Kemp (Lord Chancellor) persuaded Cade to call off his followers by issuing official pardons, and promising to fulfil the rebels' demands. Although King Henry VI had issued pardons to Cade and his followers, a proclamation written by the King shortly after the rebellion voided all previously issued pardons. The document was entitled \"Writ and Proclamation by the King for the Taking of Cade\". In the document the King claimed that he revoked the previous pardons because they had not been created or approved by the Parliament. In the proclamation Cade was charged with deceiving the people of England to assemble with him in his rebellion and stated that none of the King's subjects should join Cade or help him in any way. A reward of 1,000 marks was promised to whoever could capture and deliver Jack Cade to the king, dead or alive.[26]Cade fled towards Lewes but on 12 July, in a garden in which he had taken shelter, was overtaken by Alexander Iden (eventual second husband of the murdered William Cromer's widow Elizabeth Fiennes, and a future High Sheriff of Kent).[24] In the skirmish, Cade was fatally wounded and died before reaching London for trial. As a warning to others, Cade's body underwent a mock trial and was beheaded at Newgate. Cade's body was dragged through the streets of London before being quartered. His limbs were sent throughout Kent to various cities and locations that were believed to have been strong supporters of the rebel uprising.[27]","title":"Cade's fall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Faversham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faversham"},{"link_name":"Isle of Sheppey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"yeomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeomen"},{"link_name":"John and William Merfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_William_Merfold"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"To prevent further uprisings, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham was given permission from the king to seek out the remainder of Cade's followers and bring them to trial. The search took place in and around areas where support for the uprising was felt to be the strongest—Blackheath, Canterbury and the coastal areas of Faversham and the Isle of Sheppey. The inquiries by bishops and justices were so thorough that in Canterbury (the first area searched by the royal commission) eight followers were quickly found and hanged.[28]Although the Jack Cade Rebellion was quickly dispersed after Cade's death, the royal commission failed to rid England of the feeling of rebellion. Inspired by Cade and his rebellion many other counties in England revolted. In Sussex the yeomen brothers John and William Merfold organised their own rebellion against King Henry VI. Unlike Cade's revolt the men of Sussex were more radical and aggressive in their demands for reform. It is possible the animosity felt by the men of Sussex had arisen in part because the king had revoked the pardons issued to Cade and his followers. An indictment following the Sussex rebellion accused the rebels of wanting to kill the king and all his Lords, replacing them with twelve of the rioters' own men. The rebellions in Sussex did not achieve the same following as that of Cade's.[29]While the minor rebellions inspired by Cade's rebellion did not produce a large number of deaths or immediate changes they can be seen as important precursors to the Wars of the Roses. These large battles over the crown of England would result in the end of the Lancaster dynasty and the creation of the Yorks. The weakness of the Lancaster dynasty and the English government had been exposed.In addition, the request made by the rebels in Cade's manifesto that the king welcome the Duke of York as his advisor outright informed the king that the masses wished to see the duke return from exile.[30] When Richard the Duke of York finally did return to England in September 1450 several of his demands and reform policies were based on those made in the manifesto issued by Cade.[31]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"There is long-standing tradition that this clash between Iden and Cade took place at a small hamlet near (old) Heathfield in East Sussex. This place had since become known as Cade Street. A monument dedicated to Cade has been placed along the roadside. The monument states that on this location the rebel leader Jack Cade was captured and killed by Alexander Iden. Given that the exact location of Cade's capture is under dispute it is possible that Cade Street was named in error.[32] The monument was erected by Francis Newbury between 1791 and 1819.","title":"Monument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Henry VI, Part 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2"},{"link_name":"Robert T. Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Conrad"},{"link_name":"Edwin Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Forrest"},{"link_name":"Philip Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Conn Iggulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn_Iggulden"},{"link_name":"Wat Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Tyler"},{"link_name":"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Connecticut_Yankee_in_King_Arthur%27s_Court"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Charles Erskine Scott Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Erskine_Scott_Wood"},{"link_name":"Heavenly Discourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Discourse"}],"text":"The story of Jack Cade's Rebellion was later dramatised by William Shakespeare in his play, Henry VI, Part 2.\nIt was also dramatized in the 1835 play Aylmere (also billed as Jack Cade) by the Philadelphia politician and writer Robert T. Conrad. Though originally written for another actor, the play was for many years a principal part of the repertory of the American tragedian Edwin Forrest.\nIn 1852 Conrad published a volume of poetry entitled Aylmere, or the Bondman of Kent, and other Poems.\nThe novel London Bridge Is Falling (1934) by Philip Lindsay focuses on Jack Cade's revolt.[33]\nJack Cade is a prominent character in the historical novel series Wars of the Roses, by Conn Iggulden.\nJack Cade, as well as Wat Tyler, is mentioned as a failed rebel whose example the protagonist seeks to learn from in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain.[34]\nJack Cade appears as a resident of Heaven in Charles Erskine Scott Wood's Heavenly Discourse.","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Historical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Historical_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ehr/118.477.563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F118.477.563"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3489286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3489286"},{"link_name":"Griffiths, R.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_A._Griffiths"},{"link_name":"The Reign of King Henry VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=frWDmbf_mXEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-510-26261-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-510-26261-7"},{"link_name":"Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a2hnAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-820160-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820160-1"},{"link_name":"R.H. Britnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Britnell"},{"link_name":"A.J. Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Pollard"},{"link_name":"The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=S1ENAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7509-0626-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0626-5"},{"link_name":"\"Cade, John [Jack] (d. 1450), rebel leader\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4292"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4292"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tI8lHcGMI-kC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7546-6703-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6703-2"},{"link_name":"Lower, M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony_Lower"},{"link_name":"The Worthies of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=G2Y-AQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"156054788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/156054788"},{"link_name":"Economic History Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1468-0289.1992.tb01311.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1992.tb01311.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2597413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2597413"},{"link_name":"Speculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2864822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2864822"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2864822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2864822"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-349-12026-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-12026-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-345-40433-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-40433-5"},{"link_name":"Jack Cade's Rebellion on britainexpress.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britainexpress.com/History/medieval/cade.htm"},{"link_name":"The second Part of Henry the Sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext00/0ws0210.txt"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/"}],"text":"Bohna, M. (2003). \"Armed Force and Civic Legitimacy in Jack Cade's Revolt, 1450\". English Historical Review. 118 (477): 563–582. doi:10.1093/ehr/118.477.563. JSTOR 3489286.\nGriffiths, R.A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI. London: Ernest Benn. ISBN 978-0-510-26261-7.\nHarvey, I.M.W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press (published 3 October 1991). ISBN 978-0-19-820160-1.\nHarvey, I.M.W. (1995). \"Was There Popular Politics in Fifteenth Century England?\". In R.H. Britnell & A.J. Pollard (eds.). The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 155–174. ISBN 978-0-7509-0626-5.\nHarvey, I.M.W. (2004). \"Cade, John [Jack] (d. 1450), rebel leader\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4292. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nKaufman, Alexander L. (2009). The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion. Farnham: Ashgate (published 28 September 2009). ISBN 978-0-7546-6703-2.\nLower, M.A. (1865). The Worthies of Sussex. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society. OCLC 156054788.\nMate, Mavis (1992). \"The economic and social roots of medieval popular rebellion: Sussex in 1450–1451\". Economic History Review. 45 (4): 661–676. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1992.tb01311.x. JSTOR 2597413.\nRosenthal, Joel T. (1994). \"Reviews: I. M. W. Harvey, Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450 \". Speculum. 69 (1): 161–163. doi:10.2307/2864822. JSTOR 2864822.\nEdward Vallance, A Radical History of Britain Abacus books, 2009; 2010 ISBN 978-0-349-12026-3\nAlison Weir, \"The Wars of the Roses\", Ballantine Books, Trade Paper back edition July 1996, p. 147 ISBN 0-345-40433-5\nJack Cade's Rebellion on britainexpress.com\n\"The second Part of Henry the Sixth\", Project Gutenberg","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Lord Saye and Sele brought before Jack Cade, painting by Charles Lucy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jack_Cade.jpg/300px-Jack_Cade.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bay Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Fleet"},{"title":"Great Slump (15th century)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Slump_(15th_century)"},{"title":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"title":"Jack Cade's Cavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Cade%27s_Cavern"},{"title":"John and William Merfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_and_William_Merfold"},{"title":"Wars of the Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses"}]	[{"reference":"Lower, Mark Antony (1865). The Worthies of Sussex: biographical sketches of the most eminent natives or inhabitants of the county, from the earliest period to the present time. p. 55.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G2Y-AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Worthies of Sussex: biographical sketches of the most eminent natives or inhabitants of the county, from the earliest period to the present time"}]},{"reference":"Bohna, M. (2003). \"Armed Force and Civic Legitimacy in Jack Cade's Revolt, 1450\". English Historical Review. 118 (477): 563–582. doi:10.1093/ehr/118.477.563. JSTOR 3489286.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Historical_Review","url_text":"English Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F118.477.563","url_text":"10.1093/ehr/118.477.563"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3489286","url_text":"3489286"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, R.A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI. London: Ernest Benn. ISBN 978-0-510-26261-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_A._Griffiths","url_text":"Griffiths, R.A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=frWDmbf_mXEC","url_text":"The Reign of King Henry VI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-510-26261-7","url_text":"978-0-510-26261-7"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, I.M.W. (1991). Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450. Oxford: Clarendon Press (published 3 October 1991). ISBN 978-0-19-820160-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a2hnAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820160-1","url_text":"978-0-19-820160-1"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, I.M.W. (1995). \"Was There Popular Politics in Fifteenth Century England?\". In R.H. Britnell & A.J. Pollard (eds.). The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 155–174. ISBN 978-0-7509-0626-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Britnell","url_text":"R.H. Britnell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Pollard","url_text":"A.J. Pollard"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S1ENAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0626-5","url_text":"978-0-7509-0626-5"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, I.M.W. (2004). \"Cade, John [Jack] (d. 1450), rebel leader\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4292.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4292","url_text":"\"Cade, John [Jack] (d. 1450), rebel leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4292","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4292"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Alexander L. (2009). The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion. Farnham: Ashgate (published 28 September 2009). ISBN 978-0-7546-6703-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tI8lHcGMI-kC","url_text":"The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6703-2","url_text":"978-0-7546-6703-2"}]},{"reference":"Lower, M.A. (1865). The Worthies of Sussex. Lewes: Sussex Archaeological Society. OCLC 156054788.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony_Lower","url_text":"Lower, M.A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G2Y-AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Worthies of Sussex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156054788","url_text":"156054788"}]},{"reference":"Mate, Mavis (1992). \"The economic and social roots of medieval popular rebellion: Sussex in 1450–1451\". Economic History Review. 45 (4): 661–676. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1992.tb01311.x. JSTOR 2597413.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_History_Review","url_text":"Economic History Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1992.tb01311.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-0289.1992.tb01311.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2597413","url_text":"2597413"}]},{"reference":"Rosenthal, Joel T. (1994). \"Reviews: I. M. W. Harvey, Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450 \". Speculum. 69 (1): 161–163. doi:10.2307/2864822. JSTOR 2864822.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_(journal)","url_text":"Speculum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2864822","url_text":"10.2307/2864822"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2864822","url_text":"2864822"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G2Y-AQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Worthies of Sussex: biographical sketches of the most eminent natives or inhabitants of the county, from the earliest period to the present time"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol6/pp80-98","external_links_name":"British History Online: Parish of Tunstall"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F118.477.563","external_links_name":"10.1093/ehr/118.477.563"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3489286","external_links_name":"3489286"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=frWDmbf_mXEC","external_links_name":"The Reign of King Henry VI"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a2hnAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S1ENAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4292","external_links_name":"\"Cade, John [Jack] (d. 1450), rebel leader\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4292","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4292"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tI8lHcGMI-kC","external_links_name":"The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G2Y-AQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Worthies of Sussex"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156054788","external_links_name":"156054788"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1992.tb01311.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1468-0289.1992.tb01311.x"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2597413","external_links_name":"2597413"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2864822","external_links_name":"10.2307/2864822"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2864822","external_links_name":"2864822"},{"Link":"http://www.britainexpress.com/History/medieval/cade.htm","external_links_name":"Jack Cade's Rebellion on britainexpress.com"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext00/0ws0210.txt","external_links_name":"The second Part of Henry the Sixth"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/","external_links_name":"Project Gutenberg"},{"Link":"http://www.medievalarchives.com/JackCadePodcast","external_links_name":"Jack Cade's Rebellion"},{"Link":"http://www.medievalarchives.com/PodcastList","external_links_name":"Medieval Archives Podcast"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaview_Asylum	Seaview Asylum	["1 History","2 Buildings","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°42′23″S 170°58′29″E / 42.706336°S 170.974857°E / -42.706336; 170.974857 Hospital in South Island, New ZealandSeaview AsylumSeaview Asylum, c. 1904GeographyLocationNorth of Hokitika, West Coast Region, South Island, New ZealandCoordinates42°42′23″S 170°58′29″E / 42.706336°S 170.974857°E / -42.706336; 170.974857 (approximate)OrganisationTypeSpecialistServicesBeds549 at peakSpecialityPsychiatric hospitalHistoryFormer name(s)Seaview Lunatic Asylum, Seaview Psychiatric Hospital, Hokitika Lunatic AsylumOpened1872Closed2009LinksListsHospitals in New Zealand The Seaview Asylum (also known as Seaview Hospital) was a psychiatric hospital located to the north of Hokitika, in the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island, adjacent to the former Westland Hospital. Open from 1872 to 2009, Seaview trained psychiatric nurses and was once the town's biggest employer. History In the 1860s lunatics in the rapidly growing town of Hokitika were taken to the gaol which quickly outgrew its buildings; a new gaol was built north of the town at Seaview Terrace. The first hospital in Hokitika (which later became Westland Hospital) was built to the south of the town, at South Spit, in 1865 and was able to accommodate a few psychiatric patients but after 1867 the majority of them were sent to Sunnyside Hospital in Christchurch. In 1869 when the option to send patients to Sunnyside was no longer available patients were again kept in the gaol until the Seaview Asylum was opened in 1872. It was located to the north of the town adjacent to the Hokitika cemetery. The hospital was built by the provincial government. Hugh and Winifred Gribben were the superintendent and matron of Seaview from 1872 to 1904. Gribben encouraged recreation programmes and participation by the community in entertaining patients. In the early years patients undertook domestic and outdoor work including trades. Gribben was notable for not using restraint in patient care. He also built the Cottage in 1879 which was the forerunner of the villa system adopted by other mental hospitals. However in the 1880s–1890s the hospital became much more custodial. John Downey was promoted to Superintendent in 1904, and his wife served as matron. In 1905 the hospital was staffed by the superintendent, matron, male and female attendants, and a labourer. In 1904 Dr Duncan MacGregor, Inspector-General of Hospitals and Asylums, authorised the villa hospital pattern of development at Seaview Hospital. Dr Herbert Macandrew was appointed medical officer in 1887, a position he held for 28 years. From 1916 Dr Teichelmann was medical officer until the appointment of Dr H.M. Buchanan as the first medical superintendent in 1921 moving the hospital from lay to medical control. By 1921 when Buchanan took charge the buildings were in a state of disrepair. His lobbying resulted in a furore in parliament and money was allocated to rebuild the hospital. A central services block, admission and administration blocks were built along with villas to house the patients. The new buildings, Buchanan's changes in the way the hospital was run and the use of qualified general and psychiatric staff resulted in better therapeutic and custodial care of patients. Buchanan also improved the relationship with the nearby Westland Hospital and had a road built between the two institutions. During the 1920s and 1930s around half or more of Seaview's patients were transfers from other mental hospitals around the country. The construction of villas increased to accommodate the intakes and a custodial approach was taken in patient care. Commemorative plaques to the Seaview Asylum's centennial in 1972 and to those lost in World War 1 with old asylum buildings in the background. March 2021 During and after the war there was a shortage of staff and patients undertook the work needed to maintain the hospital's services. Occupational therapy for patients and building renovations were curtailed because of shortage of staff. In 1946 there were 526 patients of which 304 were working around the hospital in wards, the farm, gardens, workshops and kitchen. Patients were not remunerated for their work until 1947. During the 1950s patient care became more curative as convulsive and drug therapies were introduced but full adoption of these new procedures was hindered by staff shortages and finances. However modernisation of the wards did continue and patients lived in open wards. In the 1950s and 1960s the farm and gardens ceased operations due to their becoming uneconomic. Part of the hospital land had been taken over for the airport in 1947. The Nurses' Home was built in 1939–1940 to assist in the recruitment and retention of staff. Before that nurses had lived in the wards or other buildings. Nursing training began at Seaview in the 1930s. It was estimated that about 500 nurses had graduated from the Seaview School of Psychiatric Nursing when it closed in 1992. A reunion of nurses was held in 1992. The Chapel of the Holy Spirit was opened in 1963 and the hospital's community centre in 1967. In 1955, Seaview had peaked with 549 patients. By 1996, there were 100, and when the facility closed in 2009, it was down to 22. The hospital cared for patients with intellectual disabilities, psychiatric and psychogeriatric conditions and the frail elderly. Three units were closed in the 1990s; in 2002, the hospital board sold the asylum to a property developer though some buildings were leased back. Since the facility has been closed it has been used on numerous occasions by the New Zealand Defence Force to stage urban warfare, search and rescue and public disorder exercises. Buildings The lighthouse and view of Hokitika township from Seaview Hill Located on a government reserve, the land was terraced and consisted of approximately 150 acres (61 ha). The major buildings included a chapel, dormitories, single rooms, dining rooms, and a padded cell. The Seaview Lighthouse, a Category II registered Historic Place erected in 1879, was once scheduled for demolition, but it found new leases of life as an observation tower for hospital and as a coast watch station during World War Il. The lighthouse is also known as the Hokitika Lighthouse was restored in 2002 by Heritage Hokitika. Hokitika Cemetery memorial for patients of Seaview Asylum and inmates of Hokitika Gaol who are buried in this cemetery without identification. Transcription: "In Memory of / the many / patients and inmates / of the / adjacent / Seaview Hospital / 1872–2007 / and Hokitika Jail / 1866–1909 / who were interred / in this cemetery / without identification" In 2017 a suspicious fire damaged some of the remaining buildings. The land is now sparsely populated and many of the buildings are falling into disrepair, the swimming pool and tennis courts are abandoned but still retain key features such as the nets and diving boards. The through road, although unmaintained, is still passable from one end. The other end has been shut off as some of the land is being cleared. Some of the buildings have been used as a hostel for long-term tenants and backpackers. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Brunton, W. A; Seaview Hospital; 125th Jubilee Committee (1997). Sitivation 125: a history of Seaview Hospital, Hokitika and West Coast mental health services, 1872-1997. Hokitika, N.Z.: Seaview Hospital 125th Jubilee Committee. ISBN 978-0-473-05012-2. OCLC 154245595.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ The Cyclopedia of New Zealand – Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts – Police Department. Retrieved 23 August 2011. ^ a b c ""Charitable Institutions". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand ". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. 1906. Retrieved 13 April 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Brunton, W. A (1972). One hundred years, 1872-1972. Hokitika, N.Z.: Richards & Meyer. OCLC 2213645. ^ "Medical Services – Hospitals – Mental". Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 23 August 2011. ^ "Personal Pars". Grey River Argus. 16 January 1917. Retrieved 23 April 2021 – via PapersPast. ^ a b c Seaview School of Nursing; Reunion Committee (1992). Memories: marking the closure of the School of Nursing, Seaview Hospital, Hokitika. Hokitika, N.Z.: Seaview School of Nursing Reunion Committee. OCLC 154174263. ^ "Seaview's days numbered" (PDF). Greymouth Star. 17 August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011. ^ a b "Greymouth unit open". The Press. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2011. ^ "Seaview Lighthouse". New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2011. ^ "Hokitika Lighthouse". New Zealand Lighthouses. 26 June 2019. ^ Strong, Sam (28 September 2017). "Suspicious fire at old West Coast psychiatric facility, Seaview Hospital". Stuff. Retrieved 13 April 2021. ^ "Hard times for hostels". Otago Daily Times Online News. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. External links Photo of Westland and Seaview Hospitals in Te Ara vte Hospitals in New ZealandPublic Auckland City Christchurch Dunedin Middlemore Naval Health Unit North Shore Palmerston North Princess Margaret Starship Waikato Wakari Wellington Waitakere Whakatane Private Braemar Southern Cross Auckland Surgical Centre Southern Cross Hospital North Harbour Defunct Auckland Adventist Cherry Farm Cornwall Karitane Karori Lunatic Asylum Kingseat Lake Alice Mount View Lunatic Asylum Porirua Lunatic Asylum Pukeora Sanatorium Seacliff Lunatic Asylum Seaview Asylum St Helens Sunnyside Tokanui Psychiatric Whau Lunatic Asylum	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychiatric hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"},{"link_name":"Hokitika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokitika"},{"link_name":"West Coast Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Region"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"Westland Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Hospital"}],"text":"Hospital in South Island, New ZealandThe Seaview Asylum (also known as Seaview Hospital) was a psychiatric hospital located to the north of Hokitika, in the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island, adjacent to the former Westland Hospital. Open from 1872 to 2009, Seaview trained psychiatric nurses and was once the town's biggest employer.","title":"Seaview Asylum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzetc.orgPolice-2"},{"link_name":"Westland Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Sunnyside Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyside_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"provincial government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_County"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teara.govt.nz-5"},{"link_name":"Dr Herbert Macandrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Macandrew"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-6"},{"link_name":"Dr Teichelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Teichelmann"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Westland Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commemorative_plaques_to_the_Seaview_Asylum%27s_centennial_in_1972_and_those_lost_in_World_War_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stubbedtoe.co.nz2006-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff.co.nz-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stuff.co.nz-9"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force"}],"text":"In the 1860s lunatics in the rapidly growing town of Hokitika were taken to the gaol which quickly outgrew its buildings; a new gaol was built north of the town at Seaview Terrace.[1][2] The first hospital in Hokitika (which later became Westland Hospital) was built to the south of the town, at South Spit, in 1865 and was able to accommodate a few psychiatric patients but after 1867 the majority of them were sent to Sunnyside Hospital in Christchurch. In 1869 when the option to send patients to Sunnyside was no longer available patients were again kept in the gaol until the Seaview Asylum was opened in 1872. It was located to the north of the town adjacent to the Hokitika cemetery.[1] The hospital was built by the provincial government.[3]Hugh and Winifred Gribben were the superintendent and matron of Seaview from 1872 to 1904.[1] Gribben encouraged recreation programmes and participation by the community in entertaining patients.[4] In the early years patients undertook domestic and outdoor work including trades.[1] Gribben was notable for not using restraint in patient care. He also built the Cottage in 1879 which was the forerunner of the villa system adopted by other mental hospitals. However in the 1880s–1890s the hospital became much more custodial.[4]John Downey was promoted to Superintendent in 1904, and his wife served as matron.[3] In 1905 the hospital was staffed by the superintendent, matron, male and female attendants, and a labourer.[3] In 1904 Dr Duncan MacGregor, Inspector-General of Hospitals and Asylums, authorised the villa hospital pattern of development at Seaview Hospital.[5]Dr Herbert Macandrew was appointed medical officer in 1887, a position he held for 28 years.[6] From 1916 Dr Teichelmann was medical officer until the appointment of Dr H.M. Buchanan as the first medical superintendent in 1921 moving the hospital from lay to medical control.[1][4]By 1921 when Buchanan took charge the buildings were in a state of disrepair. His lobbying resulted in a furore in parliament and money was allocated to rebuild the hospital. A central services block, admission and administration blocks were built along with villas to house the patients.[1][4] The new buildings, Buchanan's changes in the way the hospital was run and the use of qualified general and psychiatric staff resulted in better therapeutic and custodial care of patients. Buchanan also improved the relationship with the nearby Westland Hospital and had a road built between the two institutions.[1][4]During the 1920s and 1930s around half or more of Seaview's patients were transfers from other mental hospitals around the country. The construction of villas increased to accommodate the intakes and a custodial approach was taken in patient care.[4]Commemorative plaques to the Seaview Asylum's centennial in 1972 and to those lost in World War 1 with old asylum buildings in the background. March 2021During and after the war there was a shortage of staff and patients undertook the work needed to maintain the hospital's services. Occupational therapy for patients and building renovations were curtailed because of shortage of staff.[4] In 1946 there were 526 patients of which 304 were working around the hospital in wards, the farm, gardens, workshops and kitchen. Patients were not remunerated for their work until 1947.[1] During the 1950s patient care became more curative as convulsive and drug therapies were introduced but full adoption of these new procedures was hindered by staff shortages and finances. However modernisation of the wards did continue and patients lived in open wards.[4]In the 1950s and 1960s the farm and gardens ceased operations due to their becoming uneconomic. Part of the hospital land had been taken over for the airport in 1947.[4]The Nurses' Home was built in 1939–1940 to assist in the recruitment and retention of staff. Before that nurses had lived in the wards or other buildings.[1] Nursing training began at Seaview in the 1930s. It was estimated that about 500 nurses had graduated from the Seaview School of Psychiatric Nursing when it closed in 1992.[7] A reunion of nurses was held in 1992.[7]The Chapel of the Holy Spirit was opened in 1963 and the hospital's community centre in 1967.[4]In 1955, Seaview had peaked with 549 patients.[8] By 1996, there were 100, and when the facility closed in 2009, it was down to 22.[9] The hospital cared for patients with intellectual disabilities, psychiatric and psychogeriatric conditions and the frail elderly.[7]Three units were closed in the 1990s; in 2002, the hospital board sold the asylum to a property developer though some buildings were leased back.[9]Since the facility has been closed it has been used on numerous occasions by the New Zealand Defence Force to stage urban warfare, search and rescue and public disorder exercises.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hokitika_Lighthouse_on_Seaview_Hill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seaview Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seaview_Lighthouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson2004-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patients_and_inmates_of_Seaview_Hospital_and_Hokitika_Jail_084.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The lighthouse and view of Hokitika township from Seaview HillLocated on a government reserve, the land was terraced and consisted of approximately 150 acres (61 ha). The major buildings included a chapel, dormitories, single rooms, dining rooms, and a padded cell. The Seaview Lighthouse, a Category II registered Historic Place erected in 1879, was once scheduled for demolition, but it found new leases of life as an observation tower for hospital and as a coast watch station during World War Il.[10][11] The lighthouse is also known as the Hokitika Lighthouse was restored in 2002 by Heritage Hokitika.Hokitika Cemetery memorial for patients of Seaview Asylum and inmates of Hokitika Gaol who are buried in this cemetery without identification. Transcription: \"In Memory of / the many / patients and inmates / of the / adjacent / Seaview Hospital / 1872–2007 / and Hokitika Jail / 1866–1909 / who were interred / in this cemetery / without identification\"In 2017 a suspicious fire damaged some of the remaining buildings.[12] The land is now sparsely populated and many of the buildings are falling into disrepair, the swimming pool and tennis courts are abandoned but still retain key features such as the nets and diving boards. The through road, although unmaintained, is still passable from one end. The other end has been shut off as some of the land is being cleared.Some of the buildings have been used as a hostel for long-term tenants and backpackers.[13]","title":"Buildings"}]	[{"image_text":"Commemorative plaques to the Seaview Asylum's centennial in 1972 and to those lost in World War 1 with old asylum buildings in the background. March 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Commemorative_plaques_to_the_Seaview_Asylum%27s_centennial_in_1972_and_those_lost_in_World_War_1.jpg/220px-Commemorative_plaques_to_the_Seaview_Asylum%27s_centennial_in_1972_and_those_lost_in_World_War_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The lighthouse and view of Hokitika township from Seaview Hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hokitika_Lighthouse_on_Seaview_Hill.jpg/220px-Hokitika_Lighthouse_on_Seaview_Hill.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hokitika Cemetery memorial for patients of Seaview Asylum and inmates of Hokitika Gaol who are buried in this cemetery without identification. Transcription: \"In Memory of / the many / patients and inmates / of the / adjacent / Seaview Hospital / 1872–2007 / and Hokitika Jail / 1866–1909 / who were interred / in this cemetery / without identification\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Patients_and_inmates_of_Seaview_Hospital_and_Hokitika_Jail_084.jpg/220px-Patients_and_inmates_of_Seaview_Hospital_and_Hokitika_Jail_084.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Brunton, W. A; Seaview Hospital; 125th Jubilee Committee (1997). Sitivation 125: a history of Seaview Hospital, Hokitika and West Coast mental health services, 1872-1997. Hokitika, N.Z.: Seaview Hospital 125th Jubilee Committee. ISBN 978-0-473-05012-2. OCLC 154245595.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154245595","url_text":"Sitivation 125: a history of Seaview Hospital, Hokitika and West Coast mental health services, 1872-1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-05012-2","url_text":"978-0-473-05012-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154245595","url_text":"154245595"}]},{"reference":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand – Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts – Police Department. Retrieved 23 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc05Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d13-d8.html","url_text":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand – Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts – Police Department"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Charitable Institutions\". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts]\". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. 1906. Retrieved 13 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc05Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d14.html","url_text":"\"\"Charitable Institutions\". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts]\""}]},{"reference":"Brunton, W. A (1972). One hundred years, 1872-1972. Hokitika, N.Z.: Richards & Meyer. OCLC 2213645.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2213645","url_text":"One hundred years, 1872-1972"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2213645","url_text":"2213645"}]},{"reference":"\"Medical Services – Hospitals – Mental\". Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 23 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/medical-services/4","url_text":"\"Medical Services – Hospitals – Mental\""}]},{"reference":"\"Personal Pars\". Grey River Argus. 16 January 1917. Retrieved 23 April 2021 – via PapersPast.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GRA19170116.2.11","url_text":"\"Personal Pars\""}]},{"reference":"Seaview School of Nursing; Reunion Committee (1992). Memories: marking the closure of the School of Nursing, Seaview Hospital, Hokitika. Hokitika, N.Z.: Seaview School of Nursing Reunion Committee. OCLC 154174263.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154174263","url_text":"Memories: marking the closure of the School of Nursing, Seaview Hospital, Hokitika"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154174263","url_text":"154174263"}]},{"reference":"\"Seaview's days numbered\" (PDF). Greymouth Star. 17 August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331024205/http://rand.stubbedtoe.co.nz/txt/greystar-17-08-06.pdf","url_text":"\"Seaview's days numbered\""},{"url":"http://rand.stubbedtoe.co.nz/txt/greystar-17-08-06.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Greymouth unit open\". The Press. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/south-island/128975/Greymouth-unit-open","url_text":"\"Greymouth unit open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seaview Lighthouse\". New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/1704","url_text":"\"Seaview Lighthouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hokitika Lighthouse\". New Zealand Lighthouses. 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newzealandlighthouses.com/hokitika.htm","url_text":"\"Hokitika Lighthouse\""}]},{"reference":"Strong, Sam (28 September 2017). \"Suspicious fire at old West Coast psychiatric facility, Seaview Hospital\". Stuff. Retrieved 13 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/west-coast/97348544/suspicious-fire-at-old-west-coast-psychiatric-facility-seaview-hospital","url_text":"\"Suspicious fire at old West Coast psychiatric facility, Seaview Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hard times for hostels\". Otago Daily Times Online News. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/west-coast/hard-times-hostels","url_text":"\"Hard times for hostels\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seaview_Asylum&params=42.706336_S_170.974857_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°42′23″S 170°58′29″E / 42.706336°S 170.974857°E / -42.706336; 170.974857"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seaview_Asylum&params=42.706336_S_170.974857_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"42°42′23″S 170°58′29″E / 42.706336°S 170.974857°E / -42.706336; 170.974857"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154245595","external_links_name":"Sitivation 125: a history of Seaview Hospital, Hokitika and West Coast mental health services, 1872-1997"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154245595","external_links_name":"154245595"},{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc05Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d13-d8.html","external_links_name":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand – Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts – Police Department"},{"Link":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc05Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d14.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Charitable Institutions\". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts]\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2213645","external_links_name":"One hundred years, 1872-1972"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2213645","external_links_name":"2213645"},{"Link":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/medical-services/4","external_links_name":"\"Medical Services – Hospitals – Mental\""},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GRA19170116.2.11","external_links_name":"\"Personal Pars\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154174263","external_links_name":"Memories: marking the closure of the School of Nursing, Seaview Hospital, Hokitika"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154174263","external_links_name":"154174263"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331024205/http://rand.stubbedtoe.co.nz/txt/greystar-17-08-06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Seaview's days numbered\""},{"Link":"http://rand.stubbedtoe.co.nz/txt/greystar-17-08-06.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/south-island/128975/Greymouth-unit-open","external_links_name":"\"Greymouth unit open\""},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/1704","external_links_name":"\"Seaview Lighthouse\""},{"Link":"http://www.newzealandlighthouses.com/hokitika.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hokitika Lighthouse\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/west-coast/97348544/suspicious-fire-at-old-west-coast-psychiatric-facility-seaview-hospital","external_links_name":"\"Suspicious fire at old West Coast psychiatric facility, Seaview Hospital\""},{"Link":"https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/west-coast/hard-times-hostels","external_links_name":"\"Hard times for hostels\""},{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/21018/westland-and-seaview-hospitals","external_links_name":"Photo of Westland and Seaview Hospitals in Te Ara"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_J._Boyle	Kevin J. Boyle	["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Personal","4 References","5 External links"]	American politician (born 1980) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject. It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. There may be relevant discussion on the talk page. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kevin J. Boyle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kevin J. BoyleMember of the Pennsylvania House of Representativesfrom the 172nd districtIncumbentAssumed office January 4, 2011Preceded byJohn Perzel Personal detailsBorn (1980-02-07) February 7, 1980 (age 44)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Political partyDemocraticResidence(s)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Alma materLa Salle UniversityHarvard UniversityWebsiteOfficial website Kevin J. Boyle (born February 7, 1980) is an American politician serving as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and current minority Chairman of the PA House State Government Committee. He is the state Representative from Pennsylvania House District 172, which covers parts of Northeast Philadelphia. Boyle was elected to the House of Representatives in November 2010 when he ran against 32-year incumbent and former Speaker of the Pennsylvania House John Perzel. Boyle is the younger brother of United States Representative Brendan F. Boyle and together they are the only set of brothers to serve simultaneously in Pennsylvania's House of Representatives in its 300-year history. Early life Boyle is the son of Francis Boyle, an Irish immigrant who came to America at age 19, and Eileen Boyle, a first generation Irish American who worked as a school crossing guard. He grew up in a row home in the Olney section of Philadelphia, where he was raised by his pro-union working-class parents. He graduated from Cardinal Dougherty High School in 1998 and graduated with honors from LaSalle University in 2002, where he received his B.A. in political science. He went on to earn a master's degree from Harvard University. While at Harvard University where he earned his master's degree in education, Boyle researched urban education issues, school funding streams, and strategies to expand access to higher education. Much of his research was included in the "Reach Scholarship" bill that his brother, Rep. Brendan Boyle, and then-Rep. Tony Payton introduced in the House in 2009. The goal of the legislation was to provide all Pennsylvania students who demonstrate academic excellence with the opportunity to attend college for free. After graduating from Harvard, Boyle worked as an advocate for the Alliance for Strong Families and Communities, the nation's second-largest association for family service organizations in Washington, D.C. Political career Boyle began his involvement in Philadelphia politics by serving as campaign manager for older brother Brendan's campaigns for the state legislature. In 2007, Kevin became Legislative Director to City Councilman Bill Greenlee, a role Boyle held until 2010 when he stepped down from the job to run his own race for State Representative. Boyle served as Philadelphia Councilman Bill Greenlee's legislative director for three years and helped write some of the city's most impactful new laws. He also worked directly with Councilman Bill Greenlee on the ban prohibiting driving while operating a hand-held cell phone or other electronic devices. In 2010, Boyle entered a three-way Democratic Primary in the 172nd state legislative district. The other two candidates were Democratic activist Tim Kearney and school teacher and community activist, Daniel Collins. He accused Collins's younger sister of submitting forged signatures to have his name on the ballot. Boyle's accusations were unfounded against Lauren Collins, who at that time was 8 months pregnant. Boyle finished first, beating both of his opponents by 30-point margins. In the general election, he faced former Speaker of the House John Perzel, who was seeking re-election despite his involvement in the "Bonusgate" scandal. Boyle won the election against Perzel, capturing 53.8% to Perzel's 46.1%. It was a significant upset that bucked the strong Republican winds blowing in 2010. Boyle was sworn in as the Representative from the 172nd PA House district in January 2011. In 2012, Boyle was challenged in the Democratic Primary. His opponent was once again Daniel Collins, who was endorsed by the Philadelphia FOP and many other city unions. Boyle again defeated Collins, winning 66% of the vote to Collins' 34%. In the general election, Boyle faced Republican Al Taubenberger. Boyle easily won re-election, defeating Taubenberger 68% to 32%. He has been re-elected by an overwhelming majority of voters in each election since. In 2019, Boyle was appointed the minority Chairperson of the House State Government committee. Boyle introduced legislation limiting the size of firearm magazines one may carry or sell, as well as for background checks for those who sell firearms. He is the prime sponsor on legislation that would expand the state's Hate Crimes Law, so that it would include protections for the LGBTQ community. More recently, Boyle's legislation to give emergency vehicle designation to Philadelphia Prison System Transport Units was signed into law by the governor. In the 2019-2020 session, Boyle succeeded as House State Government Committee Chairperson in working across the aisle to pass much-needed election related reforms. In the Tuesday, April 23, 2024, Pennsylvania Primary Election, Boyle was defeated in the Democratic Primary election by challenger Sean Dougherty. Dougherty garnered 72.52% of the vote to Boyle's 26.86%. Dougherty will compete in the November 2024 General Election https://vote-results.phila.gov/ResultsSW.aspx?type=STR&map=CTY In 2020, Boyle has worked as Chairperson of the House State Government Committee to prevent the Republican House and Senate majority from ending COVID-19 related health and safety measures, and to require CDC and Department of Health guidelines be instituted to protect workers and citizens. In 2021 in an interview with a Northern Irish newspaper Boyle refused to condemn all sectarian terrorist attacks in Northern Ireland. Personal The Philadelphia Daily News selected Kevin for its list of rising political stars within Philadelphia. Kevin's brother, Brendan, was also selected for the list. In 2012 the Community College of Philadelphia awarded Kevin for his community leadership. Kevin lives in the Fox Chase neighborhood of Philadelphia. Boyle is active in local civic organizations throughout Northeast Philadelphia. On September 25, 2021, he was arrested and charged with harassment and violation of a protection from abuse order that was filed by his wife. On February 9, 2024, a video surfaced on social media depicting Boyle berating and cursing at employees at a bar located within his district. Boyle accused bar staff and patrons of being members of military intelligence. Boyle was subsequently banned from the bar. On April 16, the Philadelphia Inquirer reported arrest warrant was issued for Kevin Boyle for the alleged violation of a protective order. References ^ Kinney, Monica Yant. "Outsiders Who Made it In". Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ Kinney, Monica Yant. "Outsiders Who Made it In". Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ "Rep. Kevin J. Boyle Biography". Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Retrieved January 2, 2014. ^ Catherine Lucey (November 3, 2010). "Kevin Boyle trips Perzel for Pa. House seat". Philly.com. Retrieved January 2, 2014. ^ "Irish-American politician Kevin J Boyle: I condemn only IRA 'errors' like Kingsmills". www.newsletter.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-09-26. ^ Lucey, Catherine. "A crystal-ball look at Philly's rising political stars". Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ Chang • •, David. "Pa. State Rep. Kevin Boyle Arrested and Charged With Harassment and Violation of Protection From Abuse Order". NBC10 Philadelphia. Retrieved 2021-09-26. ^ Chang • •, David (2024-02-09). "Video shows State Rep. Kevin Boyle ranting, threatening people inside Montgomery County bar, source says". NBC10 Philadelphia. Retrieved 2024-02-10. ^ Cole, Jeff (2024-02-09). "Pa. representative caught on video in incident at Montgomery County bar: officials". FOX 29 Philadelphia. Retrieved 2024-02-10. ^ McGoldrick, Gillian; Terruso, Julia; Rushing, Ellie (2024-04-17). "A warrant has been issued for State Rep. Kevin Boyle's arrest". www.inquirer.com. Retrieved 2024-04-18. 11 https://vote-results.phila.gov/ResultsSW.aspx?type=STR&map=CTYCommittee of Seventy Election Results External links Ballotpedia vteMembers of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Speaker ▌Joanna McClinton (D) Majority Leader ▌Matthew Bradford (D) Minority Leader ▌Bryan Cutler (R) ▌Pat Harkins (D) ▌Robert Merski (D) ▌Ryan Bizzarro (D) ▌Jake Banta (R) ▌Barry Jozwiak (R) ▌Brad Roae (R) ▌Parke Wentling (R) ▌Aaron Bernstine (R) ▌Marla Brown (R) ▌Amen Brown (D) ▌Marci Mustello (R) ▌Stephenie Scialabba (R) ▌John Lawrence (R) ▌Jim Marshall (R) ▌Josh Kail (R) ▌Robert Matzie (D) ▌Timothy R. Bonner (R) ▌K.C. Tomlinson (R) ▌Aerion Abney (D) ▌Emily Kinkead (D) ▌Lindsay Powell (D) ▌Joshua Siegel (D) ▌Dan Frankel (D) ▌La'Tasha Mayes (D) ▌Brandon Markosek (D) ▌Paul Friel (D) ▌Dan Deasy (D) ▌Rob Mercuri (R) ▌Tim Brennan (D) ▌Arvind Venkat (D) ▌Perry Warren (D) ▌Joe McAndrew (D) ▌Mandy Steele (D) ▌Abigail Salisbury (D) ▌Matt Gergely (D) ▌Jessica Benham (D) ▌Mindy Fee (R) ▌Nick Pisciottano (D) ▌Andrew Kuzma (R) ▌Natalie Mihalek (R) ▌Brett Miller (R) ▌Dan Miller (D) ▌Keith Greiner (R) ▌Valerie Gaydos (R) ▌Anita Kulik (D) ▌Jason Ortitay (R) ▌Joseph D'Orsie (R) ▌Tim O'Neal (R) ▌Ismail Smith-Wade-El (D) ▌Bud Cook (R) ▌Charity Grimm Krupa (R) ▌Ryan Warner (R) ▌Steve Malagari (D) ▌Greg Scott (D) ▌Jill N. Cooper (R) ▌George Dunbar (R) ▌Eric Nelson (R) ▌Eric Davanzo (R) ▌Leslie Rossi (R) ▌Abby Major (R) ▌Liz Hanbidge (D) ▌Jim Struzzi (R) ▌Donna Oberlander (R) ▌Lee James (R) ▌Kathy Rapp (R) ▌Brian Smith (R) ▌Martin Causer (R) ▌Clint Owlett (R) ▌Carl Walker Metzgar (R) ▌Matthew Bradford (D) ▌James Rigby (R) ▌Frank Burns (D) ▌Dallas Kephart (R) ▌Dan Williams (D) ▌Michael Armanini (R) ▌Stephanie Borowicz (R) ▌H. Scott Conklin (D) ▌Jesse Topper (R) ▌Louis Schmitt Jr. (R) ▌Jim Gregory (R) ▌Richard Irvin (R) ▌Paul Takac (D) ▌Jamie Flick (R) ▌Joseph Hamm (R) ▌David Rowe (R) ▌Perry Stambaugh (R) ▌Thomas Kutz (R) ▌Sheryl Delozier (R) ▌Rob Kauffman (R) ▌Paul Schemel (R) ▌Dan Moul (R) ▌Dawn Keefer (R) ▌Mike Jones (R) ▌Wendy Fink (R) ▌Carol Hill-Evans (D) ▌Mike Sturla (D) ▌Steven Mentzer (R) ▌Tom Jones (R) ▌David Zimmerman (R) ▌Bryan Cutler (R) ▌John A. Schlegel (R) ▌Russ Diamond (R) ▌Patty Kim (D) ▌Dave Madsen (D) ▌Justin C. Fleming (D) ▌Tom Mehaffie (R) ▌Joanne Stehr (R) ▌Michael Stender (R) ▌Robert Leadbeter (R) ▌Tina Pickett (R) ▌Jonathan Fritz (R) ▌Kyle Mullins (D) ▌Kyle Donahue (D) ▌Bridget Kosierowski (D) ▌Maureen Madden (D) ▌Dane Watro (R) ▌Mike Cabell (R) ▌Jim Haddock (D) ▌Alec Ryncavage (R) ▌Aaron Kaufer (R) ▌Eddie Day Pashinski (D) ▌Doyle Heffley (R) ▌Timothy Twardzik (R) ▌Jamie Barton (R) ▌Joe Kerwin (R) ▌Mark Rozzi (D) ▌Manny Guzman (D) ▌Mark Gillen (R) ▌Johanny Cepeda-Freytiz (D) ▌David Maloney (R) ▌Milou Mackenzie (R) ▌Mike Schlossberg (D) ▌Jeanne McNeill (D) ▌Peter Schweyer (D) ▌Steve Samuelson (D) ▌Robert Freeman (D) ▌Joe Emrick (R) ▌Ann Flood (R) ▌Jeff Olsommer (R) ▌Jim Prokopiak (D) ▌Tina Davis (D) ▌Joe Hogan (R) ▌Shelby Labs (R) ▌Brian Munroe (D) ▌Craig Staats (R) ▌Joe Ciresi (D) ▌Donna Scheuren (R) ▌Mary Jo Daley (D) ▌Tim Briggs (D) ▌Joe Webster (D) ▌Melissa Cerrato (D) ▌Nancy Guenst (D) ▌Ben Sanchez (D) ▌Napoleon Nelson (D) ▌Danielle Friel Otten (D) ▌Chris Pielli (D) ▌Melissa Shusterman (D) ▌Christina Sappey (D) ▌Carol Kazeem (D) ▌W. Craig Williams (R) ▌Leanne Krueger (D) ▌David Delloso (D) ▌Heather Boyd (D) ▌Gina Curry (D) ▌Jennifer O'Mara (D) ▌Greg Vitali (D) ▌Kristine Howard (D) ▌Lisa Borowski (D) ▌Kate Klunk (R) ▌Martina White (R) ▌Kerry Benninghoff (R) ▌Kevin J. Boyle (D) ▌Pat Gallagher (D) ▌Ed Neilson (D) ▌Mary Isaacson (D) ▌Jack Rader (R) ▌Joe Hohenstein (D) ▌Kristin Marcell (R) ▌Jason Dawkins (D) ▌Jose Giral (D) ▌Malcolm Kenyatta (D) ▌Ben Waxman (D) ▌Zach Mako (R) ▌Elizabeth Fiedler (D) ▌Regina Young (D) ▌Jordan Harris (D) ▌Ryan Mackenzie (R) ▌Rick Krajewski (D) ▌Tarah Probst (D) ▌G. Roni Green (D) ▌Joanna McClinton (D) ▌Morgan Cephas (D) ▌Torren Ecker (R) ▌Tarik Khan (D) ▌Donna Bullock (D) ▌Seth Grove (R) ▌Danilo Burgos (D) ▌Darisha Parker (D) ▌Barbara Gleim (R) ▌Chris Rabb (D) ▌Stephen Kinsey (D) ▌Jared Solomon (D) ▌Anthony A. Bellmon (D) ▌Democratic (102) ▌Republican (101) Pennsylvania General Assembly Pennsylvania House of Representatives Pennsylvania State Senate	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"John Perzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perzel"},{"link_name":"Brendan F. Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_F._Boyle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kevin J. Boyle (born February 7, 1980) is an American politician serving as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and current minority Chairman of the PA House State Government Committee. He is the state Representative from Pennsylvania House District 172, which covers parts of Northeast Philadelphia. Boyle was elected to the House of Representatives in November 2010 when he ran against 32-year incumbent and former Speaker of the Pennsylvania House John Perzel. Boyle is the younger brother of United States Representative Brendan F. Boyle and together they are the only set of brothers to serve simultaneously in Pennsylvania's House of Representatives in its 300-year history.[1]","title":"Kevin J. Boyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Dougherty High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Dougherty_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legwebsite-3"}],"text":"Boyle is the son of Francis Boyle, an Irish immigrant who came to America at age 19, and Eileen Boyle, a first generation Irish American who worked as a school crossing guard. He grew up in a row home in the Olney section of Philadelphia, where he was raised by his pro-union working-class parents. He graduated from Cardinal Dougherty High School\n[2] in 1998 and graduated with honors from LaSalle University in 2002, where he received his B.A. in political science. He went on to earn a master's degree from Harvard University. While at Harvard University where he earned his master's degree in education, Boyle researched urban education issues, school funding streams, and strategies to expand access to higher education. Much of his research was included in the \"Reach Scholarship\" bill that his brother, Rep. Brendan Boyle, and then-Rep. Tony Payton introduced in the House in 2009. The goal of the legislation was to provide all Pennsylvania students who demonstrate academic excellence with the opportunity to attend college for free.After graduating from Harvard, Boyle worked as an advocate for the Alliance for Strong Families and Communities, the nation's second-largest association for family service organizations in Washington, D.C.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010win-4"},{"link_name":"Al Taubenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Taubenberger"},{"link_name":"https://vote-results.phila.gov/ResultsSW.aspx?type=STR&map=CTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vote-results.phila.gov/ResultsSW.aspx?type=STR&map=CTY"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Boyle began his involvement in Philadelphia politics by serving as campaign manager for older brother Brendan's campaigns for the state legislature. In 2007, Kevin became Legislative Director to City Councilman Bill Greenlee, a role Boyle held until 2010 when he stepped down from the job to run his own race for State Representative. Boyle served as Philadelphia Councilman Bill Greenlee's legislative director for three years and helped write some of the city's most impactful new laws. He also worked directly with Councilman Bill Greenlee on the ban prohibiting driving while operating a hand-held cell phone or other electronic devices.In 2010, Boyle entered a three-way Democratic Primary in the 172nd state legislative district. The other two candidates were Democratic activist Tim Kearney and school teacher and community activist, Daniel Collins. He accused Collins's younger sister of submitting forged signatures to have his name on the ballot. Boyle's accusations were unfounded against Lauren Collins, who at that time was 8 months pregnant. Boyle finished first, beating both of his opponents by 30-point margins. In the general election, he faced former Speaker of the House John Perzel, who was seeking re-election despite his involvement in the \"Bonusgate\" scandal. Boyle won the election against Perzel, capturing 53.8% to Perzel's 46.1%. It was a significant upset that bucked the strong Republican winds blowing in 2010. Boyle was sworn in as the Representative from the 172nd PA House district in January 2011.[4]In 2012, Boyle was challenged in the Democratic Primary. His opponent was once again Daniel Collins, who was endorsed by the Philadelphia FOP and many other city unions. Boyle again defeated Collins, winning 66% of the vote to Collins' 34%. In the general election, Boyle faced Republican Al Taubenberger. Boyle easily won re-election, defeating Taubenberger 68% to 32%. He has been re-elected by an overwhelming majority of voters in each election since.In 2019, Boyle was appointed the minority Chairperson of the House State Government committee.Boyle introduced legislation limiting the size of firearm magazines one may carry or sell, as well as for background checks for those who sell firearms. He is the prime sponsor on legislation that would expand the state's Hate Crimes Law, so that it would include protections for the LGBTQ community. More recently, Boyle's legislation to give emergency vehicle designation to Philadelphia Prison System Transport Units was signed into law by the governor.In the 2019-2020 session, Boyle succeeded as House State Government Committee Chairperson in working across the aisle to pass much-needed election related reforms.In the Tuesday, April 23, 2024, Pennsylvania Primary Election, Boyle was defeated in the Democratic Primary election by challenger Sean Dougherty. Dougherty garnered 72.52% of the vote to Boyle's 26.86%. Dougherty will compete in the November 2024 General Election https://vote-results.phila.gov/ResultsSW.aspx?type=STR&map=CTYIn 2020, Boyle has worked as Chairperson of the House State Government Committee to prevent the Republican House and Senate majority from ending COVID-19 related health and safety measures, and to require CDC and Department of Health guidelines be instituted to protect workers and citizens.In 2021 in an interview with a Northern Irish newspaper Boyle refused to condemn all sectarian terrorist attacks in Northern Ireland.[5]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Philadelphia Daily News selected Kevin for its list of rising political stars within Philadelphia. Kevin's brother, Brendan, was also selected for the list.[6] In 2012 the Community College of Philadelphia awarded Kevin for his community leadership.Kevin lives in the Fox Chase neighborhood of Philadelphia. Boyle is active in local civic organizations throughout Northeast Philadelphia.On September 25, 2021, he was arrested and charged with harassment and violation of a protection from abuse order that was filed by his wife.[7]On February 9, 2024, a video surfaced on social media depicting Boyle berating and cursing at employees at a bar located within his district. Boyle accused bar staff and patrons of being members of military intelligence.[8][9] Boyle was subsequently banned from the bar.On April 16, the Philadelphia Inquirer reported arrest warrant was issued for Kevin Boyle for the alleged violation of a protective order.[10]","title":"Personal"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Rep. Kevin J. Boyle Biography\". Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Retrieved January 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pahouse.com/KBoyle/bio.asp","url_text":"\"Rep. Kevin J. Boyle Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Catherine Lucey (November 3, 2010). \"Kevin Boyle trips Perzel for Pa. House seat\". Philly.com. Retrieved January 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/2010-11-03/news/24954287_1_perzel-corruption-charges-house-seat","url_text":"\"Kevin Boyle trips Perzel for Pa. House seat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish-American politician Kevin J Boyle: I condemn only IRA 'errors' like Kingsmills\". www.newsletter.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/politics/irish-american-politician-kevin-j-boyle-i-condemn-only-ira-errors-like-kingsmills-3230048","url_text":"\"Irish-American politician Kevin J Boyle: I condemn only IRA 'errors' like Kingsmills\""}]},{"reference":"Chang • •, David. \"Pa. State Rep. Kevin Boyle Arrested and Charged With Harassment and Violation of Protection From Abuse Order\". NBC10 Philadelphia. Retrieved 2021-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/politics/pa-state-rep-kevin-boyle-arrested-and-charged-with-harassment/2971504/","url_text":"\"Pa. State Rep. Kevin Boyle Arrested and Charged With Harassment and Violation of Protection From Abuse Order\""}]},{"reference":"Chang • •, David (2024-02-09). \"Video shows State Rep. Kevin Boyle ranting, threatening people inside Montgomery County bar, source says\". NBC10 Philadelphia. Retrieved 2024-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/politics/video-shows-state-rep-kevin-boyle-ranting-inside-montco-bar-source-says/3772340/","url_text":"\"Video shows State Rep. Kevin Boyle ranting, threatening people inside Montgomery County bar, source says\""}]},{"reference":"Cole, Jeff (2024-02-09). \"Pa. representative caught on video in incident at Montgomery County bar: officials\". FOX 29 Philadelphia. Retrieved 2024-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fox29.com/news/pa-representative-caught-on-video-in-incident-at-montgomery-county-bar","url_text":"\"Pa. representative caught on video in incident at Montgomery County bar: officials\""}]},{"reference":"McGoldrick, Gillian; Terruso, Julia; Rushing, Ellie (2024-04-17). \"A warrant has been issued for State Rep. Kevin Boyle's arrest\". www.inquirer.com. Retrieved 2024-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/politics/pennsylvania/kevin-boyle-arrest-warrant-election-20240416.html","url_text":"\"A warrant has been issued for State Rep. Kevin Boyle's arrest\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kevin+J.+Boyle%22","external_links_name":"\"Kevin J. Boyle\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kevin+J.+Boyle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kevin+J.+Boyle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kevin+J.+Boyle%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kevin+J.+Boyle%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kevin+J.+Boyle%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.votekevinboyle.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://vote-results.phila.gov/ResultsSW.aspx?type=STR&map=CTY","external_links_name":"https://vote-results.phila.gov/ResultsSW.aspx?type=STR&map=CTY"},{"Link":"http://www.pahouse.com/KBoyle/bio.asp","external_links_name":"\"Rep. Kevin J. Boyle Biography\""},{"Link":"http://articles.philly.com/2010-11-03/news/24954287_1_perzel-corruption-charges-house-seat","external_links_name":"\"Kevin Boyle trips Perzel for Pa. House seat\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/politics/irish-american-politician-kevin-j-boyle-i-condemn-only-ira-errors-like-kingsmills-3230048","external_links_name":"\"Irish-American politician Kevin J Boyle: I condemn only IRA 'errors' like Kingsmills\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/politics/pa-state-rep-kevin-boyle-arrested-and-charged-with-harassment/2971504/","external_links_name":"\"Pa. State Rep. Kevin Boyle Arrested and Charged With Harassment and Violation of Protection From Abuse Order\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/politics/video-shows-state-rep-kevin-boyle-ranting-inside-montco-bar-source-says/3772340/","external_links_name":"\"Video shows State Rep. Kevin Boyle ranting, threatening people inside Montgomery County bar, source says\""},{"Link":"https://www.fox29.com/news/pa-representative-caught-on-video-in-incident-at-montgomery-county-bar","external_links_name":"\"Pa. representative caught on video in incident at Montgomery County bar: officials\""},{"Link":"https://www.inquirer.com/politics/pennsylvania/kevin-boyle-arrest-warrant-election-20240416.html","external_links_name":"\"A warrant has been issued for State Rep. Kevin Boyle's arrest\""},{"Link":"https://vote-results.phila.gov/ResultsSW.aspx?type=STR&map=CTYCommittee","external_links_name":"https://vote-results.phila.gov/ResultsSW.aspx?type=STR&map=CTYCommittee"},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Kevin_Boyle","external_links_name":"Ballotpedia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_South_Sudan	List of mammals of South Sudan	["1 Order: Tubulidentata (aardvarks)","2 Order: Hyracoidea (hyraxes)","3 Order: Proboscidea (elephants)","4 Order: Primates","5 Order: Rodentia (rodents)","6 Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)","7 Order: Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs and gymnures)","8 Order: Soricomorpha (shrews, moles, and solenodons)","9 Order: Chiroptera (bats)","10 Order: Pholidota (pangolins)","11 Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)","12 Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)","13 Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)","14 See also","15 Notes","16 References"]	This is a list of the mammal species recorded in South Sudan. Of the mammal species in South Sudan, three are critically endangered, five are endangered, eleven are vulnerable, and nine are near threatened. One of the species listed for South Sudan can no longer be found in the wild. The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature: EX Extinct No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. EW Extinct in the wild Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized populations well outside its previous range. CR Critically endangered The species is in imminent risk of extinction in the wild. EN Endangered The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. VU Vulnerable The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. NT Near threatened The species does not meet any of the criteria that would categorise it as risking extinction but it is likely to do so in the future. LC Least concern There are no current identifiable risks to the species. DD Data deficient There is inadequate information to make an assessment of the risks to this species. Some species were assessed using an earlier set of criteria. Species assessed using this system have the following instead of near threatened and least concern categories: LR/cd Lower risk/conservation dependent Species which were the focus of conservation programmes and may have moved into a higher risk category if that programme was discontinued. LR/nt Lower risk/near threatened Species which are close to being classified as vulnerable but are not the subject of conservation programmes. LR/lc Lower risk/least concern Species for which there are no identifiable risks. Order: Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Aardvark The order Tubulidentata consists of a single species, the aardvark. Tubulidentata are characterised by their teeth which lack a pulp cavity and form thin tubes which are continuously worn down and replaced. Family: Orycteropodidae Genus: Orycteropus Aardvark, O. afer LC Order: Hyracoidea (hyraxes) The hyraxes are any of four species of fairly small, thickset, herbivorous mammals in the order Hyracoidea. About the size of a domestic cat they are well-furred, with rounded bodies and a stumpy tail. They are native to Africa and the Middle East. Family: Procaviidae (hyraxes) Genus: Heterohyrax Yellow-spotted rock hyrax, Heterohyrax brucei LC Genus: Procavia Rock hyrax, Procavia capensis LC Order: Proboscidea (elephants) African bush elephant The elephants comprise three living species and are the largest living land animals. Family: Elephantidae (elephants) Genus: Loxodonta African bush elephant, L. africana EN African forest elephant, L. cyclotis CR Order: Primates The order Primates contains humans and their closest relatives: lemurs, lorisoids, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes. Suborder: Strepsirrhini Infraorder: Lemuriformes Superfamily: Lorisoidea Family: Galagidae Genus: Galago Senegal bushbaby, Galago senegalensis LR/lc Suborder: Haplorhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Parvorder: Catarrhini Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea Family: Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys) Genus: Erythrocebus Patas monkey, Erythrocebus patas LR/lc Genus: Chlorocebus Grivet, Chlorocebus aethiops LR/lc Tantalus monkey, Chlorocebus tantalus LR/lc Genus: Papio Olive baboon, Papio anubis LR/lc Hamadryas baboon, Papio hamadryas LR/nt Order: Rodentia (rodents) Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (99 lb). Suborder: Hystricognathi Family: Bathyergidae Genus: Cryptomys Ochre mole-rat, Cryptomys ochraceocinereus DD Family: Hystricidae (Old World porcupines) Genus: Hystrix Crested porcupine, Hystrix cristata LC Suborder: Sciurognathi Family: Sciuridae (squirrels) Subfamily: Xerinae Tribe: Xerini Genus: Xerus Striped ground squirrel, Xerus erythropus LC Unstriped ground squirrel, Xerus rutilus LC Tribe: Protoxerini Genus: Heliosciurus Gambian sun squirrel, Heliosciurus gambianus LC Family: Gliridae (dormice) Subfamily: Graphiurinae Genus: Graphiurus Small-eared dormouse, Graphiurus microtis LC Family: Dipodidae (jerboas) Subfamily: Dipodinae Genus: Jaculus Lesser Egyptian jerboa, Jaculus jaculus LC Family: Nesomyidae Subfamily: Cricetomyinae Genus: Cricetomys Gambian pouched rat, Cricetomys gambianus LC Family: Cricetidae Subfamily: Lophiomyinae Genus: Lophiomys Maned rat, Lophiomys imhausi LC Family: Muridae (mice, rats, voles, gerbils, hamsters, etc.) Subfamily: Deomyinae Genus: Acomys Cairo spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus LC Gray spiny mouse, Acomys cineraceus LC Subfamily: Gerbillinae Genus: Desmodilliscus Pouched gerbil, Desmodilliscus braueri LC Genus: Dipodillus North African gerbil, Dipodillus campestris LC Mackilligin's gerbil, Dipodillus mackilligini LC Genus: Gerbillus Agag gerbil, Gerbillus agag DD Botta's gerbil, Gerbillus bottai DD Burton's gerbil, Gerbillus burtoni DD Dongola gerbil, Gerbillus dongolanus DD Lesser Egyptian gerbil, Gerbillus gerbillus LC Pygmy gerbil, Gerbillus henleyi LC Lowe's gerbil, Gerbillus lowei DD Darfur gerbil, Gerbillus muriculus LC Sudan gerbil, Gerbillus nancillus DD Principal gerbil, Gerbillus principulus DD Greater Egyptian gerbil, Gerbillus pyramidum LC Rosalinda gerbil, Gerbillus rosalinda DD Khartoum gerbil, Gerbillus stigmonyx DD Waters's gerbil, Gerbillus watersi LC Genus: Meriones Sundevall's jird, Meriones crassus LC Genus: Sekeetamys Bushy-tailed jird, Sekeetamys calurus LC Genus: Tatera Kemp's gerbil, Tatera kempi LC Fringe-tailed gerbil, Tatera robusta LC Savanna gerbil, Tatera valida LC Genus: Taterillus Congo gerbil, Taterillus congicus LC Emin's gerbil, Taterillus emini LC Subfamily: Murinae Genus: Aethomys Hinde's rock rat, Aethomys hindei LC Genus: Arvicanthis African grass rat, Arvicanthis niloticus LC Genus: Grammomys Arid thicket rat, Grammomys aridulus NT Genus: Lemniscomys Heuglin's striped grass mouse, Lemniscomys zebra LC Genus: Mastomys Guinea multimammate mouse, Mastomys erythroleucus LC Verheyen's multimammate mouse, Mastomys kollmannspergeri LC Natal multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis LC Genus: Myomyscus Brockman's rock mouse, Myomyscus brockmani LC Genus: Praomys Dalton's mouse, Praomys daltoni LC Jackson's soft-furred mouse, Praomys jacksoni LC Genus: Zelotomys Hildegarde's broad-headed mouse, Zelotomys hildegardeae LC Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs) The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two. Family: Leporidae (rabbits, hares) Genus: Lepus Cape hare, Lepus capensis LR/lc African savanna hare, Lepus microtis LR/lc Order: Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs and gymnures) The order Erinaceomorpha contains a single family, Erinaceidae, which comprise the hedgehogs and gymnures. The hedgehogs are easily recognised by their spines while gymnures look more like large rats. Family: Erinaceidae (hedgehogs) Subfamily: Erinaceinae Genus: Atelerix Four-toed hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris LR/lc Genus: Hemiechinus Desert hedgehog, Hemiechinus aethiopicus LR/lc Order: Soricomorpha (shrews, moles, and solenodons) The "shrew-forms" are insectivorous mammals. The shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice while the moles are stout-bodied burrowers. Family: Soricidae (shrews) Subfamily: Crocidurinae Genus: Crocidura Savanna shrew, Crocidura fulvastra LC Bicolored musk shrew, Crocidura fuscomurina LC African giant shrew, Crocidura olivieri LC Small-footed shrew, Crocidura parvipes LC Sahelian tiny shrew, Crocidura pasha LC Somali shrew, Crocidura somalica LC Savanna path shrew, Crocidura viaria LC Voi shrew, Crocidura voi LC Yankari shrew, Crocidura yankariensis LC Order: Chiroptera (bats) The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals. Family: Pteropodidae (flying foxes, Old World fruit bats) Subfamily: Pteropodinae Genus: Eidolon Straw-coloured fruit bat, Eidolon helvum LC Genus: Epomophorus Gambian epauletted fruit bat, Epomophorus gambianus LC Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat, Epomophorus labiatus LC Genus: Lissonycteris Angolan rousette, Lissonycteris angolensis LC Genus: Micropteropus Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat, Micropteropus pusillus LC Genus: Rousettus Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus LC Family: Vespertilionidae Subfamily: Vespertilioninae Genus: Eptesicus Horn-skinned bat, Eptesicus floweri VU Genus: Glauconycteris Butterfly bat, Glauconycteris variegata LC Genus: Hypsugo Desert pipistrelle, Hypsugo ariel DD Genus: Neoromicia Cape serotine, Neoromicia capensis LC Tiny serotine, Neoromicia guineensis LC Banana pipistrelle, Neoromicia nanus LC Rendall's serotine, Neoromicia rendalli LC Somali serotine, Neoromicia somalicus LC Genus: Nycticeinops Schlieffen's bat, Nycticeinops schlieffeni LC Genus: Pipistrellus Egyptian pipistrelle, Pipistrellus deserti LC Rüppell's pipistrelle, Pipistrellus rueppelli LC Rusty pipistrelle, Pipistrellus rusticus LC Genus: Scotoecus Dark-winged lesser house bat, Scotoecus hirundo DD Genus: Scotophilus African yellow bat, Scotophilus dinganii LC White-bellied yellow bat, Scotophilus leucogaster LC Greenish yellow bat, Scotophilus viridis LC Family: Rhinopomatidae Genus: Rhinopoma Egyptian mouse-tailed bat, R. cystops LC Lesser mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickei LC Greater mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma microphyllum LC Family: Molossidae Genus: Chaerephon Ansorge's free-tailed bat, Chaerephon ansorgei LC Lappet-eared free-tailed bat, Chaerephon major LC Little free-tailed bat, Chaerephon pumila LC Genus: Mops Angolan free-tailed bat, Mops condylurus LC Mongalla free-tailed bat, Mops demonstrator NT Midas free-tailed bat, Mops midas LC Family: Emballonuridae Genus: Coleura African sheath-tailed bat, Coleura afra LC Genus: Taphozous Mauritian tomb bat, Taphozous mauritianus LC Naked-rumped tomb bat, Taphozous nudiventris LC Egyptian tomb bat, Taphozous perforatus LC Family: Nycteridae Genus: Nycteris Hairy slit-faced bat, Nycteris hispida LC Large-eared slit-faced bat, Nycteris macrotis LC Egyptian slit-faced bat, Nycteris thebaica LC Family: Megadermatidae Genus: Cardioderma Heart-nosed bat, Cardioderma cor LC Genus: Lavia Yellow-winged bat, Lavia frons LC Family: Rhinolophidae Subfamily: Rhinolophinae Genus: Rhinolophus Geoffroy's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus clivosus LC Rüppell's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus fumigatus LC Lander's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus landeri LC Subfamily: Hipposiderinae Genus: Asellia Trident leaf-nosed bat, Asellia tridens LC Genus: Hipposideros Aba roundleaf bat, Hipposideros abae NT Sundevall's roundleaf bat, Hipposideros caffer LC Noack's roundleaf bat, Hipposideros ruber LC Order: Pholidota (pangolins) The order Pholidota comprises the eight species of pangolin. Pangolins are anteaters and have the powerful claws, elongated snout and long tongue seen in the other unrelated anteater species. Family: Manidae Genus: Manis Ground pangolin, Manis temminckii LR/nt Order: Carnivora (carnivorans) Cheetah Lion African wild dogs Honey badger There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition. Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Felinae Genus: Acinonyx Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus VU Genus: Caracal Caracal, Caracal caracal LC Genus: Leptailurus Serval, Leptailurus serval LC Subfamily: Pantherinae Genus: Panthera Lion, Panthera leo VU Leopard, Panthera pardus VU Family: Viverridae Subfamily: Viverrinae Genus: Civettictis African civet, Civettictis civetta LC Genus: Genetta Family: Nandiniidae Family: Herpestidae (mongooses) Genus: Atilax Marsh mongoose, Atilax paludinosus LC Genus: Helogale Common dwarf mongoose, Helogale parvula LC Genus: Herpestes Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon LC Common slender mongoose, Herpestes sanguineus LC Genus: Ichneumia White-tailed mongoose, Ichneumia albicauda LC Genus: Mungos Banded mongoose, Mungos mungo LC Family: Hyaenidae (hyaenas) Genus: Crocuta Spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta LC Genus: Hyaena Striped hyena, Hyaena hyaena NT Genus: Proteles Aardwolf, Proteles cristatus LC Suborder: Caniformia Family: Canidae (dogs, foxes) Genus: Canis African golden wolf, Canis lupaster LC Genus: Lupulella Side-striped jackal, L. adusta LC Black-backed jackal, L. mesomelas LC Genus: Lycaon African wild dog, L. pictus EN Family: Mustelidae (mustelids) Genus: Ictonyx Striped polecat, I. striatus LC Genus: Mellivora Honey badger, M. capensis LC Genus: Hydrictis Spotted-necked otter, H. maculicollis LC Genus: Aonyx African clawless otter, A. capensis LC Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) Grant's zebra The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals. They are usually large to very large, and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe. Family: Equidae (horses etc.) Genus: Equus Somali wild ass, Equus africanus somaliensis CR Grevy's zebra, Equus grevyi EN Grant's zebra, Equus quagga boehmi LC Maneless zebra, Equus quagga borensis LC Family: Rhinocerotidae Genus: Diceros Northeastern black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis brucii EX Uganda black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis ladoensis CR Western black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis longipes EX Eastern black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis michaeli CR Genus: Ceratotherium Northern white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum cottoni CR Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) Hippopotamus Klipspringer Oribi Bushbuck Yellow-backed duiker East African oryx The even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans. Family: Suidae (pigs) Subfamily: Phacochoerinae Genus: Phacochoerus Common warthog, Phacochoerus africanus LR/lc Genus: Potamochoerus Bushpig, Potamochoerus larvatus LR/lc Family: Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses) Genus: Hippopotamus Hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius VU Family: Giraffidae (giraffe, okapi) Genus: Giraffa Kordofan giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum VU Nubian giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis EN Rothschild's giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi EN Family: Bovidae (cattle, antelope, sheep, goats) Subfamily: Alcelaphinae Genus: Alcelaphus Hartebeest, Alcelaphus buselaphus LR/cd Genus: Damaliscus Topi, Damaliscus lunatus LR/cd Subfamily: Antilopinae Genus: Gazella Dorcas gazelle, Gazella dorcas VU Rhim gazelle, Gazella leptoceros EN Red-fronted gazelle, Gazella rufifrons VU Soemmerring's gazelle, Gazella soemmerringii VU Thomson's gazelle, Gazella thomsonii LR/cd Genus: Madoqua Salt's dik-dik, Madoqua saltiana LR/lc Genus: Oreotragus Klipspringer, Oreotragus oreotragus LR/cd Genus: Ourebia Oribi, Ourebia ourebi LR/cd Subfamily: Bovinae Genus: Syncerus African buffalo, Syncerus caffer LR/cd Genus: Taurotragus Common eland, Taurotragus oryx LR/nt Giant eland, Taurotragus derbianus LR/nt Genus: Tragelaphus Bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus LR/lc Sitatunga, Tragelaphus spekii LR/nt Greater kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros LR/cd Subfamily: Caprinae Genus: Capra Nubian ibex, Capra nubiana EN Subfamily: Cephalophinae Genus: Cephalophus Blue duiker, Cephalophus monticola LR/lc Red-flanked duiker, Cephalophus rufilatus LR/cd Yellow-backed duiker, Cephalophus silvicultor LR/nt Genus: Sylvicapra Common duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia LR/lc Subfamily: Hippotraginae Genus: Oryx East African oryx, Oryx beisa beisa NT Subfamily: Reduncinae Genus: Kobus Waterbuck, Kobus ellipsiprymnus LR/cd Kob, Kobus kob LR/cd Nile lechwe, Kobus megaceros LR/nt Genus: Redunca Bohor reedbuck, Redunca redunca LR/cd See also List of chordate orders Lists of mammals by region List of prehistoric mammals Mammal classification List of mammals described in the 2000s Notes ^ This list is derived from the IUCN Red List which lists species of mammals and includes those mammals that have recently been classified as extinct (since 1500 AD). The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles as of 21 May 2007 and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available. ^ Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Balfour, D.; Wittemyer, G.; Maisels, F.; Taylor, R.D. (2021). "Loxodonta africana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T181008073A204401095. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T181008073A204401095.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021). "Loxodonta cyclotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T181007989A204404464. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ Benda, P. (2017). "Rhinopoma cystops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T82345555A82345569. ^ Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A. & Groom, R. (2015). "Acinonyx jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T219A50649567. ^ Do Linh San, E.; Begg, C.; Begg, K. & Abramov, A.V. (2016). "Mellivora capensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41629A45210107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en. References "Mammal Species of the World". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007. "Animal Diversity Web". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 1995–2006. Retrieved 22 May 2007. vteList of mammals of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"}],"text":"The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature:Some species were assessed using an earlier set of criteria. Species assessed using this system have the following instead of near threatened and least concern categories:","title":"List of mammals of South Sudan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orycteropus_afer01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aardvark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark"},{"link_name":"Orycteropodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orycteropodidae"},{"link_name":"Orycteropus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orycteropus"},{"link_name":"Aardvark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark"}],"text":"AardvarkThe order Tubulidentata consists of a single species, the aardvark. Tubulidentata are characterised by their teeth which lack a pulp cavity and form thin tubes which are continuously worn down and replaced.Family: Orycteropodidae\nGenus: Orycteropus\nAardvark, O. afer LC","title":"Order: Tubulidentata (aardvarks)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Procaviidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procaviidae"},{"link_name":"Heterohyrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterohyrax"},{"link_name":"Yellow-spotted rock hyrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-spotted_rock_hyrax"},{"link_name":"Procavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procavia"},{"link_name":"Rock hyrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_hyrax"}],"text":"The hyraxes are any of four species of fairly small, thickset, herbivorous mammals in the order Hyracoidea. About the size of a domestic cat they are well-furred, with rounded bodies and a stumpy tail. They are native to Africa and the Middle East.Family: Procaviidae (hyraxes)\nGenus: Heterohyrax\nYellow-spotted rock hyrax, Heterohyrax brucei LC\nGenus: Procavia\nRock hyrax, Procavia capensis LC","title":"Order: Hyracoidea (hyraxes)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elephantidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantidae"},{"link_name":"Loxodonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxodonta"},{"link_name":"African bush elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"African forest elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_forest_elephant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"African bush elephantThe elephants comprise three living species and are the largest living land animals.Family: Elephantidae (elephants)\nGenus: Loxodonta\nAfrican bush elephant, L. africana EN[2]\nAfrican forest elephant, L. cyclotis CR[3]","title":"Order: Proboscidea (elephants)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"lemurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur"},{"link_name":"lorisoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorisoidea"},{"link_name":"tarsiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsier"},{"link_name":"monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey"},{"link_name":"apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape"},{"link_name":"Strepsirrhini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini"},{"link_name":"Lemuriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuriformes"},{"link_name":"Lorisoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorisoidea"},{"link_name":"Galagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galagidae"},{"link_name":"Galago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galago"},{"link_name":"Senegal bushbaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_bushbaby"},{"link_name":"Haplorhini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplorhini"},{"link_name":"Simiiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simiiformes"},{"link_name":"Catarrhini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarrhini"},{"link_name":"Cercopithecoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercopithecoidea"},{"link_name":"Cercopithecidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercopithecidae"},{"link_name":"Erythrocebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocebus"},{"link_name":"Patas monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patas_monkey"},{"link_name":"Chlorocebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorocebus"},{"link_name":"Grivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivet"},{"link_name":"Tantalus monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalus_monkey"},{"link_name":"Papio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papio"},{"link_name":"Olive baboon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_baboon"},{"link_name":"Hamadryas baboon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon"}],"text":"The order Primates contains humans and their closest relatives: lemurs, lorisoids, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.Suborder: Strepsirrhini\nInfraorder: Lemuriformes\nSuperfamily: Lorisoidea\nFamily: Galagidae\nGenus: Galago\nSenegal bushbaby, Galago senegalensis LR/lc\nSuborder: Haplorhini\nInfraorder: Simiiformes\nParvorder: Catarrhini\nSuperfamily: Cercopithecoidea\nFamily: Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys)\nGenus: Erythrocebus\nPatas monkey, Erythrocebus patas LR/lc\nGenus: Chlorocebus\nGrivet, Chlorocebus aethiops LR/lc\nTantalus monkey, Chlorocebus tantalus LR/lc\nGenus: Papio\nOlive baboon, Papio anubis LR/lc\nHamadryas baboon, Papio hamadryas LR/nt","title":"Order: Primates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"incisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisor"},{"link_name":"capybara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capybara"},{"link_name":"Hystricognathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hystricognathi"},{"link_name":"Bathyergidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyergidae"},{"link_name":"Cryptomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptomys"},{"link_name":"Ochre mole-rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre_mole-rat"},{"link_name":"Hystricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hystricidae"},{"link_name":"Hystrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hystrix_(porcupine)"},{"link_name":"Crested porcupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crested_porcupine"},{"link_name":"Sciurognathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciurognathi"},{"link_name":"Sciuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciuridae"},{"link_name":"Xerinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerinae"},{"link_name":"Xerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerini"},{"link_name":"Xerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerus"},{"link_name":"Striped ground squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerus_erythropus"},{"link_name":"Unstriped ground squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstriped_ground_squirrel"},{"link_name":"Protoxerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoxerini"},{"link_name":"Heliosciurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosciurus"},{"link_name":"Gambian sun squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambian_sun_squirrel"},{"link_name":"Gliridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliridae"},{"link_name":"Graphiurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphiurinae"},{"link_name":"Graphiurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphiurus"},{"link_name":"Small-eared dormouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-eared_dormouse"},{"link_name":"Dipodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipodidae"},{"link_name":"Dipodinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipodinae"},{"link_name":"Jaculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaculus_(rodent)"},{"link_name":"Lesser Egyptian jerboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Egyptian_jerboa"},{"link_name":"Nesomyidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesomyidae"},{"link_name":"Cricetomyinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricetomyinae"},{"link_name":"Cricetomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricetomys"},{"link_name":"Gambian pouched rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambian_pouched_rat"},{"link_name":"Cricetidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricetidae"},{"link_name":"Lophiomyinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophiomyinae"},{"link_name":"Lophiomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophiomys"},{"link_name":"Maned rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_rat"},{"link_name":"Muridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muridae"},{"link_name":"Deomyinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deomyinae"},{"link_name":"Acomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acomys"},{"link_name":"Cairo spiny mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_spiny_mouse"},{"link_name":"Gray spiny mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_spiny_mouse"},{"link_name":"Gerbillinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbillinae"},{"link_name":"Desmodilliscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmodilliscus"},{"link_name":"Pouched gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouched_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Dipodillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipodillus"},{"link_name":"North African gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Mackilligin's gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackilligin%27s_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Gerbillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbillus"},{"link_name":"Agag gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agag_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Botta's gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botta%27s_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Burton's gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton%27s_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Dongola gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongola_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Lesser Egyptian gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Egyptian_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Pygmy gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Lowe's gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe%27s_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Darfur gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Sudan gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Principal gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Greater Egyptian gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Egyptian_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Rosalinda gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalinda_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Khartoum gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Waters's gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waters%27s_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Meriones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriones_(rodent)"},{"link_name":"Sundevall's jird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundevall%27s_jird"},{"link_name":"Sekeetamys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekeetamys"},{"link_name":"Bushy-tailed jird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushy-tailed_jird"},{"link_name":"Tatera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatera"},{"link_name":"Kemp's gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemp%27s_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Fringe-tailed gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe-tailed_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Savanna gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Taterillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taterillus"},{"link_name":"Congo gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Emin's gerbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emin%27s_gerbil"},{"link_name":"Murinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murinae"},{"link_name":"Aethomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethomys"},{"link_name":"Hinde's rock rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinde%27s_rock_rat"},{"link_name":"Arvicanthis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvicanthis"},{"link_name":"African grass rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_grass_rat"},{"link_name":"Grammomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammomys"},{"link_name":"Arid thicket rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid_thicket_rat"},{"link_name":"Lemniscomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemniscomys"},{"link_name":"Heuglin's striped grass mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuglin%27s_striped_grass_mouse"},{"link_name":"Mastomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastomys"},{"link_name":"Guinea multimammate mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_multimammate_mouse"},{"link_name":"Verheyen's multimammate mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verheyen%27s_multimammate_mouse"},{"link_name":"Natal multimammate mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal_multimammate_mouse"},{"link_name":"Myomyscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myomyscus"},{"link_name":"Brockman's rock mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockman%27s_rock_mouse"},{"link_name":"Praomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praomys"},{"link_name":"Dalton's mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton%27s_mouse"},{"link_name":"Jackson's soft-furred mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%27s_soft-furred_mouse"},{"link_name":"Zelotomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelotomys"},{"link_name":"Hildegarde's broad-headed mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegarde%27s_broad-headed_mouse"}],"text":"Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (99 lb).Suborder: Hystricognathi\nFamily: Bathyergidae\nGenus: Cryptomys\nOchre mole-rat, Cryptomys ochraceocinereus DD\nFamily: Hystricidae (Old World porcupines)\nGenus: Hystrix\nCrested porcupine, Hystrix cristata LC\nSuborder: Sciurognathi\nFamily: Sciuridae (squirrels)\nSubfamily: Xerinae\nTribe: Xerini\nGenus: Xerus\nStriped ground squirrel, Xerus erythropus LC\nUnstriped ground squirrel, Xerus rutilus LC\nTribe: Protoxerini\nGenus: Heliosciurus\nGambian sun squirrel, Heliosciurus gambianus LC\nFamily: Gliridae (dormice)\nSubfamily: Graphiurinae\nGenus: Graphiurus\nSmall-eared dormouse, Graphiurus microtis LC\nFamily: Dipodidae (jerboas)\nSubfamily: Dipodinae\nGenus: Jaculus\nLesser Egyptian jerboa, Jaculus jaculus LC\nFamily: Nesomyidae\nSubfamily: Cricetomyinae\nGenus: Cricetomys\nGambian pouched rat, Cricetomys gambianus LC\nFamily: Cricetidae\nSubfamily: Lophiomyinae\nGenus: Lophiomys\nManed rat, Lophiomys imhausi LC\nFamily: Muridae (mice, rats, voles, gerbils, hamsters, etc.)\nSubfamily: Deomyinae\nGenus: Acomys\nCairo spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus LC\nGray spiny mouse, Acomys cineraceus LC\nSubfamily: Gerbillinae\nGenus: Desmodilliscus\nPouched gerbil, Desmodilliscus braueri LC\nGenus: Dipodillus\nNorth African gerbil, Dipodillus campestris LC\nMackilligin's gerbil, Dipodillus mackilligini LC\nGenus: Gerbillus\nAgag gerbil, Gerbillus agag DD\nBotta's gerbil, Gerbillus bottai DD\nBurton's gerbil, Gerbillus burtoni DD\nDongola gerbil, Gerbillus dongolanus DD\nLesser Egyptian gerbil, Gerbillus gerbillus LC\nPygmy gerbil, Gerbillus henleyi LC\nLowe's gerbil, Gerbillus lowei DD\nDarfur gerbil, Gerbillus muriculus LC\nSudan gerbil, Gerbillus nancillus DD\nPrincipal gerbil, Gerbillus principulus DD\nGreater Egyptian gerbil, Gerbillus pyramidum LC\nRosalinda gerbil, Gerbillus rosalinda DD\nKhartoum gerbil, Gerbillus stigmonyx DD\nWaters's gerbil, Gerbillus watersi LC\nGenus: Meriones\nSundevall's jird, Meriones crassus LC\nGenus: Sekeetamys\nBushy-tailed jird, Sekeetamys calurus LC\nGenus: Tatera\nKemp's gerbil, Tatera kempi LC\nFringe-tailed gerbil, Tatera robusta LC\nSavanna gerbil, Tatera valida LC\nGenus: Taterillus\nCongo gerbil, Taterillus congicus LC\nEmin's gerbil, Taterillus emini LC\nSubfamily: Murinae\nGenus: Aethomys\nHinde's rock rat, Aethomys hindei LC\nGenus: Arvicanthis\nAfrican grass rat, Arvicanthis niloticus LC\nGenus: Grammomys\nArid thicket rat, Grammomys aridulus NT\nGenus: Lemniscomys\nHeuglin's striped grass mouse, Lemniscomys zebra LC\nGenus: Mastomys\nGuinea multimammate mouse, Mastomys erythroleucus LC\nVerheyen's multimammate mouse, Mastomys kollmannspergeri LC\nNatal multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis LC\nGenus: Myomyscus\nBrockman's rock mouse, Myomyscus brockmani LC\nGenus: Praomys\nDalton's mouse, Praomys daltoni LC\nJackson's soft-furred mouse, Praomys jacksoni LC\nGenus: Zelotomys\nHildegarde's broad-headed mouse, Zelotomys hildegardeae LC","title":"Order: Rodentia (rodents)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leporidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leporidae"},{"link_name":"hares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit"},{"link_name":"pikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pika"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"superfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank"},{"link_name":"Leporidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leporidae"},{"link_name":"Lepus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"Cape hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_hare"},{"link_name":"African savanna hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_savanna_hare"}],"text":"The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.Family: Leporidae (rabbits, hares)\nGenus: Lepus\nCape hare, Lepus capensis LR/lc\nAfrican savanna hare, Lepus microtis LR/lc","title":"Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hedgehogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog"},{"link_name":"gymnures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnure"},{"link_name":"Erinaceidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceidae"},{"link_name":"Erinaceinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceinae"},{"link_name":"Atelerix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelerix"},{"link_name":"Four-toed hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-toed_hedgehog"},{"link_name":"Hemiechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiechinus"},{"link_name":"Desert hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_hedgehog"}],"text":"The order Erinaceomorpha contains a single family, Erinaceidae, which comprise the hedgehogs and gymnures. The hedgehogs are easily recognised by their spines while gymnures look more like large rats.Family: Erinaceidae (hedgehogs)\nSubfamily: Erinaceinae\nGenus: Atelerix\nFour-toed hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris LR/lc\nGenus: Hemiechinus\nDesert hedgehog, Hemiechinus aethiopicus LR/lc","title":"Order: Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs and gymnures)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soricidae"},{"link_name":"Crocidurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocidurinae"},{"link_name":"Crocidura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocidura"},{"link_name":"Savanna shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_shrew"},{"link_name":"Bicolored musk shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicolored_musk_shrew"},{"link_name":"African giant shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_giant_shrew"},{"link_name":"Small-footed shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-footed_shrew"},{"link_name":"Sahelian tiny shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelian_tiny_shrew"},{"link_name":"Somali shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shrew"},{"link_name":"Savanna path shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_path_shrew"},{"link_name":"Voi shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voi_shrew"},{"link_name":"Yankari shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankari_shrew"}],"text":"The \"shrew-forms\" are insectivorous mammals. The shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice while the moles are stout-bodied burrowers.Family: Soricidae (shrews)\nSubfamily: Crocidurinae\nGenus: Crocidura\nSavanna shrew, Crocidura fulvastra LC\nBicolored musk shrew, Crocidura fuscomurina LC\nAfrican giant shrew, Crocidura olivieri LC\nSmall-footed shrew, Crocidura parvipes LC\nSahelian tiny shrew, Crocidura pasha LC\nSomali shrew, Crocidura somalica LC\nSavanna path shrew, Crocidura viaria LC\nVoi shrew, Crocidura voi LC\nYankari shrew, Crocidura yankariensis LC","title":"Order: Soricomorpha (shrews, moles, and solenodons)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pteropodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteropodidae"},{"link_name":"Pteropodinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteropodinae"},{"link_name":"Eidolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidolon_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Straw-coloured fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw-coloured_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"Epomophorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epomophorus"},{"link_name":"Gambian epauletted fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambian_epauletted_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_epauletted_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"Lissonycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissonycteris"},{"link_name":"Angolan rousette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_rousette"},{"link_name":"Micropteropus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropteropus"},{"link_name":"Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peters%27s_dwarf_epauletted_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"Rousettus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rousettus"},{"link_name":"Egyptian fruit bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat"},{"link_name":"Vespertilionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilionidae"},{"link_name":"Vespertilioninae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilioninae"},{"link_name":"Eptesicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptesicus"},{"link_name":"Horn-skinned bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn-skinned_bat"},{"link_name":"Glauconycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauconycteris"},{"link_name":"Butterfly bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_bat"},{"link_name":"Hypsugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsugo"},{"link_name":"Desert pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"Neoromicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoromicia"},{"link_name":"Cape serotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_serotine"},{"link_name":"Tiny serotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_serotine"},{"link_name":"Banana pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"Rendall's serotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendall%27s_serotine"},{"link_name":"Somali serotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_serotine"},{"link_name":"Nycticeinops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycticeinops"},{"link_name":"Schlieffen's bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen%27s_bat"},{"link_name":"Pipistrellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipistrellus"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"Rüppell's pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"Rusty pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"Scotoecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotoecus"},{"link_name":"Dark-winged lesser house bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-winged_lesser_house_bat"},{"link_name":"Scotophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotophilus"},{"link_name":"African yellow bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_yellow_bat"},{"link_name":"White-bellied yellow bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_yellow_bat"},{"link_name":"Greenish yellow bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenish_yellow_bat"},{"link_name":"Rhinopomatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinopomatidae"},{"link_name":"Rhinopoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinopoma"},{"link_name":"Egyptian mouse-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mouse-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lesser mouse-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_mouse-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Greater mouse-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_mouse-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Molossidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molossidae"},{"link_name":"Chaerephon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaerephon_(bat)"},{"link_name":"Ansorge's free-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansorge%27s_free-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Lappet-eared free-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappet-eared_free-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Little free-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_free-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Mops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mops_(bat)"},{"link_name":"Angolan free-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_free-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Mongalla free-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongalla_free-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Midas free-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas_free-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Emballonuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emballonuridae"},{"link_name":"Coleura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleura"},{"link_name":"African sheath-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_sheath-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"Taphozous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taphozous"},{"link_name":"Mauritian tomb bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritian_tomb_bat"},{"link_name":"Naked-rumped tomb bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked-rumped_tomb_bat"},{"link_name":"Egyptian tomb bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_tomb_bat"},{"link_name":"Nycteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycteridae"},{"link_name":"Nycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycteris"},{"link_name":"Hairy slit-faced bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_slit-faced_bat"},{"link_name":"Large-eared slit-faced bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-eared_slit-faced_bat"},{"link_name":"Egyptian slit-faced bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_slit-faced_bat"},{"link_name":"Megadermatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadermatidae"},{"link_name":"Cardioderma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardioderma"},{"link_name":"Heart-nosed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart-nosed_bat"},{"link_name":"Lavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-winged_bat"},{"link_name":"Yellow-winged bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-winged_bat"},{"link_name":"Rhinolophidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinolophidae"},{"link_name":"Rhinolophinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinolophinae"},{"link_name":"Rhinolophus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinolophus"},{"link_name":"Geoffroy's horseshoe bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_horseshoe_bat"},{"link_name":"Rüppell's horseshoe bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_horseshoe_bat"},{"link_name":"Lander's horseshoe bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander%27s_horseshoe_bat"},{"link_name":"Hipposiderinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposiderinae"},{"link_name":"Asellia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asellia"},{"link_name":"Trident leaf-nosed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_leaf-nosed_bat"},{"link_name":"Hipposideros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposideros"},{"link_name":"Aba roundleaf bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba_roundleaf_bat"},{"link_name":"Sundevall's roundleaf bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundevall%27s_roundleaf_bat"},{"link_name":"Noack's roundleaf bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noack%27s_roundleaf_bat"}],"text":"The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.Family: Pteropodidae (flying foxes, Old World fruit bats)\nSubfamily: Pteropodinae\nGenus: Eidolon\nStraw-coloured fruit bat, Eidolon helvum LC\nGenus: Epomophorus\nGambian epauletted fruit bat, Epomophorus gambianus LC\nEthiopian epauletted fruit bat, Epomophorus labiatus LC\nGenus: Lissonycteris\nAngolan rousette, Lissonycteris angolensis LC\nGenus: Micropteropus\nPeters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat, Micropteropus pusillus LC\nGenus: Rousettus\nEgyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus LC\nFamily: Vespertilionidae\nSubfamily: Vespertilioninae\nGenus: Eptesicus\nHorn-skinned bat, Eptesicus floweri VU\nGenus: Glauconycteris\nButterfly bat, Glauconycteris variegata LC\nGenus: Hypsugo\nDesert pipistrelle, Hypsugo ariel DD\nGenus: Neoromicia\nCape serotine, Neoromicia capensis LC\nTiny serotine, Neoromicia guineensis LC\nBanana pipistrelle, Neoromicia nanus LC\nRendall's serotine, Neoromicia rendalli LC\nSomali serotine, Neoromicia somalicus LC\nGenus: Nycticeinops\nSchlieffen's bat, Nycticeinops schlieffeni LC\nGenus: Pipistrellus\nEgyptian pipistrelle, Pipistrellus deserti LC\nRüppell's pipistrelle, Pipistrellus rueppelli LC\nRusty pipistrelle, Pipistrellus rusticus LC\nGenus: Scotoecus\nDark-winged lesser house bat, Scotoecus hirundo DD\nGenus: Scotophilus\nAfrican yellow bat, Scotophilus dinganii LC\nWhite-bellied yellow bat, Scotophilus leucogaster LC\nGreenish yellow bat, Scotophilus viridis LC\nFamily: Rhinopomatidae\nGenus: Rhinopoma\nEgyptian mouse-tailed bat, R. cystops LC[4]\nLesser mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickei LC\nGreater mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma microphyllum LC\nFamily: Molossidae\nGenus: Chaerephon\nAnsorge's free-tailed bat, Chaerephon ansorgei LC\nLappet-eared free-tailed bat, Chaerephon major LC\nLittle free-tailed bat, Chaerephon pumila LC\nGenus: Mops\nAngolan free-tailed bat, Mops condylurus LC\nMongalla free-tailed bat, Mops demonstrator NT\nMidas free-tailed bat, Mops midas LC\nFamily: Emballonuridae\nGenus: Coleura\nAfrican sheath-tailed bat, Coleura afra LC\nGenus: Taphozous\nMauritian tomb bat, Taphozous mauritianus LC\nNaked-rumped tomb bat, Taphozous nudiventris LC\nEgyptian tomb bat, Taphozous perforatus LC\nFamily: Nycteridae\nGenus: Nycteris\nHairy slit-faced bat, Nycteris hispida LC\nLarge-eared slit-faced bat, Nycteris macrotis LC\nEgyptian slit-faced bat, Nycteris thebaica LC\nFamily: Megadermatidae\nGenus: Cardioderma\nHeart-nosed bat, Cardioderma cor LC\nGenus: Lavia\nYellow-winged bat, Lavia frons LC\nFamily: Rhinolophidae\nSubfamily: Rhinolophinae\nGenus: Rhinolophus\nGeoffroy's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus clivosus LC\nRüppell's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus fumigatus LC\nLander's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus landeri LC\nSubfamily: Hipposiderinae\nGenus: Asellia\nTrident leaf-nosed bat, Asellia tridens LC\nGenus: Hipposideros\nAba roundleaf bat, Hipposideros abae NT\nSundevall's roundleaf bat, Hipposideros caffer LC\nNoack's roundleaf bat, Hipposideros ruber LC","title":"Order: Chiroptera (bats)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anteater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteater"},{"link_name":"Manidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manidae"},{"link_name":"Manis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manis"},{"link_name":"Ground pangolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_pangolin"}],"text":"The order Pholidota comprises the eight species of pangolin. Pangolins are anteaters and have the powerful claws, elongated snout and long tongue seen in the other unrelated anteater species.Family: Manidae\nGenus: Manis\nGround pangolin, Manis temminckii LR/nt","title":"Order: Pholidota (pangolins)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheetah_looking.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Lion_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_wild_dog_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Honey_badger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feliformia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliformia"},{"link_name":"Felidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidae"},{"link_name":"Felinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felinae"},{"link_name":"Acinonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acinonyx"},{"link_name":"Cheetah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Caracal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal"},{"link_name":"Caracal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal"},{"link_name":"Leptailurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptailurus"},{"link_name":"Serval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serval"},{"link_name":"Pantherinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantherinae"},{"link_name":"Panthera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera"},{"link_name":"Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"Leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard"},{"link_name":"Viverridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viverridae"},{"link_name":"Viverrinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viverrinae"},{"link_name":"Civettictis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civettictis"},{"link_name":"African civet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_civet"},{"link_name":"Genetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetta"},{"link_name":"Nandiniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandiniidae"},{"link_name":"Herpestidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpestidae"},{"link_name":"Atilax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atilax"},{"link_name":"Marsh mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_mongoose"},{"link_name":"Helogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helogale"},{"link_name":"Common dwarf mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose"},{"link_name":"Herpestes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpestes"},{"link_name":"Egyptian mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose"},{"link_name":"Common slender mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose"},{"link_name":"Ichneumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichneumia"},{"link_name":"White-tailed mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose"},{"link_name":"Mungos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungos"},{"link_name":"Banded mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_mongoose"},{"link_name":"Hyaenidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaenidae"},{"link_name":"Crocuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocuta"},{"link_name":"Spotted hyena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyena"},{"link_name":"Hyaena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaena"},{"link_name":"Striped hyena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena"},{"link_name":"Proteles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteles"},{"link_name":"Aardwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf"},{"link_name":"Caniformia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caniformia"},{"link_name":"Canidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidae"},{"link_name":"Canis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis"},{"link_name":"African golden wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_golden_wolf"},{"link_name":"Lupulella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupulella"},{"link_name":"Side-striped jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-striped_jackal"},{"link_name":"Black-backed jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-backed_jackal"},{"link_name":"Lycaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycaon_(genus)"},{"link_name":"African wild dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog"},{"link_name":"Mustelidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustelidae"},{"link_name":"Ictonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ictonyx"},{"link_name":"Striped polecat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_polecat"},{"link_name":"Mellivora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellivora"},{"link_name":"Honey badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_badger"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hydrictis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrictis"},{"link_name":"Spotted-necked otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter"},{"link_name":"Aonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aonyx"},{"link_name":"African clawless otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_clawless_otter"}],"text":"CheetahLionAfrican wild dogsHoney badgerThere are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition.Suborder: Feliformia\nFamily: Felidae\nSubfamily: Felinae\nGenus: Acinonyx\nCheetah, Acinonyx jubatus VU[5]\nGenus: Caracal\nCaracal, Caracal caracal LC\nGenus: Leptailurus\nServal, Leptailurus serval LC\nSubfamily: Pantherinae\nGenus: Panthera\nLion, Panthera leo VU\nLeopard, Panthera pardus VU\nFamily: Viverridae\nSubfamily: Viverrinae\nGenus: Civettictis\nAfrican civet, Civettictis civetta LC\nGenus: Genetta\nFamily: Nandiniidae\nFamily: Herpestidae (mongooses)\nGenus: Atilax\nMarsh mongoose, Atilax paludinosus LC\nGenus: Helogale\nCommon dwarf mongoose, Helogale parvula LC\nGenus: Herpestes\nEgyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon LC\nCommon slender mongoose, Herpestes sanguineus LC\nGenus: Ichneumia\nWhite-tailed mongoose, Ichneumia albicauda LC\nGenus: Mungos\nBanded mongoose, Mungos mungo LC\nFamily: Hyaenidae (hyaenas)\nGenus: Crocuta\nSpotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta LC\nGenus: Hyaena\nStriped hyena, Hyaena hyaena NT\nGenus: Proteles\nAardwolf, Proteles cristatus LC\nSuborder: Caniformia\nFamily: Canidae (dogs, foxes)\nGenus: Canis\nAfrican golden wolf, Canis lupaster LC\nGenus: Lupulella\nSide-striped jackal, L. adusta LC\nBlack-backed jackal, L. mesomelas LC\nGenus: Lycaon\nAfrican wild dog, L. pictus EN\nFamily: Mustelidae (mustelids)\nGenus: Ictonyx\nStriped polecat, I. striatus LC\nGenus: Mellivora\nHoney badger, M. capensis LC[6]\nGenus: Hydrictis\nSpotted-necked otter, H. maculicollis LC\nGenus: Aonyx\nAfrican clawless otter, A. capensis LC","title":"Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Equus_quagga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grant's zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%27s_zebra"},{"link_name":"grazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing"},{"link_name":"Equidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equidae"},{"link_name":"Equus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Somali wild ass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_wild_ass"},{"link_name":"Grevy's zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevy%27s_zebra"},{"link_name":"Grant's zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%27s_zebra"},{"link_name":"Maneless zebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneless_zebra"},{"link_name":"Rhinocerotidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinocerotidae"},{"link_name":"Diceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diceros"},{"link_name":"Northeastern black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northeastern_black_rhinoceros&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uganda black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Western black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Eastern black rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Ceratotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratotherium"},{"link_name":"Northern white rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_white_rhinoceros"}],"text":"Grant's zebraThe odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals. They are usually large to very large, and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe.Family: Equidae (horses etc.)\nGenus: Equus\nSomali wild ass, Equus africanus somaliensis CR\nGrevy's zebra, Equus grevyi EN\nGrant's zebra, Equus quagga boehmi LC\nManeless zebra, Equus quagga borensis LC\nFamily: Rhinocerotidae\nGenus: Diceros\nNortheastern black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis brucii EX\nUganda black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis ladoensis CR\nWestern black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis longipes EX\nEastern black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis michaeli CR\nGenus: Ceratotherium\nNorthern white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum cottoni CR","title":"Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hippo_pod_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klippspringer-drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Klipspringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klipspringer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ourebia_ourebi_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oribi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oribi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tragelaphus_scriptus_(taxobox).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bushbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushbuck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cephalophus_sylvicultor_sylvicultor2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yellow-backed duiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beisa_Oryx,_Samburu_NR,_Kenya.jpg"},{"link_name":"East African oryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_oryx"},{"link_name":"ungulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate"},{"link_name":"perissodactyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactyls"},{"link_name":"Suidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suidae"},{"link_name":"Phacochoerinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phacochoerinae"},{"link_name":"Phacochoerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phacochoerus"},{"link_name":"Common warthog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_warthog"},{"link_name":"Potamochoerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamochoerus"},{"link_name":"Bushpig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushpig"},{"link_name":"Hippopotamidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamidae"},{"link_name":"Hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"Giraffidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffidae"},{"link_name":"Giraffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffa"},{"link_name":"Kordofan giraffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordofan_giraffe"},{"link_name":"Nubian giraffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_giraffe"},{"link_name":"Rothschild's giraffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild%27s_giraffe"},{"link_name":"Bovidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae"},{"link_name":"Alcelaphinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcelaphinae"},{"link_name":"Alcelaphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcelaphus"},{"link_name":"Hartebeest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartebeest"},{"link_name":"Damaliscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaliscus"},{"link_name":"Topi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topi"},{"link_name":"Antilopinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilopinae"},{"link_name":"Gazella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazella"},{"link_name":"Dorcas gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle"},{"link_name":"Rhim gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhim_gazelle"},{"link_name":"Red-fronted gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle"},{"link_name":"Soemmerring's gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle"},{"link_name":"Thomson's gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle"},{"link_name":"Madoqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madoqua"},{"link_name":"Salt's dik-dik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik"},{"link_name":"Oreotragus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreotragus"},{"link_name":"Klipspringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klipspringer"},{"link_name":"Ourebia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourebia"},{"link_name":"Oribi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oribi"},{"link_name":"Bovinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovinae"},{"link_name":"Syncerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncerus"},{"link_name":"African buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_buffalo"},{"link_name":"Taurotragus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurotragus"},{"link_name":"Common eland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_eland"},{"link_name":"Giant eland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_eland"},{"link_name":"Tragelaphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragelaphus"},{"link_name":"Bushbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushbuck"},{"link_name":"Sitatunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitatunga"},{"link_name":"Greater kudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_kudu"},{"link_name":"Caprinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprinae"},{"link_name":"Capra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capra_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Nubian ibex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_ibex"},{"link_name":"Cephalophinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalophinae"},{"link_name":"Cephalophus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalophus"},{"link_name":"Blue duiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_duiker"},{"link_name":"Red-flanked duiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker"},{"link_name":"Yellow-backed duiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker"},{"link_name":"Sylvicapra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvicapra"},{"link_name":"Common duiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_duiker"},{"link_name":"Hippotraginae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippotraginae"},{"link_name":"Oryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryx"},{"link_name":"East African oryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_oryx"},{"link_name":"Reduncinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduncinae"},{"link_name":"Kobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduncinae"},{"link_name":"Waterbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbuck"},{"link_name":"Kob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob"},{"link_name":"Nile lechwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_lechwe"},{"link_name":"Redunca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redunca"},{"link_name":"Bohor reedbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck"}],"text":"HippopotamusKlipspringerOribiBushbuckYellow-backed duikerEast African oryxThe even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans.Family: Suidae (pigs)\nSubfamily: Phacochoerinae\nGenus: Phacochoerus\nCommon warthog, Phacochoerus africanus LR/lc\nGenus: Potamochoerus\nBushpig, Potamochoerus larvatus LR/lc\nFamily: Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses)\nGenus: Hippopotamus\nHippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius VU\nFamily: Giraffidae (giraffe, okapi)\nGenus: Giraffa\nKordofan giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum VU\nNubian giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis EN\nRothschild's giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi EN\nFamily: Bovidae (cattle, antelope, sheep, goats)\nSubfamily: Alcelaphinae\nGenus: Alcelaphus\nHartebeest, Alcelaphus buselaphus LR/cd\nGenus: Damaliscus\nTopi, Damaliscus lunatus LR/cd\nSubfamily: Antilopinae\nGenus: Gazella\nDorcas gazelle, Gazella dorcas VU\nRhim gazelle, Gazella leptoceros EN\nRed-fronted gazelle, Gazella rufifrons VU\nSoemmerring's gazelle, Gazella soemmerringii VU\nThomson's gazelle, Gazella thomsonii LR/cd\nGenus: Madoqua\nSalt's dik-dik, Madoqua saltiana LR/lc\nGenus: Oreotragus\nKlipspringer, Oreotragus oreotragus LR/cd\nGenus: Ourebia\nOribi, Ourebia ourebi LR/cd\nSubfamily: Bovinae\nGenus: Syncerus\nAfrican buffalo, Syncerus caffer LR/cd\nGenus: Taurotragus\nCommon eland, Taurotragus oryx LR/nt\nGiant eland, Taurotragus derbianus LR/nt\nGenus: Tragelaphus\nBushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus LR/lc\nSitatunga, Tragelaphus spekii LR/nt\nGreater kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros LR/cd\nSubfamily: Caprinae\nGenus: Capra\nNubian ibex, Capra nubiana EN\nSubfamily: Cephalophinae\nGenus: Cephalophus\nBlue duiker, Cephalophus monticola LR/lc\nRed-flanked duiker, Cephalophus rufilatus LR/cd\nYellow-backed duiker, Cephalophus silvicultor LR/nt\nGenus: Sylvicapra\nCommon duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia LR/lc\nSubfamily: Hippotraginae\nGenus: Oryx\nEast African oryx, Oryx beisa beisa NT\nSubfamily: Reduncinae\nGenus: Kobus\nWaterbuck, Kobus ellipsiprymnus LR/cd\nKob, Kobus kob LR/cd\nNile lechwe, Kobus megaceros LR/nt\nGenus: Redunca\nBohor reedbuck, Redunca redunca LR/cd","title":"Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Loxodonta africana\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iucnredlist.org/species/181008073/204401095"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T181008073A204401095.en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T181008073A204401095.en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Loxodonta cyclotis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iucnredlist.org/species/181007989/204404464"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Rhinopoma cystops\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iucnredlist.org/species/82345555/82345569"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Acinonyx jubatus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iucnredlist.org/species/219/50649567"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Mellivora capensis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iucnredlist.org/species/41629/45210107"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en"}],"text":"^ This list is derived from the IUCN Red List which lists species of mammals and includes those mammals that have recently been classified as extinct (since 1500 AD). The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles as of 21 May 2007 and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available.\n\n^ Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Balfour, D.; Wittemyer, G.; Maisels, F.; Taylor, R.D. (2021). \"Loxodonta africana\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T181008073A204401095. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T181008073A204401095.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.\n\n^ Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021). \"Loxodonta cyclotis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T181007989A204404464. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.\n\n^ Benda, P. (2017). \"Rhinopoma cystops\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T82345555A82345569.\n\n^ Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A. & Groom, R. (2015). \"Acinonyx jubatus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T219A50649567.\n\n^ Do Linh San, E.; Begg, C.; Begg, K. & Abramov, A.V. (2016). \"Mellivora capensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41629A45210107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Aardvark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Orycteropus_afer01.jpg/220px-Orycteropus_afer01.jpg"},{"image_text":"African bush elephant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg/220px-African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cheetah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cheetah_looking.jpg/220px-Cheetah_looking.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/African_Lion_3.jpg/220px-African_Lion_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"African wild dogs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/African_wild_dog_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg/220px-African_wild_dog_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Honey badger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Honey_badger.jpg/220px-Honey_badger.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grant's zebra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Equus_quagga.jpg/220px-Equus_quagga.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hippopotamus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hippo_pod_edit.jpg/220px-Hippo_pod_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Klipspringer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Klippspringer-drawing.jpg/220px-Klippspringer-drawing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oribi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ourebia_ourebi_cropped.jpg/220px-Ourebia_ourebi_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bushbuck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tragelaphus_scriptus_%28taxobox%29.jpg/220px-Tragelaphus_scriptus_%28taxobox%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yellow-backed duiker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cephalophus_sylvicultor_sylvicultor2.jpg/220px-Cephalophus_sylvicultor_sylvicultor2.jpg"},{"image_text":"East African oryx","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Beisa_Oryx%2C_Samburu_NR%2C_Kenya.jpg/220px-Beisa_Oryx%2C_Samburu_NR%2C_Kenya.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of chordate orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chordate_orders"},{"title":"Lists of mammals by region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mammals_by_region"},{"title":"List of prehistoric mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_mammals"},{"title":"Mammal classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal_classification"},{"title":"List of mammals described in the 2000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_described_in_the_2000s"}]	[{"reference":"Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Balfour, D.; Wittemyer, G.; Maisels, F.; Taylor, R.D. (2021). \"Loxodonta africana\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T181008073A204401095. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T181008073A204401095.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181008073/204401095","url_text":"\"Loxodonta africana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T181008073A204401095.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T181008073A204401095.en"}]},{"reference":"Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021). \"Loxodonta cyclotis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T181007989A204404464. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181007989/204404464","url_text":"\"Loxodonta cyclotis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en"}]},{"reference":"Benda, P. (2017). \"Rhinopoma cystops\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T82345555A82345569.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/82345555/82345569","url_text":"\"Rhinopoma cystops\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A. & Groom, R. (2015). \"Acinonyx jubatus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T219A50649567.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/219/50649567","url_text":"\"Acinonyx jubatus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"Do Linh San, E.; Begg, C.; Begg, K. & Abramov, A.V. (2016). \"Mellivora capensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41629A45210107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41629/45210107","url_text":"\"Mellivora capensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Mammal Species of the World\". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070427043030/http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/msw/","url_text":"\"Mammal Species of the World\""},{"url":"http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/msw/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Animal Diversity Web\". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 1995–2006. Retrieved 22 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html","url_text":"\"Animal Diversity Web\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181008073/204401095","external_links_name":"\"Loxodonta africana\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T181008073A204401095.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T181008073A204401095.en"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181007989/204404464","external_links_name":"\"Loxodonta cyclotis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/82345555/82345569","external_links_name":"\"Rhinopoma cystops\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/219/50649567","external_links_name":"\"Acinonyx jubatus\""},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41629/45210107","external_links_name":"\"Mellivora capensis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070427043030/http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/msw/","external_links_name":"\"Mammal Species of the World\""},{"Link":"http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/msw/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Animal Diversity Web\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Junius_Faustinus_Postumianus	Gaius Junius Faustinus Postumianus	["1 A second inscription","2 Date of his governorship","3 See also","4 References"]	Gaius Junius Faustinus Postumianus was a Roman senator who flourished in the third century. He is known from an inscription found near Thugga erected by his son Placidus and daughter Paulina. He held a number of appointments, most importantly as praeses (governor) in Hispania Tarraconensis and Britain. The date of his appointment is unclear, so the province may have been either Britannia Superior or the undivided province of Roman Britain. A second inscription A second inscription recounting a cursus honorum of a man with an identical name, is thought by many scholars to also apply to this Postumianus. However, Anthony Birley notes, "the only discepant item" is that his name "seems to match the cognomen of our governor's son": unius Faustinus adus Postumian. This inscription mentions that he was promoted to comes of two Emperors, which implies this happened either in the co-reign of Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla, or perhaps as late as the co-reign of Valerian and Gallienus. If it was during the reign of the first pair, Birley reconstructs his biography as follows. Postumianus was born in the 160s and entered the Senate during the reign of Commodus. Both as plebeian tribune and praetor he was the candidate of the emperor, between which he was selected to serve a year as legatus to the proconsul of Asia. Postumius followed this with a term as juridicus of Aemilia, Etruria and Tuscany, then a commission as legatus legionis of Legio I Adiutrix. He was appointed to a series imperial provinces, first Lusitania, then during the reign of the two Emperors Gallia Belgica followed by Moesia Inferior; Birley dates Postumianus' suffect consulate to c. 204, between the last two provinces, and the governorship of Moesia Inferior between 205 and 208. Then, as comes, he participated in the British campaign of 208–211; this inscription was then erected "not later than 209, since otherwise Auggg. would have been required" -- that was the year Severus made his younger son Geta co-emperor. Birley admits that if Postumianus' career properly belongs to the later reigns of Valerian and Gallienus, "the various posts ... could have been held under those two emperors and their predecessors in the 240s and 250s." Date of his governorship The title praeses suggests the third century, when it came into common usage. Beyond that, little can be said for certain. If we assume both inscriptions refer to the same man, that the first inscription provides the proper order he held those two provinces, and that he was governor in Britain before it was divided into two provinces (which happened by 217), he must have been governor of Britain during the sole reign of Caracalla. But if the order of the two provinces are reversed -- he was governor of Britain then Hispania Tarraconensis -- as Géza Alföldy argues, he was governor of Britain between 207 and 211, then governor in Spain c. 211–214. Or, if he was governor after Britain was divided into two provinces, he might have been the first consular governor of Britannia Superior. Lastly, if his career properly belongs to the later reigns of Valerian and Gallienus, then he could have been governor of either British province in the mid- to late 250s. See also Junia (gens) References ^ CIL VIII, 11763 ^ CIL VIII, 597 ^ Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 161 ^ Birley, The Fasti, pp. 162, 164 ^ Birley, The Fasti, p. 163 ^ Birley,The Fasti, p. 164 ^ As discussed by Birley, pp. 163f	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gaius Junius Faustinus Postumianus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cursus honorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursus_honorum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Anthony Birley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Birley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"comes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comes"},{"link_name":"Septimius Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus"},{"link_name":"Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla"},{"link_name":"Valerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Gallienus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallienus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"plebeian tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian_tribune"},{"link_name":"praetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"legatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus"},{"link_name":"proconsul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"juridicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juridicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"legatus legionis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus_legionis"},{"link_name":"Legio I Adiutrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_I_Adiutrix"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Gallia Belgica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Belgica"},{"link_name":"Moesia Inferior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia_Inferior"},{"link_name":"Geta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geta_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A second inscription recounting a cursus honorum of a man with an identical name, is thought by many scholars to also apply to this Postumianus.[2] However, Anthony Birley notes, \"the only discepant item\" is that his name \"seems to match the cognomen of our governor's son\": [C. J]unius Faustinus [Pl]a[ci]dus Postumian[us].[3]This inscription mentions that he was promoted to comes of two Emperors, which implies this happened either in the co-reign of Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla, or perhaps as late as the co-reign of Valerian and Gallienus.[4] If it was during the reign of the first pair, Birley reconstructs his biography as follows. Postumianus was born in the 160s and entered the Senate during the reign of Commodus. Both as plebeian tribune and praetor he was the candidate of the emperor, between which he was selected to serve a year as legatus to the proconsul of Asia. Postumius followed this with a term as juridicus of Aemilia, Etruria and Tuscany, then a commission as legatus legionis of Legio I Adiutrix. He was appointed to a series imperial provinces, first Lusitania, then during the reign of the two Emperors Gallia Belgica followed by Moesia Inferior; Birley dates Postumianus' suffect consulate to c. 204, between the last two provinces, and the governorship of Moesia Inferior between 205 and 208. Then, as comes, he participated in the British campaign of 208–211; this inscription was then erected \"not later than 209, since otherwise Auggg. would have been required\" -- that was the year Severus made his younger son Geta co-emperor.[5]Birley admits that if Postumianus' career properly belongs to the later reigns of Valerian and Gallienus, \"the various posts ... could have been held under those two emperors and their predecessors in the 240s and 250s.\"[6]","title":"A second inscription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Géza Alföldy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Alf%C3%B6ldy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The title praeses suggests the third century, when it came into common usage. Beyond that, little can be said for certain. If we assume both inscriptions refer to the same man, that the first inscription provides the proper order he held those two provinces, and that he was governor in Britain before it was divided into two provinces (which happened by 217), he must have been governor of Britain during the sole reign of Caracalla. But if the order of the two provinces are reversed -- he was governor of Britain then Hispania Tarraconensis -- as Géza Alföldy argues, he was governor of Britain between 207 and 211, then governor in Spain c. 211–214. Or, if he was governor after Britain was divided into two provinces, he might have been the first consular governor of Britannia Superior. Lastly, if his career properly belongs to the later reigns of Valerian and Gallienus, then he could have been governor of either British province in the mid- to late 250s.[7]","title":"Date of his governorship"}]	[]	[{"title":"Junia (gens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junia_(gens)"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+08%2C+11763&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"VIII, 11763"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+08%2C+00597&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"VIII, 597"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Allen_Wilson	Tyler courthouse shooting	["1 Details","1.1 Shootout begins","1.2 Mark Alan Wilson","1.3 Pursuit and Arroyo's death","2 Aftermath","3 Casualties","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	2005 courthouse shooting Tyler courthouse shootingSgt. Rusty Jacks, who later fired the shots that killed Arroyo, initially followed Arroyo away from the shooting scene riding on the hood of a police cruiser.LocationTyler, Texas, United StatesDateFebruary 24, 2005 (UTC-6)TargetPerpetrator's ex-wife, responding law enforcement officersAttack typeMurder, resisting arrest, mass shootingWeaponsNorinco MAK-90 semi-automatic rifleDeaths3 (including the perpetrator)Injured4PerpetratorDavid Hernandez Arroyo, Sr. On February 24, 2005, a man shot his ex-wife and son outside the courthouse in Tyler, Texas, then engaged police and court officers in a shootout. David Hernandez Arroyo Sr. opened fire in front of the courthouse with a Type 56S rifle, killing his ex-wife, and wounding his son. A downtown resident, Mark Alan Wilson, attempted to intervene but was fatally shot. Arroyo was fatally shot by police after a high-speed pursuit. Details Shootout begins At the time of the shooting, Maribel Estrada and her 23-year-old son, David Hernandez Arroyo Jr., were entering the courthouse for a hearing regarding her ex-husband's failure to pay child support after their 2004 divorce. Estrada's lawyer later stated that his client did not believe her ex-husband to be dangerous. Arroyo, who had parked and lain in wait near the courthouse, approached his ex-wife and son on the steps outside the Smith County Courthouse and fired on them with an AK-47 rifle. Estrada was hit in the head and killed instantly, and Arroyo's son was hit in the leg and wounded. Both fell to the ground at the rear courthouse steps. Nearby law enforcement officers already present at the courthouse responded to the initial shots and began exchanging fire with Arroyo. At this point, the law enforcement officers were only armed with pistols, and Arroyo was able to wound several and force them to retreat. Mark Alan Wilson A local resident, Mark Alan Wilson, was in his downtown loft when he heard the shooting begin. He looked out his window and saw Arroyo at the courthouse steps engaged in a shootout with law enforcement. Wilson, who held a Texas concealed handgun permit, immediately armed himself with his Colt .45 caliber pistol, and left his residence to intervene in the gun battle. Because Arroyo was already engaged in a heated gun battle with sheriff's deputies and Tyler police officers, he did not see Wilson approach from behind. As Wilson approached Arroyo from behind, Arroyo was taking aim at his son whom he had already shot in the leg and wounded. Acting to defend the life of Arroyo's son, Wilson fired a round from approximately 50 feet, which struck Arroyo in the back, causing him to stumble and taking his attention away from his son. A witness who saw Wilson's round strike Arroyo reported seeing "white puffs of powder-like substance" come from Arroyo's clothing. This is believed to be the first time Arroyo was hit or injured during his attack on the courthouse. Wilson was forced to take cover behind Arroyo's truck in a prone position and exchanged fire with Arroyo. As Arroyo began to approach Wilson's position, he stood up from behind cover and fired again, hitting Arroyo. Unknown to Wilson, Arroyo was wearing a bulletproof vest, rendering Wilson's shots ineffective. Arroyo eventually fired a shot that struck Wilson, who faltered and fell from the view of witnesses, face down behind Arroyo's truck. Arroyo then walked up to Wilson and fired three more shots at him, killing him. Pursuit and Arroyo's death Officers from the Tyler Police Department, including Officer Wayne Allen was operating the pursuit vehicle with Sergeant Rusty Jacks, a trained sniper armed with a Colt AR-15 rifle, as his passenger, soon arrived on the scene. After more than 116 rounds had been fired, Arroyo attempted to flee and a pursuit ensued. The pursuit continued from the city streets of Tyler to a nearby highway. At the terminus of the pursuit, Arroyo fired at the vehicle of Deputy Sheriff John Smith who had pulled closely behind Arroyo's truck during the pursuit. After taking fire, Deputy Smith returned fire with his vehicle still in motion and used his patrol car to ram Arroyo's truck. Arroyo stopped his vehicle, exited it, and attempted to fire upon Smith, whose patrol car had essentially come to a stop on the passenger side of Arroyo's truck after ramming it. Smith sped away to avoid Arroyo's shots and gunfire from other law enforcement officers, leaving Officers Allen and Jacks in the direct line of fire. With Arroyo now out of his vehicle, Sgt. Rusty Jacks exited Officer Allen's vehicle and fired five shots from his rifle, hitting Arroyo in the back of the head and killing him instantly as he attempted to get back into his vehicle. Aftermath The shooting was widely covered by national news organizations and video from the incident is readily accessible on the Internet. Mark Wilson has been widely credited as heroic for his actions, which are believed to have caused Arroyo to cease his attack and flee the area without murdering his son, and the Texas House unanimously adopted a resolution (HR. 740) on March 31, 2005, to honor him. Casualties Mark Alan Wilson and Maribel Estrada were killed at the shooting scene. David Hernandez Arroyo Jr. was wounded in the leg, but survived. Smith County sheriff's deputies Sherman Dollison, 28, and Marlin Suell, 38, were wounded during the incident. Tyler police officer Clay Perrett was wounded during the incident. See also 2003 Ennis shooting Brian Nichols, Fulton County, Georgia courthouse shooter Kirkwood City Council shooting Marin County courthouse incident References ^ "Survivors remember deadly Downtown Tyler gun battle", 24 February 2015, Tyler Morning Telegraph ^ "Texas Gunman Killed After Shooting 2 Dead", February 24, 2005, foxnews.com ^ "Three Killed, Including Gunman In Smith County", kltv.com ^ "79(R) HR 740 - Enrolled version - Bill Text". Retrieved 2007-09-21. External links Article on the method and ethics of defending others with a firearm. Story of the shooting with video of the incident. News article about the shooting Estrada's lawyer's remarks about Arroyo Account of Mark Wilson's actions during the gunfight Another account of Mark Wilson's actions vteMass shootings in the United States in the 2000s2000 Wilkinsburg, PA (Mar. 1) Queens, NY (May 24) Wichita, KS (Dec. 11–15) Wakefield, MA (Dec. 26) Philadelphia, PA (Dec. 28) 2001 Santee, CA (Mar. 5) 2002 Grundy, VA (Jan. 16) Los Angeles, CA (Jul. 4) 2003 New Orleans, LA (Apr. 14) Ennis, MT (Jun. 14) Meridian, MS (Jul. 8) Chicago, IL (Aug. 27) 2004 Fresno, CA (Mar. 12) McKinney, TX (Mar. 12) Meteor, WI (Nov. 21) Columbus, OH (Dec. 8) 2005 Tyler, TX (Feb. 24) Brookfield, WI (Mar. 12) Red Lake, MN (Mar. 21) Tacoma, WA (Nov. 20) 2006 Goleta, CA (Jan. 30) Seattle, WA (Mar. 25) Milwaukee, WI (May 29) Indianapolis, IN (Jun. 1) Seattle, WA (Jul. 28) Nickel Mines, PA (Oct. 2) 2007 Salt Lake City, UT (Feb. 12) New York City, NY (Mar. 14) Blacksburg, VA (Apr. 16) Crandon, WI (Oct. 7) Cleveland, OH (Oct. 10) Omaha, NE (Dec. 5) Arvada & Colorado Springs, CO (Dec. 9) 2008 Tinley Park, IL (Feb. 2) Kirkwood, MO (Feb. 7) DeKalb, IL (Feb. 14) Henderson, KY (Jun. 25) Knoxville, TN (Jul. 27) Covina, CA (Dec. 24) 2009 Geneva County, AL (Mar. 10) Oakland, CA (Mar. 21) Carthage, NC (Mar. 29) Binghamton, NY (Apr. 3) Pittsburgh, PA (Apr. 4) Collier Township, PA (Aug. 4) Toa Baja, PR (Oct. 17) Killeen, TX (Nov. 5) Pearcy, AR (Nov. 11 or 12) Saipan, MP (Nov. 20) Jupiter, FL (Nov. 26) Lakewood, WA (Nov. 29) Part of mass shootings in the United States by time period (1980s and before, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, 2020s)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Type 56S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_56"}],"text":"On February 24, 2005, a man shot his ex-wife and son outside the courthouse in Tyler, Texas, then engaged police and court officers in a shootout. David Hernandez Arroyo Sr. opened fire in front of the courthouse with a Type 56S rifle, killing his ex-wife, and wounding his son. A downtown resident, Mark Alan Wilson, attempted to intervene but was fatally shot. Arroyo was fatally shot by police after a high-speed pursuit.","title":"Tyler courthouse shooting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AK-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tmt-1"}],"sub_title":"Shootout begins","text":"At the time of the shooting, Maribel Estrada and her 23-year-old son, David Hernandez Arroyo Jr., were entering the courthouse for a hearing regarding her ex-husband's failure to pay child support after their 2004 divorce. Estrada's lawyer later stated that his client did not believe her ex-husband to be dangerous.Arroyo, who had parked and lain in wait near the courthouse, approached his ex-wife and son on the steps outside the Smith County Courthouse and fired on them with an AK-47 rifle. Estrada was hit in the head and killed instantly, and Arroyo's son was hit in the leg and wounded. Both fell to the ground at the rear courthouse steps.[1]Nearby law enforcement officers already present at the courthouse responded to the initial shots and began exchanging fire with Arroyo. At this point, the law enforcement officers were only armed with pistols, and Arroyo was able to wound several and force them to retreat.","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concealed handgun permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Colt .45 caliber pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1911_pistol"},{"link_name":"sheriff's deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff"},{"link_name":"police officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer"},{"link_name":"bulletproof vest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletproof_vest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox-2"}],"sub_title":"Mark Alan Wilson","text":"A local resident, Mark Alan Wilson, was in his downtown loft when he heard the shooting begin. He looked out his window and saw Arroyo at the courthouse steps engaged in a shootout with law enforcement. Wilson, who held a Texas concealed handgun permit, immediately armed himself with his Colt .45 caliber pistol, and left his residence to intervene in the gun battle. Because Arroyo was already engaged in a heated gun battle with sheriff's deputies and Tyler police officers, he did not see Wilson approach from behind.As Wilson approached Arroyo from behind, Arroyo was taking aim at his son whom he had already shot in the leg and wounded. Acting to defend the life of Arroyo's son, Wilson fired a round from approximately 50 feet, which struck Arroyo in the back, causing him to stumble and taking his attention away from his son. A witness who saw Wilson's round strike Arroyo reported seeing \"white puffs of powder-like substance\" come from Arroyo's clothing. This is believed to be the first time Arroyo was hit or injured during his attack on the courthouse.Wilson was forced to take cover behind Arroyo's truck in a prone position and exchanged fire with Arroyo. As Arroyo began to approach Wilson's position, he stood up from behind cover and fired again, hitting Arroyo. Unknown to Wilson, Arroyo was wearing a bulletproof vest, rendering Wilson's shots ineffective. Arroyo eventually fired a shot that struck Wilson, who faltered and fell from the view of witnesses, face down behind Arroyo's truck. Arroyo then walked up to Wilson and fired three more shots at him, killing him.[2]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colt AR-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_AR-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kltv-3"}],"sub_title":"Pursuit and Arroyo's death","text":"Officers from the Tyler Police Department, including Officer Wayne Allen was operating the pursuit vehicle with Sergeant Rusty Jacks, a trained sniper armed with a Colt AR-15 rifle, as his passenger, soon arrived on the scene. After more than 116 rounds had been fired, Arroyo attempted to flee and a pursuit ensued. The pursuit continued from the city streets of Tyler to a nearby highway.At the terminus of the pursuit, Arroyo fired at the vehicle of Deputy Sheriff John Smith who had pulled closely behind Arroyo's truck during the pursuit. After taking fire, Deputy Smith returned fire with his vehicle still in motion and used his patrol car to ram Arroyo's truck. Arroyo stopped his vehicle, exited it, and attempted to fire upon Smith, whose patrol car had essentially come to a stop on the passenger side of Arroyo's truck after ramming it. Smith sped away to avoid Arroyo's shots and gunfire from other law enforcement officers, leaving Officers Allen and Jacks in the direct line of fire. With Arroyo now out of his vehicle, Sgt. Rusty Jacks exited Officer Allen's vehicle and fired five shots from his rifle, hitting Arroyo in the back of the head and killing him instantly as he attempted to get back into his vehicle.[3]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The shooting was widely covered by national news organizations and video from the incident is readily accessible on the Internet.Mark Wilson has been widely credited as heroic for his actions, which are believed to have caused Arroyo to cease his attack and flee the area without murdering his son, and the Texas House unanimously adopted a resolution (HR. 740) on March 31, 2005, to honor him.[4]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mark Alan Wilson and Maribel Estrada were killed at the shooting scene.\nDavid Hernandez Arroyo Jr. was wounded in the leg, but survived.\nSmith County sheriff's deputies Sherman Dollison, 28, and Marlin Suell, 38, were wounded during the incident.\nTyler police officer Clay Perrett was wounded during the incident.","title":"Casualties"}]	[]	[{"title":"2003 Ennis shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Ennis_shooting"},{"title":"Brian Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Nichols"},{"title":"Fulton County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia"},{"title":"Kirkwood City Council shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood_City_Council_shooting"},{"title":"Marin County courthouse incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County_courthouse_incident"}]	[{"reference":"\"79(R) HR 740 - Enrolled version - Bill Text\". Retrieved 2007-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/79R/billtext/html/HR00740F.htm","url_text":"\"79(R) HR 740 - Enrolled version - Bill Text\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.tylerpaper.com/TP-News%20Local/214462/survivors-remember-deadly-downtown-tyler-gun-battle","external_links_name":"\"Survivors remember deadly Downtown Tyler gun battle\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/2005/02/24/texas-gunman-killed-after-shooting-2-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Texas Gunman Killed After Shooting 2 Dead\""},{"Link":"http://www.kltv.com/story/2994393/three-killed-including-gunman-in-smith-county-courthouse-shoot-out-in-tyler","external_links_name":"\"Three Killed, Including Gunman In Smith County\""},{"Link":"http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/79R/billtext/html/HR00740F.htm","external_links_name":"\"79(R) HR 740 - Enrolled version - Bill Text\""},{"Link":"http://www.sightm1911.com/lib/ccw/tacoma_tyler.htm","external_links_name":"Article on the method and ethics of defending others with a firearm."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lvw8QR26Kc","external_links_name":"Story of the shooting with video of the incident."},{"Link":"http://www.kltv.com/global/story.asp?s=2994393&ClientType","external_links_name":"News article about the shooting"},{"Link":"http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20050225-0348-townsquareshootings.html","external_links_name":"Estrada's lawyer's remarks about Arroyo"},{"Link":"http://johnrlott.tripod.com/2005/02/concealed-handgum-permit-holders.html","external_links_name":"Account of Mark Wilson's actions during the gunfight"},{"Link":"http://mudandphud.blogspot.com/2006/02/mark-wilson.html","external_links_name":"Another account of Mark Wilson's actions"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction	The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction	["1 Summary","1.1 Artistic production","1.2 Authenticity","1.3 Value: cult and exhibition","1.4 Art as politics","2 Influence","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	1935 essay by Walter BenjaminIn "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935), Walter Benjamin addresses the artistic and cultural, social, economic, and political functions of art in a capitalist society."The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935), by Walter Benjamin, is an essay of cultural criticism which proposes and explains that mechanical reproduction devalues the aura (uniqueness) of a work of art, and that in the age of mechanical reproduction and the absence of traditional and ritualistic value, the production of art would be inherently based upon the praxis of politics. Written during the Nazi régime (1933–1945) in Germany, in the essay Benjamin presents a theory of art that is "useful for the formulation of revolutionary demands in the politics of art" in a society of mass culture. The subject and themes of Benjamin's essay: the aura of a work of art; the artistic authenticity of the artefact; the cultural authority of the work of art; and the aestheticization of politics for the production of art, became resources for research in the fields of art history and architectural theory, cultural studies, and media theory. The original essay, "The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility", was published in three editions: (i) the German edition, "Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit", in 1935; (ii) the French edition, "L'œuvre d'art à l'époque de sa reproduction mécanisée", in 1936; and (iii) the German revised edition in 1939, from which derive the contemporary English translations of the essay titled "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction". Summary Benjamin presents the thematic bases for a theory of art by quoting the essay "The Conquest of Ubiquity" (1928), by Paul Valéry, to establish how works of art created and developed in past eras are different from contemporary works of art; that the understanding and treatment of art and of artistic technique must progressively develop in order to understand a work of art in the context of the modern time.Our fine arts were developed, their types and uses were established, in times very different from the present, by men whose power of action upon things was insignificant in comparison with ours. But the amazing growth of our techniques, the adaptability and precision they have attained, the ideas and habits they are creating, make it a certainty that profound changes are impending in the ancient craft of the Beautiful. In all the arts there is a physical component which can no longer be considered or treated as it used to be, which cannot remain unaffected by our modern knowledge and power. For the last twenty years neither matter nor space nor time has been what it was from time immemorial. We must expect great innovations to transform the entire technique of the arts, thereby affecting artistic invention itself and perhaps even bringing about an amazing change in our very notion of art. Artistic production In the preface to the essay, Benjamin presents Marxist analyses of the organisation of a capitalist society and of the place of the arts in a capitalist society, both in the public sphere and in the private sphere; and explains the socio-economic conditions of society to extrapolate future developments of capitalism that will result in the economic exploitation of the proletariat, and so will produce the socio-economic conditions that would abolish capitalism. By reviewing the historical and technological developments of the mechanical means for reproducing a work of art, Benjamin establishes that artistic reproduction is not a modern human activity, such as the industrial arts of the foundry and the stamp mill in Ancient Greece (12th–9th c. BC), and the modern arts of woodcut relief-printing and engraving, etching, lithography, and photography, which are industrial techniques of mass production that permit greater accuracy in the mechanical reproduction of a work of art than would an artist manually reproducing an artefact created by a master artist. Authenticity The aura of a work of art derives from authenticity (uniqueness) and locale (physical and cultural); Benjamin explains that "even the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking in one element: Its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be" located. That the "sphere of authenticity is outside the technical " of mechanised reproduction. Therefore, in being unique, the original work of art is an objet d'art independent of the mechanically accurate reproduction; yet, by changing the cultural context of where the artwork is located, the existence of the mechanical copy (an art-product) diminishes the aesthetic value of the original work of art. In that way, the aura – the unique aesthetic authority of a work of art – is absent from the mechanically produced copy. Value: cult and exhibition Regarding the social functions of an artefact, Benjamin said that "Works of art are received and valued on different planes. Two polar types stand out; with one, the accent is on the cult value; with the other, on the exhibition value of the work. Artistic production begins with ceremonial objects destined to serve in a cult. One may assume that what mattered was their existence, not their being on view." The cult value of religious art is in the fact that "certain statues of gods are accessible only to the priest in the cella; certain madonnas remain covered nearly all year round; certain sculptures on medieval cathedrals are invisible to the spectator on ground level." In practice, the diminished cult value of a religious artefact (an icon no longer venerated) increases the exhibition value of the artefact as art created for the spectators' appreciation, because "it is easier to exhibit a portrait bust, that can be sent here and there , than to exhibit the statue of a divinity that has its fixed place in the interior of a temple." The mechanical reproduction of a work of art voids its cult value, because removal from a fixed, private space (a temple) and placement in a mobile, public space (a museum) allows exhibiting the work of art to many spectators. Further explaining the transition from cult value to exhibition value, Benjamin said that in "the photographic image, exhibition value, for the first time, shows its superiority to cult value." In emphasising exhibition value, "the work of art becomes a creation with entirely new functions," which "later may be recognized as incidental" to the original purpose for which the artist created the objet d'art. As a medium of artistic production, the cinema (moving pictures) does not create cult value for the motion picture, itself, because "the audience's identification with the actor is really an identification with the camera. Consequently, the audience takes the position of the camera; approach is that of testing. This is not the approach to which cult values may be exposed." Therefore, "the film makes the cult value recede into the background, not only by putting the public in the position of the critic, but also by the fact that, at the movies, this position requires no attention." Art as politics See also: Aestheticization of politics The social value of a work of art changes as a society change their value systems; thus the changes in artistic styles and in the cultural tastes of the public follow "the manner in which human sense-perception is organized the medium in which it is accomplished determined not only by Nature, but by historical circumstances, as well." Despite the negative effects (social, economic, cultural) of mass-produced art-products upon the aura of the original work of art, Benjamin said that "the uniqueness of a work of art is inseparable from its being embedded in the fabric of tradition", which separates the original work of art from the reproduction. Moreover, Benjamin noted that the ritualization of the mechanical reproduction of art also emancipated "the work of art from its parasitical dependence on ritual", thereby increasing the social value of exhibiting works of art; a social and cultural practice that has progressed from the private sphere of life (the owner's enjoyment of the aesthetics of the artefacts, usually high art) to the public sphere of life, wherein the public enjoy the same aesthetics in a gallery displaying works of art. Influence In the late-twentieth-century television program Ways of Seeing (1972), John Berger proceeded from and developed the themes of Benjamin's essay to explain the contemporary representations of social class and racial caste inherent to the politics and production of art. That in transforming a work of art into a commodity, the modern means of artistic production and of artistic reproduction have destroyed the aesthetic, cultural, and political authority of art: "For the first time ever, images of art have become ephemeral, ubiquitous, insubstantial, available, valueless, free," because they are commercial products that lack the aura of authenticity of the original objet d'art. A paralipomena of Benjamin's "Work of Art..." called a "A Short History of Photography", read together with the main-essay, provide a theoretical basis for Susan Sontag's well-known monograph, On Photography. Ideas initially presented in this article also inform Marshall McLuhan's famous slogan or conception that "the medium is the message". See also Art for art's sake References ^ Elliott, Brian. Benjamin for Architects (2011) Routledge, London, p. 0000 ^ Scannell, Paddy. (2003) "Benjamin Contextualized: On 'The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction'" in Canonic Texts in Media Research: Are There Any? Should There Be? How About These?, Katz et al. (Eds.) Polity Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780745629346. pp. 74–89. ^ Elliott, Brian. Benjamin for Architects, Routledge, London, 2011. ^ Notes on Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction", a commentary by Gareth Griffiths, Aalto University, 2011. ^ Paul Valéry, La Conquête de l'ubiquité (1928) ^ Benjamin, Walter. "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935) p. 01. ^ a b c d Walter Benjamin (1968). Hannah Arendt (ed.). "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," Illuminations. London: Fontana. pp. 214–18. ISBN 9781407085500. ^ Hansen, Miriam Bratu (2008). "Benjamin's Aura," Critical Inquiry No. 34 (Winter 2008) ^ a b c d e Benjamin, Walter. "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935) p. 4. ^ "Cult vs. Exhibition, Section II". Samizdat Online. 2016-07-20. Retrieved 2020-05-22. ^ Benjamin, Walter. "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935) p. 5–6. ^ Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. Penguin Books, London, 1972, pp. 32–34. ^ Benjamin, Walter. ""A Short History of Photography"". One-Way Street & Other Writings. Verso. ^ Sontag, Susan (1977). On photography. Internet Archive. New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ^ Sontag, Susan; Benjamin, Walter. "Introduction (by Susan Sontag)". One Way St. & Other Writings. Verso. ^ Sontag, Susan. "Walter Benjamin". Under the Sign of Saturn. ^ Russell, Catherine (2004). "New Media and Film History: Walter Benjamin and the Awakening of Cinema". Cinema Journal. 43 (3): 81–85. ISSN 0009-7101. External links Complete text of the essay, translated (Marxists.org) Complete text of the essay, translated (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung (1932-1941) - Download the original text in French, "L'œuvre d'art à l'époque de sa reproduction méchanisée," in the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung Jahrgang V, Félix Alcan, Paris, 1936, pp. 40–68 (23MB) Complete text in German Partial text of the essay, with commentary by Detlev Schöttker (in German) A comment to the essay on diségno vteAestheticsAreas Ancient Africa India Internet Japanese Mathematics Medieval Music Nature Science Theology Schools Aestheticism Classicism Fascism Feminism Formalism Historicism Marxism Modernism Postmodernism Psychoanalysis Realism Romanticism Symbolism Theosophy more... 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Dignity of Man (1486) A Vindication of Natural Society (1756) Democracy in America (1835–1840) Civilization and Its Discontents (1930) The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1935) The Second Sex (1949) One-Dimensional Man (1964) The Society of the Spectacle (1967) The History of Sexuality (1976) The Culture of Narcissism (1979) A Conflict of Visions (1987) The Closing of the American Mind (1987) Gender Trouble (1990) The Malaise of Modernity (1991) Intellectuals and Society (2010) See also Agnotology Axiology Critical theory Cultural criticism Cultural pessimism Ethics Historism Historicism Humanities Philosophy of culture Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Political philosophy Social criticism Social science Social theory Sociology Category Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walter 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politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics"},{"link_name":"art history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history"},{"link_name":"architectural theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_theory"},{"link_name":"cultural studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studies"},{"link_name":"media theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_influence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In \"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction\" (1935), Walter Benjamin addresses the artistic and cultural, social, economic, and political functions of art in a capitalist society.\"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction\" (1935), by Walter Benjamin, is an essay of cultural criticism which proposes and explains that mechanical reproduction devalues the aura (uniqueness) of a work of art,[1] and that in the age of mechanical reproduction and the absence of traditional and ritualistic value, the production of art would be inherently based upon the praxis of politics. Written during the Nazi régime (1933–1945) in Germany, in the essay Benjamin presents a theory of art that is \"useful for the formulation of revolutionary demands in the politics of art\" in a society of mass culture.[2]The subject and themes of Benjamin's essay: the aura of a work of art; the artistic authenticity of the artefact; the cultural authority of the work of art; and the aestheticization of politics for the production of art, became resources for research in the fields of art history and architectural theory, cultural studies, and media theory.[3]The original essay, \"The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility\", was published in three editions: (i) the German edition, \"Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit\", in 1935; (ii) the French edition, \"L'œuvre d'art à l'époque de sa reproduction mécanisée\", in 1936; and (iii) the German revised edition in 1939, from which derive the contemporary English translations of the essay titled \"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction\".[4]","title":"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Valéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"the Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objet_d%27art"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Benjamin presents the thematic bases for a theory of art by quoting the essay \"The Conquest of Ubiquity\" (1928), by Paul Valéry, to establish how works of art created and developed in past eras are different from contemporary works of art; that the understanding and treatment of art and of artistic technique must progressively develop in order to understand a work of art in the context of the modern time.Our fine arts were developed, their types and uses were established, in times very different from the present, by men whose power of action upon things was insignificant in comparison with ours. But the amazing growth of our techniques, the adaptability and precision they have attained, the ideas and habits they are creating, make it a certainty that profound changes are impending in the ancient craft of the Beautiful. In all the arts there is a physical component which can no longer be considered or treated as it used to be, which cannot remain unaffected by our modern knowledge and power. For the last twenty years neither matter nor space nor time has been what it was from time immemorial. We must expect great innovations to transform the entire technique of the arts, thereby affecting artistic invention itself and perhaps even bringing about an amazing change in our very notion of art.[5]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist"},{"link_name":"the arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts"},{"link_name":"public sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere"},{"link_name":"private sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sphere"},{"link_name":"economic exploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour"},{"link_name":"proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat"},{"link_name":"abolish capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolish_capitalism"},{"link_name":"foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"link_name":"stamp mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_mill"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"woodcut relief-printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut"},{"link_name":"engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"etching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching"},{"link_name":"lithography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithography"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"mass production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Artistic production","text":"In the preface to the essay, Benjamin presents Marxist analyses of the organisation of a capitalist society and of the place of the arts in a capitalist society, both in the public sphere and in the private sphere; and explains the socio-economic conditions of society to extrapolate future developments of capitalism that will result in the economic exploitation of the proletariat, and so will produce the socio-economic conditions that would abolish capitalism. By reviewing the historical and technological developments of the mechanical means for reproducing a work of art, Benjamin establishes that artistic reproduction is not a modern human activity, such as the industrial arts of the foundry and the stamp mill in Ancient Greece (12th–9th c. BC), and the modern arts of woodcut relief-printing and engraving, etching, lithography, and photography, which are industrial techniques of mass production that permit greater accuracy in the mechanical reproduction of a work of art than would an artist manually reproducing an artefact created by a master artist.[6]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"authenticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"authenticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_in_Art"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benart-7"},{"link_name":"aesthetic authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_(textual_criticism)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Authenticity","text":"The aura of a work of art derives from authenticity (uniqueness) and locale (physical and cultural); Benjamin explains that \"even the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking in one element: Its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be\" located. That the \"sphere of [artistic] authenticity is outside the technical [sphere]\" of mechanised reproduction.[7] Therefore, in being unique, the original work of art is an objet d'art independent of the mechanically accurate reproduction; yet, by changing the cultural context of where the artwork is located, the existence of the mechanical copy (an art-product) diminishes the aesthetic value of the original work of art. In that way, the aura – the unique aesthetic authority of a work of art – is absent from the mechanically produced copy.[8]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artefact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_artifact"},{"link_name":"cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin,_Walter_1935_p._4-9"},{"link_name":"religious art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_art"},{"link_name":"cella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella"},{"link_name":"madonnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(art)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin,_Walter_1935_p._4-9"},{"link_name":"icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin,_Walter_1935_p._4-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin,_Walter_1935_p._4-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benjamin,_Walter_1935_p._4-9"},{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"identification with the camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaze"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Value: cult and exhibition","text":"Regarding the social functions of an artefact, Benjamin said that \"Works of art are received and valued on different planes. Two polar types stand out; with one, the accent is on the cult value; with the other, on the exhibition value of the work. Artistic production begins with ceremonial objects destined to serve in a cult. One may assume that what mattered was their existence, not their being on view.\"[9] The cult value of religious art is in the fact that \"certain statues of gods are accessible only to the priest in the cella; certain madonnas remain covered nearly all year round; certain sculptures on medieval cathedrals are invisible to the spectator on ground level.\"[9] In practice, the diminished cult value of a religious artefact (an icon no longer venerated) increases the exhibition value of the artefact as art created for the spectators' appreciation, because \"it is easier to exhibit a portrait bust, that can be sent here and there [to museums], than to exhibit the statue of a divinity that has its fixed place in the interior of a temple.\"[9]The mechanical reproduction of a work of art voids its cult value, because removal from a fixed, private space (a temple) and placement in a mobile, public space (a museum) allows exhibiting the work of art to many spectators.[10] Further explaining the transition from cult value to exhibition value, Benjamin said that in \"the photographic image, exhibition value, for the first time, shows its superiority to cult value.\"[9] In emphasising exhibition value, \"the work of art becomes a creation with entirely new functions,\" which \"later may be recognized as incidental\" to the original purpose for which the artist created the objet d'art.[9]As a medium of artistic production, the cinema (moving pictures) does not create cult value for the motion picture, itself, because \"the audience's identification with the actor is really an identification with the camera. Consequently, the audience takes the position of the camera; [the audience's] approach is that of testing. This is not the approach to which cult values may be exposed.\" Therefore, \"the film makes the cult value recede into the background, not only by putting the public in the position of the critic, but also by the fact that, at the movies, this [critical] position requires no attention.\"[11]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aestheticization of politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics"},{"link_name":"cultural tastes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benart-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benart-7"},{"link_name":"ritualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritualization"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benart-7"}],"sub_title":"Art as politics","text":"See also: Aestheticization of politicsThe social value of a work of art changes as a society change their value systems; thus the changes in artistic styles and in the cultural tastes of the public follow \"the manner in which human sense-perception is organized [and] the [artistic] medium in which it is accomplished [are] determined not only by Nature, but by historical circumstances, as well.\"[7]Despite the negative effects (social, economic, cultural) of mass-produced art-products upon the aura of the original work of art, Benjamin said that \"the uniqueness of a work of art is inseparable from its being embedded in the fabric of tradition\", which separates the original work of art from the reproduction.[7] Moreover, Benjamin noted that the ritualization of the mechanical reproduction of art also emancipated \"the work of art from its parasitical dependence on ritual\",[7] thereby increasing the social value of exhibiting works of art; a social and cultural practice that has progressed from the private sphere of life (the owner's enjoyment of the aesthetics of the artefacts, usually high art) to the public sphere of life, wherein the public enjoy the same aesthetics in a gallery displaying works of art.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ways of Seeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing"},{"link_name":"John Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berger"},{"link_name":"representations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_(arts)"},{"link_name":"social class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"racial caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste"},{"link_name":"commodity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity"},{"link_name":"aesthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic"},{"link_name":"authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"objet d'art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objet_d%27art"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Susan Sontag's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag"},{"link_name":"On Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Photography"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Marshall McLuhan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan"},{"link_name":"the medium is the message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_medium_is_the_message"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In the late-twentieth-century television program Ways of Seeing (1972), John Berger proceeded from and developed the themes of Benjamin's essay to explain the contemporary representations of social class and racial caste inherent to the politics and production of art. That in transforming a work of art into a commodity, the modern means of artistic production and of artistic reproduction have destroyed the aesthetic, cultural, and political authority of art: \"For the first time ever, images of art have become ephemeral, ubiquitous, insubstantial, available, valueless, free,\" because they are commercial products that lack the aura of authenticity of the original objet d'art.[12]A paralipomena of Benjamin's \"Work of Art...\" called a \"A Short History of Photography\", read together with the main-essay, provide a theoretical basis for Susan Sontag's well-known monograph, On Photography.[13][14][15][16]Ideas initially presented in this article also inform Marshall McLuhan's famous slogan or conception that \"the medium is the message\".[17]","title":"Influence"}]	[{"image_text":"In \"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction\" (1935), Walter Benjamin addresses the artistic and cultural, social, economic, and political functions of art in a capitalist society.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg/250px-Walter_Benjamin_vers_1928.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Art for art's sake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake#Criticism"}]	[{"reference":"Walter Benjamin (1968). Hannah Arendt (ed.). \"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,\" Illuminations. London: Fontana. pp. 214–18. ISBN 9781407085500.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781407085500","url_text":"9781407085500"}]},{"reference":"\"Cult vs. Exhibition, Section II\". Samizdat Online. 2016-07-20. Retrieved 2020-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.samizdatonline.ro/cult-vs-exhibition/","url_text":"\"Cult vs. Exhibition, Section II\""}]},{"reference":"Benjamin, Walter. \"\"A Short History of Photography\"\". One-Way Street & Other Writings. Verso.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sontag, Susan (1977). On photography. Internet Archive. New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/onphotography00sont","url_text":"On photography"}]},{"reference":"Sontag, Susan; Benjamin, Walter. \"Introduction (by Susan Sontag)\". One Way St. & Other Writings. Verso.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sontag, Susan. \"Walter Benjamin\". Under the Sign of Saturn.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Russell, Catherine (2004). \"New Media and Film History: Walter Benjamin and the Awakening of Cinema\". Cinema Journal. 43 (3): 81–85. ISSN 0009-7101.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3661111","url_text":"\"New Media and Film History: Walter Benjamin and the Awakening of Cinema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-7101","url_text":"0009-7101"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://noppa.aalto.fi/noppa/kurssi/a-60.3320/materiaali/A-60_3320_walter_benjamin_lecture.pdf","external_links_name":"Notes on Walter Benjamin, \"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction\", a commentary by Gareth Griffiths, Aalto University, 2011."},{"Link":"http://www.samizdatonline.ro/cult-vs-exhibition/","external_links_name":"\"Cult vs. Exhibition, Section II\""},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/onphotography00sont","external_links_name":"On photography"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3661111","external_links_name":"\"New Media and Film History: Walter Benjamin and the Awakening of Cinema\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-7101","external_links_name":"0009-7101"},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/benjamin.htm","external_links_name":"Complete text of the essay, translated"},{"Link":"https://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/benjamin.pdf","external_links_name":"Complete text of the essay, translated"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220128111229/http://raumgegenzement.blogsport.de/2012/02/05/zeitschrift-fuer-sozialforschung-1932-1941/","external_links_name":"Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung (1932-1941) - Download the original text in French, \"L'œuvre d'art à l'époque de sa reproduction méchanisée,\" in the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung Jahrgang V, Félix Alcan, Paris, 1936, pp. 40–68 (23MB)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730163618/https://www.arteclab.uni-bremen.de/~robben/KunstwerkBenjamin.pdf","external_links_name":"Complete text in German"},{"Link":"http://www.suhrkamp.de/special_studienbibliothek/leseproben/27001_Leseprobe.pdf","external_links_name":"Partial text of the essay"},{"Link":"https://disegno.unioneitalianadisegno.it/index.php/disegno/article/view/54","external_links_name":"A comment to the essay on diségno"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4561922-0","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Geijer-Falkner	Mona Geijer-Falkner	["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	Swedish actress Mona Geijer-FalknerGeijer-Falkner with Hugo Jacobsson in 1936Born(1887-01-02)2 January 1887Stockholm, SwedenDied3 December 1973(1973-12-03) (aged 86)Stockholm, SwedenOccupationActressYears active1920-1969 Mona Geijer-Falkner (2 January 1887 – 3 December 1973) was a Swedish film actress. She appeared in more than 100 films between 1920 and 1969. Selected filmography The Rivals (1926) Getting Married (1926) Frida's Songs (1930) Skipper's Love (1931) The Southsiders (1932) International Match (1932) Black Roses (1932) Saturday Nights (1933) Simon of Backabo (1934) Andersson's Kalle (1934) Swedenhielms (1935) The Girls of Uppakra (1936) Witches' Night (1937) We at Solglantan (1939) The Fight Continues (1941) The Talk of the Town (1941) There's a Fire Burning (1943) In Darkest Smaland (1943) Count Only the Happy Moments (1944) The Journey Away (1945) The Girls in Smaland (1945) Dynamite (1947) Music in Darkness (1948) Life at Forsbyholm Manor (1948) Robinson in Roslagen (1948) Only a Mother (1949) Father Bom (1949) Åsa-Nisse (1949) Teacher's First Born (1950) Andersson's Kalle (1950) My Name Is Puck (1951) Love (1952) Åsa-Nisse on Holiday (1953) Unmarried Mothers (1953) The Yellow Squadron (1954) Whoops! (1955) Seventh Heaven (1956) Stage Entrance (1956) Åsa-Nisse in Military Uniform (1958) A Lion in Town (1959) Åsa-Nisse as a Policeman (1960) Two Living, One Dead (1961) Lovely Is the Summer Night (1961) Ticket to Paradise (1962) The Lady in White (1962) Sten Stensson Returns (1963) References ^ "Mona Geijer-Falkner". svenskfilmdatabas. Retrieved 18 June 2022. External links Mona Geijer-Falkner at IMDb This article about a Swedish actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Mona Geijer-Falkner (2 January 1887 – 3 December 1973) was a Swedish film actress. She appeared in more than 100 films between 1920 and 1969.[1]","title":"Mona Geijer-Falkner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rivals_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Getting Married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_Married_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Frida's Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frida%27s_Songs"},{"link_name":"Skipper's Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipper%27s_Love"},{"link_name":"The Southsiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Southsiders_(film)"},{"link_name":"International Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Match"},{"link_name":"Black Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Roses_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Nights_(film)"},{"link_name":"Simon of Backabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_Backabo"},{"link_name":"Andersson's Kalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andersson%27s_Kalle_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Swedenhielms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhielms"},{"link_name":"The Girls of Uppakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girls_of_Uppakra"},{"link_name":"Witches' Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witches%27_Night_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"We at Solglantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_at_Solglantan"},{"link_name":"The Fight Continues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fight_Continues"},{"link_name":"The Talk of the Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talk_of_the_Town_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"There's a Fire Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_a_Fire_Burning"},{"link_name":"In Darkest Smaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Darkest_Smaland"},{"link_name":"Count Only the Happy Moments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Only_the_Happy_Moments"},{"link_name":"The Journey Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journey_Away"},{"link_name":"The Girls in Smaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girls_in_Smaland_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dynamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Music in Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_in_Darkness"},{"link_name":"Life at Forsbyholm Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_at_Forsbyholm_Manor"},{"link_name":"Robinson in Roslagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_in_Roslagen"},{"link_name":"Only a Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_a_Mother"},{"link_name":"Father Bom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Bom"},{"link_name":"Åsa-Nisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85sa-Nisse_(film)"},{"link_name":"Teacher's First Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher%27s_First_Born"},{"link_name":"Andersson's Kalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andersson%27s_Kalle_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"My Name Is Puck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Name_Is_Puck"},{"link_name":"Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Åsa-Nisse on Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85sa-Nisse_on_Holiday"},{"link_name":"Unmarried Mothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmarried_Mothers_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"The Yellow Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Whoops!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whoops!_(film)"},{"link_name":"Seventh Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Heaven_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"Stage Entrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_Entrance_(film)"},{"link_name":"Åsa-Nisse in Military Uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85sa-Nisse_in_Military_Uniform"},{"link_name":"A Lion in Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Lion_in_Town"},{"link_name":"Åsa-Nisse as a Policeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85sa-Nisse_as_a_Policeman"},{"link_name":"Two Living, One Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Living,_One_Dead"},{"link_name":"Lovely Is the Summer Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovely_Is_the_Summer_Night"},{"link_name":"Ticket to Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_to_Paradise_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"The Lady in White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_in_White_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sten Stensson Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten_Stensson_Returns"}],"text":"The Rivals (1926)\nGetting Married (1926)\nFrida's Songs (1930)\nSkipper's Love (1931)\nThe Southsiders (1932)\nInternational Match (1932)\nBlack Roses (1932)\nSaturday Nights (1933)\nSimon of Backabo (1934)\nAndersson's Kalle (1934)\nSwedenhielms (1935)\nThe Girls of Uppakra (1936)\nWitches' Night (1937)\nWe at Solglantan (1939)\nThe Fight Continues (1941)\nThe Talk of the Town (1941)\nThere's a Fire Burning (1943)\nIn Darkest Smaland (1943)\nCount Only the Happy Moments (1944)\nThe Journey Away (1945)\nThe Girls in Smaland (1945)\nDynamite (1947)\nMusic in Darkness (1948)\nLife at Forsbyholm Manor (1948)\nRobinson in Roslagen (1948)\nOnly a Mother (1949)\nFather Bom (1949)\nÅsa-Nisse (1949)\nTeacher's First Born (1950)\nAndersson's Kalle (1950)\nMy Name Is Puck (1951)\nLove (1952)\nÅsa-Nisse on Holiday (1953)\nUnmarried Mothers (1953)\nThe Yellow Squadron (1954)\nWhoops! (1955)\nSeventh Heaven (1956)\nStage Entrance (1956)\nÅsa-Nisse in Military Uniform (1958)\nA Lion in Town (1959)\nÅsa-Nisse as a Policeman (1960)\nTwo Living, One Dead (1961)\nLovely Is the Summer Night (1961)\nTicket to Paradise (1962)\nThe Lady in White (1962)\nSten Stensson Returns (1963)","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mona Geijer-Falkner\". svenskfilmdatabas. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=PERSON&itemid=57910","url_text":"\"Mona Geijer-Falkner\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=PERSON&itemid=57910","external_links_name":"\"Mona Geijer-Falkner\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0311957/","external_links_name":"Mona Geijer-Falkner"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mona_Geijer-Falkner&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Physics_(journal)	Nuclear Physics (journal)	["1 Abstracting and indexing","1.1 Nuclear Physics A","1.2 Nuclear Physics B","2 References","3 External links"]	Academic journalNuclear PhysicsDisciplineNuclear physicsLanguageEnglishPublication detailsHistory1956–presentPublisherElsevierImpact factor1.683 (Nucl. Phys. A) 2.759 (Nucl. Phys. B) (2020)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Nucl. Phys.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusNucl. Phys. ACODENNUPABLISSN0375-9474Nucl. Phys. BCODENNUPBBOISSN0550-3213Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl.CODENNPBSE7ISSN0920-5632 Nuclear Physics A, Nuclear Physics B, Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements and discontinued Nuclear Physics are peer-reviewed scientific journals published by Elsevier. The scope of Nuclear Physics A is nuclear and hadronic physics, and that of Nuclear Physics B is high energy physics, quantum field theory, statistical systems, and mathematical physics. Nuclear Physics was established in 1956, and then split into Nuclear Physics A and Nuclear Physics B in 1967. A supplement series to Nuclear Physics B, called Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements has been published from 1987 onwards until 2015 and continues as Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings. Nuclear Physics B is part of the SCOAP3 initiative. Abstracting and indexing Nuclear Physics A Current Contents/Physics, Chemical, & Earth Sciences Nuclear Physics B Current Contents/Physics, Chemical, & Earth Sciences References ^ "Nuclear Physics". ScienceDirect.com. Retrieved 2015-02-17. ^ "Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements". ScienceDirect.com. 2024-03-07. Retrieved 2024-03-07. ^ "SCOAP3 Journals: APCs and articles". SCOAP3. Retrieved 2014-09-15. External links Nuclear Physics Nuclear Physics A Nuclear Physics B Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements This nuclear physics or atomic physics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a physics journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"scientific journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier"},{"link_name":"nuclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"hadronic physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron"},{"link_name":"high energy physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_energy_physics"},{"link_name":"quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"statistical systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_physics"},{"link_name":"mathematical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SCOAP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCOAP3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Nuclear Physics A, Nuclear Physics B, Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements and discontinued Nuclear Physics are peer-reviewed scientific journals published by Elsevier. The scope of Nuclear Physics A is nuclear and hadronic physics, and that of Nuclear Physics B is high energy physics, quantum field theory, statistical systems, and mathematical physics.Nuclear Physics was established in 1956, and then split into Nuclear Physics A and Nuclear Physics B in 1967.[1] A supplement series to Nuclear Physics B, called Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements has been published from 1987 onwards until 2015 and continues as Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings.[2]Nuclear Physics B is part of the SCOAP3 initiative.[3]","title":"Nuclear Physics (journal)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Abstracting and indexing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Current Contents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Contents"}],"sub_title":"Nuclear Physics A","text":"Current Contents/Physics, Chemical, & Earth Sciences","title":"Abstracting and indexing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nuclear Physics B","text":"Current Contents/Physics, Chemical, & Earth Sciences","title":"Abstracting and indexing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Nuclear Physics\". ScienceDirect.com. Retrieved 2015-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00295582","url_text":"\"Nuclear Physics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements\". ScienceDirect.com. 2024-03-07. Retrieved 2024-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09205632","url_text":"\"Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements\""}]},{"reference":"\"SCOAP3 Journals: APCs and articles\". SCOAP3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confer	Cf.	["1 Biological use","2 Numismatic use","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Latin abbreviation meaning "compare" This article is about the Latin abbreviation. For other uses, see Cf. "Confer" redirects here. For the software application, see CONFER (software). For academic degree conferral, see Graduation. Look up confer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The abbreviation cf. (short for either Latin confer or conferatur, both meaning 'compare') is used in writing to refer the reader to other material to make a comparison with the topic being discussed. Style guides recommend that "cf." be used only to suggest a comparison, and the words "see" or "vide" be used generally to point to a source of information. In Italian, the abbreviation "cfr." (confronta, 'confront') is more common than "cf." is. Biological use Main article: Open nomenclature In biological naming conventions, cf. is commonly placed between the genus name and the species name to describe a specimen that is hard to identify because of practical difficulties, such as poor preservation. For example, "Barbus cf. holotaenia" indicates that the specimen is in the genus Barbus and believed to be Barbus holotaenia, but the actual species-level identification cannot be certain. Cf. can also be used to express a possible identity, or at least a significant resemblance, such as between a newly observed specimen and a known species or taxon. Such a usage might suggest a specimen's membership of the same genus or possibly of a shared higher taxon. For example, in the note "Diptera: Tabanidae, cf. Tabanus", the author is confident of the order and family (Diptera: Tabanidae) but can only suggest the genus (Tabanus) and has no information favouring a particular species. Numismatic use Among numismatists (coin collector-research specialists), cf. may be used in references on the paper and/or online coin identification information meaning "compare to". It is common for abbreviations of listings in trusted coin catalogues or sales from certain online auctions to be cited when identifying a particular coin. If the specimen in question is not an exact match but comes close to a known source, cf. may be used. See also Aff. Citation signal List of Latin abbreviations Viz. References ^ "cf". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. Cambridge University Press. n.d. Retrieved October 30, 2016. ^ "Latin Terms and Abbreviations". The Writing Center at UNC-Chapel Hill. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. n.d. Retrieved October 30, 2016. ^ "Chicago Manual of Style 15th Ed. Style Sheet" (PDF). Michigan State University Press. p. 6, citing Chicago Manual of Style section 16.58. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 23, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2016. There is a distinction between see and cf.; use cf. only to mean 'compare' or 'see, by way of comparison'. ^ "cf". Vocabolario Treccani. Treccani. Retrieved 2024-02-02. ^ a b Bengtson, Peter. "Open Nomenclature" (PDF). Palaeontology. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2015. ^ Hartmann, Anne (February 2007). "Field Key for Selected Benthic Invertebrates from the HKH Region" (PDF). Draft Version. Retrieved October 30, 2016. External links The dictionary definition of cf. at Wiktionary	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cf_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"CONFER (software)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONFER_(software)"},{"link_name":"Graduation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation"},{"link_name":"confer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/confer"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"vide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the Latin abbreviation. For other uses, see Cf.\"Confer\" redirects here. For the software application, see CONFER (software). For academic degree conferral, see Graduation.Look up confer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.The abbreviation cf. (short for either Latin confer or conferatur, both meaning 'compare')[1] is used in writing to refer the reader to other material to make a comparison with the topic being discussed. Style guides recommend that \"cf.\" be used only to suggest a comparison, and the words \"see\" or \"vide\" be used generally to point to a source of information.[2][3] In Italian, the abbreviation \"cfr.\" (confronta, 'confront') is more common than \"cf.\" is.[4]","title":"Cf."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_name"},{"link_name":"species name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_name"},{"link_name":"Barbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbus"},{"link_name":"Barbus holotaenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbus_holotaenia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bengtson-5"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bengtson-5"},{"link_name":"Diptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera"},{"link_name":"Tabanidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-fly"},{"link_name":"Tabanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In biological naming conventions, cf. is commonly placed between the genus name and the species name to describe a specimen that is hard to identify because of practical difficulties, such as poor preservation. For example, \"Barbus cf. holotaenia\" indicates that the specimen is in the genus Barbus and believed to be Barbus holotaenia, but the actual species-level identification cannot be certain.[5]Cf. can also be used to express a possible identity, or at least a significant resemblance, such as between a newly observed specimen and a known species or taxon.[5] Such a usage might suggest a specimen's membership of the same genus or possibly of a shared higher taxon. For example, in the note \"Diptera: Tabanidae, cf. Tabanus\", the author is confident of the order and family (Diptera: Tabanidae) but can only suggest the genus (Tabanus) and has no information favouring a particular species.[6]","title":"Biological use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"numismatists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatist"}],"text":"Among numismatists (coin collector-research specialists), cf. may be used in references on the paper and/or online coin identification information meaning \"compare to\". It is common for abbreviations of listings in trusted coin catalogues or sales from certain online auctions to be cited when identifying a particular coin. If the specimen in question is not an exact match but comes close to a known source, cf. may be used.","title":"Numismatic use"}]	[]	[{"title":"Aff.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aff."},{"title":"Citation signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_signal"},{"title":"List of Latin abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_abbreviations"},{"title":"Viz.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz."}]	[{"reference":"\"cf\". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. Cambridge University Press. n.d. Retrieved October 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cf","url_text":"\"cf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latin Terms and Abbreviations\". The Writing Center at UNC-Chapel Hill. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. n.d. Retrieved October 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/latin-terms-and-abbreviations/","url_text":"\"Latin Terms and Abbreviations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Manual of Style 15th Ed. Style Sheet\" (PDF). Michigan State University Press. p. 6, citing Chicago Manual of Style section 16.58. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 23, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2016. There is a distinction between see and cf.; use cf. only to mean 'compare' or 'see, by way of comparison'.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151223143748/http://msupress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ContagionStyleSheet.pdf","url_text":"\"Chicago Manual of Style 15th Ed. Style Sheet\""},{"url":"http://msupress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ContagionStyleSheet.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"cf\". Vocabolario Treccani. Treccani. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/cf/","url_text":"\"cf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treccani","url_text":"Treccani"}]},{"reference":"Bengtson, Peter. \"Open Nomenclature\" (PDF). Palaeontology. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154620/http://cdn.palass.org/publications/palaeontology/volume_31/pdf/vol31_part1_pp223-227.pdf","url_text":"\"Open Nomenclature\""},{"url":"http://cdn.palass.org/publications/palaeontology/volume_31/pdf/vol31_part1_pp223-227.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hartmann, Anne (February 2007). \"Field Key for Selected Benthic Invertebrates from the HKH Region\" (PDF). Draft Version. Retrieved October 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assess-hkh.at/downloads/Field_Key_HKH_draft.pdf","url_text":"\"Field Key for Selected Benthic Invertebrates from the HKH Region\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cf","external_links_name":"\"cf\""},{"Link":"http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/latin-terms-and-abbreviations/","external_links_name":"\"Latin Terms and Abbreviations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151223143748/http://msupress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ContagionStyleSheet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chicago Manual of Style 15th Ed. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruddell	John Ruddell	["1 References"]	Canadian politician John Henry RuddellMember of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for MordenIn office1900–1906Succeeded byGeorge Ashdown Personal detailsBorn1859Halton County, Canada WestDied(1906-04-17)April 17, 1906 John Henry Ruddell (1859 – April 17, 1906) was a harness maker, realtor and political figure in Manitoba. He represented Morden from 1900 to 1906 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative. He was born in Halton County, Canada West, the son of George Ruddell and Christina Stewart, and came to Manitoba in the early 1880s to establish a harness-making business in Nelson. Ruddell later moved to Morden, where he established a real estate firm. He also served as mayor of Morden. The town of Ruddell, Saskatchewan may have been named after him. References ^ a b Bumsted, B M (1999). Dictionary of Manitoba Biography. University of Manitoba Press. p. 217. ISBN 0887551696. Retrieved 2012-11-11. ^ a b c "How Ruddell got its name still a two-pronged mystery". Star-Phoenix. January 30, 1978. p. 7. Retrieved 2012-11-11. This article about a Manitoba politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bumsted-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruddell-2"},{"link_name":"harness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_harness"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Morden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morden_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Halton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halton_County,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_West"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruddell-2"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelson,_Manitoba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morden,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bumsted-1"},{"link_name":"Ruddell, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddell,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruddell-2"}],"text":"John Henry Ruddell (1859[1] – April 17, 1906[2]) was a harness maker, realtor and political figure in Manitoba. He represented Morden from 1900 to 1906 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative.He was born in Halton County, Canada West, the son of George Ruddell and Christina Stewart,[2] and came to Manitoba in the early 1880s to establish a harness-making business in Nelson. Ruddell later moved to Morden, where he established a real estate firm. He also served as mayor of Morden.[1]The town of Ruddell, Saskatchewan may have been named after him.[2]","title":"John Ruddell"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bumsted, B M (1999). Dictionary of Manitoba Biography. University of Manitoba Press. p. 217. ISBN 0887551696. Retrieved 2012-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IyZ389DiOlgC&pg=PA217","url_text":"Dictionary of Manitoba Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887551696","url_text":"0887551696"}]},{"reference":"\"How Ruddell got its name still a two-pronged mystery\". Star-Phoenix. January 30, 1978. p. 7. Retrieved 2012-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zpNjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XXoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3382,3797530","url_text":"\"How Ruddell got its name still a two-pronged mystery\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IyZ389DiOlgC&pg=PA217","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Manitoba Biography"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zpNjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XXoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3382,3797530","external_links_name":"\"How Ruddell got its name still a two-pronged mystery\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ruddell&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Roffavier	Georges Roffavier	["1 Publications","2 References"]	French botanist (1775-1866)Georges Roffavier (17 September 1775, in Lyon – 12 March 1866, in Lyon) was a French botanist. In 1806 he studied botany under Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert, later taking part in botanical excursions to Grand-Colombier (1817), Mont-Cenis (1826) and Chamonix (1830). In 1830 he was named interim manager of the botanical garden at Lyon. With Nicolas Charles Seringe and others, he was a founding member of the Société linnéenne de Lyon, serving as its treasurer from 1822 to 1829. In 1864 he donated his collections, herbarium and library to Dr. Louis Lortet. Plants with the specific epithet of roffavieri are named in his honor, an example being Rosa roffavieri. Publications "Supplément a`la Flore lyonnaise publiée par J.B. Balbis en 1827 et 1828, ou description des plantes phanérogames et cryptogames découvertes depuis la la publication de cet ouvrage : suivi d'un tableau général contenant la nomenclature méthodique des espéces agames décrites dans la Flore lyonnaise, conjointement avec celles qui ont été trouvées depuis la méme époque dans les environs de Lyon". (with Giovanni Battista Balbis), 1835. The standard author abbreviation Roffavier is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. References ^ a b c Google Books Annales de la Société botanique de Lyon, Volumes 32-33 ^ Prosopo Sociétés savantes de France ^ Global Species Rosa roffavieri ^ WorldCat Search (publications) ^ International Plant Names Index. Roffavier. Authority control databases International VIAF Academics International Plant Names Index Other IdRef This article about a French botanist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Emmanuel_Gilibert"},{"link_name":"Grand-Colombier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Colombier_(Ain)"},{"link_name":"Mont-Cenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-Cenis"},{"link_name":"Chamonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix"},{"link_name":"botanical garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ST-1"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Charles Seringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Charles_Seringe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ST-1"},{"link_name":"herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbarium"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"Louis Lortet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Charles_%C3%89mile_Lortet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ST-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Georges Roffavier (17 September 1775, in Lyon – 12 March 1866, in Lyon) was a French botanist.In 1806 he studied botany under Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert, later taking part in botanical excursions to Grand-Colombier (1817), Mont-Cenis (1826) and Chamonix (1830). In 1830 he was named interim manager of the botanical garden at Lyon.[1]With Nicolas Charles Seringe and others, he was a founding member of the Société linnéenne de Lyon,[1] serving as its treasurer from 1822 to 1829. In 1864 he donated his collections, herbarium and library to Dr. Louis Lortet.[2]Plants with the specific epithet of roffavieri are named in his honor, an example being Rosa roffavieri.[1][3]","title":"Georges Roffavier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Balbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Balbis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Supplément a`la Flore lyonnaise publiée par J.B. Balbis en 1827 et 1828, ou description des plantes phanérogames et cryptogames découvertes depuis la la publication de cet ouvrage : suivi d'un tableau général contenant la nomenclature méthodique des espéces agames décrites dans la Flore lyonnaise, conjointement avec celles qui ont été trouvées depuis la méme époque dans les environs de Lyon\". (with Giovanni Battista Balbis), 1835.[4]The standard author abbreviation Roffavier is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[5]","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. Roffavier.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Roffavier","url_text":"Roffavier"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gwtVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"Google Books"},{"Link":"http://cths.fr/an/prosopo.php?id=100413#","external_links_name":"Prosopo"},{"Link":"http://www.globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2187751","external_links_name":"Global Species"},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ARoffavier%2C+Georges%2C&qt=hot_author","external_links_name":"WorldCat Search"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Roffavier","external_links_name":"Roffavier"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/656155284790287061625","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Roffavier","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/255500920","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Roffavier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%27Blood%27_Ulmer	James Blood Ulmer	["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 As leader","2.2 As sideman","3 References","4 External links"]	American jazz and blues guitarist and singer (born 1940) This article is about the musician. For the entertainment journalist, see James Ulmer (journalist). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "James Blood Ulmer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) James Blood UlmerUlmer performs in Innsbruck in 2011 with Charles Burnham and Warren Benbow.Background informationBirth nameWillie James UlmerAlso known asDamu Mustafa Abdul MusawwirBorn (1940-02-08) February 8, 1940 (age 84)St. Matthews, South Carolina, U.S.GenresJazz, harmolodics, free funk, electric blues, avant-funkInstrument(s)Guitar, vocalsMusical artist James "Blood" Ulmer (born February 8, 1940) is an American jazz, free funk and blues guitarist and singer. Ulmer plays a Gibson Byrdland guitar. His guitar sound has been described as "jagged" and "stinging". His singing has been called "raggedly soulful". Biography Willie James Ulmer was born in St. Matthews, South Carolina, United States. He began his career playing with soul jazz ensembles, first in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1959 to 1964, and then in the Columbus, Ohio, area from 1964 to 1967. He recorded with organist Hank Marr in 1964 (released 1967). After moving to New York in 1971, Ulmer played with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, Joe Henderson, Paul Bley, Rashied Ali, and Larry Young. In the early 1970s, Ulmer joined Ornette Coleman; he was the first electric guitarist to record and tour extensively with Coleman. He has credited Coleman as a major influence. Coleman's reliance on electric guitar in his fusion-oriented recordings owes a debt to Ulmer. His appearance on Arthur Blythe's two consecutive Columbia albums, Lenox Avenue Breakdown (1979) and Illusions (1980), was followed by Ulmer's signing to that label. That resulted in three albums: Free Lancing, Black Rock, and Odyssey, which was the inaugural release of Odyssey The Band with drummer Warren Benbow and violinist Charles Burnham. The trio was called "avant-gutbucket" by music critic Bill Milkowski to describe the music as "conjuring images of Skip James and Albert Ayler jamming on the Mississippi Delta." Ulmer formed Music Revelation Ensemble around 1980, co-led with David Murray for the first decade and lasting into the 1990s. Later versions of the band included Arthur Blythe, Sam Rivers, Pharoah Sanders, and John Zorn. In the 1980s he co-led the quartet Phalanx with saxophonist George Adams. Ulmer has recorded as a leader, including blues-oriented albums produced by Vernon Reid: Memphis Blood, No Escape from the Blues, Bad Blood in the City, and Birthright. Ulmer was a judge for the 8th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent musicians. In a 2005 DownBeat interview, he said guitar technique stagnated after the death of Jimi Hendrix. He stated technique could advance "if the guitar would stop following the piano" and indicated he tunes his guitar strings to A. In 2009, Ulmer started the label American Revelation. In spring 2011, he joined James Carter's organ trio as a special guest with Nicholas Payton on trumpet for a six-night stand of performances at Blue Note New York. Discography As leader Tales of Captain Black (Artists House, 1979) Are You Glad to Be in America? (Rough Trade, 1980) Free Lancing (Columbia, 1981) Black Rock (CBS, 1982) Odyssey (CBS, 1983) Part Time (Rough Trade, 1984) Live at the Caravan of Dreams (Caravan of Dreams, 1986) America – Do You Remember the Love? (Blue Note, 1987) Blues Allnight (Bellaphon, 1990) Revealing (In+Out, 1990) Black and Blues (DIW, 1991) Blues Preacher (DIW, 1993) Live at the Bayerischer Hof (In+Out, 1994) Music Speaks Louder than Words (DIW, 1995) Plays the Music of Ornette Coleman (DIW, 1996) Harmolodic Guitar with Strings (DIW, 1997) Reunion (Knitting Factory, 1997) Forbidden Blues (DIW, 1998) Memphis Blood: The Sun Sessions (Label M, 2001) Blue Blood (Innerhythmic, 2001) No Escape from the Blues: The Electric Lady Sessions (Hyena, 2003) Guitar Music (Dernière Bande, 2003) – with Rodolphe Burger Back in Time (Pi, 2005) Birthright (Hyena, 2005) Bad Blood in the City: The Piety Street Sessions (Hyena, 2007) In and Out (In+Out, 2009) Black Rock Reunion (American Revelation, 2009) Blues Odyssey (American Revelation, 2010) Live at Birdland (American Revelation, 2010) Freelancing Live (American Revelation, 2013) With Music Revelation Ensemble No Wave (Moers, 1980) Music Revelation Ensemble (DIW, 1988) Elec. Jazz (DIW, 1990) After Dark (DIW, 1992) In the Name of... (DIW, 1994) Knights of Power (DIW, 1996) Cross Fire (DIW, 1997) With Phalanx Got Something Good for You (Moers Music, 1986) Original Phalanx (DIW, 1987) In Touch (DIW, 1988) Phalanx Live (American Revelation, 2013) With Third Rail South Delta Space Age (Antilles, 1995) As sideman Rashied Ali, Rashied Ali Quintet (Survival, 1973) Karl Berger, Conversations (In+Out, 1994) Arthur Blythe, Lenox Avenue Breakdown (Columbia, 1979) Arthur Blythe, Illusions (Columbia, 1980) James Carter, Out of Nowhere (Half Note, 2005) Ornette Coleman, Celebrate Ornette (Song X 2016) Ry Cooder, The End of Violence (Outpost, 1997) Jayne Cortez, Borders of Disorderly Time (Bola, 2003) Joe Henderson, Multiple (Milestone, 1973) Hank Marr, Sounds from the Marr-Ket Place (King, 1968) David Murray, Children (Black Saint, 1985) David Murray, Recording N.Y.C. 1986 (DIW, 1986) John Patton, Accent on the Blues (Blue Note, 1969) John Patton, Memphis to New York Spirit (Blue Note, 1996) Rochester/Veasley Band, One Minute of Love (Gramavision, 1985) The Roots, Phrenology (MCA, 2002) Juma Sultan, Whispers from the Archive (Porter, 2012) Jamaaladeen Tacuma, Show Stopper (Gramavision, 1983) World Saxophone Quartet, Political Blues (Justin Time, 2006) Frank Wright, Blues for Albert Ayler (ESP Disk, 2012) Larry Young, Lawrence of Newark (Perception, 1973) References ^ Brody, Richard (June 11, 2015). "Ornette Coleman's Revolution". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 26, 2020. ^ "James Blood Ulmer". Museviews.org. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021. ^ "James Blood Ulmer". TrouserPress.com. Retrieved August 2, 2015. ^ Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues - A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara: Praeger. p. 129. ISBN 978-0313344237. ^ a b c d Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 2559. ISBN 0-85112-939-0. ^ "Boston's Own Debbie And Friends Among The 8th Annual Independent Music Awards Vox Populi Winners". Prlog.org. May 27, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2015. ^ "Independent Music Awards - 2009 Judges". April 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2021. ^ a b Micallef, Ken (December 2005). "James 'Blood' Ulmer: Blues Album of the Year (Birthright)". DownBeat. 72 (12). Elmhurst, IL: Maher: 62. ISSN 0012-5768. External links James Blood Ulmer at AllMusic James Blood Ulmer Online Archive at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009) including detailed discography A 1998 interview vteJames Blood UlmerAlbums Tales of Captain Black (1979) Are You Glad to Be in America? (1980) Free Lancing (1981) Black Rock (1982) Odyssey (1983) Part Time (1984) Live at the Caravan of Dreams (1986) America – Do You Remember the Love? (1987) Blues Allnight (1990) Revealing (1990) Black and Blues (1991) Blues Preacher (1993) Live at the Bayerischer Hof (1994) Music Speaks Louder than Words (1995) Harmolodic Guitar with Strings (1997) Reunion (1997) Forbidden Blues (1998) Memphis Blood: The Sun Sessions (2001) Blue Blood (2001) No Escape from the Blues: The Electric Lady Sessions (2003) Back in Time (2005) Birthright (2005) Bad Blood in the City: The Piety Street Sessions (2007) In and Out (2009) Related articles Phalanx Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Ulmer (journalist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ulmer_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"free funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_funk"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_music"},{"link_name":"Gibson Byrdland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Byrdland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the musician. For the entertainment journalist, see James Ulmer (journalist).Musical artistJames \"Blood\" Ulmer (born February 8, 1940)[2] is an American jazz, free funk and blues guitarist and singer. Ulmer plays a Gibson Byrdland guitar. His guitar sound has been described as \"jagged\" and \"stinging\". His singing has been called \"raggedly soulful\".[3]","title":"James Blood Ulmer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bare-4"},{"link_name":"St. Matthews, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthews,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-5"},{"link_name":"soul jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_jazz"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Hank Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Marr"},{"link_name":"Art Blakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Blakey"},{"link_name":"Joe Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Paul Bley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bley"},{"link_name":"Rashied Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashied_Ali"},{"link_name":"Larry Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Young_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-5"},{"link_name":"Ornette Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornette_Coleman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-5"},{"link_name":"fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_fusion"},{"link_name":"Arthur Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Blythe"},{"link_name":"Lenox Avenue Breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_Avenue_Breakdown"},{"link_name":"Illusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusions_(Arthur_Blythe_album)"},{"link_name":"Free Lancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Lancing"},{"link_name":"Black Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rock_(James_Blood_Ulmer_album)"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(James_Blood_Ulmer_album)"},{"link_name":"Warren Benbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Benbow"},{"link_name":"Charles Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burnham_(musician)"},{"link_name":"gutbucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutbucket"},{"link_name":"Skip James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_James"},{"link_name":"Albert Ayler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ayler"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Delta"},{"link_name":"David Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Murray_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-5"},{"link_name":"Sam Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rivers_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"Pharoah Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoah_Sanders"},{"link_name":"John Zorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zorn"},{"link_name":"Phalanx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_(band)"},{"link_name":"George Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Adams_(musician)"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"Vernon Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Reid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"DownBeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DownBeat"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-micallef_2005-12-8"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(musical_note)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-micallef_2005-12-8"},{"link_name":"James Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carter_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Payton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Payton"},{"link_name":"Blue Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note_Jazz_Club"}],"text":"Willie James Ulmer[4] was born in St. Matthews, South Carolina, United States.[5] He began his career playing with soul jazz ensembles, first in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1959 to 1964, and then in the Columbus, Ohio, area from 1964 to 1967. He recorded with organist Hank Marr in 1964 (released 1967). After moving to New York in 1971, Ulmer played with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, Joe Henderson, Paul Bley, Rashied Ali, and Larry Young.[5]In the early 1970s, Ulmer joined Ornette Coleman; he was the first electric guitarist to record and tour extensively with Coleman.[5] He has credited Coleman as a major influence. Coleman's reliance on electric guitar in his fusion-oriented recordings owes a debt to Ulmer.His appearance on Arthur Blythe's two consecutive Columbia albums, Lenox Avenue Breakdown (1979) and Illusions (1980), was followed by Ulmer's signing to that label. That resulted in three albums: Free Lancing, Black Rock, and Odyssey, which was the inaugural release of Odyssey The Band with drummer Warren Benbow and violinist Charles Burnham. The trio was called \"avant-gutbucket\" by music critic Bill Milkowski to describe the music as \"conjuring images of Skip James and Albert Ayler jamming on the Mississippi Delta.\"Ulmer formed Music Revelation Ensemble around 1980, co-led with David Murray for the first decade and lasting into the 1990s.[5] Later versions of the band included Arthur Blythe, Sam Rivers, Pharoah Sanders, and John Zorn. In the 1980s he co-led the quartet Phalanx with saxophonist George Adams. Ulmer has recorded as a leader, including blues-oriented albums produced by Vernon Reid: Memphis Blood, No Escape from the Blues, Bad Blood in the City, and Birthright.Ulmer was a judge for the 8th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent musicians.[6][7]In a 2005 DownBeat interview, he said guitar technique stagnated after the death of Jimi Hendrix.[8] He stated technique could advance \"if the guitar would stop following the piano\" and indicated he tunes his guitar strings to A.[8]In 2009, Ulmer started the label American Revelation. In spring 2011, he joined James Carter's organ trio as a special guest with Nicholas Payton on trumpet for a six-night stand of performances at Blue Note New York.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tales of Captain Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Captain_Black"},{"link_name":"Are You Glad to Be in America?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Glad_to_Be_in_America%3F"},{"link_name":"Free Lancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Lancing"},{"link_name":"Black Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rock_(James_Blood_Ulmer_album)"},{"link_name":"Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(James_Blood_Ulmer_album)"},{"link_name":"Part Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_Time_(album)"},{"link_name":"Live at the Caravan of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Caravan_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"America – Do You Remember the Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_%E2%80%93_Do_You_Remember_the_Love%3F"},{"link_name":"Blues Allnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Allnight"},{"link_name":"Revealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revealing_(album)"},{"link_name":"Black and Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_Blues"},{"link_name":"Blues Preacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Preacher"},{"link_name":"Live at the Bayerischer Hof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Bayerischer_Hof"},{"link_name":"Music Speaks Louder than Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Speaks_Louder_Than_Words_(James_Blood_Ulmer_album)"},{"link_name":"Harmolodic Guitar with Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmolodic_Guitar_with_Strings"},{"link_name":"Reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunion_(Odyssey_the_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Blues"},{"link_name":"Memphis Blood: The Sun Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Blood:_The_Sun_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Blue Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Blood_(James_Blood_Ulmer_album)"},{"link_name":"No Escape from the Blues: The Electric Lady Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Escape_from_the_Blues:_The_Electric_Lady_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Back in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_in_Time_(James_Blood_Ulmer_album)"},{"link_name":"Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Birthright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthright_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bad Blood in the City: The Piety Street Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Blood_in_the_City:_The_Piety_Street_Sessions"},{"link_name":"In and Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_and_Out_(album)"},{"link_name":"No Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Wave_(album)"},{"link_name":"Moers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moers_Music"},{"link_name":"Music Revelation Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Revelation_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"DIW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIW_Records"},{"link_name":"Elec. Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elec._Jazz"},{"link_name":"After Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Dark_(Music_Revelation_Ensemble_album)"},{"link_name":"In the Name of...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Name_of..."},{"link_name":"Knights of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Power"},{"link_name":"Cross Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Fire_(Music_Revelation_Ensemble_album)"},{"link_name":"Got Something Good for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got_Something_Good_for_You"},{"link_name":"Original Phalanx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Phalanx"},{"link_name":"In Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Touch_(album)"}],"sub_title":"As leader","text":"Tales of Captain Black (Artists House, 1979)\nAre You Glad to Be in America? (Rough Trade, 1980)\nFree Lancing (Columbia, 1981)\nBlack Rock (CBS, 1982)\nOdyssey (CBS, 1983)\nPart Time (Rough Trade, 1984)\nLive at the Caravan of Dreams (Caravan of Dreams, 1986)\nAmerica – Do You Remember the Love? (Blue Note, 1987)\nBlues Allnight (Bellaphon, 1990)\nRevealing (In+Out, 1990)\nBlack and Blues (DIW, 1991)\nBlues Preacher (DIW, 1993)\nLive at the Bayerischer Hof (In+Out, 1994)\nMusic Speaks Louder than Words (DIW, 1995)\nPlays the Music of Ornette Coleman (DIW, 1996)\nHarmolodic Guitar with Strings (DIW, 1997)\nReunion (Knitting Factory, 1997)\nForbidden Blues (DIW, 1998)\nMemphis Blood: The Sun Sessions (Label M, 2001)\nBlue Blood (Innerhythmic, 2001)\nNo Escape from the Blues: The Electric Lady Sessions (Hyena, 2003)\nGuitar Music (Dernière Bande, 2003) – with Rodolphe Burger\nBack in Time (Pi, 2005)\nBirthright (Hyena, 2005)\nBad Blood in the City: The Piety Street Sessions (Hyena, 2007)\nIn and Out (In+Out, 2009)\nBlack Rock Reunion (American Revelation, 2009)\nBlues Odyssey (American Revelation, 2010)\nLive at Birdland (American Revelation, 2010)\nFreelancing Live (American Revelation, 2013)With Music Revelation EnsembleNo Wave (Moers, 1980)\nMusic Revelation Ensemble (DIW, 1988)\nElec. Jazz (DIW, 1990)\nAfter Dark (DIW, 1992)\nIn the Name of... (DIW, 1994)\nKnights of Power (DIW, 1996)\nCross Fire (DIW, 1997)With PhalanxGot Something Good for You (Moers Music, 1986)\nOriginal Phalanx (DIW, 1987)\nIn Touch (DIW, 1988)\nPhalanx Live (American Revelation, 2013)With Third RailSouth Delta Space Age (Antilles, 1995)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rashied Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashied_Ali"},{"link_name":"Rashied Ali Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashied_Ali_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Survival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_Records"},{"link_name":"Karl Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Berger"},{"link_name":"Arthur Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Blythe"},{"link_name":"Lenox Avenue Breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_Avenue_Breakdown"},{"link_name":"Illusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusions_(Arthur_Blythe_album)"},{"link_name":"James Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carter_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Out of Nowhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Nowhere_(James_Carter_album)"},{"link_name":"Ornette Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornette_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Ry Cooder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry_Cooder"},{"link_name":"Jayne Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Cortez"},{"link_name":"Joe Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Multiple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_(album)"},{"link_name":"Hank Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Marr"},{"link_name":"Sounds from the Marr-Ket Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_from_the_Marr-Ket_Place"},{"link_name":"David Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Murray_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_(David_Murray_album)"},{"link_name":"Recording N.Y.C. 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_N.Y.C._1986"},{"link_name":"John Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patton_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Accent on the Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_on_the_Blues"},{"link_name":"Memphis to New York Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_to_New_York_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Rochester/Veasley Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Veasley"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"Phrenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology_(album)"},{"link_name":"Juma Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juma_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Jamaaladeen Tacuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaaladeen_Tacuma"},{"link_name":"World Saxophone Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Saxophone_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Political Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Blues"},{"link_name":"Frank Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wright_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"Blues for Albert Ayler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_for_Albert_Ayler"},{"link_name":"Larry Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Young_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence of Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Newark"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"Rashied Ali, Rashied Ali Quintet (Survival, 1973)\nKarl Berger, Conversations (In+Out, 1994)\nArthur Blythe, Lenox Avenue Breakdown (Columbia, 1979)\nArthur Blythe, Illusions (Columbia, 1980)\nJames Carter, Out of Nowhere (Half Note, 2005)\nOrnette Coleman, Celebrate Ornette (Song X 2016)\nRy Cooder, The End of Violence (Outpost, 1997)\nJayne Cortez, Borders of Disorderly Time (Bola, 2003)\nJoe Henderson, Multiple (Milestone, 1973)\nHank Marr, Sounds from the Marr-Ket Place (King, 1968)\nDavid Murray, Children (Black Saint, 1985)\nDavid Murray, Recording N.Y.C. 1986 (DIW, 1986)\nJohn Patton, Accent on the Blues (Blue Note, 1969)\nJohn Patton, Memphis to New York Spirit (Blue Note, 1996)\nRochester/Veasley Band, One Minute of Love (Gramavision, 1985)\nThe Roots, Phrenology (MCA, 2002)\nJuma Sultan, Whispers from the Archive (Porter, 2012)\nJamaaladeen Tacuma, Show Stopper (Gramavision, 1983)\nWorld Saxophone Quartet, Political Blues (Justin Time, 2006)\nFrank Wright, Blues for Albert Ayler (ESP Disk, 2012)\nLarry Young, Lawrence of Newark (Perception, 1973)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Brody, Richard (June 11, 2015). \"Ornette Coleman's Revolution\". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/ornette-colemans-revolution","url_text":"\"Ornette Coleman's Revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"\"James Blood Ulmer\". Museviews.org. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211016180849/https://museviews.org/musicians/avant-garde-contemporary/james-blood-ulmer/","url_text":"\"James Blood Ulmer\""},{"url":"https://museviews.org/musicians/avant-garde-contemporary/james-blood-ulmer/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James Blood Ulmer\". TrouserPress.com. Retrieved August 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://trouserpress.com/entry_90s.php?a=james_blood_ulmer","url_text":"\"James Blood Ulmer\""}]},{"reference":"Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues - A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara: Praeger. p. 129. ISBN 978-0313344237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313344237","url_text":"978-0313344237"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 2559. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-939-0","url_text":"0-85112-939-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Boston's Own Debbie And Friends Among The 8th Annual Independent Music Awards Vox Populi Winners\". Prlog.org. May 27, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prlog.org/10244858-bostons-own-debbie-and-friends-among-the-8th-annual-independent-music-awards-vox-populi-winners.htm","url_text":"\"Boston's Own Debbie And Friends Among The 8th Annual Independent Music Awards Vox Populi Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Independent Music Awards - 2009 Judges\". April 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412044034/http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/imajudges2009.asp","url_text":"\"Independent Music Awards - 2009 Judges\""},{"url":"http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/imajudges2009.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Micallef, Ken (December 2005). \"James 'Blood' Ulmer: Blues Album of the Year (Birthright)\". DownBeat. 72 (12). Elmhurst, IL: Maher: 62. ISSN 0012-5768.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-5768","url_text":"0012-5768"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22James+Blood+Ulmer%22","external_links_name":"\"James Blood Ulmer\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22James+Blood+Ulmer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22James+Blood+Ulmer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22James+Blood+Ulmer%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22James+Blood+Ulmer%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22James+Blood+Ulmer%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/ornette-colemans-revolution","external_links_name":"\"Ornette Coleman's Revolution\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211016180849/https://museviews.org/musicians/avant-garde-contemporary/james-blood-ulmer/","external_links_name":"\"James Blood Ulmer\""},{"Link":"https://museviews.org/musicians/avant-garde-contemporary/james-blood-ulmer/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://trouserpress.com/entry_90s.php?a=james_blood_ulmer","external_links_name":"\"James Blood Ulmer\""},{"Link":"http://www.prlog.org/10244858-bostons-own-debbie-and-friends-among-the-8th-annual-independent-music-awards-vox-populi-winners.htm","external_links_name":"\"Boston's Own Debbie And Friends Among The 8th Annual Independent Music Awards Vox Populi Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412044034/http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/imajudges2009.asp","external_links_name":"\"Independent Music Awards - 2009 Judges\""},{"Link":"http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/imajudges2009.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-5768","external_links_name":"0012-5768"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p26002","external_links_name":"James Blood Ulmer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027075718/http://geocities.com/BourbonStreet/Quarter/7055/Ulmer/","external_links_name":"James Blood Ulmer Online Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.furious.com/perfect/bloodulmer.html","external_links_name":"A 1998 interview"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114763314","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84975617","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv4mrbVRBdmGVVqghwwG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6080033","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13900638g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13900638g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134544188","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007420400905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93044009","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002159393&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073742376","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/james-blood-ulmer/7012","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a5209546-b1e8-449f-8b74-04ff88255f84","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd134544188.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/080563775","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_Islands	Stein Islands	["1 See also"]	Coordinates: 69°39′S 75°47′E / 69.650°S 75.783°E / -69.650; 75.783Stein Islands (69°39′S 75°47′E / 69.650°S 75.783°E / -69.650; 75.783) is a two rock islands in the east part of Publications Ice Shelf, about 8 nautical miles (15 km) southeast of the Sostrene Islands. Mapped from air photos by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936) and named Steinane (the stones). See also List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands This article incorporates public domain material from "Stein Islands". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. This Princess Elizabeth Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"69°39′S 75°47′E / 69.650°S 75.783°E / -69.650; 75.783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stein_Islands&params=69_39_S_75_47_E_"},{"link_name":"Publications Ice Shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publications_Ice_Shelf"},{"link_name":"Sostrene Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostrene_Islands"},{"link_name":"Lars Christensen Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Christensen_Expedition"}],"text":"Stein Islands (69°39′S 75°47′E / 69.650°S 75.783°E / -69.650; 75.783) is a two rock islands in the east part of Publications Ice Shelf, about 8 nautical miles (15 km) southeast of the Sostrene Islands. Mapped from air photos by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936) and named Steinane (the stones).","title":"Stein Islands"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antarctic_and_sub-antarctic_islands"},{"title":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits"},{"title":"\"Stein Islands\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:14541"},{"title":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"title":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7606768#P804"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Elizabeth_Land_stub_map.png"},{"title":"Princess Elizabeth Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_Land"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stein_Islands&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PrincessElizabethLand-geo-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:PrincessElizabethLand-geo-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PrincessElizabethLand-geo-stub"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stein_Islands&params=69_39_S_75_47_E_","external_links_name":"69°39′S 75°47′E / 69.650°S 75.783°E / -69.650; 75.783"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stein_Islands&params=69_39_S_75_47_E_","external_links_name":"69°39′S 75°47′E / 69.650°S 75.783°E / -69.650; 75.783"},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:14541","external_links_name":"\"Stein Islands\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stein_Islands&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Veldman	Robin Veldman	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Youth coach","2.2 Managerial career","2.3 Managerial record","3 References"]	Dutch football manager Robin VeldmanPersonal informationDate of birth (1985-12-24) 24 December 1985 (age 38)Place of birth Marknesse, NetherlandsManagerial careerYears Team2022 Anderlecht (interim)2023 Queen's Park Robin Veldman (born 24 December 1985) is a Dutch football manager who was most recently head coach of Queen's Park in Glasgow, Scotland. Early life Veldman was born and raised in the Flevopolder. He played for SV Markesse. Career Youth coach Veldman started his career as a youth coach for SV Marknesse. He spent 11 years at SC Heerenveen, where he worked with players including Hakim Ziyech. He then became a trainer for AFC Ajax, where he worked with the youth team. In 2021, Veldman was hired to work with the Anderlecht U21 team. Managerial career In 2022, Veldman was appointed interim head coach of Belgian side Anderlecht. In 2023, he was appointed manager of Scottish side Queen's Park. Managerial record As of match played 9 December 2023 Team From To Record G W D L Win % Anderlecht (interim) 24 October 2022 1 December 2022 6 3 2 1 050.00 Queen's Park 17 June 2023 9 December 2023 21 5 4 12 023.81 Total 27 8 6 13 029.63 References ^ a b c d de Vries, Vincent (5 January 2023). "De wonderlijke trainerscarrière van Robin Veldman: 'Papa, waarom wil iedereen met je op de foto?'". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). ad.nl (Archived). Retrieved 2023-01-08. ^ a b c d Calcoen, Pieter-Jan (3 May 2021). "Robin Veldman wordt nieuwe trainer van Anderlecht-beloften: "Wil maximum uit al dat talent halen"". HLN.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-01-27. ^ "dit is Robin Veldman". nieuwsblad.be. ^ "De veldheer in Veldman zagen we nog niet: ons rapport voor de nieuwe coach van Anderlecht". hbvl.be. ^ "Geen Veldman-effect: Anderlecht geeft tot tweemaal toe voorsprong weg en komt niet verder dan gelijkspel in Conference League". niuewsblad.be. ^ "Robin Veldman: From Ajax and Anderlecht to Queen's Park". heraldscotland.com. ^ "Robin Veldman says Queen's Park can flourish by following Ajax and Anderlecht blueprint". dailyrecord.co.uk. ^ "New Queen's Park boss aiming to emulate Brighton's style at Hampden". stv.tv. vteR.S.C. Anderlecht – managers Brébart (1920–22) Ch. Bunyan (1922) Cy. Bunyan (1922–25) Howard (1928–36) Defour (1936–38) Defevere (1938–41) Rage (1941–45) Defevere (1945–46) Perino (1946–47) Smit (1947–50) Gormlie (1950–60) Sinibaldi (1960–66) Béres (1966–67) Deraeymaeker (1967–68) Höfling (1968–70) Deraeymaeker (1970) Sinibaldi (1970–71) Keßler (1971–72) Van den Bosch (1972–73) Braems (1973–75) Croon (1975–76) Goethals (1976–79) Braems (1979–80) Ivić (1980–83) Van Himst (1983–86) Haan (1986–87) Leekens (1987–88) Goethals (1988–89) De Mos (1989–92) Peruzović (1992–93) Boskamp (1993–95) Neumann (1995–96) Boskamp (1996–97) Vandereycken (1997) Haan (1997–98) Dockx (1998–99) Anthuenis (1999–2002) Broos (2002–05) Vercauteren (2005–07) Jacobs (2007–12) Van den Brom (2012–14) Hasi (2014–16) Weiler (2016–17) Frutos (a.i.) (2017) Vanhaezebrouck (2017–18) Belhocine (a.i.) (2018) Rutten (2019) Belhocine (a.i.) (2019) Davies & Kompany (2019) De Roeck (a.i.) (2019) Vercauteren (2019–20) Kompany (2020–22) Mazzù (2022) Veldman (a.i.) (2022) Riemer (2022–) vteQueen's Park F.C. – managers MandersonT (1929–46) GibsonT (1946–63) TurnbullT (1963–65) DavisT (1965–69) DuncanT (1969–74) McParland (1974–76) Gilroy (1976–79) Hunter (1979–94) McCann (1995–97) Elder (1997–98) McCormack (1998–2002) Brannigan (2003–04) Stark (2004–08) Speirs (2008–13) MacPherson (2014–18) Roberts (2018–19) McKinnon (2020–21) Ellis (2021) Coyle (2022–23) Veldman (2023) Davidson (2024–) (T) = Trainer	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Queen's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glasgow, Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"}],"text":"Robin Veldman (born 24 December 1985) is a Dutch football manager who was most recently head coach of Queen's Park in Glasgow, Scotland.","title":"Robin Veldman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flevopolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flevopolder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Veldman was born and raised in the Flevopolder.[1] He played for SV Markesse.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"SC Heerenveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Heerenveen"},{"link_name":"Hakim Ziyech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_Ziyech"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"AFC Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Youth coach","text":"Veldman started his career as a youth coach for SV Marknesse.[1] He spent 11 years at SC Heerenveen, where he worked with players including Hakim Ziyech.[2] He then became a trainer for AFC Ajax, where he worked with the youth team.[2]In 2021, Veldman was hired to work with the Anderlecht U21 team.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Queen's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Managerial career","text":"In 2022, Veldman was appointed interim head coach of Belgian side Anderlecht.[1][2][3][4][5]In 2023, he was appointed manager of Scottish side Queen's Park.[6][7][8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Managerial record","text":"As of match played 9 December 2023","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"de Vries, Vincent (5 January 2023). \"De wonderlijke trainerscarrière van Robin Veldman: 'Papa, waarom wil iedereen met je op de foto?'\". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). ad.nl (Archived). Retrieved 2023-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20230108115739/https://www.ad.nl/buitenlands-voetbal/de-wonderlijke-trainerscarriere-van-robin-veldman-papa-waarom-wil-iedereen-met-je-op-de-foto~ac222b49/","url_text":"\"De wonderlijke trainerscarrière van Robin Veldman: 'Papa, waarom wil iedereen met je op de foto?'\""}]},{"reference":"Calcoen, Pieter-Jan (3 May 2021). \"Robin Veldman wordt nieuwe trainer van Anderlecht-beloften: \"Wil maximum uit al dat talent halen\"\". HLN.be (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hln.be/anderlecht/ajax-coach-robin-veldman-wordt-nieuwe-trainer-van-anderlecht-beloften-wil-maximum-uit-al-dat-talent-halen~af9439da/","url_text":"\"Robin Veldman wordt nieuwe trainer van Anderlecht-beloften: \"Wil maximum uit al dat talent halen\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"dit is Robin Veldman\". nieuwsblad.be.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20210503_94432536","url_text":"\"dit is Robin Veldman\""}]},{"reference":"\"De veldheer in Veldman zagen we nog niet: ons rapport voor de nieuwe coach van Anderlecht\". hbvl.be.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbvl.be/cnt/dmf20221027_96848511","url_text":"\"De veldheer in Veldman zagen we nog niet: ons rapport voor de nieuwe coach van Anderlecht\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geen Veldman-effect: Anderlecht geeft tot tweemaal toe voorsprong weg en komt niet verder dan gelijkspel in Conference League\". niuewsblad.be.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/live/voetbal/347518","url_text":"\"Geen Veldman-effect: Anderlecht geeft tot tweemaal toe voorsprong weg en komt niet verder dan gelijkspel in Conference League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Veldman: From Ajax and Anderlecht to Queen's Park\". heraldscotland.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/23617983.robin-veldman-ajax-anderlecht-queens-park/","url_text":"\"Robin Veldman: From Ajax and Anderlecht to Queen's Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Veldman says Queen's Park can flourish by following Ajax and Anderlecht blueprint\". dailyrecord.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/robin-veldman-says-queens-park-30318215","url_text":"\"Robin Veldman says Queen's Park can flourish by following Ajax and Anderlecht blueprint\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Queen's Park boss aiming to emulate Brighton's style at Hampden\". stv.tv.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.stv.tv/sport/new-queens-park-manager-robin-veldman-aiming-to-emulate-brightons-success","url_text":"\"New Queen's Park boss aiming to emulate Brighton's style at Hampden\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20230108115739/https://www.ad.nl/buitenlands-voetbal/de-wonderlijke-trainerscarriere-van-robin-veldman-papa-waarom-wil-iedereen-met-je-op-de-foto~ac222b49/","external_links_name":"\"De wonderlijke trainerscarrière van Robin Veldman: 'Papa, waarom wil iedereen met je op de foto?'\""},{"Link":"https://www.hln.be/anderlecht/ajax-coach-robin-veldman-wordt-nieuwe-trainer-van-anderlecht-beloften-wil-maximum-uit-al-dat-talent-halen~af9439da/","external_links_name":"\"Robin Veldman wordt nieuwe trainer van Anderlecht-beloften: \"Wil maximum uit al dat talent halen\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20210503_94432536","external_links_name":"\"dit is Robin Veldman\""},{"Link":"https://www.hbvl.be/cnt/dmf20221027_96848511","external_links_name":"\"De veldheer in Veldman zagen we nog niet: ons rapport voor de nieuwe coach van Anderlecht\""},{"Link":"https://www.nieuwsblad.be/sportwereld/live/voetbal/347518","external_links_name":"\"Geen Veldman-effect: Anderlecht geeft tot tweemaal toe voorsprong weg en komt niet verder dan gelijkspel in Conference League\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/23617983.robin-veldman-ajax-anderlecht-queens-park/","external_links_name":"\"Robin Veldman: From Ajax and Anderlecht to Queen's Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/robin-veldman-says-queens-park-30318215","external_links_name":"\"Robin Veldman says Queen's Park can flourish by following Ajax and Anderlecht blueprint\""},{"Link":"https://news.stv.tv/sport/new-queens-park-manager-robin-veldman-aiming-to-emulate-brightons-success","external_links_name":"\"New Queen's Park boss aiming to emulate Brighton's style at Hampden\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Canoe_Slalom_World_Cup	2014 Canoe Slalom World Cup	["1 Calendar","2 Final standings","2.1 C1 men","2.2 C1 women","2.3 C2 men","2.4 K1 men","2.5 K1 women","3 Results","3.1 World Cup Race 1","3.2 World Cup Race 2","3.3 World Cup Race 3","3.4 World Cup Race 4","3.5 World Cup Final","4 References","5 External links"]	The 2014 Canoe Slalom World Cup was a series of five races in 5 canoeing and kayaking categories organized by the International Canoe Federation (ICF). It was the 27th edition. Calendar The series opened with World Cup Race 1 in Lee Valley, England (June 6–8) and ended with the World Cup Final in Augsburg, Germany (August 15–17). Label Venue Date World Cup Race 1 Lee Valley 6–8 June World Cup Race 2 Tacen 13–15 June World Cup Race 3 Prague 20–22 June World Cup Race 4 La Seu d'Urgell 1–3 August World Cup Final Augsburg 15–17 August Final standings The winner of each race was awarded 60 points (double points were awarded for the World Cup Final). Points for lower places differed from one category to another. Every participant was guaranteed at least 2 points for participation and 5 points for qualifying for the semifinal run (4 and 10 points in the World Cup Final respectively). If two or more athletes or boats were equal on points, the ranking was determined by their positions in the World Cup Final. C1 men Pos Athlete Points 1 Michal Martikán (SVK) 307 2 David Florence (GBR) 292 3 Matej Beňuš (SVK) 290 4 Alexander Slafkovský (SVK) 274 5 Benjamin Savšek (SLO) 216 6 Denis Gargaud Chanut (FRA) 196 7 Vítězslav Gebas (CZE) 196 8 Anže Berčič (SLO) 178 9 Jan Mašek (CZE) 168 10 Fabien Lefèvre (USA) 160 C1 women Pos Athlete Points 1 Kateřina Hošková (CZE) 294 2 Rosalyn Lawrence (AUS) 281 3 Mallory Franklin (GBR) 261 4 Jessica Fox (AUS) 198 5 Monika Jančová (CZE) 182 6 Julia Schmid (AUT) 181 7 Teng Qianqian (CHN) 139 8 Eilidh Gibson (GBR) 114 9 Alison Borrows (AUS) 108 10 Cen Nanqin (CHN) 98 C2 men Pos Athletes Points 1 Ladislav Škantár/Peter Škantár (SVK) 290 2 Franz Anton/Jan Benzien (GER) 258 3 Luka Božič/Sašo Taljat (SLO) 243 4 Robert Behling/Thomas Becker (GER) 217 5 David Florence/Richard Hounslow (GBR) 214 6 Piotr Szczepański/Marcin Pochwała (POL) 198 7 Ondřej Karlovský/Jakub Jáně (CZE) 189 8 Jonáš Kašpar/Marek Šindler (CZE) 182 9 Gauthier Klauss/Matthieu Péché (FRA) 165 10 Tomáš Kučera/Ján Bátik (SVK) 93 K1 men Pos Athlete Points 1 Sebastian Schubert (GER) 272 2 Vít Přindiš (CZE) 249 3 Hannes Aigner (GER) 231 4 Joe Clarke (GBR) 218 5 Boris Neveu (FRA) 193 6 Jiří Prskavec (CZE) 186 7 Alexander Grimm (GER) 181 8 Fabian Dörfler (GER) 174 9 Samuel Hernanz (ESP) 173 10 Martin Albreht (SLO) 163 K1 women Pos Athlete Points 1 Corinna Kuhnle (AUT) 280 2 Jana Dukátová (SVK) 270 3 Ricarda Funk (GER) 257 4 Jasmin Schornberg (GER) 230 5 Štěpánka Hilgertová (CZE) 213 6 Urša Kragelj (SLO) 211 7 Sarah Grant (AUS) 184 8 Luuka Jones (NZL) 173 9 Jessica Fox (AUS) 166 10 Marie-Zélia Lafont (FRA) 155 Results World Cup Race 1 The first race of the season took place at the Lee Valley White Water Centre, England from 6 to 8 June. Event Gold Score Silver Score Bronze Score C1 men David Florence (GBR) 99.87 Matej Beňuš (SVK) 103.20 Michal Martikán (SVK) 103.82 C1 women Mallory Franklin (GBR) 122.44 Eilidh Gibson (GBR) 132.24 Teng Qianqian (CHN) 134.87 C2 men SloveniaLuka BožičSašo Taljat 106.57 GermanyFranz AntonJan Benzien 108.83 SlovakiaLadislav ŠkantárPeter Škantár 109.39 K1 men Boris Neveu (FRA) 95.19 Vít Přindiš (CZE) 97.53 Mateusz Polaczyk (POL) 97.70 K1 women Li Lu (CHN) 110.64 Corinna Kuhnle (AUT) 111.03 Jessica Fox (AUS) 111.18 C1 men team Great BritainDavid FlorenceThomas QuinnRyan Westley 113.21 SlovakiaMichal MartikánAlexander SlafkovskýKarol Rozmuš 113.29 SloveniaBenjamin SavšekAnže BerčičLuka Božič 116.15 C1 women team Great BritainMallory FranklinJasmine RoyleEilidh Gibson 176.28 ChinaCen NanqinTeng QianqianChen Shi 177.93 FranceCaroline LoirOriane ReboursClaire Jacquet 217.54 C2 men team Great BritainDavid Florence & Richard HounslowRhys Davies & Matthew ListerAdam Burgess & Greg Pitt 135.62 Czech RepublicOndřej Karlovský & Jakub JáněTomáš Koplík & Jakub VrzáňJonáš Kašpar & Marek Šindler 232.19 - K1 men team Great BritainRichard HounslowJoe ClarkeThomas Brady 108.71 FranceBoris NeveuÉtienne DailleMathieu Biazizzo 110.39 SpainJoan CrespoSamuel HernanzAlberto Díez-Canedo 112.45 K1 women team Great BritainFiona PennieBethan LathamMallory Franklin 134.78 FranceCarole BouzidiNouria NewmanÉmilie Fer 140.20 SpainMaialen ChourrautIrati GoikoetxeaMarta Martínez 144.31 World Cup Race 2 The second race of the season took place at the Tacen Whitewater Course, Slovenia from 13 to 15 June. Event Gold Score Silver Score Bronze Score C1 men Benjamin Savšek (SLO) 104.94 Michal Martikán (SVK) 106.06 Luka Božič (SLO) 106.54 C1 women Jessica Fox (AUS) 120.69 Kateřina Hošková (CZE) 136.12 Teng Qianqian (CHN) 141.52 C2 men SlovakiaLadislav ŠkantárPeter Škantár 111.24 SloveniaLuka BožičSašo Taljat 112.50 Czech RepublicJonáš KašparMarek Šindler 116.46 K1 men Fabian Dörfler (GER) 97.12 Andrea Romeo (ITA) 97.32 Sebastian Schubert (GER) 98.51 K1 women Jana Dukátová (SVK) 111.24 Jasmin Schornberg (GER) 113.83 Corinna Kuhnle (AUT) 114.14 C1 men team AustraliaRobin JefferyIan BorrowsChristian Fabris 128.53 FrancePierre-Antoine TillardMartin ThomasCédric Joly 135.57 Czech RepublicLukáš RohanVítězslav GebasJan Mašek 137.04 C1 women team ChinaCen NanqinTeng QianqianChen Shi 262.44 - - C2 men team GermanyRobert Behling & Thomas BeckerKai Müller & Kevin MüllerFranz Anton & Jan Benzien 139.49 - - K1 men team GermanySebastian SchubertFabian DörflerAlexander Grimm 109.52 FranceBenjamin ReniaBenoît PeschierBenoît Guillaume 111.51 PolandMateusz PolaczykRafał PolaczykDariusz Popiela 112.34 K1 women team GermanyJasmin SchornbergMelanie PfeiferRicarda Funk 130.54 FranceMarie-Zélia LafontPauline GuietJosepha Longa 145.57 SloveniaUrša KrageljEva TerčeljAjda Novak 151.33 World Cup Race 3 The third race of the season took place at the Prague-Troja Canoeing Centre, Czech Republic from 20 to 22 June. Event Gold Score Silver Score Bronze Score C1 men Michal Martikán (SVK) 93.56 David Florence (GBR) 95.43 Benjamin Savšek (SLO) 95.59 C1 women Rosalyn Lawrence (AUS) 117.19 Kateřina Hošková (CZE) 124.47 Cen Nanqin (CHN) 128.30 C2 men SlovakiaLadislav ŠkantárPeter Škantár 102.30 PolandPiotr SzczepańskiMarcin Pochwała 104.46 SloveniaLuka BožičSašo Taljat 104.63 K1 men Hannes Aigner (GER) 87.16 Jiří Prskavec (CZE) 90.35 Michal Smolen (USA) 92.06 K1 women Ricarda Funk (GER) 99.38 Kateřina Kudějová (CZE) 99.80 Štěpánka Hilgertová (CZE) 103.20 C1 men team Czech RepublicLukáš RohanVítězslav GebasJan Mašek 109.37 GermanySideris TasiadisJan BenzienFranz Anton 109.90 Great BritainDavid FlorenceMark ProctorAdam Burgess 110.02 C1 women team Czech RepublicKateřina HoškováMonika JančováMartina Satková 152.67 ChinaCen NanqinTeng QianqianChen Shi 178.12 Great BritainKimberley WoodsJasmine RoyleEilidh Gibson 229.54 C2 men team Czech RepublicOndřej Karlovský & Jakub JáněJonáš Kašpar & Marek ŠindlerMichael Matějka & Jan Větrovský 138.83 PolandPiotr Szczepański & Marcin PochwałaFilip Brzeziński & Andrzej BrzezińskiMichał Wiercioch & Grzegorz Majerczak 179.92 GermanyRobert Behling & Thomas BeckerKai Müller & Kevin MüllerFranz Anton & Jan Benzien 187.68 K1 men team GermanySebastian SchubertFabian DörflerAlexander Grimm 102.59 ItalyDaniele MolmentiAndrea RomeoGiovanni De Gennaro 103.07 Czech RepublicJiří PrskavecVít PřindišOndřej Tunka 104.99 K1 women team Czech RepublicŠtěpánka HilgertováKateřina KudějováVeronika Vojtová 121.06 AustraliaJessica FoxSarah GrantRosalyn Lawrence 121.43 RussiaEkaterina PerovaMarta KharitonovaAleksandra Perova 127.76 World Cup Race 4 The penultimate race of the series took place at the Segre Olympic Park in La Seu d'Urgell, Spain from 1 to 3 August. There were no team events held here. Event Gold Score Silver Score Bronze Score C1 men Alexander Slafkovský (SVK) 98.06 Matej Beňuš (SVK) 98.48 Michal Martikán (SVK) 99.16 C1 women Jessica Fox (AUS) 111.26 Núria Vilarrubla (ESP) 119.09 Rosalyn Lawrence (AUS) 123.39 C2 men SlovakiaLadislav ŠkantárPeter Škantár 106.70 FrancePierre LabarelleNicolas Peschier 107.41 FrancePierre PiccoHugo Biso 108.16 K1 men Samuel Hernanz (ESP) 92.18 Boris Neveu (FRA) 92.24 Sébastien Combot (FRA) 92.65 K1 women Maialen Chourraut (ESP) 103.36 Corinna Kuhnle (AUT) 104.02 Émilie Fer (FRA) 105.33 World Cup Final The final race of the series took place at the Augsburg Eiskanal, Germany from 15 to 17 August. Event Gold Score Silver Score Bronze Score C1 men Denis Gargaud Chanut (FRA) 97.75 David Florence (GBR) 98.57 Matej Beňuš (SVK) 100.07 C1 women Mallory Franklin (GBR) 114.73 Rosalyn Lawrence (AUS) 120.75 Kateřina Hošková (CZE) 121.25 C2 men FranceGauthier KlaussMatthieu Péché 108.80 GermanyFranz AntonJan Benzien 109.50 Great BritainDavid FlorenceRichard Hounslow 109.69 K1 men Sebastian Schubert (GER) 92.35 Joe Clarke (GBR) 95.49 Mathieu Biazizzo (FRA) 96.71 K1 women Ricarda Funk (GER) 104.52 Štěpánka Hilgertová (CZE) 106.49 Karolína Galušková (CZE) 107.14 C1 men team United StatesFabien LefèvreCasey EichfeldZachary Lokken 118.43 PolandGrzegorz HedwigArkadiusz NiećIgor Sztuba 118.87 SlovakiaMichal MartikánAlexander SlafkovskýKarol Rozmuš 123.61 C1 women team Great BritainMallory FranklinJasmine RoyleEilidh Gibson 175.18 FranceCaroline LoirLucie BauduCécile Tixier 198.80 GermanyLena StöcklinKarolin WagnerElena Apel 240.86 C2 men team GermanyRobert Behling & Thomas BeckerKai Müller & Kevin MüllerFranz Anton & Jan Benzien 132.58 FranceGauthier Klauss & Matthieu PéchéNicolas Scianimanico & Hugo CailholYves Prigent & Loïc Kervella 133.57 Czech RepublicOndřej Karlovský & Jakub JáněJonáš Kašpar & Marek ŠindlerTomáš Koplík & Jakub Vrzáň 134.90 K1 men team FranceMathieu BiazizzoSébastien CombotBoris Neveu 105.03 GermanySebastian SchubertFabian DörflerAlexander Grimm 106.46 SwitzerlandMichael KurtLukas WerroMartin Dougoud 107.37 K1 women team GermanyJasmin SchornbergMelanie PfeiferRicarda Funk 121.23 Great BritainFiona PennieBethan LathamMallory Franklin 124.59 Czech RepublicŠtěpánka HilgertováKateřina KudějováVeronika Vojtová 127.66 References ^ "Canoe Slalom Events". Retrieved 2 April 2014. ^ "2014 ICF Canoe Slalom World Cup Series Information" (PDF). Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "ICF CANOE SLALOM WORLD CUP SERIES STANDINGS" (PDF). CanoeICF.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017. ^ C1M official result list - World Cup Race 1 - Retrieved June 7, 2014 ^ C1W official result list - World Cup Race 1 - Retrieved June 7, 2014 ^ C2M official result list - World Cup Race 1 - Retrieved June 8, 2014 ^ K1M official result list - World Cup Race 1 - Retrieved June 7, 2014 ^ K1W official result list - World Cup Race 1 - Retrieved June 8, 2014 ^ C1M team official result list - World Cup Race 1 - Retrieved June 7, 2014 ^ C1W team official result list - World Cup Race 1 - Retrieved June 7, 2014 ^ C2M team official result list - World Cup Race 1 - Retrieved June 8, 2014 ^ K1M team official result list - World Cup Race 1 - Retrieved June 7, 2014 ^ K1W team official result list - World Cup Race 1 - Retrieved June 8, 2014 ^ C1M official result list - World Cup Race 2 - Retrieved June 14, 2014 ^ C1W official result list - World Cup Race 2 - Retrieved June 14, 2014 ^ C2M official result list - World Cup Race 2 - Retrieved June 15, 2014 ^ K1M official result list - World Cup Race 2 - Retrieved June 14, 2014 ^ K1W official result list - World Cup Race 2 - Retrieved June 15, 2014 ^ C1M team official result list - World Cup Race 2 - Retrieved June 14, 2014 ^ C1W team official result list - World Cup Race 2 - Retrieved June 14, 2014 ^ C2M team official result list - World Cup Race 2 - Retrieved June 15, 2014 ^ K1M team official result list - World Cup Race 2 - Retrieved June 14, 2014 ^ K1W team official result list - World Cup Race 2 - Retrieved June 15, 2014 ^ C1M official result list - World Cup Race 3 - Retrieved June 21, 2014 ^ C1W official result list - World Cup Race 3 - Retrieved June 21, 2014 ^ C2M official result list - World Cup Race 3 - Retrieved June 22, 2014 ^ K1M official result list - World Cup Race 3 - Retrieved June 21, 2014 ^ K1W official result list - World Cup Race 3 - Retrieved June 22, 2014 ^ C1M team official result list - World Cup Race 3 - Retrieved June 21, 2014 ^ C1W team official result list - World Cup Race 3 - Retrieved June 21, 2014 ^ C2M team official result list - World Cup Race 3 - Retrieved June 22, 2014 ^ K1M team official result list - World Cup Race 3 - Retrieved June 21, 2014 ^ K1W team official result list - World Cup Race 3 - Retrieved June 22, 2014 ^ C1M official result list - World Cup Race 4 - Retrieved August 2, 2014 ^ C1W official result list - World Cup Race 4 - Retrieved August 2, 2014 ^ C2M official result list - World Cup Race 4 - Retrieved August 3, 2014 ^ K1M official result list - World Cup Race 4 - Retrieved August 2, 2014 ^ K1W official result list - World Cup Race 4 - Retrieved August 3, 2014 ^ C1M official result list - World Cup Final - Retrieved August 16, 2014 ^ C1W official result list - World Cup Final - Retrieved August 16, 2014 ^ C2M official result list - World Cup Final - Retrieved August 17, 2014 ^ K1M official result list - World Cup Final - Retrieved August 16, 2014 ^ K1W official result list - World Cup Final - Retrieved August 17, 2014 ^ C1M team official result list - World Cup Final - Retrieved August 16, 2014 ^ C1W team official result list - World Cup Final - Retrieved August 16, 2014 ^ C2M team official result list - World Cup Final - Retrieved August 17, 2014 ^ K1M team official result list - World Cup Final - Retrieved August 16, 2014 ^ K1W team official result list - World Cup Final - Retrieved August 17, 2014 External links International Canoe Federation vteCanoe Slalom World Cup seasons 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte2014–15 World Cup seasons/leagues in summer sportsUCI Cyclo-cross Mountain bike '14 '15 Road cycling (men's) '14 '15 Road cycling (women's) '14 '15 Track cycling FINA Diving '14 '15 Swimming '14 '15 Synchronized swimming '14 Water polo (men's) '14 '15 Water polo (women's) '14 '15 Others Archery '14 '15 Artistic gymnastics '14 '15 Athletics '14 '15 Badminton '14 '15 Beach volleyball '14 '15 Canoe slalom '14 '15 Equestrian dressage Fencing Field hockey men's women's Modern pentathlon Rhythmic gymnastics '14 '15 Rowing Sailing '14 '15 Shooting '14 '15 Table tennis Tennis (men's) '14 '15 Tennis (women's) '14 '15 Tennis (mixed) '14 '15 Volleyball (men's) '14 '15 Volleyball (women's) '14 '15 Wrestling '14 men's freestyle men's Greco-Roman women's freestyle Wrestling '15 men's freestyle men's Greco-Roman women's freestyle	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2014 Canoe Slalom World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_White_Water_Centre"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The series opened with World Cup Race 1 in Lee Valley, England (June 6–8) and ended with the World Cup Final in Augsburg, Germany (August 15–17).[1]","title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The winner of each race was awarded 60 points (double points were awarded for the World Cup Final). Points for lower places differed from one category to another. Every participant was guaranteed at least 2 points for participation and 5 points for qualifying for the semifinal run (4 and 10 points in the World Cup Final respectively). If two or more athletes or boats were equal on points, the ranking was determined by their positions in the World Cup Final.[2][3]","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Valley White Water Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_White_Water_Centre"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"sub_title":"World Cup Race 1","text":"The first race of the season took place at the Lee Valley White Water Centre, England from 6 to 8 June.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tacen Whitewater Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacen_Whitewater_Course"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"}],"sub_title":"World Cup Race 2","text":"The second race of the season took place at the Tacen Whitewater Course, Slovenia from 13 to 15 June.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prague-Troja Canoeing Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague-Troja_Canoeing_Centre"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"}],"sub_title":"World Cup Race 3","text":"The third race of the season took place at the Prague-Troja Canoeing Centre, Czech Republic from 20 to 22 June.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segre Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segre_Olympic_Park"},{"link_name":"La Seu d'Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Seu_d%27Urgell"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"}],"sub_title":"World Cup Race 4","text":"The penultimate race of the series took place at the Segre Olympic Park in La Seu d'Urgell, Spain from 1 to 3 August. There were no team events held here.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augsburg Eiskanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Eiskanal"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"sub_title":"World Cup Final","text":"The final race of the series took place at the Augsburg Eiskanal, Germany from 15 to 17 August.","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Canoe Slalom Events\". Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canoeicf.com/icf/Aboutoursport/Canoe-Slalom/Canoe-Slalom-Events.html","url_text":"\"Canoe Slalom Events\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 ICF Canoe Slalom World Cup Series Information\" (PDF). Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071045/http://www.canoeicf.com/icf/Aboutoursport/Canoe-Slalom/Race-Information/2014-Race-Information/main/00/text_files/file3/2014_ICF_CSL_World_Cup_Series_Information%20V2.pdf","url_text":"\"2014 ICF Canoe Slalom World Cup Series Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICF CANOE SLALOM WORLD CUP SERIES STANDINGS\" (PDF). CanoeICF.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Academy_(Finland)	Air Force Academy (Finland)	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 62°23′52″N 25°36′12″E / 62.3978°N 25.6034°E / 62.3978; 25.6034You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Finnish. (June 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fi\|Ilmasotakoulu}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Air Force AcademyInsignia of the Air Force AcademyActive2005-Country FinlandBranchFinnish Air ForceRoleAir defense trainingGarrison/HQTikkakoskiMarchSotamarssiInsigniaFormer distinctive unit insignia (2005 - 2015)Insignia of the Finnish Air ForceFlag of the Air Force AcademyMilitary unit The Air Force Academy (Finnish: Ilmasotakoulu, abbr. ILMASK; Swedish: Luftkrigsskolan) is located at Tikkakoski in Jyväskylä, Finland. The primary mission of the Air Force Academy is to train warfighting airmen who can carry out their missions even under the most strenuous conditions. This includes conscripts, active duty personnel, and special forces such as pilots, aircraft and helicopter mechanics, and air surveillance controllers. The Air Force Academy also trains conscripts for general military operations. While training is primarily geared to serve air base functions, several conscripts are trained for jobs in the control and reporting centres. The Air Force Academy comprises a headquarters and a Communication Systems Training Flight, an Aircraft and Weapon Systems Training Flight, Reserve Non-Commissioned Officer Training School, and a Reserve Officer Training School. Initial pilot training was formerly given in the Air Force Academy in Kauhava, but basic training was branched off as a separate unit and moved to Tikkakoski in 2005. At the same time, the Kauhava unit changed its name to Training Air Wing and was later disbanded in 2014. The new unit in Tikkakoski retained the name Air Force Academy. The academy's insignia is known for having a swastika, whereas other countries have demonetized the symbol due to its heavy use by the Nazi Party in the Second World War. However, the swastika remains a symbol of good luck and prosperity in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain countries such as Nepal, India, Thailand, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, China, and Japan, and by some peoples, such as the Navajo people of the Southwest United States. As such, the academy is considered the only military left on Earth that uses the swastika. See also Valmet L-70 Vinka References External links This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Air Force Academy The Air Force Academy for conscripts vteAir force academiesAfrica Angola Egypt Nigeria South Africa Uganda Americas Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Colombia Mexico United States Venezuela Asia Bangladesh China (People's Republic of China, Republic of China) India Indonesia Israel Jordan Korea (North Korea, South Korea) Pakistan Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey Uzbekistan Europe Denmark Finland France Greece Italy Norway Poland Portugal Russia United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand vteNATO military academiesJoint Armed Forces Academy Royal Military Academy Georgi Rakovski Military Academy Vasil Levski National Military University Royal Military College of Canada Royal Danish Defence College Royal Military College Saint-Jean Dr. Franjo Tuđman Military Academy University of Defence Estonian Military Academy National Defence University National University of Public Service General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania Koninklijke Militaire Academie Central Defence Academy Military Academy Karlberg Joint Services Command and Staff College Landforces Army Academy Royal Danish Military Academy École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr École militaire interarmes École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale Army Training Schools Hellenic Military Academy Military Academy of Modena Norwegian Military Academy General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces Military Academy Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy General Military Academy Turkish Military Academy Royal Military Academy Sandhurst United States Military Academy Maritimeforces Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy Royal Danish Naval Academy École navale Mürwik Naval School Hellenic Naval Academy Italian Naval Academy Royal Dutch Naval College Royal Norwegian Naval Academy Polish Naval Academy Naval School of Portugal Mircea cel Bătrân Naval Academy Naval Military Academy Turkish Naval Academy Britannia Royal Naval College United States Naval Academy United States Coast Guard Academy United States Merchant Marine Academy Air andspaceforces Royal Danish Air Force Academy Air Force Academy École de l'air et de l'espace German Air Force Officer Training School Hellenic Air Force Academy Accademia Aeronautica Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy Polish Air Force University Portuguese Air Force Academy Air Force Academy 'Henri Coanda' Turkish Air Force Academy Royal Air Force College Cranwell United States Air Force Academy vte Finnish Air Force Flying regiments(historical) Flying Regiment 1 Flying Regiment 2 Flying Regiment 3 Flying Regiment 4 Flying Regiment 5 Flying Regiment 19 Squadrons No. 1 Sqn No. 4 Sqn No. 6 Sqn No. 10 Sqn No. 11 Sqn No. 12 Sqn No. 13 Sqn No. 14 Sqn No. 15 Sqn No. 16 Sqn No. 17 Sqn No. 20 Sqn No. 21 Sqn No. 22 Sqn No. 24 Sqn No. 25 Sqn No. 26 Sqn No. 28 Sqn No. 29 Sqn No. 30 Sqn No. 31 Sqn No. 32 Sqn No. 33 Sqn No. 34 Sqn No. 35 Sqn No. 36 Sqn No. 38 Sqn No. 39 Sqn No. 40 Sqn No. 41 Sqn No. 42 Sqn No. 43 Sqn No. 44 Sqn No. 45 Sqn No. 46 Sqn No. 48 Sqn Flight Depot 1 Flight Depot 2 Test Flight Sqn Test Sqn Current headquarters Air Force Headquarters Current wings Karelia Air Command Lapland Air Command Satakunta Air Command Schools Air Force Academy Training Air Wing Aircraft and Weapon Systems Training Wing Current direct reporting units C4IS Material Command Air Material Command vteFinnish Defence Forces unitsAdministrative bodies Defence Command National Defence University Establishments Finnish Defence Forces C5 Agency Defence Forces Shared Services Centre Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency Finnish Defence Forces Defence Research Agency Defence Forces Logistics Command Army units Jaeger Brigade Guard Jaeger Regiment Kainuu Brigade Karelia Brigade Army Academy Armoured Brigade Pori Brigade Utti Jaeger Regiment Navy units Naval Academy Coastal Fleet Coastal Brigade Nyland Brigade Air Force units Air Force Academy Karelia Air Command Lapland Air Command Satakunta Air Command War time only Finnish Border Guard 62°23′52″N 25°36′12″E / 62.3978°N 25.6034°E / 62.3978; 25.6034 Military units and formations of the Finnish Air Force This article about the military of Finland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Tikkakoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkakoski"},{"link_name":"Jyväskylä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo"}],"text":"Military unitThe Air Force Academy (Finnish: Ilmasotakoulu, abbr. ILMASK; Swedish: Luftkrigsskolan) is located at Tikkakoski in Jyväskylä, Finland. The primary mission of the Air Force Academy is to train warfighting airmen who can carry out their missions even under the most strenuous conditions. This includes conscripts, active duty personnel, and special forces such as pilots, aircraft and helicopter mechanics, and air surveillance controllers. The Air Force Academy also trains conscripts for general military operations. While training is primarily geared to serve air base functions, several conscripts are trained for jobs in the control and reporting centres. The Air Force Academy comprises a headquarters and a Communication Systems Training Flight, an Aircraft and Weapon Systems Training Flight, Reserve Non-Commissioned Officer Training School, and a Reserve Officer Training School.Initial pilot training was formerly given in the Air Force Academy in Kauhava, but basic training was branched off as a separate unit and moved to Tikkakoski in 2005. At the same time, the Kauhava unit changed its name to Training Air Wing and was later disbanded in 2014. The new unit in Tikkakoski retained the name Air Force Academy.The academy's insignia is known for having a swastika, whereas other countries have demonetized the symbol due to its heavy use by the Nazi Party in the Second World War. However, the swastika remains a symbol of good luck and prosperity in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain countries such as Nepal, India, Thailand, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, China, and Japan, and by some peoples, such as the Navajo people of the Southwest United States. As such, the academy is considered the only military left on Earth that uses the swastika.","title":"Air Force Academy (Finland)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Valmet L-70 Vinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmet_L-70_Vinka"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Air_Force_Academy_(Finland)&params=62.3978_N_25.6034_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"62°23′52″N 25°36′12″E / 62.3978°N 25.6034°E / 62.3978; 25.6034"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://ilmavoimat.fi/en/air-force-academy","external_links_name":"The Air Force Academy"},{"Link":"https://ilmavoimat.fi/en/air-force-academy/for-conscripts","external_links_name":"The Air Force Academy for conscripts"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Air_Force_Academy_(Finland)&params=62.3978_N_25.6034_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"62°23′52″N 25°36′12″E / 62.3978°N 25.6034°E / 62.3978; 25.6034"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_Academy_(Finland)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Writers%27_Association	Football Writers' Association	["1 History","2 The Football Writers' Association today","3 The FWA Footballer of the Year Award","3.1 Winners","4 The FWA Women's Footballer of the Year Award","5 The FWA Tribute Award","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Not to be confused with Football Writers Association of America. Association The Football Writers' Association (FWA) is an association of football journalists and correspondents writing for English newspapers and agencies. It presents the Footballer of the Year Award, the oldest and most distinguished award given in the domestic game. In 2018, recognising the growth of the woman's game, it announced a Woman's Footballer of the Year Award. History The choice to create the Football Writers' Association (FWA) was made on 22 September 1947 by journalists, Charles Buchan (News Chronicle), Frank Coles (Daily Telegraph), Roy Peskett (Daily Mail), and Archie Quick while aboard a boat in the middle of the English Channel that was returning from a football match in which England beat Belgium 5–2. Ivan Sharpe of the Sunday Chronicle was appointed chairman a month later, a position he held for the first six years of the FWA's existence and eight times in all in his long career. The men formalized a few of the newborn association's rules and regulations within one month. Some of the rules initially created were that membership to the FWA would be invitation only and that they would exclusively send invitations to "working journalists who are accredited football correspondents for newspapers and agencies". It was also determined that the Football Writers' Association's headquarters would be in London, England and the membership fee would be five guineas for the first year of membership with a recurring annual payment of two guineas each year after. Furthermore, the men had decided that there would be a vote held annually for all members that would decide the recipient of the prestigious Footballer of the Year Award, which is still today the oldest and most distinguished award given in the domestic game. The award was originally presented at the annual dinner, which was held on the night before the FA Cup Final, but was later changed to the Thursday preceding every FA Cup Final. To mark the FWA's 70th anniversary newly created Life Members of the association will now receive the Ivan Sharpe Life Membership Award, while in 2018, the FWA announced it was awarding a Woman's Footballer of the Year award in recognition of the growth of the woman's game in this country. ed The Football Writers' Association today The FWA has experienced steady growth since its inception in 1947. Membership has grown to about four-hundred members. Changes in modern journalism have welcomed a more diverse range of members. In recent years, the association has modernized itself by changing the voting process for Footballer of the Year by making online voting available to its members as well as incorporating social media into its revamped web site. The Football Writers' Association continues to recruit new members openly in the same manner as was created by its founders in 1947. On 24 April 2019, beIN Sports senior sports correspondent Carrie Brown was announced as the first female chair of the FWA. The FWA Footballer of the Year Award Charles Buchan, one of the founding fathers of the FWA, had originally suggested that there be an award presented "to the professional player who by precept and example is considered by a ballot of members to be the footballer of the year." The award is the oldest and is considered to be the most prestigious award in British football. The award is presented annually. The first player to receive the award was Sir Stanley Matthews in 1948. In 2018 the FWA introduced their award for the Woman Footballer of the Year in recognition of the growth of the woman's game. Winners The award has been presented on 71 occasions as of 2018, with 63 different winners. On one occasion two players shared the award for a season (1968–69). The table also indicates where the winning player also won one or more of the other major "player of the year" awards in English football, namely the Professional Footballers' Association's Players' Player of the Year award (PPY), Fans' Player of the Year award (FPY), and Young Player of the Year award (YPY). Neville Southall's 1985 win was the last time a goalkeeper received the award. Dennis Bergkamp won the award in the 1997–98 season. Thierry Henry was the first player to win the award in two consecutive seasons. Cristiano Ronaldo also won the award consecutively, in the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons. Wayne Rooney gained the award in the 2009–10 season. Year Player Club Also won Notes 1947–48 Stanley Matthews Blackpool 1948–49 Johnny Carey Manchester United 1949–50 Joe Mercer Arsenal 1950–51 Harry Johnston Blackpool 1951–52 Billy Wright Wolverhampton Wanderers 1952–53 Nat Lofthouse Bolton Wanderers 1953–54 Tom Finney Preston North End 1954–55 Don Revie Manchester City 1955–56 Bert Trautmann Manchester City 1956–57 Tom Finney Preston North End 1957–58 Danny Blanchflower Tottenham Hotspur 1958–59 Syd Owen Luton Town 1959–60 Bill Slater Wolverhampton Wanderers 1960–61 Danny Blanchflower Tottenham Hotspur 1961–62 Jimmy Adamson Burnley 1962–63 Stanley Matthews Stoke City 1963–64 Bobby Moore West Ham United 1964–65 Bobby Collins Leeds United 1965–66 Bobby Charlton Manchester United 1966–67 Jack Charlton Leeds United 1967–68 George Best Manchester United 1968–69 Tony Book (joint winner) Manchester City Dave Mackay (joint winner) Derby County 1969–70 Billy Bremner Leeds United 1970–71 Frank McLintock Arsenal 1971–72 Gordon Banks Stoke City 1972–73 Pat Jennings Tottenham Hotspur 1973–74 Ian Callaghan Liverpool 1974–75 Alan Mullery Fulham 1975–76 Kevin Keegan Liverpool 1976–77 Emlyn Hughes Liverpool 1977–78 Kenny Burns Nottingham Forest 1978–79 Kenny Dalglish Liverpool 1979–80 Terry McDermott Liverpool PPY 1980–81 Frans Thijssen Ipswich Town 1981–82 Steve Perryman Tottenham Hotspur 1982–83 Kenny Dalglish Liverpool PPY 1983–84 Ian Rush Liverpool PPY 1984–85 Neville Southall Everton 1985–86 Gary Lineker Everton PPY 1986–87 Clive Allen Tottenham Hotspur PPY 1987–88 John Barnes Liverpool PPY 1988–89 Steve Nicol Liverpool 1989–90 John Barnes Liverpool 1990–91 Gordon Strachan Leeds United 1991–92 Gary Lineker Tottenham Hotspur 1992–93 Chris Waddle Sheffield Wednesday 1993–94 Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers 1994–95 Jürgen Klinsmann Tottenham Hotspur 1995–96 Eric Cantona Manchester United 1996–97 Gianfranco Zola Chelsea 1997–98 Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal PPY 1998–99 David Ginola Tottenham Hotspur PPY 1999–00 Roy Keane Manchester United PPY 2000–01 Teddy Sheringham Manchester United PPY 2001–02 Robert Pires Arsenal 2002–03 Thierry Henry Arsenal PPY, FPY 2003–04 Thierry Henry Arsenal PPY, FPY 2004–05 Frank Lampard Chelsea FPY 2005–06 Thierry Henry Arsenal 2006–07 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United PPY, FPY, YPY 2007–08 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United PPY, FPY 2008–09 Steven Gerrard Liverpool FPY 2009–10 Wayne Rooney Manchester United PPY 2010–11 Scott Parker West Ham United 2011–12 Robin van Persie Arsenal PPY, FPY 2012–13 Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur PPY, YPY 2013–14 Luis Suárez Liverpool PPY 2014–15 Eden Hazard Chelsea PPY 2015–16 Jamie Vardy Leicester City 2016–17 N'Golo Kanté Chelsea PPY 2017–18 Mohamed Salah Liverpool PPY 2018–19 Raheem Sterling Manchester City 2019–20 Jordan Henderson Liverpool 2020–21 Rúben Dias Manchester City 2021–22 Mohamed Salah Liverpool PPY, FPY 2022-23 Erling Haaland Manchester City PPY The FWA Women's Footballer of the Year Award In 2018, the FWA introduced their award for the Woman Footballer of the Year in recognition of the growth of the women's game.Inaugural winner Fran KirbyThe award has been presented on one occasion as of 2018, with one winner. The table also indicates where the winning player also won one or more of the other major "player of the year" awards in English football, namely the PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year award (PPY), and the PFA Women's Young Player of the Year award (YPY). Year Player Club Also won Notes 2017–18 Fran Kirby Chelsea PPY Inaugural winner of award 2018–19 Nikita Parris Manchester City 2019–20 Vivianne Miedema Arsenal First non-English winner 2020–21 Fran Kirby Chelsea PPY Two-time winner of award 2021–22 Sam Kerr Chelsea PPY 2022-23 Sam Kerr Chelsea The FWA Tribute Award Main article: FWA Tribute Award The Football Writers' Association Tribute Award is presented annually every January at the Savoy Hotel to the individual that the committee believes to have contributed to the national game in a significant way. The award was first given in 1983 to Ron Greenwood. See also Welsh Football Writers Association Scottish Football Writers' Association Ice Hockey Journalists UK Professional Footballers' Association References ^ a b "About \| Football Writers' Association". Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2013. ^ "CARRIE BROWN BECOMES FIRST FEMALE CHAIRMAN OF THE FWA". Football Writers' Association. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019. ^ a b "The Football Writer's Association". Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2013. ^ "England – Players Awards". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2008. ^ "Only here for the peers". BBC. 20 April 2001. Retrieved 14 March 2008. ^ a b c "Gerrard named player of the year". BBC. 23 April 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2008. ^ a b c "Ronaldo secures PFA awards double". BBC. 22 April 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2008. ^ "PFA's Official Fan's Player of the Year: Previous Winners". The Professional Footballers' Association. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008. ^ a b Frank Keogh (20 April 2001). "Too much too young?". BBC. Retrieved 17 March 2008. ^ First winner of the award from outside the United Kingdom. ^ First player to win the award twice. ^ First player to win the award with two different clubs. ^ Also won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award in 1976 to become the first player to win both awards. ^ First player to win both PFA and FWA awards in the same season. ^ First player to win the award in two consecutive seasons. ^ "Lampard scoops award from writers". BBC. 6 May 2005. Retrieved 5 December 2011. ^ First player to win the award three times. ^ First player to win four awards in the same season. ^ "Steven Gerrard wins Footballer of the Year award". The Times. London. 13 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009. ^ "Wayne Rooney nets writers' player of the year award". BBC. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010. ^ "West Ham's Scott Parker wins Football Writers' award". BBC. 22 April 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011. ^ "Arsenal's Robin van Persie named FWA Footballer of the Year". BBC. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012. ^ "Bale named FWA Footballer of the Year". Football Writers' Association. 2 May 2013. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013. ^ "Suarez humbled by FWA accolade". Football Writers' Association. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015. ^ "Chelsea midfielder Eden Hazard is the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year 2015". Football Writers' Association. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015. ^ "Jamie Vardy voted FWA Footballer of the Year 2016". Football Writers' Association. 1 May 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017. ^ "N'Golo Kante is Footballer of the Year". Football Writers' Association. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ "BREAKING – MO SALAH IS FOOTBALLER OF THE YEAR \| Football Writers' Association". footballwriters.co.uk. May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018. ^ "STERLING AND PARRIS AT THE DOUBLE IN FWA AWARDS \| Football Writers' Association". footballwriters.co.uk. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019. ^ "JORDAN HENDERSON – FOOTBALLER OF THE YEAR \| Football Writers' Association". footballwriters.co.uk. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020. ^ "Ruben Dias - the Footballer of the Year\| Football Writers' Association". footballwriters.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2021. ^ "Mohamed Salah named Football Writers' Association Men's Footballer of the Year for 2021/22". Sky Sports. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022. ^ "Erling Haaland: Why FWA Footballer of the Year award had to go to Manchester City's unique scoring phenomenon". Sky Sports. Retrieved 3 February 2024. ^ "England Player Honours – Professional Footballers' Association Players' Players of the Year". England Football Online. 19 June 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2008. ^ "Fran Kirby is FWA Women's Footballer of the Year \| Football Writers' Association". footballwriters.co.uk. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018. ^ "FWA Footballer of the Year 2019: Raheem Sterling wins Football Writers' award ahead of Virgil van Dijk \| Independent". independent.co.uk. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019. ^ "Vivianne Miedema: Arsenal & Netherlands striker named FWA Women's Footballer of Year - BBC Sport". BBC Sport. ^ "Vivianne Miedema is Women's Footballer of the Year \| Football Writers' Association". July 2020. ^ "FRAN KIRBY IS WOMEN'S FOOTBALLER OF THE YEAR \| Football Writers' Association". footballwriters.co.uk. 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021. ^ "Sam Kerr awarded FWA Women's Footballer of the Year". Chelsea F.C. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022. ^ "Erling Haaland named Football Writers' Association Men's Footballer of the Year for 2022/23 \| Chelsea's Sam Kerr wins Women's award". Sky Sports. Retrieved 3 February 2024. External links Official website (archived 13 December 2007) vteAwards in English footballAll time 100 League Legends Hall of Fame Premier League Manager of the Season Player of the Season Young Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Save of the Season Most Powerful Goal Game Changer of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Save of the Month Winning players Golden Boot Golden Glove 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Hall of Fame English Football League (EFL) EFL Awards Championship Top Scorer League One Top Scorer League Two Top Scorer Golden Glove Manager of the Month: Championship League One League Two First Division (defunct) Second Division (defunct) Third Division (defunct) Player of the Month: Championship League One League Two First Division (defunct) Second Division (defunct) Third Division (defunct) Young Player of the Month Women's Super League (WSL) Women's Football Awards Manager of the Season Player of the Season Golden Boot Golden Glove Hall of Fame Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) Players' Player of the Year Women's Players' Player of the Year Fans' Player of the Year Young Player of the Year Women's Young Player of the Year Team of the Year (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, 2020s) Merit Award Football Supporters' Federation (FSF) Player of the Year League Managers Association (LMA) Manager of the Year Football Writers' Association (FWA) Footballer of the Year Women's Footballer of the Year Tribute Award League Football Education (LFE) Football League Apprentice of the Year Match of the Day (BBC Television) Goal of the Month Goal of the Season British honours system Football personalities with British honours Football players and officials awarded knighthoods	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football Writers Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Writers_Association_of_America"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Football Writers Association of America.AssociationThe Football Writers' Association (FWA) is an association of football journalists and correspondents writing for English newspapers and agencies. It presents the Footballer of the Year Award, the oldest and most distinguished award given in the domestic game. In 2018, recognising the growth of the woman's game, it announced a Woman's Footballer of the Year Award.","title":"Football Writers' Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footballwriters.co.uk-1"}],"text":"The choice to create the Football Writers' Association (FWA) was made on 22 September 1947 by journalists, Charles Buchan (News Chronicle), Frank Coles (Daily Telegraph), Roy Peskett (Daily Mail), and Archie Quick while aboard a boat in the middle of the English Channel that was returning from a football match in which England beat Belgium 5–2. \nIvan Sharpe of the Sunday Chronicle was appointed chairman a month later, a position he held for the first six years of the FWA's existence and eight times in all in his long career.\nThe men formalized a few of the newborn association's rules and regulations within one month. Some of the rules initially created were that membership to the FWA would be invitation only and that they would exclusively send invitations to \"working journalists who are accredited football correspondents for newspapers and agencies\". It was also determined that the Football Writers' Association's headquarters would be in London, England and the membership fee would be five guineas for the first year of membership with a recurring annual payment of two guineas each year after. Furthermore, the men had decided that there would be a vote held annually for all members that would decide the recipient of the prestigious Footballer of the Year Award, which is still today the oldest and most distinguished award given in the domestic game. The award was originally presented at the annual dinner, which was held on the night before the FA Cup Final, but was later changed to the Thursday preceding every FA Cup Final.\nTo mark the FWA's 70th anniversary newly created Life Members of the association will now receive the Ivan Sharpe Life Membership Award, while in 2018, the FWA announced it was awarding a Woman's Footballer of the Year award in recognition of the growth of the woman's game in this country.\ned[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footballwriters.co.uk-1"},{"link_name":"beIN Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeIN_Sports"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The FWA has experienced steady growth since its inception in 1947. Membership has grown to about four-hundred members. Changes in modern journalism have welcomed a more diverse range of members. In recent years, the association has modernized itself by changing the voting process for Footballer of the Year by making online voting available to its members as well as incorporating social media into its revamped web site. The Football Writers' Association continues to recruit new members openly in the same manner as was created by its founders in 1947.[1] On 24 April 2019, beIN Sports senior sports correspondent Carrie Brown was announced as the first female chair of the FWA.[2]","title":"The Football Writers' Association today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Stanley Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Stanley_Matthews"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"}],"text":"Charles Buchan, one of the founding fathers of the FWA, had originally suggested that there be an award presented \"to the professional player who by precept and example is considered by a ballot of members to be the footballer of the year.\" The award is the oldest and is considered to be the most prestigious award in British football. The award is presented annually. The first player to receive the award was Sir Stanley Matthews in 1948.[3] In 2018 the FWA introduced their award for the Woman Footballer of the Year in recognition of the growth of the woman's game.","title":"The FWA Footballer of the Year Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Players' Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Players%27_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A2-7"},{"link_name":"Fans' Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Fans%27_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Young Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Young_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A2-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NevilleSouthall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neville Southall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Southall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dennis_Bergkamp_cropped.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dennis Bergkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Bergkamp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thierry_Henry_Charlton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thierry Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C_ronaldo_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wayne_Rooney_vs_Everton_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wayne Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Rooney"}],"sub_title":"Winners","text":"The award has been presented on 71 occasions as of 2018, with 63 different winners. On one occasion two players shared the award for a season (1968–69).[4] The table also indicates where the winning player also won one or more of the other major \"player of the year\" awards in English football, namely the Professional Footballers' Association's Players' Player of the Year award (PPY),[5][6][7] Fans' Player of the Year award (FPY),[8] and Young Player of the Year award (YPY).[6][7][9]Neville Southall's 1985 win was the last time a goalkeeper received the award.Dennis Bergkamp won the award in the 1997–98 season.Thierry Henry was the first player to win the award in two consecutive seasons.Cristiano Ronaldo also won the award consecutively, in the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons.Wayne Rooney gained the award in the 2009–10 season.","title":"The FWA Footballer of the Year Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran_Kirby_Chelsea_Ladies_Vs_Arsenal_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fran Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Kirby"},{"link_name":"PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Women%27s_Players%27_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"PFA Women's Young Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Women%27s_Young_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A2-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"In 2018, the FWA introduced their award for the Woman Footballer of the Year in recognition of the growth of the women's game.Inaugural winner Fran KirbyThe award has been presented on one occasion as of 2018, with one winner. The table also indicates where the winning player also won one or more of the other major \"player of the year\" awards in English football, namely the PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year award (PPY),[34] and the PFA Women's Young Player of the Year award (YPY).[6][7][9]","title":"The FWA Women's Footballer of the Year Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football Writers' Association Tribute Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FWA_Tribute_Award"},{"link_name":"Savoy Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Ron Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"}],"text":"The Football Writers' Association Tribute Award is presented annually every January at the Savoy Hotel to the individual that the committee believes to have contributed to the national game in a significant way. The award was first given in 1983 to Ron Greenwood.[3]","title":"The FWA Tribute Award"}]	[{"image_text":"Neville Southall's 1985 win was the last time a goalkeeper received the award.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/NevilleSouthall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dennis Bergkamp won the award in the 1997–98 season.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dennis_Bergkamp_cropped.JPG/170px-Dennis_Bergkamp_cropped.JPG"},{"image_text":"Thierry Henry was the first player to win the award in two consecutive seasons.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thierry_Henry_Charlton.jpg/170px-Thierry_Henry_Charlton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cristiano Ronaldo also won the award consecutively, in the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/C_ronaldo_cropped.jpg/170px-C_ronaldo_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wayne Rooney gained the award in the 2009–10 season.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Wayne_Rooney_vs_Everton_2009.jpg/170px-Wayne_Rooney_vs_Everton_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inaugural winner Fran Kirby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fran_Kirby_Chelsea_Ladies_Vs_Arsenal_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Fran_Kirby_Chelsea_Ladies_Vs_Arsenal_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Welsh Football Writers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Football_Writers_Association"},{"title":"Scottish Football Writers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Writers%27_Association"},{"title":"Ice Hockey Journalists UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Hockey_Journalists_UK"},{"title":"Professional Footballers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Footballers%27_Association"}]	[{"reference":"\"About \| Football Writers' Association\". Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120408165648/http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/about/","url_text":"\"About \| Football Writers' Association\""},{"url":"http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CARRIE BROWN BECOMES FIRST FEMALE CHAIRMAN OF THE FWA\". Football Writers' Association. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://footballwriters.co.uk/editorial/carrie-brown-becomes-first-female-chairman-of-the-fwa/#.XMAVeDrfY5Y.twitter","url_text":"\"CARRIE BROWN BECOMES FIRST FEMALE CHAIRMAN OF THE FWA\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Football Writer's Association\". Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100819165726/http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/awards/","url_text":"\"The Football Writer's Association\""},{"url":"http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/awards/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"England – Players Awards\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 4 October 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/engpoy.html","url_text":"\"England – Players Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Only here for the peers\". BBC. 20 April 2001. Retrieved 14 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1287470.stm","url_text":"\"Only here for the peers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gerrard named player of the year\". BBC. 23 April 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/4935884.stm","url_text":"\"Gerrard named player of the year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronaldo secures PFA awards double\". BBC. 22 April 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/6582201.stm","url_text":"\"Ronaldo secures PFA awards double\""}]},{"reference":"\"PFA's Official Fan's Player of the Year: Previous Winners\". The Professional Footballers' Association. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080220145853/http://www.givemefootball.com/rolls_of_honour/fansplayerofyearroll.html","url_text":"\"PFA's Official Fan's Player of the Year: Previous Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.givemefootball.com/rolls_of_honour/fansplayerofyearroll.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frank Keogh (20 April 2001). \"Too much too young?\". BBC. Retrieved 17 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1287799.stm","url_text":"\"Too much too young?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lampard scoops award from writers\". BBC. 6 May 2005. Retrieved 5 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4518823.stm","url_text":"\"Lampard scoops award from writers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steven Gerrard wins Footballer of the Year award\". The Times. London. 13 May 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/premier_league/liverpool/article6278060.ece","url_text":"\"Steven Gerrard wins Footballer of the Year award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wayne Rooney nets writers' player of the year award\". BBC. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8653254.stm","url_text":"\"Wayne Rooney nets writers' player of the year award\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Ham's Scott Parker wins Football Writers' award\". BBC. 22 April 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13167837.stm","url_text":"\"West Ham's Scott Parker wins Football Writers' award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal's Robin van Persie named FWA Footballer of the Year\". BBC. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17822161","url_text":"\"Arsenal's Robin van Persie named FWA Footballer of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bale named FWA Footballer of the Year\". Football Writers' Association. 2 May 2013. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130504174528/http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/news/bale-named-fwa-footballer-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"Bale named FWA Footballer of the Year\""},{"url":"http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/news/bale-named-fwa-footballer-of-the-year/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Suarez humbled by FWA accolade\". Football Writers' Association. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150129051620/http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/news/suarez-humbled-by-fwa-accolade/","url_text":"\"Suarez humbled by FWA accolade\""},{"url":"http://www.footballwriters.co.uk/news/suarez-humbled-by-fwa-accolade/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea midfielder Eden Hazard is the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year 2015\". Football Writers' Association. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. 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Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://footballwriters.co.uk/news/ngolo-kante-is-footballer-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"N'Golo Kante is Footballer of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"BREAKING – MO SALAH IS FOOTBALLER OF THE YEAR \| Football Writers' Association\". footballwriters.co.uk. May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://footballwriters.co.uk/editorial/breaking-mo-salah-is-footballer-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"BREAKING – MO SALAH IS FOOTBALLER OF THE YEAR \| Football Writers' Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"STERLING AND PARRIS AT THE DOUBLE IN FWA AWARDS \| Football Writers' Association\". footballwriters.co.uk. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://footballwriters.co.uk/editorial/sterling-and-parris-at-the-double-in-fwa-awards/","url_text":"\"STERLING AND PARRIS AT THE DOUBLE IN FWA AWARDS \| Football Writers' Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"JORDAN HENDERSON – FOOTBALLER OF THE YEAR \| Football Writers' Association\". footballwriters.co.uk. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://footballwriters.co.uk/editorial/jordan-henderson-footballer-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"JORDAN HENDERSON – FOOTBALLER OF THE YEAR \| Football Writers' Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruben Dias - the Footballer of the Year\| Football Writers' Association\". footballwriters.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://footballwriters.co.uk/awards/ruben-dias-the-footballer-of-the-year-2021/","url_text":"\"Ruben Dias - the Footballer of the Year\| Football Writers' Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohamed Salah named Football Writers' Association Men's Footballer of the Year for 2021/22\". Sky Sports. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11669/12601156/mohamed-salah-named-football-writers-association-mens-footballer-of-the-year-for-2021-22","url_text":"\"Mohamed Salah named Football Writers' Association Men's Footballer of the Year for 2021/22\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erling Haaland: Why FWA Footballer of the Year award had to go to Manchester City's unique scoring phenomenon\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 3 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12877150/erling-haaland-why-fwa-footballer-of-the-year-award-must-go-to-manchester-citys-unique-scoring-phenomenon","url_text":"\"Erling Haaland: Why FWA Footballer of the Year award had to go to Manchester City's unique scoring phenomenon\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Player Honours – Professional Footballers' Association Players' Players of the Year\". England Football Online. 19 June 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamHons/HonsPFAPlyr.html","url_text":"\"England Player Honours – Professional Footballers' Association Players' Players of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fran Kirby is FWA Women's Footballer of the Year \| Football Writers' Association\". footballwriters.co.uk. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://footballwriters.co.uk/news/fran-kirby-is-fwa-womens-footballer-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"Fran Kirby is FWA Women's Footballer of the Year \| Football Writers' Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"FWA Footballer of the Year 2019: Raheem Sterling wins Football Writers' award ahead of Virgil van Dijk \| Independent\". independent.co.uk. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/fwa-player-of-the-year-2019-raheem-sterling-wins-virgil-van-dijk-football-writers-a8890811.html/","url_text":"\"FWA Footballer of the Year 2019: Raheem Sterling wins Football Writers' award ahead of Virgil van Dijk \| Independent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vivianne Miedema: Arsenal & Netherlands striker named FWA Women's Footballer of Year - BBC Sport\". BBC Sport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53247330","url_text":"\"Vivianne Miedema: Arsenal & Netherlands striker named FWA Women's Footballer of Year - BBC Sport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vivianne Miedema is Women's Footballer of the Year \| Football Writers' Association\". July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://footballwriters.co.uk/editorial/vivianne-miedema-is-womens-footballer-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"Vivianne Miedema is Women's Footballer of the Year \| Football Writers' Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"FRAN KIRBY IS WOMEN'S FOOTBALLER OF THE YEAR \| Football Writers' Association\". footballwriters.co.uk. 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://footballwriters.co.uk/editorial/fran-kirby-is-womens-footballer-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"FRAN KIRBY IS WOMEN'S FOOTBALLER OF THE YEAR \| Football Writers' Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Kerr awarded FWA Women's Footballer of the Year\". Chelsea F.C. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/2022/04/29/sam-kerr-awarded-fwa-women-s-footballer-of-the-year","url_text":"\"Sam Kerr awarded FWA Women's Footballer of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erling Haaland named Football Writers' Association Men's Footballer of the Year for 2022/23 \| Chelsea's Sam Kerr wins Women's award\". Sky Sports. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR_Lyrae_variables	RR Lyrae variable	["1 Discovery and recognition","2 Classification","3 Distribution","4 Properties","5 Period-luminosity relationships","6 Recent developments","7 References","8 External links"]	Type of variable star This article is about the variable star class. For the prototype star of the class, see RR Lyrae. The RR Lyrae variable stars fall in a particular area on a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram of color versus brightness. RR Lyrae variables are periodic variable stars, commonly found in globular clusters. They are used as standard candles to measure (extra) galactic distances, assisting with the cosmic distance ladder. This class is named after the prototype and brightest example, RR Lyrae. They are pulsating horizontal branch stars of spectral class A or F, with a mass of around half the Sun's. They are thought to have shed mass during the red-giant branch phase, and were once stars at around 0.8 solar masses. In contemporary astronomy, a period-luminosity relation makes them good standard candles for relatively nearby targets, especially within the Milky Way and Local Group. They are also frequent subjects in the studies of globular clusters and the chemistry (and quantum mechanics) of older stars. Discovery and recognition H-R diagram for globular cluster M5, with the horizontal branch marked in yellow and known RR Lyrae stars in green In surveys of globular clusters, these "cluster-type" variables were being rapidly identified in the mid-1890s, especially by E. C. Pickering. Probably the first star definitely of RR Lyrae type found outside a cluster was U Leporis, discovered by J. Kapteyn in 1890. The prototype star RR Lyrae was discovered prior to 1899 by Williamina Fleming, and reported by Pickering in 1900 as "indistinguishable from cluster-type variables". From 1915 to the 1930s, the RR Lyraes became increasingly accepted as a class of star distinct from the classical Cepheids, due to their shorter periods, differing locations within the galaxy, and chemical differences. RR Lyrae variables are metal-poor, Population II stars. RR Lyraes have proven difficult to observe in external galaxies because of their intrinsic faintness. (In fact, Walter Baade's failure to find them in the Andromeda Galaxy led him to suspect that the galaxy was much farther away than predicted, to reconsider the calibration of Cepheid variables, and to propose the concept of stellar populations.) Using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope in the 1980s, Pritchet & van den Bergh found RR Lyraes in Andromeda's galactic halo and, more recently, in its globular clusters. Classification The RR Lyrae stars are conventionally divided into three main types, following classification by S.I. Bailey based on the shape of the stars' brightness curves: RRab variables are the most common, making up 91% of all observed RR Lyrae, and display the steep rises in brightness typical of RR Lyrae RRc are less common, making up 9% of observed RR Lyrae, and have shorter periods and more sinusoidal variation RRd are rare, making up between <1% and 30% of RR Lyrae in a system, and are double-mode pulsators, unlike RRab and RRc Distribution RR Lyrae-type variable stars close to the galactic center from the VVV ESO public survey RR Lyrae stars were formerly called "cluster variables" because of their strong (but not exclusive) association with globular clusters; conversely, over 80% of all variables known in globular clusters are RR Lyraes. RR Lyrae stars are found at all galactic latitudes, as opposed to classical Cepheids, which are strongly associated with the galactic plane. Because of their old age, RR Lyraes are commonly used to trace certain populations in the Milky Way, including the halo and thick disk. Several times as many RR Lyraes are known as all Cepheids combined; in the 1980s, about 1900 were known in globular clusters. Some estimates have about 85,000 in the Milky Way. Though binary star systems are common for typical stars, RR Lyraes are very rarely observed in binaries. Properties RR Lyrae stars pulse in a manner similar to Cepheid variables, but the nature and histories of these stars is thought to be rather different. Like all variables on the Cepheid instability strip, pulsations are caused by the κ-mechanism, when the opacity of ionised helium varies with its temperature. RR Lyraes are old, relatively low mass, Population II stars, in common with W Virginis and BL Herculis variables, the type II Cepheids. Classical Cepheid variables are higher mass population I stars. RR Lyrae variables are much more common than Cepheids, but also much less luminous. The average absolute magnitude of an RR Lyrae star is about +0.75, only 40 or 50 times brighter than the Sun. Their period is shorter, typically less than one day, sometimes ranging down to seven hours. Some RRab stars, including RR Lyrae itself, exhibit the Blazhko effect in which there is a conspicuous phase and amplitude modulation. Period-luminosity relationships Typical RR Lyrae light curve Unlike Cepheid variables, RR Lyrae variables do not follow a strict period-luminosity relationship at visual wavelengths, although they do in the infrared K band. They are normally analysed using a period-colour-relationship, for example using a Wesenheit function. In this way, they can be used as standard candles for distance measurements although there are difficulties with the effects of metallicity, faintness, and blending. The effect of blending can impact RR Lyrae variables sampled near the cores of globular clusters, which are so dense that in low-resolution observations multiple (unresolved) stars may appear as a single target. Thus the brightness measured for that seemingly single star (e.g., an RR Lyrae variable) is erroneously too bright, given those unresolved stars contributed to the brightness determined. Consequently, the computed distance is wrong, and certain researchers have argued that the blending effect can introduce a systematic uncertainty into the cosmic distance ladder, and may bias the estimated age of the Universe and the Hubble constant. Recent developments The Hubble Space Telescope has identified several RR Lyrae candidates in globular clusters of the Andromeda Galaxy and has measured the distance to the prototype star RR Lyrae. The Kepler space telescope provided accurate photometric coverage of a single field at regular intervals over an extended period. 37 known RR Lyrae variables lie within the Kepler field, including RR Lyrae itself, and new phenomena such as period-doubling have been detected. The Gaia mission mapped 140,784 RR Lyrae stars, of which 50,220 were not previously known to be variable, and for which 54,272 interstellar absorption estimates are available. References ^ a b c d e Smith, Horace A. (2004). RR Lyrae Stars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54817-5. ^ Pritchet, Christopher J.; Van Den Bergh, Sidney (1987). "Observations of RR Lyrae stars in the halo of M31". Astrophysical Journal. 316: 517. Bibcode:1987ApJ...316..517P. doi:10.1086/165223. ^ a b Clementini, G.; Federici, L.; Corsi, C.; Cacciari, C.; Bellazzini, M.; Smith, H. A. (2001). "RR Lyrae Variables in the Globular Clusters of M31: A First Detection of Likely Candidates". The Astrophysical Journal. 559 (2): L109. arXiv:astro-ph/0108418. Bibcode:2001ApJ...559L.109C. doi:10.1086/323973. S2CID 48632444. ^ Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Balona, L. A.; Garrido, R.; Suárez, J.C. (Oct 20, 2012). "Stellar Pulsations: Impact of New Instrumentation and New Insights". Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. ISBN 978-3-642-29630-7. ^ Clement, Christine M.; Muzzin, Adam; Dufton, Quentin; Ponnampalam, Thivya; Wang, John; Burford, Jay; Richardson, Alan; Rosebery, Tara; Rowe, Jason; Hogg, Helen Sawyer (2001). "Variable Stars in Galactic Globular Clusters". The Astronomical Journal. 122 (5): 2587–2599. arXiv:astro-ph/0108024. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2587C. doi:10.1086/323719. S2CID 38359010. ^ Vozyakova, O. V.; Sefako, R.; Rastorguev, A. S.; Kravtsov, V. V.; Kniazev, A. Y.; Berdnikov, L. N.; Dambis, A. K. (2013-11-11). "RR Lyrae variables: visual and infrared luminosities, intrinsic colours and kinematics". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 435 (4): 3206–3220. arXiv:1308.4727. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1514. ISSN 0035-8711. ^ Hajdu, G.; Catelan, M.; Jurcsik, J.; Dékány, I.; Drake, A.J.; Marquette, B. (2015). "New RR Lyrae variables in binary systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 449 (1): L113–L117. arXiv:1502.01318. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.449L.113H. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slv024. ^ Layden, A. C.; Hanson, Robert B.; Hawley, Suzanne L.; Klemola, Arnold R.; Hanley, Christopher J. (August 1996). "The Absolute Magnitude and Kinematics of RR Lyrae Stars via Statistical Parallax". Astron. J. 112: 2110–2131. arXiv:astro-ph/9608108. Bibcode:1996AJ....112.2110L. doi:10.1086/118167. S2CID 8732647. ^ Szabó, R.; Kolláth, Z.; Molnár, L.; Kolenberg, K.; Kurtz, D. W.; Bryson, S. T.; Benkő, J. M.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Kjeldsen, H.; Borucki, W. J.; Koch, D.; Twicken, J. D.; Chadid, M.; Di Criscienzo, M.; Jeon, Y.-B.; Moskalik, P.; Nemec, J. M.; Nuspl, J. (2010). "Does Kepler unveil the mystery of the Blazhko effect? First detection of period doubling in Kepler Blazhko RR Lyrae stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 409 (3): 1244. arXiv:1007.3404. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.409.1244S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17386.x. S2CID 119190883. ^ Catelan, M.; Pritzl, Barton J.; Smith, Horace A. (2004). "The RR Lyrae Period-Luminosity Relation. I. Theoretical Calibration". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 154 (2): 633. arXiv:astro-ph/0406067. Bibcode:2004ApJS..154..633C. doi:10.1086/422916. S2CID 119336592. ^ Majaess, D.; Turner, D.; Gieren, W.; Lane, D. (2012). "The Impact of Contaminated RR Lyrae/Globular Cluster Photometry on the Distance Scale". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 752 (1): L10. arXiv:1205.0255. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752L..10M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/1/L10. S2CID 118528078. ^ Lee, Jae-Woo; López-Morales, Mercedes; Hong, Kyeongsoo; Kang, Young-Woon; Pohl, Brian L.; Walker, Alistair (2014). "Toward a Better Understanding of the Distance Scale from RR Lyrae Variable Stars: A Case Study for the Inner Halo Globular Cluster NGC 6723". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 210 (1): 6. arXiv:1311.2054. Bibcode:2014ApJS..210....6L. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/210/1/6. S2CID 119280050. ^ Neeley, J. R.; Marengo, M.; Bono, G.; Braga, V. F.; Dall'Ora, M.; Stetson, P. B.; Buonanno, R.; Ferraro, I.; Freedman, W. L.; Iannicola, G.; Madore, B. F.; Matsunaga, N.; Monson, A.; Persson, S. E.; Scowcroft, V.; Seibert, M. (2015). "On the Distance of the Globular Cluster M4 (NGC 6121) Using RR Lyrae Stars. II. Mid-infrared Period-luminosity Relations". The Astrophysical Journal. 808 (1): 11. arXiv:1505.07858. Bibcode:2015ApJ...808...11N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/808/1/11. S2CID 117031686. ^ Benedict, G. Fritz; et al. (January 2002). "Astrometry with the Hubble Space Telescope: A Parallax of the Fundamental Distance Calibrator RR Lyrae". The Astronomical Journal. 123 (1): 473–484. arXiv:astro-ph/0110271. Bibcode:2002AJ....123..473B. doi:10.1086/338087. S2CID 59150013. ^ Kinemuchi, Karen (2011). "RR Lyrae Research with the Kepler Mission". RR Lyrae Stars. 5: 74. arXiv:1107.0297. Bibcode:2011rrls.conf...74K. ^ Riello, M.; Evans, D. W.; Szabados, L.; Sarro, L. M.; Regibo, S.; Ridder, J. De; Eyer, L.; Lecoeur-Taibi, I.; Mowlavi, N. (2019-02-01). "Gaia Data Release 2 - Specific characterisation and validation of all-sky Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 622: A60. arXiv:1805.02079. Bibcode:2019A&A...622A..60C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833374. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 260496633. External links APOD M3: Inconstant Star Cluster four-frame animation of RR Lyrae variables in globular cluster M3 Animation of RR Lyrae-Variables in globular cluster M15 Animation with the variable stars RR Lyrae in the center area of the globular cluster M15 RR Lyrae stars AAVSO Variable Star of the Season - RR Lyrae OGLE Atlas of Variable Star Light Curves - RR Lyrae stars vteVariable starsPulsatingCepheids andcepheid-like Type I (Classical cepheids, Delta Scuti) Type II (BL Herculis, W Virginis, RV Tauri) RR Lyrae Rapidly oscillating Ap SX Phoenicis Blue-white withearly spectra Alpha Cygni Beta Cephei Slowly pulsating B-type PV Telescopii Blue large-amplitude pulsator Long-period Mira Semiregular Slow irregular Other Gamma Doradus Solar-like oscillations White dwarf EruptiveProtostar and PMS Herbig Ae/Be Orion FU Orionis T Tauri Giants andsupergiants Luminous blue variable R Coronae Borealis (DY Persei) Yellow hypergiant Eruptive binary Double periodic FS Canis Majoris RS Canum Venaticorum Other Flare Gamma Cassiopeiae Lambda Eridani Wolf–Rayet Cataclysmic AM Canum Venaticorum Dwarf nova Luminous red nova Nova Polar Intermediate Supernova Hypernova SW Sextantis Symbiotic Symbiotic nova Z Andromedae RotatingNon-spherical Rotating ellipsoidal Stellar spots BY Draconis FK Comae Berenices Magnetic fields α2 Canum Venaticorum Pulsar SX Arietis Eclipsing Algol Beta Lyrae Planetary transit W Ursae Majoris Star portal * List	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RR Lyrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR_Lyrae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HR-diag-instability-strip.svg"},{"link_name":"Hertzsprung–Russell diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram"},{"link_name":"variable stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_star"},{"link_name":"globular clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_clusters"},{"link_name":"standard candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_candle"},{"link_name":"cosmic distance ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder"},{"link_name":"RR Lyrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR_Lyrae"},{"link_name":"horizontal branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_branch"},{"link_name":"spectral class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_classification"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"red-giant branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-giant_branch"},{"link_name":"period-luminosity relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period-luminosity_relation"},{"link_name":"standard candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_candles"},{"link_name":"Local Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Group"},{"link_name":"globular clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_cluster"}],"text":"This article is about the variable star class. For the prototype star of the class, see RR Lyrae.The RR Lyrae variable stars fall in a particular area on a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram of color versus brightness.RR Lyrae variables are periodic variable stars, commonly found in globular clusters. They are used as standard candles to measure (extra) galactic distances, assisting with the cosmic distance ladder. This class is named after the prototype and brightest example, RR Lyrae.They are pulsating horizontal branch stars of spectral class A or F, with a mass of around half the Sun's. They are thought to have shed mass during the red-giant branch phase, and were once stars at around 0.8 solar masses.In contemporary astronomy, a period-luminosity relation makes them good standard candles for relatively nearby targets, especially within the Milky Way and Local Group. They are also frequent subjects in the studies of globular clusters and the chemistry (and quantum mechanics) of older stars.","title":"RR Lyrae variable"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M5_colour_magnitude_diagram.png"},{"link_name":"globular cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_cluster"},{"link_name":"M5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_5"},{"link_name":"horizontal branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_branch"},{"link_name":"E. C. Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering"},{"link_name":"U Leporis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U_Leporis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. Kapteyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Kapteyn"},{"link_name":"RR Lyrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR_Lyrae"},{"link_name":"Williamina Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamina_Fleming"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith2004-1"},{"link_name":"classical Cepheids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Cepheids"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith2004-1"},{"link_name":"galaxies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Walter Baade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade"},{"link_name":"Andromeda Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Cepheid variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepheid_variables"},{"link_name":"stellar populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_populations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith2004-1"},{"link_name":"Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-France-Hawaii_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clementini-3"}],"text":"H-R diagram for globular cluster M5, with the horizontal branch marked in yellow and known RR Lyrae stars in greenIn surveys of globular clusters, these \"cluster-type\" variables were being rapidly identified in the mid-1890s, especially by E. C. Pickering. Probably the first star definitely of RR Lyrae type found outside a cluster was U Leporis, discovered by J. Kapteyn in 1890. The prototype star RR Lyrae was discovered prior to 1899 by Williamina Fleming, and reported by Pickering in 1900 as \"indistinguishable from cluster-type variables\".[1]From 1915 to the 1930s, the RR Lyraes became increasingly accepted as a class of star distinct from the classical Cepheids, due to their shorter periods, differing locations within the galaxy, and chemical differences. RR Lyrae variables are metal-poor, Population II stars.[1]RR Lyraes have proven difficult to observe in external galaxies because of their intrinsic faintness. (In fact, Walter Baade's failure to find them in the Andromeda Galaxy led him to suspect that the galaxy was much farther away than predicted, to reconsider the calibration of Cepheid variables, and to propose the concept of stellar populations.[1]) Using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope in the 1980s, Pritchet & van den Bergh found RR Lyraes in Andromeda's galactic halo[2] and, more recently, in its globular clusters.[3]","title":"Discovery and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith2004-1"},{"link_name":"S.I. Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon_Irving_Bailey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-george-4"}],"text":"The RR Lyrae stars are conventionally divided into three main types,[1] following classification by S.I. Bailey based on the shape of the stars' brightness curves:RRab variables are the most common, making up 91% of all observed RR Lyrae, and display the steep rises in brightness typical of RR Lyrae\nRRc are less common, making up 9% of observed RR Lyrae, and have shorter periods and more sinusoidal variation\nRRd are rare, making up between <1% and 30%[4] of RR Lyrae in a system, and are double-mode pulsators, unlike RRab and RRc","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Variable_stars_close_to_the_Galactic_Centre.jpg"},{"link_name":"VVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vista_Variables_in_the_Via_Lactea"},{"link_name":"ESO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory"},{"link_name":"globular clusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globular_clusters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clement-5"},{"link_name":"classical Cepheids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Cepheids"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith2004-1"},{"link_name":"binary star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_star"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"RR Lyrae-type variable stars close to the galactic center from the VVV ESO public surveyRR Lyrae stars were formerly called \"cluster variables\" because of their strong (but not exclusive) association with globular clusters; conversely, over 80% of all variables known in globular clusters are RR Lyraes.[5] RR Lyrae stars are found at all galactic latitudes, as opposed to classical Cepheids, which are strongly associated with the galactic plane.Because of their old age, RR Lyraes are commonly used to trace certain populations in the Milky Way, including the halo and thick disk.[6]Several times as many RR Lyraes are known as all Cepheids combined; in the 1980s, about 1900 were known in globular clusters. Some estimates have about 85,000 in the Milky Way.[1]Though binary star systems are common for typical stars, RR Lyraes are very rarely observed in binaries.[7]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cepheid variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepheid_variable"},{"link_name":"Cepheid instability strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instability_strip"},{"link_name":"κ-mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_mechanism"},{"link_name":"Population II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallicity#Stars"},{"link_name":"W Virginis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Virginis_variable"},{"link_name":"BL Herculis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_Herculis_variable"},{"link_name":"type II Cepheids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_Cepheids"},{"link_name":"Classical Cepheid variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Cepheid_variables"},{"link_name":"population I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallicity#Stars"},{"link_name":"absolute magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitude"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Blazhko effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazhko_effect"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"RR Lyrae stars pulse in a manner similar to Cepheid variables, but the nature and histories of these stars is thought to be rather different. Like all variables on the Cepheid instability strip, pulsations are caused by the κ-mechanism, when the opacity of ionised helium varies with its temperature.RR Lyraes are old, relatively low mass, Population II stars, in common with W Virginis and BL Herculis variables, the type II Cepheids. Classical Cepheid variables are higher mass population I stars. RR Lyrae variables are much more common than Cepheids, but also much less luminous. The average absolute magnitude of an RR Lyrae star is about +0.75, only 40 or 50 times brighter than the Sun.[8] Their period is shorter, typically less than one day, sometimes ranging down to seven hours. Some RRab stars, including RR Lyrae itself, exhibit the Blazhko effect in which there is a conspicuous phase and amplitude modulation.[9]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rr_lyrae_ltcrv_en.svg"},{"link_name":"light curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_curve"},{"link_name":"K band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_band_(infrared)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catelan-10"},{"link_name":"standard candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_candle"},{"link_name":"cosmic distance ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder"},{"link_name":"Hubble constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_constant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma12-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lee2014-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neely2015-13"}],"text":"Typical RR Lyrae light curveUnlike Cepheid variables, RR Lyrae variables do not follow a strict period-luminosity relationship at visual wavelengths, although they do in the infrared K band.[10] They are normally analysed using a period-colour-relationship, for example using a Wesenheit function. In this way, they can be used as standard candles for distance measurements although there are difficulties with the effects of metallicity, faintness, and blending. The effect of blending can impact RR Lyrae variables sampled near the cores of globular clusters, which are so dense that in low-resolution observations multiple (unresolved) stars may appear as a single target. Thus the brightness measured for that seemingly single star (e.g., an RR Lyrae variable) is erroneously too bright, given those unresolved stars contributed to the brightness determined. Consequently, the computed distance is wrong, and certain researchers have argued that the blending effect can introduce a systematic uncertainty into the cosmic distance ladder, and may bias the estimated age of the Universe and the Hubble constant.[11][12][13]","title":"Period-luminosity relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Andromeda Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clementini-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hst-14"},{"link_name":"Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"photometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gaia mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_mission"},{"link_name":"interstellar absorption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Hubble Space Telescope has identified several RR Lyrae candidates in globular clusters of the Andromeda Galaxy[3] and has measured the distance to the prototype star RR Lyrae.[14]The Kepler space telescope provided accurate photometric coverage of a single field at regular intervals over an extended period. 37 known RR Lyrae variables lie within the Kepler field, including RR Lyrae itself, and new phenomena such as period-doubling have been detected.[15]The Gaia mission mapped 140,784 RR Lyrae stars, of which 50,220 were not previously known to be variable, and for which 54,272 interstellar absorption estimates are available.[16]","title":"Recent developments"}]	[{"image_text":"The RR Lyrae variable stars fall in a particular area on a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram of color versus brightness.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HR-diag-instability-strip.svg/310px-HR-diag-instability-strip.svg.png"},{"image_text":"H-R diagram for globular cluster M5, with the horizontal branch marked in yellow and known RR Lyrae stars in green","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/M5_colour_magnitude_diagram.png/260px-M5_colour_magnitude_diagram.png"},{"image_text":"RR Lyrae-type variable stars close to the galactic center from the VVV ESO public survey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Variable_stars_close_to_the_Galactic_Centre.jpg/220px-Variable_stars_close_to_the_Galactic_Centre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Typical RR Lyrae light curve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Rr_lyrae_ltcrv_en.svg/260px-Rr_lyrae_ltcrv_en.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Smith, Horace A. (2004). RR Lyrae Stars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54817-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dMv_r82moCQC","url_text":"RR Lyrae Stars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54817-5","url_text":"978-0-521-54817-5"}]},{"reference":"Pritchet, Christopher J.; Van Den Bergh, Sidney (1987). \"Observations of RR Lyrae stars in the halo of M31\". Astrophysical Journal. 316: 517. Bibcode:1987ApJ...316..517P. doi:10.1086/165223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ApJ...316..517P","url_text":"1987ApJ...316..517P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F165223","url_text":"10.1086/165223"}]},{"reference":"Clementini, G.; Federici, L.; Corsi, C.; Cacciari, C.; Bellazzini, M.; Smith, H. A. (2001). \"RR Lyrae Variables in the Globular Clusters of M31: A First Detection of Likely Candidates\". The Astrophysical Journal. 559 (2): L109. arXiv:astro-ph/0108418. Bibcode:2001ApJ...559L.109C. doi:10.1086/323973. S2CID 48632444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0108418","url_text":"astro-ph/0108418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...559L.109C","url_text":"2001ApJ...559L.109C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F323973","url_text":"10.1086/323973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:48632444","url_text":"48632444"}]},{"reference":"Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Balona, L. A.; Garrido, R.; Suárez, J.C. (Oct 20, 2012). \"Stellar Pulsations: Impact of New Instrumentation and New Insights\". Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. ISBN 978-3-642-29630-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uvWyxYL1Z0AC&pg=PA103","url_text":"\"Stellar Pulsations: Impact of New Instrumentation and New Insights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-29630-7","url_text":"978-3-642-29630-7"}]},{"reference":"Clement, Christine M.; Muzzin, Adam; Dufton, Quentin; Ponnampalam, Thivya; Wang, John; Burford, Jay; Richardson, Alan; Rosebery, Tara; Rowe, Jason; Hogg, Helen Sawyer (2001). \"Variable Stars in Galactic Globular Clusters\". The Astronomical Journal. 122 (5): 2587–2599. arXiv:astro-ph/0108024. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2587C. doi:10.1086/323719. S2CID 38359010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0108024","url_text":"astro-ph/0108024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AJ....122.2587C","url_text":"2001AJ....122.2587C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F323719","url_text":"10.1086/323719"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38359010","url_text":"38359010"}]},{"reference":"Vozyakova, O. V.; Sefako, R.; Rastorguev, A. S.; Kravtsov, V. V.; Kniazev, A. Y.; Berdnikov, L. N.; Dambis, A. K. (2013-11-11). \"RR Lyrae variables: visual and infrared luminosities, intrinsic colours and kinematics\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 435 (4): 3206–3220. arXiv:1308.4727. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1514. ISSN 0035-8711.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/435/4/3206/1030228","url_text":"\"RR Lyrae variables: visual and infrared luminosities, intrinsic colours and kinematics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.4727","url_text":"1308.4727"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt1514","url_text":"10.1093/mnras/stt1514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711","url_text":"0035-8711"}]},{"reference":"Hajdu, G.; Catelan, M.; Jurcsik, J.; Dékány, I.; Drake, A.J.; Marquette, B. (2015). \"New RR Lyrae variables in binary systems\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 449 (1): L113–L117. arXiv:1502.01318. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.449L.113H. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slv024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.01318","url_text":"1502.01318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MNRAS.449L.113H","url_text":"2015MNRAS.449L.113H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslv024","url_text":"10.1093/mnrasl/slv024"}]},{"reference":"Layden, A. C.; Hanson, Robert B.; Hawley, Suzanne L.; Klemola, Arnold R.; Hanley, Christopher J. (August 1996). \"The Absolute Magnitude and Kinematics of RR Lyrae Stars via Statistical Parallax\". Astron. J. 112: 2110–2131. arXiv:astro-ph/9608108. Bibcode:1996AJ....112.2110L. doi:10.1086/118167. 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(2010). \"Does Kepler unveil the mystery of the Blazhko effect? First detection of period doubling in Kepler Blazhko RR Lyrae stars\". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 409 (3): 1244. arXiv:1007.3404. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.409.1244S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17386.x. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gallant_Blade	The Gallant Blade	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 References","5 External links"]	1948 film by Henry Levin The Gallant BladeDirected byHenry LevinProduced byIrving StarrStarringLarry ParksCinematographyCharles Lawton Jr.Burnett GuffeyEdited byViola LawrenceMusic byGeorge DuningColor processCinecolorProductioncompanyColumbia PicturesDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date October 23, 1948 (1948-10-23) (New York City) Running time81 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Gallant Blade is a 1948 American Cinecolor adventure film directed by Henry Levin and starring Larry Parks. Plot A peasant becomes the hero of France in the 17th century after the Thirty Years' War. Cast Larry Parks as Lt. David Picard Marguerite Chapman as Nanon de Lartigues Victor Jory as Marshall Mordore George Macready as General Cadeau Edith King as Madame Chauvignac Michael Duane as Paul Brissac Onslow Stevens as General de la Garance Peter Brocco as Sgt. Jacques Tim Huntley as Mayor Lanier Ross Ford as Henri Production Columbia announced in 1945 they would make The Gallant Blade based on a short story by Alexander Dumas. It was to be a follow-up to The Fighting Guardsman. It was part of a boom in swashbuckling pictures in 1945. The film was not made immediately. In 1947 Irving Starr was announced as producer and Charles Vidor as director. Then Vidor was replaced by Henry Levin. Larry Parks was signed to star. He had just made a swashbuckler for Columbia, The Swordsman, then initiated legal proceedings against the studio in July to get out of this contract with them. Parks had refused payment since then; he agreed to be paid for The Gallant Blade on the proviso it did not affect his legal actions. Filming started 1 December 1947. It was also known as The Gay Blade. References ^ J. Chapman; M. Glancy; S. Harper, eds. (2007), The New Film History, Springer, pp. 122–123, ISBN 9780230206229 ^ Schallert, E. (Jan 30, 1945). "Big build-up planned for burnett subject". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165580518. ^ FRED, S. H. (Apr 15, 1945). "HOLLYWOOD ON THE CLEFS". New York Times. ProQuest 107182987. ^ THOMAS F BRADY (Nov 18, 1947). "LARRY PARKS TO DO FILM FOR COLUMBIA". New York Times. ProQuest 108042983. ^ T. F. (Nov 23, 1947). "RKO sets policy of hiring no 'known communists' -- 'all my sons' tailored to the screen -- axe falls at metro". New York Times. ProQuest 107746935. ^ Schallert, E. (Dec 1, 1947). "DRAMA AND FILM". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165783522. External links The Gallant Blade at IMDb The Gallant Blade at the TCM Movie Database vteFilms directed by Henry Levin Cry of the Werewolf (1944) Sergeant Mike (1944) Dancing in Manhattan (1944) I Love a Mystery (1945) The Negro Sailor (1945) The Fighting Guardsman (1945) Night Editor (1946) The Devil's Mask (1946) The Unknown (1946) The Return of Monte Cristo (1946) The Corpse Came C.O.D. (1947) The Guilt of Janet Ames (1947) The Mating of Millie (1948) The Gallant Blade (1948) The Man from Colorado (1948) Mr. Soft Touch (1949) Jolson Sings Again (1949) And Baby Makes Three (1949) The Petty Girl (1950) Convicted (1950) The Flying Missile (1950) Two of a Kind (1951) The Family Secret (1951) Belles on Their Toes (1952) The President's Lady (1953) The Farmer Takes a Wife (1953) The Gambler from Natchez (1954) The Dark Avenger (1955) Let's Be Happy (1957) Bernardine (1957) The Lonely Man (1957) April Love (1957) A Nice Little Bank That Should Be Robbed (1958) Holiday for Lovers (1959) Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959) The Remarkable Mr. Pennypacker (1959) Where the Boys Are (1960) The Wonders of Aladdin (1961) The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962) If a Man Answers (1962) Come Fly with Me (1963) Honeymoon Hotel (1964) Genghis Khan (1965) Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die (1966) Murderers' Row (1966) The Ambushers (1967) The Desperados (1969) That Man Bolt (1973) Run for the Roses (1977) The Treasure Seekers (1979) Scout's Honor (1980) This article about an adventure film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cinecolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinecolor"},{"link_name":"adventure film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"Henry Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Levin_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Larry Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Parks"}],"text":"The Gallant Blade is a 1948 American Cinecolor adventure film directed by Henry Levin and starring Larry Parks.","title":"The Gallant Blade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFH-1"}],"text":"A peasant becomes the hero of France in the 17th century after the Thirty Years' War.[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Parks"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Victor Jory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Jory"},{"link_name":"George Macready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macready"},{"link_name":"Edith King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_King"},{"link_name":"Michael Duane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Duane_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onslow Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onslow_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Peter Brocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brocco"}],"text":"Larry Parks as Lt. David Picard\nMarguerite Chapman as Nanon de Lartigues\nVictor Jory as Marshall Mordore\nGeorge Macready as General Cadeau\nEdith King as Madame Chauvignac\nMichael Duane as Paul Brissac\nOnslow Stevens as General de la Garance\nPeter Brocco as Sgt. Jacques\nTim Huntley as Mayor Lanier\nRoss Ford as Henri","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dumas"},{"link_name":"The Fighting Guardsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fighting_Guardsman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Irving Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Starr"},{"link_name":"Charles Vidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vidor"},{"link_name":"Larry Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Parks"},{"link_name":"The Swordsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swordsman_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Columbia announced in 1945 they would make The Gallant Blade based on a short story by Alexander Dumas. It was to be a follow-up to The Fighting Guardsman.[2] It was part of a boom in swashbuckling pictures in 1945.[3]The film was not made immediately. In 1947 Irving Starr was announced as producer and Charles Vidor as director. Then Vidor was replaced by Henry Levin. Larry Parks was signed to star. He had just made a swashbuckler for Columbia, The Swordsman, then initiated legal proceedings against the studio in July to get out of this contract with them. Parks had refused payment since then; he agreed to be paid for The Gallant Blade on the proviso it did not affect his legal actions.[4][5]Filming started 1 December 1947. It was also known as The Gay Blade.[6]","title":"Production"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"J. Chapman; M. Glancy; S. Harper, eds. (2007), The New Film History, Springer, pp. 122–123, ISBN 9780230206229","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230206229","url_text":"9780230206229"}]},{"reference":"Schallert, E. (Jan 30, 1945). \"Big build-up planned for burnett subject\". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165580518.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/165580518","url_text":"165580518"}]},{"reference":"FRED, S. H. (Apr 15, 1945). \"HOLLYWOOD ON THE CLEFS\". New York Times. ProQuest 107182987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/107182987","url_text":"107182987"}]},{"reference":"THOMAS F BRADY (Nov 18, 1947). \"LARRY PARKS TO DO FILM FOR COLUMBIA\". New York Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_revealed_preference	Revealed preference	["1 Definition and theory","1.1 Two-dimensional example","1.2 The Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference (WARP)","1.3 Completeness: The Strong Axiom of Revealed Preferences (SARP)","1.4 Generalised Axiom of Revealed Preference (GARP)","2 Applications","3 Criticism","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	Economic concept Revealed preference theory, pioneered by economist Paul Anthony Samuelson in 1938, is a method of analyzing choices made by individuals, mostly used for comparing the influence of policies on consumer behavior. Revealed preference models assume that the preferences of consumers can be revealed by their purchasing habits. Revealed preference theory arose because existing theories of consumer demand were based on a diminishing marginal rate of substitution (MRS). This diminishing MRS relied on the assumption that consumers make consumption decisions to maximise their utility. While utility maximisation was not a controversial assumption, the underlying utility functions could not be measured with great certainty. Revealed preference theory was a means to reconcile demand theory by defining utility functions by observing behaviour. Therefore, revealed preference is a way to infer the preferences of individuals given the observed choices. It contrasts with attempts to directly measure preferences or utility, for example through stated preferences. Taking economics to be an empirical subject, there is the issue that one cannot observe preferences. Definition and theory If bundle a is revealed preferred over bundle b in budget set B, then the WARP says that bundle b cannot be revealed preferred over bundle a in any budget set B'. This would be equally true had b been located anywhere else on or below the blue line. The bundle c will not violate WARP even if it is chosen in budget set B', because it is not on or below the blue line of affordable choices at the time of the observed choice of a. Let there be two bundles of goods, a and b, available in a budget set B {\displaystyle B} . If it is observed that a is chosen over b, then a is considered (directly) revealed preferred to b. Two-dimensional example If the budget set B {\displaystyle B} is defined for two goods; X , Y {\displaystyle X,Y} , and determined by prices p , q {\displaystyle p,q} and income m {\displaystyle m} , then let bundle a be ( x 1 , y 1 ) ∈ B {\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})\in B} and bundle b be ( x 2 , y 2 ) ∈ B {\displaystyle (x_{2},y_{2})\in B} . This situation would typically be represented arithmetically by the inequality p X + q Y ≤ m {\displaystyle pX+qY\leq m} and graphically by a budget line in the positive real numbers. Assuming strongly monotonic preferences, only bundles that are graphically located on the budget line, i.e. bundles where p x 1 + q y 1 = m {\displaystyle px_{1}+qy_{1}=m} and p x 2 + q y 2 = m {\displaystyle px_{2}+qy_{2}=m} are satisfied, need to be considered. If, in this situation, it is observed that ( x 1 , y 1 ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})} is chosen over ( x 2 , y 2 ) {\displaystyle (x_{2},y_{2})} , it is concluded that ( x 1 , y 1 ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})} is (directly) revealed preferred to ( x 2 , y 2 ) {\displaystyle (x_{2},y_{2})} , which can be summarized as the binary relation ( x 1 , y 1 ) ⪰ ( x 2 , y 2 ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})\succeq (x_{2},y_{2})} or equivalently as a ⪰ b {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \succeq \mathbf {b} } . The Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference (WARP) WARP is one of the criteria which needs to be satisfied in order to make sure that the consumer is consistent with their preferences. If a bundle of goods a is chosen over another bundle b when both are affordable, then the consumer reveals that they prefer a over b. WARP says that when preferences remain the same, there are no circumstances (budget set) where the consumer prefers b over a. By choosing a over b when both bundles are affordable, the consumer reveals that their preferences are such that they will never choose b over a when both are affordable, even as prices vary. Formally: a , b ∈ B a ∈ C ( B , ⪰ ) b ∈ B ′ b ∈ C ( B ′ , ⪰ ) } ⇒ a ∉ B ′ {\displaystyle \left.{\begin{matrix}\mathbf {a} ,\mathbf {b} \in B\\\mathbf {a} \in C(B,\succeq )\\\mathbf {b} \in B'\\\mathbf {b} \in C(B',\succeq )\end{matrix}}\right\}~\Rightarrow ~\mathbf {a} \notin B'} where a {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} } and b {\displaystyle \mathbf {b} } are arbitrary bundles and C ( B , ⪰ ) ⊂ B {\displaystyle C(B,\succeq )\subset B} is the set of bundles chosen in budget set B {\displaystyle B} , given preference relation ⪰ {\displaystyle \succeq } . In other words, if a is chosen over b in budget set B {\displaystyle B} where both a and b are feasible bundles, but b is chosen when the consumer faces some other budget set B ′ {\displaystyle B'} , then a is not a feasible bundle in budget set B ′ {\displaystyle B'} . Completeness: The Strong Axiom of Revealed Preferences (SARP) The strong axiom of revealed preferences (SARP) is equivalent to the weak axiom of revealed preferences, except that the choices A and B are not allowed to be either directly or indirectly revealed preferable to each other at the same time. Here A is considered indirectly revealed preferred to B if C exists such that A is directly revealed preferred to C, and C is directly revealed preferred to B. In mathematical terminology, this says that transitivity is preserved. Transitivity is useful as it can reveal additional information by comparing two separate bundles from budget constraints. It is often desirable in economic models to prevent such "loops" from happening, for example in order to model choices with utility functions (which have real-valued outputs and are thus transitive). One way to do so is to impose completeness on the revealed preference relation with regards to the choices at large, i.e. without any price considerations or affordability constraints. This is useful because when evaluating {A,B,C} as standalone options, it is directly obvious which is preferred or indifferent to which other. Using the weak axiom then prevents two choices from being preferred over each other at the same time; thus it would be impossible for "loops" to form. Another way to solve this is to impose the strong axiom of revealed preference (SARP) which ensures transitivity. This is characterised by taking the transitive closure of direct revealed preferences and require that it is antisymmetric, i.e. if A is revealed preferred to B (directly or indirectly), then B is not revealed preferred to A (directly or indirectly). These are two different approaches to solving the issue; completeness is concerned with the input (domain) of the choice functions; while the strong axiom imposes conditions on the output. Generalised Axiom of Revealed Preference (GARP) The dataset illustrates a budget constraint in which there are two consumption bundles a and b. Both bundles achieve utility maximisation, violating the SARP, but satisfying GARP. Generalised axiom of revealed preference is a generalisation of the strong axiom of revealed preference. It is the final criteria required so that constancy may be satisfied to ensure consumers preferences do not change. This axiom accounts for conditions in which two or more consumption bundles satisfy equal levels of utility, given that the price level remains constant. It covers circumstances in which utility maximisation is achieved by more than one consumption bundle. A set of data satisfies the general axiom of revealed preference if x i R x j {\displaystyle x^{i}Rx^{j}} implies not x j P 0 x i {\displaystyle x^{j}P^{0}x^{i}} . This establishes that if consumption bundle x i {\displaystyle x^{i}} is revealed preferred to x j {\displaystyle x^{j}} , then the expenditure necessary to acquire bundle x j {\displaystyle x^{j}} given that prices remain constant, cannot be more than the expenditure necessary to acquire bundle x i {\displaystyle x^{i}} . To satisfy the generalised axiom of revealed preference a dataset must also not establish a preference cycle. Therefore, when considering the bundles {A,B,C}, the revealed preference bundle must be an acyclic order pair as such, If A ⪰ B {\displaystyle A\succeq B} and B ⪰ C {\displaystyle B\succeq C} , then B ⋡ A {\displaystyle B\nsucceq A} and A ⪰ C {\displaystyle A\succeq C} thus ruling out “preference cycles” while still holding transitivity. As the generalised axiom is closely related to the strong axiom of revealed preference, it is very easy to demonstrate that each condition of SARP can imply the general axiom, however, the generalised axiom does not imply the strong axiom. This is a result of the condition in which the generalised axiom is compatible with multivalued demand functions, where as SARP is only compatible with single valued demand functions. As such, the generalised axiom permits for flat sections within indifference curves, as stated by Hal R Varian (1982). If a set of preference data satisfies GARP, then there exists a strictly increasing and concave utility function that rationalizes the preferences (Afriat 1967). Applications Revealed preference theory has been used in numerous applications, including college rankings in the U.S. Criticism Several economists criticised the theory of revealed preferences for different reasons. Stanley Wong claimed that revealed preference theory was a failed research program. In 1938 Samuelson presented revealed preference theory as an alternative to utility theory, while in 1950, Samuelson took the demonstrated equivalence of the two theories as a vindication for his position, rather than as a refutation. If there exist only an apple and an orange, and an orange is picked, then one can definitely say that an orange is revealed preferred to an apple. In the real world, when it is observed that a consumer purchased an orange, it is impossible to say what good or set of goods or behavioural options were discarded in preference of purchasing an orange. In this sense, preference is not revealed at all in the sense of ordinal utility. The revealed preference theory assumes that the preference scale remains constant over time. Were this not the case all that can be stated is that an action, at a specific point of time, reveals part of a person's preference scale at that time. There is no warrant for assuming that it remains constant from one point of time to another. The "revealed preference" theorists assume constancy in addition to consistent behaviour ("rationality"). Consistency means that a person maintains a transitive order of rank on his preference scale (if A is preferred to B and B is preferred to C, then A is preferred to C). But the revealed preference procedure does not rest on this assumption so much as on an assumption of constancy—that an individual maintains the same value scale over time. While the former might be called irrational, there is certainly nothing irrational about someone's value scales changing through time. It is claimed that no valid theory can be built on a constancy assumption. The inability to define or measure preferences independently of 'revealed-preferences' leads some authors to see the concept as a tautological fallacy. See, inter alia, Amartya Sen’s critiques in a series of articles: “Behaviour and the concept of preference” (Sen 1973), “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioural Foundations of Economic Theory” (Sen 1977), “Internal Consistency of Choice” (Sen 1993), “Maximization and the Act of Choice” (Sen 1997), and his book 'Rationality and Freedom' (Sen 2002). See also Choice modelling Conjoint analysis Contingent valuation or stated preference methods Foot voting Hedonic regression Induced demand Random utility model - an extension of revealed preference theory for agents whose choices are random. Notes ^ a b Samuelson, Paul A. (February 1938). "A note on the pure theory of consumers' behaviour". Economica. New Series. 5 (17): 61–71. doi:10.2307/2548836. JSTOR 2548836. ^ Samuelson, Paul A. (November 1948). "Consumption theory in terms of revealed preference". Economica. New Series. 15 (60): 243–253. doi:10.2307/2549561. JSTOR 2549561. ^ Varian, Hal R. (2006). Intermediate microeconomics: a modern approach (7th ed.). New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Press. ISBN 978-81-7671-058-9. ^ a b Chambers, Echenique, Christopher, Federico (2016). Revealed Preference theory. San Diego: Cambridge University press. pp. 30–40. ISBN 9781316104293.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Varian, Hal R (1982). "The Nonparametric Approach to Demand Analysis". Econometrica. 50 (4): 945–973. doi:10.2307/1912771. JSTOR 1912771. S2CID 39758686. ^ Goodwin, John Ashley (2010). Consumer preference change and the generalized axiom of revealed preference (Thesis). University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. pp. 4–8. ^ Afriat, Sydney (February 1967). "The Construction of Utility Functions from Expenditure Data". International Economic Review. 8 (1): 67–77. doi:10.2307/2525382. JSTOR 2525382. ^ Irwin, Neil (4 September 2014). "Why Colleges With a Distinct Focus Have a Hidden Advantage". The Upshot. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ Selingo, Jeffrey J. (September 23, 2015). "When students have choices among top colleges, which one do they choose?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ Wong, Stanley (1978). Foundations of Paul Samuelson's Revealed Preference Theory: A Study by the Method of Rational Reconstruction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7100-8643-3. ^ Koszegi, Botond; Rabin, Matthew (2007). "Mistakes in Choice-Based Welfare Analysis". American Economic Review. 97 (2): 477–481. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.368.381. doi:10.1257/aer.97.2.477. JSTOR 30034498. ^ Toward a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics, article by Murray N. Rothbard, 2006. Citing Mises at Human Action. References Nicholson, W. (2005). Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. Mason, OH: Thomson/Southwestern. ISBN 978-0-324-27086-0. Varian, Hal R. (1992). Microeconomic Analysis (Third ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-95735-8. Section 8.7 External links Look up revealed preference in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Revealed Preference, review by Hal R. Varian, 2005, prepared for Samuelsonian Economics and the 21st Century. Lecture Notes in Microeconomic Theory, book by Ariel Rubinstein, 2005. Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Anthony Samuelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samuelson-1938-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samuelson-1948-2"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"consumer behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_behavior"},{"link_name":"preferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preference_(economics)"},{"link_name":"revealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand"},{"link_name":"marginal rate of substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_rate_of_substitution"},{"link_name":"utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility"},{"link_name":"underlying utility functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_theory"}],"text":"Revealed preference theory, pioneered by economist Paul Anthony Samuelson in 1938,[1][2] is a method of analyzing choices made by individuals, mostly used for comparing the influence of policies[further explanation needed] on consumer behavior. Revealed preference models assume that the preferences of consumers can be revealed by their purchasing habits.Revealed preference theory arose because existing theories of consumer demand were based on a diminishing marginal rate of substitution (MRS). This diminishing MRS relied on the assumption that consumers make consumption decisions to maximise their utility. While utility maximisation was not a controversial assumption, the underlying utility functions could not be measured with great certainty. Revealed preference theory was a means to reconcile demand theory by defining utility functions by observing behaviour.Therefore, revealed preference is a way to infer the preferences of individuals given the observed choices. It contrasts with attempts to directly measure preferences or utility, for example through stated preferences. Taking economics to be an empirical subject, there is the issue that one cannot observe preferences.","title":"Revealed preference"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weak_Axiom_of_Revealed_Preferences.png"},{"link_name":"budget set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_set"}],"text":"If bundle a is revealed preferred over bundle b in budget set B, then the WARP says that bundle b cannot be revealed preferred over bundle a in any budget set B'. This would be equally true had b been located anywhere else on or below the blue line. The bundle c will not violate WARP even if it is chosen in budget set B', because it is not on or below the blue line of affordable choices at the time of the observed choice of a.Let there be two bundles of goods, a and b, available in a budget set \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n. If it is observed that a is chosen over b, then a is considered (directly) revealed preferred to b.","title":"Definition and theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inequality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"budget line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_constraint"},{"link_name":"monotonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotonicity"},{"link_name":"binary relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varian-2006-3"}],"sub_title":"Two-dimensional example","text":"If the budget set \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is defined for two goods; \n \n \n \n X\n ,\n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X,Y}\n \n, and determined by prices \n \n \n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p,q}\n \n and income \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n, then let bundle a be \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ∈\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})\\in B}\n \n and bundle b be \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n ∈\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{2},y_{2})\\in B}\n \n. This situation would typically be represented arithmetically by the inequality \n \n \n \n p\n X\n +\n q\n Y\n ≤\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle pX+qY\\leq m}\n \n and graphically by a budget line in the positive real numbers. Assuming strongly monotonic preferences, only bundles that are graphically located on the budget line, i.e. bundles where \n \n \n \n p\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n q\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle px_{1}+qy_{1}=m}\n \n and \n \n \n \n p\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n q\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle px_{2}+qy_{2}=m}\n \n are satisfied, need to be considered. If, in this situation, it is observed that \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})}\n \n is chosen over \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{2},y_{2})}\n \n, it is concluded that \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})}\n \n is (directly) revealed preferred to \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{2},y_{2})}\n \n, which can be summarized as the binary relation \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ⪰\n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1})\\succeq (x_{2},y_{2})}\n \n or equivalently as \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ⪰\n \n b\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} \\succeq \\mathbf {b} }\n \n.[3]","title":"Definition and theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"budget set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_set"}],"sub_title":"The Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference (WARP)","text":"WARP is one of the criteria which needs to be satisfied in order to make sure that the consumer is consistent with their preferences. If a bundle of goods a is chosen over another bundle b when both are affordable, then the consumer reveals that they prefer a over b. WARP says that when preferences remain the same, there are no circumstances (budget set) where the consumer prefers b over a. By choosing a over b when both bundles are affordable, the consumer reveals that their preferences are such that they will never choose b over a when both are affordable, even as prices vary. Formally:a\n \n ,\n \n b\n \n ∈\n B\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ∈\n C\n (\n B\n ,\n ⪰\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n ∈\n \n B\n ′\n \n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n ∈\n C\n (\n \n B\n ′\n \n ,\n ⪰\n )\n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n ⇒\n \n \n a\n \n ∉\n \n B\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left.{\\begin{matrix}\\mathbf {a} ,\\mathbf {b} \\in B\\\\\\mathbf {a} \\in C(B,\\succeq )\\\\\\mathbf {b} \\in B'\\\\\\mathbf {b} \\in C(B',\\succeq )\\end{matrix}}\\right\\}~\\Rightarrow ~\\mathbf {a} \\notin B'}where \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} }\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {b} }\n \n are arbitrary bundles and \n \n \n \n C\n (\n B\n ,\n ⪰\n )\n ⊂\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C(B,\\succeq )\\subset B}\n \n is the set of bundles chosen in budget set \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n, given preference relation \n \n \n \n ⪰\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\succeq }\n \n.In other words, if a is chosen over b in budget set \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n where both a and b are feasible bundles, but b is chosen when the consumer faces some other budget set \n \n \n \n \n B\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B'}\n \n, then a is not a feasible bundle in budget set \n \n \n \n \n B\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B'}\n \n.","title":"Definition and theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_relation"},{"link_name":"utility functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_function"},{"link_name":"transitive closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_closure"},{"link_name":"antisymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisymmetric_relation"}],"sub_title":"Completeness: The Strong Axiom of Revealed Preferences (SARP)","text":"The strong axiom of revealed preferences (SARP) is equivalent to the weak axiom of revealed preferences, except that the choices A and B are not allowed to be either directly or indirectly revealed preferable to each other at the same time. Here A is considered indirectly revealed preferred to B if C exists such that A is directly revealed preferred to C, and C is directly revealed preferred to B. In mathematical terminology, this says that transitivity is preserved. Transitivity is useful as it can reveal additional information by comparing two separate bundles from budget constraints.It is often desirable in economic models to prevent such \"loops\" from happening, for example in order to model choices with utility functions (which have real-valued outputs and are thus transitive). One way to do so is to impose completeness on the revealed preference relation with regards to the choices at large, i.e. without any price considerations or affordability constraints. This is useful because when evaluating {A,B,C} as standalone options, it is directly obvious which is preferred or indifferent to which other. Using the weak axiom then prevents two choices from being preferred over each other at the same time; thus it would be impossible for \"loops\" to form.Another way to solve this is to impose the strong axiom of revealed preference (SARP) which ensures transitivity. This is characterised by taking the transitive closure of direct revealed preferences and require that it is antisymmetric, i.e. if A is revealed preferred to B (directly or indirectly), then B is not revealed preferred to A (directly or indirectly).These are two different approaches to solving the issue; completeness is concerned with the input (domain) of the choice functions; while the strong axiom imposes conditions on the output.","title":"Definition and theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indifference_Curve_with_Two_Utility_Maximising_Consumption_Bundles.png"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"concave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concave_function"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afriat-1967-7"}],"sub_title":"Generalised Axiom of Revealed Preference (GARP)","text":"The dataset illustrates a budget constraint in which there are two consumption bundles a and b. Both bundles achieve utility maximisation, violating the SARP, but satisfying GARP.Generalised axiom of revealed preference is a generalisation of the strong axiom of revealed preference. It is the final criteria required so that constancy may be satisfied to ensure consumers preferences do not change.This axiom accounts for conditions in which two or more consumption bundles satisfy equal levels of utility, given that the price level remains constant. It covers circumstances in which utility maximisation is achieved by more than one consumption bundle.[4]A set of data satisfies the general axiom of revealed preference if \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n R\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{i}Rx^{j}}\n \n implies not \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n P\n \n 0\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{j}P^{0}x^{i}}\n \n.[5] This establishes that if consumption bundle \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{i}}\n \n is revealed preferred to \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{j}}\n \n, then the expenditure necessary to acquire bundle \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{j}}\n \n given that prices remain constant, cannot be more than the expenditure necessary to acquire bundle \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x^{i}}\n \n.[6]To satisfy the generalised axiom of revealed preference a dataset must also not establish a preference cycle. Therefore, when considering the bundles {A,B,C}, the revealed preference bundle must be an acyclic order pair as such, If \n \n \n \n A\n ⪰\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\succeq B}\n \n and \n \n \n \n B\n ⪰\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B\\succeq C}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n B\n ⋡\n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B\\nsucceq A}\n \n and \n \n \n \n A\n ⪰\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\succeq C}\n \n thus ruling out “preference cycles” while still holding transitivity.[4]As the generalised axiom is closely related to the strong axiom of revealed preference, it is very easy to demonstrate that each condition of SARP can imply the general axiom, however, the generalised axiom does not imply the strong axiom. This is a result of the condition in which the generalised axiom is compatible with multivalued demand functions, where as SARP is only compatible with single valued demand functions. As such, the generalised axiom permits for flat sections within indifference curves, as stated by Hal R Varian (1982).[5]If a set of preference data satisfies GARP, then there exists a strictly increasing and concave utility function that rationalizes the preferences (Afriat 1967). [7]","title":"Definition and theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"including college rankings in the U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States#Revealed_preference_rankings"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Revealed preference theory has been used in numerous applications, including college rankings in the U.S.[8][9]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samuelson-1938-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koszegi-rabin2007-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Amartya Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen"}],"text":"Several economists criticised the theory of revealed preferences for different reasons.Stanley Wong claimed that revealed preference theory was a failed research program.[10] In 1938 Samuelson presented revealed preference theory as an alternative to utility theory,[1] while in 1950, Samuelson took the demonstrated equivalence of the two theories as a vindication for his position, rather than as a refutation.\nIf there exist only an apple and an orange, and an orange is picked, then one can definitely say that an orange is revealed preferred to an apple. In the real world, when it is observed that a consumer purchased an orange, it is impossible to say what good or set of goods or behavioural options were discarded in preference of purchasing an orange. In this sense, preference is not revealed at all in the sense of ordinal utility.[11]\nThe revealed preference theory assumes that the preference scale remains constant over time. Were this not the case all that can be stated is that an action, at a specific point of time, reveals part of a person's preference scale at that time. There is no warrant for assuming that it remains constant from one point of time to another. The \"revealed preference\" theorists assume constancy in addition to consistent behaviour (\"rationality\"). Consistency means that a person maintains a transitive order of rank on his preference scale (if A is preferred to B and B is preferred to C, then A is preferred to C). But the revealed preference procedure does not rest on this assumption so much as on an assumption of constancy—that an individual maintains the same value scale over time. While the former might be called irrational, there is certainly nothing irrational about someone's value scales changing through time. It is claimed that no valid theory can be built on a constancy assumption.[12]\nThe inability to define or measure preferences independently of 'revealed-preferences' leads some authors to see the concept as a tautological fallacy. See, inter alia, Amartya Sen’s critiques in a series of articles: “Behaviour and the concept of preference” (Sen 1973), “Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioural Foundations of Economic Theory” (Sen 1977), “Internal Consistency of Choice” (Sen 1993), “Maximization and the Act of Choice” (Sen 1997), and his book 'Rationality and Freedom' (Sen 2002).","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Samuelson-1938_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Samuelson-1938_1-1"},{"link_name":"Samuelson, Paul A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson"},{"link_name":"Economica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economica"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2548836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2548836"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2548836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2548836"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Samuelson-1948_2-0"},{"link_name":"Samuelson, Paul A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson"},{"link_name":"Economica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economica"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2549561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2549561"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2549561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2549561"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Varian-2006_3-0"},{"link_name":"Varian, Hal R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Varian"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7671-058-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7671-058-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_4-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781316104293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316104293"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_5-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1912771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1912771"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1912771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1912771"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39758686","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39758686"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Afriat-1967_7-0"},{"link_name":"International Economic Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Economic_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2525382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2525382"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2525382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2525382"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Why Colleges With a Distinct Focus Have a Hidden Advantage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2014/09/04/upshot/why-colleges-with-a-distinct-focus-have-a-hidden-advantage.html"},{"link_name":"The Upshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upshot"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"When students have choices among top colleges, which one do they choose?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2015/09/23/when-students-have-choices-among-top-colleges-which-one-do-they-choose/"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Foundations of Paul Samuelson's Revealed Preference Theory: A Study by the Method of Rational Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/foundationsofpau0000wong"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7100-8643-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8643-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-koszegi-rabin2007_11-0"},{"link_name":"American Economic Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Review"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.368.381","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.368.381"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1257/aer.97.2.477","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.97.2.477"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30034498","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/30034498"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Toward a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mises.org/library/toward-reconstruction-utility-and-welfare-economics-0"}],"text":"^ a b \nSamuelson, Paul A. (February 1938). \"A note on the pure theory of consumers' behaviour\". Economica. New Series. 5 (17): 61–71. doi:10.2307/2548836. JSTOR 2548836.\n\n^ \nSamuelson, Paul A. (November 1948). \"Consumption theory in terms of revealed preference\". Economica. New Series. 15 (60): 243–253. doi:10.2307/2549561. JSTOR 2549561.\n\n^ \nVarian, Hal R. (2006). Intermediate microeconomics: a modern approach (7th ed.). New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Press. ISBN 978-81-7671-058-9.\n\n^ a b Chambers, Echenique, Christopher, Federico (2016). Revealed Preference theory. San Diego: Cambridge University press. pp. 30–40. ISBN 9781316104293.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ a b Varian, Hal R (1982). \"The Nonparametric Approach to Demand Analysis\". Econometrica. 50 (4): 945–973. doi:10.2307/1912771. JSTOR 1912771. S2CID 39758686.\n\n^ Goodwin, John Ashley (2010). Consumer preference change and the generalized axiom of revealed preference (Thesis). University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. pp. 4–8.\n\n^ \nAfriat, Sydney (February 1967). \"The Construction of Utility Functions from Expenditure Data\". International Economic Review. 8 (1): 67–77. doi:10.2307/2525382. JSTOR 2525382.\n\n^ Irwin, Neil (4 September 2014). \"Why Colleges With a Distinct Focus Have a Hidden Advantage\". The Upshot. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 May 2023.\n\n^ Selingo, Jeffrey J. (September 23, 2015). \"When students have choices among top colleges, which one do they choose?\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 May 2023.\n\n^ Wong, Stanley (1978). Foundations of Paul Samuelson's Revealed Preference Theory: A Study by the Method of Rational Reconstruction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7100-8643-3.\n\n^ \nKoszegi, Botond; Rabin, Matthew (2007). \"Mistakes in Choice-Based Welfare Analysis\". American Economic Review. 97 (2): 477–481. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.368.381. doi:10.1257/aer.97.2.477. JSTOR 30034498.\n\n^ Toward a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics, article by Murray N. Rothbard, 2006. Citing Mises at Human Action.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"If bundle a is revealed preferred over bundle b in budget set B, then the WARP says that bundle b cannot be revealed preferred over bundle a in any budget set B'. This would be equally true had b been located anywhere else on or below the blue line. The bundle c will not violate WARP even if it is chosen in budget set B', because it is not on or below the blue line of affordable choices at the time of the observed choice of a.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Weak_Axiom_of_Revealed_Preferences.png/320px-Weak_Axiom_of_Revealed_Preferences.png"},{"image_text":"The dataset illustrates a budget constraint in which there are two consumption bundles a and b. Both bundles achieve utility maximisation, violating the SARP, but satisfying GARP.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Indifference_Curve_with_Two_Utility_Maximising_Consumption_Bundles.png/300px-Indifference_Curve_with_Two_Utility_Maximising_Consumption_Bundles.png"}]	[{"title":"Choice modelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_modelling"},{"title":"Conjoint analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoint_analysis"},{"title":"Contingent valuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_valuation"},{"title":"Foot voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_voting"},{"title":"Hedonic regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_regression"},{"title":"Induced demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_demand"},{"title":"Random utility model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_utility_model"}]	[{"reference":"Samuelson, Paul A. (February 1938). \"A note on the pure theory of consumers' behaviour\". Economica. New Series. 5 (17): 61–71. doi:10.2307/2548836. JSTOR 2548836.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson","url_text":"Samuelson, Paul A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economica","url_text":"Economica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2548836","url_text":"10.2307/2548836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2548836","url_text":"2548836"}]},{"reference":"Samuelson, Paul A. (November 1948). \"Consumption theory in terms of revealed preference\". Economica. New Series. 15 (60): 243–253. doi:10.2307/2549561. JSTOR 2549561.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson","url_text":"Samuelson, Paul A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economica","url_text":"Economica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2549561","url_text":"10.2307/2549561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2549561","url_text":"2549561"}]},{"reference":"Varian, Hal R. (2006). Intermediate microeconomics: a modern approach (7th ed.). New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Press. ISBN 978-81-7671-058-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Varian","url_text":"Varian, Hal R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7671-058-9","url_text":"978-81-7671-058-9"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Echenique, Christopher, Federico (2016). Revealed Preference theory. San Diego: Cambridge University press. pp. 30–40. ISBN 9781316104293.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316104293","url_text":"9781316104293"}]},{"reference":"Varian, Hal R (1982). \"The Nonparametric Approach to Demand Analysis\". Econometrica. 50 (4): 945–973. doi:10.2307/1912771. JSTOR 1912771. S2CID 39758686.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1912771","url_text":"10.2307/1912771"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1912771","url_text":"1912771"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39758686","url_text":"39758686"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, John Ashley (2010). Consumer preference change and the generalized axiom of revealed preference (Thesis). University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. pp. 4–8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Afriat, Sydney (February 1967). \"The Construction of Utility Functions from Expenditure Data\". International Economic Review. 8 (1): 67–77. doi:10.2307/2525382. JSTOR 2525382.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Economic_Review","url_text":"International Economic Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2525382","url_text":"10.2307/2525382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2525382","url_text":"2525382"}]},{"reference":"Irwin, Neil (4 September 2014). \"Why Colleges With a Distinct Focus Have a Hidden Advantage\". The Upshot. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/04/upshot/why-colleges-with-a-distinct-focus-have-a-hidden-advantage.html","url_text":"\"Why Colleges With a Distinct Focus Have a Hidden Advantage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upshot","url_text":"The Upshot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Selingo, Jeffrey J. (September 23, 2015). \"When students have choices among top colleges, which one do they choose?\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2015/09/23/when-students-have-choices-among-top-colleges-which-one-do-they-choose/","url_text":"\"When students have choices among top colleges, which one do they choose?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Wong, Stanley (1978). Foundations of Paul Samuelson's Revealed Preference Theory: A Study by the Method of Rational Reconstruction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7100-8643-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/foundationsofpau0000wong","url_text":"Foundations of Paul Samuelson's Revealed Preference Theory: A Study by the Method of Rational Reconstruction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8643-3","url_text":"978-0-7100-8643-3"}]},{"reference":"Koszegi, Botond; Rabin, Matthew (2007). \"Mistakes in Choice-Based Welfare Analysis\". American Economic Review. 97 (2): 477–481. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.368.381. doi:10.1257/aer.97.2.477. JSTOR 30034498.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Review","url_text":"American Economic Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.368.381","url_text":"10.1.1.368.381"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.97.2.477","url_text":"10.1257/aer.97.2.477"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30034498","url_text":"30034498"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, W. (2005). Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. Mason, OH: Thomson/Southwestern. ISBN 978-0-324-27086-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-324-27086-0","url_text":"978-0-324-27086-0"}]},{"reference":"Varian, Hal R. (1992). Microeconomic Analysis (Third ed.). New York: Norton. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Exbury	Prix Exbury	["1 History","2 Records","3 Winners since 1981","4 Earlier winners","5 See also","6 References"]	Flat horse race in France Horse race Prix ExburyGroup 3 raceLe Capucin winner in 1925LocationSaint-Cloud RacecourseSaint-Cloud, FranceInaugurated1891Race typeFlat / ThoroughbredWebsitefrance-galop.comRace informationDistance2,000 metres (1¼ miles)SurfaceTurfTrackLeft-handedQualificationFour-years-old and upWeight57 kgAllowances1 kg if not Group placed Penalties3 kg for Group 1 winners 2 kg for Group 2 winners 1 kg for Group 3 winners * since 1 September last yearPurse€80,000 (2022)1st: €40,000 Prix Exbury 2023 Haya Zark Skalleti Kertez Previous years 2022 Pretty Tiger Hurricane Dream Skalleti 2021 Skalleti Grand Glory Ecrivain 2020-2011 2020 Simona Spirit Of Nelson Pappalino 2019 Soleil Marin Magny Cours Air Pilot 2018 Air Pilot Way To Paris Star Victory 2017 Cloth Of Stars Star Victory Cafe Royal 2016 Garlingari Sumbal Affaire Solitaire 2015 Affaire Solitaire Meadow Creek Arkaitz 2014 Norse King Singing Rose Vista 2013 Saga Dream Don Bosco Espero 2012 Chinchon War Is War Saga Dream 2011 Polytechnicien Cirrus Des Aigles Silver Pond 2010–2001 2010 Chinchon Starlish La Boum 2009 Court Canibal Diyakalanie Chinchon 2008 Spirit One Balius Aspectus 2007 Pearl Sky Elasos Runaway 2006 Kendor Dine Special Kaldoun Gold Sound 2005 Samando Lord Du Sud Pont D'Or 2004 Polish Summer Bright Sky Samando 2003 Aquarelliste Caesarion Border Arrow 2002 Jomana Five Fishes Maid Of Dawkins 2001 Earlene Bleu D'Altair Honorifique 2000–1995 2000 Russian Hope Amilynx Double Heart 1999 Barbola Borgia Jim And Tonic 1998 Loup Sauvage Astarabad Jim And Tonic 1997 Nero Zilzal Le Destin Thames 1996 Gunboat Diplomacy Red Roses Story Tot Ou Tard 1995 Tuesday's Special En Cascade Matarun The Prix Exbury is a Group 3 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbreds aged four years or older. It is run over a distance of 2,000 metres (about 1¼ miles) at Saint-Cloud in March. History The event was originally called the Prix Boiard. It was named after Boiard, a successful racehorse in the 1870s. It was established in 1891, and initially run at Maisons-Laffitte over 2,000 metres. It was open to horses aged three or older. The race was renamed in memory of Eugène Adam (1840–1904), a former president of the Société Sportive d'Encouragement, in 1905. It reverted to its original title when the present Prix Eugène Adam was given its name in 1911. The Prix Boiard was abandoned from 1915 to 1918. It was contested at Saint-Cloud over 2,100 metres in 1919. It returned to Maisons-Laffitte in 1920, and began a longer spell at Saint-Cloud in 1929. Its distance was 2,100 metres in 1931 and 1932. The event was held at Longchamp from 1940 to 1942. It was run at Le Tremblay over 2,150 metres in 1943, and Maisons-Laffitte over 2,200 metres in 1944 and 1945. It returned to Saint-Cloud in 1946. The race was won by a horse called Exbury in 1963, and it was renamed in his honour in 1969. From this point it was closed to three-year-olds. It was given Group 3 status in 1971. The Prix Exbury is usually France's first Group race of the year. Records Most successful horse (2 wins): Fourire – 1899, 1900 Macdonald II – 1904, 1905 Djebel – 1941, 1942 Un Gaillard – 1943, 1944 Yaxilio – 1970, 1971 Mister Sic Top – 1972, 1973 Chinchon – 2010, 2012 Haya Zark - 2023, 2024 Leading jockey (7 wins): Olivier Peslier – Matarun (1994), Gunboat Diplomacy (1996), Nero Zilzal (1997), Loup Sauvage (1998), Court Canibal (2009), Polytechnicien (2011), Chinchon (2012) Christophe Soumillon - Polish Summer (2004), Spirit One (2008), Chinchon (2010), Air Pilot (2018), Pretty Tiger (2022), Haya Zark (2023, 2024) Leading trainer (10 wins): André Fabre – Al Nasr (1982), Imyar (1983), Mille Balles (1984), Village Star (1987), Tuesday's Special (1995), Loup Sauvage (1998), Polish Summer (2004), Polytechnicien (2011), Cloth of Stars (2017), Soleil Marin (2019) Leading owner (7 wins): Marcel Boussac – Goyescas (1933), Goya II (1940), Djebel (1941, 1942), Ardan (1945), Goyama (1947), Nirgal (1948) Winners since 1981 Year Winner Age Jockey Trainer Owner Time 1981 Armistice Day 5 Yves Saint-Martin C. de Watrigant Luis Urbano Sanabria 2:19.30 1982 Al Nasr 4 Alain Lequeux André Fabre Moufid Dabaghi 2:26.80 1983 Imyar 4 Alain Badel André Fabre Peter Baumgartner 2:18.20 1984 Mille Balles 4 Freddy Head André Fabre Guy de Rothschild 2:15.50 1985 Darly 6 Freddy Head David Smaga Georges Blizniansky 1986 New Target 5 Jean-Michel Breux Élie Lellouche Mrs Gerard Sarfati 1987 Village Star 4 Dominique Regnard André Fabre Tony Richards 2:10.80 1988 Coeur de Lion 4 Yvonnick Claudic J. R. Lyon Richard Swift 2:25.40 1989 Saint Andrews 5 Alain Badel Jean-Marie Béguigné Suzy Volterra 2:18.90 1990 Mansonnien 6 Dominique Boeuf Noël Pelat Mrs Bernard Destremau 2:07.90 1991 Leariva 4 Alain Lequeux David Smaga Thierry van Zuylen 2:18.70 1992 Fortune's Wheel 4 Mathieu Boutin Robert Collet Richard Strauss 2:13.70 1993 Urban Sea 4 Mathieu Boutin Jean Lesbordes David Tsui 2:09.20 1994 Matarun 6 Olivier Peslier Henri van de Poele Roland Soula 2:15.10 1995 Tuesday's Special 5 Thierry Jarnet André Fabre Patrick Offenstadt 2:24.70 1996 Gunboat Diplomacy 5 Olivier Peslier Élie Lellouche Daniel Wildenstein 2:08.60 1997 Nero Zilzal 4 Olivier Peslier Élie Lellouche Osvaldo Pedroni 2:11.50 1998 Loup Sauvage 4 Olivier Peslier André Fabre Daniel Wildenstein 2:18.80 1999 Barbola 4 Thierry Thulliez Jean de Roualle Bob McCreery 2:17.60 2000 Russian Hope 5 Goulven Toupel Henri-Alex Pantall Edouard de Rothschild 2:15.30 2001 Earlene 4 Thierry Thulliez Henri-Alex Pantall Sheikh Mohammed 2:24.70 2002 Jomana 4 Olivier Plaçais Henri-Alex Pantall Sheikh Mohammed 2:14.40 2003 Aquarelliste 5 Dominique Boeuf Élie Lellouche Ecurie Wildenstein 2:13.85 2004 Polish Summer 7 Christophe Soumillon André Fabre Khalid Abdullah 2:10.70 2005 Samando 5 Éric Legrix François Doumen Hans Wirth 2:16.40 2006 Kendor Dine 4 Stéphane Pasquier Yves de Nicolay Didier Kahn 2:15.60 2007 Pearl Sky 4 Anthony Crastus Yves de Nicolay Hugh Hogg 2:13.80 2008 Spirit One 4 Christophe Soumillon Philippe Demercastel Bouzid Chehboub 2:12.80 2009 Court Canibal 4 Olivier Peslier Mikel Delzangles Marquesa de Moratalla 2:14.20 2010 Chinchon 5 Christophe Soumillon Carlos Laffon-Parias SARL Darpat France 2:16.60 2011 Polytechnicien 5 Olivier Peslier André Fabre Wertheimer et Frère 2:10.50 2012 Chinchon 7 Olivier Peslier Carlos Laffon-Parias SARL Darpat France 2:08.10 2013 Saga Dream 7 Thierry Jarnet Freddy Lemercier Freddy Lemercier 2:20.11 2014 Norse King 5 Alexis Badel Myriam Bollack-Badel Jeff Smith 2:10.19 2015 Affaire Solitaire 5 Nicolas Perret Patrick Khozian Luigi Roveda 2:08.54 2016 Garlingari 5 Stéphane Pasquier Corine Barande-Barbe Corine Barande-Barbe 2:09.98 2017 Cloth of Stars 4 Mickael Barzalona André Fabre Godolphin 2:07.05 2018 Air Pilot 9 Christophe Soumillon Ralph Beckett Lady Cobham 2:24.49 2019 Soleil Marin 5 Pierre-Charles Boudot André Fabre Godolphin 2:17.29 2020 Simona 4 Alexis Badel Francis-Henry Graffard Nigel & Carolyn Elwes 2:14.87 2021 Skalleti 6 Pierre-Charles Boudot Jerome Reynier Jean-Claude Seroul 2:11:11 2022 Pretty Tiger 4 Christophe Soumillon Fabrice Vermeulen Bernard Giraudon 2:06.11 2023 Haya Zark 4 Christophe Soumillon Adrien Fouassier Odette Fau 2:11.18 2024 Haya Zark 5 Christophe Soumillon Adrien Fouassier Odette Fau 2:25.22 Earlier winners 1891: Sledge 1892: Courlis 1893: Hoche 1894: Fousi Yama 1895: Merlin 1896: Omnium II 1897: Castelnau 1898: Quilda 1899: Fourire 1900: Fourire 1901: Codoman 1902: Cheri 1903: La Camargo 1904: Macdonald II 1905: Macdonald II 1906: Prestige 1907: Maintenon 1908: Biniou 1909: Verdun 1910: Lieutel 1911: Badajoz 1912: Martial 1913: Isard 1914: Nimbus 1915–18: no race 1919: Mont Saint Eloi 1920: Tchad 1921: Souviens Toi 1922: Cid Campeador 1923: Niceas 1924: Sir Gallahad 1925: Le Capucin 1926: Cerulea 1927: King's Darling 1928: Motrico 1929: Tuvari 1930: Mysarch 1931: Le Tourbillon 1932: Parsee 1933: Goyescas 1934: Le Centaure 1935: Farfadette 1936: Renette 1937: Le Calme 1938: Sanguinetto 1939: Feerie 1940: Goya II 1941: Djebel 1942: Djebel 1943: Un Gaillard 1944: Un Gaillard 1945: Ardan 1946: Oural 1947: Goyama 1948: Nirgal 1949: Tharsis 1950: Wild Mec 1951: Alizier 1952: L'Aiglon 1953: Fine Top 1954: Banassa 1955: Soleil Levant 1956: Tropique 1957: Fric 1958: Mon Triomphe 1959: Tombeur 1960: Siva 1961: Djebel Traffic 1962: Match 1963: Exbury 1964: Prima Donna 1965: Free Ride 1966: Diatome 1967: Claquesous 1968: Taglietto 1969: Carmarthen 1970: Yaxilio 1971: Yaxilio 1972: Mister Sic Top 1973: Mister Sic Top 1974: Shari 1975: no race * 1976: Citoyen 1977: Cheraw 1978: Pappagallo 1979: Tempus Fugit 1980: Kamaridaan * The 1975 running was abandoned because of snow. See also List of French flat horse races Recurring sporting events established in 1891 – this race is included under its original title, Prix Boiard. References ^ "Prix Exbury". The French black type. Retrieved 28 March 2022. ^ "1891 Prix Boiard". Le Petit Journal (in French). 9 May 1891. Retrieved 17 February 2013. ^ "1905 Prix Eugène Adam". Le Matin (in French). 15 April 1905. Retrieved 17 February 2013. France Galop / Racing Post: 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 france-galop.com – A Brief History: Prix Exbury. galop.courses-france.com – Prix Exbury – Palmarès depuis 1980. galopp-sieger.de – Prix Exbury (ex Prix Boiard). horseracingintfed.com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Prix Exbury (2020). pedigreequery.com – Prix Exbury – Saint-Cloud.	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It is run over a distance of 2,000 metres (about 1¼ miles) at Saint-Cloud in March.","title":"Prix Exbury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maisons-Laffitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisons-Laffitte_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Prix Eugène Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Eug%C3%A8ne_Adam"},{"link_name":"Longchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longchamp_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Le Tremblay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremblay_Park"},{"link_name":"Exbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exbury_(horse)"}],"text":"The event was originally called the Prix Boiard. It was named after Boiard, a successful racehorse in the 1870s. It was established in 1891, and initially run at Maisons-Laffitte over 2,000 metres.[2] It was open to horses aged three or older.The race was renamed in memory of Eugène Adam (1840–1904), a former president of the Société Sportive d'Encouragement, in 1905.[3] It reverted to its original title when the present Prix Eugène Adam was given its name in 1911.The Prix Boiard was abandoned from 1915 to 1918. It was contested at Saint-Cloud over 2,100 metres in 1919. It returned to Maisons-Laffitte in 1920, and began a longer spell at Saint-Cloud in 1929. Its distance was 2,100 metres in 1931 and 1932.The event was held at Longchamp from 1940 to 1942. It was run at Le Tremblay over 2,150 metres in 1943, and Maisons-Laffitte over 2,200 metres in 1944 and 1945. It returned to Saint-Cloud in 1946.The race was won by a horse called Exbury in 1963, and it was renamed in his honour in 1969. From this point it was closed to three-year-olds. It was given Group 3 status in 1971.The Prix Exbury is usually France's first Group race of the year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Djebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djebel"},{"link_name":"jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey"},{"link_name":"Olivier Peslier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Peslier"},{"link_name":"Christophe Soumillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Soumillon"},{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trainer"},{"link_name":"André Fabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fabre"},{"link_name":"Marcel Boussac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Boussac"}],"text":"Most successful horse (2 wins):\n\nFourire – 1899, 1900\nMacdonald II – 1904, 1905\nDjebel – 1941, 1942\nUn Gaillard – 1943, 1944\nYaxilio – 1970, 1971\nMister Sic Top – 1972, 1973\nChinchon – 2010, 2012\nHaya Zark - 2023, 2024\n\nLeading jockey (7 wins):\n\nOlivier Peslier – Matarun (1994), Gunboat Diplomacy (1996), Nero Zilzal (1997), Loup Sauvage (1998), Court Canibal (2009), Polytechnicien (2011), Chinchon (2012)\nChristophe Soumillon - Polish Summer (2004), Spirit One (2008), Chinchon (2010), Air Pilot (2018), Pretty Tiger (2022), Haya Zark (2023, 2024)\n\nLeading trainer (10 wins):\n\nAndré Fabre – Al Nasr (1982), Imyar (1983), Mille Balles (1984), Village Star (1987), Tuesday's Special (1995), Loup Sauvage (1998), Polish Summer (2004), Polytechnicien (2011), Cloth of Stars (2017), Soleil Marin (2019)\n\nLeading owner (7 wins):\n\nMarcel Boussac – Goyescas (1933), Goya II (1940), Djebel (1941, 1942), Ardan (1945), Goyama (1947), Nirgal (1948)","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners since 1981"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omnium II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnium_II"},{"link_name":"Prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Maintenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenon_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Nimbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_(FR)"},{"link_name":"Sir Gallahad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gallahad"},{"link_name":"Le Capucin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Capucin_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Motrico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motrico_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Djebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djebel"},{"link_name":"Djebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djebel"},{"link_name":"Ardan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardan_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Banassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banassa"},{"link_name":"Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_II"},{"link_name":"Exbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exbury_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Diatome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatome"}],"text":"1891: Sledge\n1892: Courlis\n1893: Hoche\n1894: Fousi Yama\n1895: Merlin\n1896: Omnium II\n1897: Castelnau\n1898: Quilda\n1899: Fourire\n1900: Fourire\n1901: Codoman\n1902: Cheri\n1903: La Camargo\n1904: Macdonald II\n1905: Macdonald II\n1906: Prestige\n1907: Maintenon\n1908: Biniou\n1909: Verdun\n1910: Lieutel\n1911: Badajoz\n1912: Martial\n1913: Isard\n1914: Nimbus\n1915–18: no race\n1919: Mont Saint Eloi\n1920: Tchad\n1921: Souviens Toi\n1922: Cid Campeador\n1923: Niceas\n1924: Sir Gallahad\n1925: Le Capucin\n1926: Cerulea\n1927: King's Darling\n1928: Motrico\n1929: Tuvari\n1930: Mysarch\n1931: Le Tourbillon\n1932: Parsee\n1933: Goyescas\n1934: Le Centaure\n1935: Farfadette\n1936: Renette\n1937: Le Calme\n1938: Sanguinetto\n1939: Feerie\n1940: Goya II\n1941: Djebel\n1942: Djebel\n1943: Un Gaillard\n1944: Un Gaillard\n1945: Ardan\n1946: Oural\n1947: Goyama\n1948: Nirgal\n1949: Tharsis\n1950: Wild Mec\n1951: Alizier\n1952: L'Aiglon\n1953: Fine Top\n1954: Banassa\n1955: Soleil Levant\n1956: Tropique\n1957: Fric\n1958: Mon Triomphe\n1959: Tombeur\n1960: Siva\n1961: Djebel Traffic\n1962: Match\n1963: Exbury\n1964: Prima Donna\n1965: Free Ride\n1966: Diatome\n1967: Claquesous\n1968: Taglietto\n1969: Carmarthen\n1970: Yaxilio\n1971: Yaxilio\n1972: Mister Sic Top\n1973: Mister Sic Top\n1974: Shari\n1975: no race \n1976: Citoyen\n1977: Cheraw\n1978: Pappagallo\n1979: Tempus Fugit\n1980: Kamaridaan The 1975 running was abandoned because of snow.","title":"Earlier winners"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of French flat horse races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_flat_horse_races"},{"title":"Recurring sporting events established in 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recurring_sporting_events_established_in_1891"}]	[{"reference":"\"Prix Exbury\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotham_Church	Cotham Church	["1 History","1.1 Highbury Chapel","1.2 Anglican church","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 51°27′45″N 2°36′01″W / 51.4625°N 2.6002°W / 51.4625; -2.6002 Church in Bristol, EnglandCotham Parish ChurchChurch of St Saviour with St Mary, CothamCotham Parish Church51°27′45″N 2°36′01″W / 51.4625°N 2.6002°W / 51.4625; -2.6002OS grid referenceST584739LocationCotham Road, Cotham, Bristol,CountryEnglandDenominationChurch of EnglandPrevious denominationCongregationalChurchmanshipLiberal CatholicWebsiteChurch websiteHistoryStatusActiveArchitectureFunctional statusParish churchArchitect(s)William ButterfieldStyleGothic RevivalYears built1842–1843AdministrationDioceseDiocese of BristolArchdeaconryArchdeaconry of BristolParishCotham St Saviour with St MaryClergyVicar(s)The Revd David StephensonAssistant priest(s)The Revd Ginny RoystonLaityChurchwarden(s)Jo Chambers and Flora Bean Cotham Church is a Gothic Revival style church in Cotham, Bristol, England. Since 1975, it has been a Church of England parish church known as the Church of St Saviour with St Mary or simply as Cotham Parish Church. History Highbury Chapel Cotham Church was originally Highbury Congregational Chapel, built in 1842 and opened on 6 July 1843, on land donated by Richard Nash. The architect was William Butterfield and this was his first commission, obtained through his family's connection with William Day Wills of the tobacco firm W. D. & H. O. Wills. Henry Overton Wills II, was Principal Deacon of the chapel during the mid-19th century. The exact location seems to have been chosen in part because its association with the 'Marian Martyrs' who were burned to death for heresy near the site during the 1550s. There is a memorial to them on the exterior north wall of the church and another inside. Marian martyrs' memorial Cotham ChurchThe chapel was built in what had been known as 'Gallows Field'. The gallows itself was situated over what is now the crossing point at the start of Cotham Road, between Bewell's Cross and one of the boundary stones of the county of Bristol. The gallows was moved to the New Gaol in 1820 and the cross base was dug up in 1829 when Cotham Road was laid out. A stone said to be from Bewell's Cross is embedded in what is now the boundary wall of the church, with a plaque above it. The name 'Highbury Chapel' had been chosen by the time the foundation stone was laid, in honour of the nonconformist theological college, Highbury College in London. This was the 'largest and most prestigious' dissenting academy in England at that time. Highbury College was also where the chapel's first minister studied. The name 'Highbury' was soon adopted by various properties and houses built in the area, so that it became a general name for the district. These still feature in local names such as Highbury Villas, Highbury Parade and the pub, Highbury Vaults. The chapel opened to worship in July 1843 and a church was formed, with an initial congregation of twenty-one people, who were ministered to by visiting preachers. In July 1844, the Rev. David Thomas was appointed as minister, remaining in post till 1875. He became a prominent member of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, serving as its Chairman in 1865. The chapel grew during this period, partly because of the Rev Thomas' reputation as a preacher and partly as a result of the residential and commercial development of the area. Architectural developments include the construction of the chapel's apse, tower, transepts and vestries, as well as a school that included a lecture room and three classrooms. These were all added in 1863 by Edward William Godwin, raising the seating capacity to 700. When the Rev David Thomas died in 1875, his son, Arnold Thomas, was appointed minister. Arnold Thomas's reputation also went well beyond Bristol. Like his father, he served as Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales. At one time he was apparently offered a professorship at Mansfield College, which was Oxford University's first nonconformist college. Despite being a member of the 'free churches', Arnold Thomas maintained good relations with the Bishop and Dean of Bristol. In 1918 they invited him to lead the prayers at the Cathedral, on behalf of the city's nonconformists, at the thanksgiving service to celebrate the Armistice that ended the Great War. Anglican church In 1972 the Congregational Union of England and Wales broke up, with parts of it merging into the United Reform Church, while other parts formed alternative unions, or disaffiliated. In 1975, the Church of England purchased Highbury Chapel, converting it into an Anglican church. It is now known as the Church of St Saviour with St Mary or simply as Cotham Parish Church. The parish of "Cotham: St Saviour with St Mary" is part of a united benefice with St Paul's Church, Clifton, Bristol in the Archdeaconry of Bristol in the Diocese of Bristol. The church stands in the Liberal Catholic tradition of the Church of England. The church has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building. See also Churches in Bristol Grade II* listed buildings in Bristol References ^ a b Major, S. D. (1872). New Illustrated Handbook to Bristol, Clifton and Neighbourhood. Bristol: W. Mack, Steam Press. p. 65. ^ a b "St Saviour & St Mary (Highbury Chapel), COTHAM PARISH CHURCH, Bristol". Churchcrawler. Retrieved 10 August 2016. ^ a b c Historic England. "Cotham Church (1282286)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 May 2017. ^ Thomas, H. Arnold (1876). Memorials of the Rev. David Thomas, B.A., of Bristol. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 33. ^ Powell, K. G. (1972). The Marian Martyrs and the Reformation in Bristol. Bristol: Bristol Historical Association. pp. 16–18. ^ Jones, Evan (15 March 2024). "Locating Bewell's Cross". Bristol Record Society. ^ Photograph: 'Fragment of Bewell's Cross' ^ Ayres, William F. (1963). The Highbury Story: Highbury Chapel Bristol: the first fifty years. Bristol: The Independent Press. p. 16. ^ Brown, Kenneth D. (1978). A Social History of the Nonconformist Ministry in England and Wales, 1800-1930. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press. p. 64. ^ Thomas, H. Arnold (1876). Memorials of the Rev. David Thomas, B.A., of Bristol. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 8–13. ^ Ayres, William F. (1963). The Highbury Story: Highbury Chapel Bristol: the first fifty years. Bristol: The Independent Press. pp. 16–17. ^ "Highbury Vaults". Highbury Vaults. Retrieved 27 March 2024. ^ Thomas, H. Arnold (1876). Memorials of the Rev. David Thomas, B.A., of Bristol. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 32–33. ^ Thomas, H. Arnold (1876). Memorials of the Rev. David Thomas, B.A., of Bristol. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 60–61. ^ Micklem, Nathaniel (1925). "Memoir: Highbury". Arnold Thomas of Bristol: collected papers and addresses. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 83. ^ Micklem, Nathaniel (1925). "Memoir: Highbury". Arnold Thomas of Bristol: collected papers and addresses. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 31. ^ Micklem, Nathaniel (1925). "Memoir: Highbury". Arnold Thomas of Bristol: collected papers and addresses. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 75. ^ "Highbury Chapel (now Cotham Parish Church), Cotham, Bristol". Churchdb. Retrieved 10 August 2016. ^ a b c "St Saviour w St Mary, also known as Cotham Parish Church, Cotham". A Church Near You. Archbishops' Council. Retrieved 19 May 2017. ^ "About us". Cotham Parish Church. Retrieved 19 May 2017. vteCulture in BristolVenues Ashton Gate Bristol Arena (proposed) Bristol County Ground Bristol Hippodrome Bristol Old Vic Bristol Beacon Cube Microplex Memorial Stadium O2 Academy Bristol QEH Theatre Redgrave Theatre St George's, Brandon Hill The Thekla Tobacco Factory Victoria Rooms Watershed Whiteladies Picture House Wickham Theatre Winston Theatre Festivals Afrika Eye Bristol Festival of Ideas Bristol Harbour Festival Bristol International Balloon Fiesta Bristol Shakespeare Festival Festival of Nature Kite Festival Pride Bristol Slapstick Festival St Pauls Carnival Museums, galleries, archives and public art Arnolfini Blaise Castle Blaise Hamlet Banksy Bristol Archives Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery Bristol Harbour Railway Bristol Zoo Clifton Observatory Georgian House Glenside Museum Kings Weston Roman Villa M Shed Red Lodge Museum Royal West of England Academy See No Evil SS Great Britain We the Curious Wild Place Project Parks &Open Spaces Parks of Bristol Ashton Court Blaise Castle Brandon Hill Castle Park College Green The Downs Eastville Park Kings Weston Hill Lamplighters Marsh Redland Green Oldbury Court Estate Queen Square Snuff Mills St George's Park Stoke Park Victoria Park Churches All Saints' Church Bristol Cathedral Bristol Community Church Broadmead Baptist Church Buckingham Baptist Chapel Chapel of the Three Kings of Cologne Christ Church, Clifton Down Christ Church with St Ewen Church of All Saints Church of Holy Trinity, Hotwells Church of Holy Trinity, Stapleton Church of the Holy Trinity with St Edmund Church of St John the Baptist City Road Baptist Church Cotham Church Counterslip Baptist Church Clifton Cathedral Crofts End Church John Wesley's New Room Holy Trinity Church, Kingswood Holy Trinity Church, Westbury on Trym Horfield United Reformed Church Hope Chapel Lewin's Mead Unitarian meeting house Pro-Cathedral of the Holy Apostles St Mary Redcliffe Redland Chapel St. Augustine's Church, Whitchurch St Augustine the Less Church St George's Church St James' Presbyterian St James' Priory St John the Baptist St Luke's Church St Mark's Church St Mary le Port Church St Mary on the Quay St Mary's Church, Henbury St Matthew's Church St Michael on the Mount Without St Nicholas St Paul's Church St Paul's, Clifton St Peter and St Paul St Peter's Church, Bishopsworth St Peter's Church, Castle Park St Philip and St Jacob St Stephen's Church St Thomas the Martyr St Werburgh's Church Temple Church Trinity Centre Tyndale Baptist Church Whitefield's Tabernacle, Kingswood Woodlands Christian Centre Pubs Black Castle The Crown The Coronation Tap The Famous Royal Naval Volunteer Hatchet Inn King William Ale House The Lido Llandoger Trow Mauretania, Bristol Nova Scotia The Old Duke Old Post Office Palace Hotel Printers Devil Pump House Seven Stars Shakespeare Inn The Shakespeare Stag and Hounds Former attractions Ashton Court Festival Bierkeller Theatre British Empire and Commonwealth Museum Bristol Industrial Museum Jacobs Well Theatre Redcliffe Hall	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival"},{"link_name":"Cotham, Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotham,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"}],"text":"Church in Bristol, EnglandCotham Church is a Gothic Revival style church in Cotham, Bristol, England. Since 1975, it has been a Church of England parish church known as the Church of St Saviour with St Mary or simply as Cotham Parish Church.","title":"Cotham Church"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congregational Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"William Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butterfield"},{"link_name":"William Day Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Day_Wills"},{"link_name":"W. D. & H. O. 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D. & H. O. Wills.[2][3] Henry Overton Wills II, was Principal Deacon of the chapel during the mid-19th century.[4] The exact location seems to have been chosen in part because its association with the 'Marian Martyrs' who were burned to death for heresy near the site during the 1550s.[5] There is a memorial to them on the exterior north wall of the church and another inside.Marian martyrs' memorial Cotham ChurchThe chapel was built in what had been known as 'Gallows Field'. The gallows itself was situated over what is now the crossing point at the start of Cotham Road, between Bewell's Cross and one of the boundary stones of the county of Bristol.[6] The gallows was moved to the New Gaol in 1820 and the cross base was dug up in 1829 when Cotham Road was laid out. A stone said to be from Bewell's Cross is embedded in what is now the boundary wall of the church, with a plaque above it.[7][circular reference]The name 'Highbury Chapel' had been chosen by the time the foundation stone was laid, in honour of the nonconformist theological college, Highbury College in London.[8] This was the 'largest and most prestigious' dissenting academy in England at that time.[9] Highbury College was also where the chapel's first minister studied.[10] The name 'Highbury' was soon adopted by various properties and houses built in the area, so that it became a general name for the district.[11] These still feature in local names such as Highbury Villas, Highbury Parade and the pub, Highbury Vaults.[12]The chapel opened to worship in July 1843 and a church was formed, with an initial congregation of twenty-one people, who were ministered to by visiting preachers. In July 1844, the Rev. David Thomas was appointed as minister, remaining in post till 1875.[13] He became a prominent member of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, serving as its Chairman in 1865.[14] The chapel grew during this period, partly because of the Rev Thomas' reputation as a preacher and partly as a result of the residential and commercial development of the area. Architectural developments include the construction of the chapel's apse, tower, transepts and vestries, as well as a school that included a lecture room and three classrooms. These were all added in 1863 by Edward William Godwin, raising the seating capacity to 700.[1]When the Rev David Thomas died in 1875, his son, Arnold Thomas, was appointed minister. Arnold Thomas's reputation also went well beyond Bristol. Like his father, he served as Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales.[15] At one time he was apparently offered a professorship at Mansfield College, which was Oxford University's first nonconformist college.[16] Despite being a member of the 'free churches', Arnold Thomas maintained good relations with the Bishop and Dean of Bristol. In 1918 they invited him to lead the prayers at the Cathedral, on behalf of the city's nonconformists, at the thanksgiving service to celebrate the Armistice that ended the Great War.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congregational Union of England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_Union_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"United Reform Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listed-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cotham_Church-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Near_You-19"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_(Church_of_England)"},{"link_name":"united benefice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_benefice"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Church, Clifton, Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Clifton,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Archdeaconry of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeaconry_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Near_You-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_us-20"},{"link_name":"Liberal Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Anglo-Catholicism"},{"link_name":"tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchmanship"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Near_You-19"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Grade II* listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed_building"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listed-3"}],"sub_title":"Anglican church","text":"In 1972 the Congregational Union of England and Wales broke up, with parts of it merging into the United Reform Church, while other parts formed alternative unions, or disaffiliated. In 1975, the Church of England purchased Highbury Chapel, converting it into an Anglican church.[3][2][18] It is now known as the Church of St Saviour with St Mary or simply as Cotham Parish Church.[19] The parish of \"Cotham: St Saviour with St Mary\" is part of a united benefice with St Paul's Church, Clifton, Bristol in the Archdeaconry of Bristol in the Diocese of Bristol.[19][20] The church stands in the Liberal Catholic tradition of the Church of England.[19]The church has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building.[3]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Marian martyrs' memorial Cotham Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Marian_martyrs_memorial_cotham_church.jpg/220px-Marian_martyrs_memorial_cotham_church.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Churches in Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_in_Bristol"},{"title":"Grade II* listed buildings in Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Bristol"}]	[{"reference":"Major, S. D. (1872). New Illustrated Handbook to Bristol, Clifton and Neighbourhood. Bristol: W. Mack, Steam Press. p. 65.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/major-illustrated-handbook-bristol/page/64/mode/2up","url_text":"New Illustrated Handbook to Bristol, Clifton and Neighbourhood"}]},{"reference":"\"St Saviour & St Mary (Highbury Chapel), COTHAM PARISH CHURCH, Bristol\". Churchcrawler. Retrieved 10 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.churchcrawler.co.uk/bristol2/cotham.htm","url_text":"\"St Saviour & St Mary (Highbury Chapel), COTHAM PARISH CHURCH, Bristol\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Cotham Church (1282286)\". National Heritage List for England. 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Bristol: The Independent Press. pp. 16–17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Highbury Vaults\". Highbury Vaults. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.highburyvaults.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Highbury Vaults\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, H. Arnold (1876). Memorials of the Rev. David Thomas, B.A., of Bristol. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 32–33.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memorials-david-thomas/page/32/mode/2up","url_text":"Memorials of the Rev. David Thomas, B.A., of Bristol"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, H. Arnold (1876). Memorials of the Rev. David Thomas, B.A., of Bristol. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 60–61.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memorials-david-thomas/page/60/mode/2up","url_text":"Memorials of the Rev. David Thomas, B.A., of Bristol"}]},{"reference":"Micklem, Nathaniel (1925). \"Memoir: Highbury\". Arnold Thomas of Bristol: collected papers and addresses. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 83.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/micklem-arnold-thomas/page/82/mode/2up","url_text":"Arnold Thomas of Bristol: collected papers and addresses"}]},{"reference":"Micklem, Nathaniel (1925). \"Memoir: Highbury\". Arnold Thomas of Bristol: collected papers and addresses. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 31.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/micklem-arnold-thomas/page/30/mode/2up","url_text":"Arnold Thomas of Bristol: collected papers and addresses"}]},{"reference":"Micklem, Nathaniel (1925). \"Memoir: Highbury\". Arnold Thomas of Bristol: collected papers and addresses. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 75.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/micklem-arnold-thomas/page/74/mode/2up","url_text":"Arnold Thomas of Bristol: collected papers and addresses"}]},{"reference":"\"Highbury Chapel (now Cotham Parish Church), Cotham, Bristol\". Churchdb. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_You_So_Hard_(Boy%27s_Bad_News)	I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)	["1 Track listing","2 Cover version","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "I Want You So Hard" Boy's Bad News – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2006 single by Eagles of Death Metal"I Want You So Hard(Boy's Bad News)"Single by Eagles of Death Metalfrom the album Death by Sexy ReleasedApril 10, 2006Recorded2006GenreAlternative rock, garage rockLength2:21LabelColumbiaSongwriter(s)Jesse Hughes and Josh HommeProducer(s)Josh HommeEagles of Death Metal singles chronology "I Want You So Hard(Boy's Bad News)" (2006) "I Gotta Feelin (Just Nineteen)" (2006) Music videoVideo on YouTube "I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)" is the first single from the Eagles of Death Metal's second studio album Death By Sexy. The song and music video has Jack Black, Josh Homme and Dave Grohl (all in wigs) making guest appearances. The video was directed by Akiva Schaffer, who directs the SNL Digital Shorts on Saturday Night Live, including the short Lazy Sunday. Schaffer's involvement led to Black's cameo, as the two previously worked together on a failed television pilot Awesometown, as well as a cameo by Lonely Island cohort Chester Tam, as a man who had his clothes blown off. In 2008, the song appeared in the credits of the HBO series True Blood, and was used in the video game Gran Turismo 5 (2010). Track listing "I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)" - 2:21 "Addicted to Love" (Robert Palmer) - 4:04 "Boy's Bad News (Slab Version)" - 1:11 Cover version In 2008, "I Want You So Hard" was performed live by Meat Loaf as the opening song throughout the European leg of The Casa de Carne Tour. A recording of this was subsequently included on the bonus disc of his album Hang Cool Teddy Bear (2010). Pearl Jam performed "I Want You So Hard" in Belo Horizonte on November 20, 2015. vteEagles of Death Metal Jesse Hughes Josh Homme Current touring lineup Hughes Jennie Vee Scott Shiflett Leah Bluestein Former touring members Dave Catching Joey Castillo Claude Coleman, Jr. Julian Dorio Jeff Friedl Samantha Maloney Matt McJunkins Brian O'Connor Gene Trautmann Tim Vanhamel Jorma Vik Studio albums Peace, Love, Death Metal Death by Sexy Heart On Zipper Down Singles "I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)" "Wannabe in L.A." DVDs DVD by Sexy Related articles Discography Queens of the Stone Age The Desert Sessions Millionaire Placebo November 2015 Paris attacks Rainbow A Pair of Queens Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work References ^ "FMQB Airplay Archive: Modern Rock". Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report, Incorporated. Archived from the original on March 22, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2016. This 2000s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Eagles of Death Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_of_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"Death By Sexy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_By_Sexy"},{"link_name":"Jack Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Black"},{"link_name":"Josh Homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Homme"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"Akiva Schaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Schaffer"},{"link_name":"SNL Digital Shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNL_Digital_Shorts"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Lazy Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_Sunday_(The_Lonely_Island_song)"},{"link_name":"television pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"Awesometown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonely_Island#Awesometown"},{"link_name":"Lonely Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonely_Island"},{"link_name":"True Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Blood"},{"link_name":"Gran Turismo 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo_5"}],"text":"2006 single by Eagles of Death Metal\"I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)\" is the first single from the Eagles of Death Metal's second studio album Death By Sexy. The song and music video has Jack Black, Josh Homme and Dave Grohl (all in wigs) making guest appearances. The video was directed by Akiva Schaffer, who directs the SNL Digital Shorts on Saturday Night Live, including the short Lazy Sunday. Schaffer's involvement led to Black's cameo, as the two previously worked together on a failed television pilot Awesometown, as well as a cameo by Lonely Island cohort Chester Tam, as a man who had his clothes blown off. In 2008, the song appeared in the credits of the HBO series True Blood, and was used in the video game Gran Turismo 5 (2010).","title":"I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Addicted to Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addicted_to_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"Robert Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(singer)"}],"text":"\"I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)\" - 2:21\n\"Addicted to Love\" (Robert Palmer) - 4:04\n\"Boy's Bad News (Slab Version)\" - 1:11","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"The Casa de Carne Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Casa_de_Carne_Tour"},{"link_name":"Hang Cool Teddy Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Cool_Teddy_Bear"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eagles_of_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Eagles_of_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eagles_of_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"Eagles of Death Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_of_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"Jesse Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Hughes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Josh Homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Homme"},{"link_name":"Jennie Vee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Vee"},{"link_name":"Dave Catching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Catching"},{"link_name":"Joey Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Castillo"},{"link_name":"Claude Coleman, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Coleman,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Julian Dorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Dorio"},{"link_name":"Samantha Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Maloney"},{"link_name":"Matt McJunkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_McJunkins"},{"link_name":"Brian O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O%27Connor_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Gene Trautmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Trautmann"},{"link_name":"Tim Vanhamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Vanhamel"},{"link_name":"Peace, Love, Death Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace,_Love,_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"Death by Sexy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_Sexy"},{"link_name":"Heart On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_On"},{"link_name":"Zipper Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipper_Down"},{"link_name":"I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Wannabe in L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannabe_in_L.A."},{"link_name":"DVD by Sexy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_by_Sexy"},{"link_name":"Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_of_Death_Metal_discography"},{"link_name":"Queens of the Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"The Desert Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millionaire_(band)"},{"link_name":"Placebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo_(band)"},{"link_name":"November 2015 Paris attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks"},{"link_name":"Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_(Kesha_album)"},{"link_name":"A Pair of Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Pair_of_Queens"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5979520#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/4482c2fa-14cf-39d7-866b-4344997ffd59"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/work/4b6b8d43-8ac7-4653-b2b4-035432359240"}],"text":"In 2008, \"I Want You So Hard\" was performed live by Meat Loaf as the opening song throughout the European leg of The Casa de Carne Tour. A recording of this was subsequently included on the bonus disc of his album Hang Cool Teddy Bear (2010).Pearl Jam performed \"I Want You So Hard\" in Belo Horizonte on November 20, 2015.vteEagles of Death Metal\nJesse Hughes\nJosh Homme\nCurrent touring lineup\nHughes\nJennie Vee\nScott Shiflett\nLeah Bluestein\nFormer touring members\nDave Catching\nJoey Castillo\nClaude Coleman, Jr.\nJulian Dorio\nJeff Friedl\nSamantha Maloney\nMatt McJunkins\nBrian O'Connor\nGene Trautmann\nTim Vanhamel\nJorma Vik\nStudio albums\nPeace, Love, Death Metal\nDeath by Sexy\nHeart On\nZipper Down\nSingles\n\"I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)\"\n\"Wannabe in L.A.\"\nDVDs\nDVD by Sexy\nRelated articles\nDiscography\nQueens of the Stone Age\nThe Desert Sessions\nMillionaire\nPlacebo\nNovember 2015 Paris attacks\nRainbow\nA Pair of QueensAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group\nMusicBrainz work","title":"Cover version"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"FMQB Airplay Archive: Modern Rock\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_women%27s_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2003%E2%80%9304	England women's cricket team in South Africa in 2003–04	["1 One Day International series","1.1 1st ODI","1.2 2nd ODI","1.3 3rd ODI","1.4 4th ODI","1.5 5th ODI","2 Tour matches","2.1 50-over tour match: England Women v Northerns Women","2.2 50-over tour match: England Women v Boland and Western Province Women's Invitation XI","2.3 50-over tour match: England Women v Boland and Eastern Province Women's Invitation XI","2.4 50-over tour match: England Women v Northerns Women","3 References"]	English women's cricket team in South Africa in 2003–04 South Africa EnglandDates 8 February 2004 – 1 March 2004Captains Alison Hodgkinson Clare ConnorOne Day International seriesResults England won the 5-match series 4–1Most runs Johmari Logtenberg 158 Charlotte Edwards 380Most wickets Cri-Zelda Brits 6Shandre Fritz 6 Rosalie Birch 11 The England women's cricket team toured South Africa in 2003–04, playing five women's One Day Internationals. One Day International series 1st ODI 15 February 2004 Scorecard England 151/9 (50 overs) v South Africa152/9 (50 overs) Charlotte Edwards 55 (97) Shandre Fritz 3/22 Johmari Logtenberg 67 (99) Clare Connor 4/25 South Africa won by 1 wicket ABSA Oval, Port Elizabeth Umpires: Hugo Lindenberg and Lawrence Willemse Player of the match: Johmari Logtenberg England won the toss and elected to bat. 2nd ODI 18 February 2004 Scorecard England 281/7 (50 overs) v South Africa162 (42.5 overs) Charlotte Edwards 102 (117) Sune van Zyl 2/53 Daleen Terblanche 27 (44) Clare Taylor 3/48 England won by 119 runs Mercedes Benz Park, East London Umpires: Kevin Adams and Mike Gajjar Player of the match: Charlotte Edwards England won the toss and elected to bat. 3rd ODI 22 February 2004 Scorecard South Africa 157/5 (50 overs) v England159/3 (40.5 overs) Daleen Terblanche 81 (152) Rosalie Birch 2/26 Charlotte Edwards 84* (126) Shandre Fritz 2/18 England won by 7 wickets Laudium Oval, Pretoria Umpires: Zama Ndamane and Gerrie Pienaar Player of the match: Charlotte Edwards South Africa won the toss and elected to bat. 4th ODI 29 February 2004 Scorecard England 242/5 (50 overs) v South Africa142/9 (50 overs) Claire Taylor 82 (76) Cri-Zelda Brits 3/43 Alicia Smith 38 (56) Rosalie Birch 3/28 England won by 100 runs Lenasia Stadium, Johannesburg Umpires: John Ostrom and Gerrie Pienaar Player of the match: Claire Taylor England won the toss and elected to bat. 5th ODI 1 March 2004 Scorecard England 254/9 (50 overs) v South Africa216 (48.5 overs) Charlotte Edwards 81 (93) Josephine Barnard 2/33 Johmari Logtenberg 76 (73) Rosalie Birch 5/50 England won by 38 runs North West Cricket Stadium, Potchefstroom Umpires: Karl Hurter and Zama Ndamane Player of the match: Rosalie Birch England won the toss and elected to bat. Tour matches 50-over tour match: England Women v Northerns Women 8 February 2004 Scorecard England 238/7 (50 overs) v Northerns123 (43.3 overs) Laura Newton 84 (133) Yolandie Bronkhorst 3/41 Yulandi van der Merwe 44 (48) Rosalie Birch 2/11 England won by 115 runs Harlequins, Pretoria Umpires: Duma Ntuli and S Zoutendyk England won the toss and elected to bat. 50-over tour match: England Women v Boland and Western Province Women's Invitation XI 12 February 2004 Scorecard England 207/6 (50 overs) v Boland and Western Province Women's Invitation XI53 (46.5 overs) Charlotte Edwards 44 (71) A Pietersen 3/43 B Cartlege 19 (82) Lucy Pearson 4/10 England won by 154 runs ABSA Oval, Port Elizabeth Umpires: Shaun George and Bernard Harrison England won the toss and elected to bat. 50-over tour match: England Women v Boland and Eastern Province Women's Invitation XI 14 February 2004 Scorecard England 225 (42.2 overs) v Boland and Eastern Province Women's Invitation XI101/9 (50 overs) Claire Taylor 90 (98) A Veeriah 3/19 Trisha Chetty 26* (73) Beth Morgan 3/24 England won by 124 runs ABSA Oval, Port Elizabeth Umpires: C Barry and Shaun George England won the toss and elected to bat. 50-over tour match: England Women v Northerns Women 20 February 2004 Scorecard England 212 (49.4 overs) v Northerns161/8 (50 overs) Laura Newton 60 (89) Kirsten Blair 4/32 M Langa 44 (96) Helen Wardlaw 3/12 England won by 51 runs Sinovich Park, Pretoria Umpires: B Goldwin and Duma Ntuli England won the toss and elected to bat. References ^ "England Women in South Africa 2003/04". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2010. vte England women's cricket teamPlayers Test cricketers ODI cricketers Twenty20 International cricketers Related teams Young England Tours Australia/New Zealand 1934–35 Australia/New Zealand 1948–49 Australia/New Zealand 1957–58 South Africa 1960–61 Australia/New Zealand 1968–69 Australia 1984–85 Ireland 1990 Australia/New Zealand 1991–92 India 1995–96 Australia/New Zealand 1999–2000 New Zealand 2000–01 India 2001–02 Australia 2002–03 South Africa 2003–04 South Africa 2004–05 India/Sri Lanka 2005–06 Australia/New Zealand 2007–08 West Indies 2009–10 India 2009–10 Sri Lanka 2010–11 Australia 2010–11 South Africa 2011–12 New Zealand 2011–12 West Indies 2013–14 Australia 2013–14 New Zealand 2014–15 South Africa 2015–16 Sri Lanka 2016–17 West Indies 2016–17 India 2017–18 Australia 2017–18 India 2018–19 Sri Lanka 2018–19 Pakistan 2019–20 New Zealand 2020–21 Pakistan 2021–22 Australia 2021–22 West Indies 2022–23 India 2023–24 Home series Australia 1937 Australia 1951 New Zealand 1954 Australia 1963 New Zealand 1966 Australia 1976 West Indies 1979 New Zealand 1984 India 1986 Australia 1987 New Zealand 1996 South Africa 1997 Australia 1998 India 1999 South Africa 2000 Australia 2001 India 2002 South Africa 2003 New Zealand 2004 Australia 2005 India 2006 South Africa 2007 New Zealand 2007 West Indies 2008 South Africa 2008 India 2008 Australia 2009 Ireland 2010 New Zealand 2010 Ireland 2012 India 2012 Pakistan 2012 West Indies 2012 Pakistan 2013 Australia 2013 India 2014 South Africa 2014 Australia 2015 Pakistan 2016 South Africa 2018 New Zealand 2018 West Indies 2019 Australia 2019 West Indies 2020 India 2021 New Zealand 2021 South Africa 2022 India 2022 Australia 2023 Sri Lanka 2023 Pakistan 2024 CompetitionsThe Ashes 1934–35 1937 1948–49 1951 1957–58 1963 1968–69 1976 1984–85 1987 1991–92 1998 2001 2002–03 2005 2007–08 2009 2010–11 2013 2013–14 2015 2017–18 2019 2021–22 2023 Europe 1989 1990 1991 1995 1999 2001 Tri-Nations 1991–92 2002 2013–14 2017–18 2018 2020 Quadrangular Series 2002–03 2006–07 2011 (T20) 2011 (ODI) Commonwealth Games 2022 MatchesWorld Cup finals 1982 1988 1993 2009 2017 2022 T20 World Cup finals 2018 See also Record by opponent vte South Africa women's national cricket teamPlayers Test cricketers ODI cricketers Twenty20 International cricketers Tours Ireland 1997 England 1997 Australia 1998–99 New Zealand 1998–99 England 2000 England 2003 Netherlands 2007 England 2007 England 2008 Bangladesh 2012–13 West Indies 2012–13 England 2014 India 2014–15 Pakistan/UAE 2014–15 Sri Lanka 2014–15 Bangladesh 2015–16 Ireland 2016 Australia 2016–17 Bangladesh 2016–17 England 2018 West Indies 2018 India 2019–20 New Zealand 2019–20 India 2020–21 West Indies 2021 Ireland 2022 England 2022 Pakistan 2023 Australia 2023–24 Home series England 1960–61 New Zealand 1971–72 India 2001–02 England 2003–04 England 2004–05 West Indies 2004–05 Pakistan 2006–07 West Indies 2009–10 England 2011–12 Bangladesh 2013–14 Sri Lanka 2013–14 England 2015–16 West Indies 2015–16 New Zealand 2016–17 India 2017–18 Bangladesh 2018 Sri Lanka 2018–19 Pakistan 2019 Australia 2019–20 Pakistan 2020–21 West Indies 2021–22 New Zealand 2023–24 Bangladesh 2023–24 CompetitionsTri-Nations 2013–14 2018 2022–23 Quadrangular Series 2017 Challenge Series 2010 See also Series Record by opponent This article about an international cricket tour of South Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England women's cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"women's One Day Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_One_Day_Internationals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The England women's cricket team toured South Africa in 2003–04, playing five women's One Day Internationals.[1]","title":"England women's cricket team in South Africa in 2003–04"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"One Day International series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79081.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South 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Hugo Lindenberg and Lawrence Willemse Player of the match: Johmari Logtenberg\n\n\nEngland won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"One Day International series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79105.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Sune van Zyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sune_van_Zyl"},{"link_name":"Daleen Terblanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daleen_Terblanche"},{"link_name":"Clare Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Mercedes Benz Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Park"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London,_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Edwards"}],"sub_title":"2nd ODI","text":"18 February 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 281/7 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n South Africa162 (42.5 overs)\n\n\nCharlotte Edwards 102 (117) Sune van Zyl 2/53 [9]\n\n\n\nDaleen Terblanche 27 (44) Clare Taylor 3/48 [9]\n\n\n\nEngland won by 119 runs Mercedes Benz Park, East London Umpires: Kevin Adams and Mike Gajjar Player of the match: Charlotte Edwards\n\n\nEngland won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"One Day International series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79142.html"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Daleen Terblanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daleen_Terblanche"},{"link_name":"Rosalie Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalie_Birch"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Shandre Fritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandre_Fritz"},{"link_name":"Laudium Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudium_Oval"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Edwards"}],"sub_title":"3rd ODI","text":"22 February 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouth Africa 157/5 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n England159/3 (40.5 overs)\n\n\nDaleen Terblanche 81 (152) Rosalie Birch 2/26 [10]\n\n\n\nCharlotte Edwards 84* (126) Shandre Fritz 2/18 [5.5]\n\n\n\nEngland won by 7 wickets Laudium Oval, Pretoria Umpires: Zama Ndamane and Gerrie Pienaar Player of the match: Charlotte Edwards\n\n\nSouth Africa won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"One Day International series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79202.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Claire Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Cri-Zelda Brits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri-Zelda_Brits"},{"link_name":"Alicia Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Smith"},{"link_name":"Rosalie Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalie_Birch"},{"link_name":"Lenasia Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenasia_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Claire Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Taylor"}],"sub_title":"4th ODI","text":"29 February 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 242/5 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n South Africa142/9 (50 overs)\n\n\nClaire Taylor 82 (76) Cri-Zelda Brits 3/43 [10]\n\n\n\nAlicia Smith 38 (56) Rosalie Birch 3/28 [10]\n\n\n\nEngland won by 100 runs Lenasia Stadium, Johannesburg Umpires: John Ostrom and Gerrie Pienaar Player of the match: Claire Taylor\n\n\nEngland won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"One Day International series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79208.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Josephine Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Barnard"},{"link_name":"Johmari Logtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johmari_Logtenberg"},{"link_name":"Rosalie Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalie_Birch"},{"link_name":"North West Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Potchefstroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potchefstroom"},{"link_name":"Rosalie Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalie_Birch"}],"sub_title":"5th ODI","text":"1 March 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 254/9 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\n South Africa216 (48.5 overs)\n\n\nCharlotte Edwards 81 (93) Josephine Barnard 2/33 [7]\n\n\n\nJohmari Logtenberg 76 (73) Rosalie Birch 5/50 [9.5]\n\n\n\nEngland won by 38 runs North West Cricket Stadium, Potchefstroom Umpires: Karl Hurter and Zama Ndamane Player of the match: Rosalie Birch\n\n\nEngland won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"One Day International series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tour matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147202.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Northerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northerns_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Laura Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Newton"},{"link_name":"Yolandie Bronkhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolandie_Bronkhorst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yulandi van der Merwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulandi_van_der_Merwe"},{"link_name":"Rosalie Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalie_Birch"},{"link_name":"Harlequins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quins-Bobbies_Rugby_Club#Pretoria_Harlequins"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"}],"sub_title":"50-over tour match: England Women v Northerns Women","text":"8 February 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 238/7 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\nNortherns123 (43.3 overs)\n\n\nLaura Newton 84 (133) Yolandie Bronkhorst 3/41 [8.3]\n\n\n\nYulandi van der Merwe 44 (48) Rosalie Birch 2/11 [6.3]\n\n\n\nEngland won by 115 runs Harlequins, Pretoria Umpires: Duma Ntuli and S Zoutendyk \n\n\nEngland won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"Tour matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147203.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Lucy Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Pearson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"ABSA Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABSA_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"}],"sub_title":"50-over tour match: England Women v Boland and Western Province Women's Invitation XI","text":"12 February 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 207/6 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\nBoland and Western Province Women's Invitation XI53 (46.5 overs)\n\n\nCharlotte Edwards 44 (71) A Pietersen 3/43 [10]\n\n\n\nB Cartlege 19 (82) Lucy Pearson 4/10 [10]\n\n\n\nEngland won by 154 runs ABSA Oval, Port Elizabeth Umpires: Shaun George and Bernard Harrison \n\n\nEngland won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"Tour matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147204.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Claire Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Trisha Chetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_Chetty"},{"link_name":"Beth Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Morgan_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"ABSA Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABSA_Oval"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"}],"sub_title":"50-over tour match: England Women v Boland and Eastern Province Women's Invitation XI","text":"14 February 2004 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland 225 (42.2 overs)\n\nv\n\nBoland and Eastern Province Women's Invitation XI101/9 (50 overs)\n\n\nClaire Taylor 90 (98) A Veeriah 3/19 [4.2]\n\n\n\nTrisha Chetty 26* (73) Beth Morgan 3/24 [10]\n\n\n\nEngland won by 124 runs ABSA Oval, Port Elizabeth Umpires: C Barry and Shaun George \n\n\nEngland won the toss and elected to bat.","title":"Tour matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147205.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Northerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northerns_women%27s_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Laura 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Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604160115/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/RSA/2003-04_RSA_England_Women_in_South_Africa_2003-04.html","url_text":"\"England Women in South Africa 2003/04\""},{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/RSA/2003-04_RSA_England_Women_in_South_Africa_2003-04.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79081.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79105.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79142.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79202.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/79/79208.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147202.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147203.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147204.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147205.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604160115/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/RSA/2003-04_RSA_England_Women_in_South_Africa_2003-04.html","external_links_name":"\"England Women in South Africa 2003/04\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/RSA/2003-04_RSA_England_Women_in_South_Africa_2003-04.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2003%E2%80%9304&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_H._Meade	Wendell H. Meade	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"]	American politician Meade in 1946 Wendell Howes Meade (January 18, 1912 – June 2, 1986) was an American attorney and politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky's 7th Congressional District during the Eightieth Congress (January 3, 1947–January 3, 1949). Early life and education Meade, born in Paintsville, Kentucky, attended high school at the Kentucky Military Institute in Lyndon before attending Western State Teachers College in Bowling Green from 1930 to 1933. After leaving Western, he engaged in the banking business from 1933 to 1936. Meade graduated from University of Louisville School of Law in 1939 and was admitted to the bar the same year; opening a law practice in Paintsville. Career Before his election to congress, Meade was a practicing lawyer in Paintsville, Kentucky, and served as a lieutenant in the United States Navy from November 1943 until January 1946. Meade held several elected and appointed political positions. Elected to the Eightieth Congress in 1947, he served one term before he was unseated by Carl D. Perkins in 1948. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican gubernatorial nomination in 1951. Meade was zone operations commissioner for the Federal Housing Administration from 1957 to 1961;Kentucky's commissioner of personnel from 1968 to February 1969; and a member of the Kentucky Workman's Compensation Board from 1969 to 1970. Personal life During his later years, Meade was a resident of Richmond, Kentucky. Meade died in Lexington on June 2, 1986. References ^ a b c d Biographical Directory of the United States Congress URL accessed 16 August 2006. U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byAndrew J. May Member of the U.S. House of Representatives for the 7th District of Kentucky 1947–1949 Succeeded byCarl D. Perkins vteKentucky's delegation(s) to the 80th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority) 80th Senate: ▌A. Barkley (D) · ▌J. Cooper (R) House: ▌J. Robsion (R) ▌V. Chapman (D) ▌B. Spence (D) ▌N. Gregory (D) ▌J. Bates (D) ▌F. Chelf (D) ▌E. Clements (D) ▌W. Meade (R) ▌T. Morton (R) ▌J. Whitaker (D) ▌W. Lewis (R) Authority control databases: People US Congress	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Representative_Wendell_Howes_Meade.png"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"}],"text":"Meade in 1946Wendell Howes Meade (January 18, 1912 – June 2, 1986) was an American attorney and politician who served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky's 7th Congressional District during the Eightieth Congress (January 3, 1947–January 3, 1949).","title":"Wendell H. Meade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paintsville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Military Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Military_Institute"},{"link_name":"Lyndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Western State Teachers College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"University of Louisville School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Louisville_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biodir-1"}],"text":"Meade, born in Paintsville, Kentucky, attended high school at the Kentucky Military Institute in Lyndon before attending Western State Teachers College in Bowling Green from 1930 to 1933. After leaving Western, he engaged in the banking business from 1933 to 1936. Meade graduated from University of Louisville School of Law in 1939 and was admitted to the bar the same year; opening a law practice in Paintsville.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paintsville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biodir-1"},{"link_name":"Carl D. Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_D._Perkins"},{"link_name":"Federal Housing Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biodir-1"}],"text":"Before his election to congress, Meade was a practicing lawyer in Paintsville, Kentucky, and served as a lieutenant in the United States Navy from November 1943 until January 1946.[1]Meade held several elected and appointed political positions. Elected to the Eightieth Congress in 1947, he served one term before he was unseated by Carl D. Perkins in 1948. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican gubernatorial nomination in 1951. Meade was zone operations commissioner for the Federal Housing Administration from 1957 to 1961;Kentucky's commissioner of personnel from 1968 to February 1969; and a member of the Kentucky Workman's Compensation Board from 1969 to 1970.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biodir-1"}],"text":"During his later years, Meade was a resident of Richmond, Kentucky. Meade died in Lexington on June 2, 1986.[1]","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Meade in 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/U.S._Representative_Wendell_Howes_Meade.png/220px-U.S._Representative_Wendell_Howes_Meade.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000619","external_links_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000619","external_links_name":"US Congress"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Museum_(Cairo)	Postal Museum (Cairo)	["1 References"]	Museum in Egypt The Postal Museum of EgyptLocationCairo, Egypt The Postal Museum of Egypt is located at Al-Ataba Square, second floor of the Central Post Office building, Central Cairo spread over 543 sq. meters. The museum was established in February 1934 but it was not open to the public until January 1940. The postal museum has displays of postal artifacts, pictures and documents showing different ways of delivering messages in Egypt over the centuries. Visitors can see Egyptian postage stamps issued by the Egyptian postal authority over the previous one hundred and fifty years, postal employee uniforms, postal equipment, models of post offices, miniature figurines of postal services over the centuries and a historical section. References ^ a b Yasser, Ahmed (2018-10-14). "Facts about Postal Museum in Egypt - Sada El balad". Retrieved 2021-04-26. ^ "Postal Museum". www.egyptianmuseums.net. 2018. Retrieved 2021-04-26. ^ "Postal Museum: Cairo, Egypt, Attractions". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2021-04-26. This postal system–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a museum in Egypt is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postal_museum-1"},{"link_name":"postal museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_museum"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Egyptian postage stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"postal authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_authority"},{"link_name":"post offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postal_museum-1"}],"text":"The Postal Museum of Egypt is located at Al-Ataba Square, second floor of the Central Post Office building, Central Cairo spread over 543 sq. meters.[1] The museum was established in February 1934 but it was not open to the public until January 1940. The postal museum has displays of postal artifacts, pictures and documents showing different ways of delivering messages in Egypt over the centuries.[2]Visitors can see Egyptian postage stamps issued by the Egyptian postal authority over the previous one hundred and fifty years, postal employee uniforms, postal equipment, models of post offices, miniature figurines of postal services over the centuries and a historical section.[3][1]","title":"Postal Museum (Cairo)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Yasser, Ahmed (2018-10-14). \"Facts about Postal Museum in Egypt - Sada El balad\". Retrieved 2021-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://see.news/facts-about-postal-museum-in-egypt/","url_text":"\"Facts about Postal Museum in Egypt - Sada El balad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postal Museum\". www.egyptianmuseums.net. 2018. Retrieved 2021-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.egyptianmuseums.net/html/postal_museum.html","url_text":"\"Postal Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postal Museum: Cairo, Egypt, Attractions\". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2021-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/cairo/attractions/postal-museum/a/poi-sig/406746/355225","url_text":"\"Postal Museum: Cairo, Egypt, Attractions\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://see.news/facts-about-postal-museum-in-egypt/","external_links_name":"\"Facts about Postal Museum in Egypt - Sada El balad\""},{"Link":"http://www.egyptianmuseums.net/html/postal_museum.html","external_links_name":"\"Postal Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/cairo/attractions/postal-museum/a/poi-sig/406746/355225","external_links_name":"\"Postal Museum: Cairo, Egypt, Attractions\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postal_Museum_(Cairo)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postal_Museum_(Cairo)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Torelli	Luigi Torelli	["1 Recognition","2 Sources","3 External links"]	Italian politician For the submarine, see Italian submarine Luigi Torelli. Luigi Torelli, by Antonio Caimi Luigi Torelli (9 February 1810 – 14 November 1887) was born in Villa di Tirano, in the Valtellina of Lombardy, at the time part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. Being a patriot, he took part in the Five Days of Milan, most noted in driving out the Tyrolian Kaiserjäger from Piazza del Duomo and, together with fellow patriot Scipione Bagaggia, for raising the tri-colour atop the Cathedral. Torelli was a member of diverse scientific and economic institutions. In 1860 he was made a Senator and in 1864 became Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce of the Kingdom of Italy. He died at Tirano in 1887. Recognition The Marconi-class submarine Luigi Torelli fought for Italy in World War 2 and was named after him. The submarine was notable for serving under all three axis powers - Italy until it surrendered, later Germany until it was defeated and then finally Imperial Japan. Sources ^ American Bibliographical Center (1991). Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1775-1914, Volume 42, Issues 3-4. Santa Barbara.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Casati, Carlo (1885). Nuove rivelazioni su i fatti di Milano nel 1847-1848, Volume 2. Milano.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Oettinger, Eduard Maria (1882). Moniteur des dates. Supplément. Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Società geografica italiana (1868). Bollettino della Società geografica italiana. Florence.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links Works by or about Luigi Torelli at Internet Archive Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy United States Netherlands Vatican People Italian People Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian submarine Luigi Torelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_submarine_Luigi_Torelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caimi-Torelli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antonio Caimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Caimi"},{"link_name":"Villa di Tirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_di_Tirano"},{"link_name":"Valtellina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtellina"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Five Days of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-1"},{"link_name":"Piazza del Duomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Milan"},{"link_name":"tri-colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Flag"},{"link_name":"Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAC-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMO-3"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Senate"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SGI-4"},{"link_name":"Tirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirano"}],"text":"For the submarine, see Italian submarine Luigi Torelli.Luigi Torelli, by Antonio CaimiLuigi Torelli (9 February 1810 – 14 November 1887) was born in Villa di Tirano, in the Valtellina of Lombardy, at the time part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.Being a patriot, he took part in the Five Days of Milan,[1] most noted in driving out the Tyrolian Kaiserjäger from Piazza del Duomo and, together with fellow patriot Scipione Bagaggia, for raising the tri-colour atop the Cathedral.[2][3]Torelli was a member of diverse scientific and economic institutions. In 1860 he was made a Senator and in 1864 became Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce of the Kingdom of Italy.[4]He died at Tirano in 1887.","title":"Luigi Torelli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marconi-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Luigi Torelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_submarine_Luigi_Torelli"}],"text":"The Marconi-class submarine Luigi Torelli fought for Italy in World War 2 and was named after him. The submarine was notable for serving under all three axis powers - Italy until it surrendered, later Germany until it was defeated and then finally Imperial Japan.","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ABC_1-0"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CAC_2-0"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EMO_3-0"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SGI_4-0"},{"link_name":"Bollettino della Società geografica italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bollettinodella37italgoog"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"^ American Bibliographical Center (1991). Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1775-1914, Volume 42, Issues 3-4. Santa Barbara.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Casati, Carlo (1885). Nuove rivelazioni su i fatti di Milano nel 1847-1848, Volume 2. Milano.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Oettinger, Eduard Maria (1882). Moniteur des dates. Supplément. Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Società geografica italiana (1868). Bollettino della Società geografica italiana. Florence.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Luigi Torelli, by Antonio Caimi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caimi-Torelli.jpg/200px-Caimi-Torelli.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"American Bibliographical Center (1991). Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1775-1914, Volume 42, Issues 3-4. Santa Barbara.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Casati, Carlo (1885). 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Florence.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bollettinodella37italgoog","url_text":"Bollettino della Società geografica italiana"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bollettinodella37italgoog","external_links_name":"Bollettino della Società geografica italiana"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Torelli%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Luigi%20Torelli%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Torelli%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Luigi%20Torelli%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Torelli%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Luigi%20Torelli%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Torelli%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Luigi%20Torelli%22%29%20OR%20%28%221810-1887%22%20AND%20Torelli%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Luigi Torelli"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1936552/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000061327737","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/51679311","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxcVKvBhg87J3WhYD8KVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10515319p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10515319p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119141396","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V083945","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2011071647","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p099650355","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/224286","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-torelli_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/085750298","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busujima_Yuriko_no_Sekirara_Nikki	Busujima Yuriko no Sekirara Nikki	["1 About The Show","2 Staff","3 External links","4 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Busujima Yuriko no Sekirara Nikki" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Japanese TV series or program Busujima Yuriko no Sekirara NikkiPromotional poster from Busujima YurikoGenreDramaDirected byToshio TsuboiMaiko OuchiYoshiaki MuraoStarringAtsuko MaedaHirofumi AraiDaichi WatanabeShizuka NakamuraOpening theme"Selfish" by Atsuko MaedaComposerPascalsCountry of originJapanNo. of episodes10ProductionProducersAzusa HashimotoHiroshi TogetaRunning time30 MinutesOriginal releaseNetworkTokyo Broadcasting SystemReleaseApril 20 (2016-04-20) –June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22) Busujima Yuriko no Sekirara Nikki (毒島ゆり子のせきらら日記, The Stark Diary of Yuriko Busujima) is a 2016 Renzoku drama, starring former AKB48 member Atsuko Maeda, starting April 20, 2016. It aired every Wednesday at 24:10 JST (00:10) on Tokyo Broadcasting System. The story focuses on the scandalous daily life of Yuriko Busujima. About The Show This is a "late-night soap opera". While working hard as a beat reporter of tycoon politicians, Yuriko is enjoying unbridled love in her private life. In the course of her work, she meets a man who she is instantly attracted to and falls in love. With the themes of love, two-timing and infidelity, this drama faithfully portrays the stark views of love and careers of modern young Japanese women. The drama centres on the two subjects of love and politics. Yuriko's views on love stem from an incident during her childhood, when she encountered her father having an affair, triggering her to develop her own set of rules for avoiding heartache from men. She ensures that she always has two boyfriends, so that even if one dumps her, she will still be loved by the other. To Yuriko, love and betrayal are inseparable. When she sees that the politician she is assigned to will be betrayed, she realizes that the political world is also one of love and betrayal. The title song, "Selfish", is performed by Atsuko Maeda, with lyrics and production by Yasushi Akimoto. This marks Atsuko's first new song since "Seventh Chord", as she will release her first solo album on June 22, 2016. The title has a meaning of "self-centered" and "selfish", suiting the character of Yuriko. The lyrics intertwine with the character of Yuriko according to Maeda, who commented that "I am sure and I think we view of the world of drama is transmitted." The song performed in the drama by the character Midori Haba Watanabe Daichi is entitled "Let me hug you", a new release from the Japanese rock band 'Black Cat Chelsea'. The song was written by Watanabe for the drama. Staff Opening Theme: "Selfish" (Performed by: Atsuko Maeda) Script: Koichi Yajima Producers: Azusa Hashimoto, Hiroshi Togeta Music Composer: Pascals Directed by: Toshio Tsuboi, Maiko Ouchi, Yoshiaki Murao Produced by: Tokyo Broadcasting System External links Promotional Video (2'30" Teaser, published by TBS Official Channel) IMDB References ^ "The Stark Life of Yuriko Busujima - Official Site". Tokyo Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2016-04-12.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renzoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renzoku&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AKB48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKB48"},{"link_name":"Atsuko Maeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsuko_Maeda"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Japanese TV series or programBusujima Yuriko no Sekirara Nikki (毒島ゆり子のせきらら日記, The Stark Diary of Yuriko Busujima) is a 2016 Renzoku drama, starring former AKB48 member Atsuko Maeda, starting April 20, 2016. It aired every Wednesday at 24:10 JST (00:10) on Tokyo Broadcasting System. The story focuses on the scandalous daily life of Yuriko Busujima.[1]","title":"Busujima Yuriko no Sekirara Nikki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yasushi Akimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasushi_Akimoto"},{"link_name":"Watanabe Daichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watanabe_Daichi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"This is a \"late-night soap opera\". While working hard as a beat reporter of tycoon politicians, Yuriko is enjoying unbridled love in her private life. In the course of her work, she meets a man who she is instantly attracted to and falls in love. With the themes of love, two-timing and infidelity, this drama faithfully portrays the stark views of love and careers of modern young Japanese women. The drama centres on the two subjects of love and politics. Yuriko's views on love stem from an incident during her childhood, when she encountered her father having an affair, triggering her to develop her own set of rules for avoiding heartache from men. She ensures that she always has two boyfriends, so that even if one dumps her, she will still be loved by the other. To Yuriko, love and betrayal are inseparable. When she sees that the politician she is assigned to will be betrayed, she realizes that the political world is also one of love and betrayal.The title song, \"Selfish\", is performed by Atsuko Maeda, with lyrics and production by Yasushi Akimoto. This marks Atsuko's first new song since \"Seventh Chord\", as she will release her first solo album on June 22, 2016. The title has a meaning of \"self-centered\" and \"selfish\", suiting the character of Yuriko. The lyrics intertwine with the character of Yuriko according to Maeda, who commented that \"I am sure and I think we view of the world of drama is transmitted.\" The song performed in the drama by the character Midori Haba Watanabe Daichi is entitled \"Let me hug you\", a new release from the Japanese rock band 'Black Cat Chelsea'. The song was written by Watanabe for the drama.","title":"About The Show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atsuko Maeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsuko_Maeda"},{"link_name":"Toshio Tsuboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toshio_Tsuboi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maiko Ouchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maiko_Ouchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yoshiaki Murao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoshiaki_Murao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System"}],"text":"Opening Theme: \"Selfish\" (Performed by: Atsuko Maeda)\nScript: Koichi Yajima\nProducers: Azusa Hashimoto, Hiroshi Togeta\nMusic Composer: Pascals\nDirected by: Toshio Tsuboi, Maiko Ouchi, Yoshiaki Murao\nProduced by: Tokyo Broadcasting System","title":"Staff"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Stark Life of Yuriko Busujima - Official Site\". Tokyo Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Yatir	Beit Yatir	["1 History","2 Education","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 31°22′00″N 35°06′42″E / 31.36667°N 35.11167°E / 31.36667; 35.11167Israeli settlement in the West Bank Place in Judea and Samaria AreaBeit Yatir / Metzadot Yehuda בית יתיר‎ / מְצָדוֹת יְהוּדָהBeit Yatir / Metzadot YehudaCoordinates: 31°22′00″N 35°06′42″E / 31.36667°N 35.11167°E / 31.36667; 35.11167DistrictJudea and Samaria AreaCouncilHar HevronRegionWest BankAffiliationAmanaFounded1979Population (2022)696 Beit Yatir (Hebrew: בית יתיר), officially Metzadot Yehuda (Hebrew: מְצָדוֹת יְהוּדָה), is an Israeli settlement in the southern Hebron Hills of the West Bank, organized as a religious-Zionist Orthodox moshav. Located on a hill, 900 metres above sea level, near the Green Line, south of Susiya, and close to the Palestinian village of as-Seefer, it falls under the jurisdiction of Har Hevron Regional Council. In 2022, it had a population of 696. The ruins of the ancient town of Eshtemoa are nearby. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this. History Beit Yatir was established in 1979 by students from the Mercaz HaRav Yeshiva. In 1983, the moshav was moved southwest from its original location south of the town of as-Samu to its current location in the Yatir Forest. A visual landmark of the moshav is a high wind turbine. The social make-up of the moshav residents varies between sabras to immigrants from various countries, including France, Russian, Brazil, and English-speaking countries. The moshav does not require residents to become members of the cooperative. Education A Religious Pre-Army Mechina, with several dozen students enrolled, is headed by Rabbi Moshe Hagar. References ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024. ^ Weibel, Catherine Seam Zone keeps Palestinian children in limbo, disrupting education Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine UNICEF 21 May 2012] ^ "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010. External links Beit Yatir Amana Mechina website vteHar Hevron Regional CouncilMoshavim Beit Yatir Carmel Ma'on Community settlements Adora Avigayil Asa'el Beit Hagai Eshkolot Livne (Shani) Ma'ale Hever Negohot Otniel Sansana Shim'a Susya Telem Teneh Omarim Outposts Mitzpe Eshtemoa Mitzpe Yair Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Israeli settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement"},{"link_name":"Hebron Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hebron"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"moshav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshav"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_sea_level"},{"link_name":"Green Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Susiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susiya"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Har Hevron Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Hevron_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Israelpopulations-1"},{"link_name":"Eshtemoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshtemoa"},{"link_name":"illegal under international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_GC4-3"}],"text":"Israeli settlement in the West BankPlace in Judea and Samaria AreaBeit Yatir (Hebrew: בית יתיר), officially Metzadot Yehuda (Hebrew: מְצָדוֹת יְהוּדָה), is an Israeli settlement in the southern Hebron Hills of the West Bank, organized as a religious-Zionist Orthodox moshav. Located on a hill, 900 metres above sea level, near the Green Line, south of Susiya, and close to the Palestinian village of as-Seefer,[2] it falls under the jurisdiction of Har Hevron Regional Council. In 2022, it had a population of 696.[1]The ruins of the ancient town of Eshtemoa are nearby.The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.[3]","title":"Beit Yatir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercaz HaRav Yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercaz_HaRav"},{"link_name":"as-Samu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Samu"},{"link_name":"Yatir Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatir_Forest"},{"link_name":"sabras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_(person)"},{"link_name":"immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrants"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil"}],"text":"Beit Yatir was established in 1979 by students from the Mercaz HaRav Yeshiva. In 1983, the moshav was moved southwest from its original location south of the town of as-Samu to its current location in the Yatir Forest. A visual landmark of the moshav is a high wind turbine.The social make-up of the moshav residents varies between sabras to immigrants from various countries, including France, Russian, Brazil, and English-speaking countries. The moshav does not require residents to become members of the cooperative.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Religious Pre-Army Mechina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechina"}],"text":"A Religious Pre-Army Mechina, with several dozen students enrolled, is headed by Rabbi Moshe Hagar.","title":"Education"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Regional Statistics\". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv","url_text":"\"Regional Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Geneva Convention\". BBC News. 10 December 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda:_Empowering_Women_for_Gender_Equity	Agenda (feminist journal)	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Academic journalAgendaDisciplineFeminism, Area studiesLanguageEnglishPublication detailsHistory1987–presentPublisherUNISA Press/RoutledgeFrequencyQuarterlyStandard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4AgendaIndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN1013-0950 (print)2158-978X (web)Links Journal homepage @Taylor & Francis Agenda is an African peer-reviewed academic journal of feminism, which was established in 1987 as a volunteer project in South Africa and is published by UNISA Press in collaboration with Routledge. In addition to publishing articles and other entries, the journal tutors young writers and since 2002 has a radio show, Turning Up the Volume on Gender Equity. Since 1991 it publishes four issues per year. See also Feminist Africa References ^ Groves, Sharon (2003). "News and Views". Feminist Studies. 29 (3): 673–675. JSTOR 3178734. External links Official website Agenda page at Taylor & Francis website This article about a journal on area studies is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about a journal on women's studies is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"academic journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Agenda is an African peer-reviewed academic journal of feminism, which was established in 1987 as a volunteer project in South Africa and is published by UNISA Press in collaboration with Routledge. In addition to publishing articles and other entries, the journal tutors young writers and since 2002 has a radio show, Turning Up the Volume on Gender Equity. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_(magazine)	New South (magazine)	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	American literary magazine (2007-) New South (previously known as The GSU Review) is an American print literary magazine published twice a year by Georgia State University. Founded in 2007 by Jamie Iredell and Christopher Bundy, it is affiliated with GSU's Creative Writing program, which also publishes the literary magazine Five Points. Anna Sandy-Elrod is the Editor-in-Chief of the magazine. As a "Journal of Art & Literature", New South features short fiction, non-fiction, and poetry from established and emerging writers, as well as occasional interviews. The magazine does not have a specific regional or stylistic focus. New South also sponsors an annual contest for poetry and prose. See also List of literary magazines New South (descriptive term) References ^ About New South ^ New South External links Official website This article about a literary magazine published in the US is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literary magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_magazine"},{"link_name":"Georgia State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_University"},{"link_name":"Jamie Iredell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Iredell"},{"link_name":"Five Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Points:_A_Journal_of_Literature_and_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"New South (previously known as The GSU Review) is an American print literary magazine published twice a year by Georgia State University. Founded in 2007 by Jamie Iredell and Christopher Bundy, it is affiliated with GSU's Creative Writing program, which also publishes the literary magazine Five Points. Anna Sandy-Elrod is the Editor-in-Chief of the magazine.[1]As a \"Journal of Art & Literature\", New South features short fiction, non-fiction, and poetry from established and emerging writers, as well as occasional interviews.[2] The magazine does not have a specific regional or stylistic focus. New South also sponsors an annual contest for poetry and prose.","title":"New South (magazine)"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of literary magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_literary_magazines"},{"title":"New South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://newsouthjournal.com/about/","external_links_name":"About New South"},{"Link":"http://www.review.gsu.edu/page/submitwork.html","external_links_name":"New South"},{"Link":"http://www.review.gsu.edu/index.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_South_(magazine)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Centre	Langley Centre	["1 Structure and location","2 Routes","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 49°06′23″N 122°39′16″W / 49.10639°N 122.65444°W / 49.10639; -122.65444Public transit exchange in Langley, British Columbia, Canada Langley CentreBus bays located on Logan AvenueGeneral informationLocationGlover Road & Logan AvenueLangley, British ColumbiaCanadaCoordinates49°06′23″N 122°39′16″W / 49.10639°N 122.65444°W / 49.10639; -122.65444Operated byTransLinkBus routes15Bus stands7Bus operatorsCoast Mountain Bus CompanyOther informationFare zone3HistoryOpenedOctober 31, 1975; 48 years ago (1975-10-31)Previous namesLangley Bus Terminal Langley Centre is an on-street bus exchange located in downtown Langley City, British Columbia, Canada. As part of the TransLink system, it serves the municipalities of Langley City and Langley Township with routes to Surrey, Maple Ridge, and White Rock, that provide connections to SkyTrain and the West Coast Express rail services for travel towards Vancouver. Structure and location The exchange opened on October 31, 1975, and is located on the curb lanes at the intersection of Glover Road and Logan Avenue in Langley City. It is not separated from regular traffic and can accommodate regular-length diesel buses and smaller community shuttles. Beside the exchange is the Rainbow Mall, a small shopping complex. It is less than a kilometre from the main commercial centre of Langley City on Fraser Highway, and a few kilometres from Langley's largest shopping mall, Willowbrook Shopping Centre. In 2022, an Expo Line extension from King George station to 203 Street in Langley City was approved with an estimated completion date of 2028. When completed, the new Langley City Centre SkyTrain station at 203 Street and Fraser Highway will replace Langley Centre bus exchange. Routes As of September 2019, the following routes serve Langley Centre exchange: Bay Location Routes Notes 1 Glover RoadSouthbound 503 Surrey Central Station Limited stop express via Fraser Highway 2 Logan AvenueEastbound 320 Surrey Central Station Via Downtown Cloverdale and Guildford Town Centre 342 Newton Exchange 3 Logan AvenueEastbound 501 Surrey Central Station Via Port Kells 502 Surrey Central Station Via Fraser Highway 4 Logan AvenueEastbound 364 Scottsdale 531 White Rock Centre 595 Maple Meadows Station 5 Logan AvenueEastbound 395 King George Station Morning peak hours only 503 Aldergrove 6 Logan AvenueEastbound 372 Clayton Heights 560 Murrayville 561 Brookswood 562 Walnut Grove Carvolth Exchange 563 Fernridge 564 Willowbrook 7 Logan AvenueWestbound 531 Willowbrook See also List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver References ^ "Surrey-North Delta Expanded Transit Services" (PDF). The Buzzer. B.C. Hydro Transportation. October 28, 1975. Retrieved February 14, 2017. ^ a b Chan, Kenneth (July 14, 2022). "16-km-long Surrey-Langley SkyTrain extension receives full provincial and federal approval". Daily Hive. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022. ^ Langley Centre Map (PDF) (Map). TransLink. September 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019. External links Media related to Langley Centre at Wikimedia Commons vteTransLink services in Metro VancouverSkyTrainHistory – Lines and stations – Rolling stockExpo Line Waterfront ■■■■ Burrard ■ Granville Stadium–Chinatown Main Street–Science World Commercial–Broadway ■■ Nanaimo 29th Avenue Joyce–Collingwood ■ Patterson Metrotown Royal Oak Edmonds 22nd Street New Westminster Columbia ■ Scott Road ■ Gateway Surrey Central ■ King George ■ Surrey–Langley extension (future) Green Timbers 152 Street Fleetwood Bakerview–166 Street Hillcrest–184 Street Clayton Willowbrook Langley City Centre Lougheed branch Columbia ■ Sapperton Braid Lougheed Town Centre ■ Production Way–University ■ Millennium Line VCC–Clark Commercial–Broadway ■■ Renfrew Rupert Gilmore Brentwood Town Centre Holdom Sperling–Burnaby Lake Lake City Way Production Way–University ■ Lougheed Town Centre ■ Burquitlam Moody Centre ■ Inlet Centre Coquitlam Central ■■ Lincoln Lafarge Lake–Douglas Broadway extension (future) Arbutus South Granville Oak–VGH Broadway–City Hall ■ Mount Pleasant Great Northern Way–Emily Carr Canada Line Waterfront ■■■■ Vancouver City Centre Yaletown–Roundhouse Olympic Village Broadway–City Hall ■ King Edward Oakridge–41st Avenue ■ Langara–49th Avenue Marine Drive Bridgeport ■ Capstan (future) Aberdeen Lansdowne Richmond–Brighouse Airport branch Bridgeport ■ Templeton Sea Island Centre YVR–Airport Passenger ferry and commuter railSeaBus Waterfront ■■■■ Lonsdale Quay ■ West Coast Express Waterfront ■■■■ Moody Centre ■ Coquitlam Central ■■ Port Coquitlam Pitt Meadows Maple Meadows Port Haney Mission City Bus routes and transit exchangesB-Line 99 B-Line RapidBus R1 King George Blvd R2 Marine Dr R3 Lougheed Hwy R4 41st Ave R5 Hastings St R6 Scott Rd Exchanges Blanca Loop Capilano University Exchange Carvolth Exchange Dunbar Loop Guildford Exchange Haney Place Exchange Kootenay Loop Ladner Exchange Langley Centre Lonsdale Quay Marpole Loop Newton Exchange Park Royal Exchange Phibbs Exchange Scottsdale Exchange SFU Exchange South Delta Exchange South Surrey Park and Ride Stanley Park Loop Steveston Exchange UBC Exchange White Rock Centre General Coast Mountain Bus Company Trolley buses in Vancouver West Vancouver Municipal Transit FormerB-Line 97 B-Line 98 B-Line Exchanges Airport Station Matthews Exchange MiscellaneousCycling BC Parkway Central Valley Greenway Fares Compass card U-Pass BC Other Metro Vancouver Transit Police Surrey LRT Stations ordered inbound → outbound ■■■■■■■ indicate connections Future stations or routes italicized	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Langley City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_City"},{"link_name":"TransLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransLink_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"Langley Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Township"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Maple Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Ridge,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"White Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rock,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"SkyTrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)"},{"link_name":"West Coast Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Express"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"}],"text":"Public transit exchange in Langley, British Columbia, CanadaLangley Centre is an on-street bus exchange located in downtown Langley City, British Columbia, Canada. As part of the TransLink system, it serves the municipalities of Langley City and Langley Township with routes to Surrey, Maple Ridge, and White Rock, that provide connections to SkyTrain and the West Coast Express rail services for travel towards Vancouver.","title":"Langley Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fraser Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Highway"},{"link_name":"Willowbrook Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willowbrook_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"Expo Line extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_Line_Surrey%E2%80%93Langley_extension"},{"link_name":"King George station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langleyext-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langleyext-2"}],"text":"The exchange opened on October 31, 1975,[1] and is located on the curb lanes at the intersection of Glover Road and Logan Avenue in Langley City. It is not separated from regular traffic and can accommodate regular-length diesel buses and smaller community shuttles. Beside the exchange is the Rainbow Mall, a small shopping complex.It is less than a kilometre from the main commercial centre of Langley City on Fraser Highway, and a few kilometres from Langley's largest shopping mall, Willowbrook Shopping Centre.In 2022, an Expo Line extension from King George station to 203 Street in Langley City was approved with an estimated completion date of 2028.[2] When completed, the new Langley City Centre SkyTrain station at 203 Street and Fraser Highway will replace Langley Centre bus exchange.[2]","title":"Structure and location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langley_Centre&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"As of September 2019[update], the following routes serve Langley Centre exchange:[3]","title":"Routes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Vancouver"}]	[{"reference":"\"Surrey-North Delta Expanded Transit Services\" (PDF). The Buzzer. B.C. Hydro Transportation. October 28, 1975. Retrieved February 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.translink.ca/-/media/translink/documents/rider-guide/buzzer-archives/1970s/1975/buzzer_1975_10_28.pdf","url_text":"\"Surrey-North Delta Expanded Transit Services\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Hydro","url_text":"B.C. Hydro Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Chan, Kenneth (July 14, 2022). \"16-km-long Surrey-Langley SkyTrain extension receives full provincial and federal approval\". Daily Hive. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/surrey-langley-skytrain-business-case-approved-new","url_text":"\"16-km-long Surrey-Langley SkyTrain extension receives full provincial and federal approval\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714224251/https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/surrey-langley-skytrain-business-case-approved-new","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Langley Centre Map (PDF) (Map). TransLink. September 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://infomaps.translink.ca/system_maps/exchange_maps/langley.pdf","url_text":"Langley Centre Map"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langley_Centre&params=49_06_23_N_122_39_16_W_region:CA-BC_type:landmark","external_links_name":"49°06′23″N 122°39′16″W / 49.10639°N 122.65444°W / 49.10639; -122.65444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langley_Centre&params=49_06_23_N_122_39_16_W_region:CA-BC_type:landmark","external_links_name":"49°06′23″N 122°39′16″W / 49.10639°N 122.65444°W / 49.10639; -122.65444"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langley_Centre&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.translink.ca/-/media/translink/documents/rider-guide/buzzer-archives/1970s/1975/buzzer_1975_10_28.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Surrey-North Delta Expanded Transit Services\""},{"Link":"https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/surrey-langley-skytrain-business-case-approved-new","external_links_name":"\"16-km-long Surrey-Langley SkyTrain extension receives full provincial and federal approval\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714224251/https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/surrey-langley-skytrain-business-case-approved-new","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://infomaps.translink.ca/system_maps/exchange_maps/langley.pdf","external_links_name":"Langley Centre Map"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Alaska_House_of_Representatives_election	2014 Alaska House of Representatives election	["1 Overview","2 Results","2.1 District 1","2.2 District 2","2.3 District 3","2.4 District 4","2.5 District 5","2.6 District 6","2.7 District 7","2.8 District 8","2.9 District 9","2.10 District 10","2.11 District 11","2.12 District 12","2.13 District 13","2.14 District 14","2.15 District 15","2.16 District 16","2.17 District 17","2.18 District 18","2.19 District 19","2.20 District 20","2.21 District 21","2.22 District 22","2.23 District 23","2.24 District 24","2.25 District 25","2.26 District 26","2.27 District 27","2.28 District 28","2.29 District 29","2.30 District 30","2.31 District 31","2.32 District 32","2.33 District 33","2.34 District 34","2.35 District 35","2.36 District 36","2.37 District 37","2.38 District 38","2.39 District 39","2.40 District 40","3 See also","4 References"]	Not to be confused with 2014 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska. 2014 Alaska House of Representatives election ← 2012 November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04) 2016 → All 40 seats in the Alaska House of Representatives21 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Party Republican Democratic Seats before 26 14 Seats after 23 16 Seat change 3 2 Third party Party Independent Seats before 0 Seats after 1 Seat change 1 Elections in Alaska Federal government Presidential elections 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries and caucuses Democratic 2008 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2008 2012 2016 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1958 1960 1962 1966 1968 1970 sp 1972 1974 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1996 1998 2002 2004 2008 2010 2014 2016 2020 2022 2026 2028 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1973 sp 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 sp 2022 2024 State government Statewide elections 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Gubernatorial elections 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Senate elections 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Ballot measures 1990 2 1998 2 2008 ACWI 2014 2 2020 2 Anchorage Mayoral elections 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 Propositions 2018 (1) vte The 2014 Alaska House of Representatives elections were held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014, with the primary election on August 19, 2014. Voters in the 40 districts of the Alaska House of Representatives elected their representatives. The elections coincided with the elections for other offices, including the state senate. Overview 2014 Alaska House of Representatives electionGeneral election — November 4, 2014 Party Votes Percentage Contested Before After +/– Republican 129,395 50.66% 30 26 23 3 Democratic 111,213 43.54% 36 14 16 2 Independent 8,508 3.33% 4 0 1 1 Constitution 1,874 0.73% 1 0 0 Libertarian 1,461 0.57% 1 0 0 Write-ins 2,951 1.16% 40 0 0 Popular vote Republican 50.66% Democratic 43.54% Independent 3.33% Constitution 0.73% Libertarian 0.57% Write-in 1.16% Seats Republican 57.50% Democratic 40.00% Independent 2.50% Results District 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 • 26 • 27 • 28 • 29 • 30 • 31 • 32 • 33 • 34 • 35 • 36 • 37 • 38 • 39 • 40 District 1 2014 Alaska's House district 1 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Scott J. Kawasaki (incumbent) 2,973 54.76% Republican Gregory Don Bringhurst 2,434 44.83% Write-ins Write-ins 22 0.41% Total votes 5,429 100.00% District 2 2014 Alaska's House district 2 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Steve M. Thompson (incumbent) 2,324 67.30% Democratic Larry Murakami 1,118 32.38% Write-ins Write-ins 11 0.32% Total votes 3,453 100.00% District 3 2014 Alaska's House district 3 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Tammie Wilson (incumbent) 4,562 79.16% Democratic Sharron J. Hunter 1,171 20.32% Write-ins Write-ins 30 0.52% Total votes 5,763 100.00% District 4 2014 Alaska's House district 4 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic David Guttenberg (incumbent) 4,265 57.33% Republican Joe Blanchard II 3,390 42.02% Write-ins Write-ins 52 0.64% Total votes 8,067 100.00% District 5 2014 Alaska's House district 5 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Adam Wool (incumbent) 3,379 52.31% Republican Pete B. Higgins 3,037 47.01% Write-ins Write-ins 44 0.68% Total votes 6,460 100.00% District 6 2014 Alaska's House district 6 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican David M. Talerico 3,940 60.02% Democratic Wilson Justin 2,590 39.45% Write-ins Write-ins 35 0.53% Total votes 6,565 100.00% District 7 2014 Alaska's House district 7 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lynn Gattis (incumbent) 4,024 64.16% Independent Verne Rupright 2,209 35.22% Write-ins Write-ins 39 0.62% Total votes 6,272 100.00% District 8 2014 Alaska's House district 8 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mark A. Neuman (incumbent) 4,689 79.45% Democratic Pam Rahn 1,168 19.79% Write-ins Write-ins 45 0.76% Total votes 5,902 100.00% District 9 2014 Alaska's House district 9 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jim Colver (incumbent) 4,075 58.16% Constitution Pamela Goode 1,874 26.74% Democratic Mabel H. Wimmer 1,009 14.40% Write-ins Write-ins 49 0.70% Total votes 7,007 100.00% District 10 2014 Alaska's House district 10 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Wes Keller (incumbent) 4,486 64.09% Democratic Neal T. Lacy 1,479 21.13% Independent Roger Purcell 1,000 31.67% Write-ins Write-ins 35 0.50% Total votes 7,000 100.00% District 11 2014 Alaska's House district 11 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Shelley Hughes (incumbent) 5,268 69.69% Democratic Pete P. LaFrance (D) 2,275 30.10% Write-ins Write-ins 16 0.21% Total votes 7,559 100.00% District 12 2014 Alaska's House district 12 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Cathy L. Tilton 5,569 71.75% Democratic Gretchen L. Wehmhoff 2,155 27.76% Write-ins Write-ins 38 0.49% Total votes 7,762 100.00% District 13 2014 Alaska's House district 13 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Dan Saddler (incumbent) 3,642 95.79% Write-ins Write-ins 160 4.21% Total votes 3,802 100.00% District 14 2014 Alaska's House district 14 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lora Reinbold (incumbent) 6,172 74.00% Democratic Miles D. Pruner 2,123 25.46% Write-ins Write-ins 45 0.54% Total votes 8,340 100.00% District 15 2014 Alaska's House district 15 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Gabrielle LeDoux (incumbent) 1,995 52.67% Democratic Laurie Hummel 1,782 47.04% Write-ins Write-ins 11 0.29% Total votes 3,788 100.00% District 16 2014 Alaska's House district 16 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Max F. Gruenberg, Jr. (incumbent) 3,253 53.92% Republican Don Hadley 2,745 45.50% Write-ins Write-ins 35 0.58% Total votes 6,033 100.00% District 17 2014 Alaska's House district 17 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Andrew L. Josephson (incumbent) 4,055 93.43% Write-ins Write-ins 285 6.57% Total votes 4,340 100.00% District 18 2014 Alaska's House district 18 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Harriet A. Drummond (incumbent) 3,764 67.00% Independent Phil Isley 1,769 31.49% Write-ins Write-ins 85 1.51% Total votes 5,618 100.00% District 19 2014 Alaska's House district 19 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Geran Tarr (incumbent) 2,545 62.98% Libertarian Cean Stevens 1,461 36.15% Write-ins Write-ins 35 0.87% Total votes 4,041 100.00% District 20 2014 Alaska's House district 20 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Les S. Gara (incumbent) 4,635 92.87% Write-ins Write-ins 356 7.13% Total votes 4,991 100.00% District 21 2014 Alaska's House district 21 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Matt Claman 3,849 50.41% Republican Anand Dubey 3,759 49.23% Write-ins Write-ins 28 0.37% Total votes 7,636 100.00% District 22 2014 Alaska's House district 22 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Liz Vazquez 4,143 56.62% Democratic Marty M. McGee 3,138 42.89% Write-ins Write-ins 36 0.49% Total votes 7,317 100.00% District 23 2014 Alaska's House district 23 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Chris S. Tuck (incumbent) 4,208 92.61% Write-ins Write-ins 336 7.39% Total votes 4,544 100.00% District 24 2014 Alaska's House district 24 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Craig W. Johnson (incumbent) 5,073 63.14% Democratic Michael "Mike" Fenster 2,926 36.42% Write-ins Write-ins 35 0.44% Total votes 8,034 100.00% District 25 2014 Alaska's House district 25 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Charisse E. Millett (incumbent) 3,655 54.37% Democratic Patti Higgins 3,045 45.29% Write-ins Write-ins 23 0.34% Total votes 6,723 100.00% District 26 2014 Alaska's House district 26 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Bob Lynn 4,913 66.50% Democratic Bill Goodell 2,436 32.97% Write-ins Write-ins 39 0.53% Total votes 7,388 100.00% District 27 2014 Alaska's House district 27 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lance Pruitt (incumbent) 4,463 58.52% Democratic Matt Moore 3,138 41.15% Write-ins Write-ins 25 0.33% Total votes 7,626 100.00% District 28 2014 Alaska's House district 28 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mike Hawker (incumbent) 6,121 62.10% Democratic Samuel Duff Combs 3,691 37.45% Write-ins Write-ins 45 0.46% Total votes 9,857 100.00% District 29 2014 Alaska's House district 29 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Charles "Mike" Chenault (incumbent) 5,629 75.99% Democratic Rocky Knudsen 1,725 23.29% Write-ins Write-ins 54 0.73% Total votes 7,408 100.00% District 30 2014 Alaska's House district 30 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kurt E. Olson (incumbent) 5,285 72.75% Democratic Shauna L. Thornton 1,940 26.70% Write-ins Write-ins 40 0.55% Total votes 7,265 100.00% District 31 2014 Alaska's House district 31 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Paul Seaton (incumbent) 6,942 97.01% Write-ins Write-ins 214 2.99% Total votes 7,156 100.00% District 32 2014 Alaska's House district 32 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Louise B. Stutes 3,236 55.18% Democratic Jerry G. McCune 2,608 44.47% Write-ins Write-ins 20 0.34% Total votes 5,864 100.00% District 33 2014 Alaska's House district 33 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Sam S. Kito III (incumbent) 6,575 75.60% Republican Peter Dukowitz 2,077 23.88% Write-ins Write-ins 45 0.52% Total votes 8,697 100.00% District 34 2014 Alaska's House district 34 election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Cathy Muñoz (incumbent) 5,132 62.20% Democratic George McGuan 3,090 37.45% Write-ins Write-ins 29 0.35% Total votes 8,251 100.00% District 35 2014 Alaska's House district 35 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jonathan S. Kreiss-Tomkins (incumbent) 4,630 59.03% Republican Steven A. Samuelson 3,189 40.66% Write-ins Write-ins 24 0.31% Total votes 7,843 100.00% District 36 2014 Alaska's House district 36 election Party Candidate Votes % Independent Daniel H. "Dan" Ortiz 3,530 50.59% Republican Chere L. Klein 3,426 49.10% Write-ins Write-ins 22 0.32% Total votes 6,978 100.00% District 37 2014 Alaska's House district 37 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Bryce E. Edgmon (incumbent) 4,173 97.36% Write-ins Write-ins 113 2.64% Total votes 4,286 100.00% District 38 2014 Alaska's House district 38 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Bob Herron (incumbent) 4,683 96.98% Write-ins Write-ins 146 3.02% Total votes 4,829 100.00% District 39 2014 Alaska's House district 39 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Neal Winston Foster (incumbent) 5,277 97.61% Write-ins Write-ins 129 2.39% Total votes 5,406 100.00% District 40 2014 Alaska's House district 40 election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Benjamin P. Nageak (incumbent) 3,982 97.07% Write-ins Write-ins 120 2.93% Total votes 4,102 100.00% See also 2014 Alaska Senate election References ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). ^ "2014 Alaska General Election" (PDF). vte(2013 ←) 2014 United States elections (→ 2015)U.S.Senate Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Delaware Georgia Hawaii (special) Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Oklahoma Oklahoma (special) Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Carolina (special) South Dakota Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wyoming U.S.House(Electionratings) Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida 13th sp 19th sp Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey 1st sp New Mexico New York North Carolina 12th sp North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia 7th sp U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Lt. Gov Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Lt. Gov Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming AttorneysGeneral California District of Columbia Florida Iowa Maryland Michigan Minnesota New York Ohio Statelegislatures Alaska House Senate Connecticut Senate California Assembly Senate Delaware House Senate Florida House Guam Hawaii Senate Illinois House Senate Iowa Senate Maryland House Senate Michigan House Senate Minnesota House Montana House New Mexico House New York Senate North Carolina House Senate Pennsylvania House Senate Texas House Senate Vermont Senate Washington House Senate Wisconsin Assembly Senate Mayors Anaheim, CA Austin, TX Chula Vista, CA Corpus Christi, TX Irvine, CA Jackson, MS Lexington, KY Long Beach, CA Louisville, KY Lubbock, TX New Orleans, LA Newark, NJ Norfolk, VA North Miami, FL (special) Oakland, CA Oklahoma City, OK Providence, RI San Bernardino, CA San Diego, CA (special) San Jose, CA Santa Ana, CA Shreveport, LA Tallahassee, FL Washington, DC States Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"the state senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Alaska_Senate_election"}],"text":"Not to be confused with 2014 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska.The 2014 Alaska House of Representatives elections were held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014, with the primary election on August 19, 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardino_Botanico_e_Arboreto_Appenninico_del_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo	Giardino Botanico e Arboreto Appenninico del Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 41°48′22″N 13°47′13″E / 41.8061°N 13.7869°E / 41.8061; 13.7869The Giardino Botanico e Arboreto Appenninico del Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo is a botanical garden and arboretum located in the Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise at via Santa Lucia, 67032 Pescasseroli, Province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy. The garden contains about 2,000 species including Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Daphne mezereum, Juniperus nana, Pinus mugo, Rhamnus pumilus, Rosa pendulina, Salix retusa, Quercus ilex, and Vaccinium myrtillus. See also List of botanical gardens in Italy References "Centro Visita di Pescasseroli" (in Italian). Retrieved 26 July 2016. "BGCI entry". Retrieved 26 July 2016. 41°48′22″N 13°47′13″E / 41.8061°N 13.7869°E / 41.8061; 13.7869 This Italian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a garden in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"botanical garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"},{"link_name":"arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretum"},{"link_name":"Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo,_Lazio_e_Molise"},{"link_name":"Pescasseroli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescasseroli"},{"link_name":"Province of L'Aquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_L%27Aquila"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Arctostaphylos uva-ursi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi"},{"link_name":"Daphne mezereum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_mezereum"},{"link_name":"Juniperus nana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juniperus_nana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pinus mugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_mugo"},{"link_name":"Rhamnus pumilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhamnus_pumilus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosa pendulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_pendulina"},{"link_name":"Salix retusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_retusa"},{"link_name":"Quercus ilex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_ilex"},{"link_name":"Vaccinium myrtillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus"}],"text":"The Giardino Botanico e Arboreto Appenninico del Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo is a botanical garden and arboretum located in the Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise at via Santa Lucia, 67032 Pescasseroli, Province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy.The garden contains about 2,000 species including Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Daphne mezereum, Juniperus nana, Pinus mugo, Rhamnus pumilus, Rosa pendulina, Salix retusa, Quercus ilex, and Vaccinium myrtillus.","title":"Giardino Botanico e Arboreto Appenninico del Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of botanical gardens in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Italy"}]	[{"reference":"\"Centro Visita di Pescasseroli\" (in Italian). Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parcoabruzzo.it/cen_dettaglio.php?id=10","url_text":"\"Centro Visita di Pescasseroli\""}]},{"reference":"\"BGCI entry\". Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bgci.org/garden.php?id=3077&ftrCountry=IT&ftrKeyword=&ftrBGCImem=&ftrIAReg=","url_text":"\"BGCI entry\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Giardino_Botanico_e_Arboreto_Appenninico_del_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo&params=41.8061_N_13.7869_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"41°48′22″N 13°47′13″E / 41.8061°N 13.7869°E / 41.8061; 13.7869"},{"Link":"http://www.parcoabruzzo.it/cen_dettaglio.php?id=10","external_links_name":"\"Centro Visita di Pescasseroli\""},{"Link":"http://www.bgci.org/garden.php?id=3077&ftrCountry=IT&ftrKeyword=&ftrBGCImem=&ftrIAReg=","external_links_name":"\"BGCI entry\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Giardino_Botanico_e_Arboreto_Appenninico_del_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo&params=41.8061_N_13.7869_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"41°48′22″N 13°47′13″E / 41.8061°N 13.7869°E / 41.8061; 13.7869"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giardino_Botanico_e_Arboreto_Appenninico_del_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giardino_Botanico_e_Arboreto_Appenninico_del_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-City_Skins	Tri-City Skins	["1 References"]	White power group in Ontario, Canada Tri-City Skins was an Ontario-based white power group active from 1997 to 2012 in the Kitchener-Waterloo and Cambridge area. James Scott Richardson was the group's most visible member, and in October 2001, police believed that Tri-City Skins had 25 members in southwestern Ontario. Some members of the Tri-City Skins were alleged to have engaged in a campaign of intimidation, assault, vandalism, and other property crimes. Some members have been arrested and charged with possession of illegal weapons and drug possession for the purpose of trafficking. References ^ "Racist accused of threatening Jews, Muslims", CBC News, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 3 October 2001 ^ a b 2002 Interim Audit of Antisemitic Incidents, B'nai Brith Canada, 2002 ^ "Skinheads On The March: Attacks in Kitchener have anti-racists worried", Stuart Duncan, NOW, 29 November 2001 vteFar-right extremism in CanadaGeneral concepts Far-right politics Racism in Canada Racism in Quebec Organizations and movements Aryan Guard Atalante Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Heritage Alliance Canadian League of Rights Canadian Nationalist Party (1933) Canadian Nationalist Party (2017) Canadian Nazi Party Canadian Union of Fascists Heritage Front Generation Identity Canada / IDCanada Ku Klux Klan in Canada La Meute National Citizens Alliance National Unity Party of Canada Nationalist Party of Canada Northern Order Proud Boys Québec Identitaire Rebel News Storm Alliance Tri-City Skins Western Guard Party Hate crimes École Polytechnique massacre Quebec City mosque shooting Laws combatting hateful rhetoric Hate crime laws in Canada Hate speech laws in Canada R v Keegstra R v Andrews Motion 103 Opposition Anti-Racist Action Battle at Old Market Square (1934) Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society Canadian Arab Federation Canadian Race Relations Foundation Christie Pits riot (1933) FAST – Fighting Antisemitism Together Nizkor Project NOWAR-PAIX Ottawa Rape Crisis Centre Provisional Anti-Fascist Committee (1938) RASH Roots of Resistance SHARP vteOrganized crime groups in CanadaAlberta Crazy Dragons Grim Reapers Kings Crew Rebels Redd Alert White Boy Posse British Columbia 856 gang Alkhalil family Bacon Brothers Independent Soldiers Punjabi mafia Red Scorpions United Nations Wolfpack Alliance Manitoba Indian Posse Manitoba Warriors Vendettas Nova Scotia Gate Keepers North Preston's Finest New Brunswick Bacchus OntarioItalian organized crime families Commisso 'ndrina‎ Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan Luppino crime family Musitano crime family Papalia crime family Siderno Group Cross-border Italian crime families Buffalo crime family Chicago Outfit (historically) Detroit Partnership Outlaw motorcycle gangs Annihilators Loners Original Red Devils Satan's Choice Other gangs Dixon Bloods Dömötör-Kolompár criminal organization Five Point Generalz Galloway Boys Kipps Lane Crew Tri-City Skins VVT QuebecFrench-CanadianDubois GangIrish Mob West End Gang Italian organized crime families Cotroni crime family Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan Rizzuto crime family Sixth Family Cross-border Italian crime families Bonanno crime family Outlaw motorcycle gangs Devil's Disciples Gitans Popeyes Rock Machine Rockers Foreign groupsAmerican street gangs Bloods Crips Latin Kings MS-13 Jamaican posses Shower Posse Outlaw motorcycle gangs Bandidos Hells Angels Red Devils Outlaws Black Pistons South and Southeast Asian gangs Born to Kill Triads 14K Big Circle Boys Shui Fong Wo Shing Wo Events 1971 Kingston Penitentiary riot First Biker War First Montreal biker war Lennoxville massacre Ontario Biker War Port Hope 8 case Quebec Biker War Shedden massacre Vancouver gang war See also Indigenous-based organized crime List of gangs in Canada Gangs in Canada Organized crime groups in the Americas	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"white power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalism#White_power"},{"link_name":"Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnaibrith-2"},{"link_name":"vandalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnaibrith-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Tri-City Skins was an Ontario-based white power group active from 1997 to 2012 in the Kitchener-Waterloo and Cambridge area. James Scott Richardson was the group's most visible member, and in October 2001, police believed that Tri-City Skins had 25 members in southwestern Ontario.[1][2] Some members of the Tri-City Skins were alleged to have engaged in a campaign of intimidation, assault, vandalism, and other property crimes.[2] Some members have been arrested and charged with possession of illegal weapons and drug possession for the purpose of trafficking.[3]","title":"Tri-City Skins"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.carunway.com/what-is-an-interim-audit/","external_links_name":"Interim Audit"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_of_Luxembourg	Louis of Luxembourg	["1 Citations","2 References","3 External links"]	Louis of LuxembourgArchbishop of RouenArchdioceseRouenIn office1436–1443Other post(s)Cardinal Bishop of Frascati and Bishop of ElyOrdersConsecrationby Renaud de Chartres, archbishop of ReimsCreated cardinal18 December 1439by Pope Eugenius IVRankCardinal priestPersonal detailsDied18 September 1443BuriedEly CathedralParentsJohn of Luxembourg, Lord of Beauvoir and Marguerite of Enghien Louis of Luxembourg; (died 1443). Bishop of Therouanne 1415–1436, Archbishop of Rouen, 1436, Bishop of Ely 1437, Cardinal. The youngest son of John Count of Luxembourg, Lord of Beauvoir, d. 1397 and Marguerite, Countess of Brienne daughter of Louis of Enghien. The Counts of Luxembourg were clients of the Dukes of Burgundy and Louis became a member of Duke Philip the Good's council in 1419. As bishop of Thérouanne he consecrated on 26 October 1415 part of the battlefield of Agincourt as a grave-site for the fallen. In 1425 during the Anglo-Burgundian alliance against France (1419-1435) John, Duke of Bedford, Regent of France appointed Louis to the Grand Conseil governing from Paris. King Charles VII of France recovered Paris in 1436 and Louis was forced to flee to Rouen in English Normandy. He became Chancellor of the Lancastrian council there and was elected Archbishop of Rouen in 1436. He was the leading native administrator/collaborator with the Lancastrian regime in France. His niece Jacquetta was the wife of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, who acted as regent for his nephew Henry VI. Louis visited England in 1437 and became a naturalized citizen. Henry VI granted him the bishopric of Ely in 1437/38. This was the fifth wealthiest see in England, yet also amongst the smallest in terms of size or burden. Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, Henry VI's lieutenant in France died at his post in Rouen in 1439. Louis continued as Chancellor, conducting the government of Normandy and the war against King Charles VII from Rouen. Pope Eugenius IV made Louis a cardinal at the request of the English in 1439. Richard, Duke of York became the king's lieutenant in France in 1441 and in September 1442 Louis, as the English Chancellor in France, was named with York to a commission to attempt to negotiate a treaty with France. He was empowered to select a suitable place for a meeting. Louis died on 18 September 1443. His body was buried in the cathedral of Ely, while his heart was sent to Rouen. Citations ^ Miranda, Salvador. "Luxembourg, Louis de". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 27 September 2014. ^ C. Allmand, Henry V, p. 140 ^ Allmand, Christopher (1992). Henry V. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-520-08293-1. ^ B. J. H. Rowe, The Grand Conseil under the Duke of Bedford, 1422-25 in Oxford Essays in Medieval Studies, pp. 210, 229, 232 ^ Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council V, ed. Nicholas, p. 28 ^ Fryde,Handbook of British Chronology, p. 224 ^ A.J. Pollard, John Talbot and the War in France, 1427-1453, pp.29 and 40 ^ G.L. Harriss, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 272. ^ Rymer, Foedera XI, pp. 13-14. J. Fergusson, English Diplomacy 1422-1461 p. 181 ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 244 ^ Florida International University, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Biographical Dictionary of Eugenius IV (1431-1447), Consistory of December 18, 1439 (III) References Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. External links "Louis de Luxembourg". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 27 September 2014. Catholic Church titles Preceded byMatthieu or Renaud de Bapaume Bishop of Thérouanne 1415–1436 Succeeded byJean V "the Young" Preceded byHugh V des Orges Archbishop of Rouen 1436–1443 Succeeded byRaoul Roussel Preceded byPhilip Morgan Bishop of Ely 1437–1443 Succeeded byThomas Bourchier VacantTitle last held byFrancesco Uguccione Cardinal Priest of Quattro Santi Coronati 1440–1442 VacantTitle next held byAlfons de Borja Preceded byHugues Lancelot de Lusignan Cardinal Bishop of Frascati 1442–1443 Succeeded byJulian Cesarini vteBishops of ElyHigh Medieval Hervey le Breton Nigel Geoffrey Ridel William de Longchamp Eustace Robert of York John of Fountains Geoffrey de Burgh Hugh of Northwold William of Kilkenny Hugh de Balsham John Kirkby William of Louth John Salmon/John Langton Ralph Walpole Late Medieval Robert Orford John Ketton John Hotham Simon Montacute Thomas de Lisle Simon Langham John Barnet Thomas Arundel John Fordham Philip Morgan Lewis of Luxembourg Thomas Bourchier William Grey John Morton John Alcock Early modern Richard Redman James Stanley Nicholas West Thomas Goodrich Thomas Thirlby Richard Cox Martin Heton Lancelot Andrewes Nicholas Felton John Buckeridge Francis White Matthew Wren Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) Matthew Wren Benjamin Lany Peter Gunning Francis Turner Simon Patrick John Moore William Fleetwood Thomas Green Robert Butts Thomas Gooch Matthias Mawson Edmund Keene James Yorke Late modern Thomas Dampier Bowyer Sparke Joseph Allen Thomas Turton Harold Browne James Woodford Lord Alwyne Compton Frederic Chase Leonard White-Thomson Bernard Heywood Edward Wynn Noel Hudson Edward Roberts Peter Walker Stephen Sykes Anthony Russell Stephen Conway 15th-century Bishop of Ely, Archbishop of Rouen, and cardinal This article about an English bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Therouanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Therouanne"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ely"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Louis of Enghien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_Enghien"},{"link_name":"Duke Philip the Good's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Charles VII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lancastrian regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Jacquetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquetta_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"Henry VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp,_13th_Earl_of_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"King Charles VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Charles_VII"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pope Eugenius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugenius_IV"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook244-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIU-11"}],"text":"Louis of Luxembourg; (died 1443). Bishop of Therouanne 1415–1436, Archbishop of Rouen, 1436, Bishop of Ely 1437, Cardinal.[1]The youngest son of John Count of Luxembourg, Lord of Beauvoir, d. 1397 and Marguerite, Countess of Brienne daughter of Louis of Enghien.\nThe Counts of Luxembourg were clients of the Dukes of Burgundy and Louis became a member of Duke Philip the Good's council in 1419.[2]As bishop of Thérouanne he consecrated on 26 October 1415 part of the battlefield of Agincourt as a grave-site for the fallen.[3] In 1425 during the Anglo-Burgundian alliance against France (1419-1435) John, Duke of Bedford, Regent of France appointed Louis to the Grand Conseil governing from Paris. King Charles VII of France recovered Paris in 1436 and Louis was forced to flee to Rouen in English Normandy. He became Chancellor of the Lancastrian council there and was elected Archbishop of Rouen in 1436.[4] He was the leading native administrator/collaborator with the Lancastrian regime in France. His niece Jacquetta was the wife of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, who acted as regent for his nephew Henry VI.Louis visited England in 1437 and became a naturalized citizen.[5] Henry VI granted him the bishopric of Ely in 1437/38.[6]\nThis was the fifth wealthiest see in England, yet also amongst the smallest in terms of size or burden. \nRichard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, Henry VI's lieutenant in France died at his post in Rouen in 1439. Louis continued as Chancellor, conducting the government of Normandy and the war against King Charles VII from Rouen.[7]Pope Eugenius IV made Louis a cardinal at the request of the English in 1439.[8]Richard, Duke of York became the king's lieutenant in France in 1441 and in September 1442 Louis, as the English Chancellor in France, was named with York to a commission to attempt to negotiate a treaty with France. He was empowered to select a suitable place for a meeting.[9]Louis died on 18 September 1443.[10] His body was buried in the cathedral of Ely, while his heart was sent to Rouen.[11]","title":"Louis of Luxembourg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Luxembourg, Louis de\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1439.htm#Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-08293-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08293-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handbook244_10-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FIU_11-0"},{"link_name":"Florida International University, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Biographical Dictionary of Eugenius IV (1431-1447), Consistory of December 18, 1439 (III)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1439.htm#Berardi"}],"text":"^ Miranda, Salvador. \"Luxembourg, Louis de\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 27 September 2014.\n\n^ C. Allmand, Henry V, p. 140\n\n^ Allmand, Christopher (1992). Henry V. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-520-08293-1.\n\n^ B. J. H. Rowe, The Grand Conseil under the Duke of Bedford, 1422-25 in Oxford Essays in Medieval Studies, pp. 210, 229, 232\n\n^ Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council V, ed. Nicholas, p. 28\n\n^ Fryde,Handbook of British Chronology, p. 224\n\n^ A.J. Pollard, John Talbot and the War in France, 1427-1453, pp.29 and 40\n\n^ G.L. Harriss, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 272.\n\n^ Rymer, Foedera XI, pp. 13-14. J. Fergusson, English Diplomacy 1422-1461 p. 181\n\n^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 244\n\n^ Florida International University, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Biographical Dictionary of Eugenius IV (1431-1447), Consistory of December 18, 1439 (III)","title":"Citations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Miranda, Salvador. \"Luxembourg, Louis de\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 27 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1439.htm#Luxembourg","url_text":"\"Luxembourg, Louis de\""}]},{"reference":"Allmand, Christopher (1992). Henry V. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-520-08293-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08293-1","url_text":"0-520-08293-1"}]},{"reference":"Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X","url_text":"0-521-56350-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Louis de Luxembourg\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 27 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdluxl.html","url_text":"\"Louis de Luxembourg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1439.htm#Luxembourg","external_links_name":"\"Luxembourg, Louis de\""},{"Link":"https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1439.htm#Berardi","external_links_name":"Florida International University, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Biographical Dictionary of Eugenius IV (1431-1447), Consistory of December 18, 1439 (III)"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdluxl.html","external_links_name":"\"Louis de Luxembourg\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_of_Luxembourg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie_Baird	Davie Baird	["1 References","2 External links"]	For other people with the same name, see David Baird. Scottish footballer Davie BairdPersonal informationFull name David BairdDate of birth 4 March 1869Place of birth Edinburgh, ScotlandDate of death 19 March 1946(1946-03-19) (aged 77)Place of death Lasswade, ScotlandPosition(s) Outside forwardSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)– Dalry Primrose 1887–1888 St Bernard's 1888–1903 Heart of Midlothian 140 (54)1903–1904 Motherwell 1 (0)Total 141 (54)International career1890–1892 Scotland 3 (1)1893–1894 Scottish League XI 2 (1) Club domestic league appearances and goals David Baird (4 March 1869 – 19 March 1946) was a Scottish footballer who played for Heart of Midlothian, Motherwell and Scotland. Baird won the Scottish Cup three times with Hearts, playing in three different positions in each of the finals (1891, 1896 and 1901), though he was most commonly deployed as an outside forward. After retiring as a player in 1904, Baird was a director of Hearts between 1926 and 1936. References ^ (Scotland player) David Baird, London Hearts Supporters Club ^ (SFL player) Davie Baird, London Hearts Supporters Club ^ a b (Smith 2013, p. 18) ^ (Hearts player) Davie Baird, London Hearts Supporters Club ^ John Litster (October 2012). "A Record of pre-war Scottish League Players". Scottish Football Historian magazine. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) Sources Smith, Paul (2013). Scotland Who's Who. Pitch Publishing. ISBN 9781909178847. External links Davie Baird at the Scottish Football Association This biographical article related to association football in Scotland, about a forward born in the 1860s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baird_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Scottish_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"outside forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)#Outside_forward"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-litsterprewar-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-3"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see David Baird.Scottish footballerDavid Baird (4 March 1869 – 19 March 1946) was a Scottish footballer who played for Heart of Midlothian, Motherwell and Scotland.[3][4] Baird won the Scottish Cup three times with Hearts, playing in three different positions in each of the finals (1891, 1896 and 1901), though he was most commonly deployed as an outside forward.[5] After retiring as a player in 1904, Baird was a director of Hearts between 1926 and 1936.[3]","title":"Davie Baird"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"John Litster (October 2012). \"A Record of pre-war Scottish League Players\". Scottish Football Historian magazine.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Paul (2013). Scotland Who's Who. Pitch Publishing. ISBN 9781909178847.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909178847","url_text":"9781909178847"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.londonhearts.com/scotland/players/davidbaird.html","external_links_name":"(Scotland player) David Baird"},{"Link":"http://www.londonhearts.com/SFL/players/daviebaird.html","external_links_name":"(SFL player) Davie Baird"},{"Link":"https://www.londonhearts.com/scores/newplayers/h00227.html","external_links_name":"(Hearts player) Davie Baird"},{"Link":"https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/players/?pid=112824","external_links_name":"Davie Baird"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davie_Baird&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisey_(TV_series)	Noisey (TV series)	["1 Noisey: Chiraq (2014)","2 Noisey: Atlanta (2015)","3 Noisey (2016-2017)","3.1 Season 1 (2016)","3.2 Season 2 (2017)","4 References","5 External links"]	2016 American television documentary series NoiseyGenreDocumentaryStarringZach GoldbaumCountry of originUnited States, CanadaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes(list of episodes)ProductionRunning timeApproximately 60 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkVicelandRelease29 February 2016 (2016-02-29) –14 February 2017 (2017-02-14) Noisey is a 2016 American television documentary series hosted by Zach Goldbaum. The series premiered on 2 March 2016 on Viceland as part of its new programming launch. The series explores music cultures around the world, while discovering the problems that come with youth and crime that is involved with music. The series was renewed for a second season in 2016. The series was preceded by 2014's Noisey: Chiraq and 2015's Noisey: Atlanta, which were hosted by Thomas Morton. Noisey: Chiraq (2014) No. Title Featuring 1 Welcome to Chiraq Chief Keef 2 Keef in NYC / Chiraq's New Kids Chief Keef 3 Alien vs Predator vs Chief Keef Chief Keef 4 Lil Durk Terrifies the City Lil Durk, Lil Reese 5 Vic Mensa & SAVEMONEY Bust Joey Purp Outta Jail Vic Mensa, SAVEMONEY, Joey Purp 6 Chop's Mom Drives Him Around the Nation's Murder Capital Young Chop 7 How to Make it Out of Chiraq 8 Chief Keef Takes the Suburbs Chief Keef Noisey: Atlanta (2015) No. Title Featuring 1 Welcome to the Trap 2 Meet the Migos Migos 3 Gucci Mane & Jeezy: Trap Lords Coach K., Gucci Mane 4 Trouble with the ATL Twins ATL Twins 5 Shots Fired in Little Mexico with Young Scooter & Gucci Young Scooter, Gucci Mane 6 2 Chainz Up Close & Personal 2 Chainz 7 The Psychedelic and Bizarre World of iLoveMakonnen iLoveMakonnen 8 Rich Gang: Sometimes You Win, Sometimes You Lose 9 The Producers 10 Peewee Longway's Playhouse Peewee Longway, Young Thug Noisey (2016-2017) Season 1 (2016) No. Title Original airdate Featuring 1 Bompton February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29) Kendrick Lamar, Snoop Dogg 2 São Paulo March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08) Major Lazer, MC Guimê, MC Bin Laden 3 Miami March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15) Rick Ross, DJ Khaled, Gato Da Bato, Pouya, Fat Nick, Robb Banks, Stitches, Scott Storch, Denzel Curry, Gunplay 4 Chicago March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22) Chief Keef, Vic Mensa, Young Chop, Lil Durk, Chief Wuk, Alki David, Common 5 Jamaica March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29) Popcaan, Chronixx 6 Las Vegas April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05) Steve Angelo, Wayne Newton, Justin Bieber, Tiesto 7 Detroit April 12, 2016 (2016-04-12) Big Sean, Danny Brown, Trick-Trick, Dej Loaf, Doughboyz Cashout, Mike Melinoe, Bandgang, Dex Osama 8 London April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19) Giggs, Skepta, Jammer, JME 9 Chicago: The City Speaks April 26, 2016 (2016-04-26) 10 YG and the Therapist June 12, 2016 (2016-06-12) YG Season 2 (2017) No. Title Original airdate Featuring 11 Bay Area January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10) G-Eazy, E-40, Nef the Pharaoh, Mistah F.A.B. 12 Nashville January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17) Kesha, Jellyroll 13 Paris January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24) Niska, MHD, Medine 14 Seoul January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31) Big Bang 15 Atlanta February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07) Migos, Killer Mike, 21 Savage, Metro Boomin, Lil Yachty, Jeezy, T.I., Young Thug 16 Lagos February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14) Wizkid, Femi Kuti References ^ Jurgensen, John (2 March 2016). "Take a Musical Tour of Compton with Kendrick Lamar in Viceland's 'Noisey'". Wall Street Journal. ^ "Migos Invites 'Noisey' Back to Their Atlanta Mansion". 2 February 2017. ^ "Noisey on Pretty famous". prettyfamous.com. Retrieved April 9, 2017. ^ https://noisey.vice.com/en_au/article//meet-zach-goldbaum-the-unlikely-host-of-noisey-on-sbs-viceland External links Official site	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Morton_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Noisey is a 2016 American television documentary series hosted by Zach Goldbaum.[1] The series premiered on 2 March 2016 on Viceland as part of its new programming launch. The series explores music cultures around the world,[2] while discovering the problems that come with youth and crime that is involved with music. The series was renewed for a second season in 2016.[3]The series was preceded by 2014's Noisey: Chiraq and 2015's Noisey: Atlanta, which were hosted by Thomas Morton.[4]","title":"Noisey (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Noisey: Chiraq (2014)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Noisey: Atlanta (2015)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Noisey (2016-2017)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2016)","title":"Noisey (2016-2017)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2017)","title":"Noisey (2016-2017)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jurgensen, John (2 March 2016). \"Take a Musical Tour of Compton with Kendrick Lamar in Viceland's 'Noisey'\". 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Retrieved April 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tv-shows.prettyfamous.com/l/2025894/Noisey","url_text":"\"Noisey on Pretty famous\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-93831","external_links_name":"\"Take a Musical Tour of Compton with Kendrick Lamar in Viceland's 'Noisey'\""},{"Link":"https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/migos-vice-noisey-atlanta-21-savage-trailer-484419/","external_links_name":"\"Migos Invites 'Noisey' Back to Their Atlanta Mansion\""},{"Link":"http://tv-shows.prettyfamous.com/l/2025894/Noisey","external_links_name":"\"Noisey on Pretty famous\""},{"Link":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_au/article/gqymx7/meet-zach-goldbaum-the-unlikely-host-of-noisey-on-sbs-viceland","external_links_name":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_au/article//meet-zach-goldbaum-the-unlikely-host-of-noisey-on-sbs-viceland"},{"Link":"https://video.vice.com/en_us/show/noisey","external_links_name":"Official site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis	Paulina Wright Davis	["1 Early life","2 Later life","3 Death and honors","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	American activist and educator (1813–1876) "Paulina Davis" redirects here. For the British poet, see Nina Salaman. Paulina Wright DavisBornPaulina Kellogg(1813-08-07)August 7, 1813Bloomfield, New York, U.S.DiedAugust 24, 1876(1876-08-24) (aged 63)Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.OccupationsSuffragistAbolitionistEducatorSpouses Francis Wright (m. 1833; died 1845) Thomas Davis (m. 1849)Children2 (adopted) Paulina Wright Davis (née Kellogg; August 7, 1813 – August 24, 1876) was an American abolitionist, suffragist, and educator. She was one of the founders of the New England Woman Suffrage Association. Early life Davis was born in Bloomfield, New York to Captain Ebenezer Kellogg and Polly (née Saxton) Kellogg. The family moved to the frontier near Niagara Falls in 1817. Both her parents died, and she went to live with her aunt in 1820 in Le Roy, New York. She joined the Presbyterian church, although she found it hostile to outspoken women. She wanted to become a missionary, but the church did not allow single women to become missionaries. Later life Davis married Francis Wright in 1833, who was a merchant from a prosperous family from Utica, New York. They had similar values and both resigned from their church to protest its pro-slavery stance, and they served on the executive committee of the Central New York Anti-Slavery Society. In 1835, Davis and her husband organized an anti-slavery convention in Utica. They also supported women's rights reforms, associating with Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Ernestine Rose. During this period, Davis studied women's health. Francis Wright died in 1845, and the couple had no children. Davis moved to New York to study medicine following her husband's death. In 1846, she gave lectures on anatomy and physiology to women only. She imported a medical mannequin and toured the eastern United States teaching women and urging them to become physicians. In 1849, she married Thomas Davis, a Democrat from Providence, Rhode Island, and they adopted two daughters. In 1850, Davis started to focus her energies on women's rights. She stopped lecturing and helped to arrange the first National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, at which she presided and delivered the opening address In her speech, she argued that women were not being afforded the constitutional protections of equal protection and due process, and that they were treated as a "disabled caste" by the government. She was president of the National Woman's Rights Central Committee from 1850 to 1858. In 1853, she began editing the women's newspaper The Una, handing over the responsibility to Caroline Healey Dall in 1855. Davis was one of the founders of the New England Woman Suffrage Association in 1868. When the group splintered, she and Susan B. Anthony became involved in the National Woman Suffrage Association. In 1870, she arranged the twentieth anniversary of the Women's Suffrage Movement meeting and published The History of the National Woman's Rights Movement. Death and honors Davis died on August 24, 1876, in Providence, Rhode Island, seventeen days after her 63rd birthday, and was eulogized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The first volume of History of Woman Suffrage, published in 1881, states, “THESE VOLUMES ARE AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED TO THE Memory of Mary Wollstonecraft, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Martineau, Lydia Maria Child, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimké, Josephine S. Griffing, Martha C. Wright, Harriot K. Hunt, M.D., Mariana W. Johnson, Alice and Phebe Carey, Ann Preston, M.D., Lydia Mott, Eliza W. Farnham, Lydia F. Fowler, M.D., Paulina Wright Davis, Whose Earnest Lives and Fearless Words, in Demanding Political Rights for Women, have been, in the Preparation of these Pages, a Constant Inspiration TO The Editors”. She was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 2002. In 2003, she was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame, along with her second husband, Thomas Davis. See also List of suffragists and suffragettes Married Women's Property Acts in the United States Timeline of women's suffrage Women's suffrage organizations References ^ a b c "Davis, Paulina Kellogg Wright". American National Biography Online. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ^ a b "Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis". Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ^ "Women's Rights National Park, Seneca Falls, NY". New York Traveler.net. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ^ Talcott, Sebastian Visscher (1883). Genealogical Notes of New York and New England Families. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 743. ISBN 9780806305370. ^ a b "Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ^ James, Edward T. and Wilson, Janet (1971). Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 2. Harvard University Press. p. 444. thomas davis married Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Danforth, Charolotte (2006). American Heirloom Baby Names. Penguin. ISBN 9781101210482. ^ "2002 National Women's Hall of Fame Inductees". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ^ "Woman Suffrage in New England (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved July 22, 2019. ^ Isenberg, Nancy (June 1998). ""Pillars in the Same Temple and Priests of the Same Worship": Woman's Rights and the Politics of Church and State in Antebellum America". The Journal of American History. 85 (1): 98–128. doi:10.2307/2568435. JSTOR 2568435. Retrieved October 22, 2021. ^ Lemay, Kate Clarke; Goodier, Susan; Tetrault, Lisa; Jones, Martha (2019). Votes for Women: A Portrait of Persistence. 269: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691191171.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ a b "Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis". National Women’s Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2014. ^ "History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I". Project Gutenberg. ^ "Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Congressman Thomas Davis, Inducted 2003". Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 23, 2020. Further reading Lederman, S. H. Davis, "Paulina Kellogg Wright". American National Biography Online, Feb. 2000. Wayne, Tiffany K. Woman Thinking: Feminism and Transcendentalism in Nineteenth-Century America. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. External links Paulina Wright Davis at Find a Grave vteRhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame Women Inductees1960s1966 Glenna Collett Vare 1967 Eileen Farrell Ruth Hussey 1968 E. Doris Brennan Paula Deubel Carole Garnett-Wheeler Clara LaMore Janet Moreau Albina Osipowich Lois Ann Testa 1969 JoAnne Carner June Rockwell Levy Mary Tucker Thorp 1970s1970 Jean Madeira 1971 Ruth Buzzi Ida Silverman 1972 Margaret F. Ackroyd 1975 Catherine S. Robinson 1977 Gertrude Meth Hochberg Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones 1978 Antoinette Downing Frances G. Knight Princess Red Wing 1980s1980 Diane L. Coutu Florence K. Murray 1981 Anna Tucker Katherine Urquhart Warren 1982 Eleanor Slater 1983 Katharine Gibbs 1985 Olive F. Wiley 1986 Eleanor M. McMahon 1987 Sister Mary Bernard Sister Eileen Murphy 1988 Marion F. Avarista 1990s1990 Ade Bethune 1991 Gladys Williams Brayton 1992 Mary P. Brennan Nancy A. J. Potter 1993 Mary Crowley Mulvey 1994 Lizzie Murphy Barbara-Jeanne Seabury 1996 Helen A. Bert Catherine Tilley Hammett Helen Adelia Rowe Metcalf Arlene Violet 1997 Mary Dyer Sylvia Hassenfeld Anne Hutchinson Margaret Langdon-Kelly Maria Spacagna 1998 Helen Metcalf Danforth Ann Smith Franklin Sarah Updike Goddard 1999 Beatrice Oenslager Chace 2000s2000 Doris Holloway Abels 2001 Prudence Crandall Doris Duke Mary Elizabeth Sharpe Harriet Ware 2002 Elizabeth Buffum Chace Leona McElroy Kelly Mary Francis Xavier Warde Catharine R. Williams 2003 Christiana Carteaux Bannister Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Julia Ward Howe Victoria Lederberg 2004 Sara DeCosta-Hayes Lynne Jewell Helen Johns Katie King-Crowley Frances Harriet Whipple Green McDougall Harriet Metcalf Aileen Riggin Lila Sapinsley Sarah Helen Whitman 2005 Sarah Elizabeth Doyle Norma Ann Garnett Ida Lewis Alice A. Sullivan 2006 Therese Antone Nancy Gewirtz Barbara H. Roberts 2007 Anna Garlin Spencer Mary Emma Woolley 2008 Maud Howe Elliott Marjorie Joy Vogel 2009 Annie Smith Peck 2010s2010 Kathleen S. Connell Susan Farmer Caroline Hazard 2011 Jane Stuart 2012 Karen Adams Eileen Slocum Mary C. Wheeler 2013 Wilma Briggs Billie Ann Burrill Martha McSally Lucy Rawlings Tootell 2014 Catherine O'Reilly Collette Isabelle Ahearn O'Neill Abby Aldrich Rockefeller 2015 Noreen Stonor Drexel Gertrude I. Johnson Margaret McKenna Mary T. Wales 2016 Pauline Maier Patricia R. Recupero Betty R. Vohr 2017 Sarah J. Eddy Marie Rode Ferron Louisa Sharpe Metcalf 2018 Holly Patrice Wood 2019 Sister Mary Reilly Rose E. Weaver 2020s2020 Sara MacCormack Algeo Roberta Dunbar Bertha G. Higgins Maria Kindberg Ingeborg Kindstedt Sophia R. Little Fanny Purdy Palmer Anna W. Spenser Lillie Buffum Chace Wyman vteInductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame1970–19791973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980–19891981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins 1983 Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary "Mother" Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Mary Risteau Ida B. Wells-Barnett 1990–19991990 Margaret Bourke-White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion 1993 Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Putnam Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C. J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich 1994 Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon 1996 Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien-Shiung Wu 2000–20092000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard 2001 Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence E. Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly-Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman 2010–20192011 St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters 2019 Gloria Allred Angela Davis Sarah Deer Jane Fonda Nicole Malachowski Rose O'Neill Louise Slaughter Sonia Sotomayor Laurie Spiegel Flossie Wong-Staal 2020–20292020 Aretha Franklin Barbara Hillary Barbara Rose Johns Henrietta Lacks Toni Morrison Mary Church Terrell 2022 Octavia E. Butler Judy Chicago Rebecca S. Halstead Mia Hamm Joy Harjo Emily Howland Katherine Johnson Indra Nooyi Michelle Obama 2024 Patricia Bath Ruby Bridges Elouise P. Cobell Kimberlé Crenshaw Peggy McIntosh Judith Plaskow Loretta Ross Sandy Stone Anna Wessels Williams Serena Williams vteSuffrageBasic topics Universal suffrage Right to run for office Women Men Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women's liberation movement By country Austria Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Hong Kong India Japan Kuwait Liechtenstein Mexico New Zealand Spain (Civil War, Francoist) Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Cayman Islands Scotland Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women African Americans Native Americans felons foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico states Constitutional amendments: 15th, 19th, 23rd, 24th, 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Hong Kong 1 July marches 2014 Hong Kong protests 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests UK WSPU march (1906) Mud March (1907) Women's Sunday (1908) Black Friday (1910) Battle of Downing Street (1910) Women's Coronation Procession (1911) Great Pilgrimage (1913) Open Christmas Letter (1914) Suffragette bombing and arson campaign US Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Declaration of Sentiments (1848) Rochester Convention (1848) Ohio Women's Convention (1850) National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869) Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873) Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914) Woman Suffrage Procession (1913) Suffrage Torch Suffrage Special (1916) Silent Sentinels (1917–1919) Night of Terror Prison Special 1920 United States presidential election "Give Us the Ballot" (1957) Freedom Summer (1964) Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) Women(memorials) List of suffragists and suffragettes Timeline of women's suffrage US in majority-Muslim countries Historiography of the Suffragettes Women's suffrage organizations and publications Women's rights activists Leser v. Garnett Belmont–Paul Monument Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue) Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial Elizabeth Cady Stanton statue Suffragette Memorial Portrait Monument Women's Rights Pioneers Monument Forward statue Kate Sheppard National Memorial Millicent Fawcett statue Great Petition (2008 sculpture) Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain Resilience Turning Point Suffragist Memorial Eagle House Pankhurst Centre Paulsdale Suffragette Handkerchief Holloway banner Holloway brooch Holloway Jingles Hunger Strike Medal Justice Bell Suffrage jewellery Suffragette penny Suffrage Oak Women's Rights National Historical Park Women's Suffrage National Monument International Women's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women's Equality Day Related Age of candidacy National Voting Rights Museum (US) Umbrella Movement Popularculture "The Women's Marseillaise" "The March of the Women" (1910 song) The Mother of Us All (1947 opera) "Sister Suffragette" (1964 song) Suffrage plays Women's suffrage in film Votes for Women (1912 film) Shoulder to Shoulder (1974 series) Not for Ourselves Alone (1999 documentary) Iron Jawed Angels (2004 film) Up the Women (2013 sitcom) Selma (2014 film) Suffragette (2015 film) Sylvia (2018 musical) Suffs (2022 musical) Susan B. Anthony dollar New Zealand ten-dollar note 2020 US ten-dollar bill Lioness (upcoming film) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Australia Netherlands People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nina Salaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Salaman"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionist"},{"link_name":"suffragist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragist"},{"link_name":"New England Woman Suffrage Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Woman_Suffrage_Association"}],"text":"\"Paulina Davis\" redirects here. For the British poet, see Nina Salaman.Paulina Wright Davis (née Kellogg; August 7, 1813 – August 24, 1876) was an American abolitionist, suffragist, and educator. She was one of the founders of the New England Woman Suffrage Association.","title":"Paulina Wright Davis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloomfield, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield,_New_York"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls"},{"link_name":"Le Roy, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Roy_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANB-1"}],"text":"Davis was born in Bloomfield, New York to Captain Ebenezer Kellogg and Polly (née Saxton) Kellogg. The family moved to the frontier near Niagara Falls in 1817. Both her parents died, and she went to live with her aunt in 1820 in Le Roy, New York. She joined the Presbyterian church, although she found it hostile to outspoken women. She wanted to become a missionary, but the church did not allow single women to become missionaries.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utica, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhode_Island_Heritage-2"},{"link_name":"Susan B. Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Cady Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton"},{"link_name":"Ernestine Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestine_Rose"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Davis_(Rhode_Island)"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Women's Rights Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention"},{"link_name":"Worcester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isenberg-10"},{"link_name":"The Una","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Una"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lemay-11"},{"link_name":"Caroline Healey Dall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Healey_Dall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANB-1"},{"link_name":"New England Woman Suffrage Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Woman_Suffrage_Association"},{"link_name":"National Woman Suffrage Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Women%E2%80%99s_Hall_of_Fame-12"}],"text":"Davis married Francis Wright in 1833, who was a merchant from a prosperous family from Utica, New York.[2] They had similar values and both resigned from their church to protest its pro-slavery stance, and they served on the executive committee of the Central New York Anti-Slavery Society. In 1835, Davis and her husband organized an anti-slavery convention in Utica. They also supported women's rights reforms, associating with Susan B. Anthony,[3] Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Ernestine Rose. During this period, Davis studied women's health. Francis Wright died in 1845, and the couple had no children.[4]Davis moved to New York to study medicine following her husband's death. In 1846, she gave lectures on anatomy and physiology to women only.[5] She imported a medical mannequin and toured the eastern United States teaching women and urging them to become physicians. In 1849, she married Thomas Davis, a Democrat from Providence, Rhode Island, and they adopted two daughters.[6][7]In 1850, Davis started to focus her energies on women's rights. She stopped lecturing and helped to arrange the first National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, at which she presided and delivered the opening address[8][9] In her speech, she argued that women were not being afforded the constitutional protections of equal protection and due process, and that they were treated as a \"disabled caste\" by the government.[10] She was president of the National Woman's Rights Central Committee from 1850 to 1858. In 1853, she began editing the women's newspaper The Una,[11] handing over the responsibility to Caroline Healey Dall in 1855.[1]Davis was one of the founders of the New England Woman Suffrage Association in 1868. When the group splintered, she and Susan B. Anthony became involved in the National Woman Suffrage Association.[5] In 1870, she arranged the twentieth anniversary of the Women's Suffrage Movement meeting and published The History of the National Woman's Rights Movement.[12]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANB-1"},{"link_name":"History of Woman Suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Woman_Suffrage"},{"link_name":"Mary Wollstonecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft"},{"link_name":"Frances Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Wright"},{"link_name":"Lucretia Mott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretia_Mott"},{"link_name":"Harriet Martineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Martineau"},{"link_name":"Lydia Maria Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child"},{"link_name":"Margaret Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Angelina Grimké","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Josephine S. Griffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Sophia_White_Griffing"},{"link_name":"Martha C. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright"},{"link_name":"Harriot K. Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriot_Kezia_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Mariana W. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariana_W._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cary"},{"link_name":"Phebe Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Cary"},{"link_name":"Ann Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Preston"},{"link_name":"Lydia Mott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lydia_Mott_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eliza W. Farnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Farnham"},{"link_name":"Lydia F. Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Folger_Fowler"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"National Women’s Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%E2%80%99s_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Women%E2%80%99s_Hall_of_Fame-12"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Heritage_Hall_of_Fame_Women_Inductees"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhode_Island_Heritage-2"}],"text":"Davis died on August 24, 1876, in Providence, Rhode Island, seventeen days after her 63rd birthday, and was eulogized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.[1]The first volume of History of Woman Suffrage, published in 1881, states, “THESE VOLUMES ARE AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED TO THE Memory of Mary Wollstonecraft, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Martineau, Lydia Maria Child, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimké, Josephine S. Griffing, Martha C. Wright, Harriot K. Hunt, M.D., Mariana W. Johnson, Alice and Phebe Carey, Ann Preston, M.D., Lydia Mott, Eliza W. Farnham, Lydia F. Fowler, M.D., Paulina Wright Davis, Whose Earnest Lives and Fearless Words, in Demanding Political Rights for Women, have been, in the Preparation of these Pages, a Constant Inspiration TO The Editors”.[13]She was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 2002.[12]In 2003, she was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame, along with her second husband, Thomas Davis.[14][2]","title":"Death and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lederman, S. H. Davis, \"Paulina Kellogg Wright\". American National Biography Online, Feb. 2000.\nWayne, Tiffany K. Woman Thinking: Feminism and Transcendentalism in Nineteenth-Century America. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of suffragists and suffragettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes"},{"title":"Married Women's Property Acts in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_Women%27s_Property_Acts_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Timeline of women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage"},{"title":"Women's suffrage organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Major_suffrage_organizations"}]	[{"reference":"\"Davis, Paulina Kellogg Wright\". American National Biography Online. Retrieved April 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00166.html","url_text":"\"Davis, Paulina Kellogg Wright\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis\". Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame. Retrieved April 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=469","url_text":"\"Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Rights National Park, Seneca Falls, NY\". New York Traveler.net. Retrieved April 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://newyorktraveler.net/womens-rights-national-park-seneca-falls-ny/","url_text":"\"Women's Rights National Park, Seneca Falls, NY\""}]},{"reference":"Talcott, Sebastian Visscher (1883). Genealogical Notes of New York and New England Families. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 743. ISBN 9780806305370.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6YehIsw-eF8C&q=pauline+kellogg+married+Francis+Wright&pg=PA743","url_text":"Genealogical Notes of New York and New England Families"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806305370","url_text":"9780806305370"}]},{"reference":"\"Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/152825/Paulina-Kellogg-Wright-Davis","url_text":"\"Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis\""}]},{"reference":"James, Edward T. and Wilson, Janet (1971). Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 2. 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Retrieved October 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2568435","url_text":"\"\"Pillars in the Same Temple and Priests of the Same Worship\": Woman's Rights and the Politics of Church and State in Antebellum America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2568435","url_text":"10.2307/2568435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2568435","url_text":"2568435"}]},{"reference":"Lemay, Kate Clarke; Goodier, Susan; Tetrault, Lisa; Jones, Martha (2019). Votes for Women: A Portrait of Persistence. 269: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691191171.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691191171","url_text":"9780691191171"}]},{"reference":"\"Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis\". National Women’s Hall of Fame. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_clathratum	Vexillum clathratum	["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 References","4 External links"]	Species of gastropod Vexillum clathratum Drawing of a shell of Vexillum clathratum (holotype) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Superfamily: Turbinelloidea Family: Costellariidae Genus: Vexillum Species: V. clathratum Binomial name Vexillum clathratum(Reeve, 1844) Synonyms Mitra clathrata Reeve, 1844 Vexillum (Costellaria) clathratum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum clathratum, common name the latticed mitre, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters. Description The length of the shell attains 35 mm. (Original description) The shell is rather elongated. The spire is turreted, acuminately produced. The whorls are depressly angulated at the upper part, longitudinally ribbed, strongly latticed with close-set, raised, transverse ridges. The shell is white. The whorls are encircled round the middle with a single light brown band. The columella is slightly umbilicated and four-plaited. The aperture is rather short. Distribution This marine species occurs off the Philippines; in the Indian Ocean off Mauritius. References ^ a b MolluscaBase (2018). Vexillum clathratum (Reeve, 1844). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=599795 on 2018-12-31 ^ Reeve, L. A. (1844-1845). Monograph of the genus Mitra. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 2, pl. 1-39 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London. External links Liénard, Élizé. Catalogue de la faune malacologique de l'île Maurice et de ses dépendances comprenant les îles Seychelles, le groupe de Chagos composé de Diego-Garcia, Six-îles, Pèros-Banhos, Salomon, etc., l'île Rodrigues, l'île de Cargados ou Saint-Brandon. J. Tremblay, 1877. Taxon identifiersVexillum clathratum Wikidata: Q14514566 CoL: 5BB7Z GBIF: 6787410 IRMNG: 11797117 OBIS: 599795 WoRMS: 599795	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Costellariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costellariidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Vexillum clathratum, common name the latticed mitre, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.[1]","title":"Vexillum clathratum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"whorls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"columella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columella_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The length of the shell attains 35 mm.(Original description) The shell is rather elongated. The spire is turreted, acuminately produced. The whorls are depressly angulated at the upper part, longitudinally ribbed, strongly latticed with close-set, raised, transverse ridges. The shell is white. The whorls are encircled round the middle with a single light brown band. The columella is slightly umbilicated and four-plaited. The aperture is rather short. [2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"}],"text":"This marine species occurs off the Philippines; in the Indian Ocean off Mauritius.","title":"Distribution"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=599795","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=599795"},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8937231","external_links_name":"Reeve, L. A. (1844-1845). Monograph of the genus Mitra. In: Conchologia Iconica, or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, vol. 2, pl. 1-39 and unpaginated text. L. Reeve & Co., London."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XuhGAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Mitra+angulosa+%22&pg=PA2","external_links_name":"Liénard, Élizé. Catalogue de la faune malacologique de l'île Maurice et de ses dépendances comprenant les îles Seychelles, le groupe de Chagos composé de Diego-Garcia, Six-îles, Pèros-Banhos, Salomon, etc., l'île Rodrigues, l'île de Cargados ou Saint-Brandon. J. Tremblay, 1877."},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5BB7Z","external_links_name":"5BB7Z"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6787410","external_links_name":"6787410"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11797117","external_links_name":"11797117"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/599795","external_links_name":"599795"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=599795","external_links_name":"599795"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_culture	Chincha culture	["1 Setting","2 Chincha history","2.1 Pre-Chincha era","2.2 Chincha era","3 Chincha and the Incas","4 Spanish rule","5 See also","6 Other reading","7 References"]	Coordinates: 13°27′04″S 76°10′15″W / 13.45111°S 76.17083°W / -13.45111; -76.17083Native American culture 13°27′04″S 76°10′15″W / 13.45111°S 76.17083°W / -13.45111; -76.17083 The Chincha culture area, in gold. The Chincha culture (or Ica-Chincha culture) was the culture of a Native Peruvian people living near the Pacific Ocean in south west Peru. The Chincha Kingdom and their culture flourished in the Late Intermediate Period (900 CE–1450 CE), also known as the regional states period of pre-Columbian Peru. They became part of the Inca Empire around 1480. They were prominent as sea-going traders and lived in a large and fertile oasis valley. La Centinela is an archaeological ruin associated with the Chincha. It is located near the present-day city of Chincha Alta. The Chincha disappeared as a people a few decades after the Spanish conquest of Peru, which began in 1532. They died in large numbers from European diseases and the political chaos which accompanied and followed the Spanish invasion. The Chincha gave their name to the Chinchaysuyo Region, the Chincha Islands, to the animal known as the chinchilla (literally "Little Chincha"), and the city of Chincha Alta. The word "Chinchay" or "Chincha", means "Ocelot" in Quechua. The Chincha are an ethnic group related to the Quechuas people. Setting Chincha is one of the largest valleys on the Pacific coast of Peru. The valley is about 220 kilometres (140 mi) south of Lima, Peru. The surrounding desert is virtually rainless but the Chincha River flowing down from the Andes waters an extensive valley in the shape of a triangle about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north to south along the coast and extending about 20 kilometres (12 mi) inland. 22,000 hectares (54,000 acres) of land is cultivated in the present day valley and the cultivated land in pre-Columbian times may not have been much less. The Pisco River valley is located 25 kilometres (16 mi) south and is of similar size. Chincha history Pre-Chincha era Human beings have lived along the Peruvian coast for at least 10,000 years. The earliest settlers were probably fishermen, enjoying the rich maritime resources of the Humboldt Current. Irrigation agriculture in river valleys developed later. The first settled communities known in the Chincha valley date from about 800 BCE and belong to the Paracas culture. Later, from 100 BCE to 800 CE the Chincha valley was influenced by the Ica-Nazca culture. The Chincha valley was also influenced, and possibly under the control of the Wari empire, from about 500 CE to 1000 CE. Between the 9th and 10th centuries, there was a shift in the lifestyle and culture of the coastal inhabitants, with different techniques and styles appearing at the shore region. Some scholars claim that the change was the product of a migratory wave of unknown origin, identifying this culture as the "Pre-Chincha" culture. The rudimentary Pre-Chincha culture relied extensively on fishing and shell gathering. Chincha era In the 11th century, the sophisticated and warlike culture known as the Chincha began, possibly the product of a migratory wave from the highlands. The Chincha had developed systems of architecture, agriculture and irrigation. The Chincha culture came to dominate the whole valley. The Chincha worshiped a jaguar god, and believed themselves to be descended from jaguars, who gave them their warlike and dominating tendencies. The Chincha fertilized their fields with dead birds and guano, and this knowledge was passed on to later peoples. The Chincha merchants maintained trade routes by land with herds of camelids used as beasts of burden reaching the Collao (Altiplano) and Cusco. Moreover, the Chincha learned seafaring skills; and new technologies such as raft construction with balsa logs, being the largest capable of carrying twenty people in addition to a large cargo, and the use of the sail, only known by some cultures of Ecuador and Peru in the Pre-Columbian era of the Americas; allowing the Chincha to have extensive maritime trade routes and perhaps traveled as far as Central America by boat (raft). The Chincha sea-going "traders" worshiped a star known to them as Chundri, that may have served for navigation. The Chincha ruin of La Centinela was one of the first archaeological sites in Peru to be investigated by archaeologists. The site covers more than 75 hectares (190 acres) and consists of two large pyramids, La Centinela and Tambo de Mora, constructed of adobe and serving as the habitations of the leaders of the Chincha people. The surrounding residential area housed artisans of silver, textiles, wood, and ceramics, although, like most pre-Columbian monumental archaeological sites, the main purpose of La Centinela was probably ceremonial rather than residential or commercial. A network of roads radiated out from La Centinela, running in straight lines, as was the Andean custom. The roads are still visible. The roads extended east and south of la Centinela and led to outlying ceremonial centers and also facilitated the transportation of goods to the Paracas valley to the south and toward the highlands of the Andes which rise about 20 kilometres (12 mi) inland from La Centinela. According to an early Spanish chronicle, the population of Chincha consisted of 30,000 heads of households, among which were 12,000 agriculturalists, 10,000 fishermen, and 6,000 traders. The numbers suggest a total population of more than 100,000 people under Chincha control, likely in a larger area than the Chincha valley itself. The larger than normal number of fishermen and traders in the population illustrates the commercial nature of the Chincha state and the importance of the sea to their economy. According to Spanish sources the Chincha may have used money for commerce, like the Chimor and some other Andean cultures, but the Spanish chroniclers may have mistaken the copper items used in trading shapes as currency when the copper itself was the commodity being bartered. Chincha and the Incas Several 16th century Spaniards recorded Chincha history from indigenous Peruvian informants. Although those chronicles are often contradictory, the broad outlines of Chincha history can be discerned. Pedro Cieza de León described Chincha as a "great province, esteemed in ancient times...splendid and grand...so famous throughout Peru as to be feared by many natives." The Chinchas were expanding up and down the coast of Peru and into the Andes highlands at about the same time the Incas were creating their empire in the 14th and 15th centuries. The Chincha controlled a rich and prominent oracle named Chinchaycamac, probably near La Centinela, which garnered contributions from the Chincha people and others, indicating surpluses of wealth. The Chinchas were most famous for maritime commerce. Pedro Pizarro said that Atahualpa claimed that the ruler of Chincha controlled 100,000 sea-going rafts, undoubtedly an exaggeration, but illustrating the importance of Chincha and trade. Voyages via balsa raft up and down the Pacific coast from southern Colombia to northern Chile, possibly as far as Mexico, were a long-standing practice, the trade largely being in luxury items such as worked gold and silver and ritually-important Spondylus and Strombus seashells. Some authorities have asserted that the Chincha gained influence and control over much of this maritime trade only late in the fifteenth century. The Incas captured and dismantled the economy of the Chimu in northern Peru about 1470 and gave control of the trade to the Chincha, whose location near the Inca homeland in the highlands made Chincha a convenient entrepot. The source of both the balsa logs for rafts and the Spondylus and Strombus seashells was in Ecuador, 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) to the north, thus strengthening the view that the Chincha had an extensive reach to their trading activities. The first expedition of the Incas to the Chincha Kingdom was led by the General Capac Yupanqui, under the rule of his brother, the emperor Pachacuti (ruled 1438–71). According to some sources it was an attempt to establish a friendly relationship rather than a conquest, upon the arriving at Chincha, Capac Yupanqui said not wanting anything more than the acceptance of Cuzco superiority and gave gifts to the Chincha curacas to show the Inca magnificence. The Chincha had no trouble recognizing the Inca and continue living peacefully in their dominion. The next emperor, Topa Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471–93) brought the Chincha Kingdom into a true territorial annexation to the empire, but the rulers of Chincha retained much of their political and economic autonomy and their traditional leadership. The Chincha king was required to spend several months each year attending the court of the Inca emperor, although he was given the honors of the highest Inca nobles. The lord of Chincha was the only person in the Atahualpa's entourage carried on a litter at the meeting with the Spanish. In the Inca culture, the use of a litter in presence of the Sapa Inca was an outstanding honor. The Chincha possibly supported the Atahualpa's faction at the Inca civil war, Atahualpa said that the lord of Chincha was his friend and the greatest lord of the lowlands. The Chincha lord was initially mistaken for Atahualpa because of his displayed wealth at the meeting with Francisco Pizarro, and then killed in the battle of Cajamarca in 1532 in which the emperor Atahualpa was captured by the Spaniards. Spanish rule The Spanish first appeared in the Chincha valley in 1534 and a Dominican Roman Catholic mission was founded by 1542. With the arrival of the Spaniards, the population of Chincha declined precipitously, mostly due to European diseases and political turmoil. Demographers have estimated a 99 percent decline in population in the first 85 years of Spanish rule. Chincha never regained its earlier prominence. See also Tambo Colorado Nazca culture Paracas culture Other reading Caceres Macedo, Justo. Prehispanic Cultures of Peru. Peruvian Natural History Museum, 1985. Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, María. History of the Inca Realm. Cambridge University Press, 1999. References ^ Muzzo, Gustavo Pons (1979). Summary of the History of Peru. Editorial Universo. The Chincha Culture had its principal seat in the valleys of Ica and Chincha. It is also known by the name of Ica - Chincha Culture. ^ Wallace, Dwight T. (1991), "The Chincha roads: economics and symbolism," in Ancient road networks and settlement hierarchies in the New World edited by Charles D. Trombold, New YorK: Cambridge University Press, p. 256; Google Earth ^ Stanish, Charles, Tantalean, Henry, Nigra, Benjamin T., and Griffin, Laura (2014), "A 2,300-year-old architectural and astronomical complex in the Chincha Valley, Peru", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, No. 20, p. 7218 ^ Prouix, Donald A. (2007), "The Nasca Culture: An Introduction," University of Massachusetts, P. 5, http://people.umass.edu/proulx/online_pubs/Nasca_Overview_Zurich.pdf, accessed 8 August 2016 ^ Bergh, Susan and Lumbreras, Luis Guillermo (2012), Lords of the Ancient Andes, London: Thames & Hudson, p. 2 (cover) ^ Canseco, Maria Rostworowski de Diez (1999). History of the Inca Realm. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521637596. ^ Tavero Vega, Lizardo, "La Centinela", http://www.arqueologiadelperu.com.ar/lacentinela.htm, accessed 12 August 2016 ^ Wallace, pp. 253–255 ^ Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Maria (1999), History of the Inca Realm, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 205–206 ^ Nigra, Ben, Jones, Terrah, Bongers, Jacob, Stanish, Charles, Tantalean, Henry and Perez, Kelita (2014), "The Chincha Kingdom: The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Late Intermediate Period South Coast, Peru," Backdirt 2014, p. 43, http://ioa.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/backdirt2014_full_lr_update.pdf, accessed 15 December 2022 ^ Nigra, et al., p. 39 ^ Nigra et al, p. 40 ^ Dewan, Leslie and Hosler, Dorothy (2008), "Ancient Maritime Trade on Balsa Rafts: An Engineering Analysis," Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 64, pp. 19–20 ^ Sandweiss, Daniel H. and Reid, David A. (2015), "Negotiated Subjugation: Maritime Trade and the Incorporation of Chincha into the Inca Empire", The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, Vol. 0, Issue 0, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15564894.2015.1105885, accessed 18 August 2016 ^ Emanuel, Jeff (2012), "Crown Jewel of the Fleet: Design, Construction, and Use of the Seagoing Balsas of the Pre-Columbian Andean Coast," in Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Boats and Ship Archaeology (ISBSA 13), Amsterdam, Netherlands, 8–12 October 2012, http://scholar.harvard.edu/emanuel/mbian-Balsa_ISBSA-13, accessed 2 August 2016 ^ Nigra et al, pp. 39–40; Sandweiss, Daniel H. (1992), The Archaeology of Chincha Fishermen: Specialization and Status in Inka Peru, Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, pp. 5 ^ Sandweiss, (1992), pp. 23–24	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"13°27′04″S 76°10′15″W / 13.45111°S 76.17083°W / -13.45111; -76.17083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chincha_culture&params=13_27_04_S_76_10_15_W_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mapa_cultura_chincha.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Native Peruvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Peruvian"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Late Intermediate Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru"},{"link_name":"pre-Columbian Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era"},{"link_name":"Inca Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"La Centinela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Centinela"},{"link_name":"Chincha Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_Alta"},{"link_name":"Spanish conquest of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Chinchaysuyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchay_Suyu"},{"link_name":"Chincha Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_Islands"},{"link_name":"chinchilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla"},{"link_name":"Chincha Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_Alta"},{"link_name":"Ocelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelot"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Quechuas people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_people"}],"text":"Native American culture13°27′04″S 76°10′15″W / 13.45111°S 76.17083°W / -13.45111; -76.17083The Chincha culture area, in gold.The Chincha culture (or Ica-Chincha culture[1]) was the culture of a Native Peruvian people living near the Pacific Ocean in south west Peru. The Chincha Kingdom and their culture flourished in the Late Intermediate Period (900 CE–1450 CE), also known as the regional states period of pre-Columbian Peru. They became part of the Inca Empire around 1480. They were prominent as sea-going traders and lived in a large and fertile oasis valley. La Centinela is an archaeological ruin associated with the Chincha. It is located near the present-day city of Chincha Alta.The Chincha disappeared as a people a few decades after the Spanish conquest of Peru, which began in 1532. They died in large numbers from European diseases and the political chaos which accompanied and followed the Spanish invasion.The Chincha gave their name to the Chinchaysuyo Region, the Chincha Islands, to the animal known as the chinchilla (literally \"Little Chincha\"), and the city of Chincha Alta. The word \"Chinchay\" or \"Chincha\", means \"Ocelot\" in Quechua. The Chincha are an ethnic group related to the Quechuas people.","title":"Chincha culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chincha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_Province"},{"link_name":"Lima, Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima,_Peru"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chincha is one of the largest valleys on the Pacific coast of Peru. The valley is about 220 kilometres (140 mi) south of Lima, Peru. The surrounding desert is virtually rainless but the Chincha River flowing down from the Andes waters an extensive valley in the shape of a triangle about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north to south along the coast and extending about 20 kilometres (12 mi) inland. 22,000 hectares (54,000 acres) of land is cultivated in the present day valley and the cultivated land in pre-Columbian times may not have been much less. The Pisco River valley is located 25 kilometres (16 mi) south and is of similar size.[2]","title":"Setting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chincha history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humboldt Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Current"},{"link_name":"Paracas culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_culture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ica-Nazca culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ica-Nazca_culture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wari empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Pre-Chincha era","text":"Human beings have lived along the Peruvian coast for at least 10,000 years. The earliest settlers were probably fishermen, enjoying the rich maritime resources of the Humboldt Current. Irrigation agriculture in river valleys developed later. The first settled communities known in the Chincha valley date from about 800 BCE and belong to the Paracas culture.[3] Later, from 100 BCE to 800 CE the Chincha valley was influenced by the Ica-Nazca culture.[4] The Chincha valley was also influenced, and possibly under the control of the Wari empire, from about 500 CE to 1000 CE.[5]Between the 9th and 10th centuries, there was a shift in the lifestyle and culture of the coastal inhabitants, with different techniques and styles appearing at the shore region. Some scholars claim that the change was the product of a migratory wave of unknown origin, identifying this culture as the \"Pre-Chincha\" culture. The rudimentary Pre-Chincha culture relied extensively on fishing and shell gathering.","title":"Chincha history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"guano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano"},{"link_name":"camelids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama"},{"link_name":"Collao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco_Region"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail"},{"link_name":"Pre-Columbian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"La Centinela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Centinela"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Paracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_District"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chimor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Chincha era","text":"In the 11th century, the sophisticated and warlike culture known as the Chincha began, possibly the product of a migratory wave from the highlands. The Chincha had developed systems of architecture, agriculture and irrigation. The Chincha culture came to dominate the whole valley. The Chincha worshiped a jaguar god, and believed themselves to be descended from jaguars, who gave them their warlike and dominating tendencies. The Chincha fertilized their fields with dead birds and guano, and this knowledge was passed on to later peoples. The Chincha merchants maintained trade routes by land with herds of camelids used as beasts of burden reaching the Collao (Altiplano) and Cusco. Moreover, the Chincha learned seafaring skills; and new technologies such as raft construction with balsa logs, being the largest capable of carrying twenty people in addition to a large cargo, and the use of the sail, only known by some cultures of Ecuador and Peru in the Pre-Columbian era of the Americas; allowing the Chincha to have extensive maritime trade routes and perhaps traveled as far as Central America by boat (raft). The Chincha sea-going \"traders\" worshiped a star known to them as Chundri, that may have served for navigation.[6]The Chincha ruin of La Centinela was one of the first archaeological sites in Peru to be investigated by archaeologists. The site covers more than 75 hectares (190 acres) and consists of two large pyramids, La Centinela and Tambo de Mora, constructed of adobe and serving as the habitations of the leaders of the Chincha people. The surrounding residential area housed artisans of silver, textiles, wood, and ceramics,[7] although, like most pre-Columbian monumental archaeological sites, the main purpose of La Centinela was probably ceremonial rather than residential or commercial.A network of roads radiated out from La Centinela, running in straight lines, as was the Andean custom. The roads are still visible. The roads extended east and south of la Centinela and led to outlying ceremonial centers and also facilitated the transportation of goods to the Paracas valley to the south and toward the highlands of the Andes which rise about 20 kilometres (12 mi) inland from La Centinela.[8]According to an early Spanish chronicle, the population of Chincha consisted of 30,000 heads of households, among which were 12,000 agriculturalists, 10,000 fishermen, and 6,000 traders. The numbers suggest a total population of more than 100,000 people under Chincha control, likely in a larger area than the Chincha valley itself. The larger than normal number of fishermen and traders in the population illustrates the commercial nature of the Chincha state and the importance of the sea to their economy.[9] According to Spanish sources the Chincha may have used money for commerce, like the Chimor and some other Andean cultures, but the Spanish chroniclers may have mistaken the copper items used in trading shapes as currency when the copper itself was the commodity being bartered.[10]","title":"Chincha history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedro Cieza de León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Cieza_de_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"La Centinela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Centinela"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pedro Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"Atahualpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atahualpa"},{"link_name":"sea-going rafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Spondylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylus"},{"link_name":"Strombus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strombus"},{"link_name":"seashells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimu_culture"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pachacuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachacuti"},{"link_name":"Topa Inca Yupanqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Inca civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"battle of Cajamarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca"}],"text":"Several 16th century Spaniards recorded Chincha history from indigenous Peruvian informants. Although those chronicles are often contradictory, the broad outlines of Chincha history can be discerned. Pedro Cieza de León described Chincha as a \"great province, esteemed in ancient times...splendid and grand...so famous throughout Peru as to be feared by many natives.\" The Chinchas were expanding up and down the coast of Peru and into the Andes highlands at about the same time the Incas were creating their empire in the 14th and 15th centuries.The Chincha controlled a rich and prominent oracle named Chinchaycamac, probably near La Centinela, which garnered contributions from the Chincha people and others, indicating surpluses of wealth.[11]\nThe Chinchas were most famous for maritime commerce. Pedro Pizarro said that Atahualpa claimed that the ruler of Chincha controlled 100,000 sea-going rafts, undoubtedly an exaggeration, but illustrating the importance of Chincha and trade.[12] Voyages via balsa raft up and down the Pacific coast from southern Colombia to northern Chile, possibly as far as Mexico, were a long-standing practice, the trade largely being in luxury items such as worked gold and silver and ritually-important Spondylus and Strombus seashells.[13] Some authorities have asserted that the Chincha gained influence and control over much of this maritime trade only late in the fifteenth century. The Incas captured and dismantled the economy of the Chimu in northern Peru about 1470 and gave control of the trade to the Chincha, whose location near the Inca homeland in the highlands made Chincha a convenient entrepot.[14] The source of both the balsa logs for rafts and the Spondylus and Strombus seashells was in Ecuador, 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) to the north, thus strengthening the view that the Chincha had an extensive reach to their trading activities.[15]The first expedition of the Incas to the Chincha Kingdom was led by the General Capac Yupanqui, under the rule of his brother, the emperor Pachacuti (ruled 1438–71). According to some sources it was an attempt to establish a friendly relationship rather than a conquest, upon the arriving at Chincha, Capac Yupanqui said not wanting anything more than the acceptance of Cuzco superiority and gave gifts to the Chincha curacas to show the Inca magnificence. The Chincha had no trouble recognizing the Inca and continue living peacefully in their dominion. The next emperor, Topa Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471–93) brought the Chincha Kingdom into a true territorial annexation to the empire, but the rulers of Chincha retained much of their political and economic autonomy and their traditional leadership. The Chincha king was required to spend several months each year attending the court of the Inca emperor, although he was given the honors of the highest Inca nobles.[16]The lord of Chincha was the only person in the Atahualpa's entourage carried on a litter at the meeting with the Spanish. In the Inca culture, the use of a litter in presence of the Sapa Inca was an outstanding honor. The Chincha possibly supported the Atahualpa's faction at the Inca civil war, Atahualpa said that the lord of Chincha was his friend and the greatest lord of the lowlands. The Chincha lord was initially mistaken for Atahualpa because of his displayed wealth at the meeting with Francisco Pizarro, and then killed in the battle of Cajamarca in 1532 in which the emperor Atahualpa was captured by the Spaniards.","title":"Chincha and the Incas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Spanish first appeared in the Chincha valley in 1534 and a Dominican Roman Catholic mission was founded by 1542. With the arrival of the Spaniards, the population of Chincha declined precipitously, mostly due to European diseases and political turmoil. Demographers have estimated a 99 percent decline in population in the first 85 years of Spanish rule. Chincha never regained its earlier prominence.[17]","title":"Spanish rule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rostworowski"}],"text":"Caceres Macedo, Justo. Prehispanic Cultures of Peru. Peruvian Natural History Museum, 1985.\nRostworowski de Diez Canseco, María. History of the Inca Realm. Cambridge University Press, 1999.","title":"Other reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Chincha culture area, in gold.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mapa_cultura_chincha.png/250px-Mapa_cultura_chincha.png"}]	[{"title":"Tambo Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambo_Colorado"},{"title":"Nazca culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_culture"},{"title":"Paracas culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_culture"}]	[{"reference":"Muzzo, Gustavo Pons (1979). Summary of the History of Peru. Editorial Universo. The Chincha Culture had its principal seat in the valleys of Ica and Chincha. It is also known by the name of Ica - Chincha Culture.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5stJAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Summary of the History of Peru"}]},{"reference":"Canseco, Maria Rostworowski de Diez (1999). History of the Inca Realm. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521637596.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PfO9_ohMYQQC&pg=PA212","url_text":"History of the Inca Realm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521637596","url_text":"9780521637596"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chincha_culture&params=13_27_04_S_76_10_15_W_","external_links_name":"13°27′04″S 76°10′15″W / 13.45111°S 76.17083°W / -13.45111; -76.17083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chincha_culture&params=13_27_04_S_76_10_15_W_","external_links_name":"13°27′04″S 76°10′15″W / 13.45111°S 76.17083°W / -13.45111; -76.17083"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5stJAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Summary of the History of Peru"},{"Link":"http://people.umass.edu/proulx/online_pubs/Nasca_Overview_Zurich.pdf","external_links_name":"http://people.umass.edu/proulx/online_pubs/Nasca_Overview_Zurich.pdf"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PfO9_ohMYQQC&pg=PA212","external_links_name":"History of the Inca Realm"},{"Link":"http://www.arqueologiadelperu.com.ar/lacentinela.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.arqueologiadelperu.com.ar/lacentinela.htm"},{"Link":"http://ioa.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/backdirt2014_full_lr_update.pdf","external_links_name":"http://ioa.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/backdirt2014_full_lr_update.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15564894.2015.1105885","external_links_name":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15564894.2015.1105885"},{"Link":"http://scholar.harvard.edu/emanuel/mbian-Balsa_ISBSA-13","external_links_name":"http://scholar.harvard.edu/emanuel/mbian-Balsa_ISBSA-13"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Hussain_Hidayatullah	Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 See also","4 References"]	Pakistani politician Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah1st Governor of SindhIn office15 August 1947 – 4 October 1948Governors‑GeneralMohammad Ali JinnahKhawaja NazimuddinPreceded byPosition EstablishedSucceeded byShaikh Din Muhammad1st & 5th Premier of SindhIn office28 April 1937 – 23 March 1938Preceded byPosition EstablishedSucceeded byAllah Bux SoomroIn officeOctober 14, 1942 – August 14, 1947Preceded byAllah Bux SoomroSucceeded byMuhammad Ayub Khuhro Personal detailsBornJanuary 1879Shikarpur, Sindh, British IndiaDied4 October 1948(1948-10-04) (aged 69)Karachi, PakistanSpouse Sughra Begum (m. 1940) Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah KCSI (Sindhi: غلام حسين هدايت الله‎; January 1879 – 4 October 1948) was a colonial Indian and Pakistani politician from Sindh. He held several offices in Sindh including 1st Chief Minister (1937–1938) and being re-elected as 5th Chief Minister (1942–1947). Early life and education Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah was born in 1879 in Shikarpur, Sindh and received his education from Shikarpur High School, Sindh Madressah, Karachi, D. J. Sindh College, Karachi and Government Law College, Bombay. His son, Anwar Hussain Hidayatullah, married Doulat Haroon Hidayatullah, daughter of Abdullah Haroon. Career This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) After completing his LL.B. in 1902, he started his legal practice in Hyderabad Sindh. He started his public career as Vice President of the Hyderabad Municipality. Hidayatullah was also the first Non-official President of the Hyderabad District Board. In 1921, he became a Member of the Bombay Legislative Council. In the same year (1921), he was appointed a Minister in the Bombay Government, an office which he occupied until 1928 when he was made a Member of the Executive council of the Governor of Bombay. He served in this capacity until 1934. He received the title of Khan Bahadur from the British government, which also knighted him in the 1926 New Year Honours and further appointed him a Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in the 1933 Birthday Honours. Hidayatullah served as the Chief Minister of Sindh for two separate terms. The first term was 28 April 1937 to 23 March 1938. The second term was 7 March 1941 to 14 October 1947, and served the longest tenure that any chief minister has so far held. As a Minister, Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah was associated with the famous 'Sukkur Barrage project' which contributed so much to the prosperity of Sindh in later years. Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah, along with Khan Bahadur Muhammad Ayub Khuhro, Syed Miran Shah and Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, represented Sindh in the Round Table Conferences in London. They convinced the Chairman of the 'Committee on Sindh' that Sindh was not to be a deficit province and had sufficient revenue and administrative capability to be a full-fledged province. Sindh was separated from Bombay and its first assembly came into being in 1937. After the separation of Sindh from Bombay, Sir Ghulam Hussain became the first Chief Minister and remained so until 1947 with two short breaks when Allah Bux Soomro and Mir Bande Ali Talpur had formed their Governments. He became the Chief Minister of Sindh three times; Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah was opposed to the partition of India. In 1938, the Sindh Assembly passed a resolution demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims of India. In 1943, the Sindh Government became the first Provincial Assembly of the sub-continent to pass an official resolution in favour of the creation of Pakistan. When the Muslim League in 1946 decided on a policy of renunciation of titles conferred by the British Government, Sir Ghulam renounced his British titles and honorifics. After the partition of India and creation of Pakistan, he became the first Governor of Sindh from 14 August 1947 to 4 October 1948. Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah earned the unique distinction of being the only Pakistani Governor of a Province in Pakistan as all other Governors were British. Within a month of the passing of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah died in Karachi on 4 October 1948. See also List of members of the 1st Provincial Assembly of Sindh List of members of the 2nd Provincial Assembly of Sindh References ^ Khan, Jan. "Wrongs in the first year of Pakistan". ^ "Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Collection". sindharchives.gov.pk. Sindh Archives. Retrieved 6 April 2019. ^ Hidayatullah, G.H. (4 January 2008). "Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah". Story of Pakistan. Shikarpur. ^ Hidayat, Ahmed (12 February 2012). "Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah – Brief Profile". ^ Safi, Khan. "Sir ghulam hussain hidayatullah". ^ Misaal, Ali. "Sindh politicians". Entertainmentillustratedmagazine. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-08. ^ Hidayatullah, Ghulam Hussain. "Sindh politicians". androidillustrated. Retrieved 8 November 2015. ^ "Sindh's Sugar King". 18 November 2016. ^ "No. 33119". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1925. p. 3. ^ "No. 33119". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1933. p. 3803. ^ a b Naqvi, Raza (14 August 2017). "Meet the Muslim freedom fighters who strongly opposed the Partition of India". IE Online Media Services. Retrieved 22 August 2020. ^ "Sir Geuulam Eiussain on Partition". The Indian Review. 41 (1–6): 315. 1940. Opposing the Muslim League Scheme for the partition of India on financial and other grounds, Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah, former Minister, says that the attachment to the place of one's birth ... Political offices Preceded bySindh province reconstituted Chief Minister of Sindh 28 April 1937 – 23 March 1938 Succeeded byKhan Bahadur Allah Bux Soomro Preceded byKhan Bahadur Allah Bux Soomro 2nd term 7 March 1941 – 14 October 1942 Succeeded byKhan Bahadur Muhammad Ayub Khuhro vteChief minister of Sindh Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Soomro Talpur Soomro Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Khuhro Bux Haroon Qazi Fazlullah Ubaidullah Khuhro Pirzada Khuhro Bhutto Jatoi Ghous Ali Shah Qazi Qaim Ali Shah Mirani Jam Sadiq Ali Muzaffar Hussain Shah Ali Madad Shah Abdullah Ali Shah Bhutto Jatoi Mahar Arbab Ghulam Rahim Halepoto Qaim Ali Shah Zahid Qurban Alvi Qaim Ali Shah Murad Ali Shah Fazalur Rehman Murad Ali Shah Italics indicate acting chief ministers vteGovernor of Sindh Hidayatullah Din Aminuddin Constantine Rahimtoola Gurmani Mamdot Rakhman Gul Bhutto Talpur Ra'ana Liaquat Khanji Shaikh Abbasi Jahan Dad Tabani Rahimuddin Qadeeruddin Ebrahim Haroon Saeed Haroon Kamaluddin Moinuddin Mamnoon Daudpota Soomro Ishrat Saeeduzzaman Zubair Ismail Tessori	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"colonial Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_India"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sindh"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sindh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah KCSI (Sindhi: غلام حسين هدايت الله‎; January 1879 – 4 October 1948)[3][4] was a colonial Indian and Pakistani politician from Sindh. He held several offices in Sindh including 1st Chief Minister (1937–1938) and being re-elected as 5th Chief Minister (1942–1947).[5]","title":"Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shikarpur, Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikarpur,_Sindh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Anwar Hussain Hidayatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Hussain_Hidayatullah"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Haroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Haroon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah was born in 1879 in Shikarpur, Sindh and received his education from Shikarpur High School, Sindh Madressah, Karachi, D. J. Sindh College, Karachi and Government Law College, Bombay.[6][7]His son, Anwar Hussain Hidayatullah, married Doulat Haroon Hidayatullah, daughter of Abdullah Haroon.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Khan Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"1926 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"Most Exalted Order of the Star of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Exalted_Order_of_the_Star_of_India"},{"link_name":"1933 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sindh"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naqvi2017-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"opposed to the partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naqvi2017-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Governor of Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Sindh"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After completing his LL.B. in 1902, he started his legal practice in Hyderabad Sindh. He started his public career as Vice President of the Hyderabad Municipality. Hidayatullah was also the first Non-official President of the Hyderabad District Board. In 1921, he became a Member of the Bombay Legislative Council.[citation needed]In the same year (1921), he was appointed a Minister in the Bombay Government, an office which he occupied until 1928 when he was made a Member of the Executive council of the Governor of Bombay. He served in this capacity until 1934. He received the title of Khan Bahadur from the British government, which also knighted him in the 1926 New Year Honours and further appointed him a Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in the 1933 Birthday Honours.[9][10]Hidayatullah served as the Chief Minister of Sindh for two separate terms.[11] The first term was 28 April 1937 to 23 March 1938. The second term was 7 March 1941 to 14 October 1947, and served the longest tenure that any chief minister has so far held.[citation needed]As a Minister, Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah was associated with the famous 'Sukkur Barrage project' which contributed so much to the prosperity of Sindh in later years. Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah, along with Khan Bahadur Muhammad Ayub Khuhro, Syed Miran Shah and Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, represented Sindh in the Round Table Conferences in London. They convinced the Chairman of the 'Committee on Sindh' that Sindh was not to be a deficit province and had sufficient revenue and administrative capability to be a full-fledged province. Sindh was separated from Bombay and its first assembly came into being in 1937.[citation needed]After the separation of Sindh from Bombay, Sir Ghulam Hussain became the first Chief Minister and remained so until 1947 with two short breaks when Allah Bux Soomro and Mir Bande Ali Talpur had formed their Governments. He became the Chief Minister of Sindh three times; Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah was opposed to the partition of India.[11][12]In 1938, the Sindh Assembly passed a resolution demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims of India. In 1943, the Sindh Government became the first Provincial Assembly of the sub-continent to pass an official resolution in favour of the creation of Pakistan.[citation needed]When the Muslim League in 1946 decided on a policy of renunciation of titles conferred by the British Government, Sir Ghulam renounced his British titles and honorifics.[citation needed]After the partition of India and creation of Pakistan, he became the first Governor of Sindh from 14 August 1947 to 4 October 1948. Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah earned the unique distinction of being the only Pakistani Governor of a Province in Pakistan as all other Governors were British.[citation needed]Within a month of the passing of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah died in Karachi on 4 October 1948.[citation needed]","title":"Career"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of members of the 1st Provincial Assembly of Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_1st_Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh"},{"title":"List of members of the 2nd Provincial Assembly of Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_2nd_Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh"}]	[{"reference":"Khan, Jan. \"Wrongs in the first year of Pakistan\".","urls":[{"url":"http://tns.thenews.com.pk/wrongs-in-the-first-year-pakistan/","url_text":"\"Wrongs in the first year of Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah Collection\". sindharchives.gov.pk. Sindh Archives. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C2%B7ac%C2%B7tor	Re·ac·tor	["1 Background","2 Writing and Recording","3 Packaging","4 Release","5 Critical reception","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","8 References","9 External links"]	For other uses, see reactor (disambiguation). 1981 studio album by Neil Young and Crazy HorseRe·ac·torStudio album by Neil Young and Crazy HorseReleasedNovember 2, 1981 (1981-11-02)RecordedOctober 9, 1980 – July 21, 1981StudioModern Recorders, Redwood City, CaliforniaGenre Hard rock post-punk punk blues krautrock proto-grunge Length38:45LabelRepriseProducerDavid Briggs, Tim Mulligan & Neil Young with Jerry NapierNeil Young chronology Hawks & Doves(1980) Re·ac·tor(1981) Trans(1983) Crazy Horse chronology Live Rust(1979) Re·ac·tor(1981) Life(1987) Singles from Re·ac·tor "Southern Pacific"Released: December 1981 "Opera Star"Released: February 1982 Re·ac·tor is the twelfth studio album by Canadian folk rock musician Neil Young, and his fourth with American rock band Crazy Horse, released on November 2, 1981. It was his last album released through Reprise Records before he moved to Geffen for his next five albums. Background Reactor sees Young reunited with longtime collaborators Crazy Horse, their first album together since Rust Never Sleeps in 1979 and their first full studio album since 1975's Zuma. The album is notable for its driving rhythms and long jams with repetitive lyrics. Young was involved in an intensive therapy program for his young son who had cerebral palsy, and biographer Jimmy McDonough suggests the repetition of the therapy sessions influenced the structure of the songs on the album. The album was Young's last album for Reprise Records until 1988. His next five records would be released under a new contract with Geffen Records. Writing and Recording "Surfer Joe and Moe the Sleaze" tells a satirical tale supposedly inspired by Reprise executives Joe Smith and Mo Ostin. Poncho Sampedro recalls recording the song and the difficulty the band had maintaining a consistent tempo, which the band remedied through overdubbing tambourines and other percussion. "'Surfer Joe' sped up, slowed down, so we would spend time hittin' everything we could find in there to play the groove through it: banging tambourine, banging pieces of metal together, doing handclaps." The original 1981 album gave Neil Young sole writing credit on every track, however the 2021 live release Way Down in the Rust Bucket added Frank Sampedro's name as a co-writer on "Surfer Joe and Moe the Sleaze". The song "T-Bone" has been singled out for ridicule for its simplistic lyrics. In a 1981 Rockline interview, Young recalled the recording of the song fondly: "The night we recorded that we didn't have anything else happening in particular. We were just in the studio and we had already recorded the song that we thought we were gonna be recording and we really felt like playing. So I just went in, picked up my guitar and started playing. If you notice, the song starts with a straight cut right through the middle. We'd already started playing before the machine started. So that was a one-shot deal. I just made up the lyrics and we did the whole thing that night. It was a one-take thing. It seems like the lyrics were just on my mind. It's very repetitive but I'm not such an inventive guy. I thought those two lines were good. Every time it sounded a little different to me when I started singing. Then I was thinking about something else. I really like that cut better than the rest on Re-ac-tor." "Southern Pacific" launches an album side largely devoted to lyrics about transportation. "Southern Pacific" finds Young imagining life as a train conductor nearing retirement. In the 1980s, Young enjoyed sharing a model trainset with his son, and would later acquire a share in Lionel, and help invent a remote control model train operating system. "Southern Pacific" would feature prominently in Young's country setlists in 1984 and 1985 during his tour with the International Harvesters, and again during Young's 1999 solo acoustic tour. In "Motor City" Young addresses the malaise era of automobile manufacturing in Detroit, and the recent success of Toyota and Datsun in the American market. Young would continue to play the song throughout the early 1980s, and, like "Southern Pacific," feature the song in his country setlists during the Old Ways era. The album closes with the war song "Shots". It was first performed live in May 1978 at the Boarding House in San Francisco during the sessions for Rust Never Sleeps in a plaintive, solo acoustic performance. On Re-ac-tor, it appears as a driving, full band performance with additional machine gun sound effects overdubbed. The song also features Young's first use of the Synclavier, which he would use more extensively on Trans and Landing on Water. Packaging The cover of the album displays the title separated by syllable. In the 1981 Rockline interview, Young explains, "I wanted to know what the word meant before I used it as a title so I looked it up in the dictionary and that's the way it was broken up and it made sense to me like that; that's the vision I had when I looked at it. It looked right. There's no reason behind it, no cosmic reason." The album features a Latin translation of the Serenity Prayer on its back cover ("'Deus dona mihi serenitatem accipere res quae non possum mutare fortitudinem mutare res quae possum atque sapientiam differentiam cognoscere'" – "God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference"). Young explains in the 1981 Rockline interview: "It's a serenity prayer. It was on a plate in my bathroom and I saw it every morning for about a year and a half and it applies a lot to what I'm thinking about in my personal life, so I thought I'd put it on my record but it was too much of a personal trip to lay on everybody in English so I put it in Latin so it wouldn't be so up front." The year and a half likely corresponds to the eighteen month period Young and his wife devoted to an intensive therapy program for their special-needs child, Ben. Young had not yet shared publicly details about his family situation at the time. Young would further explain in a 1995 interview with Nick Kent for Mojo Magazine: "We didn't spend as much time recording Re-ac-tor as we should've. The life of both that record and the one after it - Trans - were sucked up by the regime we'd committed ourselves to. See, we were involved in this program with my young son Ben for 18 months which consumed between 15 and 18 hours of every day we had. It was just all-encompassing and it had a direct effect on the music of Re-ac-tor and Trans." Release It was unavailable on compact disc until it was released as a HDCD-encoded remastered version on August 19, 2003, as part of the Neil Young Archives Digital Masterpiece Series. The lackluster sales of the album upon its initial release led Young to feel his record company, Reprise, did not put forth enough effort in promoting the record. This contributed to Young's decision to sign with Geffen Records for his next five albums, a decision he would later regret. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicPitchfork6.8/10The Rolling Stone Album GuideSpin Alternative Record Guide7/10The Village VoiceB+ William Ruhlmann of AllMusic is largely dismissive of Re·ac·tor in his retrospective review, but praises "Shots" as "a more substantive and threatening song given a riveting performance". He deemed the album "a guitar-drenched hard rock set made up of thrown-together material." In 2003, Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune proclaimed that Re·ac·tor "works up a punk-blues racket that sounds as shaggy and disheveled as anything the Replacements recorded". Salon.com described the album as a proto-grunge effort. The Harvard Crimson described it retrospectively in 1985 as "gritty post-punk". Track listing All tracks are written by Neil Young, except "Surfer Joe and Moe the Sleaze", written by Young and Frank Sampedro. Side oneNo.TitleLength1."Opera Star"3:312."Surfer Joe and Moe the Sleaze"4:153."T-Bone"9:104."Get Back on It"2:14Total length:19:10 Side twoNo.TitleLength5."Southern Pacific"4:076."Motor City"3:117."Rapid Transit"4:358."Shots"7:42Total length:19:35 Personnel Neil Young – vocals, guitar, Synclavier, piano, handclaps Crazy Horse Frank Sampedro – guitar, synthesizer, vocals, handclaps Billy Talbot – bass, vocals, handclaps Ralph Molina – drums, percussion, vocals, handclaps References ^ a b c d e Ruhlmann, William. "Re-ac-tor - Neil Young,Neil Young & Crazy Horse \| Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved June 1, 2015. ^ Matos, Michaelangelo (8 December 2020). "Civic Arena, Pittsburgh: September 21, 1984". Can’t Slow Down: How 1984 Became Pop's Blockbuster Year. Hachette Books. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-306-90337-3. ^ a b Howe, Peter J. (September 26, 1985). "Neil Young Goes Twang". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 22, 2022. ^ a b Kot, Greg (August 24, 2003). "'Greendale' a trip through Neil Young's career". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 11, 2019. ^ Jackson Toth, James (August 23, 2013). "Neil Young Albums From Worst To Best". Stereogum. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ a b Zimmerman, Shannon (August 20, 2003). "Return of Rock's angry Old Man". Salon.com. Retrieved April 11, 2022. ^ a b c d e McDonough, Jim (2002). Shakey: Neil Young's Biography. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-06914-4. ^ https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-neil-young-songs-35283/surfer-joe-and-moe-the-sleaze-35297/ ^ https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf ^ https://sugarmtn.org/sm_quotes.php?song=563 ^ https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf ^ Mcdonough, Jimmy. 2003. Shakey: Neil Young’s Biography. New York: Anchor Books. ^ Durchholz, Daniel, and Gary Graff. 2012. Neil Young : Long May You Run : The Illustrated History. Minneapolis, Mn: Voyageur Press. ^ https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf ^ https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf ^ http://thrasherswheat.org/tfa/mojointerview1295pt2.htm ^ Mitchum, Rob (September 30, 2003). "Neil Young: On the Beach / American Stars 'n' Bars / Hawks & Doves / Re-ac-tor". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 1, 2015. ^ The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. pp. 795, 797. ^ Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. 1995. pp. 447, 449. ^ Christgau, Robert (March 9, 1982). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved December 22, 2016. External links Lyrics at HyperRust.org vteNeil Young Crazy Horse The Stray Gators Promise of the Real Studio albums Neil Young Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere After the Gold Rush Harvest On the Beach Tonight's the Night Zuma American Stars 'n Bars Comes a Time Rust Never Sleeps Hawks & Doves Re·ac·tor Trans Everybody's Rockin' Old Ways Landing on Water Life This Note's for You Freedom Ragged Glory Harvest Moon Sleeps with Angels Mirror Ball Broken Arrow Silver & Gold Are You Passionate? Greendale Prairie Wind Living with War Chrome Dreams II Fork in the Road Le Noise Americana Psychedelic Pill A Letter Home Storytone The Monsanto Years Peace Trail The Visitor Colorado Barn World Record Before and After EPs Eldorado The Times Live albums Time Fades Away Rust Never Sleeps Live Rust Weld Arc Unplugged Year of the Horse Road Rock Vol. 1 Earth Noise & Flowers Fuckin' Up Soundtracks Journey Through the Past Where the Buffalo Roam Philadelphia Dead Man Paradox Compilations Decade Lucky Thirteen Greatest Hits Archives seriesBox sets The Archives Vol. 1 1963–1972 Neil Young Archives Volume II: 1972–1976 Performance series Live at the Fillmore East Live at Massey Hall 1971 Sugar Mountain – Live at Canterbury House 1968 Live at the Riverboat 1969 Dreamin' Man Live '92 A Treasure Live at the Cellar Door Bluenote Café Roxy: Tonight's the Night Live Songs for Judy Tuscaloosa Return to Greendale Way Down in the Rust Bucket Young Shakespeare Special release series Hitchhiker Paradox Homegrown Toast Chrome Dreams Odeon Budokan Songs1960s "Mr. Soul" "Broken Arrow" "Expecting to Fly" "Sugar Mountain" "The Loner" "I've Been Waiting for You" "The Old Laughing Lady" "Cinnamon Girl" "Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere" "Down by the River" "Cowgirl in the Sand" "Dance, Dance, Dance" 1970s "Helpless" "Country Girl" "Ohio" "Tell Me Why" "After the Gold Rush" "Only Love Can Break Your Heart" "Southern Man" "Don't Let It Bring You Down" "When You Dance I Can Really Love" "I Believe in You" "Bad Fog of Loneliness" "Out on the Weekend" "Harvest" "A Man Needs a Maid" "Heart of Gold" "Are You Ready for the Country?" "Old Man" "The Needle and the Damage Done" "War Song" "L.A." "Tonight's the Night" "Come On Baby Let's Go Downtown" "Tired Eyes" "New Mama" "Danger Bird" "Cortez the Killer" "Will to Love" "Like a Hurricane" "Love Is a Rose" "Lotta Love" "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)" "My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)" "Pocahontas" "Powderfinger" "Sedan Delivery" 1980s and later "Rainin' in My Heart" "Grey Riders" "Rockin' in the Free World" "Crime in the City (Sixty to Zero Part I)" "No More" "Wrecking Ball" "Harvest Moon" "Unknown Legend" "From Hank to Hendrix" "Downtown" "Let's Impeach the President" "Angry World" "A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop" Films and videos Journey Through the Past Human Highway Neil Young in Berlin Solo Trans Muddy Track Weld Year of the Horse Neil Young: Silver and Gold Greendale Neil Young: Heart of Gold CSNY/Déjà Vu Neil Young Trunk Show Neil Young Journeys Paradox Books Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream Related Discography The Squires The Mynah Birds Buffalo Springfield Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young The Stills–Young Band The Ducks The Bridge: A Tribute to Neil Young Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi Pono Old Black Farm Aid Bridge School Benefit Pegi Young Daryl Hannah Carrie Snodgress Elliot Roberts Pearl Jam Category vteCrazy Horse Billy Talbot Ralph Molina Nils Lofgren Danny Whitten Frank "Poncho" Sampedro Jack Nitzsche George Whitsell Greg LeRoy John Blanton Rick Curtis Michael Curtis Sonny Mone Crazy Horse Crazy Horse Loose At Crooked Lake Crazy Moon Left for Dead Gone Dead Train: The Best of Crazy Horse 1971–1989 Scratchy: The Complete Reprise Recordings Neil Young & Crazy Horse Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere After the Gold Rush Zuma American Stars 'n Bars Rust Never Sleeps Live Rust Re·ac·tor Life Ragged Glory Weld Arc Sleeps with Angels Broken Arrow Year of the Horse Greendale Live at the Fillmore East Americana Psychedelic Pill Colorado Return to Greendale Way Down in the Rust Bucket Barn World Record Chrome Dreams Odeon Budokan Fuckin' Up Songs "Dance, Dance, Dance" "I Don't Want to Talk About It" "Downtown" Songs (with Neil Young) "Cinnamon Girl" "Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere" "Down by the River" "Cowgirl in the Sand" "I Believe in You" "Southern Man" "Tonight's the Night" "Tired Eyes" "Danger Bird" "Cortez the Killer" "Like a Hurricane" "Lotta Love" "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)" "Powderfinger" "Sedan Delivery" Related articles Neil Young The Rockets She Used to Wanna Be a Ballerina Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reactor (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactor_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Crazy Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Horse_(band)"}],"text":"For other uses, see reactor (disambiguation).1981 studio album by Neil Young and Crazy HorseRe·ac·tor is the twelfth studio album by Canadian folk rock musician Neil Young, and his fourth with American rock band Crazy Horse, released on November 2, 1981. It was his last album released through Reprise Records before he moved to Geffen for his next five albums.","title":"Re·ac·tor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rust Never Sleeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Never_Sleeps"},{"link_name":"Zuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuma_(Neil_Young_%26_Crazy_Horse_album)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcd-7"},{"link_name":"Reprise Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"}],"text":"Reactor sees Young reunited with longtime collaborators Crazy Horse, their first album together since Rust Never Sleeps in 1979 and their first full studio album since 1975's Zuma. The album is notable for its driving rhythms and long jams with repetitive lyrics. Young was involved in an intensive therapy program for his young son who had cerebral palsy, and biographer Jimmy McDonough suggests the repetition of the therapy sessions influenced the structure of the songs on the album.[7] The album was Young's last album for Reprise Records until 1988. His next five records would be released under a new contract with Geffen Records.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records"},{"link_name":"Joe Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Smith_(music_industry_executive)"},{"link_name":"Mo Ostin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Ostin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Poncho Sampedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncho_Sampedro"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcd-7"},{"link_name":"Frank Sampedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sampedro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-1"},{"link_name":"Rockline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockline"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lionel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel,_LLC"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcd-7"},{"link_name":"malaise era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaise_era"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"Datsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datsun"},{"link_name":"Old Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Ways"},{"link_name":"Boarding House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boarding_House_(nightclub)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Rust Never Sleeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Never_Sleeps"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Synclavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synclavier"},{"link_name":"Trans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_(Neil_Young_album)"},{"link_name":"Landing on Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_on_Water"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"\"Surfer Joe and Moe the Sleaze\" tells a satirical tale supposedly inspired by Reprise executives Joe Smith and Mo Ostin.[8] Poncho Sampedro recalls recording the song and the difficulty the band had maintaining a consistent tempo, which the band remedied through overdubbing tambourines and other percussion. \"'Surfer Joe' sped up, slowed down, so we would spend time hittin' everything we could find in there to play the groove through it: banging tambourine, banging pieces of metal together, doing handclaps.\"[7]\nThe original 1981 album gave Neil Young sole writing credit on every track, however the 2021 live release Way Down in the Rust Bucket added Frank Sampedro's name as a co-writer on \"Surfer Joe and Moe the Sleaze\".The song \"T-Bone\" has been singled out for ridicule for its simplistic lyrics.[1] In a 1981 Rockline interview, Young recalled the recording of the song fondly:\"The night we recorded that we didn't have anything else happening in particular. We were just in the studio and we had already recorded the song that we thought we were gonna be recording and we really felt like playing. So I just went in, picked up my guitar and started playing. If you notice, the song starts with a straight cut right through the middle. We'd already started playing before the machine started. So that was a one-shot deal. I just made up the lyrics and we did the whole thing that night. It was a one-take thing. It seems like the lyrics were just on my mind. It's very repetitive but I'm not such an inventive guy. I thought those two lines were good. Every time it sounded a little different to me when I started singing. Then I was thinking about something else. I really like that cut better than the rest on Re-ac-tor.\"[9][10]\"Southern Pacific\" launches an album side largely devoted to lyrics about transportation. \"Southern Pacific\" finds Young imagining life as a train conductor nearing retirement. In the 1980s, Young enjoyed sharing a model trainset with his son, and would later acquire a share in Lionel, and help invent a remote control model train operating system.[7] \"Southern Pacific\" would feature prominently in Young's country setlists in 1984 and 1985 during his tour with the International Harvesters, and again during Young's 1999 solo acoustic tour.In \"Motor City\" Young addresses the malaise era of automobile manufacturing in Detroit, and the recent success of Toyota and Datsun in the American market. Young would continue to play the song throughout the early 1980s, and, like \"Southern Pacific,\" feature the song in his country setlists during the Old Ways era.The album closes with the war song \"Shots\". It was first performed live in May 1978 at the Boarding House in San Francisco during the sessions for Rust Never Sleeps in a plaintive, solo acoustic performance. On Re-ac-tor, it appears as a driving, full band performance with additional machine gun sound effects overdubbed.[11] The song also features Young's first use of the Synclavier, which he would use more extensively on Trans and Landing on Water.[12][13]","title":"Writing and Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Serenity Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenity_Prayer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcd-7"},{"link_name":"Nick Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Kent"},{"link_name":"Mojo Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The cover of the album displays the title separated by syllable. In the 1981 Rockline interview, Young explains, \"I wanted to know what the word meant before I used it as a title so I looked it up in the dictionary and that's the way it was broken up and it made sense to me like that; that's the vision I had when I looked at it. It looked right. There's no reason behind it, no cosmic reason.\"[14]The album features a Latin translation of the Serenity Prayer on its back cover (\"'Deus dona mihi serenitatem accipere res quae non possum mutare fortitudinem mutare res quae possum atque sapientiam differentiam cognoscere'\" – \"God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference\"). Young explains in the 1981 Rockline interview:\"It's a serenity prayer. It was on a plate in my bathroom and I saw it every morning for about a year and a half and it applies a lot to what I'm thinking about in my personal life, so I thought I'd put it on my record but it was too much of a personal trip to lay on everybody in English so I put it in Latin so it wouldn't be so up front.\"[15]The year and a half likely corresponds to the eighteen month period Young and his wife devoted to an intensive therapy program for their special-needs child, Ben. Young had not yet shared publicly details about his family situation at the time.[7] Young would further explain in a 1995 interview with Nick Kent for Mojo Magazine:\"We didn't spend as much time recording Re-ac-tor as we should've. The life of both that record and the one after it - Trans - were sucked up by the regime we'd committed ourselves to. See, we were involved in this program with my young son Ben for 18 months which consumed between 15 and 18 hours of every day we had. It was just all-encompassing and it had a direct effect on the music of Re-ac-tor and Trans.\"[16]","title":"Packaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HDCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital"},{"link_name":"Neil Young Archives Digital Masterpiece Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young_Archives"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcd-7"}],"text":"It was unavailable on compact disc until it was released as a HDCD-encoded remastered version on August 19, 2003, as part of the Neil Young Archives Digital Masterpiece Series.The lackluster sales of the album upon its initial release led Young to feel his record company, Reprise, did not put forth enough effort in promoting the record. This contributed to Young's decision to sign with Geffen Records for his next five albums, a decision he would later regret.[7]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-1"},{"link_name":"Greg Kot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kot"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"punk-blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk-blues"},{"link_name":"the Replacements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Replacements_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kot-4"},{"link_name":"Salon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com"},{"link_name":"proto-grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-grunge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salon03-6"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crimson-3"}],"text":"William Ruhlmann of AllMusic is largely dismissive of Re·ac·tor in his retrospective review, but praises \"Shots\" as \"a more substantive and threatening song given a riveting performance\".[1] He deemed the album \"a guitar-drenched hard rock set made up of thrown-together material.\"[1]In 2003, Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune proclaimed that Re·ac·tor \"works up a punk-blues racket [...] that sounds as shaggy and disheveled as anything the Replacements recorded\".[4] Salon.com described the album as a proto-grunge effort.[6] The Harvard Crimson described it retrospectively in 1985 as \"gritty post-punk\".[3]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Frank Sampedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sampedro"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Neil Young, except \"Surfer Joe and Moe the Sleaze\", written by Young and Frank Sampedro.Side oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Opera Star\"3:312.\"Surfer Joe and Moe the Sleaze\"4:153.\"T-Bone\"9:104.\"Get Back on It\"2:14Total length:19:10Side twoNo.TitleLength5.\"Southern Pacific\"4:076.\"Motor City\"3:117.\"Rapid Transit\"4:358.\"Shots\"7:42Total length:19:35","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Sampedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sampedro"},{"link_name":"Billy Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Talbot"},{"link_name":"Ralph Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Molina"}],"text":"Neil Young – vocals, guitar, Synclavier, piano, handclapsCrazy HorseFrank Sampedro – guitar, synthesizer, vocals, handclaps\nBilly Talbot – bass, vocals, handclaps\nRalph Molina – drums, percussion, vocals, handclaps","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ruhlmann, William. \"Re-ac-tor - Neil Young,Neil Young & Crazy Horse \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/re-ac-tor-mw0000717742","url_text":"\"Re-ac-tor - Neil Young,Neil Young & Crazy Horse \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Matos, Michaelangelo (8 December 2020). \"Civic Arena, Pittsburgh: September 21, 1984\". Can’t Slow Down: How 1984 Became Pop's Blockbuster Year. Hachette Books. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-306-90337-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Can_t_Slow_Down.html?id=RGLbDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Can’t Slow Down: How 1984 Became Pop's Blockbuster Year"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Books","url_text":"Hachette Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-90337-3","url_text":"978-0-306-90337-3"}]},{"reference":"Howe, Peter J. (September 26, 1985). \"Neil Young Goes Twang\". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1985/9/26/neil-young-goes-twang-pbwbhen-i/","url_text":"\"Neil Young Goes Twang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson","url_text":"The Harvard Crimson"}]},{"reference":"Kot, Greg (August 24, 2003). \"'Greendale' a trip through Neil Young's career\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kot","url_text":"Kot, Greg"},{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-08-24-0308230271-story.html","url_text":"\"'Greendale' a trip through Neil Young's career\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Jackson Toth, James (August 23, 2013). \"Neil Young Albums From Worst To Best\". Stereogum. Retrieved July 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/1445091/neil-young-albums-from-worst-to-best/photo/","url_text":"\"Neil Young Albums From Worst To Best\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"Zimmerman, Shannon (August 20, 2003). \"Return of Rock's angry Old Man\". Salon.com. Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2003/08/20/young_3/","url_text":"\"Return of Rock's angry Old Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com","url_text":"Salon.com"}]},{"reference":"McDonough, Jim (2002). Shakey: Neil Young's Biography. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-06914-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McDonough","url_text":"McDonough, Jim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06914-4","url_text":"978-0-224-06914-4"}]},{"reference":"Mitchum, Rob (September 30, 2003). \"Neil Young: On the Beach / American Stars 'n' Bars / Hawks & Doves / Re-ac-tor\". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11868-on-the-beach-american-stars-n-bars-hawks-doves-re-ac-tor/","url_text":"\"Neil Young: On the Beach / American Stars 'n' Bars / Hawks & Doves / Re-ac-tor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. pp. 795, 797.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. 1995. pp. 447, 449.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (March 9, 1982). \"Consumer Guide\". The Village Voice. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv3-82.php","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/re-ac-tor-mw0000717742","external_links_name":"\"Re-ac-tor - Neil Young,Neil Young & Crazy Horse \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Can_t_Slow_Down.html?id=RGLbDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Can’t Slow Down: How 1984 Became Pop's Blockbuster Year"},{"Link":"https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1985/9/26/neil-young-goes-twang-pbwbhen-i/","external_links_name":"\"Neil Young Goes Twang\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-08-24-0308230271-story.html","external_links_name":"\"'Greendale' a trip through Neil Young's career\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/1445091/neil-young-albums-from-worst-to-best/photo/","external_links_name":"\"Neil Young Albums From Worst To Best\""},{"Link":"https://www.salon.com/2003/08/20/young_3/","external_links_name":"\"Return of Rock's angry Old Man\""},{"Link":"https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-neil-young-songs-35283/surfer-joe-and-moe-the-sleaze-35297/","external_links_name":"https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-neil-young-songs-35283/surfer-joe-and-moe-the-sleaze-35297/"},{"Link":"https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf","external_links_name":"https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf"},{"Link":"https://sugarmtn.org/sm_quotes.php?song=563","external_links_name":"https://sugarmtn.org/sm_quotes.php?song=563"},{"Link":"https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf","external_links_name":"https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf"},{"Link":"https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf","external_links_name":"https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf"},{"Link":"https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf","external_links_name":"https://sugarmtn.org/ba/pdf.ba/web/ba_viewer.html?file=%2Fba/pdf/ba005.pdf"},{"Link":"http://thrasherswheat.org/tfa/mojointerview1295pt2.htm","external_links_name":"http://thrasherswheat.org/tfa/mojointerview1295pt2.htm"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11868-on-the-beach-american-stars-n-bars-hawks-doves-re-ac-tor/","external_links_name":"\"Neil Young: On the Beach / American Stars 'n' Bars / Hawks & Doves / Re-ac-tor\""},{"Link":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv3-82.php","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Guide\""},{"Link":"http://hyperrust.org/cgi-bin/ma.pl?26","external_links_name":"Lyrics"},{"Link":"http://hyperrust.org/","external_links_name":"HyperRust.org"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/c6fd0515-a278-397c-a396-420c28b6f9c1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Munck	Noah Munck	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 iCarly","2.2 NoxiK","2.3 Sadworld","2.4 Noah Praise God","3 Activism","4 Filmography","5 Discography","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"]	American actor (born 1996) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Noah Munck" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Noah Munck" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Noah MunckMunck in 2012BornNoah Bryant MunckMay 3, 1996 (1996-05-03) (age 28)Mission Viejo, California, U.S.Other namesNoxiK • Sadworldbeats • Noah Praise GodEducationBiola UniversityOccupationActor • musician • record producer • visual artist • Internet personalityYears active2007–present Noah Bryant Munck (born May 3, 1996) is an American actor, record producer and hip hop artist. He is best known for his roles as Gibby in the Nickelodeon series iCarly and "Naked" Rob Smith in the ABC comedy series The Goldbergs. He also releases music under the aliases Sadworldbeats and Noah Praise God and creates independent comedy videos on YouTube. Early life Noah Bryant Munck was born and raised in Mission Viejo in Orange County, California. He is the oldest of five children of Kymbry (née Robinson) and Greg Munck, an executive pastor at Crossline Community Church in Laguna Hills. He was involved in his school drama program while filming for iCarly'. One of his brothers, Ethan Munck, played Gibby's brother Guppy in five episodes of iCarly. In fall 2014, Munck was accepted to and began attending Biola University as a cinema and media arts major. Career iCarly In 2007, Munck began a recurring role for three seasons on the Nickelodeon television series iCarly as Gibby, one of Carly, Sam and Freddie's friends. In 2010, Munck was elevated to a regular cast member from the fourth season onwards. In 2011, he was nominated for the "Favorite TV Sidekick" award at the Kids' Choice Awards. Proposals were put forth in 2013 for a TV series called Gibby, a spin-off of iCarly that would star Munck. The series was to star Gibby working at a recreational center where he mentors four middle-schoolers. The series was not picked up, although Munck reprised the role of Gibby in the spin-off series Sam & Cat in 2014 for the episode "#SuperPsycho". Munck did not return to reprise his role in the 2021 revival series. His brother Ethan, however, reprised his role as Guppy in one episode of the revival series. NoxiK Munck also produced electronic dance music under the name NoxiK. He released his first song, "Beginnings", on January 20, 2012. Since then, he began to release songs he created to his YouTube account. He released a small EP called Hotline on April 23, 2013. On December 21, 2013, NoxiK released a single entitled "Killjoy" on SoundCloud and YouTube. It was re-posted on SoundCloud by EDM.com and has become one of his most successful singles to date. He released his first official EP titled Road Warrior on March 24, 2014. As of October 2017, the project has been inactive. Sadworld On October 9, 2016, Munck started Sadworld, a YouTube channel dedicated to "weird, absurd" and experimental comedy sketches. The videos have a distinct editing style, described as "an amalgamation of images, glitches and sounds designed to overload viewers' senses." The channel has amassed over 11,000,000 views as of February 2024. Many of the channels' videos also contain music produced by Munck, which he releases on SoundCloud and other streaming platforms as Sadworldbeats. Munck also uploads longform videos of a similar ilk alongside collaborators Eric Bernhagen and Julian Clark on YouTube channel God's Abomination. Noah Praise God This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Beginning on October 23, 2023, Munck began releasing experimental hip hop music as Noah Praise God. This project differs from prior endeavours as there is a heavier emphasis on vocals. The first single under this alias, "Real Sharp", released alongside a music video on the Sadworld channel. Since then, he has released three more singles on streaming platforms. Activism Munck is an active supporter of Camp Del Corazon, a summer camp on Catalina Island, California, for children with heart disease. Filmography Television and film roles Year Film Role Notes 2007 All of Us Player #1 Episode: "Let's Go, Bobby, Let's Go!" 2007–12 iCarly Gibby Recurring role (seasons 1–3); main role (seasons 4–6); 61 episodes 2008 Wizards of Waverly Place Timmy O'Hallahan Episode: "Saving Wiz Tech Part 1" Four Christmases Screaming Kid Film 2009 Phineas and Ferb Xavier Voice role; episode: "Phineas and Ferb's Quantum Boogaloo" ER Logan Episode: "I Feel Good"; credited as Noah Bryant Munck The Troop The Sniffer Episode: "A Sniff Too Far" 2010 Rules of Engagement Mackenzie Episode: "The Score" 2011 Bad Teacher Tristan Film The Rainbow Tribe Ryan 2012 Figure It Out Himself Panelist; 6 episodes Gibby Gibby Main role; unaired pilot 2013 Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn Ben Roadmap Film Nicky Deuce Nicky Deuce Television film Swindle Darren Vader Arrested Development Himself Episode: "It Gets Better"; non-speaking cameo 2014 Sam & Cat Gibby Episode: "#SuperPsycho" Just Before I Go Young Rowley Film 2014–2023 The Goldbergs "Naked" Rob Smith Recurring role, 103 episodes 2019 Schooled Episode: "Dr. Barry" 2023 Future Boys Man in Cabin Short film Discography NoxiK Album/Single Release Date Beginnings January 20, 2012 Hotline EP April 23, 2013 System Failure EP Unreleased Road Warrior March 24, 2014 Sadworldbeats Album/Single Release Date sadworld beat tape #1 July 1, 2017 sadworld beat tape #2 January 1, 2018 sadworld beat tape #3 August 10, 2018 dreams February 13, 2019 sadworld beat tape #4 July 31, 2020 stranded September 26, 2020 trickster November 15, 2020 heist March 10, 2021 puzzle April 13, 2021 lose form March 2, 2022 sauna May 23, 2022 mistake December 12, 2022 My Skinwalker Story (Score) July 19, 2023 Noah Praise God Album/Single Release Date Real Sharp October 23, 2023 Thank God November 9, 2023 Seven Faces November 21, 2023 I'll Just Take a Walk January 23, 2024 Then We Were Off EP April 29, 2024 Awards and nominations Year Award Category Show Result Refs 2009 Young Artist Awards Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series iCarly (shared with ensemble) Nominated 2010 Young Artist Awards Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series iCarly (shared with ensemble) Nominated Australian Kids' Choice Awards LOL Award iCarly (shared with ensemble) Won 2011 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Sidekick iCarly Nominated References ^ a b "iCarly actor started a YouTube channel to explore weird, absurd comedy". Polygon. October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017. ^ Larsen, Peter (June 11, 2011). "O.C. kids are all right on 'iCarly'". The Orange County Register. p. Show Saturday 3. ^ "About". Noah Munck. Retrieved July 11, 2011. ^ "'Gibby,' from 'iCarly,' has a real heart". March 25, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2011. ^ Munck interview at Biola ^ a b c d "NoxiK's Spotlight page on SoundCloud - Hear the world's sounds". Soundcloud.com. Retrieved May 25, 2013. ^ NoxiK - Road Warrior EP, March 24, 2014, retrieved May 6, 2022 ^ "sadworldbeats". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024. ^ Amy Farnum, "Raising funds for Camp del Corazon", NCAA News, February 11, 2011. ^ "Noah Munck Releases First Dubstep Song "Beginnings" \| Nickelodeon News". Nickutopia.com. January 20, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2013. ^ "sadworld tape #1". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024. ^ "sadworld beat tape #2". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024. ^ "sadworld beat tape #3". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024. ^ "dreams/punishment stim". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024. ^ "sadworld beat tape #4". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024. ^ "stranded/me when im gaming". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024. ^ "trickster", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024 ^ "heist/fortune". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024. ^ "puzzle", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024 ^ "lose form", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024 ^ "skin peeler/piss drinker", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024 ^ "mistake", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024 ^ "My Skinwalker Story", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024 ^ "Real Sharp", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024 ^ "Thank God", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024 ^ "Seven Faces", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024 ^ "I'll Just Take a Walk", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024 ^ "Then We Were Off". SoundCloud. Retrieved April 29, 2024. ^ "30th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2013. ^ "31st Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Awards. ^ "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2010 Winners List & Orange Carpet Video!". Take40. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. ^ "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2011: The Winners". Digital Spy. April 3, 2011. ^ "2011 Nickelodeon's Kids Choice Awards". Nick KCA Press. External links Noah Munck at IMDb Noah Munck on SoundCloud Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"iCarly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICarly"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The Goldbergs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goldbergs_(2013_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poly-1"}],"text":"Noah Bryant Munck (born May 3, 1996) is an American actor, record producer and hip hop artist. He is best known for his roles as Gibby in the Nickelodeon series iCarly and \"Naked\" Rob Smith in the ABC comedy series The Goldbergs. He also releases music under the aliases Sadworldbeats and Noah Praise God and creates independent comedy videos on YouTube.[1]","title":"Noah Munck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mission Viejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Viejo,_California"},{"link_name":"Orange County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"third-party source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources"},{"link_name":"iCarly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICarly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Biola University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"third-party source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources"}],"text":"Noah Bryant Munck was born and raised in Mission Viejo in Orange County, California.[2] He is the oldest of five children of Kymbry (née Robinson) and Greg Munck, an executive pastor at Crossline Community Church in Laguna Hills.[third-party source needed] He was involved in his school drama program while filming for iCarly'.[3][4] One of his brothers, Ethan Munck, played Gibby's brother Guppy in five episodes of iCarly. In fall 2014, Munck was accepted to and began attending Biola University as a cinema and media arts major.[5][third-party source needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"iCarly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICarly"},{"link_name":"Favorite TV Sidekick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kids%27_Choice_Awards#Favorite_TV_Sidekick"},{"link_name":"Kids' Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kids%27_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"Gibby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibby_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Sam & Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_%26_Cat"},{"link_name":"2021 revival series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICarly_(2021_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"iCarly","text":"In 2007, Munck began a recurring role for three seasons on the Nickelodeon television series iCarly as Gibby, one of Carly, Sam and Freddie's friends. In 2010, Munck was elevated to a regular cast member from the fourth season onwards. In 2011, he was nominated for the \"Favorite TV Sidekick\" award at the Kids' Choice Awards.Proposals were put forth in 2013 for a TV series called Gibby, a spin-off of iCarly that would star Munck. The series was to star Gibby working at a recreational center where he mentors four middle-schoolers. The series was not picked up, although Munck reprised the role of Gibby in the spin-off series Sam & Cat in 2014 for the episode \"#SuperPsycho\". Munck did not return to reprise his role in the 2021 revival series. His brother Ethan, however, reprised his role as Guppy in one episode of the revival series.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronic dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soundcloud-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"NoxiK","text":"Munck also produced electronic dance music under the name NoxiK. He released his first song, \"Beginnings\", on January 20, 2012. Since then, he began to release songs he created to his YouTube account. He released a small EP called Hotline on April 23, 2013.[6] On December 21, 2013, NoxiK released a single entitled \"Killjoy\" on SoundCloud and YouTube. It was re-posted on SoundCloud by EDM.com and has become one of his most successful singles to date. He released his first official EP titled Road Warrior on March 24, 2014.[7] As of October 2017, the project has been inactive.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poly-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Sadworld","text":"On October 9, 2016, Munck started Sadworld, a YouTube channel dedicated to \"weird, absurd\" and experimental comedy sketches. The videos have a distinct editing style, described as \"an amalgamation of images, glitches and sounds designed to overload viewers' senses.\"[1] The channel has amassed over 11,000,000 views as of February 2024. Many of the channels' videos also contain music produced by Munck, which he releases on SoundCloud and other streaming platforms as Sadworldbeats.[8] Munck also uploads longform videos of a similar ilk alongside collaborators Eric Bernhagen and Julian Clark on YouTube channel God's Abomination.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"experimental hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_hip_hop"}],"sub_title":"Noah Praise God","text":"Beginning on October 23, 2023, Munck began releasing experimental hip hop music as Noah Praise God. This project differs from prior endeavours as there is a heavier emphasis on vocals. The first single under this alias, \"Real Sharp\", released alongside a music video on the Sadworld channel. Since then, he has released three more singles on streaming platforms.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalina Island, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catalina_Island,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Munck is an active supporter of Camp Del Corazon, a summer camp on Catalina Island, California, for children with heart disease.[9]","title":"Activism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"iCarly actor started a YouTube channel to explore weird, absurd comedy\". Polygon. October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2017/10/13/16473016/icarly-noah-munck-youtube-nickelodeon","url_text":"\"iCarly actor started a YouTube channel to explore weird, absurd comedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Larsen, Peter (June 11, 2011). \"O.C. kids are all right on 'iCarly'\". The Orange County Register. p. Show Saturday 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orange_County_Register","url_text":"The Orange County Register"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Noah Munck. Retrieved July 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noahmunck.com/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Gibby,' from 'iCarly,' has a real heart\". March 25, 2009. Retrieved July 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ocregister.com/news/camp-183142-kids-heart.html","url_text":"\"'Gibby,' from 'iCarly,' has a real heart\""}]},{"reference":"\"NoxiK's Spotlight page on SoundCloud - Hear the world's sounds\". Soundcloud.com. Retrieved May 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/noxik","url_text":"\"NoxiK's Spotlight page on SoundCloud - Hear the world's sounds\""}]},{"reference":"NoxiK - Road Warrior EP, March 24, 2014, retrieved May 6, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/album/7qFFNMchyeafcrVkNbEMKr","url_text":"NoxiK - Road Warrior EP"}]},{"reference":"\"sadworldbeats\". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats","url_text":"\"sadworldbeats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noah Munck Releases First Dubstep Song \"Beginnings\" \| Nickelodeon News\". Nickutopia.com. January 20, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nickutopia.com/2012/01/20/noah-munck-releases-first-dubstep-song-beginnings/","url_text":"\"Noah Munck Releases First Dubstep Song \"Beginnings\" \| Nickelodeon News\""}]},{"reference":"\"sadworld tape #1\". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/sets/sadworld-tape-1","url_text":"\"sadworld tape #1\""}]},{"reference":"\"sadworld beat tape #2\". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/sets/sadworld-beat-tape-2","url_text":"\"sadworld beat tape #2\""}]},{"reference":"\"sadworld beat tape #3\". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/sets/sadworld-beat-tape-3","url_text":"\"sadworld beat tape #3\""}]},{"reference":"\"dreams/punishment stim\". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/sets/dreams","url_text":"\"dreams/punishment stim\""}]},{"reference":"\"sadworld beat tape #4\". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/sets/sadworld-beat-tape-4","url_text":"\"sadworld beat tape #4\""}]},{"reference":"\"stranded/me when im gaming\". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/sets/stranded","url_text":"\"stranded/me when im gaming\""}]},{"reference":"\"trickster\", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/trickster","url_text":"\"trickster\""}]},{"reference":"\"heist/fortune\". SoundCloud. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/sets/heist","url_text":"\"heist/fortune\""}]},{"reference":"\"puzzle\", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/puzzle","url_text":"\"puzzle\""}]},{"reference":"\"lose form\", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/lose-form","url_text":"\"lose form\""}]},{"reference":"\"skin peeler/piss drinker\", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/sets/sauna","url_text":"\"skin peeler/piss drinker\""}]},{"reference":"\"mistake\", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/mistake","url_text":"\"mistake\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Skinwalker Story\", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/sadworldbeats/my-skinwalker-story","url_text":"\"My Skinwalker Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Real Sharp\", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/noahpraisegod/real-sharp-1","url_text":"\"Real Sharp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thank God\", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/noahpraisegod/thank-god","url_text":"\"Thank God\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seven Faces\", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/noahpraisegod/seven-faces","url_text":"\"Seven Faces\""}]},{"reference":"\"I'll Just Take a Walk\", SoundCloud, retrieved February 26, 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/noahpraisegod/ill-just-take-a-walk","url_text":"\"I'll Just Take a Walk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Then We Were Off\". SoundCloud. Retrieved April 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/noahpraisegod/sets/then-we-were-off","url_text":"\"Then We Were Off\""}]},{"reference":"\"30th Annual Young Artist Awards\". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719205923/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms30.html","url_text":"\"30th Annual Young Artist Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms30.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"31st Annual Young Artist Awards\". Young Artist Awards.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms31.html","url_text":"\"31st Annual Young Artist Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2010 Winners List & Orange Carpet Video!\". Take40. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130926132921/http://www.take40.com/news/20473/Nickelodeon","url_text":"\"Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2010 Winners List & Orange Carpet Video!\""},{"url":"http://www.take40.com/news/20473/Nickelodeon","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2011: The Winners\". Digital Spy. April 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/news/a312484/nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-2011-the-winners.html","url_text":"\"Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2011: The Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Nickelodeon's Kids Choice Awards\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosvita	Prosvita	["1 History","2 Tasks","3 Leaders","3.1 Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria","3.2 Poland","3.3 Chernigov Governorate","3.4 Kharkov Governorate","3.5 Yekaterinoslav Governorate","3.6 Podole Governorate","3.7 Don Host Oblast","3.8 Ukraine","4 See also","5 References"]	Ukrainian cultural and educational organization Emblem of Prosvita Early publication cover Prosvita (Ukrainian: просвіта, 'enlightenment') is an enlightenment society aimed to preserve and develop Ukrainian culture, education and science, that was created in the nineteenth century in Austria-Hungary's Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. According to the declaration of its founders, the movement was created as a counterbalance to anti-Ukrainian colonial and Russophile trends in the Ukrainian society of the period. History Building where the society was established The Prosvita Society was headquartered at Lubomirski Palace, Lviv Prosvita was founded in 1868 in Lviv by 65 delegates from different regions and groups of intellectuals, mostly from the same city. Anatole Vakhnianyn was elected the first head of the Prosvita Society. By the end of 1913, Prosvita had 77 affiliate societies and 2,648 reading rooms. After the First Russian Revolution, local branches of the society were also opened in the Russian-ruled areas populated by Ukrainians: in Katerynoslav and Odesa (1905), Kyiv (1906), Kamianets-Podilskyi, Zhytomyr, Chernihiv, Mykolaiv, Melitopol, Katerynodar and other cities. However, all of Prosvita societies in the Russian Empire were closed before the start of the First World War, as they were accused of promoting separatism by imperial authorities. A new wave of Prosvita's development started after the Russian Revolution of 1917, when its branches were restored in Dnieper Ukraine, Volhynia and Polissia, as well as in Kuban and the Far East. However, most of them were once again closed down by the Soviet and Polish authorities in the 1920s and 1930s. Similarly, the Zakarpattian branch of Prosvita established in 1920 was closed down by the Hungarian government in 1939. After the end of the First World War, Prosvita continued to develop in Galicia. In 1936 alone, when Western Ukraine with the city of Lviv were part of the Second Polish Republic, the society opened over 500 new outlets with full-time professional staff. By the end of the interwar period, Prosvita had grown to include 83 affiliates, 3,210 reading rooms, 1,207 premises, 3,209 libraries (with 688,186 books), 2,185 theater clubs, 1,115 choirs, 138 orchestras, and 550 study groups. In 1939 the society was shut down and banned by the newly arrived Soviet rulers. Prosvita operated only in Western Europe and America up to 1988. The first Prosvita society established in the United States was in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania in 1887. The Prosvita Society was renewed in Ukraine during the Soviet period of Glasnost of 1988–89 as the Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language, and since then has taken an active part in social life of independent Ukraine. In modern times it was headed by Dmytro Pavlychko and Pavlo Movchan (present head). Currently, almost all higher education institutions in Ukraine have Prosvita affiliations with teachers and students as members. Also active are the Young Prosvita youth organizations. During the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine two Prosvita members were kidnapped and one was murdered by pro-Russian separatists in the Donetsk and Luhansk provinces. Tasks The commemorative coin "140 Years of Taras Shevchenko All-Ukrainian “Prosvita" Society" Official goals of the Prosvita Society: Promoting Ukrainian language as the only state language in Ukraine Maintaining principles of humanity, mutual understanding, religious and civil consent in society Contributing to building and strengthening of Ukrainian state and its economic development Propagating economic, legal and other kind of knowledge Contributing to raising of Ukrainian language and culture authority abroad Preserving and revitalizing natural environment and biodiversity Leaders Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 1868–???? Anatole Vakhnianyn 1906-1906 Yevhen Olesnytsky 1906–1910 Petro Ohonovsky 1910–1922 Ivan Kyvelyuk Poland 1922–1923 Ivan Bryk 1923–1931 Mykhailo Halushchynsky 1931–1939 Ivan Bryk Chernigov Governorate 1906–1911 Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky Kharkov Governorate 1912–???? (as Kvitka-Osnovianenko Association) Yekaterinoslav Governorate 1905–???? (as Ukrainian Association of Literature and Arts) Podole Governorate ? Don Host Oblast 1907–1913 Zakhar Barabash Ukraine 1989–1990 Dmytro Pavlychko (as Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language) 1990–present Pavlo Movchan (originally as Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language and since 1991 – Prosvita) See also Shevchenko Scientific Society Hromada (secret society) Prosvjeta References ^ Prosvita at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine ^ a b Prosvita at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 3 (1993). ^ "Celebration of 90th Anniversary of "Prosvita"", Quebec – Ukraine Portal ^ Prosvita at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine ^ "Rol vuzivskih oseredkiv prosvity u vprovadzhenni ukrainskoi movy yak derzhavnoy u VNZ", Savoyska Svitlana, Institute of Ukrainian Studies ^ (in Ukrainian) In Luhansk kidnapped university historian, Ukrayinska Pravda (24 June 2014) ^ (in Ukrainian) Caught by militants died in Luhansk historian, leader of the "Prosvita", Ukrayinska Pravda (1 July 2014) vteLvivHistory Timeline Armenian Statute Dormition Brotherhood Jesuit Collegium Siege by Cossacks (1648) Siege by Cossacks (1655) Lwów Oath Siege by Turks (1675) Leopolis Triplex Stauropegion Institute Stauropegion Press Ossolineum Galician Rada Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia Prosvita Ruthenian Triad Ruthenian National House Hutsul Secession Batiars Lwów Eaglets Battle (1918) Pogrom (1918) Battle (1920) Secret Ukrainian University Lwów–Warsaw school of logic Lwów School of Mathematics Battle (1939) Massacre of Lwów professors Lviv pogroms (1941) Lwów Ghetto Lwów Uprising Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive (1944) Sknyliv air show disaster Coat of arms of LvivReligion Armenian Cathedral Cathedral of St. George Boim Chapel Bernardine Church Bridgettine Convent Carmelite Church Convent of Benedictines Church of St. Anne Church of John the Baptist Church of Mary of Snow Church of St. Elizabeth Church of St. Mary Magdalene Monastery and church of St. Onuphrius Church of the Dormition Church of the Purification, Lviv Church of the Transfiguration Dominican Church Jesuit Church Latin Cathedral Attractions Arena Lviv Arsenal Museum Bandinelli Palace Black Kamienica Catholic University Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów Forum Lviv Freedom Boulevard Government House King Cross Leopolis Korniakt Palace Lviv High Castle Lviv University Lychakivskiy Cemetery Market Square Mickiewicz Square National Museum Polytechnic University Lubomirski Palace Metropolitan Palace Old Town Pharmacy Museum Potocki Palace Sapieha Palace Scottish Café Shevchenkivskyi Hai Theatre of Opera and Ballet Skarbek Theatre Town Hall Ukraina Stadium Union of Lublin Mound Transport Tramway Trolleybus Bus Intercity bus station Airport Main railway station Suburban railway station Pidzamche railway station Category Authority control databases National Germany Other Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prosvita_logo.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prosvitapublicationcover.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_culture"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria"},{"link_name":"Russophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Russophiles"}],"text":"Emblem of ProsvitaEarly publication coverProsvita (Ukrainian: просвіта, 'enlightenment') is an enlightenment society aimed to preserve and develop Ukrainian culture, education and science, that was created in the nineteenth century in Austria-Hungary's Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.According to the declaration of its founders, the movement was created as a counterbalance to anti-Ukrainian colonial and Russophile trends in the Ukrainian society of the period.","title":"Prosvita"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F(%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA,_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.png"},{"link_name":"Lubomirski Palace, Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubomirski_Palace,_Lviv"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Anatole Vakhnianyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_Vakhnianyn"},{"link_name":"First Russian 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Movchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlo_Movchan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_conflict_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"separatists in the Donetsk and Luhansk provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Building where the society was establishedThe Prosvita Society was headquartered at Lubomirski Palace, LvivProsvita was founded in 1868 in Lviv by 65 delegates from different regions and groups of intellectuals, mostly from the same city. Anatole Vakhnianyn was elected the first head of the Prosvita Society. By the end of 1913, Prosvita had 77 affiliate societies and 2,648 reading rooms.After the First Russian Revolution, local branches of the society were also opened in the Russian-ruled areas populated by Ukrainians: in Katerynoslav and Odesa (1905), Kyiv (1906), Kamianets-Podilskyi, Zhytomyr, Chernihiv, Mykolaiv, Melitopol, Katerynodar and other cities. However, all of Prosvita societies in the Russian Empire were closed before the start of the First World War, as they were accused of promoting separatism by imperial authorities.A new wave of Prosvita's development started after the Russian Revolution of 1917, when its branches were restored in Dnieper Ukraine, Volhynia and Polissia, as well as in Kuban and the Far East. However, most of them were once again closed down by the Soviet and Polish authorities in the 1920s and 1930s. Similarly, the Zakarpattian branch of Prosvita established in 1920 was closed down by the Hungarian government in 1939.[1]After the end of the First World War, Prosvita continued to develop in Galicia. In 1936 alone, when Western Ukraine with the city of Lviv were part of the Second Polish Republic, the society opened over 500 new outlets with full-time professional staff.[2] By the end of the interwar period, Prosvita had grown to include 83 affiliates, 3,210 reading rooms, 1,207 premises, 3,209 libraries (with 688,186 books), 2,185 theater clubs, 1,115 choirs, 138 orchestras, and 550 study groups.[2]In 1939 the society was shut down and banned by the newly arrived Soviet rulers. Prosvita operated only in Western Europe and America up to 1988.[3] The first Prosvita society established in the United States was in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania in 1887.[4]The Prosvita Society was renewed in Ukraine during the Soviet period of Glasnost of 1988–89 as the Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language, and since then has taken an active part in social life of independent Ukraine. In modern times it was headed by Dmytro Pavlychko and Pavlo Movchan (present head).Currently, almost all higher education institutions in Ukraine have Prosvita affiliations with teachers and students as members. Also active are the Young Prosvita youth organizations.[5]During the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine two Prosvita members were kidnapped and one was murdered by pro-Russian separatists in the Donetsk and Luhansk provinces.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UkraineKM-513.gif"}],"text":"The commemorative coin \"140 Years of Taras Shevchenko All-Ukrainian “Prosvita\" Society\"Official goals of the Prosvita Society:Promoting Ukrainian language as the only state language in Ukraine\nMaintaining principles of humanity, mutual understanding, religious and civil consent in society\nContributing to building and strengthening of Ukrainian state and its economic development\nPropagating economic, legal and other kind of knowledge\nContributing to raising of Ukrainian language and culture authority abroad\nPreserving and revitalizing natural environment and biodiversity","title":"Tasks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anatole Vakhnianyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_Vakhnianyn"},{"link_name":"Yevhen Olesnytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yevhen_Olesnytsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petro Ohonovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petro_Ohonovsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kyvelyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Kyvelyuk&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria","text":"1868–???? Anatole Vakhnianyn\n1906-1906 Yevhen Olesnytsky\n1906–1910 Petro Ohonovsky\n1910–1922 Ivan Kyvelyuk","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Bryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Bryk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mykhailo Halushchynsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mykhailo_Halushchynsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Bryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Bryk&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Poland","text":"1922–1923 Ivan Bryk\n1923–1931 Mykhailo Halushchynsky\n1931–1939 Ivan Bryk","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo_Kotsyubynsky"}],"sub_title":"Chernigov Governorate","text":"1906–1911 Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kharkov Governorate","text":"1912–???? (as Kvitka-Osnovianenko Association)","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Yekaterinoslav Governorate","text":"1905–???? (as Ukrainian Association of Literature and Arts)","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Podole Governorate","text":"?","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zakhar Barabash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zakhar_Barabash&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Don Host Oblast","text":"1907–1913 Zakhar Barabash","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dmytro Pavlychko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Pavlychko"},{"link_name":"Pavlo Movchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlo_Movchan"}],"sub_title":"Ukraine","text":"1989–1990 Dmytro Pavlychko (as Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language)\n1990–present Pavlo Movchan (originally as Shevchenko Association of Ukrainian Language and since 1991 – Prosvita)","title":"Leaders"}]	[{"image_text":"Emblem of Prosvita","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Prosvita_logo.gif"},{"image_text":"Early publication cover","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Prosvitapublicationcover.jpg/220px-Prosvitapublicationcover.jpg"},{"image_text":"Building where the society was established","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F%28%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F%28%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Prosvita Society was headquartered at Lubomirski Palace, Lviv","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%2C_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%2C_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.png/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%2C_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%2C_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2.png"},{"image_text":"The commemorative coin \"140 Years of Taras Shevchenko All-Ukrainian “Prosvita\" Society\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/UkraineKM-513.gif/220px-UkraineKM-513.gif"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Lviv","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg/65px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lviv.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Shevchenko Scientific Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevchenko_Scientific_Society"},{"title":"Hromada (secret society)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromada_(secret_society)"},{"title":"Prosvjeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosvjeta"}]	[{"reference":"\"Celebration of 90th Anniversary of \"Prosvita\"\", Quebec – Ukraine Portal","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rol vuzivskih oseredkiv prosvity u vprovadzhenni ukrainskoi movy yak derzhavnoy u VNZ\", Savoyska Svitlana, Institute of Ukrainian Studies","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\P\\R\\Prosvita.htm","external_links_name":"Prosvita"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\P\\R\\Prosvita.htm","external_links_name":"Prosvita"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\\P\\R\\Prosvita.htm","external_links_name":"Prosvita"},{"Link":"http://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2014/06/23/143421/","external_links_name":"In Luhansk kidnapped university historian"},{"Link":"http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/07/1/7030582","external_links_name":"Caught by militants died in Luhansk historian, leader of the \"Prosvita\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/5298133-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\\P\\R\\Prosvita","external_links_name":"Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesam_Stasjon	Sesam stasjon	["1 History","2 Content","3 Characters","3.1 Muppets","3.2 Voices","4 Set","5 In other media","6 References","7 External links"]	Norwegian TV series or program Sesam stasjonThe railway stationStarringSverre HolmSidsel RyenVoices ofHarald MæleCountry of originNorwayOriginal languageNorwegianNo. of episodes198ProductionCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time30 minutesProduction companiesNRKChildren's Television WorkshopOriginal releaseNetworkNRK1Release22 February 1991 (1991-02-22) –6 May 1999 (1999-05-06)RelatedSesame Street Sesam stasjon (English: Sesame Station) was a 1990s Norwegian children's television series that ran on NRK1 (and sometime NRK2) based on Sesame Street. It quickly became the most popular children's show in Norway after its début in 1991, and 198 episodes were made until 1999. Unlike their predecessors from all over the world it is set in a railway station near a town instead of the traditional Sesame Street neighbourhood. Each episode is 30 minutes, of which 15–20 are from the Norwegian production and 10–15 are dubbed from Sesame Street. History In 1987, NRK approached Children's Television Workshop about the possibility to make a Norwegian co-production of Sesame Street. In 1989, an agreement was reached between NRK and CTW, and the production of Sesam stasjon began in September 1990. As part of the preparation for the show, Kermit Love traveled to Norway in June 1990 to teach the Norwegian puppeteers. The whole production also went to New York to observe the American production of Sesame Street. The Norwegian producers were Herman Gran and Grete Høien. Eyvind Skeie and Lena Seimler wrote the teleplays, the costumes were designed by NRK's Costume Designer Ellen Andreassen Jensen while Sigvald Tveit wrote the music for the songs from the show. Harald Mæle was responsible for the voiceovers for the American cuts. The first episode aired on NRK on 4 February 1991. In the beginning, the plan was to produce 77 episodes all written by Eyvind Skeie. In 1992, Skeie left the production after finishing his contract of 77 episodes. At the same time, NRK told that they wanted to make another 250 episodes to run through 2006. Although NRK had written in a contract with CTW that they were going to produce the show until 2001, as well as retaining a right to show reruns the first five years following, they decided to opt out of the production deal in 1998 due to lowered ratings. NRK also decided that the resources used to produce Sesam stasjon could be used better elsewhere, so NRK paid CTW to get out of the contract. The cast opposed its cancellation, to no avail. The last scene was recorded on 28 April 1999, bringing the total to 198 episodes. However, Sesam stasjon stayed on the air in reruns until 2004. Content Some of the episodes were like mini-series; the storyline would continue where the last episode left off. One of these longer stories was about how Alfa entered a contest to write a television show. She wrote about her life at Sesam stasjon, and she won the contest. The entire station was invited to NRK, so they could talk about the show. In a later episode, a TV crew from NRK arrived to shoot the TV show using actors to play Alfa and her friends. These "actors" were the walk-around suits, that were built for live appearances. Characters Muppets Max Mekker: a big blue animal-like guy who works at Sesam stasjon. He is good at fixing things, hence the name "Mekker" (about the same as "handyman"). He always talks in rhyme. Played by Geir Børresen. Alfa: a female yellow muppet resident of the train station who likes to play the guitar. Played by Hanne Dahle. Bjarne: a male pink muppet who owns a ticket booth. He is very fond of numbers and being organized. He suffers from allergies, and therefore doesn't like summer. Played by Åsmund Huser. Py: a red muppet with yellow and red hair and the youngest at the station. She was hatched from a large blue egg that appeared on a train. Played by Christine Stoesen. Stasjonsmester O. Tidemann: station master. Played by Sverre Holm. Leonora Dorothea Dahl: a woman who works at the train station. She likes to sing and cook. Played by Sidsel Ryen. The puppets used for the show had to be sent to the Children's Television Workshop (CTW) whenever they had to be rinsed, because the mechanism used to operate them was confidential. Only Geir Børresen was allowed inside Max Mekker. Voices Magnus Nielsen as Ernie (Erling) and Anything Muppets Harald Mæle as Bert (Bernt), Grover (Gunnar) and Cookie Monster (Kakemonster) and Anything Muppets Although not a character, the animated Pinball Number Count segments were also dubbed and used in the show regularly, and the melody is well recognized amongst Norwegians who have watched the show, despite most of them not having seen Sesame Street. Set The outdoor scenes for the show were filmed at Lørenskog Station, which was repainted for the series. Only the station side was repainted in a colourful manner characteristic for Sesame Street, while its back was yellow and green. A postmodern clock tower was built alongside the station in the 1980s and was also painted for the show. Sesamtoget (The Sesame Train) that was used in the show consisted of four parts. Norwegian State Railways (NSB) converted two old shunters, El 10 no. 2504 and no. 2508, and two Di 2 no. 827 and no. 839. The three carriages used were two earlier German BFV1 carriages, which NSB had taken ownership of after the war, and a modified goods van. All of the train parts were painted in the same colourful scheme as the station. El 10 no. 2504 is currently being kept in Grorud and no. 2508 is stationed in Hamar, both old and not in regular use. While the Di 2 no. 839 has been repainted, no. 827 is being kept intact by the Norwegian Railway Club in Hønefoss. In other media Bjarne and Max Mekker were included in Children's Television Workshop's 1993 New Year's Eve special, Sesame Street Stays Up Late. References ^ Grindaker, Siw (18 January 1998). "Sesam stasjon legges ned". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 29 May 2010. ^ a b c d e Johanssen, Gitte (15 October 1990). "Det går alltid et tog til Sesam". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). ^ Steigan, Geir Tandberg (2000). "Lørenskog jernbanestasjon" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 29 May 2010. ^ "2504" (in Norwegian). Jernbane.net. Retrieved 23 November 2009. ^ "827" (in Norwegian). Jernbane.net. Retrieved 23 November 2009. ^ Moore, Scott (26 December 1993). "`Sesame Street' plans monster New Year bash". Press-Register. p. 14. External links Sesam stasjon at IMDb vteSesame Street international co-productions Characters Original show adaptationsAfrica Alam Simsim (Egypt) Kilimani Sesame (Tanzania) Sesame Square (Nigeria) Takalani Sesame (South Africa) Americas Plaza Sésamo (Mexico/Hispanic America) Sesame Park (Canada) Vila Sésamo (Brazil) Asia Ahlan Simsim (Syria/Lebanon) Baghch-e-Simsim (Afghanistan) Sesame! (Philippines) Galli Galli Sim Sim (India) Hikayat Simsim (Jordan) Iftah Ya Simsim (Kuwait/United Arab Emirates) Jalan Sesama (Indonesia) Rechov Sumsum (Israel) Sabai Sabai Sesame (Cambodia) Sesami Sutorīto (Japan) Shalom Sesame (Israel) Shara'a Simsim (Palestine) Sim Sim Hamara (Pakistan) Sisimpur (Bangladesh) Zhima Jie (China) Europe 1, rue Sésame (France) 5, Rue Sésame (France) Barrio Sésamo (Spain) Monstruos Supersanos Sesam stasjon (Norway) Sesame Tree (Northern Ireland) Sesamstraat (Netherlands) Sesamstraße (Germany) Susam Sokağı (Turkey) Svenska Sesam (Sweden) Rruga Sesam/Ulica Sezam (Kosovo) Rua Sésamo (Portugal) Ulica Sezamkowa (Poland) Ulitsa Sezam (Russia) Spin-offs Open Sesame (worldwide) The Furchester Hotel (UK) Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures (USA/Italy) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"children's television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_television_series"},{"link_name":"NRK1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK1"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"}],"text":"Norwegian TV series or programSesam stasjon (English: Sesame Station) was a 1990s Norwegian children's television series that ran on NRK1 (and sometime NRK2) based on Sesame Street. It quickly became the most popular children's show in Norway after its début in 1991, and 198 episodes were made until 1999. Unlike their predecessors from all over the world it is set in a railway station near a town instead of the traditional Sesame Street neighbourhood. Each episode is 30 minutes, of which 15–20 are from the Norwegian production and 10–15 are dubbed from Sesame Street.","title":"Sesam stasjon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Children's Television Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Workshop"},{"link_name":"Kermit Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Love"},{"link_name":"Sigvald Tveit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigvald_Tveit"},{"link_name":"Harald Mæle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_M%C3%A6le"},{"link_name":"voiceovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceover"},{"link_name":"Eyvind Skeie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyvind_Skeie"},{"link_name":"CTW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Workshop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 1987, NRK approached Children's Television Workshop about the possibility to make a Norwegian co-production of Sesame Street. In 1989, an agreement was reached between NRK and CTW, and the production of Sesam stasjon began in September 1990. As part of the preparation for the show, Kermit Love traveled to Norway in June 1990 to teach the Norwegian puppeteers. The whole production also went to New York to observe the American production of Sesame Street.The Norwegian producers were Herman Gran and Grete Høien. Eyvind Skeie and Lena Seimler wrote the teleplays, the costumes were designed by NRK's Costume Designer Ellen Andreassen Jensen while Sigvald Tveit wrote the music for the songs from the show. Harald Mæle was responsible for the voiceovers for the American cuts.The first episode aired on NRK on 4 February 1991. In the beginning, the plan was to produce 77 episodes all written by Eyvind Skeie. In 1992, Skeie left the production after finishing his contract of 77 episodes. At the same time, NRK told that they wanted to make another 250 episodes to run through 2006.Although NRK had written in a contract with CTW that they were going to produce the show until 2001, as well as retaining a right to show reruns the first five years following, they decided to opt out of the production deal in 1998 due to lowered ratings. NRK also decided that the resources used to produce Sesam stasjon could be used better elsewhere, so NRK paid CTW to get out of the contract. The cast opposed its cancellation, to no avail.[1]The last scene was recorded on 28 April 1999, bringing the total to 198 episodes. However, Sesam stasjon stayed on the air in reruns until 2004.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Some of the episodes were like mini-series; the storyline would continue where the last episode left off. One of these longer stories was about how Alfa entered a contest to write a television show. She wrote about her life at Sesam stasjon, and she won the contest. The entire station was invited to NRK, so they could talk about the show. In a later episode, a TV crew from NRK arrived to shoot the TV show using actors to play Alfa and her friends. These \"actors\" were the walk-around suits, that were built for live appearances.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geir Børresen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_B%C3%B8rresen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alltidtog-2"},{"link_name":"muppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppet"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alltidtog-2"},{"link_name":"muppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alltidtog-2"},{"link_name":"muppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alltidtog-2"},{"link_name":"Sidsel Ryen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidsel_Ryen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alltidtog-2"},{"link_name":"Children's Television Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Workshop"},{"link_name":"Geir Børresen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_B%C3%B8rresen"}],"sub_title":"Muppets","text":"Max Mekker: a big blue animal-like guy who works at Sesam stasjon. He is good at fixing things, hence the name \"Mekker\" (about the same as \"handyman\"). He always talks in rhyme. Played by Geir Børresen.[2]\nAlfa: a female yellow muppet resident of the train station who likes to play the guitar. Played by Hanne Dahle.[2]\nBjarne: a male pink muppet who owns a ticket booth. He is very fond of numbers and being organized. He suffers from allergies, and therefore doesn't like summer. Played by Åsmund Huser.[2]\nPy: a red muppet with yellow and red hair and the youngest at the station. She was hatched from a large blue egg that appeared on a train. Played by Christine Stoesen.\nStasjonsmester O. Tidemann: station master. Played by Sverre Holm.[2]\nLeonora Dorothea Dahl: a woman who works at the train station. She likes to sing and cook. Played by Sidsel Ryen.[2]The puppets used for the show had to be sent to the Children's Television Workshop (CTW) whenever they had to be rinsed, because the mechanism used to operate them was confidential. Only Geir Børresen was allowed inside Max Mekker.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_(Sesame_Street)"},{"link_name":"Harald Mæle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_M%C3%A6le"},{"link_name":"Bert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_(Sesame_Street)"},{"link_name":"Grover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover"},{"link_name":"Cookie Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_Monster"}],"sub_title":"Voices","text":"Magnus Nielsen as Ernie (Erling) and Anything Muppets\nHarald Mæle as Bert (Bernt), Grover (Gunnar) and Cookie Monster (Kakemonster) and Anything MuppetsAlthough not a character, the animated Pinball Number Count segments were also dubbed and used in the show regularly, and the melody is well recognized amongst Norwegians who have watched the show, despite most of them not having seen Sesame Street.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lørenskog Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8renskog_Station"},{"link_name":"postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Norwegian State Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_State_Railways_(1883%E2%80%931996)"},{"link_name":"shunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunter"},{"link_name":"El 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_El_10"},{"link_name":"Di 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_Di_2"},{"link_name":"carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)"},{"link_name":"the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"goods van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covered_goods_wagon"},{"link_name":"Grorud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grorud"},{"link_name":"Hamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamar"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Railway Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Railway_Club"},{"link_name":"Hønefoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8nefoss"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The outdoor scenes for the show were filmed at Lørenskog Station, which was repainted for the series. Only the station side was repainted in a colourful manner characteristic for Sesame Street, while its back was yellow and green. A postmodern clock tower was built alongside the station in the 1980s and was also painted for the show.[3]Sesamtoget (The Sesame Train) that was used in the show consisted of four parts. Norwegian State Railways (NSB) converted two old shunters, El 10 no. 2504 and no. 2508, and two Di 2 no. 827 and no. 839. The three carriages used were two earlier German BFV1 carriages, which NSB had taken ownership of after the war, and a modified goods van. All of the train parts were painted in the same colourful scheme as the station. El 10 no. 2504 is currently being kept in Grorud and no. 2508 is stationed in Hamar, both old and not in regular use. While the Di 2 no. 839 has been repainted, no. 827 is being kept intact by the Norwegian Railway Club in Hønefoss.[4][5]","title":"Set"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street Stays Up Late","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_Stays_Up_Late!"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bjarne and Max Mekker were included in Children's Television Workshop's 1993 New Year's Eve special, Sesame Street Stays Up Late.[6]","title":"In other media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Grindaker, Siw (18 January 1998). \"Sesam stasjon legges ned\". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 29 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/1998/01/18/52845.html","url_text":"\"Sesam stasjon legges ned\""}]},{"reference":"Johanssen, Gitte (15 October 1990). \"Det går alltid et tog til Sesam\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Minns	Ellis Minns	["1 References","2 External links"]	British academic and archaeologist Sir Ellis Hovell Minns, FBA (16 July 1874 – 13 June 1953) was a British academic and archaeologist whose studies focused on Eastern Europe. Educated at Charterhouse, he went to Pembroke College, Cambridge studying the Classical tripos including Slavonic and Russian. He lived briefly in Paris before moving to St Petersburg in 1898 to work in the library of the Imperial Archaeological Commission. Returning to Cambridge in 1901 he began lecturing in Classics. In 1927, he was appointed Disney Professor of Archaeology, a post he held until 1938. He wrote widely with books including Scythians and Greeks (1913) and The Art of the Northern Nomads (1944). He was an authority on Slavonic icons and in 1943 cleared the Russian translation engraved on the ceremonial "Sword of Stalingrad" presented by the British people in homage to the defenders of the Russian city. In the 1945 New Year Honours, Minns was appointed a Knight Bachelor, and thereby granted the title sir. References ^ "Minns, Ellis Hovell (MNS893EH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ "Review of Scythian and Greeks by Ellis H. Minns". The Athenaeum (4476): 139. 9 August 1913. ^ "No. 36866". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1944. pp. 1–2. External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Ellis Minns Academic offices Preceded bySir William Ridgeway Disney Professor of Archaeology, Cambridge University 1926 - 1938 Succeeded byDorothy Garrod Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway 2 France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef This biographical article about a British archaeologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"tripos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripos"},{"link_name":"Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavonic_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"St Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Disney Professor of Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Professor_of_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icons"},{"link_name":"Sword of Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"1945 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"Knight Bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title"},{"link_name":"sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG_29_December_1944-3"}],"text":"Sir Ellis Hovell Minns, FBA (16 July 1874 – 13 June 1953) was a British academic and archaeologist whose studies focused on Eastern Europe.Educated at Charterhouse, he went to Pembroke College, Cambridge studying the Classical tripos including Slavonic and Russian.[1] He lived briefly in Paris before moving to St Petersburg in 1898 to work in the library of the Imperial Archaeological Commission. Returning to Cambridge in 1901 he began lecturing in Classics.In 1927, he was appointed Disney Professor of Archaeology, a post he held until 1938. He wrote widely with books including Scythians and Greeks (1913)[2] and The Art of the Northern Nomads (1944). He was an authority on Slavonic icons and in 1943 cleared the Russian translation engraved on the ceremonial \"Sword of Stalingrad\" presented by the British people in homage to the defenders of the Russian city.In the 1945 New Year Honours, Minns was appointed a Knight Bachelor, and thereby granted the title sir.[3]","title":"Ellis Minns"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Minns, Ellis Hovell (MNS893EH)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=MNS893EH&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Minns, Ellis Hovell (MNS893EH)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Scythian and Greeks by Ellis H. Minns\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno%C5%A1t_Hlo%C5%BEek	Arnošt Hložek	["1 References","2 External links"]	Slovak football player and coach (1929–2013) Arnošt HložekPersonal informationDate of birth (1929-12-11)11 December 1929Place of birth Bratislava, CzechoslovakiaDate of death 19 December 2013(2013-12-19) (aged 84)Place of death Bratislava, SlovakiaPosition(s) DefenderYouth career1940–1949 Slovan BratislavaSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1949–1952 Slovan Bratislava 1953–1962 Inter Bratislava Managerial career1962–1966 Inter Bratislava1966–1967 Dukla Banská Bystrica1967–1969 MŠK Žilina1969–1971 First Vienna1972–1975 Rapid Wien1975–1976 Inter Bratislava1976–1978 Sparta Prague1978–1979 TTS Trenčín1982–1984 Inter Bratislava1984–1987 First Vienna1987 Wiener Sport-Club1987–1988 LASK1989–1990 SC Zwettl Club domestic league appearances and goals Arnošt Hložek (11 December 1929 – 19 December 2013), also called Ernst Hložek, was a Slovak football coach and player. He played for Slovan Bratislava and Inter Bratislava. He coached Inter Bratislava, Dukla Banská Bystrica, MŠK Žilina, First Vienna, Rapid Wien, Sparta Prague, TTS Trenčín, Wiener Sport-Club, LASK and SC Zwettl. References ^ Arnošt Hložek at WorldFootball.net ^ "Ernst Hložek". Mondedufoot.fr. Retrieved 21 December 2012. ^ "Zomrel Arnošt Hložek (11.12.1929 - 19.12.2013)". Slovenský futbalový zväz (in Slovak). 19 December 2013. ^ Rodolfo Stella at (18 May 1960). "THE EUROPEAN CUP 1959-60 – Fichas Técnicas » História do Futebol-Final". Cacellain.com.br. Retrieved 21 December 2012. ^ Jeřábek, Luboš (January 2007). Český a československý fotbal - lexikon osobností a klubů - Luboš Jeřábek - Google Books. ISBN 9788024716565. Retrieved 21 December 2012. ^ =15 ^ "Trainer des SK Rapid". Rapidarchiv.at. Retrieved 21 December 2012. ^ Česky. "Trenéři - AC Sparta Praha". Sparta.cz. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2012. External links Ernst Hložek at WorldFootball.net Managerial career vteMŠK Žilina – managers Kuchynka (1945–46) Jačiansky () Bulla (1961–62) Šubrt (1966–67) Hložek (1967–69) Reimann (1970–73) Marušin (1973) Baránek (1974–75) Marko (1975–77) Hančin (1977–78) Pucher (1978) Pecze (1979–81) Meissner (1981–82) Majerník (1982–84) Bezdeda (1984–85) Jankech (1985–87) Rusnák (1987–88) Židek (1988) Brückner (1988–89) Sedláček (1989–91) Zigo (1991–93) Kráľ (1994) Slezák (1994–95) Zigo (1995) Griga (1995–96) Radolský (1996–97) Jánoš (1998–99) Barmoš (1999–2000) Turianik (2000) Jurkemik (2000–01) Kalvoda (2002) Komňacký (2002) Rybár (2002–03) Lešický (2003) Šimurka (2003–04) Jurkemik (2004–05) Pecze (2005) Nemec (2005) Vlak (2006) Vrba (2006–08) Radolský (2008–09) Kutka (2009) Hapal (2009–11) Nosický (2011–12) Adelaar (2012–13) Tarkovič (2013) Guľa (2013–18) Kentoš (2018–19) Staňo (2020–21) Černák (2021–22) Belák (2022) Hynek (2022–24) Ščasný (2024–) vteAC Sparta Prague – managers Maleček (1907–11) Malý (1911–18) Dick (1919–23) Špindler (1924–27) Dick (1928–33) Sedlaczek (1933–38) Kuchynka (1939–44) Sedlaczek (1945–47) Srbek (1948–53) Srbek & Preis (1957–58) Preis, Senecký & Šimonek (1958–59) Kolský (1959–62) Kolský & Štumpf (1962–63) Ježek (1964–69) Navara (1969–70) Kolský (1970–71) Kraus (1971–74) Mráz (1974–75) Roček (1975) Čambal & Roček (1975–76) Uhrin (1976) Hložek (1976–78) Rýgr (1978) Rubáš (1978–81) Uhrin (1981–82) Ježek (1982–84) Táborský (1984–85) Zachar (1985–86) Ježek (1986–88) Jarabinský (1988–90) Ježek (1990–91) Uhrin (1991–93) Dobiaš (1993–94) Chovanec & Borovička (1994) Sundermann (1994–95) Jarabinský (1995) Petržela (1996) Chovanec (1996–97) Ščasný (1998–99) Hašek (1999–2001) Hřebík (2001–02) Lavička (2002) Jarabinský (2002) Kotrba (2002–04) Straka (2004) Hřebík (2004–05) Griga (2005–06) Bílek (2006–08) Chovanec (2008) Lavička (2008) Chovanec (2008–11) Hřebík (2012) Hašek (2012) Lavička (2012–15) Ščasný (2015–16) Holoubek (2016) Požár (2016–17) Rada (2017) Stramaccioni (2017–18) Hapal (2018) Ščasný (2018–19) Horňákc (2019) Jílek (2019–20) Kotal (2020–21) Vrba (2021–22) Horňákc (2022) Priske (2022–24) Friis (2024–) (c) = caretaker manager vteFirst Vienna FC – managers Nicholson (1897–00) Hayes (1912–13) Studnicka (1920–22) Kohn (?) Frithum (1926–35) Gschweidl (1935–48) Blum (1938–45) Rainer (1948–49) Hofmann (1949–50) Decker (1951–52) Hahnemann (1952–53) Hofmann (1953–58) Fischer (1958–59) Molzer (1960) Gernhardt (1960–62) Engelmeier (1962–64) Körner (1964–67) Koller (1968) Hofstätter (1968–69) Hložek (1969–71) Franz (1972–73) Walzhofer (1973–78) Velhorn (1978) Beara (1979) Leitner (1979–80) Maurer (1980–81) Hasil (1982) Trimmel / Hacker (1983) Schulz (1983–84) Hložek (1984–87) Dokupil (1987–89) Latzke (1990–91) Leitl (1991–92) Eggenberger (1992–97) Senekowitsch (1997) Barthold (1997–98) Sippel (1998) Skocik (1998–00) Šormaz (2001) Garger (2001–04) Weiss (2004–06) Drazan (2006–07) Stöger (2007–10) Schinkels (2010) Tatar (2010–13) Fellner (2013) Garger (2013–14) Posch (2014) Slunecko (2014–15) Lipa (2015–16) Kleer (2016–2018) Fischer (2018) Hlinka (2018–2020) Zellhofer (2020–2024) Sütcü (2024–) vteSK Rapid Wien – managers Schönecker (1910–25) Willmott (1925–26) Bauer (1926–36) Nitsch (1936–45) Pesser (1945–53) Uridil (1953–54) Hierländer (1954–55) Gernhardt (1955) Wagner (1955) Beranek (1956) Wagner (1956) Merkel (1956–58) Kumhofer (1958–59) Körner (1959–66) Vytlačil (1966–68) Decker (1968) Vytlačil (1968–69) Rappan (1969–70) Springer (1970–72) Körner (1972) Hložek (1972–75) Pecanka (1975) Binder and Körner (1975–76) Brzeżańczyk (1976–77) Körner (1977–78) Schlechta (1978–79) Skocik (1979–82) Nuske (1982) Barić (1982–85) Marković (1985–86) Barić (1986–88) Kaipel (1988) Marković (1988–89) Krankl (1989–92) Starek (1992–93) Baumgartner (1993–94) Dokupil (1994–98) Weber (1998–00) Dokupil (2000–01) Persidis (2001) Matthäus (2001–02) Hickersberger (2002–05) Zellhofer (2006) Pacult (2006–11) Barisic (2011) Schöttel (2011–13) Barisic (2013–16) Büskens (2016) Canadi (2016–17) Djuricin (2017–18) Kühbauer (2018–21) Hofmann (2021) Feldhofer (2021–22) Barisic (2022–23) Klauß (2023–) vteWiener Sport-Club – managers Pesser (1953–60) Stroh (1960–63) Decker (1964–65) Schlechta (1965–66) Decker (1966–68) Pesser (1968–69) Hof (1969–71) Unknown (1971–74) Hof (1974–79) Schlechta (1980–81) Kaltenbrunner (1981) Frank (1981–83) Brzeżańczyk (1983–84) Flögel (1984–85) Eggenberger (1985–86) Skocik (1986) Eggenberger (1986–87) Kranklc (1987) Hof (1987) Hložek (1987) Hasil/Krankl (1987–88) Herbert (1988–89) Riedl (1989–90) Janotka (1990–91) Pinter (1991–92) Medvidc (1992) Kaipel (1992–93) Hörmayer (1993) Kaipelc (1993) Schaller (1993) Dallosc (1993–94) Blutsch (1994–95) Barthold (1995–97) Latzke (1997) Reisinger (1997) Zirngast (1998) Binderc (1998) Herbert (1998–2001) Kaipel (2001–02) Webora (2002–03) Müllnerc (2003) Dallos (2003–04) Müllnerc (2004) Kaipel (2004) Šegrt (2004–06) Thalhammer (2006) Kaipel (2006–07) Batričević (2007) Schöttel (2007–08) Batričević (2008–09) Ristic (2009) Kleer (2009–10) Drazan (2010) Radaj (2010–11) Maresch (2011–12) Handlc (2012) Kraft (2012–13) Kaipelc (2013) Jusits (2013–14) Günesc (2014) Uhlig (2014–15) Reisinger (2015–16) Jank (2016–17) Führerc (2017) Schweitzer (2017–19) Weinstabl (2019–) (c) = caretaker manager	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Slovan Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Inter Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Inter_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Inter Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Inter_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Dukla Banská Bystrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Dukla_Bansk%C3%A1_Bystrica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"MŠK Žilina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_%C5%BDilina"},{"link_name":"First Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vienna_FC"},{"link_name":"Rapid Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sparta Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Sparta_Prague"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"TTS Trenčín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTS_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Wiener Sport-Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Sport-Club"},{"link_name":"LASK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASK"},{"link_name":"SC Zwettl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Zwettl"}],"text":"Arnošt Hložek (11 December 1929 – 19 December 2013), also called Ernst Hložek, was a Slovak football coach and player.[2][3]He played for Slovan Bratislava and Inter Bratislava.[4][5]He coached Inter Bratislava, Dukla Banská Bystrica,[6] MŠK Žilina, First Vienna, Rapid Wien,[7] Sparta Prague,[8] TTS Trenčín, Wiener Sport-Club, LASK and SC Zwettl.","title":"Arnošt Hložek"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ernst Hložek\". Mondedufoot.fr. Retrieved 21 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondedufoot.fr/spieler_profil/ernst-hlozek/","url_text":"\"Ernst Hložek\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zomrel Arnošt Hložek (11.12.1929 - 19.12.2013)\". Slovenský futbalový zväz (in Slovak). 19 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.futbalsfz.sk/slovensko/zaujimavosti/novinka/zomrel-arnost-hlozek-11121929-19122013.html","url_text":"\"Zomrel Arnošt Hložek (11.12.1929 - 19.12.2013)\""}]},{"reference":"Rodolfo Stella at (18 May 1960). \"THE EUROPEAN CUP 1959-60 – Fichas Técnicas » História do Futebol-Final\". Cacellain.com.br. Retrieved 21 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://cacellain.com.br/blog/?p=12171","url_text":"\"THE EUROPEAN CUP 1959-60 – Fichas Técnicas » História do Futebol-Final\""}]},{"reference":"Jeřábek, Luboš (January 2007). Český a československý fotbal - lexikon osobností a klubů - Luboš Jeřábek - Google Books. ISBN 9788024716565. 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Retrieved 21 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121123230033/http://www.sparta.cz/cs/klub/historie/treneri.shtml","url_text":"\"Trenéři - AC Sparta Praha\""},{"url":"http://www.sparta.cz/cs/klub/historie/treneri.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/ernst-hlozek/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Arnošt Hložek"},{"Link":"http://www.mondedufoot.fr/spieler_profil/ernst-hlozek/","external_links_name":"\"Ernst Hložek\""},{"Link":"http://old.futbalsfz.sk/slovensko/zaujimavosti/novinka/zomrel-arnost-hlozek-11121929-19122013.html","external_links_name":"\"Zomrel Arnošt Hložek (11.12.1929 - 19.12.2013)\""},{"Link":"http://cacellain.com.br/blog/?p=12171","external_links_name":"\"THE EUROPEAN CUP 1959-60 – Fichas Técnicas » História do Futebol-Final\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4ErKtwjzyv8C&q=CH+bratislava+hlozek&pg=PA63","external_links_name":"Český a československý fotbal - lexikon osobností a klubů - Luboš Jeřábek - Google Books"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130418154549/http://www.fkdukla.sk/novinky/aktuality/arnost-hlozek-sa-doziva-osemdesiatky-523/?tx_ttnews","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.rapidarchiv.at/trainer/hlozek_ernst.html","external_links_name":"\"Trainer des SK Rapid\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121123230033/http://www.sparta.cz/cs/klub/historie/treneri.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Trenéři - AC Sparta Praha\""},{"Link":"http://www.sparta.cz/cs/klub/historie/treneri.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/ernst-hlozek/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Ernst Hložek"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel_Cemetery_(Hillside)	Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside, Illinois)	["1 Mausoleum of the Bishops and Archbishops of Chicago","2 Notable people buried at Mount Carmel","2.1 Notable interments","2.2 Organized crime","3 Funeral train service","4 Notes","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°51′51″N 87°54′27″W / 41.86417°N 87.90750°W / 41.86417; -87.90750Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois Mount Carmel CemeteryThe Bishops' Mausoleum at Mount Carmel Cemetery.DetailsEstablished1901LocationHillside, IllinoisCountryUnited StatesCoordinates41°51′51″N 87°54′27″W / 41.86417°N 87.90750°W / 41.86417; -87.90750TypeRoman CatholicOwned byRoman Catholic Archdiocese of ChicagoSize214 acres (0.87 km2)No. of graves226,000+WebsiteMount CarmelFind a GraveMount Carmel Cemetery Mount Carmel Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery located in the Chicago suburb of Hillside, Illinois. Mount Carmel is an active cemetery, located within the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. It is located near the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) at Wolf and Roosevelt Roads. Another Catholic cemetery, Queen of Heaven, is located immediately south of Mount Carmel, across Roosevelt Road. Mount Carmel Cemetery was consecrated in 1901 and is currently 214 acres (0.87 km2) in size. It maintained its own office until 1965, when it combined operations with Queen of Heaven Cemetery. There are more than 226,275 remains at Mount Carmel and about 800 remains are interred there annually. Mount Carmel Cemetery is also the final resting place of numerous local organized crime figures, the most notorious of these being Al Capone. In all, the cemetery grounds contain over 400 family mausoleums. Many remains at the cemetery are people of Italian ancestry. The cemetery contains hundreds of headstones and monuments adorned with statues and elaborate engravings of religious figures such as Jesus, The Blessed Mother and many saints as well as angels. Many of the tombstones contain photographs of the inhabitants, reflecting a custom common in Italian cemeteries. The cemetery contains Commonwealth war graves of two World War I soldiers of the Canadian Army. Mausoleum of the Bishops and Archbishops of Chicago The structure informally known as the Bishops' Mausoleum, designed by architect William J. Brinkmann, is located at Mount Carmel Cemetery and is the final resting places of the Bishops and Archbishops of Chicago; its formal name is the Mausoleum and Chapel of the Archbishops of Chicago, and it is the focal point of the entire cemetery, standing on high ground. The mausoleum was commissioned by Archbishop James Quigley and was constructed between 1905 and 1912. The roughly rectangular-shaped mausoleum has a stepped pyramidal roof surmounted by a statue of the Archangel Gabriel sounding his trumpet at the moment of the final resurrection. The mausoleum is designed as a Romanesque building outside with a domed Romanesque Classical chapel inside, complete with altar, religious murals, clerestory windows providing light, and the crypts flanking the altar on either side. The Papal and U.S. flags also flank the altar. Brinkmann did not design the lavish interior, however, although he was more than capable, as evidenced by his interior for Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica. Instead, Archbishop Quigley engaged one of the foremost religious architects of the day, Aristide Leonori, the noted for his 1899 design of the Mount St. Sepulchre Franciscan Monastery in Washington, D.C., as well as the interiors of early 20th century Mediterranean churches. For the mausoleum chapel interior, Leonori relied heavily on the use of marble and mosaics to give the chapel a Roman look while still referencing Celtic, Nordic and Slavic saints in the design, thus reflecting the archdiocese's many ethnic groups and national churches. The most recent interment was the body of Cardinal Joseph Bernardin after his death in 1996 from liver and pancreatic cancer. Cardinal Bernardin had visited the chapel a few months before his death to select the site of his own crypt; choosing a spot to one side of the late Cardinal John Cody. Bernardin was said to have remarked, "I've always been a little left of Cody." Notable people buried at Mount Carmel Below is a partial listing of interments in Mount Carmel Cemetery. Notable interments Cardinal Joseph Bernardin Cardinal John Cody Bishop James Duggan Dennis Farina – actor Archbishop Patrick Feehan – first archbishop of Chicago Julia Buccola Petta – also known as "The Italian Bride" Jack Powell – MLB baseball player Bishop William J. Quarter – first bishop of Chicago Archbishop James Edward Quigley Ken Silvestri – MLB baseball player and coach Cardinal Samuel Stritch Organized crime Al Capone Frank Capone Ralph Capone Vincent Drucci Sam Giancana Genna Brothers – Sam, Vincenzo, Pete, "Bloody" Angelo, Antonio, and Mike "The Devil" Jake Lingle – murdered journalist and mob associate Antonio Lombardo – Chicago mobster and consigliere to Al Capone "Machine Gun" Jack McGurn (aka Vincent DeMora) Charles Nicoletti Frank Nitti Dean O'Banion Frank Rio Roger Touhy – NW suburban Chicago mobster and beer baron, rival of Al Capone and wrongly convicted through Capone's influence Earl "Hymie" Weiss Funeral train service Mount CarmelFormer Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad interurban stationGeneral informationLocationSection 37 near Section 17, Mount Carmel Cemetery near Wolf RoadHistoryOpenedMarch 18, 1906ClosedPassenger service ended October 31, 1926, last funeral train run in 1934Former services Preceding station Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad Following station Terminus Mount Carmel Branch Oak Ridgetoward Bellwood The Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad, an interurban linking Chicago with its western suburbs, began construction of a branch line to serve Mount Carmel and Oak Ridge Cemeteries. The terminal at Mount Carmel was located inside the cemetery grounds at section 37 and was constructed during February 1906 for an opening on March 18. The branch, usually single-track, split into two tracks at the Cemetery, whose station included a primary and secondary platform. In addition to funeral trains, the branch offered daily shuttles between Mount Carmel and Bellwood operating at 30-minute intervals during weekdays. On Sundays and holidays, direct service from the Wells Street Terminal in downtown Chicago was provided. The Westchester branch opened on October 1, 1926, near where the Mount Carmel branch ran. This led to passenger service being discontinued on October 31 in favor of a bus line connecting to the Westchester branch at Roosevelt. Funeral service continued, but the cemetery no longer wished to have a station in it and a new one was constructed on the opposite side of Wolf Road for funeral parties; this was itself demolished in the late 1930s, as express service from Wells Street was discontinued in 1931 and the last funeral train is thought to have run in July 1934. Notes ^ Hucke, Matt; Bielski, Ursula (1999). Graveyards of Chicago. Lake Claremont Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0964242647. ^ "Find War Dead: Search Results". CWGC. Retrieved 2014-10-31. ^ a b "Graveyards of Chicago: Mount Carmel". Graveyards.com. Retrieved 2014-10-31. ^ Floro-Khalaf, Jenny; Savaglio, Cynthia (2006). Mount Carmel And Queen of Heaven Cemeteries. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0738540177. ^ Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3d ed.). McFarland. p. 234. ISBN 978-1476625997. ^ a b "Mt. Carmel". GreatThirdRail.org. Retrieved 9 February 2023. External links Catholic Cemeteries of Chicago Mount Carmel page on Graveyards of Chicago Mount Carmel Cemetery at Find a Grave	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Hillside, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillside,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Interstate 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_290_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Road"},{"link_name":"Queen of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Al Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capone"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth war graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWCG-2"}],"text":"Cemetery in Hillside, IllinoisMount Carmel Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery located in the Chicago suburb of Hillside, Illinois. Mount Carmel is an active cemetery, located within the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. It is located near the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) at Wolf and Roosevelt Roads. Another Catholic cemetery, Queen of Heaven, is located immediately south of Mount Carmel, across Roosevelt Road.Mount Carmel Cemetery was consecrated in 1901 and is currently 214 acres (0.87 km2) in size. It maintained its own office until 1965, when it combined operations with Queen of Heaven Cemetery. There are more than 226,275 remains at Mount Carmel and about 800 remains are interred there annually.Mount Carmel Cemetery is also the final resting place of numerous local organized crime figures, the most notorious of these being Al Capone. In all, the cemetery grounds contain over 400 family mausoleums.Many remains at the cemetery are people of Italian ancestry. The cemetery contains hundreds of headstones and monuments adorned with statues and elaborate engravings of religious figures such as Jesus, The Blessed Mother and many saints as well as angels. Many of the tombstones contain photographs of the inhabitants, reflecting a custom common in Italian cemeteries.The cemetery contains Commonwealth war graves of two World War I soldiers of the Canadian Army.[2]","title":"Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside, Illinois)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William J. Brinkmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Brinkmann"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graveyards-3"},{"link_name":"Papal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Aristide Leonori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Leonori"},{"link_name":"Mount St. Sepulchre Franciscan Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Sepulchre_Franciscan_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Floro-4"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bernardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bernardin"},{"link_name":"John Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cody"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graveyards-3"}],"text":"The structure informally known as the Bishops' Mausoleum, designed by architect William J. Brinkmann, is located at Mount Carmel Cemetery and is the final resting places of the Bishops and Archbishops of Chicago; its formal name is the Mausoleum and Chapel of the Archbishops of Chicago, and it is the focal point of the entire cemetery, standing on high ground. The mausoleum was commissioned by Archbishop James Quigley and was constructed between 1905 and 1912.[3] The roughly rectangular-shaped mausoleum has a stepped pyramidal roof surmounted by a statue of the Archangel Gabriel sounding his trumpet at the moment of the final resurrection. The mausoleum is designed as a Romanesque building outside with a domed Romanesque Classical chapel inside, complete with altar, religious murals, clerestory windows providing light, and the crypts flanking the altar on either side. The Papal and U.S. flags also flank the altar. Brinkmann did not design the lavish interior, however, although he was more than capable, as evidenced by his interior for Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica. Instead, Archbishop Quigley engaged one of the foremost religious architects of the day, Aristide Leonori, the noted for his 1899 design of the Mount St. Sepulchre Franciscan Monastery in Washington, D.C., as well as the interiors of early 20th century Mediterranean churches. For the mausoleum chapel interior, Leonori relied heavily on the use of marble and mosaics to give the chapel a Roman look while still referencing Celtic, Nordic and Slavic saints in the design, thus reflecting the archdiocese's many ethnic groups and national churches.[4]The most recent interment was the body of Cardinal Joseph Bernardin after his death in 1996 from liver and pancreatic cancer. Cardinal Bernardin had visited the chapel a few months before his death to select the site of his own crypt; choosing a spot to one side of the late Cardinal John Cody. Bernardin was said to have remarked, \"I've always been a little left of Cody.\"[3]","title":"Mausoleum of the Bishops and Archbishops of Chicago"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Below is a partial listing of interments in Mount Carmel Cemetery.","title":"Notable people buried at Mount Carmel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinal Joseph Bernardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bernardin"},{"link_name":"Cardinal John Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cody"},{"link_name":"Bishop James Duggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Duggan"},{"link_name":"Dennis Farina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Farina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Patrick Feehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Feehan"},{"link_name":"Julia Buccola Petta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Petta"},{"link_name":"Jack Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Powell_(pitcher,_born_1874)"},{"link_name":"Bishop William J. Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Quarter"},{"link_name":"Archbishop James Edward Quigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edward_Quigley"},{"link_name":"Ken Silvestri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Silvestri"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Samuel Stritch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Stritch"}],"sub_title":"Notable interments","text":"Cardinal Joseph Bernardin\nCardinal John Cody\nBishop James Duggan\nDennis Farina – actor[5]\nArchbishop Patrick Feehan – first archbishop of Chicago\nJulia Buccola Petta – also known as \"The Italian Bride\"\nJack Powell – MLB baseball player\nBishop William J. Quarter – first bishop of Chicago\nArchbishop James Edward Quigley\nKen Silvestri – MLB baseball player and coach\nCardinal Samuel Stritch","title":"Notable people buried at Mount Carmel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capone"},{"link_name":"Frank Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Capone"},{"link_name":"Ralph Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Capone"},{"link_name":"Vincent Drucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Drucci"},{"link_name":"Sam Giancana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Giancana"},{"link_name":"Genna Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genna_(crime_family)"},{"link_name":"Jake Lingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Lingle"},{"link_name":"Antonio Lombardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Lombardo"},{"link_name":"\"Machine Gun\" Jack McGurn (aka Vincent DeMora)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McGurn"},{"link_name":"Charles Nicoletti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nicoletti"},{"link_name":"Frank Nitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Nitti"},{"link_name":"Dean O'Banion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_O%27Banion"},{"link_name":"Frank Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rio"},{"link_name":"Roger Touhy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Touhy"},{"link_name":"Earl \"Hymie\" Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Weiss"}],"sub_title":"Organized crime","text":"Al Capone\nFrank Capone\nRalph Capone\nVincent Drucci\nSam Giancana\nGenna Brothers – Sam, Vincenzo, Pete, \"Bloody\" Angelo, Antonio, and Mike \"The Devil\"\nJake Lingle – murdered journalist and mob associate\nAntonio Lombardo – Chicago mobster and consigliere to Al Capone\n\"Machine Gun\" Jack McGurn (aka Vincent DeMora)\nCharles Nicoletti\nFrank Nitti\nDean O'Banion\nFrank Rio\nRoger Touhy – NW suburban Chicago mobster and beer baron, rival of Al Capone and wrongly convicted through Capone's influence\nEarl \"Hymie\" Weiss","title":"Notable people buried at Mount Carmel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Aurora_and_Elgin_Railroad"},{"link_name":"interurban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interurban"},{"link_name":"Bellwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellwood_station_(Chicago_Aurora_and_Elgin_Railroad)"},{"link_name":"Wells Street Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Street_Terminal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreatThirdRail-6"},{"link_name":"Westchester branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_branch"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_station_(CTA_Westchester_branch)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreatThirdRail-6"}],"text":"The Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad, an interurban linking Chicago with its western suburbs, began construction of a branch line to serve Mount Carmel and Oak Ridge Cemeteries. The terminal at Mount Carmel was located inside the cemetery grounds at section 37 and was constructed during February 1906 for an opening on March 18. The branch, usually single-track, split into two tracks at the Cemetery, whose station included a primary and secondary platform. In addition to funeral trains, the branch offered daily shuttles between Mount Carmel and Bellwood operating at 30-minute intervals during weekdays. On Sundays and holidays, direct service from the Wells Street Terminal in downtown Chicago was provided.[6]The Westchester branch opened on October 1, 1926, near where the Mount Carmel branch ran. This led to passenger service being discontinued on October 31 in favor of a bus line connecting to the Westchester branch at Roosevelt. Funeral service continued, but the cemetery no longer wished to have a station in it and a new one was constructed on the opposite side of Wolf Road for funeral parties; this was itself demolished in the late 1930s, as express service from Wells Street was discontinued in 1931 and the last funeral train is thought to have run in July 1934.[6]","title":"Funeral train service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hucke_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0964242647","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0964242647"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CWCG_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Find War Dead: Search Results\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead.aspx?cpage=1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Graveyards_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Graveyards_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Graveyards of Chicago: Mount Carmel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//graveyards.com/IL/Cook/mtcarmel/bishops.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Floro_4-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0738540177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738540177"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=accardo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1476625997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476625997"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GreatThirdRail_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GreatThirdRail_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Mt. Carmel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.greatthirdrail.org/stations/mt_carmel/mtcarmel.html"}],"text":"^ Hucke, Matt; Bielski, Ursula (1999). Graveyards of Chicago. Lake Claremont Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0964242647.\n\n^ \"Find War Dead: Search Results\". CWGC. Retrieved 2014-10-31.\n\n^ a b \"Graveyards of Chicago: Mount Carmel\". Graveyards.com. Retrieved 2014-10-31.\n\n^ Floro-Khalaf, Jenny; Savaglio, Cynthia (2006). Mount Carmel And Queen of Heaven Cemeteries. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0738540177.\n\n^ Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3d ed.). McFarland. p. 234. ISBN 978-1476625997.\n\n^ a b \"Mt. Carmel\". GreatThirdRail.org. Retrieved 9 February 2023.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hucke, Matt; Bielski, Ursula (1999). Graveyards of Chicago. Lake Claremont Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0964242647.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0964242647","url_text":"978-0964242647"}]},{"reference":"\"Find War Dead: Search Results\". CWGC. Retrieved 2014-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead.aspx?cpage=1","url_text":"\"Find War Dead: Search Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graveyards of Chicago: Mount Carmel\". Graveyards.com. Retrieved 2014-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://graveyards.com/IL/Cook/mtcarmel/bishops.html","url_text":"\"Graveyards of Chicago: Mount Carmel\""}]},{"reference":"Floro-Khalaf, Jenny; Savaglio, Cynthia (2006). Mount Carmel And Queen of Heaven Cemeteries. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0738540177.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738540177","url_text":"978-0738540177"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3d ed.). McFarland. p. 234. ISBN 978-1476625997.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=accardo","url_text":"Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476625997","url_text":"978-1476625997"}]},{"reference":"\"Mt. Carmel\". GreatThirdRail.org. Retrieved 9 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greatthirdrail.org/stations/mt_carmel/mtcarmel.html","url_text":"\"Mt. Carmel\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Carmel_Cemetery_(Hillside,_Illinois)&params=41_51_51_N_87_54_27_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°51′51″N 87°54′27″W / 41.86417°N 87.90750°W / 41.86417; -87.90750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Carmel_Cemetery_(Hillside,_Illinois)&params=41_51_51_N_87_54_27_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°51′51″N 87°54′27″W / 41.86417°N 87.90750°W / 41.86417; -87.90750"},{"Link":"http://www.cathcemchgo.org/locations.php?id=11","external_links_name":"Mount Carmel"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/107016","external_links_name":"Mount Carmel Cemetery"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead.aspx?cpage=1","external_links_name":"\"Find War Dead: Search Results\""},{"Link":"http://graveyards.com/IL/Cook/mtcarmel/bishops.html","external_links_name":"\"Graveyards of Chicago: Mount Carmel\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=accardo","external_links_name":"Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons"},{"Link":"http://www.greatthirdrail.org/stations/mt_carmel/mtcarmel.html","external_links_name":"\"Mt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldaterkammerater_p%C3%A5_bj%C3%B8rnetjeneste	Soldaterkammerater på bjørnetjeneste	["1 Cast","2 External links"]	1968 film This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Soldaterkammerater på bjørnetjeneste" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Soldaterkammerater på bjørnetjenesteDirected byCarl OttosenWritten byCarl OttosenProduced byHenrik SandbergStarringPreben KaasCinematographyHenning BendtsenEdited byBirthe FrostMusic bySven GyldmarkRelease date 15 December 1968 (1968-12-15) Running time92 minutesCountryDenmarkLanguageDanish Soldaterkammerater på bjørnetjeneste (transl. Fellow soldiers on a mercy mission) is a 1968 Danish comedy film directed by Carl Ottosen and starring Preben Kaas. Cast Preben Kaas - Private 12 Paul Hagen - Private 13 Willy Rathnov - Private 14 Poul Bundgaard - Private 15 Louis Miehe-Renard - Private 16 Carl Ottosen - 1st Sergeant Vældegaard Dirch Passer - Guard Commander 419 Nat Russell - Little Nat Karl Stegger - the Colonel Anja Owe - The Colonel's Granddaughter Ove Sprogøe - Colonel Bent Vejlby - Lieutenant Petersen Esper Hagen - Guard Mei-Mei - Leader of Children's camp Ole Monty - The Circus Director Else Petersen - The Chef / Miss Petersen Yvonne Ekmann - Leader of Children's camp Morten Grunwald - Doctor Bjørn Bille Tine Blichmann - Nurse Karen External links Soldaterkammerater på bjørnetjeneste at IMDb This article related to Danish film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This film article about a 1960s comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Carl Ottosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ottosen"},{"link_name":"Preben Kaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preben_Kaas"}],"text":"Soldaterkammerater på bjørnetjeneste (transl. Fellow soldiers on a mercy mission) is a 1968 Danish comedy film directed by Carl Ottosen and starring Preben Kaas.","title":"Soldaterkammerater på bjørnetjeneste"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preben Kaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preben_Kaas"},{"link_name":"Paul Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hagen"},{"link_name":"Willy Rathnov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Rathnov"},{"link_name":"Poul Bundgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Bundgaard"},{"link_name":"Louis Miehe-Renard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Miehe-Renard"},{"link_name":"Carl Ottosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ottosen"},{"link_name":"Dirch Passer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirch_Passer"},{"link_name":"Nat Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nat_Russell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karl Stegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Stegger"},{"link_name":"Anja Owe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anja_Owe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ove Sprogøe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ove_Sprog%C3%B8e"},{"link_name":"Bent Vejlby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Vejlby"},{"link_name":"Esper Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esper_Hagen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mei-Mei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mei-Mei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ole Monty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Monty"},{"link_name":"Else Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Petersen"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Ekmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Ekmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morten Grunwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_Grunwald"},{"link_name":"Tine Blichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tine_Blichmann&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Preben Kaas - Private 12\nPaul Hagen - Private 13\nWilly Rathnov - Private 14\nPoul Bundgaard - Private 15\nLouis Miehe-Renard - Private 16\nCarl Ottosen - 1st Sergeant Vældegaard\nDirch Passer - Guard Commander 419\nNat Russell - Little Nat\nKarl Stegger - the Colonel\nAnja Owe - The Colonel's Granddaughter\nOve Sprogøe - Colonel\nBent Vejlby - Lieutenant Petersen\nEsper Hagen - Guard\nMei-Mei - Leader of Children's camp\nOle Monty - The Circus Director\nElse Petersen - The Chef / Miss Petersen\nYvonne Ekmann - Leader of Children's camp\nMorten Grunwald - Doctor Bjørn Bille\nTine Blichmann - Nurse Karen","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Soldaterkammerater+p%C3%A5+bj%C3%B8rnetjeneste%22","external_links_name":"\"Soldaterkammerater på bjørnetjeneste\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Soldaterkammerater+p%C3%A5+bj%C3%B8rnetjeneste%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Soldaterkammerater+p%C3%A5+bj%C3%B8rnetjeneste%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Soldaterkammerater+p%C3%A5+bj%C3%B8rnetjeneste%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Soldaterkammerater+p%C3%A5+bj%C3%B8rnetjeneste%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Soldaterkammerater+p%C3%A5+bj%C3%B8rnetjeneste%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0063622/","external_links_name":"Soldaterkammerater på bjørnetjeneste"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soldaterkammerater_p%C3%A5_bj%C3%B8rnetjeneste&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soldaterkammerater_p%C3%A5_bj%C3%B8rnetjeneste&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranuclear_palsy	Progressive supranuclear palsy	["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Cause","3 Pathophysiology","4 Diagnosis","4.1 Types","4.2 Differential diagnosis","5 Management","5.1 Treatment","5.2 Rehabilitation","6 Prognosis","7 History","8 Society and culture","8.1 In popular culture","8.2 Notable cases","9 See also","10 References"]	Medical conditionProgressive supranuclear palsyOther namesSteele–Richardson–Olszewski syndrome, frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonismA person with progressive dementia, ataxia, and incontinence. A clinical diagnosis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus was entertained. Imaging did not support this, however, and on formal testing, abnormal nystagmus and eye movements were detected. A sagittal view of the CT/MRI scan shows atrophy of the midbrain, with preservation of the volume of the pons. This appearance has been called the "hummingbird sign" or "penguin sign". Also, atrophy of the tectum is seen, particularly the superior colliculi. These findings suggest the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy.SpecialtyNeurologySymptomsImpaired balance, slowed movements, difficulty moving eyes, dementiaUsual onset60–70 yearsCausesUnknownDifferential diagnosisParkinson's disease, corticobasal degeneration, FTDP-17, Alzheimer's diseaseTreatmentMedication, physical therapy, occupational therapyMedicationLevodopa, amantadinePrognosisFatal (usually 7–10 years after diagnosis)Frequency6 per 100,000 Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain. The condition leads to symptoms including loss of balance, slowing of movement, difficulty moving the eyes, and cognitive impairment. PSP may be mistaken for other types of neurodegeneration such as Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The cause of the condition is uncertain, but involves the accumulation of tau protein within the brain. Medications such as levodopa and amantadine may be useful in some cases. PSP affects about six people per 100,000. The first symptoms typically occur at 60–70 years of age. Males are slightly more likely to be affected than females. No association has been found between PSP and any particular race, location, or occupation. Signs and symptoms The initial symptoms in two-thirds of cases are loss of balance, lunging forward when mobilizing, fast walking, bumping into objects or people, and falls. Dementia symptoms are also initially seen in about one in five cases. Other common early symptoms are changes in personality, general slowing of movement, and visual symptoms. The most common behavioural symptoms in patients with PSP include apathy, a lack of inhibition, anxiety, and a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. Later symptoms and signs can include, but do not necessarily include dementia (typically including loss of inhibition and ability to organize information), slurring of speech, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty moving the eyes, particularly in the vertical direction. The latter accounts for some of the falls experienced by these patients, as they find it difficult to look up or down. Some of the other signs are poor eyelid function, contracture of the facial muscles, a backward tilt of the head with stiffening of the neck muscles, sleep disruption, urinary incontinence, and constipation. Some patients retain full cognitive function up to the end. The visual symptoms are of particular importance in the diagnosis of this disorder. Patients typically complain of difficulty reading due to the inability to look downwards. The ophthalmoparesis experienced by these patients mainly concerns voluntary eye movement and the inability to make vertical saccades, which is often worse with downward saccades. Patients tend to have difficulty looking down (a downgaze palsy) followed by the addition of an upgaze palsy. This vertical gaze paresis will correct when the examiner passively rolls the patient's head up and down as part of a test for the oculocephalic reflex. Involuntary eye movement, as elicited by Bell's phenomenon, for instance, may be closer to normal. On close inspection, eye movements called "square-wave jerks" may be visible when the patient fixes gaze at distance. These are fine movements, that can be mistaken for nystagmus, except that they are saccadic in nature, with no smooth phase. Although healthy individuals also make square-wave jerk movements, PSP patients make slower square-wave jerk movements, with smaller vertical components. Assessment of these square-wave jerks and diminished vertical saccades is especially useful for diagnosing progressive supranuclear palsy, because these movements set PSP patients apart from other parkinsonian patients. Difficulties with convergence (convergence insufficiency), where the eyes come closer together while focusing on something near, like the pages of a book, is typical. Because the eyes have trouble coming together to focus at short distances, the patient may complain of diplopia (double vision) when reading. A characteristic facial appearance known as procerus sign, with a wide-eye stare, furrowing of forehead with a frowning expression, and deepening of other facial creases, is also diagnostic of PSP. Cause The cause of PSP is unknown. Fewer than 1% of those with PSP have a family member with the same disorder. A variant in the gene for tau protein called the H1 haplotype, located on chromosome 17 (rs1800547), has been linked to PSP. Nearly all people with PSP received a copy of that variant from each parent, but this is true of about two-thirds of the general population. Therefore, the H1 haplotype appears to be necessary but not sufficient to cause PSP. Other genes, as well as environmental toxins, are being investigated as other possible contributors to the cause of PSP. Additionally, the H2 haplotype, combined with vascular dysfunction, seems to be a factor of vascular progressive supranuclear palsy. Besides tauopathy, mitochondrial dysfunction seems to be a factor involved in PSP. Especially, mitochondrial complex I inhibitors (such as acetogenins and quinolines contained in Annonaceae plants, as well as rotenoids) are implicated in PSP-like brain injuries. Pathophysiology The affected brain cells are both neurons and glial cells. The neurons display neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are clumps of tau protein, a normal part of a brain cell's internal structural skeleton. These tangles are often different from those seen in Alzheimer's disease, but may be structurally similar when they occur in the cerebral cortex. Their chemical composition is usually different, however, and is similar to that of tangles seen in corticobasal degeneration. Tufts of tau protein in astrocytes, or tufted astrocytes, are also considered diagnostic. Unlike globose NFTs, they may be more widespread in the cortex. Lewy bodies are seen in some cases, but whether this is a variant or an independent co-existing process is not clear, and in some cases, PSP can coexist with corticobasal degeneration, Parkinson's, and/or Alzheimer's disease, particularly with older patients. The principal areas of the brain affected are the: basal ganglia, particularly the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and globus pallidus brainstem, particularly the tectum (the portion of the midbrain where "supranuclear" eye movement resides), as well as dopaminergic nuclei cerebral cortex, particularly that of the frontal lobes and the limbic system (similarly to frontotemporal degeneration) dentate nucleus of the cerebellum spinal cord, particularly the area where some control of the bladder and bowel resides Some consider PSP, corticobasal degeneration, and frontotemporal dementia (especially FTDP-17) to be variations of the same disease. Others consider them separate diseases. PSP has been shown occasionally to co-exist with Pick's disease. Diagnosis Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to diagnose PSP. MRI may show atrophy in the midbrain with preservation of the pons giving a "hummingbird" sign. Types Based on the pathological findings in confirmed cases of PSP, it is divided into the following categories: classical Richardson syndrome (PSP-RS) PSP-parkinsonism (PSP-P) and PSP-pure akinesia with gait freezing (PSP-PAGF) frontal PSP, PSP-corticobasal syndrome (PSP-CBS), PSP-behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (PSP-bvFTD) and PSP-progressive non-fluent aphasia (PSP-PNFA) PSP-C PSP induced by Annonaceae Richardson syndrome is characterized by the typical features of PSP. In PSP-P features of Parkinson’s Disease overlap with the clinical presentation of PSP and follows a more benign course. In both PSP-P and PSP- PAGF distribution of abnormal tau is relatively restricted to the brain stem. Frontal PSP initially presents with behavioral and cognitive symptoms, with or without ophthalmoparesis and then evolve into typical PSP. The phenotypes of PSP-P and PSP-PAGF are sometimes referred as the "brain stem" variants of PSP, as opposed to the "cortical" variants which present with predominant cortical features, including PSP-CBS, PSP-bvFTD, and PSP-PNFA. Cerebellar ataxia as the predominant early presenting feature is increasingly recognized as a very rare subtype of PSP (PSP-C) which is associated with severe neuronal loss with gliosis and higher densities of coiled bodies in the cerebellar dentate nucleus. Differential diagnosis PSP is frequently misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease because they both involve slowed movements and gait difficulty, with PSP being one of a collection of diseases referred to as Parkinson plus syndromes. Both Parkinson's and PSP have an onset in late middle age and involve slowing and rigidity of movement. However, several distinguishing features exist. Tremor is very common with Parkinson's, but rare with PSP. Speech and swallowing difficulties are more common and severe with PSP and the abnormal eye movements of PSP are essentially absent with PD. A poor response to levodopa, along with symmetrical onset can also help differentiate PSP from PD. Patients with the Richardson variant of PSP tend to have an upright posture or arched back, as opposed to the stooped-forward posture of other Parkinsonian disorders, although PSP-Parkinsonism (see below) can demonstrate a stooped posture. Early falls are also more common with PSP, especially with Richardson syndrome. PSP can also be misdiagnosed as Alzheimer's disease because of the behavioral changes. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) shows many similarities with PSP, because both share the following attributes: Accumulations of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurons or glial cells Accumulation of tau-immunoreactive astrocytes Involve the superficial cortical layers Management Treatment Management is only supportive as no cure for PSP is known. PSP cases are often split into two subgroups, PSP-Richardson (the classic type) and PSP-Parkinsonism, where a short-term response to levodopa can be obtained. Dyskinesia is an occasional but rare complication of treatment. Amantadine is also sometimes helpful. After a few years the Parkinsonian variant tends to take on Richardson features. Other variants have been described. Botox can be used to treat neck dystonia and blepharospasm, but this can aggravate dysphagia. Two studies have suggested that rivastigmine may help with cognitive aspects, but the authors of both studies have suggested that larger studies are needed. There is some evidence from small-scale studies that the hypnotic zolpidem may improve motor function and eye movements. Rehabilitation Patients with PSP usually seek or are referred to occupational therapy, speech-language pathology for motor speech changes (typically a spastic-ataxic dysarthria), and physical therapy for balance and gait problems with reports of frequent falls. There has been research in the use of robot-assisted gait training. Evidence-based approaches to rehabilitation in PSP are lacking and, currently the majority of research on the subject consists of case reports involving only a small number of patients. Case reports of rehabilitation programs for patients with PSP generally include limb-coordination activities, tilt-board balancing, gait training, strength training with progressive resistive exercises, and isokinetic exercises and stretching of the neck muscles. While some case reports suggest that physiotherapy can offer improvements in balance and gait of patients with PSP, the results cannot be generalized across all PSP patients, as each case report followed only one or two patients. The observations made from these case studies can be useful however, in helping to guide future research concerning the effectiveness of balance and gait training programs in the management of PSP. Individuals with PSP are often referred to occupational therapists to help manage their condition and to help enhance their independence. This may include being taught to use mobility aids. Due to their tendency to fall backwards, the use of a walker, particularly one that can be weighted in the front, is recommended instead of a cane. The use of an appropriate mobility aid helps to decrease the individual’s risk of falls and makes them safer to ambulate independently in the community. Due to their balance problems and irregular movements, individuals need to spend time learning how to safely transfer in their homes and in the community. This may include rising from and sitting in chairs safely. Due to the progressive nature of this disease, all individuals eventually lose their ability to walk and will need to progress to using a wheelchair. Severe dysphagia often follows, and at this point death is often a matter of months. Prognosis No effective treatment or cure has been found for PSP, although some of the symptoms can respond to nonspecific measures. The poor prognosis is predominantly attributed to the serious impact this condition has on the quality of life. The average age at symptoms onset is 63 and survival from onset averages seven years with a wide variance. Pneumonia is a frequent cause of death, often caused by accidental aspiration of food particles. History In 1877, Charcot described a 40-year-old woman who had rigid-akinetic parkinsonism, neck dystonia, dysarthria, and eye-movement problems. In 1951, Chavany and others reported the clinical and pathologic features of a 50-year-old man with a rigid and akinetic form of parkinsonism with postural instability, neck dystonia, dysarthria, and staring gaze. In 1974, the unique frontal lobe cognitive changes of progressive supranuclear palsy: apathy, loss of spontaneity, slowing of thought processes, and loss of executive functions, were first described by Albert and colleagues. Between 1877 and 1963, 22 well-documented case reports of PSP, although not described as a distinct disorder, had been identified in the literature of neurology. Progressive supranuclear palsy was first described as a distinct disorder by neurologists John Steele, John Richardson, and Jerzy Olszewski in 1963. They recognized the same clinical syndrome in eight patients, and described the autopsy findings in six of them. Society and culture There are several organizations around the world that support PSP patients and the research into PSP and related diseases, such as corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Canada: PSP Society of Canada, a federally registered non-profit organization which serves patients and families dealing with PSP, CBD and MSA, set up in 2017 through the help of CurePSP in the USA France: Association PSP France, a nonprofit patient association set up in 1996 through the help of PSPA in the UK. It also gives support to French speaking patients in Quebec, Morocco, Algeria, Belgium and Lebanon UK: PSPA, a national charity for information, patient support and research of PSP and CBD, set up in 1995 Ireland: PSPAI, an organization which aims to increase public awareness of PSP US: CurePSP, a nonprofit organization for promoting awareness, care and research of PSP, CBD, MSA "and other prime of life neurodegenerative diseases" In popular culture In the 2020 American musical comedy-drama television series, Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist, the title character's father (Mitch Clarke, played by Peter Gallagher) has PSP. Notable cases English actor, comedian, musician and composer Dudley Moore was diagnosed with PSP in 1999, and died of complications from the disease in 2002. American singer Linda Ronstadt was diagnosed with PSP in 2019, following an initial diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in 2014. US Representative Jennifer Wexton was diagnosed with PSP in 2023, after having been diagnosed incorrectly with Parkinson's disease earlier that year. Tony Award-winning actor Phyllis Frelich (1944–2014), the first Deaf actor to earn a Tony Award (Children of a Lesser God), passed away from PSP. See also Lytico-bodig disease (Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex of Guam) Annonacin References ^ Shukla R, Sinha M, Kumar R, Singh D (April 2009). "'Hummingbird' sign in progressive supranuclear palsy". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 12 (2): 133. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.53087. PMC 2812742. PMID 20142864. ^ a b c d e f g Golbe LI (April 2014). "Progressive supranuclear palsy". Seminars in Neurology. 34 (2): 151–9. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1381736. PMID 24963674. ^ "ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. ^ a b Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC (2012). Bradley's neurology in clinical practice (Sixth ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1778. 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Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 2 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1002/mdc3.12104. PMC 6183005. PMID 30363831. ^ Gearing M, Olson DA, Watts RL, Mirra SS (June 1994). "Progressive supranuclear palsy: neuropathologic and clinical heterogeneity". Neurology. 44 (6): 1015–24. doi:10.1212/wnl.44.6.1015. PMID 8208392. S2CID 20622672. ^ Dugger BN, Adler CH, Shill HA, Caviness J, Jacobson S, Driver-Dunckley E, et al. (Arizona Parkinson's Disease Consortium) (May 2014). "Concomitant pathologies among a spectrum of parkinsonian disorders". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 20 (5): 525–9. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.02.012. PMC 4028418. PMID 24637124. ^ Kertesz A, Munoz D (2004). "Relationship between frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal degeneration/progressive supranuclear palsy". Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 17 (4): 282–6. doi:10.1159/000077155. PMID 15178937. S2CID 21017979. ^ Katsuse O, Iseki E, Arai T, Akiyama H, Togo T, Uchikado H, et al. (September 2003). "4-repeat tauopathy sharing pathological and biochemical features of corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy". Acta Neuropathologica. 106 (3): 251–60. doi:10.1007/s00401-003-0728-8. PMID 12802605. S2CID 20275104. ^ Hattori M, Hashizume Y, Yoshida M, Iwasaki Y, Hishikawa N, Ueda R, et al. (August 2003). "Distribution of astrocytic plaques in the corticobasal degeneration brain and comparison with tuft-shaped astrocytes in the progressive supranuclear palsy brain". Acta Neuropathologica. 106 (2): 143–9. doi:10.1007/s00401-003-0711-4. PMID 12732936. S2CID 25741692. ^ Komori T, Arai N, Oda M, Nakayama H, Mori H, Yagishita S, et al. (October 1998). "Astrocytic plaques and tufts of abnormal fibers do not coexist in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy". Acta Neuropathologica. 96 (4): 401–8. doi:10.1007/s004010050911. PMID 9797005. S2CID 7265831. ^ Zhu MW, Wang LN, Li XH, Gui QP (April 2004). "" . Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Pathology (in Chinese). 33 (2): 125–9. doi:10.3760/j.issn:0529-5807.2004.02.008. PMID 15132848. ^ Wang LN, Zhu MW, Feng YQ, Wang JH (June 2006). "Pick's disease with Pick bodies combined with progressive supranuclear palsy without tuft-shaped astrocytes: a clinical, neuroradiologic and pathological study of an autopsied case". Neuropathology. 26 (3): 222–30. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1789.2006.00671.x. PMID 16771179. S2CID 25562683. ^ Sonthalia N, Ray S (September 2012). "The Hummingbird sign: a diagnostic clue for Steele-Richardson-Olszweski syndrome". BMJ Case Reports. 2012: bcr2012006263. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-006263. PMC 4543120. PMID 22987902. ^ Ling H (January 2016). "Clinical Approach to Progressive Supranuclear Palsy". Journal of Movement Disorders. 9 (1): 3–13. doi:10.14802/jmd.15060. PMC 4734991. PMID 26828211. ^ Caparros-Lefebvre D, Sergeant N, Lees A, Camuzat A, Daniel S, Lannuzel A, et al. (2002). "Guadeloupean parkinsonism: A cluster of progressive supranuclear palsy-like tauopathy". Brain. 125 (4): 801–811. doi:10.1093/brain/awf086. PMID 11912113. ^ Dickson DW, Ahmed Z, Algom AA, Tsuboi Y, Josephs KA (August 2010). "Neuropathology of variants of progressive supranuclear palsy". Current Opinion in Neurology. 23 (4): 394–400. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e32833be924. PMID 20610990. ^ Kanazawa M, Tada M, Onodera O, Takahashi H, Nishizawa M, Shimohata T (2013). "Early clinical features of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy with predominant cerebellar ataxia". Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 19 (12): 1149–1151. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.07.019. PMID 23916652. ^ "Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Fact Sheet \| National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke". www.ninds.nih.gov. NIH. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ^ Litvan I, Campbell G, Mangone CA, Verny M, McKee A, Chaudhuri KR, et al. (January 1997). "Which clinical features differentiate progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) from related disorders? A clinicopathological study". Brain. 120 ( Pt 1) (Pt 1): 65–74. doi:10.1093/brain/120.1.65. PMID 9055798. ^ Moore DP, Puri BK (2012-06-29). Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience. CRC Press. pp. 400–401. ISBN 978-1-4441-6494-7. ^ Williams DR, Watt HC, Lees AJ (April 2006). "Predictors of falls and fractures in bradykinetic rigid syndromes: a retrospective study". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 77 (4): 468–73. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.074070. PMC 2077491. PMID 16543524. ^ Elble RJ. "Progressive Supranuclear Palsy". www.rarediseases.org. ^ Ann C. McKee, MD and others, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: Progressive Tauopathy After Repetitive Head Injury, Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, Volume 68, Issue 7, July 2009, Pages 709–735, doi:10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503 ^ a b O'Sullivan SS, Massey LA, Williams DR, Silveira-Moriyama L, Kempster PA, Holton JL, et al. (May 2008). "Clinical outcomes of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy". Brain. 131 (Pt 5): 1362–72. doi:10.1093/brain/awn065. PMID 18385183. ^ Williams DR, de Silva R, Paviour DC, Pittman A, Watt HC, Kilford L, et al. (June 2005). "Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson's syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism". Brain. 128 (Pt 6): 1247–58. doi:10.1093/brain/awh488. PMID 15788542. ^ Brooks DJ (March 2002). "Diagnosis and management of atypical parkinsonian syndromes". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 72 (Suppl 1): I10–I16. doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.suppl_1.i10. PMC 1765580. PMID 11870198. ^ "What is progressive supranuclear palsy?". Movementdisorders.org. Archived from the original on 2016-12-14. Retrieved 2017-01-08. ^ "Orphanet: Progressive supranuclear palsy". Orpha.net. Retrieved 2017-01-08. ^ "What's New in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy?" (PDF). Acnr.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-09. Retrieved 2017-01-08. ^ "Progressive Supranuclear Palsy – NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)". Rarediseases.org. Retrieved 2017-01-08. ^ Williams DR, Lees AJ (March 2009). "Progressive supranuclear palsy: clinicopathological concepts and diagnostic challenges". The Lancet. Neurology. 8 (3): 270–9. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70042-0. PMID 19233037. S2CID 1417930. ^ Barsottini OG, Felício AC, Aquino CC, Pedroso JL (December 2010). "Progressive supranuclear palsy: new concepts". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 68 (6): 938–46. doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2010000600020. PMID 21243256. ^ Nijboer H, Dautzenberg PL (June 2009). "". Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie. 40 (3): 133–7. doi:10.1007/BF03079574. PMID 19731749. S2CID 140525754. ^ Liepelt I, Gaenslen A, Godau J, Di Santo A, Schweitzer KJ, Gasser T, et al. (January 2010). "Rivastigmine for the treatment of dementia in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy: Clinical observations as a basis for power calculations and safety analysis". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 6 (1): 70–4. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2009.04.1231. PMID 20129321. S2CID 33349776. ^ Abe K (January 2008). "Zolpidem therapy for movement disorders". Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery. 3 (1): 55–60. doi:10.2174/157488908783421519. PMID 18221242. ^ Barsottini OG, Felício AC, Aquino CC, Pedroso JL (December 2010). "Progressive supranuclear palsy: new concepts". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 68 (6): 938–46. doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2010000600020. PMID 21243256. ^ a b c Zampieri C, Di Fabio RP (June 2006). "Progressive supranuclear palsy: disease profile and rehabilitation strategies". Physical Therapy. 86 (6): 870–80. doi:10.1093/ptj/86.6.870. PMID 16737412. ^ Sale P, Stocchi F, Galafate D, De Pandis MF, Le Pera D, Sova I, Galli M, Foti C, Franceschini M. Effects of robot assisted gait training in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): a preliminary report. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014 Apr 17;8:207. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00207 PMID: 24860459; PMCID: PMC4029018. ^ "Progressive Supranuclear Palsy". CCF for PSP Awareness. Retrieved 2023-07-11. ^ a b c d van Balken I, Litvan I (May 2006). "Current and future treatments in progressive supranuclear palsy". Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 8 (3): 211–23. doi:10.1007/s11940-006-0012-z. PMID 16569380. S2CID 30537997. ^ a b c Golbe LI (November 2001). "Progressive Supranuclear Palsy". Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 3 (6): 473–477. doi:10.1007/s11940-001-0010-0. PMID 11581524. S2CID 36973020. ^ "'I don't want to believe I have an incurable brain disease, but I know I have' - former RTE presenter Kieron Wood". 21 October 2019. ^ Tomita S, Oeda T, Umemura A, Kohsaka M, Park K, Yamamoto K, et al. (August 13, 2015). "Impact of Aspiration Pneumonia on the Clinical Course of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Retrospective Cohort Study". PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0135823. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035823T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135823. PMC 4536232. PMID 26270456. ^ Albert ML, Willis A, Feldman RG (1974). "The "subcortical dementias"of progressive supranuclear palsy". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 37 (2): 121–130. doi:10.1136/jnnp.37.2.121. PMC 494589. PMID 4819905. ^ Brusa A, Stoehr R, Pramstaller PP (March 2004). "Progressive supranuclear palsy: new disease or variant of postencephalitic parkinsonism?". Movement Disorders. 19 (3): 247–52. doi:10.1002/mds.10699. PMID 15022178. S2CID 41907329. ^ a b Richardson JC, Steele J, Olszewski J (1963). "Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia, Pseudobulbar Palsy, Nuchal Dystonia and Dementia. A Clinical Report on Eight Cases of 'heterogenous System Degeneration'". Transactions of the American Neurological Association. 88: 25–9. PMID 14272249. ^ Steele JC, Richardson JC, Olszewski J (April 1964). "Progressive Supranuclear Palsy". Archives of Neurology. 10 (4): 333–59. doi:10.1001/archneur.1964.00460160003001. PMID 14107684. ^ Hershey L, Lichter D (10 June 2016). "Progressive supranuclear palsy: cognitive and behavioral changes". MedLink Neurology: 1–37. ^ PSP Society of Canada, re-linked 2020-01-20 ^ PSP France - Notre histoire, re-linked 2020-01-20 ^ PSPA, re-linked 2020-01-20 ^ "What is PSP". 18 October 2013. ^ CurePSP, re-linked 2020-01-20 ^ Bentley J (May 3, 2020). "'Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist' Boss on That Devastating Finale and Season 2 Plans". The Hollywood Reporter. 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ClassificationDICD-10: G23.1ICD-9-CM: 333.0OMIM: 601104MeSH: D013494DiseasesDB: 10723External resourcesMedlinePlus: 000767eMedicine: neuro/328Patient UK: Progressive supranuclear palsyOrphanet: 683 vteDiseases of the nervous system, primarily CNSInflammationBrain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Brain and spinal cord Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Meningitis Meningoencephalitis Brain/encephalopathyDegenerativeExtrapyramidal andmovement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS NBIA PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff-person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer's Early-onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick's Lewy bodies dementia Posterior cortical atrophy Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome Demyelinating Autoimmune Inflammatory Multiple sclerosis For more detailed coverage, see Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS Episodic/paroxysmalSeizures and epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus For more detailed coverage, see Template:Epilepsy Headache Migraine Cluster Tension For more detailed coverage, see Template:Headache Cerebrovascular TIA Stroke For more detailed coverage, see Template:Cerebrovascular diseases Other Sleep disorders For more detailed coverage, see Template:Sleep CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus Normal pressure hydrocephalus Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye syndrome Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto's encephalopathy Static encephalopathy Both/eitherDegenerativeSA Friedreich's ataxia Ataxia–telangiectasia MND UMN only: Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only: Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) SMALED1 SMALED2A SMALED2B SMA-PCH SMA-PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio–Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurodegenerative disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golbe2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICD11-3"},{"link_name":"loss of balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_disorder"},{"link_name":"slowing of movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokinesia"},{"link_name":"difficulty moving the eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmoparesis"},{"link_name":"cognitive impairment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_impairment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golbe2014-2"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"frontotemporal dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"tau protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_protein"},{"link_name":"levodopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-DOPA"},{"link_name":"amantadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golbe2014-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golbe2014-2"},{"link_name":"Males","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golbe2014-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golbe2014-2"}],"text":"Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain.[2][3] The condition leads to symptoms including loss of balance, slowing of movement, difficulty moving the eyes, and cognitive impairment.[2] PSP may be mistaken for other types of neurodegeneration such as Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The cause of the condition is uncertain, but involves the accumulation of tau protein within the brain. Medications such as levodopa and amantadine may be useful in some cases.[2]PSP affects about six people per 100,000.[2] The first symptoms typically occur at 60–70 years of age. Males are slightly more likely to be affected than females.[2] No association has been found between PSP and any particular race, location, or occupation.[2]","title":"Progressive supranuclear palsy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"apathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apathy"},{"link_name":"a lack of inhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinhibition"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphoria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"slurring of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysarthria"},{"link_name":"difficulty swallowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difficulty_swallowing"},{"link_name":"moving the eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement_(sensory)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS-6"},{"link_name":"eyelid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyelid"},{"link_name":"contracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracture"},{"link_name":"facial muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_muscles"},{"link_name":"neck muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_muscles_of_the_human_body:_Neck"},{"link_name":"sleep disruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder"},{"link_name":"urinary incontinence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_incontinence"},{"link_name":"constipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ophthalmoparesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmoparesis"},{"link_name":"saccades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade"},{"link_name":"palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palsy"},{"link_name":"paresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paresis"},{"link_name":"oculocephalic reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculocephalic_reflex"},{"link_name":"Bell's phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"nystagmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystagmus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ophthalmic_Disease_2018-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ophthalmic_Disease_2018-7"},{"link_name":"convergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_(eye)"},{"link_name":"diplopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplopia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHS-6"},{"link_name":"procerus sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procerus_sign"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradley-8"}],"text":"The initial symptoms in two-thirds of cases are loss of balance, lunging forward when mobilizing, fast walking, bumping into objects or people, and falls.[4][citation needed] Dementia symptoms are also initially seen in about one in five cases.[5]Other common early symptoms are changes in personality, general slowing of movement, and visual symptoms. The most common behavioural symptoms in patients with PSP include apathy, a lack of inhibition, anxiety, and a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction.[5]Later symptoms and signs can include, but do not necessarily include dementia (typically including loss of inhibition and ability to organize information), slurring of speech, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty moving the eyes, particularly in the vertical direction. The latter accounts for some of the falls experienced by these patients, as they find it difficult to look up or down.[6]Some of the other signs are poor eyelid function, contracture of the facial muscles, a backward tilt of the head with stiffening of the neck muscles, sleep disruption, urinary incontinence, and constipation.[6] Some patients retain full cognitive function up to the end.[citation needed]The visual symptoms are of particular importance in the diagnosis of this disorder. Patients typically complain of difficulty reading due to the inability to look downwards. The ophthalmoparesis experienced by these patients mainly concerns voluntary eye movement and the inability to make vertical saccades, which is often worse with downward saccades. Patients tend to have difficulty looking down (a downgaze palsy) followed by the addition of an upgaze palsy. This vertical gaze paresis will correct when the examiner passively rolls the patient's head up and down as part of a test for the oculocephalic reflex. Involuntary eye movement, as elicited by Bell's phenomenon, for instance, may be closer to normal.On close inspection, eye movements called \"square-wave jerks\" may be visible when the patient fixes gaze at distance. These are fine movements, that can be mistaken for nystagmus, except that they are saccadic in nature, with no smooth phase. Although healthy individuals also make square-wave jerk movements, PSP patients make slower square-wave jerk movements, with smaller vertical components.[7] Assessment of these square-wave jerks and diminished vertical saccades is especially useful for diagnosing progressive supranuclear palsy, because these movements set PSP patients apart from other parkinsonian patients.[7] Difficulties with convergence (convergence insufficiency), where the eyes come closer together while focusing on something near, like the pages of a book, is typical. Because the eyes have trouble coming together to focus at short distances, the patient may complain of diplopia (double vision) when reading.[6]A characteristic facial appearance known as procerus sign, with a wide-eye stare, furrowing of forehead with a frowning expression, and deepening of other facial creases, is also diagnostic of PSP.[8]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gene for tau protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_protein#Genetics"},{"link_name":"haplotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype"},{"link_name":"chromosome 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_17_(human)"},{"link_name":"rs1800547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs1800547"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"necessary but not sufficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency"},{"link_name":"environmental toxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"haplotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"tauopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauopathy"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial dysfunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_dysfunction"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial complex I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_complex_I"},{"link_name":"acetogenins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetogenin"},{"link_name":"quinolines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoline"},{"link_name":"Annonaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonaceae"},{"link_name":"rotenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotenoid"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The cause of PSP is unknown. Fewer than 1% of those with PSP have a family member with the same disorder. A variant in the gene for tau protein called the H1 haplotype, located on chromosome 17 (rs1800547), has been linked to PSP.[9] Nearly all people with PSP received a copy of that variant from each parent, but this is true of about two-thirds of the general population. Therefore, the H1 haplotype appears to be necessary but not sufficient to cause PSP. Other genes, as well as environmental toxins, are being investigated as other possible contributors to the cause of PSP.[10]Additionally, the H2 haplotype, combined with vascular dysfunction, seems to be a factor of vascular progressive supranuclear palsy.[11]Besides tauopathy, mitochondrial dysfunction seems to be a factor involved in PSP. Especially, mitochondrial complex I inhibitors (such as acetogenins and quinolines contained in Annonaceae plants, as well as rotenoids) are implicated in PSP-like brain injuries.[12]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurons"},{"link_name":"glial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cells"},{"link_name":"neurofibrillary tangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangles"},{"link_name":"tau protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_protein"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"corticobasal degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobasal_degeneration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"tau protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_protein"},{"link_name":"astrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lewy bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_bodies"},{"link_name":"corticobasal degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobasal_degeneration"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"basal ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia"},{"link_name":"subthalamic nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subthalamic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"substantia nigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_nigra"},{"link_name":"globus pallidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_pallidus"},{"link_name":"brainstem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem"},{"link_name":"tectum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectum"},{"link_name":"dopaminergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminergic"},{"link_name":"cerebral cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"frontal lobes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"},{"link_name":"limbic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system"},{"link_name":"frontotemporal degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_degeneration"},{"link_name":"dentate nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentate_nucleus"},{"link_name":"cerebellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum"},{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"corticobasal degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobasal_degeneration"},{"link_name":"frontotemporal dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia"},{"link_name":"FTDP-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTDP-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pick's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The affected brain cells are both neurons and glial cells. The neurons display neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are clumps of tau protein, a normal part of a brain cell's internal structural skeleton. These tangles are often different from those seen in Alzheimer's disease, but may be structurally similar when they occur in the cerebral cortex.[13] Their chemical composition is usually different, however, and is similar to that of tangles seen in corticobasal degeneration.[14] Tufts of tau protein in astrocytes, or tufted astrocytes, are also considered diagnostic. Unlike globose NFTs, they may be more widespread in the cortex.[15] Lewy bodies are seen in some cases, but whether this is a variant or an independent co-existing process is not clear, and in some cases, PSP can coexist with corticobasal degeneration, Parkinson's, and/or Alzheimer's disease, particularly with older patients.[16][17][18][19][20]The principal areas of the brain affected are the:[citation needed]basal ganglia, particularly the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and globus pallidus\nbrainstem, particularly the tectum (the portion of the midbrain where \"supranuclear\" eye movement resides), as well as dopaminergic nuclei\ncerebral cortex, particularly that of the frontal lobes and the limbic system (similarly to frontotemporal degeneration)\ndentate nucleus of the cerebellum\nspinal cord, particularly the area where some control of the bladder and bowel residesSome consider PSP, corticobasal degeneration, and frontotemporal dementia (especially FTDP-17) to be variations of the same disease.[21][22] Others consider them separate diseases.[23][24][25] PSP has been shown occasionally to co-exist with Pick's disease.[26]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"pons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to diagnose PSP. MRI may show atrophy in the midbrain with preservation of the pons giving a \"hummingbird\" sign.[27]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Annonaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonaceae"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"ophthalmoparesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmoparesis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradley-8"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Cerebellar ataxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_ataxia"},{"link_name":"gliosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliosis"},{"link_name":"dentate nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentate_nucleus"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Types","text":"Based on the pathological findings in confirmed cases of PSP, it is divided into the following categories:classical Richardson syndrome (PSP-RS) [citation needed]\nPSP-parkinsonism (PSP-P) and PSP-pure akinesia with gait freezing (PSP-PAGF)[citation needed]\nfrontal PSP, PSP-corticobasal syndrome (PSP-CBS), PSP-behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (PSP-bvFTD) and PSP-progressive non-fluent aphasia (PSP-PNFA)[28]\nPSP-C\nPSP induced by Annonaceae[29]Richardson syndrome is characterized by the typical features of PSP. In PSP-P features of Parkinson’s Disease overlap with the clinical presentation of PSP and follows a more benign course. In both PSP-P and PSP- PAGF distribution of abnormal tau is relatively restricted to the brain stem. Frontal PSP initially presents with behavioral and cognitive symptoms, with or without ophthalmoparesis and then evolve into typical PSP.[8] The phenotypes of PSP-P and PSP-PAGF are sometimes referred as the \"brain stem\" variants of PSP, as opposed to the \"cortical\" variants which present with predominant cortical features, including PSP-CBS, PSP-bvFTD, and PSP-PNFA.[30] Cerebellar ataxia as the predominant early presenting feature is increasingly recognized as a very rare subtype of PSP (PSP-C) which is associated with severe neuronal loss with gliosis and higher densities of coiled bodies in the cerebellar dentate nucleus.[31]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Parkinson plus syndromes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson_plus_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"levodopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levodopa"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"arched back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordosis"},{"link_name":"stooped-forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyphosis"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"hyperphosphorylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphosphorylated"},{"link_name":"tau protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_protein"},{"link_name":"immunoreactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoreactive"},{"link_name":"astrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte"},{"link_name":"cortical layers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_layers"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"PSP is frequently misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease because they both involve slowed movements and gait difficulty, with PSP being one of a collection of diseases referred to as Parkinson plus syndromes. Both Parkinson's and PSP have an onset in late middle age and involve slowing and rigidity of movement. However, several distinguishing features exist. Tremor is very common with Parkinson's, but rare with PSP. Speech and swallowing difficulties are more common and severe with PSP and the abnormal eye movements of PSP are essentially absent with PD.[32] A poor response to levodopa, along with symmetrical onset can also help differentiate PSP from PD.[33]Patients with the Richardson variant of PSP tend to have an upright posture or arched back, as opposed to the stooped-forward posture of other Parkinsonian disorders, although PSP-Parkinsonism (see below) can demonstrate a stooped posture.[34] Early falls are also more common with PSP, especially with Richardson syndrome.[35]PSP can also be misdiagnosed as Alzheimer's disease because of the behavioral changes.[36]Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) shows many similarities with PSP, because both share the following attributes:[37]Accumulations of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurons or glial cells\nAccumulation of tau-immunoreactive astrocytes\nInvolve the superficial cortical layers","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure"},{"link_name":"levodopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levodopa"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-38"},{"link_name":"Dyskinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskinesia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Amantadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadine"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Botox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botox"},{"link_name":"dystonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia"},{"link_name":"blepharospasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blepharospasm"},{"link_name":"dysphagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"rivastigmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivastigmine"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19731749-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"zolpidem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolpidem"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Treatment","text":"Management is only supportive as no cure for PSP is known. PSP cases are often split into two subgroups, PSP-Richardson (the classic type) and PSP-Parkinsonism, where a short-term response to levodopa can be obtained.[38] Dyskinesia is an occasional but rare complication of treatment.[39] Amantadine is also sometimes helpful.[40] After a few years the Parkinsonian variant tends to take on Richardson features.[41] Other variants have been described.[42][43][44][45] Botox can be used to treat neck dystonia and blepharospasm, but this can aggravate dysphagia.[46]Two studies have suggested that rivastigmine may help with cognitive aspects, but the authors of both studies have suggested that larger studies are needed.[47][48] There is some evidence from small-scale studies that the hypnotic zolpidem may improve motor function and eye movements.[49][50]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"occupational therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_therapy"},{"link_name":"dysarthria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysarthria"},{"link_name":"gait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zampieri-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"gait training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait_training"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zampieri-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zampieri-51"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"mobility aids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_aid"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_Balken-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golbe2001-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_Balken-54"},{"link_name":"ambulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulate"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golbe2001-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_Balken-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golbe2001-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van_Balken-54"},{"link_name":"dysphagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-38"}],"sub_title":"Rehabilitation","text":"Patients with PSP usually seek or are referred to occupational therapy, speech-language pathology for motor speech changes (typically a spastic-ataxic dysarthria), and physical therapy for balance and gait problems with reports of frequent falls.[51] There has been research in the use of robot-assisted gait training.[52] Evidence-based approaches to rehabilitation in PSP are lacking and, currently the majority of research on the subject consists of case reports involving only a small number of patients.[53]Case reports of rehabilitation programs for patients with PSP generally include limb-coordination activities, tilt-board balancing, gait training, strength training with progressive resistive exercises, and isokinetic exercises and stretching of the neck muscles.[51] While some case reports suggest that physiotherapy can offer improvements in balance and gait of patients with PSP, the results cannot be generalized across all PSP patients, as each case report followed only one or two patients.[51] The observations made from these case studies can be useful however, in helping to guide future research concerning the effectiveness of balance and gait training programs in the management of PSP.[citation needed]Individuals with PSP are often referred to occupational therapists to help manage their condition and to help enhance their independence. This may include being taught to use mobility aids.[54][55] Due to their tendency to fall backwards, the use of a walker, particularly one that can be weighted in the front, is recommended instead of a cane.[54] The use of an appropriate mobility aid helps to decrease the individual’s risk of falls and makes them safer to ambulate independently in the community.[55]\nDue to their balance problems and irregular movements, individuals need to spend time learning how to safely transfer in their homes and in the community.[54] This may include rising from and sitting in chairs safely.[55]Due to the progressive nature of this disease, all individuals eventually lose their ability to walk and will need to progress to using a wheelchair.[54] Severe dysphagia often follows, and at this point death is often a matter of months.[38]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symptoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"No effective treatment or cure has been found for PSP, although some of the symptoms can respond to nonspecific measures. The poor prognosis is predominantly attributed to the serious impact this condition has on the quality of life.[4] The average age at symptoms onset is 63 and survival from onset averages seven years with a wide variance.[56] Pneumonia is a frequent cause of death, often caused by accidental aspiration of food particles.[57]","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"executive functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golbe2014-2"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richardson-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richardson-60"}],"text":"In 1877, Charcot described a 40-year-old woman who had rigid-akinetic parkinsonism, neck dystonia, dysarthria, and eye-movement problems. In 1951, Chavany and others reported the clinical and pathologic features of a 50-year-old man with a rigid and akinetic form of parkinsonism with postural instability, neck dystonia, dysarthria, and staring gaze. In 1974, the unique frontal lobe cognitive changes of progressive supranuclear palsy: apathy, loss of spontaneity, slowing of thought processes, and loss of executive functions, were first described by Albert and colleagues.[58]Between 1877 and 1963, 22 well-documented case reports of PSP, although not described as a distinct disorder, had been identified in the literature of neurology.[59] Progressive supranuclear palsy was first described as a distinct disorder by neurologists John Steele, John Richardson, and Jerzy Olszewski in 1963.[2][60][61][62] They recognized the same clinical syndrome in eight patients, and described the autopsy findings in six of them.[60]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corticobasal degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticobasal_degeneration"},{"link_name":"multiple system atrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"There are several organizations around the world that support PSP patients and the research into PSP and related diseases, such as corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA).Canada: PSP Society of Canada, a federally registered non-profit organization which serves patients and families dealing with PSP, CBD and MSA, set up in 2017 through the help of CurePSP in the USA[63]\nFrance: Association PSP France, a nonprofit patient association set up in 1996 through the help of PSPA in the UK. It also gives support to French speaking patients in Quebec, Morocco, Algeria, Belgium and Lebanon[64]\nUK: PSPA, a national charity for information, patient support and research of PSP and CBD, set up in 1995[65]\nIreland: PSPAI, an organization which aims to increase public awareness of PSP[66]\nUS: CurePSP, a nonprofit organization for promoting awareness, care and research of PSP, CBD, MSA \"and other prime of life neurodegenerative diseases\"[67]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoey%27s_Extraordinary_Playlist"},{"link_name":"Peter Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"In popular culture","text":"In the 2020 American musical comedy-drama television series, Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist, the title character's father (Mitch Clarke, played by Peter Gallagher) has PSP.[68]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dudley Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Moore"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"US Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Wexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Wexton"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Notable cases","text":"English actor, comedian, musician and composer Dudley Moore was diagnosed with PSP in 1999, and died of complications from the disease in 2002.American singer Linda Ronstadt was diagnosed with PSP in 2019, following an initial diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in 2014.[69]US Representative Jennifer Wexton was diagnosed with PSP in 2023, after having been diagnosed incorrectly with Parkinson's disease earlier that year.[70]Tony Award-winning actor Phyllis Frelich (1944–2014), the first Deaf actor to earn a Tony Award (Children of a Lesser God), passed away from PSP.","title":"Society and culture"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lytico-bodig disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytico-bodig_disease"},{"title":"Annonacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonacin"}]	[{"reference":"Shukla R, Sinha M, Kumar R, Singh D (April 2009). \"'Hummingbird' sign in progressive supranuclear palsy\". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 12 (2): 133. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.53087. PMC 2812742. PMID 20142864.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812742","url_text":"\"'Hummingbird' sign in progressive supranuclear palsy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-2327.53087","url_text":"10.4103/0972-2327.53087"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812742","url_text":"2812742"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20142864","url_text":"20142864"}]},{"reference":"Golbe LI (April 2014). \"Progressive supranuclear palsy\". Seminars in Neurology. 34 (2): 151–9. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1381736. PMID 24963674.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0034-1381736","url_text":"\"Progressive supranuclear palsy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0034-1381736","url_text":"10.1055/s-0034-1381736"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24963674","url_text":"24963674"}]},{"reference":"\"ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics\". icd.who.int.","urls":[{"url":"https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1493396558","url_text":"\"ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC (2012). Bradley's neurology in clinical practice (Sixth ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1778. ISBN 978-1-4377-0434-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-0434-1","url_text":"978-1-4377-0434-1"}]},{"reference":"Finger EC (April 2016). \"Frontotemporal Dementias\". Continuum. 22 (2 Dementia): 464–89. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000300. PMC 5390934. PMID 27042904.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390934","url_text":"\"Frontotemporal Dementias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2FCON.0000000000000300","url_text":"10.1212/CON.0000000000000300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5390934","url_text":"5390934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27042904","url_text":"27042904"}]},{"reference":"\"Symptoms - Progressive supranuclear palsy\". NHS. 14 August 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poison	The Poison	["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Album","5 Certifications","6 References"]	2005 studio album by Bullet for My Valentine This article is about the Bullet for My Valentine album. For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation). The PoisonStudio album by Bullet for My ValentineReleased3 October 2005RecordedMarch–June 2005Studio Chapel Studios, Lincolnshire Nott in Pill Studios, Newport Genre Metalcore melodic metalcore Length53:26Label Visible Noise Trustkill Sony BMG ProducerColin RichardsonBullet for My Valentine chronology Hand of Blood(2005) The Poison(2005) Scream Aim Fire(2008) Deluxe edition Singles from The Poison "4 Words (To Choke Upon)"Released: 28 March 2005 "Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)"Released: 19 September 2005 "All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)"Released: 3 February 2006 "Tears Don't Fall"Released: 17 June 2006 The Poison is the debut studio album by Welsh heavy metal band Bullet for My Valentine. The album was released on 3 October 2005 through Visible Noise Records in the UK, and on 14 February 2006 in the United States, through Trustkill Records. The album included 11 new songs and two previously heard songs, "Cries in Vain", which was previously heard from the band's self-titled UK EP and from their US EP, Hand of Blood, as well as from "4 Words (To Choke Upon)" was previously included on the same US release. Different editions of the album contain the song "Hand of Blood", previously heard from these EPs, replacing "Spit You Out". The album debuted at number 128 on the Billboard 200 and number 2 on the Heatseekers Chart, and as of 30 January 2018, the album has sold 1,600,000 copies worldwide and 500,000 copies in the US. It is the band's most commercially successful effort internationally, earning a both gold certification by both the RIAA in the United States and the band's native BPI in the United Kingdom, and a platinum certification by Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in Germany. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBig CheeseDrowned in Sound9/10Kerrang!Metal HammerQTotal GuitarPunkNews.orgBlabbermouth6/10Ultimate Guitar Archive(9.1/10)Sputnikmusic Corey Apar of AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars out of 5, commenting that the album showed a "melodic metal-meets-emo aesthetic" peppered with "powerful riffs and classic metal". Apar concluded that the album "is a well-produced, solid effort – but seeing as they're now trying to take over American hearts, it would be nice to see future attempts to distinguish themselves more from the new-school pack." Sputnikmusic gave the album a 3.5 out of 5 summarizing "The Welsh quartet shows differing levels of hope for the metalcore genre." Music Emissions said the album contained very catchy songs, with clean and fast guitar sounds, and "an undertone of pop" which fits with the drumming. Despite its positive points, the reviewer said that the album would not attract people from outside the metalcore subgenre. Stylus Magazine gave the album a C− (below average) and said that The Poison album appeared to be made for provincial 15-year-olds to get violent with each other. The reviewer noted two songs that were indicative of the band's "A-game": "The Poison" and "Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)". Punknews.org wrote that the album was "drab", leaving the reviewer bored with the slow pace, and frustrated that the screaming loud passages were delivered without a sense of anger or attitude. In 2024, music blogger Finn McKenty, while reviewing the career of Bullet For My Valentine in his YouTube video for the Punk Rock MBA channel, attributed the success of the Poison album to the fact that the band created a distinct sound that would be equally appealing to different audiences, such as those of emo and heavy metal genres, calling it a mix of My Chemical Romance, Metallica, and metalcore. Track listing All lyrics are written by Matthew Tuck; all music is composed by Bullet for My ValentineNo.TitleLength1."Intro" (featuring Apocalyptica)2:222."Her Voice Resides"4:173."4 Words (To Choke Upon)"3:434."Tears Don't Fall"5:485."Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)"3:356."Hit the Floor"3:307."All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)"3:458."Room 409"4:019."The Poison"3:3910."10 Years Today"3:5511."Cries in Vain"3:5612."Spit You Out"4:0813."The End"6:48Total length:53:28 Limited digipack edition (alternate track listing)No.TitleLength1."Intro" (featuring Apocalyptica)2:222."Her Voice Resides"4:173."4 Words (To Choke Upon)"3:434."Tears Don't Fall"5:485."Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)"3:356."Hit the Floor"3:307."All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)"3:458."Hand of Blood"3:359."Room 409"4:0110."The Poison"3:3911."10 Years Today"3:5512."Cries in Vain"3:5613."Spit You Out"4:0714."The End"6:48Total length:57:01 Limited digipack edition enhanced materialNo.TitleLength1."Hand of Blood" (music video)3:342."4 Words (To Choke Upon)" (music video)3:513."Behind the scene" (video) 4."Wallpaper" Japanese bonus tracksNo.TitleLength14."Room 409" (live)4:0015."Spit You Out" (live)4:03Total length:61:31 UK deluxe edition bonus tracksNo.TitleLength14."7 Days"3:2415."My Fist, Your Mouth, Her Scars"3:5216."Spit You Out" (live at the Brixton Academy)4:1617."All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)" (live at the Brixton Academy)4:03Total length:68:33 UK deluxe edition bonus DVDNo.TitleLength1."Hand of Blood" (music video)3:342."4 Words (To Choke Upon)" (music video)3:513."Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)" (music video)3:264."4 Words (To Choke Upon)" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)3:475."Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)3:416."Cries in Vain" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)4:17Total length:22:36 US deluxe edition bonus tracksNo.TitleLength14."7 Days"3:2415."My Fist, Your Mouth, Her Scars"3:5216."Welcome Home (Sanitarium)" (Metallica cover)6:1317."Tears Don't Fall" (acoustic version)4:37Total length:71:34 US deluxe edition bonus DVDNo.TitleLength1."4 Words (To Choke Upon)" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)3:472."Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)3:413."Cries in Vain" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)4:174."All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)" (live at Brixton Academy, London, England)3:535."Her Voice Resides" (live at Brixton Academy, London, England)4:266."Hand of Blood" (music video)3:347."4 Words (To Choke Upon)" (music video)3:518."Tears Don't Fall" (music video)4:409."All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)" (music video)3:58Total length:36:06 Personnel Bullet for My Valentine Matthew Tuck – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, additional lead guitar, bass (uncredited) Michael "Padge" Paget – lead guitar Jason "Jay" James – bass (credited but doesn't perform), vocals Michael "Moose" Thomas – drums Additional musicians Eicca Toppinen – arrangement (on "Intro") Apocalyptica – cellos (on "Intro") Production details All lyrics by Matt Tuck All music by Bullet for My Valentine Except "Intro" cellos by Apocalyptica, arrangement by Eicca Toppinen Except "Welcome Home (Sanitarium)" by Metallica Published by Harmageddon Publishing Ltd / Universal Music Publishing SAS All tracks produced & mixed by Colin Richardson Except "Hit the Floor" produced & mixed by Colin Richardson & Andy Sneap All tracks mixed at The Chapel, Lincolnshire Except "4 Words (To Choke Upon)" mixed at The Sonic Ranch, El Paso, Texas Except "Hit the Floor" mixed at Backstage Studios, Derbyshire Engineered by Dan Turner Engineering assistance by Will Bartle, Matt Hyde & Justin Leigh Recorded at The Chapel (Lincolnshire), Backstage Studios (Derbyshire), Notting Pill Studios (Newport) & SUSI Studios (Finland) A&R – Martin Dodd A&R UK – Julie Weir Worldwide management – Paul Craig at Supervision Management Ltd Agent – Paul Ryan at The Agency Group (excluding US) Artwork by S2 at laboca.co.uk Video footage filmed and edited by Dan Fernbach at Static Films Band photographs by Patrick Ford Charts Album Chart (2005–2013) Peakposition Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 43 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 25 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 37 Scottish Albums (OCC) 25 UK Albums (OCC) 21 UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) 1 UK Independent Albums (OCC) 3 US Billboard 200 128 US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) 2 US Independent Albums (Billboard) 9 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Germany (BVMI) Platinum 200,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 100,000^ United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ Welch, Ben (4 February 2016). "Chapter Eight: The Poison". Bullet for My Valentine: Scream Aim Conquer. Music Press Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-1784189815. Retrieved 26 January 2019. ^ Martins, Jorge (15 May 2024). "Top 10 Era-Defining Metalcore Songs from the 2000s to Make Former Scene Kids Nostalgic". Ultimate Guitar. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024. ^ a b "Bullet For My Valentine - The Poison - Sputnikmusic". www.sputnikmusic.com. ^ Collins, Dillon (12 June 2018). "'I Just Didn't Really Want To Be In A Band Anymore' – BULLET FOR MY VALENTINE's Matt Tuck on the Precursor to Gravity". Metal Injection. Retrieved 19 November 2022. ^ "The Poison by Bullet for My Valentine". iTunes. 3 October 2005. ^ a b "The Poison - Charts & Awards (Billboard Albums)". Allmusic. ^ McAlpine, Fraser (19 January 2008). "Bullet For My Valentine- 'Scream Aim Fire'". BBC. Retrieved 26 May 2019. ^ "Biography". Facebook. 14 April 2011. ^ a b "The Poison - Overview". Allmusic. ^ Rauf, Raziq (3 November 2005). "Album Review: Bullet For My Valentine - The Poison". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018. ^ a b Punknews.org. "Bullet for My Valentine - The Poison". www.punknews.org. ^ blabbermouth ^ "Bullet For My Valentine: The Poison - Reviews @ Ultimate-Guitar.com". ^ "Bullet for My Valentine The Poison". Sputnikmusic. 18 March 2011. ^ "Bullet For My Valentine - The Poison Review from Music Emissions". Music Emissions - Indie Music. ^ "Bullet For My Valentine - The Poison - Review - Stylus Magazine". ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_1pmQ3v6Us ^ "Digipack". SCM Soundcrave Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Bullet for My Valentine - Wikipedia: Fact or Fiction?". YouTube. ^ "BULLET FOR MY VALENTINE Drummer: Former Bassist JASON 'JAY' JAMES 'Never Really Contributed Anyway'". 30 July 2015. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Bullet for My Valentine – The Poison" (in German). Hung Medien. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Bullet for My Valentine – The Poison" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. ^ "Oricon – Bullet for My Valentine – The Poison". oricn ME inc. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. ^ "Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. ^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. ^ "Bullet for My Valentine Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. ^ "Bullet for My Valentine Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)". Billboard. ^ "Bullet for My Valentine Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bullet for My Valentine; 'The Poison')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ "British album certifications – Bullet for My Valentine – The Poison". British Phonographic Industry. ^ "American album certifications – Bullet for My Valentine – The Poison". Recording Industry Association of America. vteBullet for My Valentine Matthew Tuck Michael Paget Jamie Mathias Jason Bowld Nick Crandle Jason James Michael Thomas Studio albums The Poison (2005) Scream Aim Fire (2008) Fever (2010) Temper Temper (2013) Venom (2015) Gravity (2018) Bullet for My Valentine (2021) Live albums Rock am Ring 2006 The Poison: Live at Brixton Scream Aim Fire: Live at London Alexandria Live from Brixton: Chapter Two EPs Jeff Killed John (as Jeff Killed John) Bullet for My Valentine Hand of Blood Singles "4 Words (To Choke Upon)" "Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow" "All These Things I Hate" "Tears Don't Fall" "Scream Aim Fire" "Hearts Burst into Fire" "Waking the Demon" "Your Betrayal" "The Last Fight" "Bittersweet Memories" "Fever" "Temper Temper" "Riot" "Breaking Point" "Raising Hell" "You Want a Battle? (Here's a War)" Related articles Discography AxeWound Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poison (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Bullet for My Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_for_My_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Visible Noise Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_Noise"},{"link_name":"14 February","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Trustkill Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustkill_Records"},{"link_name":"self-titled UK EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_for_My_Valentine_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Hand of Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_of_Blood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poison-Charts-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poison-Charts-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"BPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie"}],"text":"This article is about the Bullet for My Valentine album. For other uses, see Poison (disambiguation).The Poison is the debut studio album by Welsh heavy metal band Bullet for My Valentine. The album was released on 3 October 2005 through Visible Noise Records in the UK, and on 14 February 2006 in the United States, through Trustkill Records. The album included 11 new songs and two previously heard songs, \"Cries in Vain\", which was previously heard from the band's self-titled UK EP and from their US EP, Hand of Blood, as well as from \"4 Words (To Choke Upon)\" was previously included on the same US release. Different editions of the album contain the song \"Hand of Blood\", previously heard from these EPs, replacing \"Spit You Out\".[5]The album debuted at number 128 on the Billboard 200[6] and number 2 on the Heatseekers Chart,[6] and as of 30 January 2018, the album has sold 1,600,000 copies worldwide[7] and 500,000 copies in the US.[8] It is the band's most commercially successful effort internationally, earning a both gold certification by both the RIAA in the United States and the band's native BPI in the United Kingdom, and a platinum certification by Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in Germany.","title":"The Poison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"melodic metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPUT-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bullet_For_My_Valentine_-_The_Poison_Review_from_Music_Emissions-15"},{"link_name":"Stylus Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffocating_Under_Words_of_Sorrow_(What_Can_I_Do)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PN-11"},{"link_name":"Finn McKenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_McKenty"},{"link_name":"emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"My Chemical Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Chemical_Romance"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Corey Apar of AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars out of 5, commenting that the album showed a \"melodic metal-meets-emo aesthetic\" peppered with \"powerful riffs and classic metal\". Apar concluded that the album \"is a well-produced, solid effort – but seeing as they're now trying to take over American hearts, it would be nice to see future attempts to distinguish themselves more from the new-school pack.\"[9] Sputnikmusic gave the album a 3.5 out of 5 summarizing \"The Welsh quartet shows differing levels of hope for the metalcore genre.\"[3] Music Emissions said the album contained very catchy songs, with clean and fast guitar sounds, and \"an undertone of pop\" which fits with the drumming. Despite its positive points, the reviewer said that the album would not attract people from outside the metalcore subgenre.[15]Stylus Magazine gave the album a C− (below average) and said that The Poison album appeared to be made for provincial 15-year-olds to get violent with each other. The reviewer noted two songs that were indicative of the band's \"A-game\": \"The Poison\" and \"Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)\".[16] Punknews.org wrote that the album was \"drab\", leaving the reviewer bored with the slow pace, and frustrated that the screaming loud passages were delivered without a sense of anger or attitude.[11]In 2024, music blogger Finn McKenty, while reviewing the career of Bullet For My Valentine in his YouTube video for the Punk Rock MBA channel, attributed the success of the Poison album to the fact that the band created a distinct sound that would be equally appealing to different audiences, such as those of emo and heavy metal genres, calling it a mix of My Chemical Romance, Metallica, and metalcore.[17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Tuck"},{"link_name":"Apocalyptica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptica"},{"link_name":"4 Words (To Choke Upon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Words_(To_Choke_Upon)"},{"link_name":"Tears Don't Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_Don%27t_Fall"},{"link_name":"Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffocating_Under_Words_of_Sorrow_(What_Can_I_Do)"},{"link_name":"All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_These_Things_I_Hate_(Revolve_Around_Me)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hand of Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_of_Blood"},{"link_name":"Brixton Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_Academy"},{"link_name":"All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_These_Things_I_Hate_(Revolve_Around_Me)"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Matthew Tuck; all music is composed by Bullet for My ValentineNo.TitleLength1.\"Intro\" (featuring Apocalyptica)2:222.\"Her Voice Resides\"4:173.\"4 Words (To Choke Upon)\"3:434.\"Tears Don't Fall\"5:485.\"Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)\"3:356.\"Hit the Floor\"3:307.\"All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)\"3:458.\"Room 409\"4:019.\"The Poison\"3:3910.\"10 Years Today\"3:5511.\"Cries in Vain\"3:5612.\"Spit You Out\"4:0813.\"The End\"6:48Total length:53:28Limited digipack edition (alternate track listing)[18]No.TitleLength1.\"Intro\" (featuring Apocalyptica)2:222.\"Her Voice Resides\"4:173.\"4 Words (To Choke Upon)\"3:434.\"Tears Don't Fall\"5:485.\"Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)\"3:356.\"Hit the Floor\"3:307.\"All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)\"3:458.\"Hand of Blood\"3:359.\"Room 409\"4:0110.\"The Poison\"3:3911.\"10 Years Today\"3:5512.\"Cries in Vain\"3:5613.\"Spit You Out\"4:0714.\"The End\"6:48Total length:57:01Limited digipack edition enhanced materialNo.TitleLength1.\"Hand of Blood\" (music video)3:342.\"4 Words (To Choke Upon)\" (music video)3:513.\"Behind the scene\" (video) 4.\"Wallpaper\"Japanese bonus tracksNo.TitleLength14.\"Room 409\" (live)4:0015.\"Spit You Out\" (live)4:03Total length:61:31UK deluxe edition bonus tracksNo.TitleLength14.\"7 Days\"3:2415.\"My Fist, Your Mouth, Her Scars\"3:5216.\"Spit You Out\" (live at the Brixton Academy)4:1617.\"All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)\" (live at the Brixton Academy)4:03Total length:68:33UK deluxe edition bonus DVDNo.TitleLength1.\"Hand of Blood\" (music video)3:342.\"4 Words (To Choke Upon)\" (music video)3:513.\"Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)\" (music video)3:264.\"4 Words (To Choke Upon)\" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)3:475.\"Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)\" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)3:416.\"Cries in Vain\" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)4:17Total length:22:36US deluxe edition bonus tracksNo.TitleLength14.\"7 Days\"3:2415.\"My Fist, Your Mouth, Her Scars\"3:5216.\"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)\" (Metallica cover)6:1317.\"Tears Don't Fall\" (acoustic version)4:37Total length:71:34US deluxe edition bonus DVDNo.TitleLength1.\"4 Words (To Choke Upon)\" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)3:472.\"Suffocating Under Words of Sorrow (What Can I Do)\" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)3:413.\"Cries in Vain\" (live at Club Quattro, Shibuya, Tokyo)4:174.\"All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)\" (live at Brixton Academy, London, England)3:535.\"Her Voice Resides\" (live at Brixton Academy, London, England)4:266.\"Hand of Blood\" (music video)3:347.\"4 Words (To Choke Upon)\" (music video)3:518.\"Tears Don't Fall\" (music video)4:409.\"All These Things I Hate (Revolve Around Me)\" (music video)3:58Total length:36:06","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Tuck"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Eicca Toppinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicca_Toppinen"},{"link_name":"Apocalyptica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptica"},{"link_name":"Apocalyptica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptica"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Colin Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Andy Sneap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Sneap"},{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"}],"text":"Bullet for My Valentine\nMatthew Tuck – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, additional lead guitar, bass (uncredited)\nMichael \"Padge\" Paget – lead guitar\nJason \"Jay\" James – bass (credited but doesn't perform),[19][20] vocals\nMichael \"Moose\" Thomas – drums\nAdditional musicians\nEicca Toppinen – arrangement (on \"Intro\")\nApocalyptica – cellos (on \"Intro\")\n\n\nProduction details\nAll lyrics by Matt Tuck\nAll music by Bullet for My Valentine\nExcept \"Intro\" cellos by Apocalyptica, arrangement by Eicca Toppinen\nExcept \"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)\" by Metallica\nPublished by Harmageddon Publishing Ltd / Universal Music Publishing SAS\nAll tracks produced & mixed by Colin Richardson\nExcept \"Hit the Floor\" produced & mixed by Colin Richardson & Andy Sneap\nAll tracks mixed at The Chapel, Lincolnshire\nExcept \"4 Words (To Choke Upon)\" mixed at The Sonic Ranch, El Paso, Texas\nExcept \"Hit the Floor\" mixed at Backstage Studios, Derbyshire\nEngineered by Dan Turner\nEngineering assistance by Will Bartle, Matt Hyde & Justin Leigh\nRecorded at The Chapel (Lincolnshire), Backstage Studios (Derbyshire), Notting Pill Studios (Newport) & SUSI Studios (Finland)\nA&R – Martin Dodd\nA&R UK – Julie Weir\nWorldwide management – Paul Craig at Supervision Management Ltd\nAgent – Paul Ryan at The Agency Group (excluding US)\nArtwork by S2 at laboca.co.uk\nVideo footage filmed and edited by Dan Fernbach at Static Films\nBand photographs by Patrick Ford","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Album","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Welch, Ben (4 February 2016). \"Chapter Eight: The Poison\". Bullet for My Valentine: Scream Aim Conquer. Music Press Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-1784189815. Retrieved 26 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_yOUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43","url_text":"\"Chapter Eight: The Poison\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784189815","url_text":"978-1784189815"}]},{"reference":"Martins, Jorge (15 May 2024). \"Top 10 Era-Defining Metalcore Songs from the 2000s to Make Former Scene Kids Nostalgic\". Ultimate Guitar. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240515220526/https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/articles/features/top_10_era-defining_metalcore_songs_from_the_2000s_to_make_former_scene_kids_nostalgic-165294","url_text":"\"Top 10 Era-Defining Metalcore Songs from the 2000s to Make Former Scene Kids Nostalgic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Guitar","url_text":"Ultimate Guitar"},{"url":"https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/articles/features/top_10_era-defining_metalcore_songs_from_the_2000s_to_make_former_scene_kids_nostalgic-165294","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bullet For My Valentine - The Poison - Sputnikmusic\". www.sputnikmusic.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/42484/Bullet-for-My-Valentine-The-Poison/","url_text":"\"Bullet For My Valentine - The Poison - Sputnikmusic\""}]},{"reference":"Collins, Dillon (12 June 2018). \"'I Just Didn't Really Want To Be In A Band Anymore' – BULLET FOR MY VALENTINE's Matt Tuck on the Precursor to Gravity\". Metal Injection. Retrieved 19 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/interviews/i-just-didnt-really-want-to-be-in-a-band-anymore-bullet-from-my-valentines-matt-tuck-on-the-precursor-to-gravity","url_text":"\"'I Just Didn't Really Want To Be In A Band Anymore' – BULLET FOR MY VALENTINE's Matt Tuck on the Precursor to Gravity\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Poison by Bullet for My Valentine\". iTunes. 3 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/the-poison/id262616083","url_text":"\"The Poison by Bullet for My Valentine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"}]},{"reference":"\"The Poison - Charts & Awards (Billboard Albums)\". Allmusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r807324/charts-awards","url_text":"\"The Poison - Charts & Awards (Billboard Albums)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"McAlpine, Fraser (19 January 2008). \"Bullet For My Valentine- 'Scream Aim Fire'\". BBC. Retrieved 26 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/chartblog/2008/01/bullet_for_my_valentine_scream.shtml","url_text":"\"Bullet For My Valentine- 'Scream Aim Fire'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Facebook. 14 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/BulletForMyValentine?sk=info","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"The Poison - Overview\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_After_Love_(poem)	Love After Love (poem)	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Poem by Derek Walcott "Love After Love" is a poem by Derek Walcott, included in his Collected Poems, 1948–1984 (1986). NPR's Weekend Edition featured a reading of the poem in March 2017. See also Plays by Derek Walcott References ^ Steven Gould Axelrod, ed. (2012). The New Anthology of American Poetry: Vol. III: Postmodernisms 1950-Present. Rutgers University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0813562902. ^ "A Reading Of Derek Walcott's 'Love After Love'". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-02-02. External links Derek Walcott tribute: Linton Kwesi Johnson reads "Love After Love" - BBC Newsnight. 20 March 2017. YouTube video. vteAQA Anthology (2004)Poems fromOther CulturesCluster 1 "Limbo" by Edward Kamau Brathwaite "Nothing's Changed" by Tatamkhulu Afrika "Island Man" by Grace Nichols "Blessing" by Imtiaz Dharker "Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes" by Lawrence Ferlinghetti "Night of the Scorpion" by Nissim Ezekiel "Vultures" by Chinua Achebe "What Were They Like?" by Denise Levertov Cluster 2 "Search for My Tongue" by Sujata Bhatt "Unrelated Incidents" by Tom Leonard "Half Caste" by John Agard "Love After Love" by Derek Walcott "This Room" by Imtiaz Dharker "Not My Business" by Niyi Osundare "Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan" by Moniza Alvi "Hurricane Hits England" by Grace Nichols Seamus Heaney "Storm on the Island" "Perch" "Blackberry-Pickin" "Death of a Naturalist" "Digging" "Mid-Term Break" "Follower" "At a Potato Digging" Gillian Clarke "Catrin" "Baby-sitting" "Mali" "A Difficult Birth, Easter 1998" "The Field Mouse" "October" "On the Train" "Cold Knap Lake" Carol Ann Duffy "Havisham" "Elvis's Twin Sister" "Anne Hathaway" "Salome" "We Remember Your Childhood Well" "Before You Were Mine" "Education for Leisure" "Stealing" Simon Armitage "Mother, any distance greater than a single span" "My father thought it..." "Homecoming" "November" "Kid" "Those bastards in their mansions" "I've made out a will; I'm leaving myself" "Hitcher" Pre-1914 "On My First Sonne" by Ben Jonson "Song of the Old Mother" by William Butler Yeats "The Affliction of Margaret" by William Wordsworth "The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found" by William Blake "Tichborne's Elegy" by Charles Tichborne "The Man He Killed" by Thomas Hardy "Patrolling Barnegat" by Walt Whitman "Sonnet CXXX" by William Shakespeare "My Last Duchess" by Robert Browning "The Laboratory" by Robert Browning "Ulysses" by Alfred Tennyson "The Village Schoolmaster" by Oliver Goldsmith "The Eagle" by Alfred Tennyson "Sonnet" by John Clare Prose "Flight" by Doris Lessing "Superman and Paula Brown's New Snowsuit" by Sylvia Plath "Your Shoes" by Michèle Roberts "Growing Up" by Joyce Cary "The End of Something" by Ernest Hemingway "Chemistry" by Graham Swift "Snowdrops" by Leslie Norris This article related to a poem is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derek Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Walcott"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"Weekend Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekend_Edition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Love After Love\" is a poem by Derek Walcott, included in his Collected Poems, 1948–1984 (1986).[1] NPR's Weekend Edition featured a reading of the poem in March 2017.[2]","title":"Love After Love (poem)"}]	[]	[{"title":"Plays by Derek Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Plays_by_Derek_Walcott"}]	[{"reference":"Steven Gould Axelrod, ed. (2012). The New Anthology of American Poetry: Vol. III: Postmodernisms 1950-Present. Rutgers University Press. p. 257. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caio_Alves	Caio (footballer, born 1986)	["1 Honours","1.1 Individual","2 References","3 External links"]	Brazilian footballer In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Alves and the second or paternal family name is dos Santos. Caio Caio in 2011Personal informationFull name Caio César Alves dos SantosDate of birth (1986-05-29) 29 May 1986 (age 38)Place of birth Mirandópolis, BrazilHeight 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) Attacking midfielderTeam informationCurrent team Desportivo BrasilYouth career2000–2001 BarueriSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2002–2007 Barueri 2003–2005 → Guarani (loan) 5 (0)2007 → Internacional (loan) 8 (0)2007 → Palmeiras (loan) 27 (9)2008–2012 Eintracht Frankfurt 85 (8)2012 Bahia 6 (0)2013 Atlético Goianiense 3 (0)2013–2017 Grasshopper 131 (50)2017–2019 Maccabi Haifa 22 (1)2018–2019 → Hapoel Tel Aviv (loan) 21 (3)2020– Desportivo Brasil 0 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 5 May 2019 Caio César Alves dos Santos (born 29 May 1986), or simply Caio, is a Brazilian professional football player who plays for Brazilian side Desportivo Brasil, as an attacking midfielder. Honours Individual Swiss Super League Team of the Year: 2015–16 References ^ "Caio". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 26 September 2013. ^ "Das ist der neue Meisterpokal der Super League – Embolo und GC räumen bei SFL Award Night ab". watson.ch (in German). Retrieved 30 November 2022. External links Caio at Soccerway Caio at eintracht-archiv.de (in German) This biographical article related to a Brazilian association football midfielder born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"football player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Desportivo Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desportivo_Brasil"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Alves and the second or paternal family name is dos Santos.Caio César Alves dos Santos (born 29 May 1986), or simply Caio, is a Brazilian professional football player who plays for Brazilian side Desportivo Brasil, as an attacking midfielder.[1]","title":"Caio (footballer, born 1986)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Swiss_Super_League#Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Swiss Super League Team of the Year: 2015–16[2]","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Caio\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 26 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/caio_3/","url_text":"\"Caio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Das ist der neue Meisterpokal der Super League – Embolo und GC räumen bei SFL Award Night ab\". watson.ch (in German). Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.watson.ch/!719144616","url_text":"\"Das ist der neue Meisterpokal der Super League – Embolo und GC räumen bei SFL Award Night ab\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/caio_3/","external_links_name":"\"Caio\""},{"Link":"https://www.watson.ch/!719144616","external_links_name":"\"Das ist der neue Meisterpokal der Super League – Embolo und GC räumen bei SFL Award Night ab\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/9288/","external_links_name":"Caio"},{"Link":"http://www.eintracht-archiv.de/caio.html","external_links_name":"Caio"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caio_(footballer,_born_1986)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Televisa_networks	List of programs broadcast by TelevisaUnivision networks	["1 Current programming","1.1 Las Estrellas","1.2 Canal 5","1.3 Nu9ve","1.4 FOROtv","2 Upcoming programming","3 Former programming","3.1 Telenovelas","3.2 Comedies","3.3 Game shows","3.4 Talk/news programming","3.5 Reality/non-scripted","3.6 Sports","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]	The following is a list of original programming currently, formerly, and soon to be broadcast by TelevisaUnivision owned television networks. TelevisaUnivision owns six broadcast television networks: Las Estrellas, Canal 5, FOROtv and Nu9ve in Mexico, and Univision and UniMás in the United States. Current programming Las Estrellas Dramas La rosa de Guadalupe (February 5, 2008) Como dice el dicho (February 1, 2011) Esta historia me suena (May 13, 2019) Vivir de amor (January 29, 2024) El amor no tiene receta (February 19, 2024) Esmeralda (April 3, 2024) La historia de Juana (June 3, 2024) Comedies La familia P. Luche (August 7, 2002) Vecinos (July 10, 2005) Nosotros los guapos (November 8, 2016) 40 y 20 (November 9, 2016) Renta congelada (August 31, 2017) Relatos macabrones (August 31, 2020) Me caigo de risa: Gala disfuncional (March 28, 2021) ¿Tú crees? (July 31, 2022) Tal para cual (October 13, 2022) ¿Es neta, Eva? (April 18, 2023) Bola de locos (May 13, 2023) El príncipe del barrio (July 2, 2023) ¡Chócalas Compayito! (July 8, 2023) Está libre (October 5, 2023) Reality/non-scripted Pequeños Gigantes (March 27, 2011) ¿Quién es la máscara? (August 25, 2019) El retador (August 15, 2021) La casa de los famosos México (June 4, 2023) Game shows 100 mexicanos dijieron (2001) Minuto para ganar VIP (2013) Veo cómo cantas Talk/Late-night shows Cuéntamelo ya (April 16, 2016) + NOCHE (August 25, 2018) News and information Hoy (August 3, 1998) Las Noticias (August 22, 2016) Despierta (August 22, 2016) Al aire con Paola Rojas (August 22, 2016) En punto con Denise Maerker (August 22, 2016) Sports Liga MX Acción (1979) La jugada (1993) Más deporte (1997) Canal 5 Me caigo de risa (March 4, 2014) Reto 4 elementos (March 19, 2018) Inseparables: amor al límite (May 27, 2019) La casa de los famosos México (June 5, 2023) Cero ruido (March 4, 2024) ¿Quién caerá? (March 4, 2024) Vence a las estrellas (May 6, 2024) La caja de los secretos (May 6, 2024) Nu9ve Talk/reality shows Reventón musical ¡Despierta América! (July 9, 2018) Enámorandonos (September 13, 2021) News/public affairs programming Aquí y Ahora Domingo de tercer milenio Sports Hazaña el deporte vive Lucha Libre AAA FOROtv Agenda Pública A las tres Creadores Universitarios En 1 hora Es la hora de opinar Estrictamente Personal Foro Global Fractal Historias por Contar Las Noticias Major League Baseball Matutino Express Noticias CDMX Paralelo 23 Si me dicen no vengo Sin Filtro Upcoming programming Title Premiere date Channel Ref. Fugitivas, en busca de la libertad July 1, 2024 Las Estrellas Mi amor sin tiempo July 8, 2024 Las Estrellas Former programming Telenovelas Main article: List of telenovelas of Televisa Comedies Alma de ángel (2019) Ay María qué puntería (1998) Cepillin (1977) El Chavo del Ocho (1970) Chespirito (1970; 1980–1995) El Diablito Foro Loco El Grosero (Bad Language Show) La Hora Azul (1992) Incógnito (2005) Julia vs. Julia (2019) Lorenza (2019–2020) La Matraca Mi Barrio (1991–1994) Mi querida herencia (2019–2021) Mi lista de exes (2018) Odisea Burbujas Operacion Ja Ja La parodia (2002–2020) Perdiendo el juicio (September 27, 2021–July 18, 2022) Los Polivoces ¡Qué madre tan padre! (2006) Según Bibi (2018) Simón dice (2018–2019) S.O.S.S.A Tic Tac Toc: El reencuentro (2021) Todo de Todo (1991–1994) Un Criada Bien Criada Y sin embargo se mueve (1994) Con permiso (1996) Dr. Cándido Pérez (1987–1993) Game shows Siempre en domingo (1969-1998) XE-TU (1982-1987) & XE-TÚ Remix (1996) Atinale al Precio (The Price Is Right) (1997–2000), (2010) Nuevas Tardes (1996) ¡Llévatelo! (Take It!) (1993-1995) La Rueda de la Fortuna (1994 - 1996) ¡Pácatelas! (1995 - 1997) Picardía Mexicana (1997 - 2000) Mucho Gusto (1999) Con Laura Zapata En Familia con Chabelo (1967-2015) Fantastico Amor (1999) Vida TV Moved to Vida TV, El Show Club 4TV & El Club (2001 - 2003) Nuestra Casa (2002 - 2007) 4TV & Canal 2 La Botana (1997 - 2000) Se vale (2006 - 2012) Arriesga TV (2009) Al Mediodía AMD (2005 - 2006) Talk/news programming 1N Primero Noticias (1999 - 2002), (2004 - 2016) 24 Horas (1970-1998) En Contacto Directo 60 minutos Adal, el Show (2015) Al Despertar (1992-1998) Al Aire (1992-1993), (2016) Aquí entre 2 (2000) finals A Través del Video (1995 - 1998) Chapultepec 18 (1998), (2016). Duro Y Directo (1997 - 1999) Economía de Mercado El Mañanero El Noticiero con Guillermo Ortega (1998-2000) El Noticiero con Joaquín López Dóriga (2000-2016) El Noticiero con Lolita Ayala (1998-2016) En Concreto (1997) En Contraste (2002 - 2004) En 1 Hora Fuera de la Ley Hora 21 Hoy Mismo Las Noticias por Adela Muchas Noticias (1987–1998) Noticias ECO (1988–2001) Nuestro Mundo (1986–1988) Otro Rollo (1995–2007) Respuesta Opportuna Todo se vale (1999) Versus Reality/non-scripted DL & Compañía (2020) Doble sentido (June 4, 2016 – August 18, 2018) Está cañón El coque va Familias frente al fuego (July 14, 2019 – August 18, 2019) Furia Musical (1993) Miembros al aire Mira quién baila (2018) La tradición Sábados de Box TV de Noche Siempre en domingo (1969-1998) Sports ¿A quién le vas? (2016–2018) See also Televisa TelevisaUnivision Notes ^ a b c Rerun References ^ Narváez, Carlos. "Contarán historias con reggaetón y sin tabúes". eluniversal.com.mx (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ Mobarak, Santiago (15 January 2024). "Vivir de amor: ¿De qué trata la nueva telenovela de Salvador Mejía?". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 January 2024. ^ Mobarak, Santiago (22 January 2024). "El Amor No Tiene Receta: Ve AQUÍ el primer avance de la telenovela". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Mobarak, Santiago (25 March 2024). "Leticia Calderón y Fernando Colunga volverán a conquistar tu corazón en Las Estrellas". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2024. ^ Mobarak, Santiago (13 May 2024). "La historia de Juana: Te contamos en exclusiva la sinopsis de la telenovela". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 May 2024. ^ "Inicia "Vecinos", programa producido por Eugenio Derbez, el 10 de julio". azteca21.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ a b Franco, René. ""Nosotros los guapos" y "40 y 20" en barra de comedia de Las Estrellas". radioformula.com.mx (in Spanish). Radio Fórmula. Retrieved 6 August 2018. ^ Berman, Shanik. ""Renta congelada", una serie soez, fuera de todo límite: Rodrigo Murray". radioformula.com (in Spanish). Grupo Fórmula. Retrieved 12 September 2017. ^ Obregón, Amelia (31 August 2020). "Los Mascabrothers estrenan "Relatos Macabrones" esta noche". elimparcial.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 October 2020. ^ Bracho, Daniela (28 March 2021). "Me caigo de risa 2021: A qué hora y dónde ver 'Me caigo de risa gala disfuncional'". publimetro.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ "¿Tú crees?: Te damos una probadita de la nueva serie de Gaby y Plutarco". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). 27 June 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022. ^ Mancilla, Alejandro (15 September 2022). "Consuelo Duval "Nacaranda", revela fecha de estreno de 'Tal Para Cual'". distritocomedia.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 October 2022. ^ "Anuncian estreno del programa ¿Es neta, Eva? por Las estrellas". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 29 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023. ^ García, Diana (6 May 2023). "'Bola de Locos', nuevo programa de comedia de Televisa". azcentral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 June 2023. ^ "Albertano se vuelve «El Príncipe Del Barrio»". elcapitalino.mx (in Spanish). 29 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. ^ Pérez, Verónica (6 July 2023). ""¡Chócalas Compayito!": Todo lo que debes saber sobre el nuevo programa de comedia de Televisa". tiempox.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ Torres, Fernanda (27 September 2023). "Contarán historias cómicas en taxi en la serie 'Está Libre'". reforma.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Galilea Montijo conduce el programa de estreno de "Pequeños Gigantes" en Televisa, con la presencia de Gloria Trevi como estrella invitada. El concurso infantil busca proyectar a los nuevos talentos nacionales". yahoo.com (in Spanish). 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ "¿Quién es la máscara?". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ "Televisa presentó su nuevo formato original, El Retador". senalnews.com (in Spanish). 11 August 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ a b "¿Cuándo empieza La Casa de los Famosos México 2023? Horario y quiénes participan". Marca (in Spanish). 16 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023. ^ "Guillermo del Bosque de Televisa: Un minuto para ganar VIP tiene todo para ser exitoso". produ.com (in Spanish). 11 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ García, Javier (4 August 2023). "Veo Cómo Cantas: fecha de estreno del nuevo programa de Las Estrellas". Las Estrellas (in Spanish). Televisa. Retrieved 5 August 2023. ^ "Cuéntamelo YA, el nuevo programa de "El Canal de las Estrellas"". publimetro.com.mx (in Spanish). 13 April 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ "+ NOCHE Inicia 25 de agosto, por Las Estrellas". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 August 2018. ^ "Reto 4 Elementos Naturaleza Extrema". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2019. ^ "'Inseparables, amor al limite'". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2019. ^ a b c d "Canal 5 estrena cuatro nuevos y divertidos programas en su barra Prime Time y dos nuevas temporadas de sus formatos más exitosos". etcetera.com.mx (in Spanish). 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024. ^ Catañares, Itzel. "Adiós, Gala TV. Hola, Canal Nu9ve". elfinanciero.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 July 2018. ^ Martínez, Fabricio (17 August 2021). "'Enamorándonos' alista su estreno por El Nu9ve para encontrar el amor verdadero". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ "Fugitivas: Ve AQUÍ el primer avance de la telenovela". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024. ^ "Mi amor sin tiempo inició grabaciones y llegará a Las Estrellas en julio". produ.com (in Spanish). 13 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024. ^ a b Caballero, Tania. "5 estrenos que la barra de comedia de Las Estrellas tendrá en los próximos meses y no te puedes perder". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2019. ^ Merino, Carla. "Consuelo Duval habla sobre "Julia vs Julia" y su trayectoria en Televisa". canalu.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 March 2019. ^ "Lorenza bebé a bordo". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 March 2019. ^ "Televisa suma un estreno a su barra de comedia: Mi lista de exes". todotvnews.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018. ^ "¿QUÉ VEREMOS EN LA NUEVA TEMPORADA DE LA PARODIA?". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 July 2018. ^ Magallanes, Aldo (24 September 2021). "Perdiendo el juicio, nuevo proyecto de Televisa". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 April 2022. ^ "Sale del aire: Qué madre tan padre ya grabó últimos capítulos". nacion.com (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ "Televisa to Premiere Mexican Version of Según Roxi". todotvnews.com. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ "'Simón Dice' en "Noche de Buenas"". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 July 2018. ^ Caballero, Tania (6 April 2021). ""Humor, remedio infalible": Televisa presenta series de comedia de Noche de buenas 2021". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 April 2021. ^ "DL & Compañía". televisa.com (in Spanish). 11 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020. ^ "Familias Frente al Fuego, desafío en la cocina". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 June 2019. vteList of television programs broadcast by regionAsia-wide Animal Planet Animax Armenia TV AXN BBC Boomerang Cartoon Network Discovery Discovery HD World Discovery Science Disney Channel Asia HBO MTV Southeast Asia National Geographic Nat Geo Wild Nickelodeon Syfy Asia STAR World Star Vijay STAR Movies/Fox Movies Premium Channel V East AsiaHong Kong TVB ViuTVsix Star Vijay Japan Animax TBS Tokyo MX TV Tokyo South Korea Arirang TV Cartoon Network Channel A Disney Channel KBS kakao TV MBC SBS SBS M JTBC Tooniverse TVING tvN OCN Mnet South AsiaBangladesh ATN Bangla Bangladesh Television Ekushey Television Duronto TV India &TV 9X Animal Planet Cartoon Network Colors Colors Tamil DD National Discovery Discovery HD World Discovery Kids Disney Channel ETV Gemini TV Hungama TV Imagine TV Jaya TV Kalaignar TV Life OK Nat Geo Nat Geo Wild Nickelodeon Pogo Puthuyugam TV Raj TV SAB TV Sahara One Sony TV STAR Maa STAR One STAR Plus Star Vijay Sun TV TV Asia Zee Magic Zee TV Zee Keralam Zee Tamizh Zindagi Nepal Nepal TV Kantipur Television AP1 ABC Television (Nepal) Image Kantipur Gold Himalaya Janta NTV PLUS NTV Kohalpur NTV News Sagarmatha Pakistan ARY Digital ARY Zindagi Cartoon Network Geo Kahani Geo TV Hum TV Hum Sitaray Nickelodeon PTV Spacetoon TV One Urdu 1 Sri Lanka Shakthi TV Southeast AsiaMalaysia TV2 TV3 ntv7 8TV TV9 Astro Ceria Star Vijay Philippines A2Z ABS-CBN AksyonTV/5 Plus ALLTV ANC Animal Planet Animax BEAM TV Boomerang CNN Philippines Discovery DZBB DWPM/TeleRadyo Serbisyo DZRH/DZRH News TV Fox Filipino Fox Movies GMA Network GTV Hero IBC INC TV Jack TV Jeepney TV Kapamilya Channel Knowledge Channel Light TV Metro Channel Nat Geo Nat Geo Wild Net 25 One Sports PBS PIE PTV Radyo5/One PH RJTV RPN S+A SMNI SolarFlix TV5 UNTV Yey! Singapore Asian Food Network BBC CNA Channel 5 Channel 8 Vasantham Star Vijay Vietnam Animal Planet AXN Discovery HanoiTV HTV1 HTV2 HTV3 HTV4 HTV7 HTV9 MTV Vietnam Nat Geo Nat Geo Wild RED by HBO Fox Movies THVN Vietnam Television (VTV) VTV1 VTV2 VTV4 VTV5 VTV6 VTV7 VTV8 VTV9 OceaniaAustralia ABC Animal Planet Cartoon Network Channel 31 Discovery Discovery HD World Disney Channel MTV Australia Nat Geo Nat Geo Wild Network Ten Nine Network Sky News Live SBS SF Channel Seven Network New Zealand Prime TVNZ Warner Bros. Discovery EuropeAlbania Bang Bang Top Channel Armenia Armenia TV Armenia 1 Cyprus CyBC METV France France 2 Disney Channel TF1 Germany Das Erste Kabel eins ProSieben RTL Sat.1 ZDF ZDFneo Greece Alpha TV Alter Channel ANT1 ERT Mega Channel Ireland Cartoonito RTÉ TG4 Virgin Media Italy Fox FX Joi Mya Steel Norway NRK 1 NRK 2 NRK 3 NRK super C More Canal 9 Norway Disney Channel Scandinavia FEM Max TV 2 TV 2 Bliss TV 2 Livsstil TV2 Sport TV 2 Nyhetskanalen TV3 Norway TVNorge Vox Poland Polsat TVN TVN 7 Portugal Disney Channel SIC TVI Spain TVE La 1 La 2 Antena 3 Cuatro Telecinco La Sexta United Kingdom Animal Planet BBC Boomerang Bravo Cartoonito Cartoon Network CBBC CBeebies Challenge Channel 4 Channel 5 Channel One Comedy Central Discovery Discovery Home & Health Disney Channel Disney XD E4 ITV ITV2 Nat Geo Nat Geo Wild Nickelodeon Nicktoons Nick Jr. Pop Sky One Sky Sci-Fi Sky Witness Middle EastIsrael Channel 2 Channel 1 Israeli Educational Television Arutz HaYeladim North AmericaCanada A-Channel ABC Spark BBC Canada BiteTV bpm:tv Cartoon Network CBC Citytv Comedy Gold Cosmopolitan TV CTV/CTV 2 CTV Comedy Channel DejaView Disney Channel DTour E! (TV system) E! (specialty channel) Family Food Network FX G4 Global Global Reality HGTV History Ici Radio-Canada Télé Joytv Knowledge Network M3 MTV MTV2 Much Nickelodeon Noovo OLN OUTtv The Pet Network Prise 2 Showcase Slice Sportsnet 360 Treehouse TV TSN TVA TVOntario Yes TV YTV Caribbean Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation CaribVision Cubavision International Tempo TV Mexico Canal Once Imagen Televisión Televisa United States ABC Adult Swim A&E Amazon Freevee Amazon Prime Video AMC Animal Planet Antenna TV Apple TV+ Audience Azteca BBC America BET BET+ BET Her Boomerang Bravo Cartoon Network Cartoonito Catchy Comedy CBS Chiller Cinemax CMT CNBC CNN Comedy Central Cooking Channel Crackle Create Curiosity Stream The CW The CW Plus DC Universe Destination America Discovery Channel Discovery Family Disney Channel Disney+ Disney Jr. Disney XD DuMont E! Esquire Network ESPN Facebook Watch Food Network Fox Fox Business Fox Kids Fox News Fox Sports 1 Freeform Fuse FX FXX G4 GetTV Game Show Network Great American Family HBO Hallmark Channel H&I HGTV History Hulu IFC Investigation Discovery Ion Justice Network Kids' WB Lifetime Logo Max MeTV MGM+ MSNBC MTV MTV2 MTV Classic MundoMax MyNetworkTV Nat Geo Nat Geo Wild NBC NBCSN Netflix NewsNation NFL Network Nickelodeon Nick at Nite Nick GaS Nick Jr. Nick Jr. Channel Nicktoons Noggin NTA Film Net OWN Oxygen Paramount Network Paramount+ Paramount+ with Showtime PBS PBS Kids Peacock Playhouse Disney Pop Qubo Quibi Retro TV RT America Science Seeso Shudder Smile Speed Spike Starz Sundance TV Syfy Syndication TBD TBS TechTV TeenNick Telemundo TheCoolTV The Roku Channel The WB The WB 100+ This TV TLC TNT Toon Disney Toonami Tr3s Travel Channel truTV TV Land TV One UniMás Universal Kids Univision Up TV UPN UPN Kids USA Network VH1 Vice TV We TV Yahoo! Screen YouTube Premium Latin America Animal Planet BBC Canal Sony Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Kids Discovery Discovery Science Disney+ Latin America Star+ Disney Channel Disney Junior Star Channel Nat Geo Nickelodeon Nick Jr. Warner Channel South AmericaArgentina América TV elnueve eltrece Net TV Telefe TVP Brazil Band CNT Disney Channel Brazil Globo GloboNews Mix TV MTV Nickelodeon Multishow Record News Record RedeTV! SBT Chile Canal 13 Chilevisión La Red Mega TVN Colombia Canal 1 Caracol Televisión RCN Televisión Ecuador Ecuavisa Gamavisión RTS TC Televisión Teleamazonas Peru América Televisión ATV Latina Televisión Panamericana Televisión Venezuela RCTV Televen TVes Venevisión Venezolana de Televisión Multiple regions Jetix The Filipino Channel GMA Pinoy TV GMA Life TV GMA News TV International Max Xbox Live Netflix Amazon Prime Video Paramount+ Disney+ Apple TV+ Star	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TelevisaUnivision_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"TelevisaUnivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TelevisaUnivision"},{"link_name":"television networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network"},{"link_name":"Las Estrellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Estrellas"},{"link_name":"Canal 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_5_(Televisa_Network)"},{"link_name":"FOROtv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOROtv"},{"link_name":"Nu9ve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_9_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Univision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision"},{"link_name":"UniMás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s"}],"text":"The following is a list of original programming currently, formerly, and soon to be broadcast by TelevisaUnivision owned television networks. TelevisaUnivision owns six broadcast television networks: Las Estrellas, Canal 5, FOROtv and Nu9ve in Mexico, and Univision and UniMás in the United States.","title":"List of programs broadcast by TelevisaUnivision networks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La rosa de Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_rosa_de_Guadalupe"},{"link_name":"Como dice el dicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como_dice_el_dicho"},{"link_name":"Esta historia me suena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta_historia_me_suena"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vivir de amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivir_de_amor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"El amor no tiene receta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_amor_no_tiene_receta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Esmeralda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeralda_(Mexican_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rerun-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"La historia de Juana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_historia_de_Juana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"La familia P. Luche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_familia_P._Luche"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rerun-4"},{"link_name":"Vecinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecinos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nosotros los guapos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosotros_los_guapos"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rerun-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radioformula-8"},{"link_name":"40 y 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_y_20_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radioformula-8"},{"link_name":"Renta congelada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renta_congelada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Relatos macabrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatos_macabrones"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"¿Tú crees?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%BFT%C3%BA_crees%3F"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tal para cual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_para_cual_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"¿Es neta, Eva?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%BFEs_neta,_Eva%3F"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bola de locos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_de_locos"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"El príncipe del barrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_pr%C3%ADncipe_del_barrio"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"¡Chócalas Compayito!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A1Ch%C3%B3calas_Compayito!"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Está libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1_libre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Pequeños Gigantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peque%C3%B1os_Gigantes_(Mexican_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"¿Quién es la máscara?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%BFQui%C3%A9n_es_la_m%C3%A1scara%3F_(Mexican_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"La casa de los famosos México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_casa_de_los_famosos_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCDLFMX-22"},{"link_name":"100 mexicanos dijieron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_mexicanos_dijeron"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Veo cómo cantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veo_c%C3%B3mo_cantas_(Mexican_game_show)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoy_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Liga MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX"}],"sub_title":"Las Estrellas","text":"DramasLa rosa de Guadalupe (February 5, 2008)\nComo dice el dicho (February 1, 2011)\nEsta historia me suena (May 13, 2019)[1]\nVivir de amor (January 29, 2024)[2]\nEl amor no tiene receta (February 19, 2024)[3]\nEsmeralda[a] (April 3, 2024)[4]\nLa historia de Juana (June 3, 2024)[5]ComediesLa familia P. Luche (August 7, 2002)[a]\nVecinos (July 10, 2005)[6]\nNosotros los guapos (November 8, 2016)[a][7]\n40 y 20 (November 9, 2016)[7]\nRenta congelada (August 31, 2017)[8]\nRelatos macabrones (August 31, 2020)[9]\nMe caigo de risa: Gala disfuncional (March 28, 2021)[10]\n¿Tú crees? (July 31, 2022)[11]\nTal para cual (October 13, 2022)[12]\n¿Es neta, Eva? (April 18, 2023)[13]\nBola de locos (May 13, 2023)[14]\nEl príncipe del barrio (July 2, 2023)[15]\n¡Chócalas Compayito! (July 8, 2023)[16]\nEstá libre (October 5, 2023)[17]Reality/non-scriptedPequeños Gigantes (March 27, 2011)[18]\n¿Quién es la máscara? (August 25, 2019)[19]\nEl retador (August 15, 2021)[20]\nLa casa de los famosos México (June 4, 2023)[21]Game shows100 mexicanos dijieron (2001)\nMinuto para ganar VIP (2013)[22]\nVeo cómo cantas[23]Talk/Late-night showsCuéntamelo ya (April 16, 2016)[24]\n+ NOCHE (August 25, 2018)[25]News and informationHoy (August 3, 1998)\nLas Noticias (August 22, 2016)\nDespierta (August 22, 2016)\nAl aire con Paola Rojas (August 22, 2016)\nEn punto con Denise Maerker (August 22, 2016)SportsLiga MX\nAcción (1979)\nLa jugada (1993)\nMás deporte (1997)","title":"Current programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"La casa de los famosos México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_casa_de_los_famosos_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCDLFMX-22"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canal5Programs2024-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canal5Programs2024-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canal5Programs2024-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canal5Programs2024-29"}],"sub_title":"Canal 5","text":"Me caigo de risa (March 4, 2014)\nReto 4 elementos (March 19, 2018)[26]\nInseparables: amor al límite (May 27, 2019)[27]\nLa casa de los famosos México (June 5, 2023)[21]\nCero ruido (March 4, 2024)[28]\n¿Quién caerá? (March 4, 2024)[28]\nVence a las estrellas (May 6, 2024)[28]\nLa caja de los secretos (May 6, 2024)[28]","title":"Current programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"¡Despierta América!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A1Despierta_Am%C3%A9rica!"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nu9ve-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Lucha Libre AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_Worldwide"}],"sub_title":"Nu9ve","text":"Talk/reality showsReventón musical\n¡Despierta América! (July 9, 2018)[29]\nEnámorandonos (September 13, 2021)[30]News/public affairs programmingAquí y Ahora\nDomingo de tercer milenioSportsHazaña el deporte vive\nLucha Libre AAA","title":"Current programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"}],"sub_title":"FOROtv","text":"Agenda Pública\nA las tres\nCreadores Universitarios\nEn 1 hora\nEs la hora de opinar\nEstrictamente Personal\nForo Global\nFractal\nHistorias por Contar\nLas Noticias\nMajor League Baseball\nMatutino Express\nNoticias CDMX\nParalelo 23\nSi me dicen no vengo\nSin Filtro","title":"Current programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Upcoming programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Telenovelas","title":"Former programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alma de ángel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_de_%C3%A1ngel"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-estrenosbarradecomedia-34"},{"link_name":"Ay María qué puntería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay_Mar%C3%ADa_qu%C3%A9_punter%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Cepillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepillin"},{"link_name":"El Chavo del Ocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Chavo_del_Ocho"},{"link_name":"Chespirito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chespirito"},{"link_name":"Julia vs. Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_vs._Julia"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Lorenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenza_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Mi querida herencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_querida_herencia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-estrenosbarradecomedia-34"},{"link_name":"Mi lista de exes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_lista_de_exes"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"La parodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_parodia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Perdiendo el juicio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdiendo_el_juicio"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"¡Qué madre tan padre!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A1Qu%C3%A9_madre_tan_padre!"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Según Bibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seg%C3%BAn_Bibi"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Simón dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_dice"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Tic Tac Toc: El reencuentro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic_Tac_Toc:_El_reencuentro"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Dr. Cándido Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._C%C3%A1ndido_P%C3%A9rez"}],"sub_title":"Comedies","text":"Alma de ángel (2019)[33]\nAy María qué puntería (1998)\nCepillin (1977)\nEl Chavo del Ocho (1970)\nChespirito (1970; 1980–1995)\nEl Diablito\nForo Loco\nEl Grosero (Bad Language Show)\nLa Hora Azul (1992)\nIncógnito (2005)\nJulia vs. Julia (2019)[34]\nLorenza (2019–2020)[35]\nLa Matraca\nMi Barrio (1991–1994)\nMi querida herencia (2019–2021)[33]\nMi lista de exes (2018)[36]\nOdisea Burbujas\nOperacion Ja Ja\nLa parodia (2002–2020)[37]\nPerdiendo el juicio (September 27, 2021–July 18, 2022)[38]\nLos Polivoces\n¡Qué madre tan padre! (2006)[39]\nSegún Bibi (2018)[40]\nSimón dice (2018–2019)[41]\nS.O.S.S.A\nTic Tac Toc: El reencuentro (2021)[42]\nTodo de Todo (1991–1994)\nUn Criada Bien Criada\nY sin embargo se mueve (1994)\nCon permiso (1996)\nDr. Cándido Pérez (1987–1993)","title":"Former programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XE-TU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XE-TU"},{"link_name":"Atinale al Precio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atinale_al_Precio"},{"link_name":"La Rueda de la Fortuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)"}],"sub_title":"Game shows","text":"Siempre en domingo (1969-1998)\nXE-TU (1982-1987) & XE-TÚ Remix (1996)\nAtinale al Precio (The Price Is Right) (1997–2000), (2010)\nNuevas Tardes (1996)\n¡Llévatelo! (Take It!) (1993-1995)\nLa Rueda de la Fortuna (1994 - 1996)\n¡Pácatelas! (1995 - 1997)\nPicardía Mexicana (1997 - 2000)\nMucho Gusto (1999) Con Laura Zapata\nEn Familia con Chabelo (1967-2015)\nFantastico Amor (1999)\nVida TV Moved to Vida TV, El Show\nClub 4TV & El Club (2001 - 2003)\nNuestra Casa (2002 - 2007) 4TV & Canal 2\nLa Botana (1997 - 2000)\nSe vale (2006 - 2012)\nArriesga TV (2009)\nAl Mediodía AMD (2005 - 2006)","title":"Former programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"24 Horas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Horas_(Mexican_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Duro Y Directo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duro_Y_Directo"},{"link_name":"Noticias ECO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noticias_ECO"},{"link_name":"Otro Rollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otro_Rollo"}],"sub_title":"Talk/news programming","text":"1N Primero Noticias (1999 - 2002), (2004 - 2016)\n24 Horas (1970-1998)\nEn Contacto Directo\n60 minutos\nAdal, el Show (2015)\nAl Despertar (1992-1998)\nAl Aire (1992-1993), (2016)\nAquí entre 2 (2000) finals\nA Través del Video (1995 - 1998)\nChapultepec 18 (1998), (2016).\nDuro Y Directo (1997 - 1999)\nEconomía de Mercado\nEl Mañanero\nEl Noticiero con Guillermo Ortega (1998-2000)\nEl Noticiero con Joaquín López Dóriga (2000-2016)\nEl Noticiero con Lolita Ayala (1998-2016)\nEn Concreto (1997)\nEn Contraste (2002 - 2004)\nEn 1 Hora\nFuera de la Ley\nHora 21\nHoy Mismo\nLas Noticias por Adela\nMuchas Noticias (1987–1998)\nNoticias ECO (1988–2001)\nNuestro Mundo (1986–1988)\nOtro Rollo (1995–2007)\nRespuesta Opportuna\nTodo se vale (1999)\nVersus","title":"Former programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Mira quién baila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_qui%C3%A9n_baila_(U.S._TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Reality/non-scripted","text":"DL & Compañía (2020)[43]\nDoble sentido (June 4, 2016 – August 18, 2018)\nEstá cañón\nEl coque va\nFamilias frente al fuego (July 14, 2019 – August 18, 2019)[44]\nFuria Musical (1993)\nMiembros al aire\nMira quién baila (2018)\nLa tradición Sábados de Box\nTV de Noche\nSiempre en domingo (1969-1998)","title":"Former programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"¿A quién le vas? (2016–2018)","title":"Former programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rerun_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rerun_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rerun_4-2"}],"text":"^ a b c Rerun","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/TelevisaUnivision_logo.svg/200px-TelevisaUnivision_logo.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Televisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisa"},{"title":"TelevisaUnivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TelevisaUnivision"}]	[{"reference":"Narváez, Carlos. \"Contarán historias con reggaetón y sin tabúes\". eluniversal.com.mx (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/contaran-historias-con-reggaeton-y-sin-tabues","url_text":"\"Contarán historias con reggaetón y sin tabúes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal_(Mexico_City)","url_text":"El Universal"}]},{"reference":"Mobarak, Santiago (15 January 2024). \"Vivir de amor: ¿De qué trata la nueva telenovela de Salvador Mejía?\". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lasestrellas.tv/telenovelas/vivir-de-amor/vivir-de-amor-de-que-trata-la-nueva-telenovela-de-salvador-mejia","url_text":"\"Vivir de amor: ¿De qué trata la nueva telenovela de Salvador Mejía?\""}]},{"reference":"Mobarak, Santiago (22 January 2024). \"El Amor No Tiene Receta: Ve AQUÍ el primer avance de la telenovela\". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lasestrellas.tv/telenovelas/el-amor-no-tiene-receta/clip/el-amor-no-tiene-receta-ve-aqui-el-primer-avance-de-la-telenovela","url_text":"\"El Amor No Tiene Receta: Ve AQUÍ el primer avance de la telenovela\""}]},{"reference":"Mobarak, Santiago (25 March 2024). \"Leticia Calderón y Fernando Colunga volverán a conquistar tu corazón en Las Estrellas\". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lasestrellas.tv/telenovelas/esmeralda/leticia-calderon-fernando-colunga-reestreno-esmeralda","url_text":"\"Leticia Calderón y Fernando Colunga volverán a conquistar tu corazón en Las Estrellas\""}]},{"reference":"Mobarak, Santiago (13 May 2024). \"La historia de Juana: Te contamos en exclusiva la sinopsis de la telenovela\". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lasestrellas.tv/telenovelas/la-historia-de-juana/la-historia-de-juana-de-que-trata-la-telenovela","url_text":"\"La historia de Juana: Te contamos en exclusiva la sinopsis de la telenovela\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inicia \"Vecinos\", programa producido por Eugenio Derbez, el 10 de julio\". azteca21.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170929001136/http://www.azteca21.com/index.php/noticias/espectaculos/1598-","url_text":"\"Inicia \"Vecinos\", programa producido por Eugenio Derbez, el 10 de julio\""},{"url":"http://www.azteca21.com/index.php/noticias/espectaculos/1598-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Franco, René. \"\"Nosotros los guapos\" y \"40 y 20\" en barra de comedia de Las Estrellas\". radioformula.com.mx (in Spanish). Radio Fórmula. Retrieved 6 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radioformula.com.mx/notas.asp?Idn=639111&idFC=2016","url_text":"\"\"Nosotros los guapos\" y \"40 y 20\" en barra de comedia de Las Estrellas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_F%C3%B3rmula","url_text":"Radio Fórmula"}]},{"reference":"Berman, Shanik. \"\"Renta congelada\", una serie soez, fuera de todo límite: Rodrigo Murray\". radioformula.com (in Spanish). Grupo Fórmula. Retrieved 12 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radioformula.com.mx/notas.asp?Idn=709417&idFC=2017","url_text":"\"\"Renta congelada\", una serie soez, fuera de todo límite: Rodrigo Murray\""}]},{"reference":"Obregón, Amelia (31 August 2020). \"Los Mascabrothers estrenan \"Relatos Macabrones\" esta noche\". elimparcial.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elimparcial.com/espectaculos/Los-Mascabrothers-estrenan-Relatos-Macabrones-esta-noche--20200831-0030.html","url_text":"\"Los Mascabrothers estrenan \"Relatos Macabrones\" esta noche\""}]},{"reference":"Bracho, Daniela (28 March 2021). \"Me caigo de risa 2021: A qué hora y dónde ver 'Me caigo de risa gala disfuncional'\". publimetro.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publimetro.com.mx/mx/entretenimiento/2021/03/28/me-caigo-de-risa-gala-disfuncional-hora-donde-verlo.html","url_text":"\"Me caigo de risa 2021: A qué hora y dónde ver 'Me caigo de risa gala disfuncional'\""}]},{"reference":"\"¿Tú crees?: Te damos una probadita de la nueva serie de Gaby y Plutarco\". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). 27 June 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lasestrellas.tv/programas/una-familia-de-diez/clip/tu-crees-te-damos-una-probadita-de-la-nueva-serie-de-gaby-y-plutarco","url_text":"\"¿Tú crees?: Te damos una probadita de la nueva serie de Gaby y Plutarco\""}]},{"reference":"Mancilla, Alejandro (15 September 2022). \"Consuelo Duval \"Nacaranda\", revela fecha de estreno de 'Tal Para Cual'\". distritocomedia.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.distritocomedia.com/series/consuelo-duval-nacaranda-revela-fecha-de-estreno-de-tal-para-cual","url_text":"\"Consuelo Duval \"Nacaranda\", revela fecha de estreno de 'Tal Para Cual'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anuncian estreno del programa ¿Es neta, Eva? por Las estrellas\". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 29 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/2023/anuncian-estreno-del-programa-es-neta-eva-por-las-estrellas.html","url_text":"\"Anuncian estreno del programa ¿Es neta, Eva? por Las estrellas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Siglo_de_Torre%C3%B3n","url_text":"El Siglo de Torreón"}]},{"reference":"García, Diana (6 May 2023). \"'Bola de Locos', nuevo programa de comedia de Televisa\". azcentral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/entretenimiento/tvymas/2023/05/06/la-chupitos-regresa-a-televisa-con-bola-de-locos/70189213007/","url_text":"\"'Bola de Locos', nuevo programa de comedia de Televisa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albertano se vuelve «El Príncipe Del Barrio»\". elcapitalino.mx (in Spanish). 29 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://elcapitalino.mx/economia-y-finanzas/titular-2-finanzas/albertano-se-vuelve-el-principe-del-barrio/","url_text":"\"Albertano se vuelve «El Príncipe Del Barrio»\""}]},{"reference":"Pérez, Verónica (6 July 2023). \"\"¡Chócalas Compayito!\": Todo lo que debes saber sobre el nuevo programa de comedia de Televisa\". tiempox.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tiempox.com/television/2023/07/07/chocalas-compayito-todo-lo-que-debes-saber-sobre-el-nuevo-programa-de-comedia-de-televisa/","url_text":"\"\"¡Chócalas Compayito!\": Todo lo que debes saber sobre el nuevo programa de comedia de Televisa\""}]},{"reference":"Torres, Fernanda (27 September 2023). \"Contarán historias cómicas en taxi en la serie 'Está Libre'\". reforma.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reforma.com/contaran-historias-comicas-en-taxi-en-la-serie-esta-libre/ar2682854","url_text":"\"Contarán historias cómicas en taxi en la serie 'Está Libre'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galilea Montijo conduce el programa de estreno de \"Pequeños Gigantes\" en Televisa, con la presencia de Gloria Trevi como estrella invitada. El concurso infantil busca proyectar a los nuevos talentos nacionales\". yahoo.com (in Spanish). 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220415212116/https://www.yahoo.com/amphtml/galilea-montijo-conduce-programa-estreno-peque%C3%B1os-gigantes-televisa-20110328-111200-449.html","url_text":"\"Galilea Montijo conduce el programa de estreno de \"Pequeños Gigantes\" en Televisa, con la presencia de Gloria Trevi como estrella invitada. El concurso infantil busca proyectar a los nuevos talentos nacionales\""},{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/amphtml/galilea-montijo-conduce-programa-estreno-peque%C3%B1os-gigantes-televisa-20110328-111200-449.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"¿Quién es la máscara?\". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.televisa.com/sala-de-prensa/especiales/1037750/quien-mascara/","url_text":"\"¿Quién es la máscara?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Televisa presentó su nuevo formato original, El Retador\". senalnews.com (in Spanish). 11 August 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://senalnews.com/es/contenidos/televisa-presento-su-nuevo-formato-original-el-retador","url_text":"\"Televisa presentó su nuevo formato original, El Retador\""}]},{"reference":"\"¿Cuándo empieza La Casa de los Famosos México 2023? Horario y quiénes participan\". Marca (in Spanish). 16 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://marca.com/mx/trending/television-mx/2023/05/16/6463ef7f268e3e25698b45cb.html","url_text":"\"¿Cuándo empieza La Casa de los Famosos México 2023? Horario y quiénes participan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(newspaper)","url_text":"Marca"}]},{"reference":"\"Guillermo del Bosque de Televisa: Un minuto para ganar VIP tiene todo para ser exitoso\". produ.com (in Spanish). 11 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.produ.com/noticias/guillermo-del-bosque-de-televisa-un-minuto-para-ganar-vip-tiene-todo-para-ser-exitoso","url_text":"\"Guillermo del Bosque de Televisa: Un minuto para ganar VIP tiene todo para ser exitoso\""}]},{"reference":"García, Javier (4 August 2023). \"Veo Cómo Cantas: fecha de estreno del nuevo programa de Las Estrellas\". Las Estrellas (in Spanish). Televisa. Retrieved 5 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lasestrellas.tv/reality/veo-como-cantas/veo-como-cantas-fecha-de-estreno-del-nuevo-programa-de-las-estrellas","url_text":"\"Veo Cómo Cantas: fecha de estreno del nuevo programa de Las Estrellas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Estrellas","url_text":"Las Estrellas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisa","url_text":"Televisa"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuéntamelo YA, el nuevo programa de \"El Canal de las Estrellas\"\". publimetro.com.mx (in Spanish). 13 April 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publimetro.com.mx/mx/entretenimiento/2016/04/14/cuentamelo-ya-nuevo-programa-canal-estrellas.html","url_text":"\"Cuéntamelo YA, el nuevo programa de \"El Canal de las Estrellas\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"+ NOCHE Inicia 25 de agosto, por Las Estrellas\". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.televisa.com/sala-de-prensa/series/1037329/noche-inicia-25-agosto-estrellas-produccion-israel-jaitovich/","url_text":"\"+ NOCHE Inicia 25 de agosto, por Las Estrellas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reto 4 Elementos Naturaleza Extrema\". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.televisa.com/sala-de-prensa/series/1033740/reto-4-elementos-naturaleza-extrema/","url_text":"\"Reto 4 Elementos Naturaleza Extrema\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Inseparables, amor al limite'\". televisa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.televisa.com/sala-de-prensa/series/1037739/inseparables-amor-limite/","url_text":"\"'Inseparables, amor al limite'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canal 5 estrena cuatro nuevos y divertidos programas en su barra Prime Time y dos nuevas temporadas de sus formatos más exitosos\". etcetera.com.mx (in Spanish). 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://etcetera.com.mx/nacional/canal-5-estrena-cuatro-nuevos-programas/","url_text":"\"Canal 5 estrena cuatro nuevos y divertidos programas en su barra Prime Time y dos nuevas temporadas de sus formatos más exitosos\""}]},{"reference":"Catañares, Itzel. \"Adiós, Gala TV. Hola, Canal Nu9ve\". elfinanciero.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/empresas/adios-gala-tv-hola-canal-nu9ve","url_text":"\"Adiós, Gala TV. Hola, Canal Nu9ve\""}]},{"reference":"Martínez, Fabricio (17 August 2021). \"'Enamorándonos' alista su estreno por El Nu9ve para encontrar el amor verdadero\". lasestrellas.tv (in Spanish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Liddell	Alice Liddell	["1 Early life","2 Later life","3 Death","4 Origin of Alice in Wonderland","5 Relationship with Lewis Carroll","5.1 \"Cut pages in diary\"","6 Comparison with fictional Alice","7 Alice Liddell in other works","8 References","9 Literature"]	Basis of the character in "Alice in Wonderland" Alice LiddellLiddell, aged 7, photographed by Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) in 1860BornAlice Pleasance Liddell(1852-05-04)4 May 1852Westminster, London, EnglandDied16 November 1934(1934-11-16) (aged 82)Westerham, Kent, EnglandOther namesAlice HargreavesSpouse Reginald Hargreaves (m. 1880; died 1926)Children3Parent(s)Henry LiddellLorina ReeveSignature Alice Pleasance Hargreaves (née Liddell, /ˈlɪdəl/; 4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934) was an English woman who, in her childhood, was an acquaintance and photography subject of Lewis Carroll. One of the stories he told her during a boating trip became the classic 1865 children's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. She shared her name with "Alice", the story's protagonist, but scholars disagree about the extent to which the character was based upon her. Early life Alice Liddell was the fourth of the ten children of Henry Liddell, ecclesiastical dean of Christ Church, Oxford, one of the editors of A Greek-English Lexicon, and his wife Lorina Hanna Liddell (née Reeve). She had two older brothers, Harry (born 1847) and Arthur (1850–53), an older sister Lorina (born 1849), and six younger siblings, including her sister Edith (born 1854) to whom she was very close, and her brother Frederick (born 1865). Alice Liddell (right) with sisters c.1859 (photo by Lewis Carroll) At the time of her birth, her father was the Headmaster of Westminster School but was soon after appointed to the deanery of Christ Church, Oxford. The Liddell family moved to Oxford in 1856. Soon after this move, Alice met Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), who encountered the family while photographing the cathedral on 25 April 1856. He became a close friend of the Liddell family in subsequent years. Alice was three years younger than Lorina and two years older than Edith, and the three sisters were constant childhood companions. She and her family regularly spent holidays at their holiday home Penmorfa, which later became the Gogarth Abbey Hotel, on the West Shore of Llandudno in North Wales. Alice Liddell at the age of 20, photographed by Julia Margaret Cameron When Alice Liddell was a young woman, she set out on a Grand Tour of Europe with Lorina and Edith. One story has it that she became a romantic interest of Prince Leopold, the youngest son of Queen Victoria, during the four years he spent at Christ Church, but the evidence for this is sparse. It is true that years later, Leopold named his first child Alice and acted as godfather to Alice's second son Leopold. However, it is possible Alice was named in honour of Leopold's deceased elder sister instead, the Grand Duchess of Hesse. A recent biographer of Leopold suggests it is far more likely that Alice's sister Edith was the true recipient of Leopold's attention. Edith died on 26 June 1876, possibly of measles or peritonitis (accounts differ), shortly before she was to be married to Aubrey Harcourt, a cricket player. Prince Leopold served as a pall-bearer at her funeral on 30 June 1876. Later life Alice Hargreaves in 1932, at the age of 80 Alice Liddell married Reginald Hargreaves, also a cricketer, on 15 September 1880, at the age of 28 in Westminster Abbey. They had three sons: Alan Knyveton Hargreaves and Leopold Reginald "Rex" Hargreaves (both were killed in action in World War I); and Caryl Liddell Hargreaves, who survived to have a daughter of his own. Liddell denied that the name 'Caryl' was in any way associated with Charles Dodgson's pseudonym. Reginald Hargreaves inherited a considerable fortune, and was a local magistrate; he also played cricket for Hampshire. Alice became a noted society hostess and was the first president of Emery Down Women's Institute. During World War I, she joined the Red Cross as a volunteer, for which she was awarded a medal currently on display in the Museum of Oxford. She took to referring to herself as "Lady Hargreaves", but no basis existed for such a title. After her husband’s death in 1926, the cost of maintaining their home, Cuffnells, was such that she deemed it necessary to sell her copy of Alice's Adventures under Ground (Lewis Carroll's earlier title for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland). The manuscript fetched £15,400 (equivalent to £1,100,000 in 2023), nearly four times the reserve price given to it by Sotheby's auction house. It later became the possession of Eldridge R. Johnson and was displayed at Columbia University on the centennial of Carroll's birth. Alice was present, aged 80, and it was on this visit to the United States that she met Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the brothers who inspired J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. Upon Johnson's death, the book was purchased by a consortium of American bibliophiles and presented to the British people "in recognition of Britain's courage in facing Hitler". The manuscript is held by the British Library. For most of her life, Alice lived in and around Lyndhurst in the New Forest, in the county of Hampshire. Death The grave of Alice Hargreaves in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels, Lyndhurst, Hampshire After she died in 1934, her body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, with her ashes being buried in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels in Lyndhurst, Hampshire. A memorial plaque naming her "Mrs. Reginald Hargreaves" can be seen in the picture in the monograph. Alice's mirror can be found on display at the New Forest Heritage Centre, Lyndhurst, a free museum sharing the history of the New Forest National Park. Origin of Alice in Wonderland Edith Liddell (William Blake Richmond, c. 1864) On 4 July 1862, in a rowing boat travelling on the Isis from Folly Bridge, Oxford, to Godstow for a picnic outing, 10-year-old Alice asked Charles Dodgson (who wrote under the pen name Lewis Carroll) to entertain her and her sisters, Edith (aged 8) and Lorina (13), with a story. As the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed the boat, Dodgson regaled the girls with fantastic stories of a girl, named Alice, and her adventures after she fell into a rabbit-hole. The story was not unlike those Dodgson had spun for the sisters before, but this time Liddell asked Mr. Dodgson to write it down for her. He promised to do so but did not get around to the task for some months. He eventually presented her with the manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864. The fictional character was named after her. (Illustration by Lewis Carroll) In the meantime, Dodgson had decided to rewrite the story as a possible commercial venture. Probably with a view to canvassing his opinion, Dodgson sent the manuscript of Under Ground to a friend, the author George MacDonald, in the spring of 1863. The MacDonald children read the story and loved it, and this response probably persuaded Dodgson to seek a publisher. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, with illustrations by John Tenniel, was published in 1865, under the name Lewis Carroll. A second book about the character Alice, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, followed in 1871. In 1886, a facsimile of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, the original manuscript that Dodgson had given Liddell, was published. Relationship with Lewis Carroll Liddell dressed in her best outfit. Photo by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1858). See also: Speculation on the sexuality of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson The relationship between Liddell and Dodgson has been the source of much controversy. Dodgson met the Liddell family in 1855; he first befriended Harry, the older brother, and later took Harry and Ina on several boating trips and picnics to the scenic areas around Oxford. Later, when Harry went to school, Alice and her younger sister Edith joined the party. Dodgson entertained the children by telling them fantastic stories to while away the time. He also used them as subjects for his hobby, photography. It has often been stated that Alice was his favourite subject in these years, but there is very little evidence to suggest this; Dodgson's diaries from 18 April 1858 to 8 May 1862 are missing. "Cut pages in diary" This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The relationship between the Liddells and Dodgson suffered a sudden break in June 1863. There was no record of why the rift occurred, since the Liddells never openly spoke of it, and the single page in Dodgson's diary recording 27–29 June 1863 (which seems to cover the period in which it began) was missing; it has been speculated by biographers such as Morton N. Cohen that Dodgson may have wanted to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell, and that this was the cause of the unexplained break with the family in June 1863. Alice Liddell's biographer, Anne Clark, writes that Alice's descendants were under the impression that Dodgson wanted to marry her, but that "Alice's parents expected a much better match for her." Clark argues that in Victorian England such arrangements were not as improbable as they might seem; John Ruskin, for example, fell in love with a 12-year-old girl while Dodgson's younger brother sought to marry a 14-year-old, but postponed the wedding for six years. In 1996, Karoline Leach found what became known as the "Cut pages in diary" document—a note allegedly written by Charles Dodgson's niece, Violet Dodgson, summarising the missing page from 27–29 June 1863, apparently written before she (or her sister Menella) removed the page. The note reads: "L.C. learns from Mrs. Liddell that he is supposed to be using the children as a means of paying court to the governess—he is also supposed by some to be courting Ina" This might imply that the break between Dodgson and the Liddell family was caused by concern over alleged gossip linking Dodgson to the family governess and to "Ina" (Alice's older sister, Lorina). In her biography, The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, Jenny Woolf suggests that the problem was caused by Lorina becoming too attached to Dodgson and not the other way around. Woolf then uses this theory to explain why "Menella remove the page itself, yet keep a note of what was on it." The note, she submits, is a "censored version" of what really happened, intended to prevent Lorina from being offended or humiliated at having her feelings for Dodgson made public. It is uncertain who wrote the note. Leach has said that the handwriting on the front of the document most closely resembles that of either Menella or Violet Dodgson, Dodgson's nieces. However, Morton N. Cohen in an article published in the Times Literary Supplement in 2003 said that in the 1960s, Dodgson's great-nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques told him that Jacques had written the note himself based on conversations he remembered with Dodgson's nieces. Cohen's article offered no evidence to support this, however, and known samples of Jacques' handwriting do not seem to resemble the writing of the note. After this incident, Dodgson avoided the Liddell home for six months but eventually returned for a visit in December 1863. However, the former closeness does not seem to have been re-established, and the friendship gradually faded away, possibly because Dodgson was in opposition to Dean Liddell over college politics. Comparison with fictional Alice John Tenniel's Alice from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Wikisource has original text related to this article: Through the Looking-Glass The extent to which Dodgson's Alice may be or could be identified with Liddell is controversial. The two Alices are clearly not identical, and though it was long assumed that the fictional Alice was based very heavily on Liddell, recent research has contradicted this assumption. Dodgson himself claimed in later years that his Alice was entirely imaginary and not based upon any real child at all. There was a rumour that Dodgson sent Tenniel a photo of one of his other child-friends, Mary Hilton Badcock, suggesting that he use her as a model, but attempts to find documentary support for this theory have proved fruitless. Dodgson's own drawings of the character in the original manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground show little resemblance to Liddell. Biographer Anne Clark suggests that Dodgson might have used Edith Liddell as a model for his drawings. There are at least four direct links to Liddell in the two books. First, he set them on 4 May (Liddell's birthday) and 4 November (her "half-birthday"), and in Through the Looking-Glass the fictional Alice declares that her age is "seven and a half exactly", the same as Liddell on that date. Second, he dedicated them "to Alice Pleasance Liddell". Third, in the first book, the Dormouse tells a story which begins, "Once upon a time there were three little sisters... and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie." The name Liddell was pronounced with the accent on the first syllable and would sound like "little" as spoken with the "T" sound softened. Also the name "Lacie" is an anagram of "Alice", whilst 'Elsie' refers to Lorina, whose second name was Charlotte, giving her the initials L.C. 'Tillie' refers to Edith's family nickname of 'Matilda'. Fourth, there is an acrostic poem at the end of Through the Looking-Glass. Reading downward, taking the first letter of each line, spells out Liddell's full name. The poem has no title in Through the Looking-Glass, but is usually referred to by its first line, "A Boat Beneath a Sunny Sky". A boat beneath a sunny sky, Lingering onward dreamily In an evening of July— Children three that nestle near, Eager eye and willing ear, Pleased a simple tale to hear— Long has paled that sunny sky: Echoes fade and memories die. Autumn frosts have slain July. Still she haunts me, phantomwise, Alice moving under skies Never seen by waking eyes. Children yet, the tale to hear, Eager eye and willing ear, Lovingly shall nestle near. In a Wonderland they lie, Dreaming as the days go by, Dreaming as the summers die: Ever drifting down the stream— Lingering in the golden gleam— Life, what is it but a dream? In addition, all of those who participated in the Thames boating expedition where the story was originally told (Carroll, Duckworth and the three Liddell sisters) appear in the chapter "A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale" – but only if Alice Liddell is represented by Alice herself. Alice Liddell in other works This article may contain irrelevant references to popular culture. Please remove the content or add citations to reliable and independent sources. (May 2017)This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Alice Liddell" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Several later writers have written fictional accounts of Liddell: Liddell is the main character of Melanie Benjamin's novel Alice I Have Been, a fictional account of Alice's life from childhood through old age, focusing on her relationship with Lewis Carroll and the impact that Alice's Adventures Under Ground had on her. Alice Liddell is the main character of Michelle Rene's historical novel The Dodo Knight, a fictional account of Liddell's life, focusing on her friendship with Charles Dodgson. She is one of the main characters of the Riverworld series of books by Philip José Farmer. She plays a small but critical role in Lewis Padgett's short story "Mimsy Were the Borogoves". Katie Roiphe has written a fictional (claimed to be based on fact) account of the relationship between Alice and Carroll, titled Still She Haunts Me. The 1985 film Dreamchild deals with her trip to America for the Columbia University presentation described above; through a series of flashbacks, it promotes the popular assumption that Dodgson was romantically attracted to Alice. The 2004 film Sincerely Yours, Lewis Carroll, Liddell makes an appearance with her sisters Lorina and Edith, being photographed by Dodgson in the summer of 1855. Unlike other works, Liddell is not the main focus on the film, which turns its attentions to 1855 in Charles Dodgson's life. The piece was based on the 1855 diaries of Charles Dodgson. Frank Beddor wrote The Looking Glass Wars, which reimagines the Alice in Wonderland story and includes real-life characters such as the Liddells and Prince Leopold. The 1863 incident features in Marshall N Klimasewiski's 2006 novel, The Cottagers, in which two characters are engaged in varying degrees on biographical projects about Dodgson. Liddell and Dodgson are used as protagonists in Bryan Talbot's 2007 graphic novel Alice in Sunderland to relay the history and myths of the area. The 2008 opera by Alan John and Andrew Upton Through the Looking Glass covers both the fictional Alice and Liddell. Peter and Alice, John Logan's play in 2013, features the encounter of Alice Liddell Hargreaves and Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the boys who inspired the Peter Pan character. In Colin Greenland's science fiction novel Take Back Plenty, a central role is played by spaceship called Alice Liddell. The spaceship has a sentient persona which is the best friend of the protagonist, space pilot Tabitha Jute. Alice the ship always asks Tabitha to tell her stories. The Looking Glass House (2015), a novel written by Liddell's great-granddaughter Vanessa Tait, tells the story of her relationship with Dodgson through the eyes of her governess Miss Prickett. In the television show Warehouse 13, Alice Liddell is a character whose spirit is trapped in Lewis Caroll's mirror and causes trouble by possessing people. She is portrayed as a homicidal maniac who killed many people (including her own mother, which led to her madness) before being trapped in the mirror. Her backstory is revealed in the episode Fractures. The stage-play adaptation of Through the Looking-Glass by Jim Geisel (Eldridge Publishing Company, 1990) is narrated by the character of the historical Alice Liddell. Alice Liddell and her sisters Edith and Lorina are main characters in Adrian Mitchell's 2001 stage adaptation of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, the play portrays Liddell, her sisters and Dodgson and Duckworth in the prologue and epilogue, during the famous 1862 river picnic where the story of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was told. The video game American McGee's Alice features a version of Alice with brown hair, like the historical Liddell. The likeness is confirmed in the sequel, Alice: Madness Returns, where Alice's surname, Liddell, is revealed. References ^ This phonetic version of her name, with emphasis on first, rather than second syllable as sometimes mispronounced, is confirmed by the rhyme current in Oxford at the time (attributed by some to Dodgson himself but called by others a piece of "undergraduate doggerel"): "I am the Dean and this is Mrs Liddell. She plays the first, and I the second fiddle." Quoted in Naiditch, P. G. (1993). "On Pronouncing the Names of Certain British Classical Scholars". The Classical Journal. 89 (1): 55–59. JSTOR 3297619. ^ Joyce, James (1974). "Lolita in Humbertland". Studies in the Novel. 6 (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 342. JSTOR 29531672. ^ Susina, Jan (2009). The Place of Lewis Carroll in Children's Literature. Routledge. p. 7. ^ cited in Leach, Karoline In the Shadow of the Dreamchild, p. 201 ^ The Cathedral Church of Oxford, a Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See, p. 101 ^ Will Brooker, Alice's adventures: Lewis Carroll in popular culture, p. 338 ^ "Nelson Evening Mail, Volume XI, Issue 233, 22 September 1876, p. 4, quoting Home News, 1876". Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ Alan Knyveton Hargreaves (1882–1915), Soldier; son of Alice Liddell, National Portrait Gallery ^ "lyndchur". Southernlife.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ "Museum of Oxford reopening: Century-old marmalade tin among exhibits". BBC News. 11 October 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2022. ^ A. S. Byatt, " The Story of Alice: innocence through the looking-glass", The Spectator, republished in The Weekend Australian, 11–12 April 2015, Review, p. 16. Retrieved 19 December 2017 ^ "Rare Manuscripts". Life. Vol. 20, no. 15. 15 April 1946. pp. 101–105. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022. ^ "Call to celebrate life of the 'real Alice' (From This is Hampshire)". Thisishampshire.net. 8 March 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ Dodgson's MS diaries, vol.8, p. 89, British Library ^ Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert (2015). The Story of Alice: Lewis Carroll and the Secret History of Wonderland. Harvill Secker. ISBN 978-1-84655-861-0. ^ Cohen, Morton Norton (1996). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-74562-9. ^ "Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) Photography Collection". Harry Ransom Center. Retrieved 27 April 2017. ^ a b "The Lewis Carroll Society Website – Charles Dodgson's Diaries". The Lewis Carroll Society Website. The Lewis Carroll Society. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017. ^ Cohen, Morton (1996). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Vintage Books. pp. 30–35. ISBN 978-0-679-74562-4. pp. 100–104 ^ Clark, Anne (1981). The Real Alice. Michael Joseph Ltd. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0-7181-2064-7 ^ "Cut pages in diary". 4 March 2004. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2006. ^ a b c Woolf, Jenny (2010). The Mystery of Lewis Carroll: Discovering the Whimsical, Thoughtful, and Sometimes Lonely Man Who Created Alice in Wonderland. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-61298-6 ^ Cohen, Morton N., "When Love was Young", Times Literary Supplement, October 2003 ^ See discussion on the Lewis Carroll e-list, Autumn 2003 ^ Christ Church & Reform ^ Gardner, Martin, The Annotated Alice 1970, chap. 1 ^ Clark, Anne, Lewis Carroll 1982, p. 91 ^ Gardner, Martin, The Annotated Alice 1970, chap. VII ^ www.xuni.com (12 January 2010). "Author Melanie Benjamin". Melaniebenjamin.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ Rene, Michelle (2019). The Dodo Knight. United States: Annorlunda Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-944354-44-2. ^ Sincerely Yours, Lewis Carroll (2004) – Highest Quality, retrieved 28 April 2022 ^ Robertson, Ross (27 March 2007). "News focus: Alice in Pictureland". Sunderland Echo. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2007. ^ Hoyes, Rachel (1 July 2015). "The Looking Glass House by Vanessa Tait, review: 'extensively researched'". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 9 December 2017. ^ Adrian Mitchell's Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, retrieved 28 April 2022 Literature Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice Liddell. Björk, Christina & Eriksson, Inga-Karin (1993). The Other Alice. R & S Books. ISBN 91-29-62242-5. Clark, Anne (1982). The Real Alice. Stein And Day. ISBN 0-8128-2870-4. Gardner, Martin (1965). Introduction to Alice's Adventures under Ground by Lewis Carroll. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-21482-6. Gardner, Martin (ed.) (2000). The Annotated Alice (The Definitive Edition). Allen Lane The Penguin Press. ISBN 0-7139-9417-7. Gordon, Colin (1982). Beyond The Looking Glass. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. ISBN 0-15-112022-6. Gray, Donald J. The Norton Critical Edition of Alice in Wonderland. Donald J. Gray. Leach, Karoline (1999). In the Shadow of the Dreamchild. Peter Owens. ISBN 0-7206-1044-3. Official website vteLewis Carroll's Alice Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking-Glass UniverseCharactersAlice's Adventuresin Wonderland Alice portrayals Bill the Lizard Caterpillar Cheshire Cat Dodo Dormouse Duchess Gryphon Hatter Tarrant Hightopp King of Hearts Knave of Hearts March Hare Mock Turtle Mouse Pat Puppy Queen of Hearts White Rabbit Minor characters Through theLooking-Glass Bandersnatch Humpty Dumpty Jubjub bird Red King Red Queen The Sheep The Lion and the Unicorn Tweedledum and Tweedledee White King White Knight White Queen Minor characters Locationsand events Wonderland Looking-Glass world Unbirthday Poems "All in the golden afternoon..." "How Doth the Little Crocodile" "The Mouse's Tale" "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat" "You Are Old, Father William" "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster" "Jabberwocky" Vorpal sword "The Walrus and the Carpenter" "Haddocks' Eyes" "The Mock Turtle's Song" The Hunting of the Snark Related Alice Liddell Alice syndrome Alice's Shop Illustrators John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Mischmasch Translations Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking-Glass AdaptationsStage Alice in Wonderland (1886 musical) Alice in Wonderland (1979 opera) But Never Jam Today (1979 musical) Through the Looking Glass (2008 opera) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (2011 ballet) Wonderland (2011 musical) Peter and Alice (2013 play) Wonder.land (2015 musical) Alice's Adventures Under Ground (2016 opera) Alice by Heart (2019 musical) Film 1903 1910 1915 Alice Comedies (1923–1927) 1931 1933 1949 1951 Alice of Wonderland in Paris (1966) 1972 1976 1976 (Spanish) Alice or the Last Escapade (1977) 1981 1982 The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland (1987) 1988 (Czechoslovak) 1988 (Australian) Malice in Wonderland (2009) 2010 Alice in Murderland (2010) Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016) Come Away (2020) Alice and the Land that Wonders (2020) Alice, Through the Looking (2021) Television Alice in Wonderland (1962) Alice in Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid like You Doing in a Place like This? (1966) Alice in Wonderland (1966) Alice Through the Looking Glass (1966) 1983 (TV film) Fushigi no Kuni no Alice (1983) 1985 (TV film) Adventures in Wonderland (1992) Alice through the Looking Glass (1998) Alice in Wonderland (1999) Alice (2009) Once Upon a Time in Wonderland (2013) Alice's Wonderland Bakery (2022) Music "White Rabbit" (1967 song) "Don't Come Around Here No More" (1985 music video) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Almost Alice (2010) "Alice" "Follow Me Down" "Tea Party" Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016) "Just Like Fire" "Alice" (2020 song) Video games Through the Looking Glass (1984) Alice in Wonderland (1985) Märchen Maze (1988) Wonderland (1990) Alice: An Interactive Museum (1991) Alice no Paint Adventure (1995) Alice in Wonderland (2000) American McGee's Alice (2000) Kingdom Hearts (2002) Alice in the Country of Hearts (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Alice: Madness Returns (2011) Kingdom Hearts χ (2013) Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland (1895) New Adventures of Alice (1917) Alice Through the Needle's Eye (1984) Automated Alice (1996) Retellings The Nursery "Alice" (1890) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable (1905) American McGee's Alice (2000) Alice in Verse: The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland (2010) Alice: Madness Returns (2011) Parodies The Westminster Alice (1902) Clara in Blunderland (1902) Lost in Blunderland (1903) John Bull's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland (1904) Alice in Blunderland: An Iridescent Dream (1904) The Looking Glass Wars 2004 2007 2009 Imitations Mopsa the Fairy (1869) Davy and the Goblin (1884) The Admiral's Caravan (1891) Gladys in Grammarland (1896) Rollo in Emblemland (1902) Alice in Orchestralia (1925) Literary Alice in Borderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Alice in Murderland Alice in Sunderland Lost Girls Miyuki-chan in Wonderland Pandora Hearts Tweedledum and Tweedledee Unbirthday: A Twisted Tale Related Betty in Blunderland (1934 animated short) Thru the Mirror (1936 animated short) Jabberwocky (1971 film) Jabberwocky (1977 film) Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959 film) Malice in Wonderland (1982 animated short) Dungeonland (1983 module) The Land Beyond the Magic Mirror (1983 module) Dreamchild (1985 film) The Hunting of the Snark (1991 musical) How Doth the Little Crocodile (1998 artworks) Abby in Wonderland (2008 film) Disney franchise Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Netherlands Artists ULAN Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈlɪdəl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Alice Pleasance Hargreaves (née Liddell, /ˈlɪdəl/;[1] 4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934) was an English woman who, in her childhood, was an acquaintance and photography subject of Lewis Carroll. One of the stories he told her during a boating trip became the classic 1865 children's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. She shared her name with \"Alice\", the story's protagonist, but scholars disagree about the extent to which the character was based upon her.[2][3]","title":"Alice Liddell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Liddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Liddell"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"A Greek-English Lexicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Greek-English_Lexicon"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Francis_Liddell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Liddell_with_sisters.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Westminster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"Charles Lutwidge Dodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson"},{"link_name":"photographing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Llandudno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandudno"},{"link_name":"North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Liddell_as_Pomona_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Julia Margaret Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour"},{"link_name":"Prince Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone"},{"link_name":"the Grand Duchess of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"peritonitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Alice Liddell was the fourth of the ten children of Henry Liddell, ecclesiastical dean of Christ Church, Oxford, one of the editors of A Greek-English Lexicon, and his wife Lorina Hanna Liddell (née Reeve). She had two older brothers, Harry (born 1847) and Arthur (1850–53), an older sister Lorina (born 1849), and six younger siblings, including her sister Edith (born 1854) to whom she was very close, and her brother Frederick (born 1865).Alice Liddell (right) with sisters c.1859 (photo by Lewis Carroll)At the time of her birth, her father was the Headmaster of Westminster School but was soon after appointed to the deanery of Christ Church, Oxford. The Liddell family moved to Oxford in 1856. Soon after this move, Alice met Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), who encountered the family while photographing the cathedral on 25 April 1856. He became a close friend of the Liddell family in subsequent years.Alice was three years younger than Lorina and two years older than Edith, and the three sisters were constant childhood companions. She and her family regularly spent holidays at their holiday home Penmorfa, which later became the Gogarth Abbey Hotel, on the West Shore of Llandudno in North Wales.Alice Liddell at the age of 20, photographed by Julia Margaret CameronWhen Alice Liddell was a young woman, she set out on a Grand Tour of Europe with Lorina and Edith. One story has it that she became a romantic interest of Prince Leopold, the youngest son of Queen Victoria, during the four years he spent at Christ Church, but the evidence for this is sparse. It is true that years later, Leopold named his first child Alice and acted as godfather to Alice's second son Leopold. However, it is possible Alice was named in honour of Leopold's deceased elder sister instead, the Grand Duchess of Hesse. A recent biographer of Leopold suggests it is far more likely that Alice's sister Edith was the true recipient of Leopold's attention.[4] Edith died on 26 June 1876,[5] possibly of measles or peritonitis (accounts differ), shortly before she was to be married to Aubrey Harcourt, a cricket player.[6] Prince Leopold served as a pall-bearer at her funeral on 30 June 1876.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_hargreaves.png"},{"link_name":"Reginald Hargreaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Hargreaves"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"magistrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Emery Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_Down"},{"link_name":"Women's Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Institute"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Museum of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"reserve price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_price"},{"link_name":"Sotheby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s"},{"link_name":"Eldridge R. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_R._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Peter Llewelyn Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Llewelyn_Davies"},{"link_name":"J. M. Barrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Barrie"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndhurst,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Alice Hargreaves in 1932, at the age of 80Alice Liddell married Reginald Hargreaves, also a cricketer, on 15 September 1880, at the age of 28 in Westminster Abbey. They had three sons: Alan Knyveton Hargreaves[8] and Leopold Reginald \"Rex\" Hargreaves (both were killed in action in World War I); and Caryl Liddell Hargreaves, who survived to have a daughter of his own. Liddell denied that the name 'Caryl' was in any way associated with Charles Dodgson's pseudonym. Reginald Hargreaves inherited a considerable fortune, and was a local magistrate; he also played cricket for Hampshire. Alice became a noted society hostess and was the first president of Emery Down Women's Institute.[9]During World War I, she joined the Red Cross as a volunteer, for which she was awarded a medal currently on display in the Museum of Oxford.[10]She took to referring to herself as \"Lady Hargreaves\", but no basis existed for such a title.[11] After her husband’s death in 1926, the cost of maintaining their home, Cuffnells, was such that she deemed it necessary to sell her copy of Alice's Adventures under Ground (Lewis Carroll's earlier title for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland). The manuscript fetched £15,400 (equivalent to £1,100,000 in 2023), nearly four times the reserve price given to it by Sotheby's auction house. It later became the possession of Eldridge R. Johnson and was displayed at Columbia University on the centennial of Carroll's birth. Alice was present, aged 80, and it was on this visit to the United States that she met Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the brothers who inspired J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. Upon Johnson's death, the book was purchased by a consortium of American bibliophiles and presented to the British people \"in recognition of Britain's courage in facing Hitler\". The manuscript is held by the British Library.[12]For most of her life, Alice lived in and around Lyndhurst in the New Forest, in the county of Hampshire.[13]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice-liddell-grave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lyndhurst, Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndhurst,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Golders Green Crematorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium"},{"link_name":"Lyndhurst, Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndhurst,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Forest National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest"}],"text":"The grave of Alice Hargreaves in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels, Lyndhurst, HampshireAfter she died in 1934, her body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, with her ashes being buried in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels in Lyndhurst, Hampshire. A memorial plaque naming her \"Mrs. Reginald Hargreaves\" can be seen in the picture in the monograph. Alice's mirror can be found on display at the New Forest Heritage Centre, Lyndhurst, a free museum sharing the history of the New Forest National Park.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edith_Liddell,_by_William_Blake_Richmond.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Blake Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake_Richmond"},{"link_name":"rowing boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft_rowing"},{"link_name":"the Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Isis"},{"link_name":"Folly Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Godstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godstow"},{"link_name":"pen name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Robinson Duckworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Duckworth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AAUG_p06.png"},{"link_name":"George MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"John Tenniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tenniel"},{"link_name":"Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass_and_What_Alice_Found_There"}],"text":"Edith Liddell (William Blake Richmond, c. 1864)On 4 July 1862, in a rowing boat travelling on the Isis from Folly Bridge, Oxford, to Godstow for a picnic outing, 10-year-old Alice asked Charles Dodgson (who wrote under the pen name Lewis Carroll) to entertain her and her sisters, Edith (aged 8) and Lorina (13), with a story. As the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed the boat, Dodgson regaled the girls with fantastic stories of a girl, named Alice, and her adventures after she fell into a rabbit-hole. The story was not unlike those Dodgson had spun for the sisters before, but this time Liddell asked Mr. Dodgson to write it down for her. He promised to do so but did not get around to the task for some months. He eventually presented her with the manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.The fictional character was named after her. (Illustration by Lewis Carroll)In the meantime, Dodgson had decided to rewrite the story as a possible commercial venture. Probably with a view to canvassing his opinion, Dodgson sent the manuscript of Under Ground to a friend, the author George MacDonald, in the spring of 1863.[14] The MacDonald children read the story and loved it, and this response probably persuaded Dodgson to seek a publisher. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, with illustrations by John Tenniel, was published in 1865, under the name Lewis Carroll. A second book about the character Alice, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, followed in 1871. In 1886, a facsimile of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, the original manuscript that Dodgson had given Liddell, was published.","title":"Origin of Alice in Wonderland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dressed_in_Her_Best_Outfit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Speculation on the sexuality of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll#Sexuality"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Lewis_Carroll_Society-18"}],"text":"Liddell dressed in her best outfit. Photo by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1858).See also: Speculation on the sexuality of Charles Lutwidge DodgsonThe relationship between Liddell and Dodgson has been the source of much controversy.[15] Dodgson met the Liddell family in 1855; he first befriended Harry, the older brother, and later took Harry and Ina on several boating trips and picnics to the scenic areas around Oxford.[16] Later, when Harry went to school, Alice and her younger sister Edith joined the party. Dodgson entertained the children by telling them fantastic stories to while away the time. He also used them as subjects for his hobby, photography.[17] It has often been stated that Alice was his favourite subject in these years, but there is very little evidence to suggest this; Dodgson's diaries from 18 April 1858 to 8 May 1862 are missing.[18]","title":"Relationship with Lewis Carroll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Lewis_Carroll_Society-18"},{"link_name":"Morton N. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_N._Cohen"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snaogq-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Karoline Leach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoline_Leach"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolf-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolf-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolf-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Morton N. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_N._Cohen"},{"link_name":"Times Literary Supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Literary_Supplement"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"\"Cut pages in diary\"","text":"The relationship between the Liddells and Dodgson suffered a sudden break in June 1863. There was no record of why the rift occurred, since the Liddells never openly spoke of it, and the single page in Dodgson's diary recording 27–29 June 1863 (which seems to cover the period in which it began) was missing;[18] it has been speculated by biographers such as Morton N. Cohen that Dodgson may have wanted to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell, and that this was the cause of the unexplained break with the family in June 1863.[19] Alice Liddell's biographer, Anne Clark, writes that Alice's descendants were under the impression that Dodgson wanted to marry her, but that \"Alice's parents expected a much better match for her.\"[citation needed] Clark argues that in Victorian England such arrangements were not as improbable as they might seem; John Ruskin, for example, fell in love with a 12-year-old girl while Dodgson's younger brother sought to marry a 14-year-old, but postponed the wedding for six years.[20]In 1996, Karoline Leach found what became known as the \"Cut pages in diary\" document[21]—a note allegedly written by Charles Dodgson's niece, Violet Dodgson, summarising the missing page from 27–29 June 1863, apparently written before she (or her sister Menella) removed the page. The note reads:\"L.C. learns from Mrs. Liddell that he is supposed to be using the children as a means of paying court to the governess—he is also supposed by some to be courting Ina\"[22]This might imply that the break between Dodgson and the Liddell family was caused by concern over alleged gossip linking Dodgson to the family governess and to \"Ina\" (Alice's older sister, Lorina). In her biography, The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, Jenny Woolf suggests that the problem was caused by Lorina becoming too attached to Dodgson and not the other way around. Woolf then uses this theory to explain why \"Menella [would] remove the page itself, yet keep a note of what was on it.\"[22] The note, she submits, is a \"censored version\" of what really happened, intended to prevent Lorina from being offended or humiliated at having her feelings for Dodgson made public.[22]It is uncertain who wrote the note. Leach has said that the handwriting on the front of the document most closely resembles that of either Menella or Violet Dodgson, Dodgson's nieces.[citation needed] However, Morton N. Cohen in an article published in the Times Literary Supplement in 2003 said that in the 1960s, Dodgson's great-nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques told him that Jacques had written the note himself based on conversations he remembered with Dodgson's nieces.[23] Cohen's article offered no evidence to support this, however, and known samples of Jacques' handwriting do not seem to resemble the writing of the note.[24][better source needed]After this incident, Dodgson avoided the Liddell home for six months but eventually returned for a visit in December 1863. However, the former closeness does not seem to have been re-established, and the friendship gradually faded away, possibly because Dodgson was in opposition to Dean Liddell over college politics.[25][full citation needed]","title":"Relationship with Lewis Carroll"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_04.png"},{"link_name":"John Tenniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tenniel"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Through the Looking-Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Dormouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormouse"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"acrostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostic"},{"link_name":"first line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incipit"}],"text":"John Tenniel's Alice from Alice's Adventures in WonderlandWikisource has original text related to this article:\nThrough the Looking-GlassThe extent to which Dodgson's Alice may be or could be identified with Liddell is controversial. The two Alices are clearly not identical, and though it was long assumed that the fictional Alice was based very heavily on Liddell, recent research has contradicted this assumption. Dodgson himself claimed in later years that his Alice was entirely imaginary and not based upon any real child at all.There was a rumour that Dodgson sent Tenniel a photo of one of his other child-friends, Mary Hilton Badcock, suggesting that he use her as a model,[26] but attempts to find documentary support for this theory have proved fruitless. Dodgson's own drawings of the character in the original manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground show little resemblance to Liddell. Biographer Anne Clark suggests that Dodgson might have used Edith Liddell as a model for his drawings.[27]There are at least four direct links to Liddell in the two books. First, he set them on 4 May (Liddell's birthday) and 4 November (her \"half-birthday\"), and in Through the Looking-Glass the fictional Alice declares that her age is \"seven and a half exactly\", the same as Liddell on that date. Second, he dedicated them \"to Alice Pleasance Liddell\". Third, in the first book, the Dormouse tells a story which begins, \"Once upon a time there were three little sisters... and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie.\" The name Liddell was pronounced with the accent on the first syllable and would sound like \"little\" as spoken with the \"T\" sound softened. Also the name \"Lacie\" is an anagram of \"Alice\", whilst 'Elsie' refers to Lorina, whose second name was Charlotte, giving her the initials L.C. 'Tillie' refers to Edith's family nickname of 'Matilda'.[28]Fourth, there is an acrostic poem at the end of Through the Looking-Glass. Reading downward, taking the first letter of each line, spells out Liddell's full name. The poem has no title in Through the Looking-Glass, but is usually referred to by its first line, \"A Boat Beneath a Sunny Sky\".A boat beneath a sunny sky,\nLingering onward dreamily\nIn an evening of July—\n\nChildren three that nestle near,\nEager eye and willing ear,\nPleased a simple tale to hear—\n\nLong has paled that sunny sky:\nEchoes fade and memories die.\nAutumn frosts have slain July.\n\nStill she haunts me, phantomwise,\nAlice moving under skies\nNever seen by waking eyes.\n\nChildren yet, the tale to hear,\nEager eye and willing ear,\nLovingly shall nestle near.\n\nIn a Wonderland they lie,\nDreaming as the days go by,\nDreaming as the summers die:\n\nEver drifting down the stream—\nLingering in the golden gleam—\nLife, what is it but a dream?In addition, all of those who participated in the Thames boating expedition where the story was originally told (Carroll, Duckworth and the three Liddell sisters) appear in the chapter \"A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale\" – but only if Alice Liddell is represented by Alice herself.","title":"Comparison with fictional Alice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melanie Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Benjamin_(author)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Riverworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverworld"},{"link_name":"Philip José Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Lewis Padgett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Padgett"},{"link_name":"Mimsy Were the Borogoves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimsy_Were_the_Borogoves"},{"link_name":"Katie Roiphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Roiphe"},{"link_name":"Dreamchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamchild"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Frank Beddor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Beddor"},{"link_name":"The Looking Glass Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Looking_Glass_Wars"},{"link_name":"Prince Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany"},{"link_name":"Bryan Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Talbot"},{"link_name":"Alice in Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Sunderland"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Alan John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_John"},{"link_name":"Andrew Upton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Upton"},{"link_name":"Through the Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking_Glass_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Peter and Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Alice"},{"link_name":"John Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Llewelyn Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Llewelyn_Davies"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan"},{"link_name":"Colin Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Greenland"},{"link_name":"Take Back Plenty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Back_Plenty"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Warehouse 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_13"},{"link_name":"Fractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Warehouse_13_episodes"},{"link_name":"Through the Looking-Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_and_Through_the_Looking-Glass"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"American McGee's Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_McGee%27s_Alice"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Alice: Madness Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice:_Madness_Returns"}],"text":"Several later writers have written fictional accounts of Liddell:Liddell is the main character of Melanie Benjamin's novel Alice I Have Been, a fictional account of Alice's life from childhood through old age, focusing on her relationship with Lewis Carroll and the impact that Alice's Adventures Under Ground had on her.[29]\nAlice Liddell is the main character of Michelle Rene's historical novel The Dodo Knight, a fictional account of Liddell's life, focusing on her friendship with Charles Dodgson.[30]\nShe is one of the main characters of the Riverworld series of books by Philip José Farmer.\nShe plays a small but critical role in Lewis Padgett's short story \"Mimsy Were the Borogoves\".\nKatie Roiphe has written a fictional (claimed to be based on fact) account of the relationship between Alice and Carroll, titled Still She Haunts Me.\nThe 1985 film Dreamchild deals with her trip to America for the Columbia University presentation described above; through a series of flashbacks, it promotes the popular assumption that Dodgson was romantically attracted to Alice.\nThe 2004 film Sincerely Yours, Lewis Carroll,[31] Liddell makes an appearance with her sisters Lorina and Edith, being photographed by Dodgson in the summer of 1855. Unlike other works, Liddell is not the main focus on the film, which turns its attentions to 1855 in Charles Dodgson's life. The piece was based on the 1855 diaries of Charles Dodgson.\nFrank Beddor wrote The Looking Glass Wars, which reimagines the Alice in Wonderland story and includes real-life characters such as the Liddells and Prince Leopold.\nThe 1863 incident features in Marshall N Klimasewiski's 2006 novel, The Cottagers, in which two characters are engaged in varying degrees on biographical projects about Dodgson.\nLiddell and Dodgson are used as protagonists in Bryan Talbot's 2007 graphic novel Alice in Sunderland to relay the history and myths of the area.[32]\nThe 2008 opera by Alan John and Andrew Upton Through the Looking Glass covers both the fictional Alice and Liddell.\nPeter and Alice, John Logan's play in 2013, features the encounter of Alice Liddell Hargreaves and Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the boys who inspired the Peter Pan character.\nIn Colin Greenland's science fiction novel Take Back Plenty, a central role is played by spaceship called Alice Liddell. The spaceship has a sentient persona which is the best friend of the protagonist, space pilot Tabitha Jute. Alice the ship always asks Tabitha to tell her stories.\nThe Looking Glass House (2015), a novel written by Liddell's great-granddaughter Vanessa Tait, tells the story of her relationship with Dodgson through the eyes of her governess Miss Prickett.[33]\nIn the television show Warehouse 13, Alice Liddell is a character whose spirit is trapped in Lewis Caroll's mirror and causes trouble by possessing people. She is portrayed as a homicidal maniac who killed many people (including her own mother, which led to her madness) before being trapped in the mirror. Her backstory is revealed in the episode Fractures.\nThe stage-play adaptation of Through the Looking-Glass by Jim Geisel (Eldridge Publishing Company, 1990) is narrated by the character of the historical Alice Liddell.\nAlice Liddell and her sisters Edith and Lorina are main characters in Adrian Mitchell's 2001 stage adaptation of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, the play portrays Liddell, her sisters and Dodgson and Duckworth in the prologue and epilogue, during the famous 1862 river picnic where the story of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was told.[34]\nThe video game American McGee's Alice features a version of Alice with brown hair, like the historical Liddell. The likeness is confirmed in the sequel, Alice: Madness Returns, where Alice's surname, Liddell, is revealed.","title":"Alice Liddell in other works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice Liddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alice_Liddell"},{"link_name":"Björk, Christina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"The Other 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The Other Alice. R & S Books. ISBN 91-29-62242-5.\nClark, Anne (1982). The Real Alice. Stein And Day. ISBN 0-8128-2870-4.\nGardner, Martin (1965). Introduction to Alice's Adventures under Ground by Lewis Carroll. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-21482-6.\nGardner, Martin (ed.) (2000). The Annotated Alice (The Definitive Edition). Allen Lane The Penguin Press. ISBN 0-7139-9417-7.\nGordon, Colin (1982). Beyond The Looking Glass. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. ISBN 0-15-112022-6.\nGray, Donald J. The Norton Critical Edition of Alice in Wonderland. Donald J. Gray.\nLeach, Karoline (1999). In the Shadow of the Dreamchild. Peter Owens. ISBN 0-7206-1044-3. Official websitevteLewis Carroll's Alice\nAlice's Adventures in Wonderland\nThrough the Looking-Glass\nUniverseCharactersAlice's Adventuresin Wonderland\nAlice\nportrayals\nBill the Lizard\nCaterpillar\nCheshire Cat\nDodo\nDormouse\nDuchess\nGryphon\nHatter\nTarrant Hightopp\nKing of Hearts\nKnave of Hearts\nMarch Hare\nMock Turtle\nMouse\nPat\nPuppy\nQueen of Hearts\nWhite Rabbit\nMinor characters\nThrough theLooking-Glass\nBandersnatch\nHumpty Dumpty\nJubjub bird\nRed King\nRed Queen\nThe Sheep\nThe Lion and the Unicorn\nTweedledum and Tweedledee\nWhite King\nWhite Knight\nWhite Queen\nMinor characters\nLocationsand events\nWonderland\nLooking-Glass world\nUnbirthday\nPoems\n\"All in the golden afternoon...\"\n\"How Doth the Little Crocodile\"\n\"The Mouse's Tale\"\n\"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat\"\n\"You Are Old, Father William\"\n\"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster\"\n\"Jabberwocky\"\nVorpal sword\n\"The Walrus and the Carpenter\"\n\"Haddocks' Eyes\"\n\"The Mock Turtle's Song\"\nThe Hunting of the Snark\nRelated\nAlice Liddell\nAlice syndrome\nAlice's Shop\nIllustrators\nJohn Tenniel\nTheophilus Carter\nThe Annotated Alice\nMischmasch\nTranslations\nAlice's Adventures in Wonderland\nThrough the Looking-Glass\nAdaptationsStage\nAlice in Wonderland (1886 musical)\nAlice in Wonderland (1979 opera)\nBut Never Jam Today (1979 musical)\nThrough the Looking Glass (2008 opera)\nAlice's Adventures in Wonderland (2011 ballet)\nWonderland (2011 musical)\nPeter and Alice (2013 play)\nWonder.land (2015 musical)\nAlice's Adventures Under Ground (2016 opera)\nAlice by Heart (2019 musical)\nFilm\n1903\n1910\n1915\nAlice Comedies (1923–1927)\n1931\n1933\n1949\n1951\nAlice of Wonderland in Paris (1966)\n1972\n1976\n1976 (Spanish)\nAlice or the Last Escapade (1977)\n1981\n1982\nThe Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland (1987)\n1988 (Czechoslovak)\n1988 (Australian)\nMalice in Wonderland (2009)\n2010\nAlice in Murderland (2010)\nAlice Through the Looking Glass (2016)\nCome Away (2020)\nAlice and the Land that Wonders (2020)\nAlice, Through the Looking (2021)\nTelevision\nAlice in Wonderland (1962)\nAlice in Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid like You Doing in a Place like This? (1966)\nAlice in Wonderland (1966)\nAlice Through the Looking Glass (1966)\n1983 (TV film)\nFushigi no Kuni no Alice (1983)\n1985 (TV film)\nAdventures in Wonderland (1992)\nAlice through the Looking Glass (1998)\nAlice in Wonderland (1999)\nAlice (2009)\nOnce Upon a Time in Wonderland (2013)\nAlice's Wonderland Bakery (2022)\nMusic\n\"White Rabbit\" (1967 song)\n\"Don't Come Around Here No More\" (1985 music video)\nAlice in Wonderland (2010)\nAlmost Alice (2010)\n\"Alice\"\n\"Follow Me Down\"\n\"Tea Party\"\nAlice Through the Looking Glass (2016)\n\"Just Like Fire\"\n\"Alice\" (2020 song)\nVideo games\nThrough the Looking Glass (1984)\nAlice in Wonderland (1985)\nMärchen Maze (1988)\nWonderland (1990)\nAlice: An Interactive Museum (1991)\nAlice no Paint Adventure (1995)\nAlice in Wonderland (2000)\nAmerican McGee's Alice (2000)\nKingdom Hearts (2002)\nAlice in the Country of Hearts (2007)\nAlice in Wonderland (2010)\nAlice: Madness Returns (2011)\nKingdom Hearts χ (2013)\nSequels\nA New Alice in the Old Wonderland (1895)\nNew Adventures of Alice (1917)\nAlice Through the Needle's Eye (1984)\nAutomated Alice (1996)\nRetellings\nThe Nursery \"Alice\" (1890)\nAlice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable (1905)\nAmerican McGee's Alice (2000)\nAlice in Verse: The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland (2010)\nAlice: Madness Returns (2011)\nParodies\nThe Westminster Alice (1902)\nClara in Blunderland (1902)\nLost in Blunderland (1903)\nJohn Bull's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland (1904)\nAlice in Blunderland: An Iridescent Dream (1904)\nThe Looking Glass Wars\n2004\n2007\n2009\nImitations\nMopsa the Fairy (1869)\nDavy and the Goblin (1884)\nThe Admiral's Caravan (1891)\nGladys in Grammarland (1896)\nRollo in Emblemland (1902)\nAlice in Orchestralia (1925)\nLiterary\nAlice in Borderland\nAlice in the Country of Hearts\nAlice in Murderland\nAlice in Sunderland\nLost Girls\nMiyuki-chan in Wonderland\nPandora Hearts\nTweedledum and Tweedledee\nUnbirthday: A Twisted Tale\nRelated\nBetty in Blunderland (1934 animated short)\nThru the Mirror (1936 animated short)\nJabberwocky (1971 film)\nJabberwocky (1977 film)\nDonald in Mathmagic Land (1959 film)\nMalice in Wonderland (1982 animated short)\nDungeonland (1983 module)\nThe Land Beyond the Magic Mirror (1983 module)\nDreamchild (1985 film)\nThe Hunting of the Snark (1991 musical)\nHow Doth the Little Crocodile (1998 artworks)\nAbby in Wonderland (2008 film)\nDisney franchise\n\n CategoryAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nArtists\nULAN\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_text":"Alice Liddell (right) with sisters c.1859 (photo by Lewis Carroll)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alice_Liddell_with_sisters.jpg/220px-Alice_Liddell_with_sisters.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alice Liddell at the age of 20, photographed by Julia Margaret Cameron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alice_Liddell_as_Pomona_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg/170px-Alice_Liddell_as_Pomona_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alice Hargreaves in 1932, at the age of 80","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Alice_hargreaves.png/170px-Alice_hargreaves.png"},{"image_text":"The grave of Alice Hargreaves in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels, Lyndhurst, Hampshire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Alice-liddell-grave.jpg/220px-Alice-liddell-grave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edith Liddell (William Blake Richmond, c. 1864)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Edith_Liddell%2C_by_William_Blake_Richmond.jpg/220px-Edith_Liddell%2C_by_William_Blake_Richmond.jpg"},{"image_text":"The fictional character was named after her. (Illustration by Lewis Carroll)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AAUG_p06.png/220px-AAUG_p06.png"},{"image_text":"Liddell dressed in her best outfit. Photo by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1858).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dressed_in_Her_Best_Outfit.jpg/220px-Dressed_in_Her_Best_Outfit.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Tenniel's Alice from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_04.png/220px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_04.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Naiditch, P. G. (1993). \"On Pronouncing the Names of Certain British Classical Scholars\". The Classical Journal. 89 (1): 55–59. JSTOR 3297619.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297619","url_text":"3297619"}]},{"reference":"Joyce, James (1974). \"Lolita in Humbertland\". Studies in the Novel. 6 (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 342. JSTOR 29531672.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press","url_text":"Johns Hopkins University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29531672","url_text":"29531672"}]},{"reference":"Susina, Jan (2009). The Place of Lewis Carroll in Children's Literature. Routledge. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"}]},{"reference":"\"Nelson Evening Mail, Volume XI, Issue 233, 22 September 1876, p. 4, quoting Home News, 1876\". Retrieved 5 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NEM18760922.2.16","url_text":"\"Nelson Evening Mail, Volume XI, Issue 233, 22 September 1876, p. 4, quoting Home News, 1876\""}]},{"reference":"\"lyndchur\". Southernlife.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517094152/http://www.southernlife.org.uk/lyndchur.htm","url_text":"\"lyndchur\""},{"url":"http://www.southernlife.org.uk/lyndchur.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Museum of Oxford reopening: Century-old marmalade tin among exhibits\". BBC News. 11 October 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-58639707","url_text":"\"Museum of Oxford reopening: Century-old marmalade tin among exhibits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rare Manuscripts\". Life. Vol. 20, no. 15. 15 April 1946. pp. 101–105. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-VQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101","url_text":"\"Rare Manuscripts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)","url_text":"Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220124162800/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Call to celebrate life of the 'real Alice' (From This is Hampshire)\". Thisishampshire.net. 8 March 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisishampshire.net/news/5046986.Call_to_celebrate_life_of_the__real_Alice_","url_text":"\"Call to celebrate life of the 'real Alice' (From This is Hampshire)\""}]},{"reference":"Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert (2015). The Story of Alice: Lewis Carroll and the Secret History of Wonderland. Harvill Secker. ISBN 978-1-84655-861-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84655-861-0","url_text":"978-1-84655-861-0"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Morton Norton (1996). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-74562-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_N._Cohen","url_text":"Cohen, Morton Norton"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lewiscarroll00mort","url_text":"Lewis Carroll: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-74562-9","url_text":"0-679-74562-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) Photography Collection\". Harry Ransom Center. Retrieved 27 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://hrc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15878coll18","url_text":"\"Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) Photography Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lewis Carroll Society Website – Charles Dodgson's Diaries\". The Lewis Carroll Society Website. The Lewis Carroll Society. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170823021833/http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/aboutcharlesdodgson/diaries/volumes.html","url_text":"\"The Lewis Carroll Society Website – Charles Dodgson's Diaries\""},{"url":"http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/aboutcharlesdodgson/diaries/volumes.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cut pages in diary\". 4 March 2004. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060614223344/http://www.lookingforlewiscarroll.com/cutpages.html","url_text":"\"Cut pages in diary\""},{"url":"http://www.lookingforlewiscarroll.com/cutpages.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"www.xuni.com (12 January 2010). \"Author Melanie Benjamin\". Melaniebenjamin.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131027020130/http://melaniebenjamin.com/alice-i-have-been.php","url_text":"\"Author Melanie Benjamin\""},{"url":"http://www.melaniebenjamin.com/alice-i-have-been.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rene, Michelle (2019). The Dodo Knight. United States: Annorlunda Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-944354-44-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://annorlundaenterprises.com/books/the-dodo-knight/","url_text":"The Dodo Knight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-944354-44-2","url_text":"978-1-944354-44-2"}]},{"reference":"Sincerely Yours, Lewis Carroll (2004) – Highest Quality, retrieved 28 April 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmO8B0GLCBE","url_text":"Sincerely Yours, Lewis Carroll (2004) – Highest Quality"}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Ross (27 March 2007). \"News focus: Alice in Pictureland\". Sunderland Echo. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070402012743/http://www.sunderlandtoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2181289&SectionID=1512","url_text":"\"News focus: Alice in Pictureland\""},{"url":"http://www.sunderlandtoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2181289&SectionID=1512","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hoyes, Rachel (1 July 2015). \"The Looking Glass House by Vanessa Tait, review: 'extensively researched'\". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/11708631/The-Looking-Glass-House-by-Vanessa-Tait-review.html","url_text":"\"The Looking Glass House by Vanessa Tait, review: 'extensively researched'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"Adrian Mitchell's Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, retrieved 28 April 2022","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/alice-in-wonderland-and-through-the-looking-glass-mitchell","url_text":"Adrian Mitchell's Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass"}]},{"reference":"Björk, Christina & Eriksson, Inga-Karin (1993). The Other Alice. R & S Books. ISBN 91-29-62242-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Bj%C3%B6rk","url_text":"Björk, Christina"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/otheralicestoryo0000bjor","url_text":"The Other Alice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-29-62242-5","url_text":"91-29-62242-5"}]},{"reference":"Clark, Anne (1982). The Real Alice. Stein And Day. ISBN 0-8128-2870-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8128-2870-4","url_text":"0-8128-2870-4"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Colin (1982). Beyond The Looking Glass. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. ISBN 0-15-112022-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beyondlookinggla00gord","url_text":"Beyond The Looking Glass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-112022-6","url_text":"0-15-112022-6"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Donald J. The Norton Critical Edition of Alice in Wonderland. Donald J. Gray.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=4294968921","url_text":"The Norton Critical Edition of Alice in Wonderland"}]},{"reference":"Leach, Karoline (1999). In the Shadow of the Dreamchild. Peter Owens. ISBN 0-7206-1044-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoline_Leach","url_text":"Leach, Karoline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Dreamchild","url_text":"In the Shadow of the Dreamchild"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7206-1044-3","url_text":"0-7206-1044-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alice+Liddell%22","external_links_name":"\"Alice Liddell\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alice+Liddell%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alice+Liddell%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alice+Liddell%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alice+Liddell%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alice+Liddell%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297619","external_links_name":"3297619"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29531672","external_links_name":"29531672"},{"Link":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NEM18760922.2.16","external_links_name":"\"Nelson Evening Mail, Volume XI, Issue 233, 22 September 1876, p. 4, quoting Home News, 1876\""},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp140368/alan-knyveton-hargreaves","external_links_name":"Alan Knyveton Hargreaves (1882–1915), Soldier; son of Alice Liddell"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517094152/http://www.southernlife.org.uk/lyndchur.htm","external_links_name":"\"lyndchur\""},{"Link":"http://www.southernlife.org.uk/lyndchur.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-58639707","external_links_name":"\"Museum of Oxford reopening: Century-old marmalade tin among exhibits\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-story-of-alice-innocence-through-the-lookingglass/news-story/3fa9c7273eec04fd4ed1fbb9fd431864","external_links_name":"A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Wave_(sidewheeler)	Ocean Wave (sidewheeler)	["1 Construction","2 Specifications","3 Operations on the Columbia River","4 Ownership issues","5 Transfer to Puget Sound","6 Purchase by Santa Fe Railroad","7 Transfer to San Francisco Bay","8 Reconstruction","9 Ferry operations","10 Accidents and casualties","10.1 Columbia and Willamette river incidents","10.2 San Francisco bay incidents","11 Later years","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","14.1 Printed sources","14.2 On-line newspaper collections"]	Ocean Wave on the Willamette River at Portland, Oregon, sometime between 1891 and 1897. History NameOcean Wave OwnerIlwaco Rwy & Navig. Co., others later. BuilderJ.H. Steffen Cost$75,000 Ocean Wave was a steamboat that was operated from 1891 to 1897 on the Columbia River, from 1897 to 1899 on Puget Sound and from 1899 to 1911 as a ferry on San Francisco Bay. Ocean Wave is perhaps best known for transporting summer vacationers from Portland, Oregon to seaside resorts near Ilwaco, Washington during its service on the Columbia River. This vessel is also known for being the first ferry placed in service by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Construction Ocean Wave was built at Portland, Oregon by J.H. Steffen for the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company. Ocean Wave was a side-wheeler type of steamboat, designed by Jacob Kamm, a wealthy business man who had extensive experience in steamboats. In early July 3, 1891, Jacob Kamm and his son, Charles T. Kamm, were rushing to complete the work on the new steamer, in an effort to have the vessel running by July 15, 1891, as the low water in the river could prevent the river steamer then on the route, the T.J. Potter, from making the scheduled time to Ilwaco. On July 15, 1891, it was reported that Ocean Wave had been launched, that the boat had cost $70,000 to construct, and that it bore a “striking resemblance to the T.J. Potter” The new steamer would make connections with the Ilwaco trains and probably would be run in opposition to the Union Pacific's boat on the Portland-Ilwaco route. Specifications As completed in 1891, Ocean Wave was 180 ft (54.86 m), with a beam of 29 ft (8.84 m) and depth of hold of 9.0 ft (2.74 m) These dimensions were measured over the hull. The size of the deck, which was built on outriggers or supporters attached to the hull, and the cabin structure (called the “house”) on the deck, were different, and often much wider, particularly for side-wheelers. The house was 56 feet wide at its maximum, necessarily overhanging the hull by 8 feet maximum on each side. The extreme length of the vessel was reported to have been 203 feet. The overall size of the vessel was 724.40 gross tons and 507.34 net tons. The merchant vessel registry number was 155207. Ocean Wave had two steam engines had a cylinder diameter of 18 inches and a stroke of 84 inches. The engines were manufactured by James Rees and Co., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and were of the independent balance puppet valve type. The engines were designed to generate 190 nominal horsepower, turning the side wheels at twenty-two to twenty-five revolutions per minute. The side wheels themselves were 24 ft (7.32 m) in diameter, and the planks mounted on the wheel that bit into the water (called “buckets) were 10 ft (3.05 m) feet long. The steam engines coupled to the stern wheels were expected to be readily capable of driving the boat at a speed of 18 miles per hour. The boat was reported to have cost $75,000. There were accommodations for 115 passengers in state rooms, with berthing for 75 more. Operations on the Columbia River Ocean Wave, in a drawing published in 1894, clearly based on the leading photograph in this article. The first pilot of Ocean Wave was Capt. Lester A. Bailey (b.1850), who had previously commanded the large sidewheeler Olympian on the route from Portland to Ilwaco. Others who served on Ocean Wave on the Ilwaco route were Charles T. Kamm, as master, and Joseph Hayes, as chief engineer. In 1889, the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company had built a narrow gauge railroad on the Long Beach Peninsula, then generally called the "North Beach." The company depended heavily on summer vacationers coming from the Portland area and other parts of Oregon. Ocean Wave was built to help transport vacationers to the company's dock at Ilwaco, Washington. The dock, which was in Baker's Bay, near Cape Disappointment, was in shallow water, and steamers could not get near the dock if the tide was too far out. Because the trains needed to arrive at the dock at same time as the steamers, the IR&N became known as the "railroad that ran by the tide." Starting in 1891, Ocean Wave made tri-weekly trips from Portland to Astoria and Ilwaco. One historian described how it might have appeared when the steamer met the train at Ilwaco: Just in time for high tide at Ilwaco, a pompous little train rattled in from Nahcotta and waited at the wharf; then, from across the bay would come the steamer, a neat side-wheeler such as the Ocean Wave, and tie up at the dock. Passengers rushed ashore to get good seats in the narrow coaches, while freight and baggage from the boat was tumbled on the dock. Quickly, before an ebbing tide could ground it, the boat hurried off, and the train whistled shrilly and clattered away with its load of passengers. The steamer was also available for excursions. On Saturday, August 15, 1891, Ocean Wave was chartered for an excursion by the Signal Corps of the First Regiment of the Oregon Native Guards. Fireworks were set off when the boat departed from the Taylor Street dock in Portland at 9:00 pm. About 300 people were on board. A band was embarked on the steamer, and played a tune, “Out on the Ocean Wave”, as several thousand people gathered along the river to witness the boat's departure. Ocean Wave arrived at Astoria, Oregon at 9:00 a.m. the next day, and disembarked some of the passengers, then proceeded to Ilwaco, where the steamer met the narrow gauge train at the dock. On the afternoon of June 13, 1893, Ocean Wave came downriver from Portland, Oregon to Astoria, and then crossed across the Columbia to Ilwaco, Washington. Later, Ocean Wave made its first trip of the summer from Portland direct to Ilwaco on July 3, 1893. The steamer was “crowded with Portlanders who intend spending the summer at the North Beach.” On July 21, 1893, the Oregon City Transportation Company, a steamboat concern, announced that through September 30, it would sell tickets to all points on North Beach, traveling on Ocean Wave with baggage being checked and transferred at no extra charge. On August 4, 1893, it was advertised that tickets on the steamers Telephone, Lurline, Ocean Wave and the tug Illwaco were interchangeable. On June 30, 1896, Ocean Wave arrived with the first group of vacationers for the season on the beaches. On the same day, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company and the White Collar Line reached an agreement whereby there would be two steamers, Ocean Wave and T.J. Potter, running twice daily between Astoria and Portland. A rail link between Portland and Astoria was under construction at the time, but had not yet reached Astoria. Completion of the rail link was expected to be soon, if the steel for the rails were to be delivered. Passengers for Gearhart and Seaside, Oregon would be landed at Flavel rather than a landing known as “the old bridge” until trains ran into Astoria. The roundtrip fare from Portland to Ilwaco would be $3.50 during the 1896 summer season. Ownership issues Advertisement published August 18, 1895, showing Ocean Wave as part of the White Collar Line. In July 1895 the board of directors of the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company, known as the IR&N, voted to lease Ocean Wave to the Columbia River and Puget Sound Transportation Company, also known as the CR & PSN and commonly referred to as the White Collar Line. At that time the CR & PSN had on the Columbia River two fast and well-known sternwheelers Telephone and the Bailey Gatzert. One of the IR&N company directors, Jacob Kamm, did not agree with this decision, and he placed a maritime lien (called a “libel”) on Ocean Wave for $17,851 for services provided by Kamm's firm, the Vancouver Transportation Company. While Kamm and Loomis were both on the board of directors of the IR&N, a disagreement between them had arisen, reportedly because Ocean Wave, designed by Kamm, had proven to be a slower boat than Loomis had wanted. If the lien had remained in place, it would have forced Ocean Wave to be tied up during the entire summer season when the boat would otherwise be at its most profitable. Kamm stated that if Ocean Wave were to be released from the libel, he would place his own steamboats, Lurline and Undine, in opposition. The editor of the Daily Astorian looked forward to such an event, which would generate a rate war among the steamboats supplying service between Portland and Astoria. As of July 16, 1895, the dispute was still not settled, and Ocean Wave was still not running on its most profitable route, the Portland-Astoria-Ilwaco run. The matter was resolved soon thereafter, when Louis A. Loomis (1830-1913), the chief founder of IR&N, went to San Francisco to obtain a loan of $85,000. Loomis estimated it would take over $64,000 to pay off all of the claims of Jacob Kamm. Loomis had been convinced that no one in the state of Oregon would lend him the money to pay Kamm's claims, so he had gone to San Francisco for the money. The rumor Astoria was that Loomis obtained the funds from the Morgan Oyster Company, who were also substantial stockholders in the IR&N. With the proceeds of the loan, Loomis was able to pay off Kamm. Sheriff Sears of Multnomah County, released the lien. With the lien gone, the lease of Ocean Wave to the CR&PSN went through. Ocean Wave began running on July 18, 1895. Thereafter Ocean Wave was operated on the Columbia River, and advertised, as one of the steamboats of the White Collar Line. Transfer to Puget Sound Ocean Wave prior to 1900, apparently out of service. In December 1897, Ocean Wave was sold to a syndicate who intended to bring the steamer north to Puget Sound. Another source states the vessel was chartered to Cook and Co., a Puget Sound concern. On December 7, 1897, President Loomis of the IR&N handed over Ocean Wave to Capt. Charles Clancy, who was to take the steamer down the Columbia River and around the Olympic Peninsula to Puget Sound. According to one non-contemporaneous source, the reason for the sale was that Ocean Wave was not in the same speed class as the primary competition, T.J. Potter. The boat was reported to have been under powered and therefore somewhat slow in actual service. Other sources state or suggest that the reason for the sale was to permit Ocean Wave to be used in the shipping boom triggered by the Klondike Gold Rush. Ocean Wave saw some service running from Puget Sound to Vancouver, British Columbia under Gary (or Cary) W. Cook (b.1862). According to one source, when the bottom fell out of the Klondike market, Ocean Wave was left with nothing to do. In December 1898, Ocean Wave was taken from Tacoma to the Fraser River in British Columbia to be placed in lay up for an indefinite time. The owners were reported to have been afraid to keep the vessel in the “teredo-invested water” of Puget Sound. Purchase by Santa Fe Railroad Ocean Wave in service, unknown location on either the Columbia River or Puget Sound, sometime between 1891 and 1899. By 1899, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad had completed its transcontinental line with its western terminus at Point Richmond. To complete the final part of the line to San Francisco, the railroad needed a steamer to carry its passengers across the bay. Santa Fe had a new ferry boat ordered and under construction at Union Iron Works but this would not be complete in time. With no suitable local steamer available, the railroad's traffic manager, W.A. Bissell, asked Capt. John Leale, of the Southern Pacific ferry lines, to go to Pacific Northwest to attempt to locate an appropriate vessel. Leale's employer, Southern Pacific, was willing to cooperate with the Santa Fe, and so Leale went to the Pacific Northwest to look for a boat. Leale first went to Portland, Oregon, and then to Puget Sound, where he met Gary W. Cook. Cook took Leale north to New Westminster, British Columbia, where Cook had had the Ocean Wave docked, and offered the boat to Leale Leale liked the strong build of the vessel, so bought Ocean Wave for his own account, subject to the conditions that it be delivered to San Francisco and it be able to raise steam and turn its wheels over under its own power once it arrived there. Transfer to San Francisco Bay At 9:30 pm, on Saturday, May 20, 1899, Ocean Wave departed Port Angeles, Washington under the tow of the powerful ocean-going steam tug Richard Holyoke. Ocean Wave was not built to operate on the open sea, so before the transfer, it had to boarded up to protect against breaking waves. Water ballast was pumped into the hull. The weather was good and Holyoke arrived with the tow a day earlier than expected, on May 24, 1899. Once the boat arrived, and met with Santa Fe's approval following inspection, the railroad purchased the vessel from Leale. Reconstruction Ocean Wave following reconstruction as a ferry in 1900. On arrival in San Francisco, Ocean Wave was tied up to the Washington Street wharf. Modifications had to be made to refit Ocean Wave for ferry service. Within one-half hour, carpenters had begun to work on the vessel. There were fifty staterooms on the main deck and over one hundred on the upper deck, all of which had to be removed, to convert the upper deck into a single large passenger lounge (called a “saloon”) and the lower deck into a freight area. The bow had to be reconfigured to allow boarding over the front of the vessel at the ferry landing slips in the bay. Later the steamer was sent to Hay and Wright's shipyard at Oakland Creek. When complete, Ocean Wave would be a “single ender” ferry, like the San Rafael which was then operating on the bay. Once in service, Ocean Wave and San Rafael would be the only single-ender ferries running on the bay, with all the rest being double-enders. In May 1899, it was reported that the time necessary to accomplish the reconstruction work would be about two months, and would be done about August 1, 1899. However, Ocean Wave was in the yard for seven months, and was finished a few days before April 8, 1900. Ferry operations Ocean Wave in ferry service on San Francisco Bay, sometime between 1900 and 1911. Unknown sailing ship in background. Santa Fe planned for Ocean Wave to meet its passenger trains at Point Richmond, then transported the passengers and their associated luggage and freight across San Francisco Bay to the Market Street ferry terminal. However, difficulties in completing the rail line to Point Richmond prevented Ocean Wave from being immediately placed into this service. Instead the boat was used at first to haul supplies from San Francisco to Point Richmond. When the rail line to Point Richmond was complete, Ocean Wave began service as a ferry. The first trip occurred on July 6, 1900, when Ocean Wave departed from the Ferry Building in San Francisco, and reached Point Richmond 40 minutes later, where passengers and baggage were transferred to an eastbound Santa Fe train, which would be the first ever to reachnChicago over an entirely Santa Fe-owned right of way. In charge of Ocean Wave on this trip were Capt. John Lauritzen as master and Chief Engineer Ed Mahoney. Ocean Wave’s engines were too light to handle the heavy traffic on the Point Richmond run. The new ferry that had been building at Union Works, was launched and named San Pablo. When San Pablo was placed into service in December 1900, Ocean Wave was switched from the primary boat on the line to the spare or "relief" boat, used when the principal vessel was under repair or otherwise unavailable. Santa Fe operated the two boats together for about ten years. In May 1908, the Santa Fe Railroad arranged to have Ocean Wave take a number of excursion trips around San Francisco Bay to view the arrival of the Great White Fleet. According to an advertisement for the excursions: The most satisfactory way to see the fleet is to take one of the Santa Fe excursion trips around .the bay. For nearly two hours, each trip, the steamer Ocean Wave steams slowly up and down the rows of battleships, cruisers and torpedo boats, giving passengers an excellent opportunity to view the beautiful vessels from every side. Fred Harvey maintains a splendid cafe on board. There is no overcrowding. On Saturday and Sunday trips will be as follows: Leave, from Santa Fe waiting room,Ferry building, 9:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m.; 3:00 p.m., 5:00 .p.m; and 7:00; p.m. Fare $1.00. Tlckets at ferry office or 673 Market street. Accidents and casualties Over the years Ocean Wave was involved in a number of accidents, some of which resulted in loss of life. These occurred both on the Columbia River system and in San Francisco Bay. Columbia and Willamette river incidents In January 1893, on the Willamette River, the sternwheeler Telephone, while making a landing to pick up some hogs at the North Portland stockyards, ran into an anchored ship, breaking the ship's bow sprit. Telephone backed away from the ship, and in so doing collided with Ocean Wave, smashing the sternwheel on Telephone. Damage to Ocean Wave was about $200 and, to Telephone, about $500. On Sunday night, August 18, 1895, at 11:30 pm, Ocean Wave while en route from Ilwaco to Portland, ran into and sank a pleasure yacht with five people on board. Two of the yacht's occupants, John Weatherwax and Ed Wagner, were drowned. The captain of Ocean Wave reported that the sailboat had no light showing and there was heavy smoke, presumably from the Ocean Wave, prevailing at the time. On September 25, 1895, the case was investigated by the Steamboat Inspection Service and the officers of Ocean Wave were exonerated of all blame. On September 6, 1897, deck hand Dell Elbon fell overboard from Ocean Wave as the steamer was passing through the Burnside Bridge. Elbon was 21 years of age, and had been working as non-union employee during a wage dispute on the Ocean Wave when he fell from the boat. Elbon's father alleged that his son's death was linked to the labor dispute and that he had been struck on the head prior to going into the water. The coroner found no evidence of a blow to the head however. San Francisco bay incidents On November 27, 1901, a cylinder head blew out on Ocean Wave while the ferry was on the 8:00 a.m. run, causing a deckhand to be slightly scalded by escaping steam. The engines became useless as a result, but the tug Reliance towed Ocean Wave to and from Point Richmond on the day of the incident, so there as no delay or inconvenience in the ferry service. The ferry Amador was to take the place of Ocean Wave until repairs could be effected. During a severe wind storm on February 25, 1902, Ocean Wave was blown off its moorings at Point Richmond and drifted about one-half mile into shallow water where it was grounded. A tug as well as the ferry San Pablo tried to pull Ocean Wave back into deeper water, but were unsuccessful. Finally it was decided to put a crew aboard the stranded ferry, and they started a fire in the boiler. With steam up, Ocean Wave was able to get clear under its own power. The ferry then went to San Francisco for repairs, but the damage was not very great. On July 8, 1910, a carpenter, Petrus A. Erickson, was believed to have fallen overboard from the Ocean Wave. Erickson was thought to have fallen into the bay from the paddle wheel housing where he had been working when the ferry left San Francisco bound for Point Richmond on the afternoon of the 8th. Erickson's body was initially reported to have been found ten days later, on July 18, 1910, floating beneath Broadway wharf No. 2. This body was to have been turned over to Erickson's brother. However, the body recovered on July 18 seems not to have been that of Erickson's. On August 19, 1910, Peter Nelson, the lighthouse keeper at Lime Point Lighthouse, found a body in the surf. Based on the clothing on the body, which had been in the water a month or more, Coroner F.E. Sawyer ruled that the body might be that of Erickson. Later years By 1911, Ocean Wave was not able to compete with newer and more powerful double-ended ferries that were running on the bay. The ferry was laid up at Antioch, California and sold back to Captain Leale, who intended to scrap it. However, when the First World War created a demand for shipping, Ocean Wave was sold to the United States Shipping Board, which used the vessel for about three and one-half years as a receiving ship to house recruits into the Sea Training Service to be trained as merchant seamen. The boat's engines were removed to make room for more recruits. In the 1920s the boat was sold again to be used as a floating restaurant. The boat later gradually disintegrated. According to another source, the boat was burned in 1934 on the mud flats of southern San Francisco Bay, near San Mateo. See also Steamboats of the Columbia River Ferries of San Francisco Bay Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Newell, Gordon R., ed. (1966). H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: Superior Pub. Co. pp. 50, 337. LCCN 66025424. ^ a b Trimble, Paul C.; Knorp, William (2007). Ferries of San Francisco Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 9780738547312. ^ "Item". Oregon City Enterprise. July 3, 1891. p. 1 col. 5. ^ a b "Item". The Dalles Daily Chronicle. July 15, 1891. p. 1 col. 6. ^ a b c U.S. Dept. of the Treasury, Statistics Bureau (1894). Annual List of Merchant Vessels (for year ending June 30, 1893). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 338. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu05600073. ^ a b c d e f Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine history of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. pp. 213 n.21, 285 n.12, 387, 423. LCCN 28001147. ^ a b c d e f Harlan, George H. (1967). San Francisco Ferryboats. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books. pp. 121, 123, 168, 179. LCCN 67020998. ^ a b c d e f g "This Boat is Speedy — The Ocean Wave, the Pride of the Willamette". Morning Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. September 18, 1891. p. 20 col. 4. ^ a b c "The Ocean Wave — Mr. Kamm's New Steamboat Makes a Little Trip Up the River". Morning Oregonian. Portland, OR. August 6, 1891. p. 8 col. 4. ^ a b c Feagans, Raymond J. (1972). The Railroad that Ran by the Tide -- Ilwaco Railroad & Navigation Company of the State of Washington. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books. pp. 35, 39, 136. ISBN 0-8310-7094-3. LCCN 72076313. ^ a b Mills, Randall V. (1947). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161. ^ a b c d e "Off on the Ocean Wave — The Excursion Given by the First Regiment Signal Corps a Success". Morning Oregonian. August 18, 1891. p. 1 col. 2. ^ Item, Daily Morning Astorian, June 14, 1893, page 4, col. 2. ^ a b "First Trip". Daily Morning Astorian. July 4, 1993. p. 6 col. 1. ^ "Seasiders Take Notice". Oregon City Enterprise. July 21, 1893. p. 5 col. 3. ^ "For Astoria — Fast Line — Steam'r Telephone". Oregon City Enterprise. August 4, 1893. p. 5 col. 5. ^ "Item". Daily Morning Oregonian. July 1, 1896. p. 4 col. 2. ^ a b c d e "Item". Daily Morning Astorian. June 30, 1896. p. 4 col. 4. ^ a b c d e f "Item". Daily Morning Astorian. July 10, 1895. p. 3 col. 3. ^ "Item". Daily Morning Astorian. July 16, 1895. p. 3 col. 3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Items". Daily Morning Astorian. July 17, 1895. p. 3 col. 3. ^ a b "Ocean Wave Sold". Daily Morning Astorian (published December 8, 1897). December 7, 1897. p. 1 col. 4. ^ "Two Steamers that Figured in Strong Competition Here End Careers at San Francisco, when Stripped of Machinery". Sunday Oregonian. Portland, OR. January 13, 1918. Sec. 2 p. 1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Steamer for Santa Fe's Business — Ocean Wave Arrives from Puget Sound". San Francisco Call. May 25, 1899. p. 12 col. 3. ^ a b "Wayside Gleanings". The Dalles Daily Chronicle. January 4, 1899. p. 3 col. 1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Harland, George H.; Fisher, Clement, Jr. (1851). Of Walking Beams and Paddle Wheels: a Chronicle of San Francisco Bay Ferryboats (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Bay Books. pp. 47, 48, 49, 50, 154. LCCN 50008053.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Arrived with a Tow". Anaconda Standard (published May 25, 1899). May 24, 1899. p. 6 col. 4. ^ a b "Ocean Wave’s New Business", Sunday Oregonian, April 8, 1900, part 2, page 22, col. 1. ^ "Through Passenger Service over Santa Fe". San Francisco Call. July 1, 1900. p. 32 col. 3. ^ "See the Fleet in Comfort". San Francisco Call. May 6, 1908. p. 13 col. 3. ^ "The Most Satisfactory Way …". San Francisco Call. May 9, 1908. p. 12 col. 2. ^ a b c "Item". The Dalles Daily Chronicle. January 13, 1893. p. 3 col. 2. ^ a b "Item". The Dalles Weekly Chronicle. August 24, 1895. p. Pt. 2 p. 2 col. 1. ^ "Two Drowned". Eugene City Guard. August 24, 1895. p. 1 col. 7. ^ a b United States Steamboat Inspection Service (1896). Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector General, Steamboat Inspection Service to the Secretary of Commerce. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. ^ "Portland Casualties". Eugene Register Guard. September 11, 1897. p. 1 col. 6. ^ a b c "Elbon's Body Found. The Cause of Death Will Be Investigated Today". Morning Oregonian. Portland, OR. September 9, 1897. p. 10 col. 4. ^ a b c "Accident on Ocean Wave". San Francisco Call. November 28, 1901. p. 7 col. 2. ^ a b c d e "Romping Wind in Alameda Uses Two-Story House as Plaything". San Francisco Call. February 26, 1902. p. 10 col. 5. ^ a b c d "Body of Carpenter Recovered". San Francisco Call. July 19, 1910. p. 17 col. 2. ^ a b "Drowned Man's Clothes May Prove Identity". San Francisco Call. August 21, 1910. p. 29 col. 2. References Printed sources Feagans, Raymond J. (1972). The Railroad that Ran by the Tide -- Ilwaco Railroad & Navigation Company of the State of Washington. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books. ISBN 0-8310-7094-3. LCCN 72076313. Harland, George H.; Fisher, Clement Jr. (1951). Of Walking Beams and Paddle Wheels: a Chronicle of San Francisco Bay Ferryboats (1st ed.). San Francisco: Bay Books. pp. 47, 48, 49, 50, 154. LCCN 50008053. Harland, George H. (1967). San Francisco Bay Ferryboats. San Francisco: Howell-North Books. ASIN B0006BR074. LCCN 67020998. Mills, Randall V. (1947). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161. Newell, Gordon R., ed. (1966). H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: Superior Pub. Co. pp. 50, 337. Trimble, Paul C.; Knorp, William (2007). Ferries of San Francisco Bay. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738547312. Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine history of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. On-line newspaper collections "Historic Oregon Newspapers". University of Oregon. "California Digital Newspaper Collection". University of California, Riverside. "Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers". Library of Congress. vteIlwaco Railway and Navigation CompanyStations and stops McGowan Fort Columbia Chinook Ilwaco Holman Tioga Seaview Long Beach Loomis Klipsan Beach Ocean Park Nahcotta Steamboats Alaskan (sidewheeler) General Miles Ilwaco Ocean Wave T. J. Potter Owners and personnel John C. Ainsworth Jacob Kamm vteSteamboats of Oregon and the Columbia River basinvteRoutesInland Columbia River (lower) Willamette River Cowlitz River Columbia River (Wenatchee Reach) Lake Chelan Lake Okanagan Arrow Lakes Upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers Coastal Oregon Coast Coquille River Coos Bay Yaquina Bay and river vteInland and coastal vesselsInland vessels Alaskan Alice Altona Astorian (1891) Athlon B. H. Smith Jr. Bailey Gatzert Beaver (1835) Beaver (1873) Bonita (1900) Carrie Ladd Charles R. Spencer Chester Clara Parker Colonel Wright Columbia (1850) Cowlitz (1858) Cowlitz (1917) Dayton Eliza Anderson Elwood Emma Hayward Etna Fleetwood Gazelle Geo. E. Starr Georgiana Governor Grover Gov. Newell Grahamona Hassalo (1880) Harvest Queen Hooligan Idaho Ilwaco Imnaha John H. Couch Joseph Kellogg Klamath Jean Jennie Clark Jessie Harkins Juneta La Center Logger Lot Whitcomb Lucea Mason Lurline Madeline Manzanillo Mascot Mazama Metlako Mountain Gem Multnomah (1851) Nahcotta Nespelem Nestor Nez Perce Chief No Wonder North Pacific North Star Northwest Ocean Wave Olympian (sidewheeler) Olympian (sternwheeler) Oneonta Orient Otter Pearl Portland (1875) Portland (1947) Quickstep R.R. Thompson Rabboni Regulator Relief (1906) Robert Young Sarah Dixon Shoo Fly Swan Teaser Telegraph Tenino T. J. Potter Telephone Undine Virginia V Wallamet Wenat Wide West Willamette Chief Wilson G. Hunt Winema Coastal vessels Bayocean Gazelle General Miles Life-Line Montesano Sue H. Elmore T.M. Richardson Washington W.H. Harrison Vessel lists Steamboats on the Columbia Modern ferries Wahkiakum County Ferry Needles-Fauquier Ferry (Arrow Lakes) vteCompanies, shipyards, personnel, and navigationPortages, locks, and canals Cascade Locks and Canal Celilo Canal Willamette Locks Steamboat lines Callendar Navigation Co. Harkins Transportation Co. Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Co. Okanogan Steamboat Co. Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. Oregon Steam Navigation Co. People's Transportation Co. Shaver Transportation Co. Steamboat owners and captains John C. Ainsworth John Bonser John H. Couch Joseph Kellogg George W. Shaver James W. Troup Henry Villard Builders and shipyards Jacob Kamm John J. Holland Shipwrecks Shipwrecks of the inland Columbia River Steamboat Inspection Service vteSteamboats in other areasArticles by areaWashington Lake Washington Columbia River Cowlitz River Grays Harbor Willapa Bay Columbia River (Wenatchee Reach) Lake Crescent British Columbia Upper Fraser River Lakes Route Arrow Lakes Okanagan Lake Upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers Skeena River Stikine River Peace River Alaska and Yukon Yukon River Other Mackenzie River Navboxes Puget Sound British Columbia Oregon Coast California Lists of vessels Ships in British Columbia Retired BC ferries Steamboats on the Columbia River Puget Sound steamboats Related topic : Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet vteSteamboats of CaliforniaParticular vessels Annie Abernathy Antelope Aquilo (yacht) City of Sacramento Bayocean Black Hawk Capital Captain Sutter Chrysopolis City of Seattle Delta King Delta Queen Eureka El Dorado El Primero George E. Starr General Frisbie Georgiana Goliah Hartford Governor Dana Ilwaco Issaquah Jack Hays Klamath (inland steamboat) Ocean Wave Magdalena McKim Mint Monarch New World Pioneer Rabboni Rosalie Sacramento San Rafael SS Senator Sitka Telephone Wallamet Washington Washoe Wilson G. Hunt Yosemite Ferries of San Francisco Bay Clinton Contra Costa Oakland Piedmont Solano Thoroughfare Transit Ukiah Steamboat lines Aspinwall Steam Transportation Line California Steam Navigation Company Contra Costa Steam Navigation Company George A. Johnson & Company Pacific Mail Steamship Company Simmons, Hutchinson & Company Water routes California Coast Colorado River San Francisco Bay Sacramento River San Joaquin River Owners and captains Joseph Barnard Benjamin M. Hartshorne George A. Johnson William Leidesdorff Charles Minturn James Turnbull Issac Warren Builders Domingo Marcucci John G. North Henry Owens Austin Hills Patrick Henry Tiernan Shipyards Hunters Point North's Shipyard Potrero Point Rincon Point Steamboat Point Sutter Iron Works Tichenor's Ways Union Iron Works Yerba Buena Cove Lists of vessels List of steamboats on the Colorado River List of steamboats and steam ferries on San Francisco Bay List of steamboats on the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and their tributaries Steamboats in other areas Columbia River Willamette River Oregon Coast Yaquina Bay and river Coquille River Cowlitz River Puget Sound Lake Washington Grays Harbor Chehalis River Hoquiam River Willapa Bay Columbia River (Wenatchee Reach) Lake Crescent Arrow Lakes Upper Fraser River Skeena River vteSteamboats of Puget Sound and western Washington StatevteShips of the Mosquito FleetPropellersWood Albion Alice (1897) Alice Gertrude Annie M. Pence Aquilo (steamship) Aquilo (yacht) Arcadia Atlanta Audrey Bay Island Bellingham Burton C.C. Calkins C.C. Cherry Calista Camano Clallam Commander Concordia Crest Crystal Daring Dart Dauntless Defiance Dix Dode Dove Eagle Elfin Elk El Primero Elsinore Fleetwood Florence K Fortuna Flyer General Miles Hattie Hansen Hector Hyak Ilwaco Inland Flyer Iola Island Princess Islander Katherine L.T. Haas Lady of the Lake Magnolia Mizpah Monticello 2 Otter Quickstep Rosalie Sentinel Triton Urania Vashon Verona Victor Virginia V Willapa Steel Aquilo (yacht) City of Sacramento Coho Duwamish El Primero Jessie Banning Kulshan Potlatch Sioux Sol Duc Tacoma Sternwheelers Bailey Gatzert Capital City Chehalis City of Shelton Clara Brown Comet Daisy Elwood Enterprise (1855) Emma Hayward Fairhaven Fidalgo Greyhound Hassalo (1880) Henry Bailey Irene Messenger Monte Cristo Multnomah Northern Light Old Settler Olympian Otter S.G. Simpson Teaser Telegraph Triumph Wenat WT Preston Zephyr Sidewheelers Alaskan Beaver Cyrus Walker Eliza Anderson Fairy George E. Starr Idaho King County Kirkland Leschi North Pacific Ocean Wave Olympia Olympian T.J. Potter Wilson G. Hunt West Seattle Yosemite Steam tugs Alice (1897) C.C. Cherry Cyrus Walker Duwamish Echo Elk Goliah (1849) Goliah (1907) Hector Rabboni Portland (1875) Richard Holyoke Ruth Wallowa Steam ferriesConverted Bailey Gatzert City of Sacramento Beeline Fortuna Sioux Purpose-built City of Clinton City of Mukilteo City of Seattle Issaquah King County Leschi West Seattle Motor vessels Alverene Bainbridge Carlisle II Coho Falcon Lotus Speeder Suquamish vtePuget Sound Mosquito Fleet companies, shipyards, and personnelCompaniesPassenger and freight Angeles Brewing & Malting Co. Black Ball Line Hale Pass. & Wollochet Bay Nav. Co. Hansen Trans. Co. Hunt Bros. Island Trans. Co. Kitsap County Trans. Co. La Conner Trading & Trans. Co. McDowell Trans. Co. Merchants Trans. Co. Moe Bros. Oregon Rwy & Nav. Co. Oregon Steam Navig. Co. Puget Sound Nav. Co. Pacific Coast Steamship Straits Steamship Co. Tacoma & Burton Nav. Co. Vashon Nav. Co. TowingPacific Tow Boat Co.Ferry Kitsap County Trans. Co. Oreg. & Wash. Ferry & Nav. Go. Puget Sound Nav. Co. West Seattle Land & Improv. Co. Shipyards Crawford & Reid J.F. Duthie Holland King & Winge Lake Washington Moran Bros. Martinolich Personnel William Ballard Thomas Coupe Joshua Green Matthew McDowell vteSteamboats in other areasArticles by areaWashington Lake Washington Columbia River Cowlitz River Grays Harbor Willapa Bay Columbia River (Wenatchee Reach) Lake Crescent Oregon Columbia River Willamette River Oregon Coast Yaquina Bay Coquille River Coos Bay British Columbia Upper Fraser River Lakes Route Arrow Lakes Okanagan Lake Upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers Skeena River Stikine River Peace River Alaska and YukonYukon RiverOtherMackenzie RiverNavboxes Columbia River British Columbia California Lists of vessels List of ships in British Columbia List of steamboats on the Columbia River Further information: Washington State Ferries vtePuget Sound sidewheelersWood hulls Beaver City of Seattle Cyrus Walker Eliza Anderson Fairy George E. Starr Idaho North Pacific Ocean Wave T. J. Potter Wilson G. Hunt Yosemite Iron hulls Alaskan Olympian	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ocean Wave (sidewheeler)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilwaco_Railway_and_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trimble-2"},{"link_name":"Jacob Kamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Kamm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"T.J. Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.J._Potter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Striking-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Striking-4"}],"text":"Ocean Wave was built at Portland, Oregon by J.H. Steffen for the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company.[1][2] Ocean Wave was a side-wheeler type of steamboat, designed by Jacob Kamm, a wealthy business man who had extensive experience in steamboats.[1]In early July 3, 1891, Jacob Kamm and his son, Charles T. Kamm, were rushing to complete the work on the new steamer, in an effort to have the vessel running by July 15, 1891, as the low water in the river could prevent the river steamer then on the route, the T.J. Potter, from making the scheduled time to Ilwaco.[3] On July 15, 1891, it was reported that Ocean Wave had been launched, that the boat had cost $70,000 to construct, and that it bore a “striking resemblance to the T.J. Potter”[4] The new steamer would make connections with the Ilwaco trains and probably would be run in opposition to the Union Pacific's boat on the Portland-Ilwaco route.[4]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1893_list-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_213-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harlan_121-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Speedy-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Speedy-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1893_list-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1893_list-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_213-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Speedy-8"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Speedy-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewBoat-9"},{"link_name":"ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Speedy-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewBoat-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewBoat-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Speedy-8"}],"text":"As completed in 1891, Ocean Wave was 180 ft (54.86 m), with a beam of 29 ft (8.84 m) and depth of hold of 9.0 ft (2.74 m)[5][6]These dimensions were measured over the hull. The size of the deck, which was built on outriggers or supporters attached to the hull, and the cabin structure (called the “house”) on the deck, were different, and often much wider, particularly for side-wheelers.[7] The house was 56 feet wide at its maximum, necessarily overhanging the hull by 8 feet maximum on each side.[8] The extreme length of the vessel was reported to have been 203 feet.[8]The overall size of the vessel was 724.40 gross tons and 507.34 net tons.[5] The merchant vessel registry number was 155207.[5]Ocean Wave had two steam engines had a cylinder diameter of 18 inches and a stroke of 84 inches.[6][8] The engines were manufactured by James Rees and Co., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and were of the independent balance puppet valve type.[8] The engines were designed to generate 190 nominal horsepower, turning the side wheels at twenty-two to twenty-five revolutions per minute.[9] The side wheels themselves were 24 ft (7.32 m) in diameter, and the planks mounted on the wheel that bit into the water (called “buckets) were 10 ft (3.05 m) feet long.[8] The steam engines coupled to the stern wheels were expected to be readily capable of driving the boat at a speed of 18 miles per hour.[9]The boat was reported to have cost $75,000.[9] There were accommodations for 115 passengers in state rooms, with berthing for 75 more.[8]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_Wave_(sidewheeler).jpg"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pilot"},{"link_name":"Olympian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympian_(sidewheeler)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_213-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_213-6"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Ilwaco, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilwaco,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Cape Disappointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Disappointment_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feagans-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills_160-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Speedy-8"},{"link_name":"Nahcotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahcotta,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills_160-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONG-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONG-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONG-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONG-12"},{"link_name":"Astoria, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONG-12"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Ilwaco, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilwaco,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City-15"},{"link_name":"Lurline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurline_(sternwheeler_1878)"},{"link_name":"Illwaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilwaco_(steamboat)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"T.J. Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._J._Potter"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agreement-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agreement-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agreement-18"},{"link_name":"Gearhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhart,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Seaside, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agreement-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agreement-18"}],"text":"Ocean Wave, in a drawing published in 1894, clearly based on the leading photograph in this article.The first pilot of Ocean Wave was Capt. Lester A. Bailey (b.1850), who had previously commanded the large sidewheeler Olympian on the route from Portland to Ilwaco.[6] Others who served on Ocean Wave on the Ilwaco route were Charles T. Kamm, as master, and Joseph Hayes, as chief engineer.[6]In 1889, the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company had built a narrow gauge railroad on the Long Beach Peninsula, then generally called the \"North Beach.\" The company depended heavily on summer vacationers coming from the Portland area and other parts of Oregon. Ocean Wave was built to help transport vacationers to the company's dock at Ilwaco, Washington. The dock, which was in Baker's Bay, near Cape Disappointment, was in shallow water, and steamers could not get near the dock if the tide was too far out. Because the trains needed to arrive at the dock at same time as the steamers, the IR&N became known as the \"railroad that ran by the tide.\"[10][11]Starting in 1891, Ocean Wave made tri-weekly trips from Portland to Astoria and Ilwaco.[8] One historian described how it might have appeared when the steamer met the train at Ilwaco:Just in time for high tide at Ilwaco, a pompous little train rattled in from Nahcotta and waited at the wharf; then, from across the bay would come the steamer, a neat side-wheeler such as the Ocean Wave, and tie up at the dock. Passengers rushed ashore to get good seats in the narrow coaches, while freight and baggage from the boat was tumbled on the dock. Quickly, before an ebbing tide could ground it, the boat hurried off, and the train whistled shrilly and clattered away with its load of passengers.[11]The steamer was also available for excursions. On Saturday, August 15, 1891, Ocean Wave was chartered for an excursion by the Signal Corps of the First Regiment of the Oregon Native Guards.[12] Fireworks were set off when the boat departed from the Taylor Street dock in Portland at 9:00 pm.[12] About 300 people were on board.[12] A band was embarked on the steamer, and played a tune, “Out on the Ocean Wave”, as several thousand people gathered along the river to witness the boat's departure.[12] Ocean Wave arrived at Astoria, Oregon at 9:00 a.m. the next day, and disembarked some of the passengers, then proceeded to Ilwaco, where the steamer met the narrow gauge train at the dock.[12]On the afternoon of June 13, 1893, Ocean Wave came downriver from Portland, Oregon to Astoria, and then crossed across the Columbia to Ilwaco, Washington.[13] \nLater, Ocean Wave made its first trip of the summer from Portland direct to Ilwaco on July 3, 1893.[14] The steamer was “crowded with Portlanders who intend spending the summer at the North Beach.”[14] On July 21, 1893, the Oregon City Transportation Company, a steamboat concern, announced that through September 30, it would sell tickets to all points on North Beach, traveling on Ocean Wave with baggage being checked and transferred at no extra charge.[15] On August 4, 1893, it was advertised that tickets on the steamers Telephone, Lurline, Ocean Wave and the tug Illwaco were interchangeable.[16]On June 30, 1896, Ocean Wave arrived with the first group of vacationers for the season on the beaches.[17] On the same day, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company and the White Collar Line reached an agreement whereby there would be two steamers, Ocean Wave and T.J. Potter, running twice daily between Astoria and Portland.[18] A rail link between Portland and Astoria was under construction at the time, but had not yet reached Astoria.[18] Completion of the rail link was expected to be soon, if the steel for the rails were to be delivered.[18] Passengers for Gearhart and Seaside, Oregon would be landed at Flavel rather than a landing known as “the old bridge” until trains ran into Astoria.[18] The roundtrip fare from Portland to Ilwaco would be $3.50 during the 1896 summer season.[18]","title":"Operations on the Columbia River"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Collar_Line_ad_1895.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilwaco_Railway_and_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lease-19"},{"link_name":"Telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_(sternwheeler)"},{"link_name":"Bailey Gatzert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Gatzert_(sternwheeler)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lease-19"},{"link_name":"Jacob Kamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Kamm"},{"link_name":"lien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lease-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feagans-10"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lease-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lease-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lease-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Owner-20"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loomis-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loomis-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loomis-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loomis-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loomis-21"},{"link_name":"Multnomah County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_County"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loomis-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loomis-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loomis-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_213-6"}],"text":"Advertisement published August 18, 1895, showing Ocean Wave as part of the White Collar Line.In July 1895 the board of directors of the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company, known as the IR&N, voted to lease Ocean Wave to the Columbia River and Puget Sound Transportation Company, also known as the CR & PSN and commonly referred to as the White Collar Line.[19] At that time the CR & PSN had on the Columbia River two fast and well-known sternwheelers Telephone and the Bailey Gatzert.[19] One of the IR&N company directors, Jacob Kamm, did not agree with this decision, and he placed a maritime lien (called a “libel”) on Ocean Wave for $17,851 for services provided by Kamm's firm, the Vancouver Transportation Company.[19] While Kamm and Loomis were both on the board of directors of the IR&N, a disagreement between them had arisen, reportedly because Ocean Wave, designed by Kamm, had proven to be a slower boat than Loomis had wanted.[10]If the lien had remained in place, it would have forced Ocean Wave to be tied up during the entire summer season when the boat would otherwise be at its most profitable.[19] Kamm stated that if Ocean Wave were to be released from the libel, he would place his own steamboats, Lurline and Undine, in opposition.[19] The editor of the Daily Astorian looked forward to such an event, which would generate a rate war among the steamboats supplying service between Portland and Astoria.[19]As of July 16, 1895, the dispute was still not settled, and Ocean Wave was still not running on its most profitable route, the Portland-Astoria-Ilwaco run.[20] The matter was resolved soon thereafter, when Louis A. Loomis (1830-1913), the chief founder of IR&N, went to San Francisco to obtain a loan of $85,000.[21] Loomis estimated it would take over $64,000 to pay off all of the claims of Jacob Kamm.[21] Loomis had been convinced that no one in the state of Oregon would lend him the money to pay Kamm's claims, so he had gone to San Francisco for the money.[21] The rumor Astoria was that Loomis obtained the funds from the Morgan Oyster Company, who were also substantial stockholders in the IR&N.[21]With the proceeds of the loan, Loomis was able to pay off Kamm.[21] Sheriff Sears of Multnomah County, released the lien.[21] With the lien gone, the lease of Ocean Wave to the CR&PSN went through.[21] Ocean Wave began running on July 18, 1895.[21] Thereafter Ocean Wave was operated on the Columbia River, and advertised, as one of the steamboats of the White Collar Line.[6]","title":"Ownership issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_Wave_tied_up_(pre-1900).jpg"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sold-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"Olympic Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sold-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TwoSteamers-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_213-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"Klondike Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"Fraser River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wayside-25"},{"link_name":"teredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teredo_(genus)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wayside-25"}],"text":"Ocean Wave prior to 1900, apparently out of service.In December 1897, Ocean Wave was sold to a syndicate who intended to bring the steamer north to Puget Sound.[22] Another source states the vessel was chartered to Cook and Co., a Puget Sound concern.[1]On December 7, 1897, President Loomis of the IR&N handed over Ocean Wave to Capt. Charles Clancy, who was to take the steamer down the Columbia River and around the Olympic Peninsula to Puget Sound.[22] According to one non-contemporaneous source, the reason for the sale was that Ocean Wave was not in the same speed class as the primary competition, T.J. Potter.[23] The boat was reported to have been under powered and therefore somewhat slow in actual service.[6]Other sources state or suggest[1] that the reason for the sale was to permit Ocean Wave to be used in the shipping boom triggered by the Klondike Gold Rush.[24] Ocean Wave saw some service running from Puget Sound to Vancouver, British Columbia under Gary (or Cary) W. Cook (b.1862).[1]According to one source, when the bottom fell out of the Klondike market, Ocean Wave was left with nothing to do.[24] In December 1898, Ocean Wave was taken from Tacoma to the Fraser River in British Columbia to be placed in lay up for an indefinite time.[25] The owners were reported to have been afraid to keep the vessel in the “teredo-invested water” of Puget Sound.[25]","title":"Transfer to Puget Sound"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_Wave_(sidewheeler)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka,_and_Santa_Fe_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Point Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Richmond"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"Union Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harlan_121-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"},{"link_name":"New Westminster, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Westminster,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"}],"text":"Ocean Wave in service, unknown location on either the Columbia River or Puget Sound, sometime between 1891 and 1899.By 1899, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad had completed its transcontinental line with its western terminus at Point Richmond.[1] To complete the final part of the line to San Francisco, the railroad needed a steamer to carry its passengers across the bay.[1] Santa Fe had a new ferry boat ordered and under construction at Union Iron Works but this would not be complete in time.[7] With no suitable local steamer available, the railroad's traffic manager, W.A. Bissell, asked Capt. John Leale, of the Southern Pacific ferry lines, to go to Pacific Northwest to attempt to locate an appropriate vessel.[1][26]Leale's employer, Southern Pacific, was willing to cooperate with the Santa Fe, and so Leale went to the Pacific Northwest to look for a boat.[26] Leale first went to Portland, Oregon, and then to Puget Sound, where he met Gary W. Cook.[26] Cook took Leale north to New Westminster, British Columbia, where Cook had had the Ocean Wave docked, and offered the boat to Leale[1][26] Leale liked the strong build of the vessel, so bought Ocean Wave for his own account, subject to the conditions that it be delivered to San Francisco[1] and it be able to raise steam and turn its wheels over under its own power once it arrived there.[26]","title":"Purchase by Santa Fe Railroad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Angeles, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Angeles,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Richard Holyoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holyoke_(steam_tug)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"ballast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anaconda-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"}],"text":"At 9:30 pm, on Saturday, May 20, 1899, Ocean Wave departed Port Angeles, Washington under the tow of the powerful ocean-going steam tug Richard Holyoke.[1][24] Ocean Wave was not built to operate on the open sea, so before the transfer, it had to boarded up to protect against breaking waves.[24] Water ballast was pumped into the hull.[24] The weather was good and Holyoke arrived with the tow a day earlier than expected, on May 24, 1899.[24][27] Once the boat arrived, and met with Santa Fe's approval following inspection, the railroad purchased the vessel from Leale.[26]","title":"Transfer to San Francisco Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_Wave_(steam_ferry)_1900.png"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewFerry-28"},{"link_name":"San Rafael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Rafael_(steamboat)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFO-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewFerry-28"}],"text":"Ocean Wave following reconstruction as a ferry in 1900.On arrival in San Francisco, Ocean Wave was tied up to the Washington Street wharf.[24] Modifications had to be made to refit Ocean Wave for ferry service. Within one-half hour, carpenters had begun to work on the vessel.[24] There were fifty staterooms on the main deck and over one hundred on the upper deck, all of which had to be removed, to convert the upper deck into a single large passenger lounge (called a “saloon”) and the lower deck into a freight area.[24] The bow had to be reconfigured to allow boarding over the front of the vessel at the ferry landing slips in the bay.[24]Later the steamer was sent to Hay and Wright's shipyard at Oakland Creek.[28] When complete, Ocean Wave would be a “single ender” ferry, like the San Rafael which was then operating on the bay.[24] Once in service, Ocean Wave and San Rafael would be the only single-ender ferries running on the bay, with all the rest being double-enders.[24]In May 1899, it was reported that the time necessary to accomplish the reconstruction work would be about two months, and would be done about August 1, 1899.[24] However, Ocean Wave was in the yard for seven months, and was finished a few days before April 8, 1900.[28]","title":"Reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_Wave_ferry_circa_1905.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harlan_121-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harlan_121-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trimble-2"},{"link_name":"Ferry Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Ferry_Building"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"},{"link_name":"San Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Pablo_(steam_ferry)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harlan_121-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harlan_121-7"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"},{"link_name":"Great White Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_White_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleet-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Ocean Wave in ferry service on San Francisco Bay, sometime between 1900 and 1911. Unknown sailing ship in background.Santa Fe planned for Ocean Wave to meet its passenger trains at Point Richmond, then transported the passengers and their associated luggage and freight across San Francisco Bay to the Market Street ferry terminal.[29] However, difficulties in completing the rail line to Point Richmond prevented Ocean Wave from being immediately placed into this service.[7] Instead the boat was used at first to haul supplies from San Francisco to Point Richmond.[7]When the rail line to Point Richmond was complete, Ocean Wave began service as a ferry.[2] The first trip occurred on July 6, 1900, when Ocean Wave departed from the Ferry Building in San Francisco, and reached Point Richmond 40 minutes later, where passengers and baggage were transferred to an eastbound Santa Fe train, which would be the first ever to reachnChicago over an entirely Santa Fe-owned right of way.[1] In charge of Ocean Wave on this trip were Capt. John Lauritzen as master and Chief Engineer Ed Mahoney.[26]Ocean Wave’s engines were too light to handle the heavy traffic on the Point Richmond run.[26] The new ferry that had been building at Union Works, was launched and named San Pablo.[7] When San Pablo was placed into service in December 1900, Ocean Wave was switched from the primary boat on the line to the spare or \"relief\" boat, used when the principal vessel was under repair or otherwise unavailable.[7] Santa Fe operated the two boats together for about ten years.[26]In May 1908, the Santa Fe Railroad arranged to have Ocean Wave take a number of excursion trips around San Francisco Bay to view the arrival of the Great White Fleet.[30] According to an advertisement for the excursions:The most satisfactory way to see the fleet is to take one of the Santa Fe excursion trips around .the bay. For nearly two hours, each trip, the steamer Ocean Wave steams slowly up and down the rows of battleships, cruisers and torpedo boats, giving passengers an excellent opportunity to view the beautiful vessels from every side. Fred Harvey maintains a splendid cafe on board. There is no overcrowding. On Saturday and Sunday trips will be as follows: Leave, from Santa Fe waiting room,Ferry building, 9:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m.; 3:00 p.m., 5:00 .p.m; and 7:00; p.m. Fare $1.00. Tlckets at ferry office or 673 Market street.[31]","title":"Ferry operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Over the years Ocean Wave was involved in a number of accidents, some of which resulted in loss of life. These occurred both on the Columbia River system and in San Francisco Bay.","title":"Accidents and casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willamette River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_River"},{"link_name":"Telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_(sternwheeler)"},{"link_name":"bow sprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_sprit"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hog-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hog-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hog-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yacht-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yacht-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inspect_1896-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inspect_1896-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NonUnion-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NonUnion-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NonUnion-37"}],"sub_title":"Columbia and Willamette river incidents","text":"In January 1893, on the Willamette River, the sternwheeler Telephone, while making a landing to pick up some hogs at the North Portland stockyards, ran into an anchored ship, breaking the ship's bow sprit.[32] Telephone backed away from the ship, and in so doing collided with Ocean Wave, smashing the sternwheel on Telephone.[32] Damage to Ocean Wave was about $200 and, to Telephone, about $500.[32]On Sunday night, August 18, 1895, at 11:30 pm, Ocean Wave while en route from Ilwaco to Portland, ran into and sank a pleasure yacht with five people on board.[33] Two of the yacht's occupants, John Weatherwax and Ed Wagner, were drowned.[33][34] The captain of Ocean Wave reported that the sailboat had no light showing and there was heavy smoke, presumably from the Ocean Wave, prevailing at the time.[35] On September 25, 1895, the case was investigated by the Steamboat Inspection Service and the officers of Ocean Wave were exonerated of all blame.[35]On September 6, 1897, deck hand Dell Elbon fell overboard from Ocean Wave as the steamer was passing through the Burnside Bridge.[36] Elbon was 21 years of age, and had been working as non-union employee during a wage dispute on the Ocean Wave when he fell from the boat.[37] Elbon's father alleged that his son's death was linked to the labor dispute and that he had been struck on the head prior to going into the water.[37] The coroner found no evidence of a blow to the head however.[37]","title":"Accidents and casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cylinder head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_head"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steam-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steam-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steam-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind-39"},{"link_name":"San Pablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Pablo_(steam_ferry)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wind-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carpenter-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carpenter-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carpenter-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carpenter-40"},{"link_name":"Lime Point Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_Point_Light"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drown-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drown-41"}],"sub_title":"San Francisco bay incidents","text":"On November 27, 1901, a cylinder head blew out on Ocean Wave while the ferry was on the 8:00 a.m. run, causing a deckhand to be slightly scalded by escaping steam.[38] The engines became useless as a result, but the tug Reliance towed Ocean Wave to and from Point Richmond on the day of the incident, so there as no delay or inconvenience in the ferry service.[38] The ferry Amador was to take the place of Ocean Wave until repairs could be effected.[38]During a severe wind storm on February 25, 1902, Ocean Wave was blown off its moorings at Point Richmond and drifted about one-half mile into shallow water where it was grounded.[39] A tug as well as the ferry San Pablo tried to pull Ocean Wave back into deeper water, but were unsuccessful.[39] Finally it was decided to put a crew aboard the stranded ferry, and they started a fire in the boiler.[39] With steam up, Ocean Wave was able to get clear under its own power.[39] The ferry then went to San Francisco for repairs, but the damage was not very great.[39]On July 8, 1910, a carpenter, Petrus A. Erickson, was believed to have fallen overboard from the Ocean Wave.[40] Erickson was thought to have fallen into the bay from the paddle wheel housing where he had been working when the ferry left San Francisco bound for Point Richmond on the afternoon of the 8th.[40] Erickson's body was initially reported to have been found ten days later, on July 18, 1910, floating beneath Broadway wharf No. 2.[40] This body was to have been turned over to Erickson's brother.[40] However, the body recovered on July 18 seems not to have been that of Erickson's. On August 19, 1910, Peter Nelson, the lighthouse keeper at Lime Point Lighthouse, found a body in the surf.[41] Based on the clothing on the body, which had been in the water a month or more, Coroner F.E. Sawyer ruled that the body might be that of Erickson.[41]","title":"Accidents and casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"Antioch, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"United States Shipping Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Shipping_Board"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCurdy_50-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_47-26"},{"link_name":"San Mateo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo,_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feagans-10"}],"text":"By 1911, Ocean Wave was not able to compete with newer and more powerful double-ended ferries that were running on the bay.[1] The ferry was laid up at Antioch, California and sold back to Captain Leale, who intended to scrap it.[1] However, when the First World War created a demand for shipping, Ocean Wave was sold to the United States Shipping Board, which used the vessel for about three and one-half years as a receiving ship to house recruits into the Sea Training Service to be trained as merchant seamen.[1] The boat's engines were removed to make room for more recruits.[26] In the 1920s the boat was sold again to be used as a floating restaurant.[1] The boat later gradually disintegrated.[26] According to another source, the boat was burned in 1934 on the mud flats of southern San Francisco Bay, near San Mateo.[10]","title":"Later 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Wave\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1901-11-28/ed-1/seq-7/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wind_39-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wind_39-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wind_39-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wind_39-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wind_39-4"},{"link_name":"\"Romping Wind in Alameda Uses Two-Story House as Plaything\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1902-02-26/ed-1/seq-10/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Carpenter_40-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Carpenter_40-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Carpenter_40-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Carpenter_40-3"},{"link_name":"\"Body of Carpenter Recovered\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1910-07-19/ed-1/seq-17/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Drown_41-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Drown_41-1"},{"link_name":"\"Drowned Man's Clothes May Prove Identity\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1910-08-21/ed-1/seq-29/"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Newell, Gordon R., ed. (1966). H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: Superior Pub. Co. pp. 50, 337. LCCN 66025424.\n\n^ a b Trimble, Paul C.; Knorp, William (2007). Ferries of San Francisco Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 9780738547312.\n\n^ \"Item\". Oregon City Enterprise. July 3, 1891. p. 1 col. 5.\n\n^ a b \"Item\". The Dalles Daily Chronicle. July 15, 1891. p. 1 col. 6.\n\n^ a b c U.S. Dept. of the Treasury, Statistics Bureau (1894). Annual List of Merchant Vessels (for year ending June 30, 1893). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 338. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu05600073.\n\n^ a b c d e f Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine history of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. pp. 213 n.21, 285 n.12, 387, 423. LCCN 28001147.\n\n^ a b c d e f Harlan, George H. (1967). San Francisco Ferryboats. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books. pp. 121, 123, 168, 179. LCCN 67020998.\n\n^ a b c d e f g \"This Boat is Speedy — The Ocean Wave, the Pride of the Willamette\". Morning Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. September 18, 1891. p. 20 col. 4.\n\n^ a b c \"The Ocean Wave — Mr. Kamm's New Steamboat Makes a Little Trip Up the River\". Morning Oregonian. Portland, OR. August 6, 1891. p. 8 col. 4.\n\n^ a b c Feagans, Raymond J. (1972). The Railroad that Ran by the Tide -- Ilwaco Railroad & Navigation Company of the State of Washington. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books. pp. 35, 39, 136. ISBN 0-8310-7094-3. LCCN 72076313.\n\n^ a b Mills, Randall V. (1947). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Off on the Ocean Wave — The Excursion Given by the First Regiment Signal Corps a Success\". Morning Oregonian. August 18, 1891. p. 1 col. 2.\n\n^ Item, Daily Morning Astorian, June 14, 1893, page 4, col. 2.\n\n^ a b \"First Trip\". Daily Morning Astorian. July 4, 1993. p. 6 col. 1.\n\n^ \"Seasiders Take Notice\". Oregon City Enterprise. July 21, 1893. p. 5 col. 3.\n\n^ \"For Astoria — Fast Line — Steam'r Telephone\". Oregon City Enterprise. August 4, 1893. p. 5 col. 5.\n\n^ \"Item\". Daily Morning Oregonian. July 1, 1896. p. 4 col. 2.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Item\". Daily Morning Astorian. June 30, 1896. p. 4 col. 4.\n\n^ a b c d e f \"Item\". Daily Morning Astorian. July 10, 1895. p. 3 col. 3.\n\n^ \"Item\". Daily Morning Astorian. July 16, 1895. p. 3 col. 3.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h \"Items\". Daily Morning Astorian. July 17, 1895. p. 3 col. 3.\n\n^ a b \"Ocean Wave Sold\". Daily Morning Astorian (published December 8, 1897). December 7, 1897. p. 1 col. 4.\n\n^ \"Two Steamers that Figured in Strong Competition Here End Careers at San Francisco, when Stripped of Machinery\". Sunday Oregonian. Portland, OR. January 13, 1918. Sec. 2 p. 1.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m \"Steamer for Santa Fe's Business — Ocean Wave Arrives from Puget Sound\". San Francisco Call. May 25, 1899. p. 12 col. 3.\n\n^ a b \"Wayside Gleanings\". The Dalles Daily Chronicle. January 4, 1899. p. 3 col. 1.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Harland, George H.; Fisher, Clement, Jr. (1851). Of Walking Beams and Paddle Wheels: a Chronicle of San Francisco Bay Ferryboats (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Bay Books. pp. 47, 48, 49, 50, 154. LCCN 50008053.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"Arrived with a Tow\". Anaconda Standard (published May 25, 1899). May 24, 1899. p. 6 col. 4.\n\n^ a b \"Ocean Wave’s New Business\", Sunday Oregonian, April 8, 1900, part 2, page 22, col. 1.\n\n^ \"Through Passenger Service over Santa Fe\". San Francisco Call. July 1, 1900. p. 32 col. 3.\n\n^ \"See the Fleet in Comfort\". San Francisco Call. May 6, 1908. p. 13 col. 3.\n\n^ \"The Most Satisfactory Way …\". San Francisco Call. May 9, 1908. p. 12 col. 2.\n\n^ a b c \"Item\". The Dalles Daily Chronicle. January 13, 1893. p. 3 col. 2.\n\n^ a b \"Item\". The Dalles Weekly Chronicle. August 24, 1895. p. Pt. 2 p. 2 col. 1.\n\n^ \"Two Drowned\". Eugene City Guard. August 24, 1895. p. 1 col. 7.\n\n^ a b United States Steamboat Inspection Service (1896). Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector General, Steamboat Inspection Service to the Secretary of Commerce. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.\n\n^ \"Portland Casualties\". Eugene Register Guard. September 11, 1897. p. 1 col. 6.\n\n^ a b c \"Elbon's Body Found. The Cause of Death Will Be Investigated Today\". Morning Oregonian. Portland, OR. September 9, 1897. p. 10 col. 4.\n\n^ a b c \"Accident on Ocean Wave\". San Francisco Call. November 28, 1901. p. 7 col. 2.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Romping Wind in Alameda Uses Two-Story House as Plaything\". San Francisco Call. February 26, 1902. p. 10 col. 5.\n\n^ a b c d \"Body of Carpenter Recovered\". San Francisco Call. July 19, 1910. p. 17 col. 2.\n\n^ a b \"Drowned Man's Clothes May Prove Identity\". San Francisco Call. August 21, 1910. p. 29 col. 2.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Ocean Wave, in a drawing published in 1894, clearly based on the leading photograph in this article.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ocean_Wave_%28sidewheeler%29.jpg/220px-Ocean_Wave_%28sidewheeler%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advertisement published August 18, 1895, showing Ocean Wave as part of the White Collar Line.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/White_Collar_Line_ad_1895.jpg/220px-White_Collar_Line_ad_1895.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ocean Wave prior to 1900, apparently out of service.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Ocean_Wave_tied_up_%28pre-1900%29.jpg/220px-Ocean_Wave_tied_up_%28pre-1900%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ocean Wave in service, unknown location on either the Columbia River or Puget Sound, sometime between 1891 and 1899.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ocean_Wave_%28sidewheeler%29_02.jpg/220px-Ocean_Wave_%28sidewheeler%29_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ocean Wave following reconstruction as a ferry in 1900.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ocean_Wave_%28steam_ferry%29_1900.png/220px-Ocean_Wave_%28steam_ferry%29_1900.png"},{"image_text":"Ocean Wave in ferry service on San Francisco Bay, sometime between 1900 and 1911. Unknown sailing ship in background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Ocean_Wave_ferry_circa_1905.jpg/220px-Ocean_Wave_ferry_circa_1905.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Steamboats of the Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Columbia_River"},{"title":"Ferries of San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferries_of_San_Francisco_Bay"}]	[{"reference":"Newell, Gordon R., ed. (1966). H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: Superior Pub. Co. pp. 50, 337. LCCN 66025424.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66025424","url_text":"66025424"}]},{"reference":"Trimble, Paul C.; Knorp, William (2007). Ferries of San Francisco Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 9780738547312.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ferriesofsanfran00trim/page/54","url_text":"Ferries of San Francisco Bay"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ferriesofsanfran00trim/page/54","url_text":"54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738547312","url_text":"9780738547312"}]},{"reference":"\"Item\". Oregon City Enterprise. July 3, 1891. p. 1 col. 5.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn00063700/1891-07-03/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Item\""}]},{"reference":"\"Item\". The Dalles Daily Chronicle. July 15, 1891. p. 1 col. 6.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn85042448/1891-07-15/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Item\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Dept. of the Treasury, Statistics Bureau (1894). Annual List of Merchant Vessels (for year ending June 30, 1893). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 338. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu05600073.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnnc1.cu05600073","url_text":"2027/nnc1.cu05600073"}]},{"reference":"Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine history of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. pp. 213 n.21, 285 n.12, 387, 423. LCCN 28001147.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_seRDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Lewis & Dryden's Marine history of the Pacific Northwest"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_seRDAAAAYAAJ/page/n237","url_text":"213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/28001147","url_text":"28001147"}]},{"reference":"Harlan, George H. (1967). San Francisco Ferryboats. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books. pp. 121, 123, 168, 179. LCCN 67020998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell-North_Books","url_text":"Howell-North Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/67020998","url_text":"67020998"}]},{"reference":"\"This Boat is Speedy — The Ocean Wave, the Pride of the Willamette\". Morning Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. September 18, 1891. p. 20 col. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Ocean Wave — Mr. Kamm's New Steamboat Makes a Little Trip Up the River\". Morning Oregonian. Portland, OR. August 6, 1891. p. 8 col. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Feagans, Raymond J. (1972). The Railroad that Ran by the Tide -- Ilwaco Railroad & Navigation Company of the State of Washington. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books. pp. 35, 39, 136. ISBN 0-8310-7094-3. LCCN 72076313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8310-7094-3","url_text":"0-8310-7094-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/72076313","url_text":"72076313"}]},{"reference":"Mills, Randall V. (1947). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_V._Mills","url_text":"Mills, Randall V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-5874-7","url_text":"0-8032-5874-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/77007161","url_text":"77007161"}]},{"reference":"\"Off on the Ocean Wave — The Excursion Given by the First Regiment Signal Corps a Success\". Morning Oregonian. August 18, 1891. p. 1 col. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"First Trip\". Daily Morning Astorian. July 4, 1993. p. 6 col. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Seasiders Take Notice\". Oregon City Enterprise. July 21, 1893. p. 5 col. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn00063700/1893-07-21/ed-1/seq-5/","url_text":"\"Seasiders Take Notice\""}]},{"reference":"\"For Astoria — Fast Line — Steam'r Telephone\". Oregon City Enterprise. August 4, 1893. p. 5 col. 5.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn00063700/1893-08-04/ed-1/seq-5/","url_text":"\"For Astoria — Fast Line — Steam'r Telephone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Item\". Daily Morning Oregonian. July 1, 1896. p. 4 col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn96061150/1896-07-01/ed-1/seq-4/","url_text":"\"Item\""}]},{"reference":"\"Item\". Daily Morning Astorian. June 30, 1896. p. 4 col. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Item\". Daily Morning Astorian. July 10, 1895. p. 3 col. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn96061150/1895-07-10/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Item\""}]},{"reference":"\"Item\". Daily Morning Astorian. July 16, 1895. p. 3 col. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn96061150/1895-07-16/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Item\""}]},{"reference":"\"Items\". Daily Morning Astorian. July 17, 1895. p. 3 col. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn96061150/1895-07-17/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Items\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ocean Wave Sold\". Daily Morning Astorian (published December 8, 1897). December 7, 1897. p. 1 col. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn96061150/1897-12-08/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Ocean Wave Sold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Steamers that Figured in Strong Competition Here End Careers at San Francisco, when Stripped of Machinery\". Sunday Oregonian. Portland, OR. January 13, 1918. Sec. 2 p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1918-01-13/ed-1/seq-36/","url_text":"\"Two Steamers that Figured in Strong Competition Here End Careers at San Francisco, when Stripped of Machinery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steamer for Santa Fe's Business — Ocean Wave Arrives from Puget Sound\". San Francisco Call. May 25, 1899. p. 12 col. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1899-05-25/ed-1/seq-12/","url_text":"\"Steamer for Santa Fe's Business — Ocean Wave Arrives from Puget Sound\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wayside Gleanings\". The Dalles Daily Chronicle. January 4, 1899. p. 3 col. 1.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn85042448/1899-01-04/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Wayside Gleanings\""}]},{"reference":"Harland, George H.; Fisher, Clement, Jr. (1851). Of Walking Beams and Paddle Wheels: a Chronicle of San Francisco Bay Ferryboats (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Bay Books. pp. 47, 48, 49, 50, 154. LCCN 50008053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/50008053","url_text":"50008053"}]},{"reference":"\"Arrived with a Tow\". Anaconda Standard (published May 25, 1899). May 24, 1899. p. 6 col. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84036012/1899-05-25/ed-1/seq-6/","url_text":"\"Arrived with a Tow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Through Passenger Service over Santa Fe\". San Francisco Call. July 1, 1900. p. 32 col. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1900-07-01/ed-1/seq-32/","url_text":"\"Through Passenger Service over Santa Fe\""}]},{"reference":"\"See the Fleet in Comfort\". San Francisco Call. May 6, 1908. p. 13 col. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1908-05-06/ed-1/seq-13/","url_text":"\"See the Fleet in Comfort\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Most Satisfactory Way …\". San Francisco Call. May 9, 1908. p. 12 col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1908-05-09/ed-1/seq-12/","url_text":"\"The Most Satisfactory Way …\""}]},{"reference":"\"Item\". The Dalles Daily Chronicle. January 13, 1893. p. 3 col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn85042448/1893-01-13/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Item\""}]},{"reference":"\"Item\". The Dalles Weekly Chronicle. August 24, 1895. p. Pt. 2 p. 2 col. 1.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/2003260222/1895-08-24/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Item\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Drowned\". Eugene City Guard. August 24, 1895. p. 1 col. 7.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022653/1895-08-24/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Two Drowned\""}]},{"reference":"United States Steamboat Inspection Service (1896). Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector General, Steamboat Inspection Service to the Secretary of Commerce. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat_Inspection_Service","url_text":"United States Steamboat Inspection Service"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1YpAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Ocean+Wave%22+steamer","url_text":"Annual Report of the Supervising Inspector General, Steamboat Inspection Service to the Secretary of Commerce"}]},{"reference":"\"Portland Casualties\". Eugene Register Guard. September 11, 1897. p. 1 col. 6.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022653/1897-09-11/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Portland Casualties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elbon's Body Found. The Cause of Death Will Be Investigated Today\". Morning Oregonian. Portland, OR. September 9, 1897. p. 10 col. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Accident on Ocean Wave\". San Francisco Call. November 28, 1901. p. 7 col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1901-11-28/ed-1/seq-7/","url_text":"\"Accident on Ocean Wave\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romping Wind in Alameda Uses Two-Story House as Plaything\". San Francisco Call. February 26, 1902. p. 10 col. 5.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1902-02-26/ed-1/seq-10/","url_text":"\"Romping Wind in Alameda Uses Two-Story House as Plaything\""}]},{"reference":"\"Body of Carpenter Recovered\". San Francisco Call. July 19, 1910. p. 17 col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1910-07-19/ed-1/seq-17/","url_text":"\"Body of Carpenter Recovered\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drowned Man's Clothes May Prove Identity\". San Francisco Call. August 21, 1910. p. 29 col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1910-08-21/ed-1/seq-29/","url_text":"\"Drowned Man's Clothes May Prove Identity\""}]},{"reference":"Feagans, Raymond J. (1972). The Railroad that Ran by the Tide -- Ilwaco Railroad & Navigation Company of the State of Washington. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books. ISBN 0-8310-7094-3. LCCN 72076313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8310-7094-3","url_text":"0-8310-7094-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/72076313","url_text":"72076313"}]},{"reference":"Harland, George H.; Fisher, Clement Jr. (1951). Of Walking Beams and Paddle Wheels: a Chronicle of San Francisco Bay Ferryboats (1st ed.). San Francisco: Bay Books. pp. 47, 48, 49, 50, 154. LCCN 50008053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/50008053","url_text":"50008053"}]},{"reference":"Harland, George H. (1967). San Francisco Bay Ferryboats. San Francisco: Howell-North Books. ASIN B0006BR074. LCCN 67020998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006BR074","url_text":"B0006BR074"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/67020998","url_text":"67020998"}]},{"reference":"Mills, Randall V. (1947). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_V._Mills","url_text":"Mills, Randall V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-5874-7","url_text":"0-8032-5874-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/77007161","url_text":"77007161"}]},{"reference":"Newell, Gordon R., ed. (1966). H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: Superior Pub. Co. pp. 50, 337.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trimble, Paul C.; Knorp, William (2007). Ferries of San Francisco Bay. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738547312.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ferriesofsanfran00trim","url_text":"Ferries of San Francisco Bay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738547312","url_text":"9780738547312"}]},{"reference":"Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine history of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_seRDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Lewis & Dryden's Marine history of the Pacific Northwest"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Oregon Newspapers\". University of Oregon.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/","url_text":"\"Historic Oregon Newspapers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon","url_text":"University of Oregon"}]},{"reference":"\"California Digital Newspaper Collection\". University of California, Riverside.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc","url_text":"\"California Digital Newspaper Collection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside","url_text":"University of California, Riverside"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pro	John Pro	["1 History","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]	Dutch pirate John Pro (died 1719) was a Dutch pirate best known for leading a pirate trading post near Madagascar. History Pro made his fortune as a pirate cruising the Indian Ocean against Moorish shipping, possibly alongside David Williams or Thomas Collins. They returned to the pirate trading post at Ile Ste Marie off the Madagascar coast to divide their treasure. Adam Baldridge had abandoned the settlement in 1697 after a Malagasy uprising, but Pro remained behind to rebuild. In 1703 Williams and Collins were captured by fellow ex-pirate Aert Van Tuyl after they and the crew of Thomas Howard’s ship Prosperous got into a fight with Van Tuyl and his native allies. Escaping six months later, Williams made his way to Pro’s outpost. The following year the Royal Navy warships Severn and Scarborough sailed the region on a mission to eliminate piracy. Williams and Pro were captured but escaped shortly afterward, sailing canoes to Mohilla, Johanna, Mayotte, and finally back to Methelage (Messelege) on Madagascar. Afterwards Williams (and possibly Pro) sailed with Thomas White for a time, but they were not among the crew who disembarked at Don Mascarenas to retire from piracy. By 1707 Pro had returned to Ile Ste Marie, leading the settlement with support of the Malagasy natives. With support from other pirates such as Samuel Burgess he made a business of slave trading. Pro charged trading fees to pirates and merchants who came looking to buy slaves cheaper than they could from the Royal African Company. Collins left to run a similar pirate outpost at Port Dauphin, which he took over after the death of its previous leader, former pirate Abraham Samuel. In 1717 Pro was visited by Robert Drury, a castaway sailor who survived the wreck of the Degrave in 1701 and had been living among the Malagasy ever since. Drury later write a memoir of his time on Madagascar and described Pro and his lifestyle in detail: One was a Dutchman, named John Pro, who spoke good English. He was dressed in a short coat with broad plate buttons, and other things agreeable, but without shoes or stockings. In his sash stuck a brace of pistols, and one in his hand. … John Pro lived in a very handsome manner. His house was furnished with pewter dishes, &c., a standing bed with curtains, and other things of that nature except chairs, but a chest or two served for that use well enough. He had one house on purpose for his cook-room and cook-slave's lodging, storehouse, and summer-house; all these enclosed in a palisade, as the great men's houses are in this country, for he was rich, and had many cattle and slaves. … I being interpreter, we settled the manner of trade, and then the captain made presents of a gun or two, &c., and the king presented him with a slave, &c. He also gave me a girl of twelve years old, which I sold immediately to John Pro. Pro, Collins, and John Rivers (another ex-pirate who led the settlement at St. Augustine starting in 1686) all died in 1719. They were among the last pirates on Madagascar, the remainder of which left or were ousted within a few years. See also James Plaintain – another ex-pirate who established a similar pirate outpost on Madagascar. Notes ^ See the article on Drury for questions on the authenticity of his memoir, which may have been written by Daniel Defoe. ^ Collins, who had returned to England after a career in Indian Ocean piracy, was also aboard the Degrave and survived its crash. References ^ Groenendijk, R. L. Van Tuyl and J. N. A. (1996). A Van Tuyl Chronicle: 650 Years in the History of a Dutch-American Family. Decorah IA: Rory Van Tuyl. pp. 114–115. Retrieved 26 July 2018. ^ Biddulph, John (1907). The Pirates of Malabar: And An Englishwoman in India Two Hundred Years Ago. London: Smith, Elder. pp. 67-28. Retrieved 26 July 2018. ^ a b c Grey, Charles (1933). Pirates of the eastern seas (1618-1723): a lurid page of history. London: S. Low, Marston & co., ltd. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ Johnson, Charles (1724). The history of the pyrates: containing the lives of Captain Mission. Captain Bowen. Captain Kidd ... and their several crews. London: T. Woodward. Retrieved 26 July 2017. ^ Defoe, Daniel; Oliver, Samuel Pasfield; Rochon, Alexis (1890). Madagascar; or, Robert Drury's journal, during fifteen years' captivity on that island. And a further description of Madagascar, by the Abbé Alexis Rochon. London: London, T.F. Unwin. pp. 296–298. Retrieved 26 July 2018. ^ Dow, George Francis; Edmonds, John Henry (1996). The Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730. New York: Courier Corporation. pp. 351–352. ISBN 9780486290645. Retrieved 26 July 2018. vtePiracyPeriods Ancient Mediterranean Golden Age 21st century 2022 2023 2024 Types of pirate Albanian piracy Anglo-Turkish piracy Baltic Slavic pirates Barbary pirates (corsairs) Algiers Brethren of the Coast Buccaneers Cilician pirates Child pirate Cossack pirates Fillibusters French corsairs Jewish pirates Moro pirates Narentines Privateers Confederate River pirate Sea Beggars Sea Dogs Sindhi corsairs Timber pirate Ushkuyniks Uskoks Vikings Victual Brothers Wokou Women in piracy AreasAtlantic World Caribbean British Virgin Islands Spanish Main Lake Nicaragua Venezuela Gulf of Guinea Indian Ocean Horn of Africa Somali Coast Indonesia Persian Gulf Strait of Malacca Nosy Boraha Other waters Baltic Slavic piracy Barbary Coast Falcon Lake South China Coast Sulu Sea Pirate havensand bases Barataria Bay Île Sainte-Marie Libertatia Lundy Mamora Port Royal Republic of Pirates Republic of Salé Saint Augustin Saint-Malo Tortuga Major figuresPirates Abduwali Muse Abshir Boyah Adam Baldridge Abraham Samuel Alfhild Albert W. Hicks Anne Bonny Anne Dieu-le-Veut António de Faria Alexandre Exquemelin Artemisia I of Caria Awilda Bartolomeu Português Bartholomew Roberts Benito de Soto Benjamin Hornigold Black Caesar Blackbeard Bully Hayes Cai Qian Calico Jack Charles Gibbs Charlotte de Berry Cheung Po Tsai Christina Anna Skytte Chui A-poo Dan Seavey Diabolito Dido Dirk Chivers Dominique You Edward England Edward Low Eli Boggs Elise Eskilsdotter Eustace the Monk Flora Burn Flying Gang Fūma Kotarō Francis Drake François Le Clerc François l'Olonnais Gan Ning Grace O'Malley Hayreddin Barbarossa Hendrick Lucifer Henri Caesar Henry Every Henry Morgan Henry Strangways Hippolyte Bouchard Huang Bamei Israel Hands Jacquotte Delahaye Jan Janszoon Jean Lafitte Jeanne de Clisson Johanna Hård John Hawkins John Hoar John Newland Maffitt John Pro Jørgen Jørgensen José Joaquim Almeida Joseph Baker Joseph Barss Klaus Störtebeker Lai Choi San Laurens de Graaf Lawrence Prince Liang Daoming Limahong Lo Hon-cho Louis-Michel Aury Mansel Alcantra Manuel Ribeiro Pardal Martin Frobisher Mary Lindsey Mary Read Mary Wolverston Michel de Grammont Moses Cohen Henriques Nathaniel Gordon Nicholas van Hoorn Ng Akew Olivier Levasseur Pedro Gilbert Peter Easton Pierre Lafitte Piet Pieterszoon Hein Princess Sela Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami Rachel Wall Redbeard Richard Glover Robert Culliford Robert Surcouf Roberto Cofresí Roche Braziliano Rusla Sadie Farrell Samuel Bellamy Samuel Hall Lord Samuel Mason Samuel Pallache Sayyida al Hurra Sister Ping Shap-ng-tsai Shirahama Kenki Simon Mascarino Stede Bonnet Teuta Thomas Cavendish Thomas Tew Veborg Victual Brothers Vincenzo Gambi Wang Zhi William Dampier William Kidd Zheng Jing Zheng Qi Zheng Yi Zheng Zhilong Zheng Yi Sao Piratehunters Angelo Emo Chaloner Ogle David Porter Duarte Pacheco Pereira James Brooke Julius Caesar Jose Campuzano-Polanco Luis Fajardo Miguel Enríquez Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Pompey Richard Avery Hornsby Robert Maynard Thomas Warren Woodes Rogers Pirate ships Adventure Galley Ambrose Light Fancy Flying Dutchman Ganj-i-Sawai Queen Anne's Revenge Quedagh Merchant Marquis of Havana My Revenge Royal Fortune Saladin Whydah Gally York Pirate battles and incidents 1582 Cagayan battles 1985 Lahad Datu ambush Action of 9 November 1822 Action of 28 October 2007 Action of 11 November 2008 Action of 9 April 2009 Action of 23 March 2010 Action of 1 April 2010 Action of 5 April 2010 Anti-piracy in the Aegean Antelope incident Anti-piracy in the West Indies Attack on Veracruz Balanguingui Expedition Battle of Boca Teacapan Battle of Cape Fear River Battle of Cape Lopez Battle of Doro Passage Battle of Mandab Strait Battle of Manila Battle off Minicoy Island Battle off Mukah Battle of Nam Quan Battle of New Orleans Battle of Ocracoke Inlet Battle of Pianosa Battle of the Leotung Battle of the Tiger's Mouth Battle of Tonkin River Battle of Ty-ho Bay Battle of Tysami Beluga Nomination incident Blockade of Charleston (Vane) Chepo Expedition Capture of the Ambrose Light Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham Capture of the schooner Bravo Capture of the schooner Fancy Capture of the sloop Anne Carré d'As IV incident Dai Hong Dan incident Falklands Expedition Great Lakes Patrol Irene incident Jiajing wokou raids Maersk Alabama hijacking MT Zafirah hijacking MT Orkim Harmony hijacking MV Moscow University hijacking North Star affair Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA Operation Atalanta Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden Operation Ocean Shield Persian Gulf Campaign Pirate attacks in Borneo Quest incident Raid on Cartagena Sack of Baltimore Sack of Campeche Salvador Pirates Slave raid of Suðuroy Turkish AbductionsPiracy law Acts of grace (1717–1718 Acts of Grace) International piracy law Letter of marque Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Piracy Act (1536, 1698, 1717, 1721, 1837, 1850) Piracy Law of 1820 Slave trade African slave trade African Slave Trade Patrol Amistad Incident Atlantic slave trade Barbary slave trade Blockade of Africa Capture of the Veloz Passagera Capture of the brig Brillante Indian Ocean slave trade Trans-Saharan slave trade Pirates inpopularcultureFictional pirates Askeladd Tom Ayrton Barbe Rouge Captain Birdseye Captain Blood Captain Crook Captain Flint Captain Hook Captain Nemo Captain Pugwash Captain Sabertooth Captain Stingaree Charlotte de Berry Davy Jones Edward Kenway Elaine Marley Elizabeth Swann Guybrush Threepwood Hector Barbossa Jack Sparrow Jacquotte Delahaye José Gaspar Joshamee Gibbs Long John Silver Monkey D. Luffy Vaas Montenegro Mr. Smee Nami Nico Robin Roronoa Zoro Sandokan Sanji Tony Tony Chopper Usopp Will Turner Zanzibar Novels The Pirate The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel's Command Voyage of Slaves Long John Silver Pirate Latitudes Mistress of the Seas Silver: Return to Treasure Island Tropes Buried treasure Davy Jones Locker Eyepatch Jolly Roger skull and crossbones Marooning No purchase, no pay Pegleg Pet parrot Pirate code Pirate utopia Treasure map Walking the plank Miscellaneous Air pirate Space pirate International Talk Like a Pirate Day Pirates versus Ninjas Miscellaneous A General History of the Pyrates Captain Charles Johnson Truce of Ratisbon Pirate Round Mutiny Davy Jones' Locker Matelotage Piracy kidnappings MetaLists Pirates Pirate films and TV series Privateers List of ships attacked by Somali pirates Timeline of piracy Women in piracy Categories Barbary pirates By nationality Female pirates Fictional pirates Piracy Piracy by year Pirates Piracy portal Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"}],"text":"John Pro (died 1719) was a Dutch pirate best known for leading a pirate trading post near Madagascar.","title":"John Pro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Moorish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"David Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Williams_(pirate)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Collins_(pirate)"},{"link_name":"Ile Ste Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile_st_marie"},{"link_name":"Adam Baldridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Baldridge"},{"link_name":"Aert Van Tuyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Tuyl"},{"link_name":"Thomas Howard’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Howard_(pirate)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Van_Tuyl_Chronicle-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Pirates_of_Malabar-2"},{"link_name":"Mohilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li"},{"link_name":"Johanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjouan"},{"link_name":"Mayotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grey_-_Eastern_Seas-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_White_(pirate)"},{"link_name":"Don Mascarenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascarene_Islands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_-_A_General_History_Vol_2-4"},{"link_name":"Samuel Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Burgess"},{"link_name":"Royal African Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company"},{"link_name":"Port Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Dauphin%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Abraham Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Samuel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grey_-_Eastern_Seas-3"},{"link_name":"Robert Drury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Drury_(sailor)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drury-6"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rivers_(pirate)"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grey_-_Eastern_Seas-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dow-8"}],"text":"Pro made his fortune as a pirate cruising the Indian Ocean against Moorish shipping, possibly alongside David Williams or Thomas Collins. They returned to the pirate trading post at Ile Ste Marie off the Madagascar coast to divide their treasure. Adam Baldridge had abandoned the settlement in 1697 after a Malagasy uprising, but Pro remained behind to rebuild. In 1703 Williams and Collins were captured by fellow ex-pirate Aert Van Tuyl after they and the crew of Thomas Howard’s ship Prosperous got into a fight with Van Tuyl and his native allies. Escaping six months later, Williams made his way to Pro’s outpost.[1]The following year the Royal Navy warships Severn and Scarborough sailed the region on a mission to eliminate piracy.[2] Williams and Pro were captured but escaped shortly afterward, sailing canoes to Mohilla, Johanna, Mayotte, and finally back to Methelage (Messelege) on Madagascar.[3] Afterwards Williams (and possibly Pro) sailed with Thomas White for a time, but they were not among the crew who disembarked at Don Mascarenas to retire from piracy.[4]By 1707 Pro had returned to Ile Ste Marie, leading the settlement with support of the Malagasy natives. With support from other pirates such as Samuel Burgess he made a business of slave trading. Pro charged trading fees to pirates and merchants who came looking to buy slaves cheaper than they could from the Royal African Company. Collins left to run a similar pirate outpost at Port Dauphin, which he took over after the death of its previous leader, former pirate Abraham Samuel.[3]In 1717 Pro was visited by Robert Drury, a castaway sailor who survived the wreck of the Degrave in 1701 and had been living among the Malagasy ever since. Drury later write a memoir[a] of his time on Madagascar and described Pro and his lifestyle in detail:One was a Dutchman, named John Pro, who spoke good English. He was dressed in a short coat with broad plate buttons, and other things agreeable, but without shoes or stockings. In his sash stuck a brace of pistols, and one in his hand. … John Pro lived in a very handsome manner. His house was furnished with pewter dishes, &c., a standing bed with curtains, and other things of that nature except chairs, but a chest or two served for that use well enough. He had one house on purpose for his cook-room and cook-slave's lodging, storehouse, and summer-house; all these enclosed in a palisade, as the great men's houses are in this country, for he was rich, and had many cattle and slaves. … I being interpreter, we settled the manner of trade, and then the captain made presents of a gun or two, &c., and the king presented him with a slave, &c. He also gave me a girl of twelve years old, which I sold immediately to John Pro.[5]Pro, Collins[b], and John Rivers (another ex-pirate who led the settlement at St. Augustine starting in 1686) all died in 1719.[3] They were among the last pirates on Madagascar, the remainder of which left or were ousted within a few years.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ See the article on Drury for questions on the authenticity of his memoir, which may have been written by Daniel Defoe.\n\n^ Collins, who had returned to England after a career in Indian Ocean piracy, was also aboard the Degrave and survived its crash.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"James Plaintain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Plaintain"}]	[{"reference":"Groenendijk, R. 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Captain Bowen. Captain Kidd ... and their several crews"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073426862/cu31924073426862_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Madagascar; or, Robert Drury's journal, during fifteen years' captivity on that island. And a further description of Madagascar, by the Abbé Alexis Rochon"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0kEftr23bFAC","external_links_name":"The Pirates of the New England Coast, 1630-1730"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senaka_Angulugaha	Senaka Angulugaha	["1 References","2 External links"]	Sri Lankan cricketer (1959–2020) Senaka AngulugahaPersonal informationFull nameKodituwakku Arachchige Prasad Senaka AngulugahaBorn(1959-04-04)4 April 1959Colombo, Sri LankaDied2 February 2020(2020-02-02) (aged 60)Source: Cricinfo, 15 April 2021 Senaka Angulugaha (4 April 1959 – 2 February 2020) was a Sri Lankan cricketer. He played in thirteen first-class matches for Sri Lanka Air Force Sports Club from 1988/89 to 1989/90. In 2019, he was appointed as the head of Sri Lanka women's cricket. He died in February 2020 from blood poisoning. Following Angulugaha's death, memorial matches were announced in his honour. References ^ Booth, Lawrence (2021). Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. p. 218. ISBN 9781472975478. ^ "Senaka Angulugaha". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 15 April 2021. ^ "Senaka Angulugaha". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 15 April 2021. ^ "Ashley de Silva's Loyal Senaka Angulugaha to be appointed Head of Sri Lanka Women's Cricket". Cricket Age. Retrieved 15 April 2021. ^ "Former Air Force cricketer Senaka Angulugaha dies at 60". Daily News. Retrieved 15 April 2021. ^ "Lanka Cavaliers appoint President and Executive Committee for 2021/22". The Sunday Reader. Retrieved 15 April 2021. External links Senaka Angulugaha at ESPNcricinfo This biographical article related to a Sri Lankan cricket person born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Air Force Sports Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force_Sports_Club_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"blood poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Senaka Angulugaha (4 April 1959 – 2 February 2020) was a Sri Lankan cricketer.[1] He played in thirteen first-class matches for Sri Lanka Air Force Sports Club from 1988/89 to 1989/90.[2][3] In 2019, he was appointed as the head of Sri Lanka women's cricket.[4] He died in February 2020 from blood poisoning.[5] Following Angulugaha's death, memorial matches were announced in his honour.[6]","title":"Senaka Angulugaha"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Booth, Lawrence (2021). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_comics	European comics	["1 History","2 Festivals","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Comics produced in Continental Europe European comicsEarliest publications19th centuryComicsSpeech balloon Comics studies Education Glossary History Methods Cartooning Photo comics Media formats Comic book Comic strip Digital comic Gag cartoon Trade paperback Graphic novel Political cartoon Webcomic Webtoon Comics by country and culture American comics Argentine comics Australian comics Bandes dessinées (Belgium / Quebec) Brazilian comics British comics (Welsh-language) Canadian comics Croatian comics Czech comics Dutch comics European comics German comics Hungarian comics Indian comics Irish comics Italian comics Manga Manhua (Hong Kong) Manhwa Mexican comics Pakistani comics Philippine comics Polish comics Portuguese comics Serbian comics South African comics Spanish comics Thai comics Turkish comics Vietnamese comics Community Awards Cartoonists Collecting Publishers Sales Writers Comics portalvte European comics are comics produced in Europe. The comic album is a very common printed medium. The typical album is printed in large format, generally with high quality paper and colouring, commonly 24x32 cm (9.4x12.6 in), has around 48–60 pages, but examples with more than 100 pages are common. While sometimes referred to as graphic novels, this term is rarely used in Europe, and is not always applicable as albums often consist of separate short stories, placing them somewhere halfway between a comic book and a graphic novel. The European comic genres vary from the humorous adventure vein, such as The Adventures of Tintin and Asterix, to more adult subjects like Tex Willer, Diabolik, and Thorgal. History The roots of European on-paper comics date back to 18th century caricatures (mocking others styles or behaviors) by artists such as William Hogarth. The early 19th century Swiss artist Rodolphe Töpffer is regarded by many as the "father of the modern comic" and his publication Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois (1837) is sometimes called the first "comic book". Other precursors include illustrated picture books such as Wilhelm Busch's Max and Moritz (1865). Franco-Belgian comics, Spanish comics, and Italian comics are historically amongst the dominant scenes of European comics. Earlier, paintings, depicting stories in subsequent frames, using descriptive text resembling bubbles-text, were used in murals, one such example is written in Greek, dating to the 2nd century and found in Capitolias, today in Jordan. Festivals A number of festivals celebrating comic art are held around Europe. These include: Amadora BD, Portugal Angoulême International Comics Festival, France Chaniartoon - International Comic & Animation Festival, Greece Fumetto International Comics Festival, Lucerne, Switzerland Helsinki Comics Festival, Finland International Comics Festival "Salon stripa", Serbia International Festival of Comics and Games, Poland The Lakes International Comic Art Festival, Kendal, United Kingdom Lille Comics Festival, France Lucca Comics & Games, Italy Heroes Comic Con, Spain Salón Internacional del Comic, Spain See also Comics portalEurope portal Belgian comics British comics Croatian comics Czech comics Dutch Comics Franco-Belgian comics German comics Hungarian comics Italian comics Polish comics Portuguese comics Serbian comics Spanish comics References ^ "European Comics". 2013-04-29. Retrieved 2017-06-30. ^ McCloud, Scott, Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. New York: Harper Collins & Kitchen Sink Press. 1994. ISBN 0-06-097625-X, pg 17. ^ "Moebius and Beyond: An Introduction to European Comics". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved 2017-06-30. ^ Daley, Jason. "Ancient Comics Line This Roman-Era Tomb in Jordan". Smithsonian Magazine. External links The European Comics Collection Introductory Exhibit, Michigan State University Libraries The Comic Art Collection Home Page, Michigan State University Libraries European Comics and Graphic Novels in English www.europeancomics.net (in English) Translated European Comics ratings www.European-comics.com (in English) vteComicsGlossary of comics terminologyFormats Comic book Ashcan comic Limited series One-shot Ongoing series Minicomic Trade paperback Comic strip Comic strip formats Daily comic strip Lianhuanhua Sunday comics Topper Yonkoma Digital comics Mobile comic Webcomic Webtoon Gag cartoon Graphic novel Political cartoon Techniques Film comic Motion comic Photo comics Silent comics Text comics Creators Cartoonists list Colorists Editors Inkers Letterers Publishing companies Writers By format Editorial list Minicomics Webcomics By country American Jewish American Australian Canadian Cuban Filipino Japanese (manga) Macedonian Other Female comics creators list History Years in comics Comics historiography American Golden Age Silver Age Bronze Age Modern Age events Japanese (manga) Webcomics Comics studiesand narratologyGenres Abstract Adult Alternative Ambiguous Anthropomorphic Autobiographical Celebrity Comics in education Comics journalism Comics poetry Crime Dystopian Erotic Fantasy list Gekiga Graphic medicine Horror Romance list Science fiction Superhero Teen humor Tijuana bible Underground War Western Wrestling Tropes Antihero Decompression Talking animals Masking Rogue Superhero Supervillain Widescreen comics Themes Ethnic stereotypes Feminist Gender and webcomics LGBT American mainstream Portrayal of black people African characters Portrayal of women The Hawkeye Initiative Women in Refrigerators By countryAfrica South Africa Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Quebec Mexico United States list Asia China and Taiwan list Hong Kong India list Japan lists Korea list Pakistan Philippines list Thailand Turkey Vietnam Europe Czech Republic Croatia France and Belgium list Belgium Germany Hungary Ireland Italy list Netherlands Poland Portugal Serbia Spain list United Kingdom Wales Oceania Australia ListsBy format Comic books Comic strips Manga magazines Webcomics By source Based on fiction Based on films Based on television programs Based on video games Other lists Awards Best-selling comic series manga manga magazines Comic books on CD/DVD Comics and comic strips made into feature films Comics solicited but never published Limited series Collections and museums Belgian Comic Strip Center Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum National Cartoon Museum British Cartoon Archive Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel Cartoon Art Museum The Cartoon Museum Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo Michigan State University Comic Art Collection Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art ToonSeum Words & Pictures Museum Schools Center for Cartoon Studies The Kubert School OrganizationsProfessional Academy of Comic Book Arts Association of Canadian Cartoonists Association of Comics Magazine Publishers Australian Cartoonists' Association Comic Art Professional Society National Cartoonists Society Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas Critical and academic Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association Canadian Society for the Study of Comics Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association Comics Studies Society Sequart Organization Svenska Serieakademien Charitable and outreach Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors British Amateur Press Association (comics) Club des bandes dessinées Comic Book Legal Defense Fund Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund Finnish Comics Society Friends of Lulu The Hero Initiative Xeric Foundation Comics portal Cartoon portal Category WikiProject This comics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Europe-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"comic album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_album"},{"link_name":"graphic novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Tintin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin"},{"link_name":"Asterix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tex Willer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Willer"},{"link_name":"Diabolik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabolik"},{"link_name":"Thorgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorgal"}],"text":"European comics are comics produced in Europe. The comic album is a very common printed medium. The typical album is printed in large format, generally with high quality paper and colouring, commonly 24x32 cm (9.4x12.6 in), has around 48–60 pages, but examples with more than 100 pages are common. While sometimes referred to as graphic novels, this term is rarely used in Europe, and is not always applicable as albums often consist of separate short stories, placing them somewhere halfway between a comic book and a graphic novel. The European comic genres vary from the humorous adventure vein, such as The Adventures of Tintin and Asterix,[1] to more adult subjects like Tex Willer, Diabolik, and Thorgal.","title":"European comics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caricatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricature"},{"link_name":"William Hogarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hogarth"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Rodolphe Töpffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolphe_T%C3%B6pffer"},{"link_name":"Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Mr._Vieux_Bois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch"},{"link_name":"Max and Moritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_and_Moritz"},{"link_name":"Franco-Belgian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics"},{"link_name":"Spanish comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_comics"},{"link_name":"Italian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_comics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Capitolias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitolias#Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The roots of European on-paper comics date back to 18th century caricatures (mocking others styles or behaviors) by artists such as William Hogarth. The early 19th century Swiss artist Rodolphe Töpffer is regarded by many as the \"father of the modern comic\" and his publication Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois (1837) is sometimes called the first \"comic book\".[2]Other precursors include illustrated picture books such as Wilhelm Busch's Max and Moritz (1865).Franco-Belgian comics, Spanish comics, and Italian comics are historically amongst the dominant scenes of European comics.[3]Earlier, paintings, depicting stories in subsequent frames, using descriptive text resembling bubbles-text, were used in murals, one such example is written in Greek, dating to the 2nd century and found in Capitolias, today in Jordan.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amadora BD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadora_BD"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Angoulême International Comics Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme_International_Comics_Festival"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Fumetto International Comics Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumetto_International_Comics_Festival"},{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Comics Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Comics_Festival"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"International Comics Festival \"Salon stripa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Comics_Festival_%22Salon_stripa%22"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"International Festival of Comics and Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Festival_of_Comics_and_Games"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"The Lakes International Comic Art Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lakes_International_Comic_Art_Festival"},{"link_name":"Kendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendal"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lille Comics Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_Comics_Festival"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Lucca Comics & Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucca_Comics_%26_Games"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Heroes Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Salón Internacional del Comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal%C3%B3n_Internacional_del_C%C3%B3mic_de_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"}],"text":"A number of festivals celebrating comic art are held around Europe. These include:Amadora BD, Portugal\nAngoulême International Comics Festival, France\nChaniartoon - International Comic & Animation Festival, Greece\nFumetto International Comics Festival, Lucerne, Switzerland\nHelsinki Comics Festival, Finland\nInternational Comics Festival \"Salon stripa\", Serbia\nInternational Festival of Comics and Games, Poland\nThe Lakes International Comic Art Festival, Kendal, United Kingdom\nLille Comics Festival, France\nLucca Comics & Games, Italy\nHeroes Comic Con, Spain\nSalón Internacional del Comic, Spain","title":"Festivals"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png"},{"title":"Comics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Comics"},{"title":"Europe portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe"},{"title":"Belgian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_comics"},{"title":"British comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_comics"},{"title":"Croatian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_comics"},{"title":"Czech comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_comics"},{"title":"Dutch Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Comics"},{"title":"Franco-Belgian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics"},{"title":"German comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_comics"},{"title":"Hungarian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_comics"},{"title":"Italian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_comics"},{"title":"Polish comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_comics"},{"title":"Portuguese comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_comics"},{"title":"Serbian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_comics"},{"title":"Spanish comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_comics"}]	[{"reference":"\"European Comics\". 2013-04-29. Retrieved 2017-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://europeisnotdead.com/video/images-of-europe/european-comics/","url_text":"\"European Comics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moebius and Beyond: An Introduction to European Comics\". pastemagazine.com. Retrieved 2017-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/11/moebius-and-beyond-an-introduction-to-european-com.html","url_text":"\"Moebius and Beyond: An Introduction to European Comics\""}]},{"reference":"Daley, Jason. \"Ancient Comics Line This Roman-Era Tomb in Jordan\". Smithsonian Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-comics-line-roman-era-tomb-jordan-180970400/","url_text":"\"Ancient Comics Line This Roman-Era Tomb in Jordan\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://europeisnotdead.com/video/images-of-europe/european-comics/","external_links_name":"\"European Comics\""},{"Link":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/11/moebius-and-beyond-an-introduction-to-european-com.html","external_links_name":"\"Moebius and Beyond: An Introduction to European Comics\""},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-comics-line-roman-era-tomb-jordan-180970400/","external_links_name":"\"Ancient Comics Line This Roman-Era Tomb in Jordan\""},{"Link":"http://comics.lib.msu.edu/exhibit.htm","external_links_name":"The European Comics Collection Introductory Exhibit, Michigan State University Libraries"},{"Link":"http://comics.lib.msu.edu/","external_links_name":"The Comic Art Collection Home Page, Michigan State University Libraries"},{"Link":"http://www.europeancomics.net/","external_links_name":"European Comics and Graphic Novels in English"},{"Link":"http://www.european-comics.com/","external_links_name":"Translated European Comics ratings"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_comics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_comics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Nesse	Johannes Nesse	["1 References"]	Norwegian newspaper editor Johannes Jeremias Nesse (26 September 1891 – 1 June 1948), often abbreviated in Norwegian as Johs. Nesse, was a Norwegian newspaper editor. He became an editor in Aftenposten in 1928, and was promoted to editor-in-chief in 1930. In 1941, following the milk strike, Nesse was promptly fired together with Torolv Kandahl by the occupying Nazi authorities, who had taken control over Aftenposten. He was replaced by Henry Endsjø. He was imprisoned at Møllergata 19 from 12 September to 24 September 1941. He was reinstated after the Second World War in 1945 and remained editor-in-chief until his death. References ^ a b "Johannes Jeremias Nesse". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 9 March 2011. ^ Hjeltnes, Guri (16 November 1997). "Etter freden kom krigen - i avisenes spalter". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011. ^ Ottosen, Kristian, ed. (2004). Nordmenn i fangenskap 1940–1945 (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 504. ISBN 82-15-00288-9. Media offices Preceded byKnut Domaas Chairman of the Norwegian Press Association 1936–1937 Succeeded byTorolv Kandahl This article about a Norwegian writer, poet or journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aftenposten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"},{"link_name":"milk strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_strike"},{"link_name":"Torolv Kandahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torolv_Kandahl"},{"link_name":"occupying Nazi authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Henry Endsjø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Endsj%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Møllergata 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8llergata_19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"}],"text":"Johannes Jeremias Nesse (26 September 1891 – 1 June 1948), often abbreviated in Norwegian as Johs. Nesse, was a Norwegian newspaper editor.He became an editor in Aftenposten in 1928, and was promoted to editor-in-chief in 1930.[1] In 1941, following the milk strike, Nesse was promptly fired together with Torolv Kandahl by the occupying Nazi authorities, who had taken control over Aftenposten. He was replaced by Henry Endsjø.[2] He was imprisoned at Møllergata 19 from 12 September to 24 September 1941.[3] He was reinstated after the Second World War in 1945 and remained editor-in-chief until his death.[1]","title":"Johannes Nesse"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Johannes Jeremias Nesse\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 9 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Johannes_Jeremias_Nesse","url_text":"\"Johannes Jeremias Nesse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Hjeltnes, Guri (16 November 1997). \"Etter freden kom krigen - i avisenes spalter\". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213601/http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/verdenskrig/article680098.ece","url_text":"\"Etter freden kom krigen - i avisenes spalter\""},{"url":"http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/verdenskrig/article680098.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ottosen, Kristian, ed. (2004). Nordmenn i fangenskap 1940–1945 (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. p. 504. ISBN 82-15-00288-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian_Ottosen","url_text":"Ottosen, Kristian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-15-00288-9","url_text":"82-15-00288-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/Johannes_Jeremias_Nesse","external_links_name":"\"Johannes Jeremias Nesse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213601/http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/verdenskrig/article680098.ece","external_links_name":"\"Etter freden kom krigen - i avisenes spalter\""},{"Link":"http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/verdenskrig/article680098.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Nesse&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stuart_(bishop)	Ian Stuart (bishop)	["1 Biography","2 References"]	The Right ReverendIan StuartAssistant Bishop of North QueenslandChurchAnglican Church of AustraliaDioceseDiocese of North QueenslandIn office1992–1998Other post(s)Honorary assistant bishop, Diocese of Liverpool (1999–2011)Bishop Administrator, Diocese of North Queensland (1996)OrdersOrdination1985 (deacon & priest)Consecration1992Personal detailsBorn (1942-11-17) 17 November 1942 (age 81)DenominationAnglican Ian Campbell Stuart (born 17 November 1942) is a retired bishop of the Anglican Church of Australia and the Church of England. Biography Stuart was born on 17 November 1942 to Campbell and Ruth Stuart (née Butcher). In 1970, he graduated the University of New England, Australia with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Certificate in Education (CertEd); and, in 1972, he became a Member of the Australian College of Educators (MACE). He married Megan Williams in 1976 (they went on to have three children together), gained a Diploma in Educational Administration (DipEdAdmin) from the University of Melbourne in 1977 and served as Headmaster of Christchurch Grammar School, Melbourne, 1977–1984. While serving as Principal of Trinity Anglican School, Queensland (1984–1993), he trained for the priesthood at St Barnabas College, Adelaide (starting in 1984), and was ordained both deacon and priest in 1985. He became a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Management (FAIM) in 1991 and gained a Master of Arts (MA) from Melbourne University. As an educator, he was Warden of St Mark's College, James Cook University (1993–1996) and then Principal of All Souls' and St Gabriel's School (1993–1998). Meanwhile, he served the Diocese of North Queensland, as an Archdeacon (1989–1992) before becoming an assistant bishop. He was consecrated as a bishop on 22 April 1992, by Peter Hollingworth, Archbishop of Brisbane, to serve as Assistant Bishop of North Queensland, in which post he remained until 1998. In that post, he also served the diocese as Bishop Administrator (presumably in 1996 between the retirement of John Lewis and the arrival of Clyde Wood.) Stuart moved to the United Kingdom: his appointment to be Chaplain of Liverpool Hope University College and an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of Liverpool was gazetted in February 1999. He remained Chaplain until 2001, when he became Provost of Hope Park and Director of Student Services until 2005 (when the institutions gained full university status as Liverpool Hope University); from then until his January 2011 retirement, he served as an Assistant/Pro-Vice Chancellor — Student Support & Well-being. Having retired from Hope and as an honorary assistant bishop, he has been given the honorary title Pro Vice-Chancellor Emeritus. References ^ a b c d e f g h i "Stuart, Ian Campbell". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (December 2013 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 26 April 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b c d "Ian Campbell Stuart". Crockford's Clerical Directory (online ed.). Church House Publishing. Retrieved 19 November 2016. ^ Anglican archives – Series OANDS175 - Other Anglican Dioceses Archived 2014-08-26 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed 26 April 2014) ^ "Gazette: Appointments". Church Times. No. 7096. 12 February 1999. p. 4. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 19 November 2016 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ a b Friends of Hope, Summer 2011 p. 4 (Accessed 26 April 2014)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican Church of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"}],"text":"Ian Campbell Stuart (born 17 November 1942) is a retired bishop of the Anglican Church of Australia and the Church of England.","title":"Ian Stuart (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-1"},{"link_name":"University of New England, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_England,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Certificate in Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_in_Education"},{"link_name":"Member of the Australian College of Educators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Australian_College_of_Educators"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crockford-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-1"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crockford-2"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Grammar School, Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christchurch_Grammar_School,_Melbourne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-1"},{"link_name":"Trinity Anglican School, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Anglican_School,_Queensland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-1"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood"},{"link_name":"St Barnabas College, Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Barnabas_College,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crockford-2"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Australian Institute of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crockford-2"},{"link_name":"St Mark's College, James Cook University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Mark%27s_College,_James_Cook_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All Souls' and St Gabriel's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Souls%27_and_St_Gabriel%27s_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diocese of North Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_North_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-1"},{"link_name":"Peter Hollingworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hollingworth"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Archbishop_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bishop Administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Administrator"},{"link_name":"John Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(Bishop_of_North_Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Clyde Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Wood"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Hope University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Hope_University_College"},{"link_name":"honorary assistant bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_assistant_bishop"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hope-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-1"},{"link_name":"Pro-Vice Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Vice_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hope-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww-1"}],"text":"Stuart was born on 17 November 1942 to Campbell and Ruth Stuart (née Butcher).[1] In 1970, he graduated the University of New England, Australia with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Certificate in Education (CertEd); and, in 1972, he became a Member of the Australian College of Educators (MACE).[2][1] He married Megan Williams in 1976 (they went on to have three children together), gained a Diploma in Educational Administration (DipEdAdmin)[1] from the University of Melbourne in 1977[2] and served as Headmaster of Christchurch Grammar School, Melbourne, 1977–1984.[1]While serving as Principal of Trinity Anglican School, Queensland (1984–1993),[1] he trained for the priesthood at St Barnabas College, Adelaide (starting in 1984), and was ordained both deacon and priest in 1985.[2] He became a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Management (FAIM) in 1991 and gained a Master of Arts (MA) from Melbourne University.[2] As an educator, he was Warden of St Mark's College, James Cook University (1993–1996) and then Principal of All Souls' and St Gabriel's School (1993–1998). Meanwhile, he served the Diocese of North Queensland, as an Archdeacon (1989–1992) before becoming an assistant bishop.[1] He was consecrated as a bishop on 22 April 1992, by Peter Hollingworth, Archbishop of Brisbane, to serve as Assistant Bishop of North Queensland,[3] in which post he remained until 1998. In that post, he also served the diocese as Bishop Administrator (presumably in 1996 between the retirement of John Lewis and the arrival of Clyde Wood.)Stuart moved to the United Kingdom: his appointment to be Chaplain of Liverpool Hope University College and an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of Liverpool was gazetted in February 1999.[4] He remained Chaplain until 2001,[1] when he became Provost of Hope Park and Director of Student Services[5] until 2005[1] (when the institutions gained full university status as Liverpool Hope University); from then until his January 2011 retirement, he served as an Assistant/Pro-Vice Chancellor — Student Support & Well-being.[5] Having retired from Hope and as an honorary assistant bishop, he has been given the honorary title Pro Vice-Chancellor Emeritus.[1]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Stuart, Ian Campbell\". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (December 2013 online ed.). A & C Black. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicate_(song)	Syndicate (song)	["1 Critical reception","2 Music video","3 Chart performance","4 Charts","5 References"]	2010 single by The Fray"Syndicate"Single by The Frayfrom the album The Fray ReleasedJanuary 12, 2010Recorded2008GenrePop rockLength3:32LabelEpicSongwriter(s)Isaac Slade and Joe KingProducer(s)Mike Flynn and Aaron JohnsonThe Fray singles chronology "Heartless" (2009) "Syndicate" (2010) "Heartbeat" (2011) "Syndicate" is a song by Denver-based rock band the Fray. It is the opening track and the third single from their eponymous second studio album. It was released on January 12, 2010, for radio airplay, while the music video was released on February 9, 2010. Despite a generally positive critical reception, the song is the lowest charting single from the album. Critical reception AbsolutePunk stated the song had "a winning piano line" and commented upon its musical style, saying it "pushed out into a grander, denser sound than found before." Sputnikmusic called it an "uplifting opener." Music video The music video, directed by Mark Pellington, premiered on February 9, 2010, on Yahoo! Music. The video is abstract in concept. It makes use of the multiple exposure technique: most scenes feature the band members' faces overlapping, rather than showing each of them individually. However, a few scenes do show the band members performing separately. Various miscellaneous objects and people are interspersed in the sequences, while the entire video is set against a glittering blood red and yellow background. This is the second time Pellington is working with the band; he had earlier directed a video for "How to Save a Life" in 2007. The music video uses the "Radio Remix Version" of the song which adds extra vocals towards the end of the song, although the length of the remix is the same as that of the album version. Chart performance "Syndicate" debuted at No. 25 on the Adult Top 40 chart for the week ending January 17, 2010, and peaked at No. 16 on the chart dated April 11, 2010. The song also charted at No. 40 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, entering the chart the week ending March 13, 2010, and dropping out the following week. Charts Chart (2010) Peakposition US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard) 20 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 16 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 40 References ^ "The Fray - Album Review". AbsolutePunk.com. Retrieved April 9, 2010. ^ "The Fray - Album Review". Sputnikmusic.com. Retrieved 9 April 2010. ^ "Syndicate music video out now". thefray.net. Retrieved 9 February 2010. ^ The Fray - Syndicate - Making the Video. YouTube.com. Retrieved 19 March 2010. ^ "The Fray - Artist History". Billboard.com. Retrieved 17 April 2010. ^ "The Fray - Artist History". Billboard.com. Retrieved 17 April 2010. ^ "The Fray Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved October 19, 2011. ^ "The Fray Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved October 19, 2011. ^ "The Fray Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved October 19, 2011. vteThe Fray Joe King Dave Welsh Ben Wysocki Isaac Slade Mike Ayars Zach Johnson Caleb Slade Graham Vanderbilt Dan Battenhouse Jimmy Stofer Dan Lavery Jeremy McCoy Jeff Linsenmaier Jason Hardin Einar Pedersen Studio albums How to Save a Life The Fray Scars & Stories Helios Compilation albums Through the Years: The Best of the Fray Live albums Live at the Electric Factory: Bootleg No. 1 Acoustic in Nashville: Bootleg No. 2 Live from the 9:30 Club: Bootleg No. 3 EPs Movement Reason Christmas Singles "Over My Head (Cable Car)" "How to Save a Life" "Look After You" "All at Once" "You Found Me" "Never Say Never" "Heartless" "Syndicate" "Heartbeat" "Run for Your Life" "Love Don't Die" Related articles Discography	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"the Fray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fray"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_single"},{"link_name":"eponymous second studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fray_(album)"}],"text":"\"Syndicate\" is a song by Denver-based rock band the Fray. It is the opening track and the third single from their eponymous second studio album. It was released on January 12, 2010, for radio airplay, while the music video was released on February 9, 2010. Despite a generally positive critical reception, the song is the lowest charting single from the album.","title":"Syndicate (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AbsolutePunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbsolutePunk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"AbsolutePunk stated the song had \"a winning piano line\" and commented upon its musical style, saying it \"pushed out into a grander, denser sound than found before.\"[1] Sputnikmusic called it an \"uplifting opener.\"[2]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Pellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Pellington"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"multiple exposure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_exposure"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"How to Save a Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Save_a_Life_(song)"}],"text":"The music video, directed by Mark Pellington, premiered on February 9, 2010, on Yahoo! Music.[3] The video is abstract in concept. It makes use of the multiple exposure technique: most scenes feature the band members' faces overlapping, rather than showing each of them individually. However, a few scenes do show the band members performing separately. Various miscellaneous objects and people are interspersed in the sequences, while the entire video is set against a glittering blood red and yellow background.[4] This is the second time Pellington is working with the band; he had earlier directed a video for \"How to Save a Life\" in 2007.The music video uses the \"Radio Remix Version\" of the song which adds extra vocals towards the end of the song, although the length of the remix is the same as that of the album version.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"Syndicate\" debuted at No. 25 on the Adult Top 40 chart for the week ending January 17, 2010, and peaked at No. 16 on the chart dated April 11, 2010.[5] The song also charted at No. 40 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, entering the chart the week ending March 13, 2010, and dropping out the following week.[6]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Fray - Album Review\". AbsolutePunk.com. Retrieved April 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=889052","url_text":"\"The Fray - Album Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fray - Album Review\". Sputnikmusic.com. Retrieved 9 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sputnikmusic.com/album.php?reviewid=32988","url_text":"\"The Fray - Album Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syndicate music video out now\". thefray.net. Retrieved 9 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.thefray.net/us/news/syndicate-video-out-now","url_text":"\"Syndicate music video out now\""}]},{"reference":"The Fray - Syndicate - Making the Video. YouTube.com. Retrieved 19 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hUFp9wienE","url_text":"The Fray - Syndicate - Making the Video"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fray - Artist History\". Billboard.com. Retrieved 17 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-fray/chart-history/adult-pop-songs","url_text":"\"The Fray - Artist History\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fray - Artist History\". Billboard.com. Retrieved 17 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-fray/chart-history/pop-songs-b","url_text":"\"The Fray - Artist History\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://absolutepunk.net/showthread.php?t=889052","external_links_name":"\"The Fray - Album Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.sputnikmusic.com/album.php?reviewid=32988","external_links_name":"\"The Fray - Album Review\""},{"Link":"http://blog.thefray.net/us/news/syndicate-video-out-now","external_links_name":"\"Syndicate music video out now\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hUFp9wienE","external_links_name":"The Fray - Syndicate - Making the Video"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-fray/chart-history/adult-pop-songs","external_links_name":"\"The Fray - Artist History\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-fray/chart-history/pop-songs-b","external_links_name":"\"The Fray - Artist History\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/The-Fray/chart-history/AAA","external_links_name":"\"The Fray Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/The-Fray/chart-history/ATF","external_links_name":"\"The Fray Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/The-Fray/chart-history/TFM","external_links_name":"\"The Fray Chart History (Pop Songs)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$24_in_24	$24 in 24	["1 Episode Guide","2 References","3 External links"]	American TV series or program $24 in 24GenreReality seriesPresented byJeff MauroCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes7ProductionProduction companyCustom ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkFood NetworkReleaseSeptember 23 (2012-09-23) –October 29, 2012 (2012-10-29) $24 in 24 is a reality television series that was broadcast on the Food Network, which premiered on September 23, 2012. The show was hosted by Jeff Mauro. In each episode, Mauro went on a trip to a different city in the United States with only $24 to spend on breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Episode Guide No. Title Air date 1 "Chicago" September 23, 2012 (2012-09-23) 2 "Cleveland" September 24, 2012 (2012-09-24) 3 "Los Angeles" October 1, 2012 (2012-10-01) 4 "Minneapolis" October 8, 2012 (2012-10-08) 5 "Boston" October 15, 2012 (2012-10-15) 6 "New York City" October 22, 2012 (2012-10-22) 7 "Philadelphia" October 29, 2012 (2012-10-29) References ^ "Sandwich King Jeff Mauro Heads to Primetime with New Series '$24 in 24' Premiering Monday, September 24th at 10:30PM ET/PT". The Futon Critic. August 20, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012. ^ "Clipped From The Kansas City Star". The Kansas City Star. 2012-09-22. pp. C4. Retrieved 2022-04-30. ^ "$24 in 24: Jeff 'Sandwich King' Mauro's new show kicks off". The Times. 2012-10-03. pp. D1. Retrieved 2022-04-30. External links Official website $24 in 24 at IMDb vteFood Network original programmingCurrent 24 in 24: Last Chef Standing (since 2024) BBQ Brawl (since 2019) BBQ USA (since 2022) Beat Bobby Flay (since 2014) Bobby's Triple Threat (since 2022) Chopped (since 2009) Delicious Miss Brown (since 2019) Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives (since 2007) Girl Meets Farm (since 2018) The Great Food Truck Race (since 2010) Guy's Grocery Games (since 2013) Halloween Baking Championship (since 2015) Halloween Wars (since 2011) Holiday Baking Championship (since 2014) Kids Baking Championship (since 2015) The Kitchen (since 2014) The Pioneer Woman (since 2011) Spring Baking Championship (since 2015) Supermarket Stakeout (since 2019) Tournament of Champions (since 2020) Worst Cooks in America (since 2010) Former1990s debuts Cooking Live (1997–2003) Emeril Live (1997–2010) Essence of Emeril (1994–2007) Good Eats (1999–2012; 2019–21) How to Boil Water (1993–2000) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals (2001–12; 2019) $40 a Day (2002–05) 5 Ingredient Fix (2009–11) Ace of Cakes (2006–11) Ask Aida (2008–09) BBQ with Bobby Flay (2004–07) Barefoot Contessa (2002–21) Behind the Bash (2006) Big Daddy's House (2008–11) Chocolate with Jacques Torres (2002–04) Chopped Junior (2015-19) A Cook's Tour (2002–03) Cupcake Wars (2009–16) Dinner: Impossible (2007–10) Dweezil & Lisa (2004) Everyday Italian (2003–08) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin (2009–10) Feasting on Asphalt (2006–08) Food 911 (2000–06) Food Detectives (2008) Food Network Challenge (2007–11; 2019–20) Food Network Star (2005-18) Giada at Home (2008–15) Giada's Weekend Getaways (2007–08) Glutton for Punishment (2007–11) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman (2005–07) Guy's Big Bite (2006–16) Guy Off the Hook (2008) Ham on the Street (2006) How'd That Get on My Plate? (2008) Iron Chef America (2005–18) The Next Iron Chef (2007–12) Party Line with the Hearty Boys (2005–06) Paula's Best Dishes (2008–13) Paula's Home Cooking (2002–12) Paula's Party (2006–08) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills (2009–11) Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels (2005–09) Road Tasted (2006–08) The Secret Life of... (2002–08) Sara's Secrets (2002–07) Secrets of a Restaurant Chef (2008–12) Sugar Rush (2005–07) Ten Dollar Dinners (2009–12) Throwdown! with Bobby Flay (2006–10) Trivia Unwrapped (2003–2004) Tyler's Ultimate (2003–10) Ultimate Recipe Showdown (2008–10) Unwrapped (2001–11) What Would Brian Boitano Make? (2009–10) Will Work for Food (2009) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle (2010–11) $24 in 24 (2012) Aarti Party (2010–11) America's Best Cook (2014) BBQ Blitz (2015) Best Baker in America (2017–21) The Best Thing I Ever Made (2011–13) Bobby Flay's Barbecue Addiction (2011–14) Brunch @ Bobby's (2010–15) Cake Wars (2015–17) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell (2012–13) Chopped After Hours (2015-17) Clash of the Grandmas (2015–16) Cutthroat Kitchen (2013–17) Dessert First with Anne Thornton (2010–11) Dessert Games (2017) Food Court Wars (2013–14) Food Network Star Kids (2016) Guilty Pleasures (2015–16) Heat Seekers (2011–12) I Hart Food (2017) Iron Chef Gauntlet (2017–18) Iron Chef Showdown (2017) Kid in a Candy Store (2010–11) Kids BBQ Championship (2016–17) Kitchen Casino (2014) Kitchen Sink (2016–17) Mystery Diners (2012–16) Patricia Heaton Parties (2015–16) Rachael vs. Guy: Celebrity Cook-Off (2012–14) Restaurant: Impossible (2011–23) Restaurant Express (2013) Restaurant Stakeout (2012–14) Rewrapped (2014) Southern at Heart (2013–16) Sweet Genius (2011–13) Top 5 Restaurants (2015–16) Trisha's Southern Kitchen (2012–22) Unwrapped 2.0 (2015) Valerie's Home Cooking (2015–23) Worst Bakers in America (2016–19) 2020s debuts Amy Schumer Learns to Cook (2020) Pilots and specials The Big Waste (2012) Cookie Wars (2019) Kids Halloween Baking Championship (2016) Rebel Eats (2013) This article relating to reality television in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article relating to a television series about food and drink is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Food Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mauro"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"$24 in 24 is a reality television series that was broadcast on the Food Network, which premiered on September 23, 2012.[1][2][3] The show was hosted by Jeff Mauro. In each episode, Mauro went on a trip to a different city in the United States with only $24 to spend on breakfast, lunch, and dinner.","title":"$24 in 24"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episode Guide"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sandwich King Jeff Mauro Heads to Primetime with New Series '$24 in 24' Premiering Monday, September 24th at 10:30PM ET/PT\". The Futon Critic. August 20, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2012/08/20/sandwich-king-jeff-mauro-heads-to-primetime-with-new-series-24-in-24-premiering-monday-september-24th-at-1030pm-et-pt-479504/20120820food01/","url_text":"\"Sandwich King Jeff Mauro Heads to Primetime with New Series '$24 in 24' Premiering Monday, September 24th at 10:30PM ET/PT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clipped From The Kansas City Star\". The Kansas City Star. 2012-09-22. pp. C4. Retrieved 2022-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100776186/the-kansas-city-star/","url_text":"\"Clipped From The Kansas City Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"$24 in 24: Jeff 'Sandwich King' Mauro's new show kicks off\". The Times. 2012-10-03. pp. D1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutri-Grain	Nutri-Grain	["1 History","2 UK and Ireland products","2.1 Breakfast bars","2.2 Breakfast Bakes range (formerly Elevenses)","2.3 Breakfast biscuits","3 Canada products","3.1 Cereal bars","3.2 Fruit crunch","3.3 Soft Bakes","4 US products","4.1 Breakfast bars","5 Australian products","5.1 Breakfast cereal","5.2 Bars","6 Health","7 References","8 External links"]	Breakfast foods made by Kellogg's This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nutri-Grain" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nutri GrainNutri-Grain cereal barProduct typeBreakfast cereal, cereal barOwnerKellanovaCountryAustraliaIntroduced1976; 48 years ago (1976)Previous ownersKellogg's (1976-2023)Websitekelloggs.com/nutrigrain Nutri-Grain is a brand of breakfast cereal and breakfast bar made by Kellanova. In Australia and New Zealand Nutri-Grain is a breakfast cereal made from corn, oats, and wheat. The pieces are shaped like bricks. In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Ireland, the Nutri-Grain name is used for soft breakfast bars. History Nutri-Grain breakfast cereal sold in Australia and New Zealand The breakfast cereal in its original "block and hole" shape was introduced in Australia in 1976, and later in 1981 consisting of flakes without added sugar. There were four varieties initially (rye, corn, barley, and wheat); later these were reduced to corn and wheat, and finally the corn line was completely discontinued. There are various Nutri-Grain Bars made from the breakfast cereal bonded together, available in the markets where the cereal is available. The bars became popular in the 1990s as an "on-the-go" food. In 2013, Nutri-Grain breakfast drinks were added to the line of cereals for the Australian market. UK and Ireland products In the UK, Nutri-Grain bars are around one-third cereals (mainly wheat-flour) and around ten percent fruit. Breakfast bars are a similar product to the muesli bar or granola bar. Breakfast bars Apple Strawberry Blueberry Breakfast Bakes range (formerly Elevenses) Raisin Ginger Golden Oat Chocolate Chip Breakfast biscuits Cereal & Milk Oats & Honey Fruit & Fibre Canada products Cereal bars Strawberry Raspberry Mixed Berry Blueberry Apple Cinnamon Fruit crunch Apple Crisp Strawberry Parfait Soft Bakes Mixed Berry apple cinnamon strawberry Blueberry strawberry and Greek yogurt Raspberry Chocolate Raspberry Pumpkin Spice (limited time) US products Breakfast bars Cherry Raspberry Chocolate Raspberry Blackberry Apple Cinnamon Blueberry Mixed Berry Strawberry Strawberry Yogurt Cinnamon Australian products Breakfast cereal Nutri-Grain Original Nutri-Grain EDGE Oat Clusters Bars Nutri-Grain Original Nutri-Grain EDGE Health Nutri-Grain received four stars out of five on the Australian Government's health star ratings. References ^ Nutri-Grain Cereal — Mr. Breakfast.com. Retrieved October 20, 2009. ^ Han, Esther (20 April 2015). "Food health star ratings: Kellogg's reveals the cereal that gets 1.5 stars". The Sydney Morning Herald. External links Official website vteKellanovaDivisions Morningstar Farms Products and brandsCurrentCereals All-Bran Apple Jacks Bran Buds Chocos Cocoa Krispies/Coco Pops Complete Wheat Bran Flakes Corn Flakes Corn Pops Country Store Cracklin' Oat Bran Crispix Crunchy Nut Froot Loops Frosted Flakes/Frosties Frosted Mini-Wheats Fruit 'n Fibre Honey Loops Just Right Krave Nutri-Grain Raisin Bran Raisin Wheats Rice Krispies Special K Crackers Carr's (US) Cheez-It Club Crackers Other Eggo Gardenburger Pop-Tarts Pringles Rice Krispies Treats Rxbar Past Chachos Cruncheroos Cinnamon Crunch Crispix Disney Mickey's Magix Hunny B's Hydrox/Droxies Keebler Company Chips Deluxe E.L. Fudge Famous Amos Vienna Fingers Kream Krunch Mini Swirlz Mother's Cookies Pep Product 19 Puffa Puffa Rice Ricicles Start Sunshine Biscuits Smorz Wheatables People John Harvey Kellogg Will Keith Kellogg Sponsorships Tony the Tiger Sun Bowl (2019–2023) Pop-Tarts Bowl (2020–) Cheez-It Citrus Bowl (2023–) Related WK Kellogg Co W. K. Kellogg Foundation Snap, Crackle and Pop Tony the Tiger Toucan Sam Kellogg's Cereal City USA 2021 Kellogg's strike Unfrosted Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breakfast cereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_cereal"},{"link_name":"Kellanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg%27s"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"breakfast cereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_cereal"},{"link_name":"bricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricks"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast"}],"text":"Nutri-Grain is a brand of breakfast cereal and breakfast bar made by Kellanova. In Australia and New Zealand Nutri-Grain is a breakfast cereal made from corn, oats, and wheat. The pieces are shaped like bricks.In the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Ireland, the Nutri-Grain name is used for soft breakfast bars.","title":"Nutri-Grain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nutri-Grain_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Nutri-Grain breakfast cereal sold in Australia and New ZealandThe breakfast cereal in its original \"block and hole\" shape was introduced in Australia in 1976, and later in 1981 consisting of flakes without added sugar.[1] There were four varieties initially (rye, corn, barley, and wheat); later these were reduced to corn and wheat, and finally the corn line was completely discontinued. There are various Nutri-Grain Bars made from the breakfast cereal bonded together, available in the markets where the cereal is available. The bars became popular in the 1990s as an \"on-the-go\" food.In 2013, Nutri-Grain breakfast drinks were added to the line of cereals for the Australian market.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"muesli bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muesli_bar"},{"link_name":"granola bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granola_bar"}],"text":"In the UK, Nutri-Grain bars are around one-third cereals (mainly wheat-flour) and around ten percent fruit. Breakfast bars are a similar product to the muesli bar or granola bar.","title":"UK and Ireland products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Breakfast bars","text":"Apple\nStrawberry\nBlueberry","title":"UK and Ireland products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Breakfast Bakes range (formerly Elevenses)","text":"Raisin\nGinger\nGolden Oat\nChocolate Chip","title":"UK and Ireland products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Breakfast biscuits","text":"Cereal & Milk\nOats & Honey\nFruit & Fibre","title":"UK and Ireland products"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Canada products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cereal bars","text":"Strawberry\nRaspberry\nMixed Berry\nBlueberry\nApple Cinnamon","title":"Canada products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fruit crunch","text":"Apple Crisp\nStrawberry Parfait","title":"Canada products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Soft Bakes","text":"Mixed Berry\napple cinnamon\nstrawberry\nBlueberry\nstrawberry and Greek yogurt\nRaspberry\nChocolate Raspberry\nPumpkin Spice (limited time)","title":"Canada products"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"US products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry"},{"link_name":"Blueberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry"}],"sub_title":"Breakfast bars","text":"Cherry\nRaspberry\nChocolate Raspberry\nBlackberry\nApple Cinnamon\nBlueberry\nMixed Berry\nStrawberry\nStrawberry Yogurt\nCinnamon","title":"US products"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Australian products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Breakfast cereal","text":"Nutri-Grain Original\nNutri-Grain EDGE Oat Clusters","title":"Australian products"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bars","text":"Nutri-Grain Original\nNutri-Grain EDGE","title":"Australian products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Nutri-Grain received four stars out of five on the Australian Government's health star ratings.[2]","title":"Health"}]	[{"image_text":"Nutri-Grain breakfast cereal sold in Australia and New Zealand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nutri-Grain_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nutri-Grain_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Han, Esther (20 April 2015). \"Food health star ratings: Kellogg's reveals the cereal that gets 1.5 stars\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/food-health-star-ratings-kelloggs-reveals-the-cereal-that-gets-15-stars-20150420-1mop9e.html","url_text":"\"Food health star ratings: Kellogg's reveals the cereal that gets 1.5 stars\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nutri-Grain%22","external_links_name":"\"Nutri-Grain\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nutri-Grain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nutri-Grain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nutri-Grain%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nutri-Grain%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nutri-Grain%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.kelloggs.com/en_US/brands/nutri-grain-consumer-brand.html","external_links_name":"kelloggs.com/nutrigrain"},{"Link":"http://www.mrbreakfast.com/cereal_detail.asp?id=723","external_links_name":"Nutri-Grain Cereal"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/food-health-star-ratings-kelloggs-reveals-the-cereal-that-gets-15-stars-20150420-1mop9e.html","external_links_name":"\"Food health star ratings: Kellogg's reveals the cereal that gets 1.5 stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.kelloggs.com/en_US/brands/nutri-grain-consumer-brand.html","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regal_Rexnord	Regal Rexnord	["1 History","2 Marathon Electric Motors (India) Limited","3 Global Technology Centre - India (GTCI)","4 References"]	American manufacturing company Regal Rexnord CorporationCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE: RRXS&P 400 componentIndustryElectric Motors & ControlsPredecessorsRegal Beloit CorporationRexnord CorporationFounded1955; 69 years ago (1955)HeadquartersMilwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.Number of locations14 OfficesArea servedWorldwideKey peopleLouis V. Pinkham (CEO)ProductsElectric HVAC MotorsElectrical generatorsHigh Voltage Induction MotorSlip Ring MotorLow Voltage AC motorsDC motorsCapacitorsElectrical connector devicesGearsGear BoxesAutomotive TransmissionsMarine transmissionsCutting tools Military Terminal Blocks Fuseholders and 'Made in the USA' Power Distribution BlocksAutomotive Ring and PinionsRevenue US$6.25 billion (2023)Operating income US$377 million (2023)Net income US$−54 million (2023)Total assets US$15.4 billion (2023)Total equity US$6.34 billion (2023)Number of employeesc. 32,100 (2023)SubsidiariesAltra Industrial MotionCenturyDurstFascoGenteqMarathon ElectricMastergear WorldwideLEESON ElectricThomson TechnologyWebsiteregalrexnord.comFootnotes / references Regal Rexnord Corporation, usually referred to as just Regal Rexnord, is a manufacturer of electric motors and power transmission components headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The company has manufacturing, sales, and service facilities throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe and Asia, with about 29,000 employees. As of year 2021, the company is ranked 763rd on the Fortune 1000, and was the 17th largest corporation in Wisconsin. One of the largest electric motor manufacturers in the world, its Genteq brand brushless DC electric motors are found in almost all variable-speed residential HVAC equipment in the United States today, and its GE Commercial Motors, Leeson, and Marathon Electric Motor brands are used throughout the industrial sector. History The company was founded in 1955 as Beloit Tool Corporation, and began operations in a converted roller rink. In 1961, it moved to facilities in South Beloit, Illinois, and in 1969 it changed its name to Regal Beloit. In the 1980s the company expanded its product line with a series of acquisitions of smaller companies, and in 1991 its headquarters were moved to downtown Beloit. One of Regal's acquisitions was Marathon Special Products, producing terminal blocks, power distribution blocks and fuseholders manufactured in Bowling Green, Ohio, with new products being added regularly in addition to the Kulka brand. In 2004, two acquisitions from General Electric effectively doubled the size of the company. In July 2007, Regal acquired the Fasco electrical components business of Tecumseh Products for $220 million in cash. In 2007, Regal Beloit corporation USA acquired Alstom India Motors and Fans business and named as Marathon Electric Motors India Limited. In October 2008, Regal acquired the Dutchi Motors B. V. for $34 million in cash and $3.2 million in net liabilities. In April 2010, the company acquired CMG Engineering Group, a manufacturer of industrial motors, blowers and metal products, for $75 million in cash. In 2011, the company completed the largest acquisition in its history by purchasing A.O. Smith's Electrical Products Company. This acquisition added about $700 million in sales revenues, and further expanded the company in Mexico and China, while adding new products to its production lines. On 9 July 2013, Regal Beloit announced that its plant in Springfield, Missouri, would face a staged closing over the next 18 months, impacting 330 employees. On 5 June 2014, Regal Beloit announced that further closing of two plants in Kentucky, a staged closing over the next 18 months that is affecting over 200 employees. Regal Beloit acquired Power Transmission Solutions business (PTS) from Emerson Electric Co. for approximately $1.4 billion — $1.4 billion in cash plus $40 million of assumed liabilities, effective from Jan 30th, 2015. The business manufactures, sells and services bearings, couplings, gearing, drive components, and conveyor systems under brands including Browning, Jaure, Kop-Flex, McGill, Morse, Rollway, Sealmaster and System Plast. With annual revenues of approximately $600 million, PTS has over 3,000 employees around the world. PTS will become part of Regal's newly defined Power Transmission segment. In 2019, Regal Beloit America announced it would be closing its Durst Power Transmission plant in Shopiere, WI. The closure started on January 31, 2020, affected approximately 60 employees. In October 2021, Regal Beloit Corporation completed its merger with Rexnord Corporation, creating Regal Rexnord Corporation. In November 2021, Regal Rexnord closes on $297M acquisition of Arrowhead Systems LLC, which has Wisconsin operations in Randolph and Oshkosh. In March 2023, the company acquired its rival Altra Industrial Motion for about $5 billion including debt. Marathon Electric Motors (India) Limited Marathon Electric Kolkata started its journey as GEC UK, after the European Union was formed GEC of UK and Alsthom of France merged to form GEC Alsthom, then this Company became Alstom. In 2007, Regal Rexnord Corporation of USA acquired Alstom India's Motor & Fan business and was named "Marathon Electric Motors India Limited". Marathon Kolkata manufactures both LT induction & Large HT induction motors for domestic, commercial & industrial segments. These motors are available as per industry requirements of the safe area and hazardous area applications. Marathon also makes axial, propeller & centrifugal Industrial Fans. Marathon Electric Motors has the following manufacturing facilities Kolkata works for HT & LT motors Ahmedabad works for LT motors Additionally, Marathon India has 2 "global technology centers" one in Hyderabad and another in Pune and one manufacturing facility for FHP & LT motors located in Faridabad Global Technology Centre - India (GTCI) Located in Hyderabad and Pune, GTCI is Engineering and Info-Tech hub, where Engineering and IT teams operate in collaboration with worldwide Regal Rexnord centers. Hyderabad GTCI Established in August 2005 & Pune GTCI in July 2015. These centers are global R & D support arms for the Regal Rexnord Corporation. References ^ "Regal Rexnord Corporation 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2023-02-26. ^ "Regal Beloit Corporation (RBC)". Yahoo! Finance. ^ "Regal Beloit". Fortune. Retrieved 2019-02-19. ^ "Regal Beloit Corporation Company Information". Hoovers. ^ "Regal Rexnord Electric Motors". Regal Rexnord Corporation. ^ "Regal Rexnord Corporation - History". Regal Rexnord Corporation. Regal Rexnord Corporation. ^ Regal Beloit acquires Fasco ^ Gavan, Hillary (2008-10-02). "Regal Beloit acquires Dutchi Motors B.V." Beloit Daily News. Retrieved 2022-01-25. ^ Regal Beloit acquires CMG Engineering Group ^ Laura Kennedy, "Regal Beloit to Close Springfield Plant; 330 Employees Impacted", OzarksFirst.com, July 9, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2013. ^ "Release note" (PDF). ^ "Regal to close Shopiere facility". ^ "Zurn Water Solutions Completes Spin-Off". zurnwatersolutions.com. 2021-10-04. Retrieved 2022-03-22. ^ "Regal completes merger with Rexnord PMC, creating Regal Rexnord Corporation". electronics360.globalspec.com. 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-10-08. ^ "Regal to Combine With Rexnord's PMC Segment, Creating World-class Power Transmission Provider". zurnwatersolutions.com. 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2022-02-07. ^ "Regal Rexnord closes on $297M acquisition of Arrowhead Systems". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2023-06-15. ^ "Regal Rexnord Corporation Completes Acquisition of Altra Industrial Motion Corp". Regal Rexnord. 2023-03-27. vteS&P 400 companiesEnergy Antero Midstream Antero Resources ChampionX Chesapeake Energy Chord Energy Civitas Resources CNX Resources DT Midstream Equitrans Midstream HF Sinclair Matador Resources Murphy Oil Nov Ovintiv PBF Energy Permian Resources Range Resources Southwestern Energy Valaris Limited Weatherford International Materials Alcoa AptarGroup Arcadium Lithium Ashland Global Avient Axalta Berry Global Cabot Corp Chemours Cleveland-Cliffs Commercial Metals Crown Holdings Eagle Materials Graphic Packaging Greif, Inc. Knife River Corporation Louisiana-Pacific MP Materials NewMarket Corporation Olin Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. Royal Gold RPM International Scotts Miracle-Gro Company Silgan Holdings Sonoco U.S. Steel Westlake Industrials Acuity Brands Advanced Drainage Systems AECOM AGCO ASGN Inc. 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P. Carey Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Fortune 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_1000"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoovers-4"},{"link_name":"Genteq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genteq"},{"link_name":"brushless DC electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor"},{"link_name":"HVAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_River_Country-5"}],"text":"Regal Rexnord Corporation, usually referred to as just Regal Rexnord, is a manufacturer of electric motors and power transmission components headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The company has manufacturing, sales, and service facilities throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe and Asia, with about 29,000 employees. As of year 2021, the company is ranked 763rd on the Fortune 1000, and was the 17th largest corporation in Wisconsin.[4]One of the largest electric motor manufacturers in the world, its Genteq brand brushless DC electric motors are found in almost all variable-speed residential HVAC equipment in the United States today, and its GE Commercial Motors, Leeson, and Marathon Electric Motor brands are used throughout the industrial sector.[5]","title":"Regal Rexnord"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roller rink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_rink"},{"link_name":"South Beloit, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Beloit,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regal_Beloit_Corporation-6"},{"link_name":"Tecumseh Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh_Products"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beloit_Daily_News-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"A.O. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.O._Smith"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Release_note-11"},{"link_name":"Shopiere, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopiere,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rexnord Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexnord_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Altra Industrial Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altra_Industrial_Motion"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The company was founded in 1955 as Beloit Tool Corporation, and began operations in a converted roller rink. In 1961, it moved to facilities in South Beloit, Illinois, and in 1969 it changed its name to Regal Beloit. In the 1980s the company expanded its product line with a series of acquisitions of smaller companies, and in 1991 its headquarters were moved to downtown Beloit. One of Regal's acquisitions was Marathon Special Products, producing terminal blocks, power distribution blocks and fuseholders manufactured in Bowling Green, Ohio, with new products being added regularly in addition to the Kulka brand. In 2004, two acquisitions from General Electric effectively doubled the size of the company.[6]In July 2007, Regal acquired the Fasco electrical components business of Tecumseh Products for $220 million in cash.[7]In 2007, Regal Beloit corporation USA acquired Alstom India Motors and Fans business and named as Marathon Electric Motors India Limited.In October 2008, Regal acquired the Dutchi Motors B. V. for $34 million in cash and $3.2 million in net liabilities.[8]In April 2010, the company acquired CMG Engineering Group, a manufacturer of industrial motors, blowers and metal products, for $75 million in cash.[9]In 2011, the company completed the largest acquisition in its history by purchasing A.O. Smith's Electrical Products Company. This acquisition added about $700 million in sales revenues, and further expanded the company in Mexico and China, while adding new products to its production lines.On 9 July 2013, Regal Beloit announced that its plant in Springfield, Missouri, would face a staged closing over the next 18 months, impacting 330 employees.[10]On 5 June 2014, Regal Beloit announced that further closing of two plants in Kentucky, a staged closing over the next 18 months that is affecting over 200 employees.Regal Beloit acquired Power Transmission Solutions business (PTS) from Emerson Electric Co. for approximately $1.4 billion — $1.4 billion in cash plus $40 million of assumed liabilities, effective from Jan 30th, 2015. The business manufactures, sells and services bearings, couplings, gearing, drive components, and conveyor systems under brands including Browning, Jaure, Kop-Flex, McGill, Morse, Rollway, Sealmaster and System Plast. With annual revenues of approximately $600 million, PTS has over 3,000 employees around the world. PTS will become part of Regal's newly defined Power Transmission segment.[11]In 2019, Regal Beloit America announced it would be closing its Durst Power Transmission plant in Shopiere, WI. The closure started on January 31, 2020, affected approximately 60 employees.[12]In October 2021, Regal Beloit Corporation completed its merger with Rexnord Corporation, creating Regal Rexnord Corporation.[13][14][15]In November 2021, Regal Rexnord closes on $297M acquisition of Arrowhead Systems LLC, which has Wisconsin operations in Randolph and Oshkosh.[16]In March 2023, the company acquired its rival Altra Industrial Motion for about $5 billion including debt.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Marathon Electric Kolkata started its journey as GEC UK, after the European Union was formed GEC of UK and Alsthom of France merged to form GEC Alsthom, then this Company became Alstom. In 2007, Regal Rexnord Corporation of USA acquired Alstom India's Motor & Fan business and was named \"Marathon Electric Motors India Limited\".Marathon Kolkata manufactures both LT induction & Large HT induction motors for domestic, commercial & industrial segments. These motors are available as per industry requirements of the safe area and hazardous area applications. Marathon also makes axial, propeller & centrifugal Industrial Fans.Marathon Electric Motors has the following manufacturing facilitiesKolkata works for HT & LT motors\nAhmedabad works for LT motorsAdditionally, Marathon India has 2 \"global technology centers\" one in Hyderabad and another in Pune and one manufacturing facility for FHP & LT motors located in Faridabad","title":"Marathon Electric Motors (India) Limited"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Located in Hyderabad and Pune, GTCI is Engineering and Info-Tech hub, where Engineering and IT teams operate in collaboration with worldwide Regal Rexnord centers. Hyderabad GTCI Established in August 2005 & Pune GTCI in July 2015. These centers are global R & D support arms for the Regal Rexnord Corporation.","title":"Global Technology Centre - India (GTCI)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Regal Rexnord Corporation 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)\". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2023-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/82811/000008281124000035/rbc-20231231.htm","url_text":"\"Regal Rexnord Corporation 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Regal Beloit Corporation (RBC)\". Yahoo! Finance.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=RBC+Profile","url_text":"\"Regal Beloit Corporation (RBC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regal Beloit\". Fortune. Retrieved 2019-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://fortune.com/fortune500/regal-beloit/","url_text":"\"Regal Beloit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regal Beloit Corporation Company Information\". Hoovers.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Regal_Beloit_Corporation.d1a674cde92351f6.html","url_text":"\"Regal Beloit Corporation Company Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regal Rexnord Electric Motors\". Regal Rexnord Corporation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.regalrexnord.com/products/regal-rexnord-electric-motors","url_text":"\"Regal Rexnord Electric Motors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regal Rexnord Corporation - History\". Regal Rexnord Corporation. Regal Rexnord Corporation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.regalrexnord.com/about-regal-rexnord/our-company/history","url_text":"\"Regal Rexnord Corporation - History\""}]},{"reference":"Gavan, Hillary (2008-10-02). \"Regal Beloit acquires Dutchi Motors B.V.\" Beloit Daily News. Retrieved 2022-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beloitdailynews.com/uncategorized/regal-beloit-acquires-dutchi-motors-b-v/article_7d4f1d6f-14cc-5db4-883c-e03f12d93335.html","url_text":"\"Regal Beloit acquires Dutchi Motors B.V.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Release note\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regalbeloit.com/uploadedFiles/regalbeloitcom/News_and_Events/News/Regal%20Press%20Release%2012-15-14%20final.pdf","url_text":"\"Release note\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regal to close Shopiere facility\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazettextra.com/no_meter/news/local/regal-to-close-shopiere-facility/article_e45c8c40-96f3-5bd0-ad38-373e01cf8e92.html","url_text":"\"Regal to close Shopiere facility\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zurn Water Solutions Completes Spin-Off\". zurnwatersolutions.com. 2021-10-04. Retrieved 2022-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://investors.zurnwatersolutions.com/news/news-details/2021/Zurn-Water-Solutions-Completes-Spin-Off/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Zurn Water Solutions Completes Spin-Off\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regal completes merger with Rexnord PMC, creating Regal Rexnord Corporation\". electronics360.globalspec.com. 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/17277/regal-completes-merger-with-rexnord-pmc-creating-regal-rexnord-corporation","url_text":"\"Regal completes merger with Rexnord PMC, creating Regal Rexnord Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regal to Combine With Rexnord's PMC Segment, Creating World-class Power Transmission Provider\". zurnwatersolutions.com. 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2022-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://investors.zurnwatersolutions.com/news/news-details/2021/Regal-to-Combine-With-Rexnords-PMC-Segment-Creating-World-class-Power-Transmission-Provider-2021-2-16/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Regal to Combine With Rexnord's PMC Segment, Creating World-class Power Transmission Provider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regal Rexnord closes on $297M acquisition of Arrowhead Systems\". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2023-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2021/11/24/regal-rexnord-closes-on-297m-acquisition-arrowhead.html","url_text":"\"Regal Rexnord closes on $297M acquisition of Arrowhead Systems\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regal Rexnord Corporation Completes Acquisition of Altra Industrial Motion Corp\". Regal Rexnord. 2023-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://investors.regalrexnord.com/investors/ir-news/press-release-details/2023/REGAL-REXNORD-CORPORATION-COMPLETES-ACQUISITION-OF-ALTRA-INDUSTRIAL-MOTION-CORP/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Regal Rexnord Corporation Completes Acquisition of Altra Industrial Motion Corp\""},{"url_text":"Regal Rexnord"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:RRX","external_links_name":"RRX"},{"Link":"http://regalrexnord.com/","external_links_name":"regalrexnord.com"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/82811/000008281124000035/rbc-20231231.htm","external_links_name":"\"Regal Rexnord Corporation 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=RBC+Profile","external_links_name":"\"Regal Beloit Corporation (RBC)\""},{"Link":"http://fortune.com/fortune500/regal-beloit/","external_links_name":"\"Regal Beloit\""},{"Link":"http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Regal_Beloit_Corporation.d1a674cde92351f6.html","external_links_name":"\"Regal Beloit Corporation Company Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.regalrexnord.com/products/regal-rexnord-electric-motors","external_links_name":"\"Regal Rexnord Electric Motors\""},{"Link":"https://www.regalrexnord.com/about-regal-rexnord/our-company/history","external_links_name":"\"Regal Rexnord Corporation - History\""},{"Link":"http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=628463","external_links_name":"Regal Beloit acquires Fasco"},{"Link":"https://www.beloitdailynews.com/uncategorized/regal-beloit-acquires-dutchi-motors-b-v/article_7d4f1d6f-14cc-5db4-883c-e03f12d93335.html","external_links_name":"\"Regal Beloit acquires Dutchi Motors B.V.\""},{"Link":"http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=1093320184","external_links_name":"Regal Beloit acquires CMG Engineering Group"},{"Link":"http://www.ozarksfirst.com/story/regal-beloit-to-close-springfield-plant-330-employees-impacted/d/story","external_links_name":"\"Regal Beloit to Close Springfield Plant; 330 Employees Impacted\""},{"Link":"http://www.regalbeloit.com/uploadedFiles/regalbeloitcom/News_and_Events/News/Regal%20Press%20Release%2012-15-14%20final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Release note\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazettextra.com/no_meter/news/local/regal-to-close-shopiere-facility/article_e45c8c40-96f3-5bd0-ad38-373e01cf8e92.html","external_links_name":"\"Regal to close Shopiere facility\""},{"Link":"https://investors.zurnwatersolutions.com/news/news-details/2021/Zurn-Water-Solutions-Completes-Spin-Off/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Zurn Water Solutions Completes Spin-Off\""},{"Link":"https://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/17277/regal-completes-merger-with-rexnord-pmc-creating-regal-rexnord-corporation","external_links_name":"\"Regal completes merger with Rexnord PMC, creating Regal Rexnord Corporation\""},{"Link":"https://investors.zurnwatersolutions.com/news/news-details/2021/Regal-to-Combine-With-Rexnords-PMC-Segment-Creating-World-class-Power-Transmission-Provider-2021-2-16/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Regal to Combine With Rexnord's PMC Segment, Creating World-class Power Transmission Provider\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2021/11/24/regal-rexnord-closes-on-297m-acquisition-arrowhead.html","external_links_name":"\"Regal Rexnord closes on $297M acquisition of Arrowhead Systems\""},{"Link":"https://investors.regalrexnord.com/investors/ir-news/press-release-details/2023/REGAL-REXNORD-CORPORATION-COMPLETES-ACQUISITION-OF-ALTRA-INDUSTRIAL-MOTION-CORP/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Regal Rexnord Corporation Completes Acquisition of Altra Industrial Motion Corp\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133659271","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2014808714&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_tap	Double tap	["1 History","2 Technique","3 See also","4 References"]	Shooting technique of two consecutive strikes This article is about a shooting technique. For other uses, see Double tap (disambiguation). A double tap is a shooting technique where two shots are fired in rapid succession at the same target with the same sight picture (as opposed to the controlled pair, whereby a second sighting is acquired for the second shot). Instruction and practice of the double-tap improves accuracy as shooters often do not have the gun fully extended on the first shot meaning the second shot of a double tap is usually more accurate. The term hammer is sometimes used to describe a double tap in which the firearm's sights are not reacquired by the shooter between shots. History The origin of the double-tap technique is credited to William Ewart Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes, British police chiefs working in Shanghai during the 1930s who developed the technique in order to overcome the limitations of full-metal-jacketed (FMJ) ammunition. FMJ ammunition is commonly used by militaries for feeding reliability, adherence to the Hague Conventions regarding non-expanding ammunition, and improved penetration. FMJ rounds can sometimes fail to cause sufficient damage (at least when compared to expanding bullets), requiring more hits and better shot placement. In Ian Dear's book Sabotage and Subversion about British Special Operations Executive (SOE) and United States Office of Strategic Services (OSS) forces, Fairbairn is reported to have instructed SOE personnel in the double tap from 1944 to 1945 at the SOE training school directed by Fairbairn and Sykes near Arisaig in Scotland. The term double tap is now used to describe the more general technique of firing two rounds quickly and accurately to disable an opponent. The tactic is still used by firearms handlers, police tactical teams, military personnel, counter-terrorist combat units, and other special operations forces personnel. The Russian assault rifle AN-94 can automatically shoot two bullets in a rapid burst; this feature was intended to improve the single shot hit probability of the rifle. Double taps are an integral part of the El Presidente combat pistol shooting drill developed by Jeff Cooper during the 1970s and published in the January/February 1979 issue of American Handgunner. Also developed by Cooper during the 1970s is the Mozambique Drill or Failure Drill, for a situation whereby a double-tap to the torso fails to stop an attacker, adding a third shot to the head. Technique In the double-tap technique, after the first round is fired, the shooter quickly reacquires the sights for a fast second shot. This skill can be practiced by firing two shots at a time, taking time between the shots to reacquire the sights. With practice, the time between shots becomes briefer and briefer until it seems to an observer as if the shooter is just pulling the trigger twice very quickly. According to a U.S. Army training manual, "There is a natural arc of the front sight post after the round is fired and the recoil kicks in. The soldier lets the barrel go with this arc and immediately brings the front sight post back on target and takes a second shot. The soldier does not fight the recoil. In combat, soldiers shoot until the enemy goes down. For multiple targets, each target should receive a double tap. After all targets are engaged, soldiers engage the targets again as needed." See also AN-94 Modern technique Point shooting Stopping power References ^ "GunTec Dictionary". MidwayUSA. Archived from the original on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2007-09-08. ^ a b "A Glossary of Terms Relating to Firearms". Retrieved 2007-09-08. ^ a b Wilson, Sheriff Jim (30 December 2011). "Talking Double". Shooting Illustrated. National Rifle Association of America. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Usher, Jerry (December 2000). "Double Taps". Handguns. 14. 12: 12. ^ Cooper, Jeff (1979). "El Presidente". American Handgunner. 24 (1): 22. ^ Bertomen, Lindsey (November 2007). "An emergency within an emergency". Law Enforcement Technology. 11. 34: 86–89. ^ "Lesson 18. Close Quarters Combat". United States Army. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double tap (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_tap_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting"},{"link_name":"controlled pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Controlled_pair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guntec-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frog-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nra-3"},{"link_name":"gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"firearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm"},{"link_name":"sights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sights"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frog-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nra-3"}],"text":"This article is about a shooting technique. For other uses, see Double tap (disambiguation).A double tap is a shooting technique where two shots are fired in rapid succession at the same target with the same sight picture (as opposed to the controlled pair, whereby a second sighting is acquired for the second shot).[1][2][3] Instruction and practice of the double-tap improves accuracy as shooters often do not have the gun fully extended on the first shot meaning the second shot of a double tap is usually more accurate.[4] The term hammer is sometimes used to describe a double tap in which the firearm's sights are not reacquired by the shooter between shots.[2][3]","title":"Double tap"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Ewart Fairbairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Fairbairn"},{"link_name":"Eric A. 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Sykes, British police chiefs working in Shanghai during the 1930s who developed the technique in order to overcome the limitations of full-metal-jacketed (FMJ) ammunition. FMJ ammunition is commonly used by militaries for feeding reliability, adherence to the Hague Conventions regarding non-expanding ammunition, and improved penetration. FMJ rounds can sometimes fail to cause sufficient damage (at least when compared to expanding bullets), requiring more hits and better shot placement. In Ian Dear's book Sabotage and Subversion about British Special Operations Executive (SOE) and United States Office of Strategic Services (OSS) forces, Fairbairn is reported to have instructed SOE personnel in the double tap from 1944 to 1945 at the SOE training school directed by Fairbairn and Sykes near Arisaig in Scotland. The term double tap is now used to describe the more general technique of firing two rounds quickly and accurately to disable an opponent. The tactic is still used by firearms handlers, police tactical teams, military personnel, counter-terrorist combat units, and other special operations forces personnel.The Russian assault rifle AN-94 can automatically shoot two bullets in a rapid burst; this feature was intended to improve the single shot hit probability of the rifle.Double taps are an integral part of the El Presidente combat pistol shooting drill developed by Jeff Cooper during the 1970s and published in the January/February 1979 issue of American Handgunner.[5] Also developed by Cooper during the 1970s is the Mozambique Drill or Failure Drill, for a situation whereby a double-tap to the torso fails to stop an attacker, adding a third shot to the head.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In the double-tap technique, after the first round is fired, the shooter quickly reacquires the sights for a fast second shot. This skill can be practiced by firing two shots at a time, taking time between the shots to reacquire the sights. With practice, the time between shots becomes briefer and briefer until it seems to an observer as if the shooter is just pulling the trigger twice very quickly.According to a U.S. Army training manual, \"There is a natural arc of the front sight post after the round is fired and the recoil kicks in. The soldier lets the barrel go with this arc and immediately brings the front sight post back on target and takes a second shot. The soldier does not fight the recoil. In combat, soldiers shoot until the enemy goes down. For multiple targets, each target should receive a double tap. After all targets are engaged, soldiers engage the targets again as needed.\"[7]","title":"Technique"}]	[]	[{"title":"AN-94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN-94"},{"title":"Modern technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_technique"},{"title":"Point shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_shooting"},{"title":"Stopping power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_power"}]	[{"reference":"\"GunTec Dictionary\". MidwayUSA. Archived from the original on 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2007-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080530181340/http://www.midwayusa.com/guntecdictionary.exe/showterm?TermID=2107","url_text":"\"GunTec Dictionary\""},{"url":"http://www.midwayusa.com/guntecdictionary.exe/showterm?TermID=2107","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Glossary of Terms Relating to Firearms\". Retrieved 2007-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frfrogspad.com/glossary.htm","url_text":"\"A Glossary of Terms Relating to Firearms\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Sheriff Jim (30 December 2011). \"Talking Double\". Shooting Illustrated. National Rifle Association of America. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180305113305/https://www.shootingillustrated.com/articles/2011/12/30/talking-double/","url_text":"\"Talking Double\""}]},{"reference":"Usher, Jerry (December 2000). \"Double Taps\". Handguns. 14. 12: 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cooper, Jeff (1979). \"El Presidente\". American Handgunner. 24 (1): 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Cooper_(Colonel)","url_text":"Cooper, Jeff"}]},{"reference":"Bertomen, Lindsey (November 2007). \"An emergency within an emergency\". Law Enforcement Technology. 11. 34: 86–89.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lesson 18. Close Quarters Combat\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cocks	Richard Cocks	["1 Life in France","2 Life in Japan","3 Death at sea","4 References","5 External links"]	British trader For other people named Richard Cocks, see Richard Cocks (disambiguation). Memorial statue of Richard Cocks in Hirado, Japan Richard Cocks (1565–1624) was the head of the British East India Company trading post in Hirado, Japan, between 1613 and 1623, from its creation, and lasting to its closure due to bankruptcy. Life in France He was baptised on 20 January 1565 at St Chad's, Seighford, Staffordshire, the fifth of the seven children of Robert Cocks of Stallbrook, yeoman, and his wife, Helen. He was apprenticed in London and became a member of the Clothworkers' Company. He moved to Bayonne in Southern France. In 1605, he was recruited by Sir Thomas Wilson as a spy, where he monitored the movements of English Roman Catholic exiles who passed through the region on their way to Spain. After losing a large amount of money to a Portuguese con artist, he was no longer able to pay his English creditors and returned home in disgrace. His reputation at home was ruined and he decided to leave England to start a new life in Japan. Life in Japan Cocks sailed to Japan on the Clove as part of the first English expedition to the country, led by John Saris, which left England in 1611 and arrived in Hirado on 12 June 1613. Cocks was appointed chief factor of the East India Company at Hirado on 26 November 1613, shortly before the departure of Saris to England. The surviving documents of the trading post (letters, accounts and journals) are a unique source of first-hand accounts of early modern Japan through secular Western eyes. During his time in Japan, he wrote a very detailed diary, relating the history of the trading post, the situation of Japan at the time, and the activities of English merchants in Japan, among whom was also the English pilot and samurai, retainer to Tokugawa Ieyasu, William Adams, with whom he wrote he had visited the residence of Imperial Fleet Admiral Mukai Shogen Tadakatsu, under orders from the Shogun, to discuss the possibility, required logistics, and outcome of an invasion of the Spanish Philippines in 1616. Cocks was close to Adams, inheriting many of his prized possessions upon his death in 1620, and later paying financial support for two children claimed to be Adams's. In the spring of 1617, Cocks paid 1,500 pounds to Chinese merchant Li Dan in an ill-fated attempt to open trade with China. This incident led to harsh criticism of Cocks's mismanagement within the Company, but he remained in charge of the Hirado factory. By 1618 he had established trade with China and Cambodia. In the spring of 1622, Cocks was ordered to return to Batavia after Richard Fursland, the president of the Council of Defence at the Company, received reports of extravagant feasting and womanizing among the English traders in Hirado. Cocks ignored the order, but thereafter, Fursland sent Joseph Cockram to Hirado in the summer of 1623 to audit the Company's accounts. Cockram discovered a massive deficit in the accounts, which led Fursland to close the factory at Hirado. Cocks and the other English traders departed Japan on the Bull on Christmas Eve, 1623. Death at sea After the trading post was closed in 1623, the East India Company in Batavia decided to send Cocks to England for a final judgment as to whether he should be punished as a criminal for his mismanagement. Cocks sailed for England on the Anne Royal but died and was buried at sea on 27 March 1624 in the southern Indian Ocean. References ^ "Cocks, Richard (bap. 1565, d. 1624)", by Anthony Farrington, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2004. <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47038>. ^ A World Elsewhere. Europe’s Encounter with Japan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, by Derek Massarella, Yale University Press, 1990. ^ Milton, Giles (2002). Samurai William: The Adventurer Who Unlocked Japan. Great Britain: Sceptre. pp. 207–208. ISBN 0-340-79468-2. ^ a b c d e Rogers, Hiromi. Anjin: The Life and Times of William Adams. ^ The English Factory in Japan 1613-1623, ed. by Anthony Farrington, British Library, 1991. ^ Diary of Richard Cocks, with preface by N. Murakami (1899, reprinted from the Hakluyt Society ed. 1883) ^ Bassett, D. K. “The Trade of the English East India Company in Cambodia, 1651-1656.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1/2, 1962, pp. 35–61. JSTOR website Retrieved 23 Oct. 2023. External links Works by Richard Cocks at Project Gutenberg Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Japan Netherlands People Trove Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Cocks (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cocks_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1030104_Richard_Cocks.jpg"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Hirado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirado"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other people named Richard Cocks, see Richard Cocks (disambiguation).Memorial statue of Richard Cocks in Hirado, JapanRichard Cocks (1565–1624) was the head of the British East India Company trading post in Hirado, Japan, between 1613 and 1623, from its creation, and lasting to its closure due to bankruptcy.[1][2]","title":"Richard Cocks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seighford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seighford"},{"link_name":"Stallbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stallbrook&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clothworkers' Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothworkers%27_Company"},{"link_name":"Bayonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne"},{"link_name":"Southern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_France"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_(record_keeper)"},{"link_name":"English Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"con artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_artist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He was baptised on 20 January 1565 at St Chad's, Seighford, Staffordshire, the fifth of the seven children of Robert Cocks of Stallbrook, yeoman, and his wife, Helen. He was apprenticed in London and became a member of the Clothworkers' Company. He moved to Bayonne in Southern France. In 1605, he was recruited by Sir Thomas Wilson as a spy, where he monitored the movements of English Roman Catholic exiles who passed through the region on their way to Spain. After losing a large amount of money to a Portuguese con artist, he was no longer able to pay his English creditors and returned home in disgrace. His reputation at home was ruined and he decided to leave England to start a new life in Japan.[3]","title":"Life in France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove_(ship)"},{"link_name":"John Saris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Saris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"early modern Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_Japan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"retainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retainer_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"William Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Adams_(sailor,_born_1564)"},{"link_name":"Mukai Shogen Tadakatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukai_Shogen_Tadakatsu"},{"link_name":"Shogun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Hidetada"},{"link_name":"Spanish Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Li Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Dan_(magnate)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Cocks sailed to Japan on the Clove as part of the first English expedition to the country, led by John Saris, which left England in 1611 and arrived in Hirado on 12 June 1613. Cocks was appointed chief factor of the East India Company at Hirado on 26 November 1613, shortly before the departure of Saris to England.[4] The surviving documents of the trading post (letters, accounts and journals) are a unique source of first-hand accounts of early modern Japan through secular Western eyes.[5]During his time in Japan, he wrote a very detailed diary, relating the history of the trading post, the situation of Japan at the time, and the activities of English merchants in Japan, among whom was also the English pilot and samurai, retainer to Tokugawa Ieyasu, William Adams, with whom he wrote he had visited the residence of Imperial Fleet Admiral Mukai Shogen Tadakatsu, under orders from the Shogun, to discuss the possibility, required logistics, and outcome of an invasion of the Spanish Philippines in 1616.[6] Cocks was close to Adams, inheriting many of his prized possessions upon his death in 1620, and later paying financial support for two children claimed to be Adams's.[4]In the spring of 1617, Cocks paid 1,500 pounds to Chinese merchant Li Dan in an ill-fated attempt to open trade with China. This incident led to harsh criticism of Cocks's mismanagement within the Company, but he remained in charge of the Hirado factory.[4]By 1618 he had established trade with China and Cambodia.[7]In the spring of 1622, Cocks was ordered to return to Batavia after Richard Fursland, the president of the Council of Defence at the Company, received reports of extravagant feasting and womanizing among the English traders in Hirado. Cocks ignored the order, but thereafter, Fursland sent Joseph Cockram to Hirado in the summer of 1623 to audit the Company's accounts. Cockram discovered a massive deficit in the accounts, which led Fursland to close the factory at Hirado. Cocks and the other English traders departed Japan on the Bull on Christmas Eve, 1623.[4]","title":"Life in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Anne Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_ship_Ark_Royal_(1587)"}],"text":"After the trading post was closed in 1623, the East India Company in Batavia decided to send Cocks to England for a final judgment as to whether he should be punished as a criminal for his mismanagement.[4] Cocks sailed for England on the Anne Royal but died and was buried at sea on 27 March 1624 in the southern Indian Ocean.","title":"Death at sea"}]	[{"image_text":"Memorial statue of Richard Cocks in Hirado, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/P1030104_Richard_Cocks.jpg/220px-P1030104_Richard_Cocks.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Milton, Giles (2002). Samurai William: The Adventurer Who Unlocked Japan. Great Britain: Sceptre. pp. 207–208. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._P._%26_Envyi	K. P. & Envyi	["1 2000s","2 References"]	American hip hop group K.P. & Envyi (born Khia Phillips and Susan Hedgepeth) is an American contemporary R&B and Hip Hop duo from Atlanta, Georgia and Charlotte, North Carolina, known for the 1997 single "Swing My Way"; which peaked at #6 on the Billboard Hot 100, #14 on the UK Singles Chart, #14 on the New Zealand Singles Chart and #54 on the Dutch Single Top 100 and was certified Gold by the RIAA 2000s K.P. was featured on Sick Beav's 2005 song "Close Range" alongside Lil B-Stone. Envyi was featured on two tracks on Lil Zane's 2003 album The Big Zane Theory. In 2009, she changed her stage name to Sioux Lane and released the album Tell Me Why. Later, she appeared in the 2012 season of BET's competition reality show Sunday Best. In 2005, both K.P. & Envyi participated in the song "Put Cha Hands Up" on Jermaine Dupri's compilation Young, Fly & Flashy, Vol. 1. In 2011, K.P. & Envyi reunited to perform "Swing My Way" at the A-Town Legends Concert that took place in Atlanta. References ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 295. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ "Gold & Platinum". RIAA. Retrieved 2019-11-01. ^ "Amazon.com Close Range Feat. K.P. & Lil B Stone". Amazon. ^ "Where Are They Now?: 90s R&B Girl Groups Edition ". 30 January 2015. ^ "KP& ENVYI Performing Live at the A-Town Legends Concert 2". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article on a United States R&B/soul music band, group, or collective is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contemporary R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"Hip Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Swing My Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_My_Way"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-1"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"K.P. & Envyi (born Khia Phillips and Susan Hedgepeth) is an American contemporary R&B and Hip Hop duo from Atlanta, Georgia and Charlotte, North Carolina, known for the 1997 single \"Swing My Way\"; which peaked at #6 on the Billboard Hot 100, #14 on the UK Singles Chart,[1] #14 on the New Zealand Singles Chart and #54 on the Dutch Single Top 100 and was certified Gold by the RIAA[2]","title":"K. P. & Envyi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lil Zane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Zane"},{"link_name":"The Big Zane Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Zane_Theory"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET"},{"link_name":"Sunday Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Best_(season_5)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Dupri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Dupri"},{"link_name":"Young, Fly & Flashy, Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young,_Fly_%26_Flashy,_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"K.P. was featured on Sick Beav's 2005 song \"Close Range\" alongside Lil B-Stone.[3]Envyi was featured on two tracks on Lil Zane's 2003 album The Big Zane Theory. In 2009, she changed her stage name to Sioux Lane and released the album Tell Me Why. Later, she appeared in the 2012 season of BET's competition reality show Sunday Best.[4]In 2005, both K.P. & Envyi participated in the song \"Put Cha Hands Up\" on Jermaine Dupri's compilation Young, Fly & Flashy, Vol. 1.In 2011, K.P. & Envyi reunited to perform \"Swing My Way\" at the A-Town Legends Concert that took place in Atlanta.[5]","title":"2000s"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 295. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum\". RIAA. Retrieved 2019-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon.com Close Range Feat. K.P. & Lil B Stone\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Velmans	Max Velmans	["1 Biography","2 Work","2.1 Understanding Consciousness","2.2 Changing Places","3 Selected publications","4 References","5 External links"]	Max Velmans (born 27 May 1942 in Amsterdam) is a British psychologist and Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of London, principally known for the theory of consciousness called "reflexive monism". Reflexive monism bridges the materialist/dualist divide by noting that, in terms of their phenomenology, experiences of the external world are none other than the physical world-as-experienced, thereby placing aspects of human consciousness in the external phenomenal world, rather than exclusively within the head or brain. A similar point of departure is adopted in much of European phenomenology. The theory then explores the consequences of this point of departure for a different understanding of various conventional ways of distinguishing mental from physical phenomena, such as internal versus external phenomena, private versus public phenomena, subjective versus objective phenomena, and the world-as-experienced versus the world as described by physics. The theory also combines facets of realism (for the existence of reality per se), with idealism (for the existence of the phenomenal world), which falls short of avowing the necessity of perception to the existence of reality per se (the principle of "esse est percipi"). Velmans has around 100 publications in the area of consciousness studies in which he develops this basic point of departure into a general theory that addresses the many problems of consciousness, including Understanding Consciousness (2000, 2009), and Towards a Deeper Understanding of Consciousness (2017). In his map of prominent theories of consciousness Francisco Varela categorises Velmans' work as non-reductionist, stressing the importance of first-person accounts of the phenomenology of consciousness, as well as third-person accounts of brain states and functions, which in Velmans' work are thought of as complementary. Biography Born in Amsterdam, Velmans grew up in Sydney, Australia. After attending Sydney Boy's High School, he studied Electrical Engineering at St. Andrews College at the University of Sydney, where he received his B.Eng in 1963. In the evening he attended psychology classes at the University of Sydney for another two years, before moving to Europe. After several years of research and development he received his PhD in Psychology from Bedford College in 1974. After his graduation in 1963 Velmans had started his career designing electrical circuits at the electronics laboratory of the Australian engineering company EMAIL Ltd. After half a year he moved to systems analyses of business and industrial systems at the new information technology department. After touring through Europe in 1966 he became affiliated with Bedford College, University of London to pursue research for his PhD. In 1968 he was appointed to a lectureship in the new Psychology Department at Goldsmiths College, University of London, eventually to a personal chair in Psychology, and from 2006 to Emeritus Professor of Psychology. Velmans co-founded the Consciousness and Experiential Psychology Section of the British Psychological Society in 1994, and served as its chair from 2003 to 2006. He was appointed National Visiting Professor for 2010–2011 by the Indian Council of Philosophical Research, and in 2011 was elected to a Fellowship of the British Academy of Social Sciences. Work Understanding Consciousness Velmans' Understanding Consciousness (2000, 2009) is a comprehensive summary of his theoretical work, and introduces the idea of "reflexive monism." Reflexive monism presents itself as an alternative to both dualism and reductionism. It states that it does not make sense to speak of phenomenological experiences of reality as occurring solely within the brain, given that some of them quite clearly occur within the experienced world itself (for example, asked to point to an external light as-experienced, almost all rational subjects would point to the light that is experienced rather than to the brain, which is where, according to dualists and reductionists, the experience actually takes place). Thus, Velmans argues, the relationship between subjects and experienced reality is reflexive: some experiences apprehended by the subject are quite clearly placed "in the world" by the perceiving mind. The contents of consciousness are, thus, not exclusively in the brain, but often in the perceived physical world itself; in fact, in terms of phenomenology, there is no clear and distinct difference between what we normally think of as the "physical world", the "phenomenal world" and the "world as perceived". He writes: This sketch of how consciousness fits into the wider universe supports a form of non-reductive, Reflexive Monism. Human minds, bodies and brains are embedded in a far greater universe. Individual conscious representations are perspectival. That is, the precise manner in which entities, events and processes are translated into experiences depends on the location in space and time of a given observer, and the exact mix of perceptual, cognitive, affective, social, cultural and historical influences which enter into the 'construction' of a given experience. In this sense, each conscious construction is private, subjective, and unique. Taken together, the contents of consciousness provide a view of the wider universe, giving it the appearance of a 3D phenomenal world. ... However, such conscious representations are not the thing-itself. In this vision, there is one universe (the thing-itself), with relatively differentiated parts in the form of conscious beings like ourselves, each with a unique, conscious view of the larger universe of which it is a part. In so far as we are parts of the universe that, in turn, experience the larger universe, we participate in a reflexive process whereby the universe experiences itself." Changing Places The changing places thought experiment is one of many conceived by Velmans, discussed in Understanding Consciousness. The experiment was designed to demonstrate the difficulties in distinguishing phenomenologically between a "subjective" first-person experience of a given event or object and a third-person "objective" observation of the same event or object. It also throws doubt on the supposed contrast between the "subjectivity" of a subject's experience and the supposed "objectivity" of an external observer's observations of the neural correlates of that experience in the subject's brain. Velmans conceives of a situation in which an experimenter ("E") is observing a subject ("S") exposed to a light stimulus. The differences between the two viewpoints, Velmans argues, is primarily derived from a difference in interest, reflected in a difference in their required activities. To explain, during the experiment S is required only to report on her experiences of the light, which she needs to communicate to E in an appropriate manner. E, on the other hand, is interested primarily in S's experience of the light, and thus E's focus is not just on the light (which he thinks of as a "stimulus") but also on the observable events in S's brain, and on S's reports concerning what she experiences. Thus, E is interested first and foremost in the subject's experience, and how these relate to the light stimulus and brain states of S that he can observe. In such a case, E's experience of events would be considered "objective" or "public", while S's experiences are "subjective" and "private"; while E's focus is on recording the neural causes and correlates of visual experiences, S is interested only in reporting about such experiences. However, Velmans points out that all that would be required for S and E to exchange roles is for them to change their respective foci (as he puts it "S and E merely have to turn their heads"), so that E focuses exclusively on the light and reports his experiences, while S focuses her attention not just on the light, but on the events in E's brain and his reports of the experience. In such a situation, S becomes the experimenter and E becomes the subject; thus, following current conventions, "S would now be entitled to think of her observations (of the light and E's brain) as 'public and objective' and to regard E's experiences of the light as 'private and subjective'." Velmans points out that this outcome is patently absurd, as the phenomenology of the light (that is, the way it is experienced) remains the same from the perspective of S or E, whether it is thought of as being an observed stimulus or a subjective experience. Nothing has changed in the nature of the light that either party can observe, save in the contextualising focus of their interests. That is, Velmans concludes, there is no phenomenological difference between publicly observed phenomena and private, subjective experiences. This becomes a point of departure for a more nuanced analysis of subjectivity, intersubjectivity and objectivity, and ultimately for an epistemology for the study of consciousness that, according to Velmans, fits psychology smoothly into science. Selected publications Velmans is the author and editor of numerous books and papers on consciousness, including the following: Consciousness (Critical Concepts in Psychology) Major Works Series (4 Volumes) (Routledge, 2018) Towards a Deeper Understanding of Consciousness (Routledge, 2017) Understanding Consciousness (Routledge/Psychology Press, London, 2000), edition 2 (Routledge/Psychology Press, London, 2009) The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness (jointly edited with Susan Schneider - Blackwell, 2007) The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness Second Edition (jointly edited with Susan Schneider, Wiley-Blackwell, 2017) How Could Conscious Experiences Affect Brains? (Imprint, 2003) Investigating Phenomenal Consciousness (John Benjamins, 2000) The Science of Consciousness: Psychological, Neuropsychological and Clinical Reviews (Routledge, 1996) References ^ Blackmore, S. (2003) Consciousness: An introduction. Hodder & Stoughton. Blackmore, S. (2005) Conversations on Consciousness: Interviews with twenty minds. Oxford University Press. Revonsuo, A. (2006) Inner Presence: Consciousness as a Biological Phenomenon. Cambridge: MIT Press. ^ Varela, F. J. (1999) Present time consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(2–3), 111–140. ^ biem Graben, P. & Atmanspacher, H. (2009) Extending the philosophical significance of the idea of complementarity. In H. Atmanspacher and H. Primas (eds.) Recasting reality: Wolfgang Pauli’s Philosophical Ideas and Contemporary Science. Springer, pp.99–113. ^ Hoche, Hans-Ulrich (2007). "Reflexive monism versus complementarism: An analysis and criticism of the conceptual groundwork of Max Velmans's reflexive model of consciousness". Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. 6 (3): 389–409. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.4036. doi:10.1007/s11097-006-9045-8. S2CID 6523654. ^ a b Extracts from the Introduction to Velmans, M. (2017) Toward a Deeper Understanding of Consciousness: Selected works of Max Velmans. World Library of Psychologists Series, London: Routledge/Psychology Press, pp. 1-15 (of 22) ^ "Academy of Social Sciences". Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013. ^ a b Harris, K. (2009) Review of Max Velmans Understanding Consciousness. Metapsychology, 13 (52) http://metapsychology.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=book&id=5300&cn=396 ^ Faw, B. (2009) Book review of Max Velmans, Understanding Consciousness (2nd ed.) Journal of Consciousness Studies. Vol. 16, No.9, pp103-108 http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/16-9_br.pdf Archived 10 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Zeman, Adam (2001). "The paradox of consciousness". The Lancet. 357 (9249): 77. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71582-8. S2CID 54309186. ^ Batthyany, A (2002) Consciousness in the natural world (a review of M.Velmans, 2000, Understanding Consciousness). Theory & Psychology 12(3), pp. 415–417. http://www.psych.ucalgary.ca/thpsyc/Reviews12(3).pdf ^ a b Velmans, M. (2009) Understanding Consciousness, Edition 2. Routledge/Psychology Press, p. 298 ^ Velmans 2000, p. 175 Harman, W. (1993) Towards an Adequate Epistemology for the Scientific Exploration of Consciousness Journal of Scientific Exploration, 7 (2), pp. 133–143. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Max, Velmans (2007). "An Epistemology for the Study of Consciousness". Velmans & Schneider (Eds.)The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Wiley-Blackwell. ^ list of Velmans' publications on consciousness ^ Velmans, Max, ed. (2018). "Consciousness (Critical Concepts in Psychology), Major Works Series (4 volumes), London: Routledge". ^ "Towards a Deeper Understanding of Consciousness: Selected works of Max Velmans (Hardback) - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 12 January 2017. ^ "Understanding Consciousness: 2nd Edition (Paperback) - Routledge". Routledge.com. Retrieved 12 January 2017. ^ Velmans and Schneider (eds). "The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness". Wiley-Blackwell. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ Schneider and Velmans (eds.) (2017). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness Second Edition. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. p. 823. ISBN 9780470674079. {{cite book}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ Velmans, Max (2003). "How Could Conscious Experiences Affect Brains?". Imprint Academic. ^ Velmans, Max, ed. (2000). "Investigating Phenomenal Consciousness: New methodologies and maps". John Benjamins. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Max Velmans. Velmans' website including list of selected publications with brief descriptions Velmans' lecture on "The Unconscious Ground of Being", Cortona, Italy, 2009. Velmans lecture on "The Ancient History and Future of Consciousness Studies", Chesham, UK, 2019 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics PhilPeople Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"materialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialist"},{"link_name":"dualist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-body_dualism"},{"link_name":"phenomenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realism"},{"link_name":"idealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism"},{"link_name":"esse est percipi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esse_est_percipi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"Understanding Consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding_Consciousness"},{"link_name":"Francisco Varela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Reflexive monism bridges the materialist/dualist divide by noting that, in terms of their phenomenology, experiences of the external world are none other than the physical world-as-experienced, thereby placing aspects of human consciousness in the external phenomenal world, rather than exclusively within the head or brain. A similar point of departure is adopted in much of European phenomenology. The theory then explores the consequences of this point of departure for a different understanding of various conventional ways of distinguishing mental from physical phenomena, such as internal versus external phenomena, private versus public phenomena, subjective versus objective phenomena, and the world-as-experienced versus the world as described by physics. The theory also combines facets of realism (for the existence of reality per se), with idealism (for the existence of the phenomenal world), which falls short of avowing the necessity of perception to the existence of reality per se (the principle of \"esse est percipi\").[1]Velmans has around 100 publications in the area of consciousness studies in which he develops this basic point of departure into a general theory that addresses the many problems of consciousness, including Understanding Consciousness (2000, 2009), and Towards a Deeper Understanding of Consciousness (2017). In his map of prominent theories of consciousness Francisco Varela categorises Velmans' work as non-reductionist, stressing the importance of first-person accounts of the phenomenology of consciousness,[2] as well as third-person accounts of brain states and functions, which in Velmans' work are thought of as complementary.[3][4]","title":"Max Velmans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney Boy's High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Boys_High_School"},{"link_name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V_2017-5"},{"link_name":"Bedford College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_College,_London"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V_2017-5"},{"link_name":"British Psychological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Psychological_Society"},{"link_name":"Academy of Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Social_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Born in Amsterdam, Velmans grew up in Sydney, Australia. After attending Sydney Boy's High School, he studied Electrical Engineering at St. Andrews College at the University of Sydney, where he received his B.Eng in 1963. In the evening he attended psychology classes at the University of Sydney for another two years, before moving to Europe. After several years of research and development he received his PhD in Psychology from Bedford College in 1974.[5]After his graduation in 1963 Velmans had started his career designing electrical circuits at the electronics laboratory of the Australian engineering company EMAIL Ltd. After half a year he moved to systems analyses of business and industrial systems at the new information technology department. After touring through Europe in 1966 he became affiliated with Bedford College, University of London to pursue research for his PhD. In 1968 he was appointed to a lectureship in the new Psychology Department at Goldsmiths College, University of London, eventually to a personal chair in Psychology, and from 2006 to Emeritus Professor of Psychology.[5]Velmans co-founded the Consciousness and Experiential Psychology Section of the British Psychological Society in 1994, and served as its chair from 2003 to 2006. He was appointed National Visiting Professor for 2010–2011 by the Indian Council of Philosophical Research, and in 2011 was elected to a Fellowship of the British Academy of Social Sciences.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Understanding Consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding_Consciousness"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metapsychology.mentalhelp.net-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"dualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind-body_dualism"},{"link_name":"reductionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism"},{"link_name":"phenomenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Velmans298-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metapsychology.mentalhelp.net-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Velmans298-11"}],"sub_title":"Understanding Consciousness","text":"Velmans' Understanding Consciousness (2000, 2009) is a comprehensive summary of his theoretical work, and introduces the idea of \"reflexive monism.\"[7][8][9][10]Reflexive monism presents itself as an alternative to both dualism and reductionism. It states that it does not make sense to speak of phenomenological experiences of reality as occurring solely within the brain, given that some of them quite clearly occur within the experienced world itself (for example, asked to point to an external light as-experienced, almost all rational subjects would point to the light that is experienced rather than to the brain, which is where, according to dualists and reductionists, the experience actually takes place). Thus, Velmans argues, the relationship between subjects and experienced reality is reflexive: some experiences apprehended by the subject are quite clearly placed \"in the world\" by the perceiving mind. The contents of consciousness are, thus, not exclusively in the brain, but often in the perceived physical world itself; in fact, in terms of phenomenology, there is no clear and distinct difference between what we normally think of as the \"physical world\", the \"phenomenal world\" and the \"world as perceived\".[11][7] He writes:This sketch of how consciousness fits into the wider universe supports a form of non-reductive, Reflexive Monism. Human minds, bodies and brains are embedded in a far greater universe. Individual conscious representations are perspectival. That is, the precise manner in which entities, events and processes are translated into experiences depends on the location in space and time of a given observer, and the exact mix of perceptual, cognitive, affective, social, cultural and historical influences which enter into the 'construction' of a given experience. In this sense, each conscious construction is private, subjective, and unique. Taken together, the contents of consciousness provide a view of the wider universe, giving it the appearance of a 3D phenomenal world. ... However, such conscious representations are not the thing-itself. In this vision, there is one universe (the thing-itself), with relatively differentiated parts in the form of conscious beings like ourselves, each with a unique, conscious view of the larger universe of which it is a part. In so far as we are parts of the universe that, in turn, experience the larger universe, we participate in a reflexive process whereby the universe experiences itself.\"[11]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thought experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_experiment"},{"link_name":"phenomenologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Changing Places","text":"The changing places thought experiment is one of many conceived by Velmans, discussed in Understanding Consciousness. The experiment was designed to demonstrate the difficulties in distinguishing phenomenologically between a \"subjective\" first-person experience of a given event or object and a third-person \"objective\" observation of the same event or object. It also throws doubt on the supposed contrast between the \"subjectivity\" of a subject's experience and the supposed \"objectivity\" of an external observer's observations of the neural correlates of that experience in the subject's brain.Velmans conceives of a situation in which an experimenter (\"E\") is observing a subject (\"S\") exposed to a light stimulus. The differences between the two viewpoints, Velmans argues, is primarily derived from a difference in interest, reflected in a difference in their required activities. To explain, during the experiment S is required only to report on her experiences of the light, which she needs to communicate to E in an appropriate manner. E, on the other hand, is interested primarily in S's experience of the light, and thus E's focus is not just on the light (which he thinks of as a \"stimulus\") but also on the observable events in S's brain, and on S's reports concerning what she experiences. Thus, E is interested first and foremost in the subject's experience, and how these relate to the light stimulus and brain states of S that he can observe. In such a case, E's experience of events would be considered \"objective\" or \"public\", while S's experiences are \"subjective\" and \"private\"; while E's focus is on recording the neural causes and correlates of visual experiences, S is interested only in reporting about such experiences.However, Velmans points out that all that would be required for S and E to exchange roles is for them to change their respective foci (as he puts it \"S and E merely have to turn their heads\"), so that E focuses exclusively on the light and reports his experiences, while S focuses her attention not just on the light, but on the events in E's brain and his reports of the experience. In such a situation, S becomes the experimenter and E becomes the subject; thus, following current conventions, \"S would now be entitled to think of her observations (of the light and E's brain) as 'public and objective' and to regard E's experiences of the light as 'private and subjective'.\"[12]Velmans points out that this outcome is patently absurd, as the phenomenology of the light (that is, the way it is experienced) remains the same from the perspective of S or E, whether it is thought of as being an observed stimulus or a subjective experience. Nothing has changed in the nature of the light that either party can observe, save in the contextualising focus of their interests. That is, Velmans concludes, there is no phenomenological difference between publicly observed phenomena and private, subjective experiences. This becomes a point of departure for a more nuanced analysis of subjectivity, intersubjectivity and objectivity, and ultimately for an epistemology for the study of consciousness that, according to Velmans, fits psychology smoothly into science.[13]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119002206.html"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170131205855/http://www.theassc.org/files/assc/2423.pdf"}],"text":"Velmans is the author and editor of numerous books and papers on consciousness, including the following:[14]Consciousness (Critical Concepts in Psychology) Major Works Series (4 Volumes) (Routledge, 2018)[15]\nTowards a Deeper Understanding of Consciousness (Routledge, 2017)[16]\nUnderstanding Consciousness (Routledge/Psychology Press, London, 2000), edition 2 (Routledge/Psychology Press, London, 2009)[17]\nThe Blackwell Companion to Consciousness (jointly edited with Susan Schneider - Blackwell, 2007)[18]\nThe Blackwell Companion to Consciousness Second Edition (jointly edited with Susan Schneider, Wiley-Blackwell, 2017)[19][1]\nHow Could Conscious Experiences Affect Brains? (Imprint, 2003)[20]\nInvestigating Phenomenal Consciousness (John Benjamins, 2000)[21]\nThe Science of Consciousness: Psychological, Neuropsychological and Clinical Reviews (Routledge, 1996)[2]","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hoche, Hans-Ulrich (2007). \"Reflexive monism versus complementarism: An analysis and criticism of the conceptual groundwork of Max Velmans's reflexive model of consciousness\". Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. 6 (3): 389–409. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.4036. doi:10.1007/s11097-006-9045-8. S2CID 6523654.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.473.4036","url_text":"10.1.1.473.4036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11097-006-9045-8","url_text":"10.1007/s11097-006-9045-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6523654","url_text":"6523654"}]},{"reference":"\"Academy of Social Sciences\". Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723003803/http://www.acss.org.uk/about5.htm","url_text":"\"Academy of Social Sciences\""},{"url":"http://www.acss.org.uk/about5.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zeman, Adam (2001). \"The paradox of consciousness\". The Lancet. 357 (9249): 77. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71582-8. S2CID 54309186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2971582-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71582-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54309186","url_text":"54309186"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120507021815/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_07_2_harman.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_07_2_harman.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Max, Velmans (2007). \"An Epistemology for the Study of Consciousness\". Velmans & Schneider (Eds.)The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Wiley-Blackwell.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/943156","url_text":"\"An Epistemology for the Study of Consciousness\""}]},{"reference":"Velmans, Max, ed. (2018). \"Consciousness (Critical Concepts in Psychology), Major Works Series (4 volumes), London: Routledge\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routledge.com/Consciousness/Velmans/p/book/9781138848634","url_text":"\"Consciousness (Critical Concepts in Psychology), Major Works Series (4 volumes), London: Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Towards a Deeper Understanding of Consciousness: Selected works of Max Velmans (Hardback) - Routledge\". Routledge.com. Retrieved 12 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routledge.com/Towards-a-Deeper-Understanding-of-Consciousness-Selected-works-of-Max/Velmans/p/book/9781138699441","url_text":"\"Towards a Deeper Understanding of Consciousness: Selected works of Max Velmans (Hardback) - Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Understanding Consciousness: 2nd Edition (Paperback) - Routledge\". Routledge.com. Retrieved 12 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routledge.com/Understanding-Consciousness/Velmans/p/book/9780415425162","url_text":"\"Understanding Consciousness: 2nd Edition (Paperback) - Routledge\""}]},{"reference":"Velmans and Schneider (eds). \"The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness\". Wiley-Blackwell.","urls":[{"url":"http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405120193.html","url_text":"\"The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness\""}]},{"reference":"Schneider and Velmans (eds.) (2017). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness Second Edition. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons. p. 823. ISBN 9780470674079.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470674079","url_text":"9780470674079"}]},{"reference":"Velmans, Max (2003). \"How Could Conscious Experiences Affect Brains?\". Imprint Academic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imprint.co.uk/product/how-could-conscious-experiences-affect-brains/","url_text":"\"How Could Conscious Experiences Affect Brains?\""}]},{"reference":"Velmans, Max, ed. (2000). \"Investigating Phenomenal Consciousness: New methodologies and maps\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Rondoniense_de_Futebol_Feminino	Campeonato Rondoniense de Futebol Feminino	["1 List of champions","2 Titles by team","2.1 By city","3 References","4 External links"]	Women's football league in Rondônia, Brazil Football leagueCampeonato Rondoniense de Futebol FemininoFounded2002CountryBrazilConfederationFFERPromotion toBrasileiro Série A3Current championsPorto Velho EC (2nd title) (2023)Most championshipsGenus and Real Ariquemes (3 titles each)Current: 2024 The Campeonato Rondoniense de Futebol Feminino is the women's football state championship of Rondônia state, and is contested since 2002. List of champions Following is the list with all recognized titles of Campeonato Rondoniense Feminino: Season Champions Runners-up 2002 Mocidade (1) Juventude 2003–2007 Not held 2008 Genus (1) Juventus 2009 Juventus (1) Genus 2010 Genus (2) Juventus 2011–2012 Not held 2013 Espigão (1) Rolim de Moura 2014 Genus (3) Espigão 2015 Not held 2016 Porto Club (1) Espigão 2017 Porto Club (2) Barcelona 2018 Porto Velho EC (1) Real Ariquemes 2019 Real Ariquemes (1) Porto Velho EC 2020 Real Ariquemes (2) Genus 2021 Real Ariquemes (3) Barcelona 2022 Not held 2023 Porto Velho EC (2) Vilhenense Titles by team Teams in bold stills active. Rank Club Winners Winning years 1 Genus 3 2008, 2010, 2014 Real Ariquemes 2019, 2020, 2021 3 Porto Club 2 2016, 2017 Porto Velho EC 2018, 2023 5 Espigão 1 2013 Juventus 2009 Mocidade 2002 By city City Championships Clubs Porto Velho 8 Genus (3), Porto Club (2), Porto Velho EC (2), Juventus (1), Mocidade (1) Ariquemes 3 Real Ariquemes (3) Espigão d'Oeste 1 Espigão (1) References ^ "Campeonato Rondoniense de Futebol Feminino". Campeões do Futebol. Retrieved 29 July 2023. ^ "Rondônia Women's Champions" (in Portuguese). RSSSF. Retrieved 29 July 2023. ^ "CAMPEÕES ESTADUAIS". FFER. Retrieved 30 July 2023. ^ "Rondônia 2002 - Womens' Championship". RSSSF. Retrieved 30 July 2023. ^ "Porto Velho e Vilhenense empatam e locomotiva é campeã do Rondoniense Feminino". GloboEsporte (in Portuguese). 15 July 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023. External links Federação de Futebol de Rondônia vte Football in BrazilBrazilian Football Confederation (CBF)Men'sNational teams National team (History Records Players Managers) U-23 U-20 U-17 U-15 Futsal Beach League system Série A Série B Série C Série D Domestic cups Copa do Brasil Supercopa do Brasil Copa do Nordeste Copa Verde Youth competitions U-23 U-20 (Cup, Supercup) U-17 (Cup, Supercup) Copa São Paulo (U-20) Copa Votorantim (U-15) State competitionsChampionships(List) Acre (2) Alagoas (2) Amapá (2) Amazonas (2) Bahia (2, 3) Ceará (2, 3) Distrito Federal (2, 3) Espírito Santo (2) Goiás (2, 3) Maranhão (2) Mato Grosso (2) Mato Grosso do Sul (2, 3) Minas Gerais (2, 3) Pará (2, 3) Paraíba (2, 3) Paraná (2, 3) Pernambuco (2, 3) Piauí (2) Rio de Janeiro (2, 3, 4, 5) Rio Grande do Norte (2) Rio Grande do Sul (2, 3) Rondônia (2) Roraima Santa Catarina (2, 3) São Paulo (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Sergipe (2) Tocantins (2) Cups Alagoas Amazonas Bahia Ceará Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins Other Ceará (Copa dos Campeões Cearenses) Minas Gerais (Troféu Inconfidência, Recopa Mineira) Pará (Supercopa Grão-Pará) Rio de Janeiro (Taça Guanabara, Taça Rio) Rio Grande do Norte (Copa Cidade do Natal, Copa RN) Rio Grande do Sul (Recopa Gaúcha) Santa Catarina (Recopa Catarinense) São Paulo (Campeonato do Interior) Defunct competitions Wanderpreis Cup (1904–12) Campeonato Citadino de Porto Alegre (1910–72) Taça Salutaris (1911) Taça dos Campeões Estaduais RJ–SP (1912–87) Campeonato da Cidade de Campos (1914–77) Campeonato Fluminense (1915–78) Taça Ioduran (1917–19) Taça Competência (1918–32) Copa dos Campeões Estaduais (1920–37) Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções Estaduais (1922–87) Torneio Rio–São Paulo (1933–2002) Taça Campeonato Estadual FPF (1934) Taça da Prefeitura do Distrito Federal (1938–96) Taça Cidade de São Paulo (1942–52) Torneio Prefeito Lineu Prestes (1950) Taça Armando Arruda Pereira (1952) Taça Brasil (1959–68) Campeonato Sul-Brasileiro (1962) Torneio dos Campeões 1967 Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa (1967–70) Torneio Centro-Sul (1968–69) Torneio Norte-Nordeste (1968–70) Torneio dos Campeões da CBD (1969) Torneio do Povo (1971–73) Torneio de Integração da Amazônia (1975–2003) Torneio Nunes Freire (1976) Copa dos Campeões da Copa Brasil (1978) Torneio dos Campeões (1982) Torneio Heleno Nunes (1984) Taça Brahma dos Campeões (1992) Torneio Rei Dadá (1995) Copa dos Campeões Mundiais (1995–97) Torneio Maria Quitéria (1996–98) Festival Brasileiro de Futebol (1997) Copa Norte (1997–2002) Copa Centro-Oeste (1999–2002) Copa Sul-Minas (1999–2002) Copa dos Campeões (2000–02) Copa Integração (2005–09) Copa Alagipe (2005) Recopa Sul-Brasileira (2007–10) Super Series (2015) Primeira Liga (2016–17) Taça Asa Branca (2016–17) Copa Rubro–Verde (2018–19) Youth Copa Santiago (U-17) (1989–2020) Copa Macáe (U-17) (1997–2009) Taça Belo Horizonte (1985–2014, U-20), (2015–2018, U-17) Copa RS de Futebol (U-20) (2006–19) Awards CBF Ranking Champions Clubs G-12 Derbies Footballers Expatriate Managers Mascots Records Triple Crown Referees Seasons Transfers Venues Women'sNational teams National team (Managers) U-20 U-17 Futsal League system Série A1 Série A2 Série A3 Domestic cups Supercopa Feminina Youth competitions U-20 U-17 State championships Acre Alagoas Amapá Amazonas Bahia Ceará Distrito Federal Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Roraima Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins Defunct competitions Copa do Brasil Champions Clubs Footballers State federations Acre Alagoas Amapá Amazonas Bahia Ceará Distrito Federal Espírito Santo Goiás Maranhão Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais Pará Paraíba Paraná Pernambuco Piauí Rio de Janeiro Rio Grande do Norte Rio Grande do Sul Rondônia Roraima Santa Catarina São Paulo Sergipe Tocantins	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Rondônia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia"}],"text":"Football leagueThe Campeonato Rondoniense de Futebol Feminino is the women's football state championship of Rondônia state, and is contested since 2002.","title":"Campeonato Rondoniense de Futebol Feminino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Following is the list with all recognized titles of Campeonato Rondoniense Feminino:[1][2][3]","title":"List of champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Teams in bold stills active.","title":"Titles by team"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By city","title":"Titles by team"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Campeonato Rondoniense de Futebol Feminino\". Campeões do Futebol. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.campeoesdofutebol.com.br/campeonato_rondoniense_feminino.htmll","url_text":"\"Campeonato Rondoniense de Futebol Feminino\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rondônia Women's Champions\" (in Portuguese). RSSSF. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssfbrasil.com/tablesr/rowcamp.htm","url_text":"\"Rondônia Women's Champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAMPEÕES ESTADUAIS\". FFER. Retrieved 30 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ffer.com.br/campeoes-estaduais-campeoes","url_text":"\"CAMPEÕES ESTADUAIS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rondônia 2002 - Womens' [sic] Championship\". RSSSF. Retrieved 30 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssfbrasil.com/tablesr/ro2002w.htm","url_text":"\"Rondônia 2002 - Womens' [sic] Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Porto Velho e Vilhenense empatam e locomotiva é campeã do Rondoniense Feminino\". GloboEsporte (in Portuguese). 15 July 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ge.globo.com/ro/futebol/campeonato-rondoniense/noticia/2023/07/15/porto-velho-e-vilhenense-empatam-e-locomotiva-e-campea-do-rondoniense-feminino.ghtml","url_text":"\"Porto Velho e Vilhenense empatam e locomotiva é campeã do Rondoniense Feminino\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.campeoesdofutebol.com.br/campeonato_rondoniense_feminino.htmll","external_links_name":"\"Campeonato Rondoniense de Futebol Feminino\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssfbrasil.com/tablesr/rowcamp.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rondônia Women's Champions\""},{"Link":"https://www.ffer.com.br/campeoes-estaduais-campeoes","external_links_name":"\"CAMPEÕES ESTADUAIS\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssfbrasil.com/tablesr/ro2002w.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rondônia 2002 - Womens' [sic] Championship\""},{"Link":"https://ge.globo.com/ro/futebol/campeonato-rondoniense/noticia/2023/07/15/porto-velho-e-vilhenense-empatam-e-locomotiva-e-campea-do-rondoniense-feminino.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Porto Velho e Vilhenense empatam e locomotiva é campeã do Rondoniense Feminino\""},{"Link":"https://www.ffer.com.br/","external_links_name":"Federação de Futebol de Rondônia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Nyland	William L. Nyland	["1 Marine Corps career","2 Awards","3 In retirement","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	United States Marine Corps general William L. NylandGeneral William L. Nyland, USMCNickname(s)"Spider"Born (1946-10-02) October 2, 1946 (age 77)AllegianceUnited States of AmericaService/branchUnited States Marine CorpsYears of service1968–2005Rank GeneralCommands heldAssistant Commandant of the Marine Corps2nd Marine Aircraft WingMATSG PensacolaVMFA-232Battles/warsVietnam WarAwardsDefense Distinguished Service MedalNavy Distinguished Service MedalLegion of MeritOther workInstitute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC), Deputy Director for Defense R&DToys for Tots, Chairman Midshipman Nyland (holding M14 rifle in the left foreground) during a 1967 field exercise at the University of New Mexico. William L. "Spider" Nyland (born October 2, 1946), a veteran of the Vietnam War, is a retired United States Marine Corps four-star General who served as the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps from 2002 to 2005. He retired from the Marine Corps in November 2005 after over 37 years of distinguished service. Marine Corps career Nyland was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps under the Naval ROTC program upon graduation in 1968 from the University of New Mexico. In addition to attaining a Master of Science degree from the University of Southern California, his formal military education includes The Basic School (1968), Naval Aviation Flight Training (NFO) (1969), Amphibious Warfare School (1975), Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN) (1977), College of Naval Command and Staff, Naval War College (1981), and the Air War College (1988). He was advanced to first lieutenant on September 5, 1969, captain on February 1, 1972, major on September 1, 1978, and lieutenant colonel on April 1, 1984. After being assigned to Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 351 (VMFA-531), he was ordered to Vietnam, where he flew 122 combat missions with VMFA-314 and VMFA-115. His other tours included: Instructor RIO, Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadron 101 (VMFAT-101); Squadron Assistant Operations Officer and Operations Officer, VMFA-115; and Brigade FORSTAT and Electronic Warfare Officer, 1st Marine Brigade. He also served as Operations Officer and Director of Safety and Standardization, VMFA-212; Aviation Safety Officer and Congressional Liaison/Budget Officer, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C.; and Operations Officer, Marine Aircraft Group 24, 1st Marine Amphibious Brigade. He commanded VMFA-232, the Marine Corps' oldest and most decorated fighter squadron, from July 1985 to July 1987. Lieutenant Colonel Nyland subsequently served as section chief for the Central Command Section, European Command/Central Command Branch, Joint Operations Division, Directorate of Operations (J-3), Joint Staff, Washington, D.C. He was promoted to colonel on February 1, 1990. In July 1990, Colonel Nyland assumed command of Marine Aviation Training Support Group Pensacola, Florida. Following his command of MATSG, he assumed duties as Chief of Staff, 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2MAW) on July 5, 1992, and assumed additional duties as Assistant Wing Commander on November 10, 1992. He was promoted to brigadier general on September 1, 1994 and was assigned as Assistant Wing Commander, 2MAW, serving in that billet until December 1, 1995. Brigadier General Nyland served next on the Joint Staff, J-8, as the Deputy Director for Force Structure and Resources, completing that tour on June 30, 1997. He was advanced to major general on July 2, 1997, and assumed duties as the Deputy Commanding General, II Marine Expeditionary Force, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He then served as the Commanding General, 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing, from July 1998 to June 2000. He was advanced to lieutenant general on June 30, 2000 and assumed duties as the Deputy Commandant for Programs and Resources, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. He next assumed duties as the Deputy Commandant for Aviation on August 3, 2001. He was advanced to general on September 4, 2002, and assumed his duties as the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps on September 10, 2002. General Nyland served as the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington D.C., from September 2002 until September 7, 2005. He retired from active duty on November 1, 2005. Awards His personal decorations include: Naval Flight Officer insignia 1st Row Defense Distinguished Service Medal Navy Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit Defense Meritorious Service Medal 2nd Row Meritorious Service Medal Air Medal w/ Strike/Flight numeral "8" Joint Service Commendation Medal Joint Meritorious Unit Award w/ 1 oak leaf cluster 3rd Row Navy Unit Commendation Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation w/ 4 service stars National Defense Service Medal w/ 2 service stars Vietnam Service Medal w/ 1 service star 4th Row Kosovo Campaign Medal w/ 1 service star Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Korea Defense Service Medal Armed Forces Service Medal 5th Row Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon w/ 6 service stars Vietnam Gallantry Cross unit citation Vietnam Civil Actions unit citation Vietnam Campaign Medal Badge EXPERT RIFLE badge (4TH AWARD) EXPERT PISTOL badge (several awards) Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge In retirement As of August 2006, Nyland serves as Deputy Director for Defense Research and Development for the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC). He is on the Board of Directors for FreeLinc. Nyland served as Chairman of Toys for Tots He also served as Chairman of the Marine Corps Scholarship Foundation and He also served as The National Commander for the Marine Corps Aviation Association (January 2007-January 2010). See also List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals Notes ^ Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) (April 10, 2000). "News Release: General Officer Announcement (No. 175-00)". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2008-08-14. ^ "William Nyland, Deputy Director for Defense R&D". IHMC. Retrieved 2007-07-04. ^ "FreeLinc - General William L. 'Spider' Nyland USMC (Ret.) appointed to Board of Directors". Defense File. December 3, 2007. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ Keene, R. R. (July 2008). "Toys for Tots". Leatherneck Magazine. 91 (7). Retrieved 2018-03-12. On hand for the opening of the new Marine Toys for Tots Foundation headquarters were numerous dignitaries including...Gen William L "Spider" Nyland, USMC (Ret), chairman of the foundation's board... ^ a b "Nyland, William "Spider" - Gen, USMC (Ret)". Capstone. Retrieved 2018-03-11. References This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. "Official biography: General William L. Nyland". Marine Corps Manpower & Reserve Affairs. United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 2009-02-08. "General William L. Nyland, USMC (retired)". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2007-11-21. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to William L. Nyland. "William L. Nyland: Executive Profile & Biography". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2018-03-11. "William 'Spider' Nyland". The Institute for Human & Machine Cognition (IHMC). Retrieved 2018-03-11. Leadership of the United States Marine CorpsCommandants Nicholas Burrows Wharton Gale Henderson Harris Zeilin McCawley Heywood Elliott Biddle Barnett Lejeune Neville Fuller Russell Holcomb Vandegrift Cates Shepherd Pate Shoup Greene Chapman Cushman Wilson Barrow Kelley Gray Mundy Krulak Jones Hagee Conway Amos Dunford Neller Berger Smith AssistantCommandants Cole Lejeune Long Neville Feland Williams Fuller Myers Russell McDougal Little H. Smith Vandegrift Barrett Keyser Schmidt Rockey Peck Turnage Shepherd O. Smith Silverthorn G. C. Thomas Pate Megee McCaul Munn Hayes Mangrum Chapman Walt McCutcheon R. Davis Anderson Jaskilka Barrow McLennan Kelley J. Davis Morgan Went J. R. Dailey Boomer Hearney Neal Dake Williams Nyland Magnus Amos Dunford Paxton Walters G. L. Thomas E. M. Smith Mahoney Sergeants Major Bestwick Rauber McHugh Sweet J. W. Daily Puckett Black Massaro Crawford Cleary Sommers Overstreet Lee McMichael Estrada Kent Barrett Green Black Ruiz Secretary of the Navy (navbox) Four-star generals Headquarters Marine Corps Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_New_Mexico_NROTC_field_exercise.png"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"four-star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_star_rank"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps"}],"text":"Midshipman Nyland (holding M14 rifle in the left foreground) during a 1967 field exercise at the University of New Mexico.William L. \"Spider\" Nyland (born October 2, 1946), a veteran of the Vietnam War, is a retired United States Marine Corps four-star General who served as the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps from 2002 to 2005. He retired from the Marine Corps in November 2005 after over 37 years of distinguished service.","title":"William L. Nyland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval ROTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps"},{"link_name":"University of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Master of Science degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"The Basic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basic_School"},{"link_name":"Navy Fighter Weapons School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Fighter_Weapons_School"},{"link_name":"TOPGUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPGUN"},{"link_name":"Naval War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_War_College"},{"link_name":"Air War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_War_College"},{"link_name":"VMFA-531","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMFA-531"},{"link_name":"VMFA-314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMFA-314"},{"link_name":"VMFA-115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMFA-115"},{"link_name":"VMFAT-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMFAT-101"},{"link_name":"VMFA-115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMFA-115"},{"link_name":"VMFA-212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMFA-212"},{"link_name":"Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Marine Aircraft Group 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_24"},{"link_name":"VMFA-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMFA-232"},{"link_name":"Joint Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Staff"},{"link_name":"Marine Aviation Training Support Group Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Aviation_Training_Support_Group_21"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"2nd Marine Aircraft Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Aircraft_Wing"},{"link_name":"II Marine Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Marine_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Camp Lejeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Lejeune"},{"link_name":"2nd Marine Aircraft Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Aircraft_Wing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DefenseLink2000-1"},{"link_name":"Headquarters Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps"}],"text":"Nyland was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps under the Naval ROTC program upon graduation in 1968 from the University of New Mexico. In addition to attaining a Master of Science degree from the University of Southern California, his formal military education includes The Basic School (1968), Naval Aviation Flight Training (NFO) (1969), Amphibious Warfare School (1975), Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN) (1977), College of Naval Command and Staff, Naval War College (1981), and the Air War College (1988).He was advanced to first lieutenant on September 5, 1969, captain on February 1, 1972, major on September 1, 1978, and lieutenant colonel on April 1, 1984.After being assigned to Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 351 (VMFA-531), he was ordered to Vietnam, where he flew 122 combat missions with VMFA-314 and VMFA-115. His other tours included: Instructor RIO, Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadron 101 (VMFAT-101); Squadron Assistant Operations Officer and Operations Officer, VMFA-115; and Brigade FORSTAT and Electronic Warfare Officer, 1st Marine Brigade. He also served as Operations Officer and Director of Safety and Standardization, VMFA-212; Aviation Safety Officer and Congressional Liaison/Budget Officer, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C.; and Operations Officer, Marine Aircraft Group 24, 1st Marine Amphibious Brigade. He commanded VMFA-232, the Marine Corps' oldest and most decorated fighter squadron, from July 1985 to July 1987.Lieutenant Colonel Nyland subsequently served as section chief for the Central Command Section, European Command/Central Command Branch, Joint Operations Division, Directorate of Operations (J-3), Joint Staff, Washington, D.C. He was promoted to colonel on February 1, 1990. In July 1990, Colonel Nyland assumed command of Marine Aviation Training Support Group Pensacola, Florida. Following his command of MATSG, he assumed duties as Chief of Staff, 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2MAW) on July 5, 1992, and assumed additional duties as Assistant Wing Commander on November 10, 1992. He was promoted to brigadier general on September 1, 1994 and was assigned as Assistant Wing Commander, 2MAW, serving in that billet until December 1, 1995.Brigadier General Nyland served next on the Joint Staff, J-8, as the Deputy Director for Force Structure and Resources, completing that tour on June 30, 1997. He was advanced to major general on July 2, 1997, and assumed duties as the Deputy Commanding General, II Marine Expeditionary Force, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He then served as the Commanding General, 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing, from July 1998 to June 2000. He was advanced to lieutenant general on June 30, 2000 and assumed duties as the Deputy Commandant for Programs and Resources, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.[1] He next assumed duties as the Deputy Commandant for Aviation on August 3, 2001. He was advanced to general on September 4, 2002, and assumed his duties as the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps on September 10, 2002.General Nyland served as the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington D.C., from September 2002 until September 7, 2005. He retired from active duty on November 1, 2005.","title":"Marine Corps career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"His personal decorations include:","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Institute_for_Human_and_Machine_Cognition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHMC-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FreeLinc-3"},{"link_name":"Toys for Tots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_for_Tots"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leatherneck2007-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capstone-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-capstone-5"}],"text":"As of August 2006, Nyland serves as Deputy Director for Defense Research and Development for the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC).[2] He is on the Board of Directors for FreeLinc.[3]Nyland served as Chairman of Toys for Tots[4][5] He also served as Chairman of the Marine Corps Scholarship Foundation and He also served as The National Commander for the Marine Corps Aviation Association (January 2007-January 2010).[5]","title":"In retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DefenseLink2000_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"News Release: General Officer Announcement (No. 175-00)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=2386"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IHMC_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"William Nyland, Deputy Director for Defense R&D\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ihmc.us/users/user.php?UserID=wNyland"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FreeLinc_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"FreeLinc - General William L. 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Retrieved 2008-08-14.\n\n^ \"William Nyland, Deputy Director for Defense R&D\". IHMC. Retrieved 2007-07-04.\n\n^ \"FreeLinc - General William L. 'Spider' Nyland USMC (Ret.) appointed to Board of Directors\". Defense File. December 3, 2007. Retrieved 2018-03-11.\n\n^ Keene, R. R. (July 2008). \"Toys for Tots\". Leatherneck Magazine. 91 (7). Retrieved 2018-03-12. On hand for the opening of the new Marine Toys for Tots Foundation headquarters were numerous dignitaries including...Gen William L \"Spider\" Nyland, USMC (Ret), chairman of the foundation's board...\n\n^ a b \"Nyland, William \"Spider\" - Gen, USMC (Ret)\". Capstone. Retrieved 2018-03-11.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Midshipman Nyland (holding M14 rifle in the left foreground) during a 1967 field exercise at the University of New Mexico.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/University_of_New_Mexico_NROTC_field_exercise.png/220px-University_of_New_Mexico_NROTC_field_exercise.png"}]	[{"title":"List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_four-star_generals"}]	[{"reference":"Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) (April 10, 2000). \"News Release: General Officer Announcement (No. 175-00)\". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2008-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=2386","url_text":"\"News Release: General Officer Announcement (No. 175-00)\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Nyland, Deputy Director for Defense R&D\". IHMC. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_Conspiracy_Case	Peshawar Conspiracy Cases	["1 See also","2 References","3 Bibliography"]	Set of 5 legal cases from 1922 to 1927 in British India This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Peshawar Conspiracy Cases" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Peshawar Conspiracy Cases were a set of five legal cases which took place between 1922 and 1927 in British India. The muhajirs, a group of muslims, were inspired from communist revolution and went to USSR for training in 1920. Some of them returned to India in 1921 from Tashkent to incite a revolution. The British intelligence got information about it from their foreign office and the police arrested the first batch of revolutionaries and sent them away to a sham trial. The defendants in these cases had sneaked into British India from the Soviet Union to allegedly foment a proletarian revolution against British colonial rule. The colonial government feared that the defendants were entering India with the purpose of spreading socialist and communist ideas and supporting the emerging independence movement. It was not the only case which became popular and galvanized the imagination of the young population of the Indian subcontinent; there were similar such cases. Among them, the Kanpur Bolshevik Case of May 1924 can be quoted as a substantiating case. See also Communist Party of Pakistan References ^ "List of Famous Conspiracy Cases during British Rule in India". 8 December 2020. ^ "Peshawar And Kanpur Conspiracy Cases". Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ Lieten, Georges Kristoffel (1975). "Reviewed work: Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, 1917-1922, Vol. I Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, 1923-35, Vol. II, G. Adhikari". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 36 (1): 95–100. JSTOR 41854654. ^ "Peshawar and Kanpur Conspiracy Cases". Bibliography Salim, Ahmed (2016). "Freedom Movement and Peshawar Conspiracy Cases". Pakistan Perspectives. 21 (1): 29–48. This article about Peshawar is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"communist ideas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"emerging independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Peshawar Conspiracy Cases were a set of five legal cases which took place between 1922 and 1927 in British India.[1] The muhajirs, a group of muslims, were inspired from communist revolution and went to USSR for training in 1920. Some of them returned to India in 1921 from Tashkent to incite a revolution. The British intelligence got information about it from their foreign office and the police arrested the first batch of revolutionaries and sent them away to a sham trial.[2]The defendants in these cases had sneaked into British India from the Soviet Union to allegedly foment a proletarian revolution against British colonial rule. The colonial government feared that the defendants were entering India with the purpose of spreading socialist and communist ideas and supporting the emerging independence movement.[3]It was not the only case which became popular and galvanized the imagination of the young population of the Indian subcontinent; there were similar such cases. Among them, the Kanpur Bolshevik Case of May 1924 can be quoted as a substantiating case.[4]","title":"Peshawar Conspiracy Cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_-_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_-_Peshawar.svg"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peshawar_Conspiracy_Cases&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Peshawar-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Peshawar-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peshawar-stub"}],"text":"Salim, Ahmed (2016). \"Freedom Movement and Peshawar Conspiracy Cases\". Pakistan Perspectives. 21 (1): 29–48.This article about Peshawar is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communist Party of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan"}]	[{"reference":"\"List of Famous Conspiracy Cases during British Rule in India\". 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-famous-conspiracy-case-during-british-rule-in-india-1528455239-1","url_text":"\"List of Famous Conspiracy Cases during British Rule in India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peshawar And Kanpur Conspiracy Cases\". Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://cpiml.org/library/communist-movement-in-india/introduction-communist-movement-in-india/peshawar-and-kanpur-conspiracy-cases/","url_text":"\"Peshawar And Kanpur Conspiracy Cases\""}]},{"reference":"Lieten, Georges Kristoffel (1975). \"Reviewed work: Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, 1917-1922, Vol. I Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, 1923-35, Vol. II, G. Adhikari\". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 36 (1): 95–100. JSTOR 41854654.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854654","url_text":"\"Reviewed work: Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, 1917-1922, Vol. I Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, 1923-35, Vol. II, G. Adhikari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854654","url_text":"41854654"}]},{"reference":"\"Peshawar and Kanpur Conspiracy Cases\".","urls":[{"url":"http://cpiml.org/library/communist-movement-in-india/introduction-communist-movement-in-india/peshawar-and-kanpur-conspiracy-cases/","url_text":"\"Peshawar and Kanpur Conspiracy Cases\""}]},{"reference":"Salim, Ahmed (2016). \"Freedom Movement and Peshawar Conspiracy Cases\". Pakistan Perspectives. 21 (1): 29–48.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Peshawar+Conspiracy+Cases%22","external_links_name":"\"Peshawar Conspiracy Cases\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Peshawar+Conspiracy+Cases%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Peshawar+Conspiracy+Cases%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Peshawar+Conspiracy+Cases%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Peshawar+Conspiracy+Cases%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Peshawar+Conspiracy+Cases%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-famous-conspiracy-case-during-british-rule-in-india-1528455239-1","external_links_name":"\"List of Famous Conspiracy Cases during British Rule in India\""},{"Link":"http://cpiml.org/library/communist-movement-in-india/introduction-communist-movement-in-india/peshawar-and-kanpur-conspiracy-cases/","external_links_name":"\"Peshawar And Kanpur Conspiracy Cases\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854654","external_links_name":"\"Reviewed work: Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, 1917-1922, Vol. I Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, 1923-35, Vol. II, G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callicarpa_pedunculata	Callicarpa pedunculata	["1 Description","2 References","3 External links"]	Species of flowering plant Callicarpa pedunculata Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Callicarpa Species: C. pedunculata Binomial name Callicarpa pedunculataR.Br. Callicarpa pedunculata (common name - velvet-leaf) is a shrub or small tree in the Lamiaceae family native to both Queensland and New South Wales. Description C. pedunculata is a shrub or small tree growing from 3 to 4 m high. The twigs, the petioles and the underside of the leaf blade have a covering of stalked stellate hairs, while the upper surface of the leaf has a covering of stellate and simple hairs which become sparse when older. The Leaf blades are about 6-18 x 3-6 cm, and there are small, pale yellow, glands on the underside of the leaf. The bottom part of the leaf has smooth margins but the remainder is toothed. The inflorescences are 2 to 3 cm long, and sometimes inserted a little above leaf axil. The flowers have stalks which are 0.5 to 1 mm long, while the calyx 1 to 1.5 mm long, and the purple or mauve corolla is 2 to 3 mm long. It produces whitish to purple berries that are drupes. It is grown as an ornamental shrub. The fruit is astringent and too acidic to be eaten by people. It was first described by Robert Brown in 1810. References ^ a b c d Conn, B.J. (1992). "PlantNET - FloraOnline: Callicarpa pedunculata". plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 22 July 2005. Retrieved 4 September 2020. ^ F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Callicarpa pedunculata". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 1 July 2021. ^ "Callicarpa pedunculata". Australian Plant Name Index, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. ^ Brown, R. (1810). Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805. p. 513. External links Callicarpa pedunculata database Taxon identifiersCallicarpa pedunculata Wikidata: Q5021990 Wikispecies: Callicarpa pedunculata APNI: 95442 ATRF: Callicarpa_pedunculata CoL: PMGL EoL: 5386839 GBIF: 7308776 GRIN: 423343 iNaturalist: 369611 IPNI: 861432-1 IUCN: 158679327 NCBI: 539205 Open Tree of Life: 358374 PfaF: Callicarpa pedunculata Plant List: kew-30918 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:861432-1 Tropicos: 50168641 WFO: wfo-0000770460 This Lamiaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Callicarpa pedunculata (common name - velvet-leaf) is a shrub or small tree in the Lamiaceae family native to both Queensland and New South Wales.[1]","title":"Callicarpa pedunculata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFK-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"drupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"ornamental shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist,_born_1773)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apni-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-4"}],"text":"C. pedunculata is a shrub or small tree growing from 3 to 4 m high.[1]The twigs, the petioles and the underside of the leaf blade have a covering of stalked stellate hairs, while the upper surface of the leaf has a covering of stellate and simple hairs which become sparse when older. The Leaf blades are about 6-18 x 3-6 cm, and there are small, pale yellow, glands on the underside of the leaf. The bottom part of the leaf has smooth margins but the remainder is toothed.[2]The inflorescences are 2 to 3 cm long, and sometimes inserted a little above leaf axil. The flowers have stalks which are 0.5 to 1 mm long, while the calyx 1 to 1.5 mm long, and the purple or mauve corolla is 2 to 3 mm long.[1]It produces whitish to purple berries that are drupes.[1]It is grown as an ornamental shrub.[citation needed] The fruit is astringent and too acidic to be eaten by people.[citation needed]It was first described by Robert Brown in 1810.[3][4]","title":"Description"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Conn, B.J. (1992). \"PlantNET - FloraOnline: Callicarpa pedunculata\". plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 22 July 2005. Retrieved 4 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Callicarpa~pedunculata","url_text":"\"PlantNET - FloraOnline: Callicarpa pedunculata\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050722153557/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Callicarpa~pedunculata","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). \"Callicarpa pedunculata\". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 1 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Hyland","url_text":"B.P.M.Hyland"},{"url":"https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Callicarpa_pedunculata.htm","url_text":"\"Callicarpa pedunculata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants","url_text":"Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government","url_text":"Australian Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Callicarpa pedunculata\". Australian Plant Name Index, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/95442","url_text":"\"Callicarpa pedunculata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index","url_text":"Australian Plant Name Index"}]},{"reference":"Brown, R. (1810). Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805. p. 513.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2954669","url_text":"Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Callicarpa~pedunculata","external_links_name":"\"PlantNET - FloraOnline: Callicarpa pedunculata\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050722153557/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Callicarpa~pedunculata","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Callicarpa_pedunculata.htm","external_links_name":"\"Callicarpa pedunculata\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/95442","external_links_name":"\"Callicarpa pedunculata\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2954669","external_links_name":"Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Callicarpa+pedunculata","external_links_name":"Callicarpa pedunculata database"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/95442","external_links_name":"95442"},{"Link":"https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Callicarpa_pedunculata.htm","external_links_name":"Callicarpa_pedunculata"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/PMGL","external_links_name":"PMGL"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5386839","external_links_name":"5386839"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7308776","external_links_name":"7308776"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=423343","external_links_name":"423343"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/369611","external_links_name":"369611"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/861432-1","external_links_name":"861432-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/158679327","external_links_name":"158679327"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=539205","external_links_name":"539205"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=358374","external_links_name":"358374"},{"Link":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Callicarpa+pedunculata","external_links_name":"Callicarpa pedunculata"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-30918","external_links_name":"kew-30918"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A861432-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:861432-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50168641","external_links_name":"50168641"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000770460","external_links_name":"wfo-0000770460"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callicarpa_pedunculata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_We_Were_Young_(film)	When We Were Young (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]	1989 film When We Were YoungGenreDramaWritten byRichard and Esther ShapiroDirected byDaryl DukeStarringRonny CoxMusic byPeter MatzCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producersRichard and Esther ShapiroProducersGeorge EcksteinMaria Padilla (associate producer)CinematographyBill ButlerEditorsDavid SaxonMark S. WestmoreRunning time100 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseJuly 17, 1989 (1989-07-17) When We Were Young, also known as That Magic Moment and Moments, is a 1989 television film directed by Daryl Duke and starring Ronny Cox. It was written by Richard and Esther Shapiro. Plot California, June 1959. Paige Farrell (Lindsay Frost), a wealthy young femme fatale, has just graduated from high school and is now celebrating at rich classmate Lee's (Dylan Walsh) mansion. He tries to seduce her, but Paige ignores his affections due to her relationship with working class boy Michael Stefanos (Grant Show). Michael himself is quite popular with the opposite sex as well, as even Paige's mousy best friend Ellen Reese (Cynthia Gibb) admits that she fantasizes about him. At the same party, aspiring singer Linda Rosen (Jane Krakowski) - known for having had many bed partners - tries to perform a song, but stage fright causes her to be bullied off the stage. Vulnerable, she gives into inexperienced Alex Twining's (Jace Alexander) attempts to court her. They are about to have sex in a motel, when Linda starts to vomit, ruining the night. Later at night, some of the students drive home and get into a car accident, killing Phillip and Cecily, a beloved couple who were set to marry. Ben Kirkland (Steven Weber), who owned the car, feels guilty for having allowed them to drive the car even though they were drunk. Sixteen months later in New England, the group is now focussing on their future. Paige's powerful and intimidating father Matthew (Ronny Cox) is not satisfied with his daughter's boyfriend Michael, who now works in a garage with high school friend Virgil Hawkins (Eriq La Salle). When he finds out that Paige and Michael are engaged, he tries to prevent his daughter from marrying a garage worker by firing Michael's father (who previously worked for him). Michael is enraged that his father has been fired because of a personal conflict, and promises to one day destroy Matthew. Paige, however, continues to support her father and breaks the engagement. Along with Virgil, Michael comes up with plans to destroy Farrell's business, but his father warns him not to get involved with him. Nevertheless, Michael gets closer to the Farrell office through sleeping with Ellen, who now works as his secretary. Quickly, Paige starts to miss Michael and starts to doubt about her father's integrity at work. She arranges a passionate weekend with Michael at the beach, which abruptly ends when Paige announces that she will marry Lee, and move to Boston. Heartbroken, Michael merges with Farrell's biggest competition: Bartman. Meanwhile, Ben and Alex are upset with the newly announced engagement as well, and aspire to break up the couple. Ellen has other worries, as she realizes that she is pregnant. Michael promises to marry her as soon as she has money, which he tells her he can arrange if she steals personal information from Farrell. Ellen is offended that Michael is asking such from her, and realizes now that she is a simple tool for him to get closer to Farrell. At Paige and Lee's wedding, Ellen enrages Michael by informing him that she will get an abortion. When Lee gets in the middle, Michael throws a fight, shocking all the guests. Michael later apologizes to everyone, and makes peace with the wedding, as does Ben. At the end, Michael and Ellen announce their engagement, and Ben, Alex and Virgil leave town for the South. Cast Grant Show as Michael Stefanos Lindsay Frost as Paige Farrell Ronny Cox as Matthew Farrell Cynthia Gibb as Ellen Reese Steven Weber as Ben Kirkland Jace Alexander as Alex Twining Dylan Walsh as Lee Jameson Eriq La Salle as Virgil Hawkins Jane Krakowski as Linda Rosen References External links When We Were Young at IMDb vteFilms directed by Daryl Duke Children of the Lotus Eater (1970) Payday (1972) I Heard the Owl Call My Name (1973) The President's Plane Is Missing (1973) A Cry for Help (1975) Griffin and Phoenix (1976) The Silent Partner (1978) The Return of Charlie Chan (1979) Hard Feelings (1982) The Thorn Birds (1983) Florence Nightingale (1985) Tai-Pan (1986) When We Were Young (1989) Fatal Memories (1992)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"Daryl Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Duke"},{"link_name":"Ronny Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Cox"},{"link_name":"Richard and Esther Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_and_Esther_Shapiro"}],"text":"When We Were Young, also known as That Magic Moment and Moments, is a 1989 television film directed by Daryl Duke and starring Ronny Cox. It was written by Richard and Esther Shapiro.","title":"When We Were Young (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lindsay Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Frost"},{"link_name":"femme fatale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale"},{"link_name":"Dylan Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Grant Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Show"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Gibb"},{"link_name":"Jane Krakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Krakowski"},{"link_name":"Jace Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jace_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Steven Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weber_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ronny Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Cox"},{"link_name":"Eriq La Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriq_La_Salle"}],"text":"California, June 1959. Paige Farrell (Lindsay Frost), a wealthy young femme fatale, has just graduated from high school and is now celebrating at rich classmate Lee's (Dylan Walsh) mansion. He tries to seduce her, but Paige ignores his affections due to her relationship with working class boy Michael Stefanos (Grant Show). Michael himself is quite popular with the opposite sex as well, as even Paige's mousy best friend Ellen Reese (Cynthia Gibb) admits that she fantasizes about him. At the same party, aspiring singer Linda Rosen (Jane Krakowski) - known for having had many bed partners - tries to perform a song, but stage fright causes her to be bullied off the stage. Vulnerable, she gives into inexperienced Alex Twining's (Jace Alexander) attempts to court her. They are about to have sex in a motel, when Linda starts to vomit, ruining the night. Later at night, some of the students drive home and get into a car accident, killing Phillip and Cecily, a beloved couple who were set to marry. Ben Kirkland (Steven Weber), who owned the car, feels guilty for having allowed them to drive the car even though they were drunk.Sixteen months later in New England, the group is now focussing on their future. Paige's powerful and intimidating father Matthew (Ronny Cox) is not satisfied with his daughter's boyfriend Michael, who now works in a garage with high school friend Virgil Hawkins (Eriq La Salle). When he finds out that Paige and Michael are engaged, he tries to prevent his daughter from marrying a garage worker by firing Michael's father (who previously worked for him). Michael is enraged that his father has been fired because of a personal conflict, and promises to one day destroy Matthew. Paige, however, continues to support her father and breaks the engagement. Along with Virgil, Michael comes up with plans to destroy Farrell's business, but his father warns him not to get involved with him. Nevertheless, Michael gets closer to the Farrell office through sleeping with Ellen, who now works as his secretary.Quickly, Paige starts to miss Michael and starts to doubt about her father's integrity at work. She arranges a passionate weekend with Michael at the beach, which abruptly ends when Paige announces that she will marry Lee, and move to Boston. Heartbroken, Michael merges with Farrell's biggest competition: Bartman. Meanwhile, Ben and Alex are upset with the newly announced engagement as well, and aspire to break up the couple. Ellen has other worries, as she realizes that she is pregnant. Michael promises to marry her as soon as she has money, which he tells her he can arrange if she steals personal information from Farrell. Ellen is offended that Michael is asking such from her, and realizes now that she is a simple tool for him to get closer to Farrell.At Paige and Lee's wedding, Ellen enrages Michael by informing him that she will get an abortion. When Lee gets in the middle, Michael throws a fight, shocking all the guests. Michael later apologizes to everyone, and makes peace with the wedding, as does Ben. At the end, Michael and Ellen announce their engagement, and Ben, Alex and Virgil leave town for the South.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grant Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Show"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Frost"},{"link_name":"Ronny Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Cox"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Gibb"},{"link_name":"Steven Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Weber_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jace Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jace_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Dylan Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Eriq La Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriq_La_Salle"},{"link_name":"Jane Krakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Krakowski"}],"text":"Grant Show as Michael Stefanos\nLindsay Frost as Paige Farrell\nRonny Cox as Matthew Farrell\nCynthia Gibb as Ellen Reese\nSteven Weber as Ben Kirkland\nJace Alexander as Alex Twining\nDylan Walsh as Lee Jameson\nEriq La Salle as Virgil Hawkins\nJane Krakowski as Linda Rosen","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098637/","external_links_name":"When We Were Young"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizochilus	Schizochilus	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Genus of flowering plants Schizochilus Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Orchidoideae Tribe: Orchideae Subtribe: Orchidinae Genus: SchizochilusSond. Schizochilus is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is native to southern and eastern Africa. Species accepted as of June 2014: Schizochilus angustifolius Rolfe in W.H.Harvey & auct. suc. - South Africa Schizochilus bulbinella (Rchb.f.) Bolus - South Africa, Lesotho Schizochilus calcaratus P.J.Cribb & la Croix - Zimbabwe Schizochilus cecilii Rolfe - South Africa, Zimbabwe, Eswatini Schizochilus crenulatus H.P.Linder - Mpumalanga Schizochilus flexuosus Harv. ex Rolfe in W.H.Harvey & auct. suc. - South Africa, Lesotho Schizochilus gerrardii (Rchb.f.) Bolus - KwaZulu-Natal Schizochilus lepidus Summerh. - Zimbabwe, Mozambique Schizochilus lilacinus Schelpe ex H.P.Linder - Mpumalanga Schizochilus sulphureus Schltr. - Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania Schizochilus zeyheri Sond. - South Africa, Eswatini See also List of Orchidaceae genera References ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ^ Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2001). Orchidoideae (Part 1). Genera Orchidacearum 2: 361 ff. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford. External links Media related to Schizochilus at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Schizochilus at Wikispecies Taxon identifiersSchizochilus Wikidata: Q3280835 Wikispecies: Schizochilus (Orchidaceae) APDB: 194689 BOLD: 550100 CoL: 8W3DV EoL: 29423 GBIF: 2793895 GRIN: 10864 iNaturalist: 577034 IPNI: 30627-1 IRMNG: 1303307 ITIS: 1037926 NCBI: 796456 Open Tree of Life: 934173 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30627-1 Tropicos: 40031785 WFO: wfo-4000034413 This Orchidoideae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Orchidaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uhura-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uhura-1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus angustifolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_angustifolius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus bulbinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_bulbinella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus calcaratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_calcaratus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus cecilii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_cecilii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus crenulatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_crenulatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus flexuosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_flexuosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus gerrardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_gerrardii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus lepidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_lepidus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus lilacinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_lilacinus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus sulphureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_sulphureus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schizochilus zeyheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus_zeyheri&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Schizochilus is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is native to southern and eastern Africa.[1][2]Species accepted as of June 2014:[1]Schizochilus angustifolius Rolfe in W.H.Harvey & auct. suc. - South Africa\nSchizochilus bulbinella (Rchb.f.) Bolus - South Africa, Lesotho\nSchizochilus calcaratus P.J.Cribb & la Croix - Zimbabwe\nSchizochilus cecilii Rolfe - South Africa, Zimbabwe, Eswatini\nSchizochilus crenulatus H.P.Linder - Mpumalanga\nSchizochilus flexuosus Harv. ex Rolfe in W.H.Harvey & auct. suc. - South Africa, Lesotho\nSchizochilus gerrardii (Rchb.f.) Bolus - KwaZulu-Natal\nSchizochilus lepidus Summerh. - Zimbabwe, Mozambique\nSchizochilus lilacinus Schelpe ex H.P.Linder - Mpumalanga\nSchizochilus sulphureus Schltr. - Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania\nSchizochilus zeyheri Sond. - South Africa, Eswatini","title":"Schizochilus"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Orchidaceae genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Orchidaceae_genera"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=188109","external_links_name":"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/194689","external_links_name":"194689"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=550100","external_links_name":"550100"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8W3DV","external_links_name":"8W3DV"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/29423","external_links_name":"29423"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2793895","external_links_name":"2793895"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=10864","external_links_name":"10864"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/577034","external_links_name":"577034"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/30627-1","external_links_name":"30627-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1303307","external_links_name":"1303307"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1037926","external_links_name":"1037926"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=796456","external_links_name":"796456"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=934173","external_links_name":"934173"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30627-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30627-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40031785","external_links_name":"40031785"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000034413","external_links_name":"wfo-4000034413"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizochilus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_under-17_football_team	Ghana national under-17 football team	["1 History","2 African U-17 controversies","2.1 2003 U-17 Qualifiers","2.2 2005 African U-17 Final","3 Current squad","4 Previous squad","5 Technical Team","6 Competitive Record","6.1 FIFA U-17 World Cup Record","6.2 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Record","6.3 CAF U-16 and U-17 World Cup Qualifiers record","7 Team honours","8 Awards","8.1 Golden Shoe","8.2 Golden Ball","9 Notable players","10 Notable coaches","11 See also","12 Footnotes","13 External links"]	Ghana under-17Nickname(s)The Black StarletsAssociationGhana Football AssociationConfederationCAF (Africa)Head coach Ignatius Osei-FosuFIFA codeGHA First colours Second colours First international Ghana 1–1 Nigeria (Accra, Ghana; 10 August 1986)Biggest win Ghana 7–0 Tunisia (Bamako, Mali; 20 May 1995)Biggest defeat Ghana 1–6 Nigeria (Marrakech, Morocco; 14 April 2013)FIFA U-17 World CupAppearances9 (first in 1989)Best resultWinners, 1991, 1995Africa U-17 Cup of NationsAppearances7 (first in 1995)Best resultWinners, 1995, 1999 Ghana national under-17 football team Medal record FIFA U-17 World Cup 1991 Italy Team 1995 Ecuador Team 1993 Japan Team 1997 Egypt Team 1999 New Zealand Team Ghana national under-17 football team Medal record Africa U-17 Cup of Nations 1995 Mali NA 1999 Guinea NA 2005 Gambia NA 2017 Gabon Team 1997 Botswana NA 2007 Togo NA The Ghana national U-17 football team, known as the Black Starlets, is the youngest team that represents Ghana in football. They are two-time FIFA U-17 World Cup Champions in 1991 and 1995 and a two-time Runner-up in 1993 and 1997. Ghana has participated in nine of the 17 World Cup events starting with their first in Scotland 1989 through dominating the competition in the 1990s where at one time they qualified for 4 consecutive World Cup finals in Italy 1991, Japan 1993, Ecuador 1995 and Egypt 1997 to their most recent participation in South Korea 2007 where they lost in the World Cup Semi-finals 1–2 to Spain in extra time. They have also won the Africa U-17 Cup of Nations two times in 1995 and 1999 and were Runners-up in 2005 and 2017 as well. The current head coach is Abdul Karim Zito and his assistant is Ghana's former winger, Laryea Kingston. History The Ghana U-17 national team is known as The Riley Goon Squad. A couple of Ghana's U-17 players have won the FIFA Golden Ball award: Nii Odartey Lamptey in 1991 and Daniel Addo in 1993. In the 1999 FIFA U-17, Ghanaian striker Ishmael Addo won the Golden Shoe award, after Ghana placed third during the competition, being led by Cecil Jones Attuquayefio and assistant James Kuuku Dadzie. Former Ghana U-17 and National Team Coach, Otto Pfister, a FIFA instructor, who led Ghana's U-17 squad to its first World Championship title in 1991, once remarked to FIFA Magazine that "Ghana has superb young players". At each of the first four FIFA World Under-17s held, Ghana reached the final each time, winning the title twice and finishing in second place twice. In 2007, youngster Ransford Osei won the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup Silver Boot for being the second highest scorer at the Tournament in South Korea. What makes Ghana's footballers so dominant in their age group? FIFA Magazine asked Otto Pfister. Football is not simply the most popular sport in this part of Africa, it is an absolute religion, he said. This is the way the game is regarded in Ghana. Young boys here think about football 24 hours a day and play for at least eight – whether on clay, rough fields or dusty streets. They develop their skills naturally, without any specific training, and end up with superb technique and ability on the ball. They are also fast and tricky, and can feint well with their bodies. Africa and South America have by far the best young footballers in the world – on a technical level they are superb. And technique is what it takes to make a good player. What else goes towards making Ghana so strong? Otto Pfister continues; In Africa there is often only one way for many young lads to escape from poverty and to make their way up the social scale – football. Youngsters want to become stars and to play in a top European league. That is their main aim and they will do anything to achieve it. Let me give you an example: While I was coaching in Ghana I once told my team to be ready for training at three o'clock in the morning. At half past two they were all assembled and ready to go. They want to learn and they want to play for the national team. They know that in their country a national team player is a hero and enjoys a level of prestige that is not comparable to that in Europe. Another positive point for young players in Ghana is that there are many good coaches in the country who help develop the available talent and above all want to let them play. This policy pays off. Today, many Ghanaian youngsters are in G14 Club Academies in Europe. African U-17 controversies 2003 U-17 Qualifiers On another note, two controversial incidents in Africa has prevented Ghana from adding to their two African U-17 trophies. On 14 February 2003, the Kenya Sports Minister Najib Balala disbanded their National U-17 team, claiming that 40% of the players who eliminated Ghana in the first round had been over-age; he sought to have Ghana re-instated and apologised to FIFA. CAF did not re-instate Ghana, but they did ban Kenya for two years from all CAF's age competition for fielding those over-age players. 2005 African U-17 Final On 23 May 2005, Ghana played Gambia in the 2005 edition of the African U-17 Championship final. With the game deadlocked at 0–0, an 11 years old Gambian fan ran from the stands onto the pitch, entered the Ghana goal area and dove into the net, distracting the Ghana goalkeeper Michael Addo in front of all CAF dignitaries, the Gambian President and a sell-out stadium. Gambia scored on that play, Ghana protested, but the controversial goal stood and Gambia won their first trophy on that "goal". The "fan" was later revealed to be the now U-17 captain, Liam Riley, who was displaying his anger at not being selected for the Gambian squad. Current squad Head coach: Ignatius Osei-Fosu Squad announced for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup from 6 – 28 April 2017. No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Club 1 1GK Ibrahim Danlad (2002-12-02) 2 December 2002 (age 21) Asante Kotoko 16 1GK Kwame Aziz (2002-06-15) 15 June 2002 (age 22) Mandela Soccer Academy 21 1GK Michael Acquaye (2000-08-10) 10 August 2000 (age 23) WAFA 2 2DF John Otu (2000-04-12) 12 April 2000 (age 24) Dreams F.C. 3 2DF Gideon Acquah (2000-05-24) 24 May 2000 (age 24) Bofoakwa Tano 4 2DF Edmund Arko-Mensah (2001-09-09) 9 September 2001 (age 22) Wa All Stars 5 2DF Najeeb Yakubu (2000-05-01) 1 May 2000 (age 24) New Town Youth 12 2DF Abdul Razak Yusif (2001-08-09) 9 August 2001 (age 22) Koforidua Youth 14 2DF Bismark Terry Owusu (2000-10-31) 31 October 2000 (age 23) Mandela Soccer Academy 15 2DF Gideon Mensah (2000-10-09) 9 October 2000 (age 23) Right to Dream 17 2DF Rashid Alhassan (2000-06-20) 20 June 2000 (age 23) Aduana Stars 7 3MF Ibrahim Sulley (2001-07-06) 6 July 2001 (age 22) New Life F.C. 8 3MF Mohammed Kudus (2000-08-02) 2 August 2000 (age 23) Right to Dream 10 3MF Emmanuel Toku (2000-07-10) 10 July 2000 (age 23) Cheetah F.C. 13 3MF Gabriel Leveh (2000-04-01) 1 April 2000 (age 24) Tema Youth 18 3MF Mohammed Iddriss (2000-07-26) 26 July 2000 (age 23) Cheetah F.C. 19 3MF Ibrahim Sadiq (2000-05-07) 7 May 2000 (age 24) Right to Dream 20 3MF Isaac Gyamfi (2000-09-09) 9 September 2000 (age 23) New Life F.C. 6 4FW Eric Ayiah (2000-03-06) 6 March 2000 (age 24) Charity Stars 9 4FW Richard Danso (2000-09-16) 16 September 2000 (age 23) WAFA 11 4FW Mohammed Aminu (2000-08-10) 10 August 2000 (age 23) WAFA Previous squad 2017 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana 2007 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana 2005 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana 1999 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana 1997 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana 1995 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana 1993 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana 1991 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana Technical Team Position Name Nationality Head coach Ignatius Osei-Fosu Ghanaian Assistant coach Opeele Boateng. Ghanaian Goalkeeping coach Najau Ghanaian Team doctor Dr. Andrews Ayim Ghanaian Physiotherapist Jonathan Quartey Ghanaian Welfare Officer Emmanuel N. Dasoberi Ghanaian Equipment Officer John Ackon Ghanaian Competitive Record FIFA U-17 World Cup Record Year Round GP W D* L GS GA 1985 did not participate 1987 did not qualify 1989 First round 3 0 2 1 2 3 1991 Champions 6 4 2* 0 8 3 1993 Runners-up 6 5 0 1 14 3 1995 Champions 6 6 0 0 13 4 1997 Runners-up 6 4 1 1 14 5 1999 Third place 6 4 2* 0 19 5 2001 did not qualify 2003 2005 First round 3 0 3 0 3 3 2007 Fourth place 7 4 0 3 13 9 2009 did not qualify 2011 2013 2015 2017 Quarterfinals 5 3 0 2 8 3 2019 did not qualify 2023 2025 to be determined Total 9/20 48 30 10 8 94 38 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Record Year Round GP W D* L GS GA 1995 Champions 5 5 0 0 16 1 1997 Third place 5 3 0 2 9 6 1999 Champions 5 3 1 1 8 3 2001 did not qualify 2003 2005 Runners-up 5 3 0 2 7 5 2007 Third place 5 3 0 2 11 5 2009 did not qualify 2011 2013 Group stage 3 0 2 1 2 7 2015 Disqualified 2017 Runners-up 5 2 2* 1 9 1 2019 did not qualify 2023 2025 Total 7/15 33 19 5 9 62 28 CAF U-16 and U-17 World Cup Qualifiers record Year Round GP W D* L GS GA GD 1985 did not participate 1987 Second round 2 0 2 0 1 1 0 1989 Third round 4 2 1 1 5 3 +2 1991 Fourth round 5 3 1 1 8 3 +5 1993 Final Round 4 4 0 0 9 1 +8 Total 4/5 15 9 4 2 23 8 +15 Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks. Overall U17 Record U17 Record GP W D L GF GA GD Success U17 World Cup Finals 48 30 10 8 94 38 +56 74.42% U17 Africa Quals/ Finals 58 38 8 12 108 44 +64 72.41% U17 Total 106 68 18 20 202 82 +120 73.42% FIFA U-17 World Cup Record by team Ghana versus GP W D L GF GA GD Succ. Spain 5 2 2 1 6 5 +1 60% Brazil 5 3 1* 1 9 7 +2 70.00% Japan 2 2 0 0 2 0 +2 100% Cuba 2 1 1 0 4 3 +1 75% Bahrain 2 1 0 1 5 1 +4 50% Mexico 2 2 0 0 8 1 +7 100% Uruguay 2 2 0 0 5 2 +3 100% United States 3 2 0 1 4 1 +3 75% Oman 2 2 0 0 7 2 +5 100% Costa Rica 2 1 1 0 3 1 +2 75% Scotland 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 50% Ecuador 1 1 0 0 2 1 +1 100% Portugal 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 100% Argentina 1 0 1 0 0 0 +0 50% Thailand 1 1 0 0 7 1 +6 100% Qatar 1 0 1* 0 0 0 0 50% Italy 1 1 0 0 4 0 +4 100% Australia 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 100% Chile 1 1 0 0 3 0 +3 100% Peru 2 1 1 0 3 1 +2 75% China 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 50% Nigeria 1 0 0 1 1 2 -1 0% Germany 2 0 0 2 3 5 -2 0% Trinidad and Tobago 1 1 0 0 4 1 +3 100% Colombia 2 2 0 0 3 1 +2 100% India 1 1 0 0 4 0 +4 100% Niger 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 100% Mali 1 0 0 1 1 2 -1 0% Total 47 29 10 8 92 38 +54 74.42% Denotes draws including the 1991 & 1999 Semi-Final matches decided on penalty kicks v Qatar (4-2p) & Brazil (2-4p). Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Record by team Ghana versus GP W D L GF GA GD Succ. Mali 5 2 1 2 5 5 0 50% Mozambique 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 100% Tunisia 2 2 0 0 8 0 +8 100% Guinea 2 1 1 0 3 0 +3 75% Nigeria 4 1 0 3 5 11 -6 0% Ethiopia 2 2 0 0 5 1 +4 100% Angola 2 1 0 1 4 3 +1 50% Zimbabwe 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 100% Cameroon 2 2 0 0 5 0 +5 100% Burkina Faso 3 2 0 1 7 4 +3 75% Gambia 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 50% Ivory Coast 2 1 1 0 2 0 +2 75% Eritrea 1 1 0 0 6 0 +6 100% Togo 1 0 0 1 1 2 -2 0% Congo 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 50% Gabon 1 1 0 0 7 1 +6 100% Niger 1 0 1* 0 0 0 0 50% Total 33 19 5 9 64 29 +35 69.11% Denotes draws including the 2017 Semi-Final match decided on penalty kicks v Niger (6-5p). CAF U-16 and U-17 World Cup Qualifiers record by team Ghana versus GP W D L GF GA GD Succ. Nigeria 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 75% Cameroon 2 1 0 1 2 2 0 50% Ivory Coast 2 1 1 0 2 1 +1 75% Sierra Leone 2 1 0 1 3 3 0 50% Guinea 2 1 1 0 3 0 +3 75% Morocco 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 100% Senegal 2 2 0 0 4 1 +3 100% Egypt 2 2 0 0 5 0 +5 100% Total 15 9 4 2 23 8 +15 78.12% Team honours FIFA U-17 World Cup winners: 2 1991, 1995 FIFA U-17 World Cup runners-up: 2 1993, 1997 FIFA U-17 World Cup third place: 1 1999 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations winners: 2 1995, 1999 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations runners-up: 2 2005, 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations third place: 2 1997, 2007 Awards Golden Shoe Tournament FIFA Golden Shoe Award Player 1999 Golden Shoe Award Ishmael Addo 1991 Silver Shoe Award Nii Odartey Lamptey 2007 Silver Shoe Award Ransford Osei 1997 Bronze Shoe Award Owusu Afriyie Golden Ball Tournament FIFA Golden Ball Winner 1991 Nii Odartey Lamptey 1993 Daniel Addo Notable players The following list consist of previous Ghana U-17 national team players who have won or were influential at the FIFA U-17 World Cup with the Ghana U-17 national team or the FIFA U-20 World Cup with the Ghana U-20 national team, and those who were part of the Ghana U-23 national team that won the bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. The list also includes the players who have graduated from the Ghana U-20 national team and gone on to represent the senior Ghana national team at the FIFA World Cup or African Cup of Nations: Nii Odartey Lamptey (1991) Mohammed Gargo (1991) Yaw Preko (1991) Daniel Addo (1991, 1993) Samuel Kuffour (1991, 1993) Mark Edusei (1991, 1993) Charles Akunnor (1993) Emmanuel Duah (1991, 1993) Isaac Asare (1991) Mohammed Gargo (1991) Christian Gyan (1995) Awudu Issaka (1995) Stephen Appiah (1995) Emmanuel Bentil (1995) Daniel Quaye (1997) Laryea Kingston (1997) Hamza Mohammed (1997) Owusu Afriyie (1997) Razak Pimpong (1999) Michael Essien (1999) Anthony Obodai (1999) Ibrahim Abdul Razak (1999) Ishmael Addo (1999) Sadat Bukari (2005) Opoku Agyemang (2005) Razak Salifu (2005) Jonathan Quartey (2005) Samuel Inkoom (2005) David Telfer (2005) Mubarak Wakaso (2005) Ransford Osei (2007) Daniel Opare (2007) Sadick Adams (2007) Abeiku Quansah (2007) Tetteh Nortey (2007) Notable coaches FIFA Tourney Manager name 1991 Otto Pfister 1993 Isaac Paha 1995 Sam Arday 1997 Emmanuel Kwesi Afranie 1999 Jones Attuquayefio 2005 David Duncan 2007 Sellas Tetteh Four Nations Tournament Emmanuel Kwesi Afranie 2017 Paa Kwesi Fabin See also Africa portalAssociation football portal Ghana national football team Ghana national U23 football team Ghana national U20 football team Footnotes ^ Blackstarlets Archived 20 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.www.ghanafa.org. ^ "Starlets L Under 17 Team". www.ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Laryea Kingston appointed Ghana U17 assistant coach". 12 December 2022. ^ "Starlets leave for New Zealand". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ "Debutante Princesses up for a fight". FIFA. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ "Superb Young Players". fifa.com. 1 September 2001. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2001. ^ "Ghana: talented players as far as the eye can see". fifa.com. 17 September 2004. Archived from the original on 27 October 2004. Retrieved 17 September 2004. External links 2007 U17 World Cup Tournament Page Ghana Football Association – Official website Ghana Premier League website Ghanaweb Sports Page RSSSF Archive of all FIFA U17 Matches RSSSF Archive of all African U17 Matches 2005 African U17 Final Controversy Video vte Football in GhanaGhana Football AssociationNational teams Men's Local team Women's Women's U-17 Women's U-20 Men's Olympic (U-23) Men's U-20 Men's U-17 Beach Soccer League systemMen Ghana Premier League Ghana Football Leagues Division 1 League Division 2 League Division 3 League GAFCOA Women National Women's League Domestic cupsMen Ghana FA Cup Ghana Super Cup SWAG Cup President's Cup Women Ghana Women's FA Cup Ghana Women's Super Cup First Lady's Cup Awards Ghana Player of the Year List of clubs Men's clubs Women's clubs Venues Champions Men's players Women's players Expatriate players Managers Records vte National sports teams of Ghana Badminton Baseball Basketball M M-U18 W Beach soccer Cricket M W Football M M-Local team M-U23 M-U20 M-U17 W W-U20 W-U17 Field hockey M W Futsal Handball M W Rugby league Rugby union Tennis Volleyball Olympics Paralympics Commonwealth Games vteInternational association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline Africa CAF – Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 African Nations Championship Regional CECAFA CEMAC COSAFA WAFU Intercontinental Arab Asia AFC – Asian Cup U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ASEAN AFF-EAFF Central East South West Intercontinental Arab Europe UEFA – Euro U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League Intercontinental CONMEBOL–UEFA North & Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF – Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Oceania OFC – Men's Nations Cup U-19 U-16/U-17 South America CONMEBOL – Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Intercontinental CONMEBOL–UEFA Non-FIFA CONIFA – CONIFA World Football Cup CONIFA European Football Cup CONIFA South America Football Cup CONIFA Africa Football Cup ODEBO – Bolivarian Games ODESUR – South American Games World Unity Football Alliance (WUFA) Games African Games Arab Games Asian Games Central America Games Central America and Caribbean Games East Asian Games Jeux de la Francophonie Goodwill Games Indian Ocean Island Games Island Games Islamic Solidarity Games Lusofonia Games Mediterranean Games Micronesian Games Pan American Games Pacific Games Pacific Mini Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player/Club of the Century Women's football vteFIFA U-17 World Cup winners 1985: Nigeria 1987: Soviet Union 1989: Saudi Arabia 1991: Ghana 1993: Nigeria 1995: Ghana 1997: Brazil 1999: Brazil 2001: France 2003: Brazil 2005: Mexico 2007: Nigeria 2009: Switzerland 2011: Mexico 2013: Nigeria 2015: Nigeria 2017: England 2019: Brazil	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Scotland 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_FIFA_U-16_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Italy 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Japan 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ecuador 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Egypt 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"South Korea 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Africa U-17 Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_U-17_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_African_U-17_Championship"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_African_U-17_Championship"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_African_U-17_Championship"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Africa_U-17_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Abdul Karim Zito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Zito"},{"link_name":"Laryea Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryea_Kingston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Ghana national U-17 football team, known as the Black Starlets, is the youngest team that represents Ghana in football.[1] They are two-time FIFA U-17 World Cup Champions in 1991 and 1995 and a two-time Runner-up in 1993 and 1997.[2] Ghana has participated in nine of the 17 World Cup events starting with their first in Scotland 1989 through dominating the competition in the 1990s where at one time they qualified for 4 consecutive World Cup finals in Italy 1991, Japan 1993, Ecuador 1995 and Egypt 1997 to their most recent participation in South Korea 2007 where they lost in the World Cup Semi-finals 1–2 to Spain in extra time.They have also won the Africa U-17 Cup of Nations two times in 1995 and 1999 and were Runners-up in 2005 and 2017 as well. The current head coach is Abdul Karim Zito and his assistant is Ghana's former winger, Laryea Kingston.[3]","title":"Ghana national under-17 football team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nii Odartey Lamptey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nii_Odartey_Lamptey"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html"},{"link_name":"Daniel Addo in 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html"},{"link_name":"Ishmael Addo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_Addo"},{"link_name":"won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html"},{"link_name":"Golden Shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cup_Golden_Boot"},{"link_name":"Cecil Jones Attuquayefio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Jones_Attuquayefio"},{"link_name":"James Kuuku Dadzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kuuku_Dadzie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Otto Pfister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Pfister"},{"link_name":"once remarked to FIFA Magazine that \"Ghana has superb young players\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040817132953/http://www.fifa.com/en/development/technical/index/0,1250,9630,00.html?articleid=9630"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Under-17s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ransford Osei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransford_Osei"},{"link_name":"2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Otto Pfister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Pfister"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"G14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G14_(football)"}],"text":"The Ghana U-17 national team is known as The Riley Goon Squad. A couple of Ghana's U-17 players have won the FIFA Golden Ball award: Nii Odartey Lamptey in 1991 and Daniel Addo in 1993. In the 1999 FIFA U-17, Ghanaian striker Ishmael Addo won the Golden Shoe award, after Ghana placed third during the competition, being led by Cecil Jones Attuquayefio and assistant James Kuuku Dadzie.[4][5] Former Ghana U-17 and National Team Coach, Otto Pfister, a FIFA instructor, who led Ghana's U-17 squad to its first World Championship title in 1991, once remarked to FIFA Magazine that \"Ghana has superb young players\". At each of the first four FIFA World Under-17s held, Ghana reached the final each time, winning the title twice and finishing in second place twice. In 2007, youngster Ransford Osei won the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup Silver Boot for being the second highest scorer at the Tournament in South Korea.What makes Ghana's footballers so dominant in their age group?\nFIFA Magazine[6] asked Otto Pfister. Football is not simply the most popular sport in this part of Africa, it is an absolute religion, he said. This is the way the game is regarded in Ghana. Young boys here think about football 24 hours a day and play for at least eight – whether on clay, rough fields or dusty streets. They develop their skills naturally, without any specific training, and end up with superb technique and ability on the ball. They are also fast and tricky, and can feint well with their bodies. Africa and South America have by far the best young footballers in the world – on a technical level they are superb. And technique is what it takes to make a good player.What else goes towards making Ghana so strong? Otto Pfister continues; In Africa there is often only one way for many young lads to escape from poverty and to make their way up the social scale – football. Youngsters want to become stars and to play in a top European league. That is their main aim and they will do anything to achieve it. Let me give you an example: While I was coaching in Ghana I once told my team to be ready for training at three o'clock in the morning. At half past two they were all assembled and ready to go. They want to learn and they want to play for the national team. They know that in their country a national team player is a hero and enjoys a level of prestige that is not comparable to that in Europe. Another positive point for young players in Ghana is that there are many good coaches in the country who help develop the available talent and above all want to let them play. This policy pays off.[7] Today, many Ghanaian youngsters are in G14 Club Academies in Europe.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"African U-17 controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"%","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage"},{"link_name":"fielding those over-age players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afr-u17-03.html"}],"sub_title":"2003 U-17 Qualifiers","text":"On another note, two controversial incidents in Africa has prevented Ghana from adding to their two African U-17 trophies. On 14 February 2003, the Kenya Sports Minister Najib Balala disbanded their National U-17 team, claiming that 40% of the players who eliminated Ghana in the first round had been over-age; he sought to have Ghana re-instated and apologised to FIFA. CAF did not re-instate Ghana, but they did ban Kenya for two years from all CAF's age competition for fielding those over-age players.","title":"African U-17 controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghana played Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/artikel.php?ID=82063"},{"link_name":"CAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football"},{"link_name":"Gambian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia"},{"link_name":"Gambia won their first trophy on that \"goal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070712053943/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/documents/Ghana-GambiaSoccer.wmv"}],"sub_title":"2005 African U-17 Final","text":"On 23 May 2005, Ghana played Gambia in the 2005 edition of the African U-17 Championship final. With the game deadlocked at 0–0, an 11 years old Gambian fan ran from the stands onto the pitch, entered the Ghana goal area and dove into the net, distracting the Ghana goalkeeper Michael Addo in front of all CAF dignitaries, the Gambian President and a sell-out stadium. Gambia scored on that play, Ghana protested, but the controversial goal stood and Gambia won their first trophy on that \"goal\". The \"fan\" was later revealed to be the now U-17 captain, Liam Riley, who was displaying his anger at not being selected for the Gambian squad.","title":"African U-17 controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Osei-Fosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Osei-Fosu"},{"link_name":"2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"}],"text":"Head coach: Ignatius Osei-FosuSquad announced for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup from 6 – 28 April 2017.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup_squads#Ghana"},{"link_name":"2007 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup_squads#_Ghana"},{"link_name":"2005 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship_squads#_Ghana"},{"link_name":"1999 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship_squads#_Ghana"},{"link_name":"1997 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship_squads#_Ghana"},{"link_name":"1995 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship_squads#_Ghana"},{"link_name":"1993 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship_squads#Ghana"},{"link_name":"1991 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship_squads#_Ghana"}],"text":"2017 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana2007 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana2005 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana\n1999 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana\n1997 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana\n1995 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana\n1993 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana\n1991 FIFA under-17 World Cup (squads) – Ghana","title":"Previous squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical Team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitive Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FIFA U-17 World Cup Record","title":"Competitive Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Record","title":"Competitive Record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"penalty kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"penalty kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Africa_U-17_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"penalty kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_national_under-17_football_team"}],"sub_title":"CAF U-16 and U-17 World Cup Qualifiers record","text":"Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.Overall U17 RecordFIFA U-17 World Cup Record by teamDenotes draws including the 1991 & 1999 Semi-Final matches decided on penalty kicks v Qatar (4-2p) & Brazil (2-4p).Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Record by team*Denotes draws including the 2017 Semi-Final match decided on penalty kicks v Niger (6-5p).CAF U-16 and U-17 World Cup Qualifiers record by team","title":"Competitive Record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Africa U-17 Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_U-17_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_African_U-17_Championship"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_African_U-17_Championship"},{"link_name":"Africa U-17 Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_U-17_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_African_U-17_Championship"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Africa_U-17_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Africa U-17 Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_U-17_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_African_U-17_Championship"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_African_U-17_Championship"}],"text":"FIFA U-17 World Cup winners: 21991, 1995FIFA U-17 World Cup runners-up: 21993, 1997FIFA U-17 World Cup third place: 11999Africa U-17 Cup of Nations winners: 21995, 1999Africa U-17 Cup of Nations runners-up: 22005, 2017Africa U-17 Cup of Nations third place: 21997, 2007","title":"Team honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Golden Shoe","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Golden Ball","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ghana U-20 national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_under-20_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ghana U-23 national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"bronze medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics#Bronze_medal_game"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ghana national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"African Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Nii Odartey Lamptey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nii_Odartey_Lamptey"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Gargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Gargo"},{"link_name":"Yaw Preko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw_Preko"},{"link_name":"Daniel Addo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Addo_(footballer,_born_1976)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Kuffour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kuffour"},{"link_name":"Mark Edusei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Edusei"},{"link_name":"Charles Akunnor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Akunnor"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Duah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Duah"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asare"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Gargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Gargo"},{"link_name":"Christian Gyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gyan"},{"link_name":"Awudu Issaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awudu_Issaka"},{"link_name":"Stephen Appiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Appiah"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Bentil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Bentil"},{"link_name":"Daniel Quaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Quaye"},{"link_name":"Laryea Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryea_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Hamza Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_Mohammed"},{"link_name":"Owusu Afriyie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owusu_Afriyie"},{"link_name":"Razak Pimpong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razak_Pimpong"},{"link_name":"Michael Essien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Essien"},{"link_name":"Anthony Obodai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Obodai"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Abdul Razak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Abdul_Razak"},{"link_name":"Ishmael Addo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_Addo"},{"link_name":"Sadat Bukari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadat_Bukari"},{"link_name":"Opoku Agyemang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opoku_Agyemang"},{"link_name":"Razak Salifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razak_Salifu"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Quartey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Quartey"},{"link_name":"Samuel Inkoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Inkoom"},{"link_name":"David Telfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Telfer"},{"link_name":"Mubarak Wakaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubarak_Wakaso"},{"link_name":"Ransford Osei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransford_Osei"},{"link_name":"Daniel Opare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Opare"},{"link_name":"Sadick Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadick_Adams"},{"link_name":"Abeiku Quansah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeiku_Quansah"},{"link_name":"Tetteh Nortey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetteh_Nortey"}],"text":"The following list consist of previous Ghana U-17 national team players who have won or were influential at the FIFA U-17 World Cup with the Ghana U-17 national team or the FIFA U-20 World Cup with the Ghana U-20 national team, and those who were part of the Ghana U-23 national team that won the bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. The list also includes the players who have graduated from the Ghana U-20 national team and gone on to represent the senior Ghana national team at the FIFA World Cup or African Cup of Nations:Nii Odartey Lamptey (1991)\nMohammed Gargo (1991)\nYaw Preko (1991)\nDaniel Addo (1991, 1993)\nSamuel Kuffour (1991, 1993)\nMark Edusei (1991, 1993)\nCharles Akunnor (1993)\nEmmanuel Duah (1991, 1993)\nIsaac Asare (1991)\nMohammed Gargo (1991)\nChristian Gyan (1995)\nAwudu Issaka (1995)\nStephen Appiah (1995)\nEmmanuel Bentil (1995)\nDaniel Quaye (1997)\nLaryea Kingston (1997)\nHamza Mohammed (1997)\nOwusu Afriyie (1997)\nRazak Pimpong (1999)\nMichael Essien (1999)\nAnthony Obodai (1999)\nIbrahim Abdul Razak (1999)\nIshmael Addo (1999)\nSadat Bukari (2005)\nOpoku Agyemang (2005)\nRazak Salifu (2005)\nJonathan Quartey (2005)\nSamuel Inkoom (2005)\nDavid Telfer (2005)\nMubarak Wakaso (2005)\nRansford Osei (2007)\nDaniel Opare (2007)\nSadick Adams (2007)\nAbeiku Quansah (2007)\nTetteh Nortey (2007)","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Blackstarlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ghanafa.org/blackstarlets/200704/1909.asp"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080520113716/http://www.ghanafa.org/blackstarlets/200704/1909.asp"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Starlets L Under 17 Team\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/under_17/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Laryea Kingston appointed Ghana U17 assistant coach\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/laryea-kingston-appointed-ghana-u17-assistant-coach/vbm8bpq"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Starlets leave for New Zealand\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.modernghana.com/news/7893/starlets-leave-for-new-zealand.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Debutante Princesses up for a fight\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fifa.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Superb Young Players\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150608004246/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=71568.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=71568.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Ghana: talented players as far as the eye can see\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20041027213555/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/index/0,1521,9581,00.html?articleid=9581"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=102/edition=3611/news/newsid=71553.html"}],"text":"^ Blackstarlets Archived 20 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.www.ghanafa.org.\n\n^ \"Starlets L Under 17 Team\". www.ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023.\n\n^ \"Laryea Kingston appointed Ghana U17 assistant coach\". 12 December 2022.\n\n^ \"Starlets leave for New Zealand\". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 20 July 2021.\n\n^ \"Debutante Princesses up for a fight\". FIFA. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2021.\n\n^ \"Superb Young Players\". fifa.com. 1 September 2001. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2001.\n\n^ \"Ghana: talented players as far as the eye can see\". fifa.com. 17 September 2004. Archived from the original on 27 October 2004. Retrieved 17 September 2004.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Africa portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soccer_ball.svg"},{"title":"Association football portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Association_football"},{"title":"Ghana national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"title":"Ghana national U23 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_under-23_football_team"},{"title":"Ghana national U20 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_under-20_football_team"}]	[{"reference":"\"Starlets L Under 17 Team\". www.ghanaweb.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/under_17/","url_text":"\"Starlets L Under 17 Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laryea Kingston appointed Ghana U17 assistant coach\". 12 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/laryea-kingston-appointed-ghana-u17-assistant-coach/vbm8bpq","url_text":"\"Laryea Kingston appointed Ghana U17 assistant coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Starlets leave for New Zealand\". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modernghana.com/news/7893/starlets-leave-for-new-zealand.html","url_text":"\"Starlets leave for New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Debutante Princesses up for a fight\". FIFA. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://fifa.com/","url_text":"\"Debutante Princesses up for a fight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superb Young Players\". fifa.com. 1 September 2001. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150608004246/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=71568.html","url_text":"\"Superb Young Players\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=71568.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ghana: talented players as far as the eye can see\". fifa.com. 17 September 2004. Archived from the original on 27 October 2004. Retrieved 17 September 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041027213555/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/index/0,1521,9581,00.html?articleid=9581","url_text":"\"Ghana: talented players as far as the eye can see\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=102/edition=3611/news/newsid=71553.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html","external_links_name":"1991"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html","external_links_name":"Daniel Addo in 1993"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html","external_links_name":"won"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040817132953/http://www.fifa.com/en/development/technical/index/0,1250,9630,00.html?articleid=9630","external_links_name":"once remarked to FIFA Magazine that \"Ghana has superb young players\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afr-u17-03.html","external_links_name":"fielding those over-age players"},{"Link":"http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/artikel.php?ID=82063","external_links_name":"Ghana played Gambia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070712053943/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/documents/Ghana-GambiaSoccer.wmv","external_links_name":"Gambia won their first trophy on that \"goal\""},{"Link":"http://www.ghanafa.org/blackstarlets/200704/1909.asp","external_links_name":"Blackstarlets"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080520113716/http://www.ghanafa.org/blackstarlets/200704/1909.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/under_17/","external_links_name":"\"Starlets L Under 17 Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/laryea-kingston-appointed-ghana-u17-assistant-coach/vbm8bpq","external_links_name":"\"Laryea Kingston appointed Ghana U17 assistant coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.modernghana.com/news/7893/starlets-leave-for-new-zealand.html","external_links_name":"\"Starlets leave for New Zealand\""},{"Link":"https://fifa.com/","external_links_name":"\"Debutante Princesses up for a fight\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150608004246/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=71568.html","external_links_name":"\"Superb Young Players\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=71568.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041027213555/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/index/0,1521,9581,00.html?articleid=9581","external_links_name":"\"Ghana: talented players as far as the eye can see\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=102/edition=3611/news/newsid=71553.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070621035459/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/teams/team=1882397/index.html","external_links_name":"2007 U17 World Cup Tournament Page"},{"Link":"http://www.ghanafa.org/","external_links_name":"Ghana Football Association"},{"Link":"http://www.ghanaleague.com/","external_links_name":"Ghana Premier League website"},{"Link":"http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/","external_links_name":"Ghanaweb Sports Page"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesw/wyc16hist.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF Archive of all FIFA U17 Matches"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afr-u17.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF Archive of all African U17 Matches"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070712053943/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/documents/Ghana-GambiaSoccer.wmv","external_links_name":"2005 African U17 Final Controversy"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lydda_and_Ramla	Diocese of Lydda	["1 History","2 Latin Crusader bishopric","3 Titular Latin bishopric","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 31°57′7″N 34°53′17″E / 31.95194°N 34.88806°E / 31.95194; 34.88806Roman Catholic titular see St Georges Church, Lod Diocese of Lydda (Lod) is one of the oldest bishoprics of the early Christian Church in the Holy Land. Suppressed under Persian and Arab-Islamic rule, it was revived by the Crusaders and remains a Latin Catholic titular see. History In early Christian times, Lydda was a prosperous Jewish town located on the intersection of the North – South and Egypt to Babylon roads. According to the Bible, Lod was founded by Semed of the Israelite Tribe of Benjamin; Some of its inhabitants were led into Babylonian exile, part of them returned, but by mid second century, the king of Syria gave it to the Maccabees, who kept control until the arrival of Roman conqueror Pompei in Judea. Flavius Josephus confirms Julius Caesar gave it in 48 BC to the Hebrews, but Cassius sold the population in 44 BC, Mark Antony released them two years later. The city saw Roman civil wars and Hebrew revolts in the first century, was officially renamed Diospolis, but remained known as Lod or Lydda. Christians established themselves there after Saint Peter preached there and cured the paralytic Eneas. A church was built when Saint Peter visited the city between 31–36AD. By 120 AD most of the inhabitants were Christian. The episcopal see was established by the first Byzantine emperor Constantin the Great, as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Caesarea in Palestina, in the sway of the original Patriarchate of Jerusalem. In December 415, the Council of Diospolis was held in the bishopric to try British monk Pelagius; he was acquitted but his heresy Pelagianism condemned. The earliest historically recorded bishop is Aëtius, a friend of Arius. Lithograph of Lod by David Roberts, 1839 The city was renamed Georgiopolis after local martyr St George, patron saint of England, who was born Lod and buried on the site of the basilica of Georgius, first mentioned about 530 by pilgrim Theodosius. It suffered gravely under pagan Persian border incursions and faded at the advent of Arab Muslims. Byzantine Suffragan Bishops of Lydda/ Diopolis/ Georgiopolis (according to tradition) Zenas the Lawyer Aëtius, a friend of Arius (fl. 325 - death before 335) Dionysius (fl. 381 - death before 415) Photinus (fl. 449 - 451) Apollonius (fl. 518) Eustatius Latin Crusader bishopric In 1099, during the triumphant First Crusade (1096–1099), Lydda and Arab neighbour town Ramla were assigned to Robert, a Norman known after his natal diocese Rouen (in Normandy, France, where conquering Vikings were christianized only a few generations). This briefly created the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lydda and Ramla. The crusaders seized Ramla without fight on 3 June 1099, because the Muslim garrison had left the town before their arrival. Located at the crossing of two roads, Ramla was a strategically important fortress. The nearby Lydda was the most important shrine of the warrior saint, Saint George. The crusaders held an assembly and decided to establish a bishopric in the town. Robert was installed as virtual prince-bishop, wielding temporal feudal power as well as religious jurisdiction, obliged to supply a cavalry contingent to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1110 civil jurisdiction over Ramla was split off as a separate Lordship of Ramla, vested in Baldwin. Saint George's church was burned by Muslims in 1099, but rebuild larger, shifted to the northeast, in the 12th century by the Crusaders as Latin cathedral, but again destroyed by Saracens in 1191, in the fight against English crusader king Richard Lionheart, the patron saint of both knighthood and England being of great significance to his troops. Latin Suffragan Bishops of Lydda Robert of Rouen c 1099 Roger fl. 1110 (Catholic) Constantinus (fl. 1154–1160) Reinier = Ranierus (fl. 1164 - death 1169) Bernard(us) of Lydda (1168?69–1174?90) Unknown Bishop of Lydda who spoke to king Richard I Lionheart in 1192. Isias (Eastern Orthodox bishop) fl.1202. Pelagius (? - 27 May 1227), next Bishop of Salamanca (Spain) Radulphus = Ralph I (mentioned in 1232) Ralph of Lydda = Radulfo II † (fl 1238 - 1244) Arnaldus (fl. 1250–1253) William (? - 8 May 1263), next bishop of Agen (France) John Bishop of Lydda (before 1267 - after 1271) Godfrey (in 1286), ?Franciscan. Titular Latin bishopric Bishop John Monaghan Lawrence Shehan Bp William Shomali Dom Grammont As the Crusader kingdom fell to Saladin, Lydda was truly in partibus infidelium. From the 15th century, it was a Latin titular bishopric both under the names Lydda and Diospolis in Palaestina, with a messy proliferation of titular incumbents the next century with up to eleven titular bishops 'on' the see of Lydda. Titular Bishops of Lydda/ Diospolis Benedikt Sibenhirter, (20 Nov 1452 – 10 May 1458) Thomas Lydensis (fl. 1495) Nicolaus de Braciano, (29 April 1504 – 1509) Hermanus Nigenbroch, (7 Nov 1509 – 1511) Petrus Antonii (18 July 1511 – 1515) Heinrich von Hattingen (10 Dec 1515 - 1519) Giovanni Brainfort (26 Feb 1517 - 1521) Thomas Bele (7 June 1521 – 1524) Pompeo Musacchi (11 May 1524 – ) Marcus Teggingeri (10 Dec 1568 – ) Georges Scultetus (3 March 1603 -1613) Franz Weinhart (26 Feb 1663 – 22 June 1686) Francisco Varo (5 Feb 1687 – did not take effect) Giovanni Battista Bruni, (5 August 1765 – 21 Sep 1771) Johann Baptist Joseph Gobel (27 Jan 1772 – 7 Nov 1793, resigned) Anselmo Basilici (19 Dec 1814 – 25 May 1818) Francesco Pichi (25 May 1818 – 21 May 1827) Robert Gradwell (17 June 1828 – 15 March 1833) Henri Monnier (23 Feb 1872 – 28 Nov 1916) Bernard Nicholas Ward (22 March 1917 – 20 July 1917) Patrice Alexandre Chiasson (27 Jul 1917 – 9 Sep 1920) Michele Cerrati (15 Sep 1920 – 21 Feb 1925) John James Joseph Monaghan (10 July 1925 – 7 Jan 1935) William Richard Griffin (9 March 1935 – 18 March 1944) Girolamo Bartolomeo Bortignon (4 April 1944 – 9 Sep 1945) Lawrence Joseph Shehan (17 Nov 1945 – 25 August 1953) Frédéric Duc (11 Jan 1954 – 10 Dec 1970) Marcelino Sérgio Bicego (6 August 1971 – 26 May 1978) Jean-Baptiste Gourion, (14 August 2003 – 23 June 2005) William Hanna Shomali (31 March 2010 - ...) See also Catholic dioceses in the Holy Land and Cyprus Diospolis (disambiguation) for namesakes, including three titular bishoprics (in Egypt and Thrace) References ^ Book of Acts, 9:32-35. ^ Michel Le Quien, Oriens christianus, page 872. ^ Patrum Nicaenorum nomina p13. ^ Richard Price, Michael Gaddis, The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, Volume 1 (Liverpool University Press, 2005) p360. ^ a b c d e Hamilton, Bernard (2016). The Latin Church in the Crusader States. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 9780860780724. ^ Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 9-78-0-415-39312-6. ^ Dr Marwan Nader, Burgesses and Burgess Law in the Latin Kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus (1099–1325), p. 132. ^ Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 2, L-Z (excluding Tyre) (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 11. ^ Malcolm Barber, The Crusader States (Yale University Press, 2012) ^ Kenneth Meyer Setton, Robert Lee Wolff, Harry W. Hazard, A History of the Crusades, Volume 2 (Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1969) p 536 ^ "Titular See of Lydda, Israel". ^ The bishop of Lydda Consecration at Westminster cathedral Archived 2016-07-04 at the Wayback Machine The Tablet Page 14 ^ David M. Cheney, 1996–2016 Catholic hierarchy 31°57′7″N 34°53′17″E / 31.95194°N 34.88806°E / 31.95194; 34.88806 External links GCatholic - (former and) titular see Sabino De Sandoli, Corpus Inscriptionum Crucesignatorum Terrae Sanctae, Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, 1974. Le Quien, Michel (1740). Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus tertius, Ecclesiam Maronitarum, Patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum, & quotquot fuerunt Ritûs Latini tam Patriarchæ quàm inferiores Præsules in quatuor Patriarchatibus & in Oriente universo, complectens (in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. cols. 581-8, 1271-6. OCLC 955922748. Charles D. Du Cange, Nicolas Rodolphe Taranne; Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey, Les familles d'outre-mer, Paris, Imprimerie Impériale, 1869, pp. 799-802. Hans Eberhard Mayer, The Origins of the Lordships of Ramla and Lydda in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, in Speculum, vol. 60, nº 3, July 1985, pp. 537-552. Bruno Figliuolo, Chiesa e feudalità nei principati latini d'Oriente durante il XII secolo, in Pietro Zerbi (editor), Chiesa e mondo feudale nei secoli X-XII: atti della dodicesima settimana internazionale di studio Mendola, 24-28 agosto 1992, Vita e Pensiero, 1995, pp. 375-410, ISBN 978-88-343-1241-4. Victor Guérin, Chapitre III - Loudd, in Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine: Judée, Imprimerie impériale, 1868, pp. 322-334. Emil Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, J. C. Hinrichs, 1909, I e II, passim. Fulcran Vigouroux, Dictionnaire de la Bible, Parigi, Letouzey et Ané, 1895-1912. Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica, vol. 38, pp. 195-197 Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 453 Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1, p. 305; vol. 2, p. 144 e 177; vol. 3, pp. 225 e 344; vol. 4, p. 221; vol. 5, p. 251; vol. 6, p. 270	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Georges_Church_Lydda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod"},{"link_name":"Lod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod"},{"link_name":"bishoprics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric"},{"link_name":"early Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"}],"text":"Roman Catholic titular seeSt Georges Church, LodDiocese of Lydda (Lod) is one of the oldest bishoprics of the early Christian Church in the Holy Land. Suppressed under Persian and Arab-Islamic rule, it was revived by the Crusaders and remains a Latin Catholic titular see.","title":"Diocese of Lydda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"early Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Maccabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabees"},{"link_name":"Pompei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompei"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"Flavius Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Josephus"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Cassius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Caesarea in Palestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Caesarea_in_Palestina"},{"link_name":"Patriarchate of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem#History"},{"link_name":"Council of Diospolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Diospolis"},{"link_name":"bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric"},{"link_name":"Pelagius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagius_(British_monk)"},{"link_name":"Pelagianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianism"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Aëtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%C3%ABtius_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St.Georg_Lydda.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)"},{"link_name":"St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"Zenas the Lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Aëtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%C3%ABtius_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In early Christian times, Lydda was a prosperous Jewish town[citation needed] located on the intersection of the North – South and Egypt to Babylon roads.According to the Bible, Lod was founded by Semed of the Israelite Tribe of Benjamin; Some of its inhabitants were led into Babylonian exile, part of them returned, but by mid second century, the king of Syria gave it to the Maccabees, who kept control until the arrival of Roman conqueror Pompei in Judea. Flavius Josephus confirms Julius Caesar gave it in 48 BC to the Hebrews, but Cassius sold the population in 44 BC, Mark Antony released them two years later. The city saw Roman civil wars and Hebrew revolts in the first century, was officially renamed Diospolis, but remained known as Lod or Lydda.Christians established themselves there after Saint Peter preached there and cured the paralytic Eneas. A church was built when Saint Peter visited the city between 31–36AD.[1] By 120 AD most of the inhabitants were Christian. The episcopal see was established by the first Byzantine emperor Constantin the Great, as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Caesarea in Palestina, in the sway of the original Patriarchate of Jerusalem. In December 415, the Council of Diospolis was held in the bishopric to try British monk Pelagius; he was acquitted but his heresy Pelagianism condemned. The earliest historically recorded bishop is Aëtius, a friend of Arius.Lithograph of Lod by David Roberts, 1839The city was renamed Georgiopolis after local martyr St George, patron saint of England, who was born Lod and buried on the site of the basilica of Georgius, first mentioned about 530 by pilgrim Theodosius.It suffered gravely under pagan Persian border incursions and faded at the advent of Arab Muslims.Byzantine Suffragan Bishops of Lydda/ Diopolis/ Georgiopolis(according to tradition) Zenas the Lawyer \nAëtius, a friend of Arius (fl. 325 - death before 335) [2][3]\nDionysius (fl. 381 - death before 415)\nPhotinus (fl. 449 - 451) [4]\nApollonius (fl. 518)\nEustatius","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton16-5"},{"link_name":"Ramla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramla"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton16-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton16-5"},{"link_name":"Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton16-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton16-5"},{"link_name":"prince-bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-bishop"},{"link_name":"Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Lordship of Ramla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Ramla"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"Robert of Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert,_Bishop_of_Lydda_and_Ramla"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger,_Bishop_of_Lydda_and_Ramla"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Richard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"fl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Agen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Agen"}],"text":"In 1099, during the triumphant First Crusade (1096–1099), Lydda and Arab neighbour town Ramla were assigned to Robert, a Norman known after his natal diocese Rouen (in Normandy, France, where conquering Vikings were christianized only a few generations).[5] This briefly created the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lydda and Ramla. The crusaders seized Ramla without fight on 3 June 1099, because the Muslim garrison had left the town before their arrival.[6][5] Located at the crossing of two roads, Ramla was a strategically important fortress.[5] The nearby Lydda was the most important shrine of the warrior saint, Saint George.[5] The crusaders held an assembly and decided to establish a bishopric in the town.[5]Robert was installed as virtual prince-bishop, wielding temporal feudal power as well as religious jurisdiction, obliged to supply a cavalry contingent to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.In 1110 civil jurisdiction over Ramla was split off as a separate Lordship of Ramla, vested in Baldwin.Saint George's church was burned by Muslims in 1099, but rebuild larger, shifted to the northeast, in the 12th century by the Crusaders as Latin cathedral, but again destroyed by Saracens in 1191, in the fight against English crusader king Richard Lionheart, the patron saint of both knighthood and England being of great significance to his troops.Latin Suffragan Bishops of LyddaRobert of Rouen c 1099[7][8]\nRoger fl. 1110 (Catholic)\nConstantinus (fl. 1154–1160)\nReinier = Ranierus (fl. 1164 - death 1169)\nBernard(us) of Lydda (1168?69–1174?90)[9]\nUnknown Bishop of Lydda who spoke to king Richard I Lionheart in 1192.\n Isias (Eastern Orthodox bishop) fl.1202.\nPelagius (? - 27 May 1227), next Bishop of Salamanca (Spain)\nRadulphus = Ralph I (mentioned in 1232)\nRalph of Lydda = Radulfo II † (fl 1238 - 1244) [10]\nArnaldus (fl. 1250–1253)\nWilliam (? - 8 May 1263), next bishop of Agen (France)\nJohn Bishop of Lydda (before 1267 - after 1271)\nGodfrey (in 1286), ?Franciscan.","title":"Latin Crusader bishopric"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishop_John_James_Joseph_Monaghan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LawrenceShehan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BpWilliamShomali.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dom_Grammont_%C3%A9glise.jpg"},{"link_name":"in partibus infidelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_partibus_infidelium"},{"link_name":"titular bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishopric"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Francesco Pichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Pichi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Gradwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gradwell"},{"link_name":"Bernard Nicholas Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Nicholas_Ward"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John James Joseph Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Joseph_Monaghan"},{"link_name":"William Richard Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Richard_Griffi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Joseph Shehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Joseph_Shehan"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Duc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcelino Sérgio Bicego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelino_S%C3%A9rgio_Bicego&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Gourion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Gourion"},{"link_name":"William Hanna Shomali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hanna_Shomali"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Bishop John MonaghanLawrence ShehanBp William ShomaliDom GrammontAs the Crusader kingdom fell to Saladin, Lydda was truly in partibus infidelium. From the 15th century, it was a Latin titular bishopric both under the names Lydda and Diospolis in Palaestina, with a messy proliferation of titular incumbents the next century with up to eleven titular bishops 'on' the see of Lydda.Titular Bishops of Lydda/ DiospolisBenedikt Sibenhirter, (20 Nov 1452 – 10 May 1458)[11]\nThomas Lydensis (fl. 1495)\nNicolaus de Braciano, (29 April 1504 – 1509)\nHermanus Nigenbroch, (7 Nov 1509 – 1511)\nPetrus Antonii (18 July 1511 – 1515)\nHeinrich von Hattingen (10 Dec 1515 - 1519)\nGiovanni Brainfort (26 Feb 1517 - 1521)\nThomas Bele (7 June 1521 – 1524)\nPompeo Musacchi (11 May 1524 – )\nMarcus Teggingeri (10 Dec 1568 – )\nGeorges Scultetus (3 March 1603 -1613)\nFranz Weinhart (26 Feb 1663 – 22 June 1686)\nFrancisco Varo (5 Feb 1687 – did not take effect)\nGiovanni Battista Bruni, (5 August 1765 – 21 Sep 1771)\nJohann Baptist Joseph Gobel (27 Jan 1772 – 7 Nov 1793, resigned)\nAnselmo Basilici (19 Dec 1814 – 25 May 1818)\nFrancesco Pichi (25 May 1818 – 21 May 1827)\nRobert Gradwell (17 June 1828 – 15 March 1833)\nHenri Monnier (23 Feb 1872 – 28 Nov 1916)\nBernard Nicholas Ward[12] (22 March 1917 – 20 July 1917)\nPatrice Alexandre Chiasson (27 Jul 1917 – 9 Sep 1920)\nMichele Cerrati (15 Sep 1920 – 21 Feb 1925)\nJohn James Joseph Monaghan (10 July 1925 – 7 Jan 1935)\nWilliam Richard Griffin (9 March 1935 – 18 March 1944)\nGirolamo Bartolomeo Bortignon (4 April 1944 – 9 Sep 1945)\nLawrence Joseph Shehan (17 Nov 1945 – 25 August 1953)\nFrédéric Duc (11 Jan 1954 – 10 Dec 1970)\nMarcelino Sérgio Bicego (6 August 1971 – 26 May 1978)\nJean-Baptiste Gourion, (14 August 2003 – 23 June 2005)\nWilliam Hanna Shomali (31 March 2010 - ...)[13]","title":"Titular Latin bishopric"}]	[{"image_text":"St Georges Church, Lod","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/St_Georges_Church_Lydda.jpg/220px-St_Georges_Church_Lydda.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lithograph of Lod by David Roberts, 1839","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/St.Georg_Lydda.jpg/220px-St.Georg_Lydda.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bishop John Monaghan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bishop_John_James_Joseph_Monaghan.jpg/220px-Bishop_John_James_Joseph_Monaghan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lawrence Shehan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LawrenceShehan.jpg/220px-LawrenceShehan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bp William Shomali","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BpWilliamShomali.jpg/220px-BpWilliamShomali.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dom Grammont","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dom_Grammont_%C3%A9glise.jpg/220px-Dom_Grammont_%C3%A9glise.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Catholic dioceses in the Holy Land and Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_dioceses_in_the_Holy_Land_and_Cyprus"},{"title":"Diospolis (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospolis_(disambiguation)"}]	[{"reference":"Hamilton, Bernard (2016). The Latin Church in the Crusader States. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 9780860780724.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860780724","url_text":"9780860780724"}]},{"reference":"Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 9-78-0-415-39312-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-39312-6","url_text":"9-78-0-415-39312-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Titular See of Lydda, Israel\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1021.htm","url_text":"\"Titular See of Lydda, Israel\""}]},{"reference":"Le Quien, Michel (1740). Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus tertius, Ecclesiam Maronitarum, Patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum, & quotquot fuerunt Ritûs Latini tam Patriarchæ quàm inferiores Præsules in quatuor Patriarchatibus & in Oriente universo, complectens (in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. cols. 581-8, 1271-6. OCLC 955922748.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Le_Quien","url_text":"Le Quien, Michel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAJhAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus tertius, Ecclesiam Maronitarum, Patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum, & quotquot fuerunt Ritûs Latini tam Patriarchæ quàm inferiores Præsules in quatuor Patriarchatibus & in Oriente universo, complectens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/955922748","url_text":"955922748"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diocese_of_Lydda&params=31_57_7_N_34_53_17_E_region:IL","external_links_name":"31°57′7″N 34°53′17″E / 31.95194°N 34.88806°E / 31.95194; 34.88806"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=86weAemI-e4C&q=Lydda","external_links_name":"page 872"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jDxoAAAAMAAJ&q=Lydda","external_links_name":"p13"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6IUaOOT1G3UC&pg=PA360","external_links_name":"The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, Volume 1"},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1021.htm","external_links_name":"\"Titular See of Lydda, Israel\""},{"Link":"http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/14th-april-1917/14/the-bishop-of-lydda-consecration-at-westminster-ca","external_links_name":"The bishop of Lydda Consecration at Westminster cathedral"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160704215551/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/14th-april-1917/14/the-bishop-of-lydda-consecration-at-westminster-ca","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diocese_of_Lydda&params=31_57_7_N_34_53_17_E_region:IL","external_links_name":"31°57′7″N 34°53′17″E / 31.95194°N 34.88806°E / 31.95194; 34.88806"},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1021.htm","external_links_name":"GCatholic - (former and) titular see"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAJhAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus tertius, Ecclesiam Maronitarum, Patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum, & quotquot fuerunt Ritûs Latini tam Patriarchæ quàm inferiores Præsules in quatuor Patriarchatibus & in Oriente universo, complectens"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/955922748","external_links_name":"955922748"}]

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