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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council_elections	London County Council elections	[]	The London County Council was elected every three years in peacetime from 1889 until 1961. 1889 London County Council election 1892 London County Council election 1895 London County Council election 1898 London County Council election 1901 London County Council election 1904 London County Council election 1907 London County Council election 1910 London County Council election 1913 London County Council election 1919 London County Council election 1922 London County Council election 1925 London County Council election 1928 London County Council election 1931 London County Council election 1934 London County Council election 1937 London County Council election 1946 London County Council election 1949 London County Council election 1952 London County Council election 1955 London County Council election 1958 London County Council election 1961 London County Council election vteLondon County CouncilElections 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 Members Chairmen Members 1889-1919 Members 1919-1937 Members 1937-1949 Members 1949-1965 Constituencies (1889–1919) Battersea Bermondsey Bethnal Green North East Bethnal Green South West Bow and Bromley Brixton Camberwell North Chelsea City of London Clapham Deptford Dulwich Finsbury Central Finsbury East Fulham Greenwich Hackney Central Hackney North Hackney South Haggerston Hammersmith Hampstead Holborn Hoxton Islington East Islington North Islington South Islington West Kennington Kensington North Kensington South Lambeth North Lewisham Limehouse Marylebone East Marylebone West Mile End Newington West Norwood Paddington North Paddington South Peckham Poplar Rotherhithe St George's Hanover Square St George St Pancras East St Pancras North St Pancras South St Pancras West Southwark West Stepney Strand Walworth Wandsworth Westminster Whitechapel Woolwich Constituencies (1919–1949) Balham and Tooting Battersea North Battersea South Bermondsey West Bethnal Green North East Bethnal Green South West Bow and Bromley Brixton Camberwell North Camberwell North West Chelsea City of London Clapham Deptford Dulwich Finsbury Fulham East Fulham West Greenwich Hackney Central Hackney North Hackney South Hammersmith North Hammersmith South Hampstead Holborn Islington East Islington North Islington South Islington West Kennington Kensington North Kensington South Lambeth North Lewisham East Lewisham West Limehouse Mile End Norwood Paddington North Paddington South Peckham Poplar South Putney Rotherhithe St Marylebone St Pancras North St Pancras South East St Pancras South West Shoreditch Southwark Central Southwark North Southwark South East Stoke Newington Streatham Wandsworth Central Westminster Abbey Westminster St George's Whitechapel and St George's Woolwich East Woolwich West Constituencies (1949–1964) Barons Court (1955–1964) Battersea North Battersea South Bermondsey Bethnal Green Brixton Chelsea Cities of London and Westminster Clapham Deptford Dulwich Fulham (1955–1965) Fulham East (1949–1955) Fulham West (1949–1955) Greenwich Hackney Central (1955–1964) Hackney South (1949–1955) Hammersmith North Hammersmith South (1949–1955) Hampstead Holborn and St Pancras South Islington East Islington North Islington South West Kensington North Kensington South Lewisham North Lewisham South Lewisham West Norwood Paddington North Paddington South Peckham Poplar Putney St Marylebone St Pancras North Shoreditch and Finsbury Southwark Stepney Stoke Newington and Hackney North Streatham Vauxhall Wandsworth Central Woolwich East Woolwich West Other topics Tramways Coat of Arms County Hall	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1889 London County Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889_London_County_Council_election"},{"link_name":"1892 London County Council 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East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington_East_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islington North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington_North_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islington South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington_South_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islington West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington_West_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennington_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kensington North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_North_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Kensington South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_South_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Lambeth North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_North_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Lewisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Limehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Marylebone East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_East_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Marylebone West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_West_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Mile End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_End_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Newington West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington_West_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Paddington 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London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Clapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Deptford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deptford_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dulwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Finsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Fulham East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_East_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Fulham West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_West_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_(London_County_Council_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Hackney 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election\n1922 London County Council election\n1925 London County Council election\n1928 London County Council election\n1931 London County Council election\n1934 London County Council election\n1937 London County Council election\n1946 London County Council election\n1949 London County Council election\n1952 London County Council election\n1955 London County Council election\n1958 London County Council election\n1961 London County Council electionvteLondon County CouncilElections\n1889\n1892\n1895\n1898\n1901\n1904\n1907\n1910\n1913\n1919\n1922\n1925\n1928\n1931\n1934\n1937\n1946\n1949\n1952\n1955\n1958\n1961\nMembers\nChairmen\nMembers 1889-1919\nMembers 1919-1937\nMembers 1937-1949\nMembers 1949-1965\nConstituencies (1889–1919)\nBattersea\nBermondsey\nBethnal Green North East\nBethnal Green South West\nBow and Bromley\nBrixton\nCamberwell North\nChelsea\nCity of London\nClapham\nDeptford\nDulwich\nFinsbury Central\nFinsbury East\nFulham\nGreenwich\nHackney Central\nHackney 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doru_Viorel_Ursu	Doru-Viorel Ursu	["1 Biography","2 References"]	Romanian politician and lawyer (1953–2024) Doru-Viorel Ursu (1 March 1953 – 14 April 2024) was a Romanian politician and lawyer. A member of the National Salvation Front (FSN), he was Minister of the Interior in the Petre Roman cabinets, carrying his mandate between the Mineriads of 1990 and 1991. Biography Born in Turnu Severin, Ursu graduated from the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Law, and later received his PhD from the same institution. He worked for the Bucharest Military Tribunal, serving as its vice president and, later, its president. Following the 1989 Revolution, he became Minister of the Interior on 16 June 1990, when his predecessor, General Mihai Chițac, was relieved from office. This came in the wake of the June 1990 Mineriad, when miners from the Jiu Valley repressed the civic protest in Bucharest's University Square (known as the Golaniad). Ursu's alleged involvement in the events remains the topic of controversy, and his name repeatedly surfaced among those accused of covering up the actual death-toll and overall scale of violence. In 2003, Ziua newspaper reported that Ursu had authored an official account of the events in which he acknowledged that the miners had been transported to Bucharest with assistance from the authorities, that Chițac had ordered troops to offer the miners their full support and to open fire on demonstrators, and that as many as 1,200 protesters had been arrested. Official data authored by Ursu and Prosecutor-General Gheorghe Robu, released soon after the events, accounted for 185 people arrested. Ursu lost his position after the Roman government was deposed by the new September 1991 Mineriad, but was appointed Undersecretary of State at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Theodor Stolojan cabinet, and later Secretary of State, head of the Department for Local Public Administration. In 1992, Ursu rallied with the opposition party formed around the pro-Roman faction of the FSN — known after 1993 under as the Democratic Party (PD) —, and won a seat in the Chamber of Deputies for Argeș County during the election of that year. Subsequently, he served on the Committee for Public Administration, Territorial Improvement and Environmental Balance, and on the Permanent Committee of the Chamber and Senate for Exercising Parliamentary Control over the Activity of the Romanian Intelligence Service (SRI). He left the PD in March 1995, and carried out his mandate as an independent. In April 2005, the Association of Mineriad Victims argued that it had gathered enough evidence to incriminate Ursu, together with former President Ion Iliescu and former Premier Petre Roman, for having organized and profited from the June 1990 events (replying on this issue, Roman argued that his cabinet had itself been targeted by the miners). The Association's president, Viorel Ene, specifically accused Ursu and, among others, the SRI's Virgil Măgureanu, General Pavel Abraham, and Counter Admiral Cico Dumitrescu, of having overseen the transport of protesters arrested in downtown Bucharest to military facilities around the capital, an illegal measure which, reportedly, also resulted in a widespread incidence of beatings and the murder of several prisoners. During the 2004–05 season, Doru-Viorel Ursu served as President of the Romanian Football Federation's Disciplinary Commission; he resigned in May 2005, citing irregularities in procedures (according to Ursu, sanctions for misconduct prescribed for local soccer clubs were regularly below standards imposed by FIFA). Ursu died on 14 April 2024, at the age of 71. References ^ a b c d e f (in Romanian) Profile at the Chamber of Deputies site ^ (in Romanian) First Roman cabinet, at the Rompres site ^ a b c Traian Ungureanu, "Dosar: mineriada" ("Dossier: the Mineriad") Archived 28 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, in 22, Nr.797, June 2005 ^ (in Romanian) Răzvan Savaliuc, "Diversiunile lui Chiţac" ("Chiţac's Diversions") Archived 10 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, in Ziua, 13 June 2003 ^ (in Romanian) Gabriela Gheorghe, Adelina Huminic, "Istoria mineriadelor din anii 1990-1991" ("The History of the 1990-1991 Mineriads") Archived 31 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, in Sfera Politicii ^ a b (in Romanian) "Petre Roman- audiat în dosarul mineriadei" ("Petre Roman - Cited in the Mineriad Dossier"), at BBC Romanian edition, 20 April 2005 ^ "Doru Viorel Ursu a demisionat de la conducerea Comisiei de Disciplină a FRF" ("Doru Viorel Ursu Has Resigned from the Leadership of the Romanian Football Federation's Disciplinary Commission"), in Adevărul, 17 May 2005 (hosted by kappa.ro) ^ Serban, Teodor (14 April 2024). "Doru Viorel Ursu l-a judecat pe Nicu Ceaușescu. Câți ani de închisoare i-a dat în primă instanță" (in Romanian). Ziare. Retrieved 14 April 2024. vteInterior Ministers of RomaniaUnited PrincipalitiesPrincipality of Romania B. Catargiu Arsache Crețulescu Kogălniceanu Bosianu Florescu D. Ghica L. Catargiu I. Ghica I. C. Brătianu Ș. Golescu A. Arion A. Golescu Epureanu Vernescu C. A. Rosetti Stolojan Teriachiu Stătescu Kingdom of Romania Chițu Mihai Nacu T. Rosetti Știrbei Manu Fleva Sturdza Lascăr Pherekyde Cantacuzino Olănescu Aurelian Pallade Haret I. I. C. Brătianu Marghiloman C. Arion T. Ionescu Morțun Constantinescu Sărățeanu Văitoianu Mârzescu Averescu Vlad Lupu Argetoianu Cămărășescu Goga Știrbey Duca Vaida-Voevod Popovici Mihalache Iorga Mironescu Inculeț Iuca Tătărescu Franasovici Călinescu Marinescu Ottescu Ghelmegeanu David Popescu Petrovicescu Dumitru Popescu Aldea Penescu Sănătescu Rădescu Georgescu Socialist Republic Georgescu Drăghici Ștefan Drăghici Onescu Stănescu Bobu Coman Homoștean Postelnicu Romania since 1989 Chițac Ursu Babiuc Dănescu Tărăcilă Dejeu C. Ionescu Rus Săniuță Blaga David Oprea Dragnea Nica Blaga Igaș Berca Rus Dușa Stroe Oprea Tobă Tudorache Dan Moga Vela Bode vteFirst Petre Roman cabinet (26 December 1989 – 28 June 1990)Prime Minister Petre Roman Deputy Prime Ministers Gelu Voican Voiculescu Mihai Drăgănescu Ion Aurel Stoica Anton Vătăşescu Ministers of State Petru Pepelea Mihail Victor Buracu Costică Bădescu Ovidiu Adrian Moţiu Ministers Teofil Pop (Justice) Nicolae Militaru/Victor Stănculescu (Defense) Andrei Pleșu (Culture) Nicolae Ştefan (Agriculture and Food Industry) Sergiu Celac (Foreign Affairs) Mihai Chițac/Doru-Viorel Ursu (Interior) Mihai Şora (Education) Simion Hâncu (Environment) Alexandru Dimitriu (Constructions) Mihnea Marmeliuc (Labor) Corneliu Burada (Transport) Dan Enăchescu (Health) Stelian Pintilie (Posts and Telecommunications) Victor Stănculescu (National Economy) Adrian Georgescu (Electric Energy) Gheorghe Caranfil (Chemical and Petrochemical Industry) Anton Vătăşescu (Electrotechnics, Electronics and Informatics) Victor Murea (Oil Industry) Ioan Cheşa (Metallurgical Industry) Constantin Popescu (Light Industry) Ioan Aurel Stoica (Motor Industry) Ioan Folea (Geology) Nicolae Dicu (Mines) Ion Râmbu (Woodworking Industry) Nicolae M. Nicolae (Foreign Trade) Mihail Lupoi (Tourism) Nicolae Stoicescu (Religious Affairs) Mircea Angelescu (Sports) vteSecond Petre Roman cabinet (28 June 1990–30 April 1991)Prime Minister Petre Roman Minister of State Anton Vătăşescu (Co-ordinating Industrial and Commercial Activity) Eugen Dijmărescu (Co-ordinating Economic Orientation) Ion Aurel Stoica/Dan Mircea Popescu (Co-ordinating Quality of Life) Ministers Victor Babiuc (Justice) Theodor Stolojan (Finance) Victor Athanasie Stănculescu (Defense) Andrei Pleșu (Culture and Arts) Ioan Ţipu (Agriculture) Adrian Năstase (Foreign Affairs) Eugen Dijmărescu (Economy) Doru Pană (Public Works) Doru-Viorel Ursu (Interior) Gheorghe Ştefan (Education) Valeriu Eugen Pop (Environment) Cătălin Zamfir (Labor) Traian Băsescu (Transport) Bogdan Marinescu (Health) Andrei Chirică (Communication) Mihai Zisu (Resources and Industry) Constantin Fota (Commerce and Tourism) Bogdan Niculescu-Duvăz (Youth and Sport) FSN minister Independent minister vteThird Petre Roman cabinet (30 April 1991–16 October 1991)Prime Minister Petre Roman/ Theodor Stolojan Minister of State Dan Mircea Popescu (Co-ordinating Quality of Life) Ministers Victor Babiuc (Justice) Niculae Spiroiu (Defense) Andrei Pleșu (Culture and Arts) Ioan Ţipu (Agriculture) Adrian Năstase (Foreign Affairs) Eugen Dijmărescu (Economy) Doru-Viorel Ursu (Interior) Gheorghe Ştefan (Education) Valeriu Eugen Pop (Environment) Mihnea Marmeliuc (Labor) Traian Băsescu (Transport) Bogdan Marinescu (Health) Andrei Chirică (Communication) Victor Athanasie Stănculescu (Industry) Constantin Fota (Commerce and Tourism) Bogdan Niculescu-Duvăz (Youth and Sport) FSN minister Independent minister Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doru_Viorel_Ursu.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Salvation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Ministers_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Petre Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petre_Roman"},{"link_name":"Mineriads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineriad"}],"text":"Doru-Viorel Ursu (1 March 1953 – 14 April 2024) was a Romanian politician and lawyer. A member of the National Salvation Front (FSN), he was Minister of the Interior in the Petre Roman cabinets, carrying his mandate between the Mineriads of 1990 and 1991.","title":"Doru-Viorel Ursu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turnu Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin"},{"link_name":"University of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cvdeputat-1"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cvdeputat-1"},{"link_name":"1989 Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989"},{"link_name":"Mihai 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Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviciul_Rom%C3%A2n_de_Informa%C5%A3ii"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cvdeputat-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cvdeputat-1"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Ion Iliescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Iliescu"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Petre Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petre_Roman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ungureanu-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcpetreroman-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcpetreroman-6"},{"link_name":"Virgil Măgureanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_M%C4%83gureanu"},{"link_name":"Pavel Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Abraham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cico Dumitrescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cico_Dumitrescu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ungureanu-3"},{"link_name":"2004–05 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004-05_in_Romanian_football"},{"link_name":"Romanian Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Born in Turnu Severin, Ursu graduated from the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Law, and later received his PhD from the same institution.[1] He worked for the Bucharest Military Tribunal, serving as its vice president and, later, its president.[1]Following the 1989 Revolution, he became Minister of the Interior on 16 June 1990, when his predecessor, General Mihai Chițac, was relieved from office.[2][3] This came in the wake of the June 1990 Mineriad, when miners from the Jiu Valley repressed the civic protest in Bucharest's University Square (known as the Golaniad). Ursu's alleged involvement in the events remains the topic of controversy, and his name repeatedly surfaced among those accused of covering up the actual death-toll and overall scale of violence. In 2003, Ziua newspaper reported that Ursu had authored an official account of the events in which he acknowledged that the miners had been transported to Bucharest with assistance from the authorities, that Chițac had ordered troops to offer the miners their full support and to open fire on demonstrators, and that as many as 1,200 protesters had been arrested.[4] Official data authored by Ursu and Prosecutor-General Gheorghe Robu, released soon after the events, accounted for 185 people arrested.[5]Ursu lost his position after the Roman government was deposed by the new September 1991 Mineriad, but was appointed Undersecretary of State at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Theodor Stolojan cabinet, and later Secretary of State, head of the Department for Local Public Administration.[1]In 1992, Ursu rallied with the opposition party formed around the pro-Roman faction of the FSN — known after 1993 under as the Democratic Party (PD) —, and won a seat in the Chamber of Deputies for Argeș County during the election of that year.[1] Subsequently, he served on the Committee for Public Administration, Territorial Improvement and Environmental Balance, and on the Permanent Committee of the Chamber and Senate for Exercising Parliamentary Control over the Activity of the Romanian Intelligence Service (SRI).[1] He left the PD in March 1995, and carried out his mandate as an independent.[1]In April 2005, the Association of Mineriad Victims argued that it had gathered enough evidence to incriminate Ursu, together with former President Ion Iliescu and former Premier Petre Roman, for having organized and profited from the June 1990 events[3][6] (replying on this issue, Roman argued that his cabinet had itself been targeted by the miners).[6] The Association's president, Viorel Ene, specifically accused Ursu and, among others, the SRI's Virgil Măgureanu, General Pavel Abraham, and Counter Admiral Cico Dumitrescu, of having overseen the transport of protesters arrested in downtown Bucharest to military facilities around the capital, an illegal measure which, reportedly, also resulted in a widespread incidence of beatings and the murder of several prisoners.[3]During the 2004–05 season, Doru-Viorel Ursu served as President of the Romanian Football Federation's Disciplinary Commission; he resigned in May 2005, citing irregularities in procedures (according to Ursu, sanctions for misconduct prescribed for local soccer clubs were regularly below standards imposed by FIFA).[7]Ursu died on 14 April 2024, at the age of 71.[8]","title":"Biography"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Doru_Viorel_Ursu.jpg/220px-Doru_Viorel_Ursu.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Serban, Teodor (14 April 2024). \"Doru Viorel Ursu l-a judecat pe Nicu Ceaușescu. Câți ani de închisoare i-a dat în primă instanță\" (in Romanian). Ziare. Retrieved 14 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ziare.com/doru-viorel-ursu/doru-viorel-ursu-judecat-nicu-ceausescu-ani-inchisoare-1864134","url_text":"\"Doru Viorel Ursu l-a judecat pe Nicu Ceaușescu. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Vrolijk	Maarten Vrolijk	["1 Decorations","2 References","3 External links"]	Dutch politician His ExcellencyMaarten VrolijkMaarten Vrolijk in (1965)Extraordinary Member of the Council of StateIn office1 December 1984 – 1 June 1989Vice PresidentWillem ScholtenQueen's Commissioner of South HollandIn office1 April 1972 – 1 June 1984MonarchsJuliana (1972–1980) Beatrix (1980–1984)Preceded byJan KlaaseszSucceeded bySchelto PatijnMinister of Culture, Recreation and Social WorkIn office14 April 1965 – 22 November 1966Prime MinisterJo CalsPreceded byJo Schouwenaar-Franssen as Minister of Social WorkSucceeded byMarga KlompéMember of the House of RepresentativesIn office23 February 1967 – 10 March 1972In office6 November 1956 – 5 June 1963Parliamentary groupLabour Party Personal detailsBornMaarten Vrolijk(1919-05-14)14 May 1919Scheveningen, NetherlandsDied7 February 1994(1994-02-07) (aged 74)The Hague, NetherlandsPolitical partyLabour Party (from 1952)Alma materLeiden University (Bachelor of Laws, Master of Laws)OccupationPolitician · Journalist · Poet · Author Maarten Vrolijk (14 May 1919 – 7 February 1994) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). Decorations Honours Ribbon bar Honour Country Date Comment Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion Netherlands 5 December 1966 Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau Netherlands 1 June 1984 References ^ "Maarten Vrolijk". geni_family_tree. 14 May 1919. Retrieved 2022-03-04. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maarten Vrolijk. Official (in Dutch) Mr. M. (Maarten) Vrolijk Parlement & Politiek Political offices Preceded byJo Schouwenaar-Franssen as Minister of Social Work Minister of Culture, Recreation and Social Work 1965–1966 Succeeded byMarga Klompé Preceded byJan Klaasesz Queen's Commissioner of South Holland 1972–1984 Succeeded bySchelto Patijn vteMinisters of Social Work of the NetherlandsMinistry of Culture, Recreation and Social Work Beel Van Thiel Klompé Schouwenaar-Franssen Vrolijk Klompé Engels Van Doorn Gardeniers-Berendsen Van der Louw De Boer Gardeniers-Berendsen vteMinisters of Sport of the NetherlandsMinistry of Health, Welfare and Sport Beel Van Thiel Klompé Schouwenaar-Franssen Vrolijk Klompé Engels Van Doorn Gardeniers-Berendsen Van der Louw De Boer Gardeniers-Berendsen Brinkman d'Ancona Ritzen Borst Bomhoff De Geus Hoogervorst Klink Schippers Bruins Van Rijn Ark De Jonge Helder vteCals cabinet (1965–1966) Preceded: Marijnen cabinet Succeed: Zijlstra cabinet Prime Minister Jo Cals (General Affairs) Deputy Prime Ministers Anne Vondeling (Finance) Barend Biesheuvel (Agriculture and Fisheries and Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs) Ministers Jan Smallenbroek (Interior) (1965–1966) Ivo Samkalden (Interior) (Ad interim) Koos Verdam (Interior) (from 1966) Joseph Luns (Foreign Affairs) Ivo Samkalden (Justice) Joop den Uyl (Economic Affairs) Piet de Jong (Defence) Gerard Veldkamp (Social Affairs and Health) Isaäc Arend Diepenhorst (Education and Sciences) Ko Suurhoff (Transport and Water Management) (1965–1966) Pieter Bogaers (Transport and Water Management) (Ad interim) Ko Suurhoff (Transport and Water Management) (from 1966) Pieter Bogaers (Housing and Spatial Planning) Maarten Vrolijk (Culture, Recreation and Social Work) Minister without portfolio Theo Bot (Aid to Developing Countries) State Secretaries Theo Westerhout (Interior) Leo de Block (Foreign Affairs) Max van der Stoel (Foreign Affairs) Wiel Hoefnagels (Finance) Joop Bakker (Economic Affairs) Gerard Peijnenburg (Defence) Adri van Es (Defence) Jan Borghouts (Defence) (1965–1966) Heije Schaper (Defence) (from 1966) José de Meijer (Social Affairs and Health) Louis Bartels (Social Affairs and Health) Hans Grosheide (Education and Sciences) Siep Posthumus (Transport and Water Management) Cees Egas (Culture, Recreation and Social Work) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Netherlands People Netherlands This article about a Dutch Labour Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Maarten Vrolijk (14 May 1919 – 7 February 1994) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA).[1]","title":"Maarten Vrolijk"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Decorations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Maarten Vrolijk\". geni_family_tree. 14 May 1919. Retrieved 2022-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geni.com/people/Maarten-Vrolijk/6000000037492706855","url_text":"\"Maarten Vrolijk\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.geni.com/people/Maarten-Vrolijk/6000000037492706855","external_links_name":"\"Maarten Vrolijk\""},{"Link":"https://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llcfwbxc/m_maarten_vrolijk","external_links_name":"Mr. M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Sigma	Lambda Sigma	["1 History","1.1 Society of Cwens","1.2 Foundation of Lambda Sigma","2 Symbols","3 Membership","4 Chapters","4.1 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	American collegiate honor society Lambda SigmaΛΣFoundedNovember 7, 1922; 101 years ago (1922-11-07)University of PittsburghTypeHonor SocietyAffiliationACHSStatusActiveEmphasisSecond-Year College StudentsScopeNationalMottoLeadership. Scholarship. Fellowship. ServiceColors Blue and GoldSymbolBlue DiamondPublicationThe Diamond The Tide (through 1976)Chapters38Founded asSociety of CwensHeadquartersLambda Sigmac/o Neal Edman, Exec. Sec.2509 North Mercer StreetNew Castle, Pennsylvania 16105 United StatesWebsiteOfficial website Lambda Sigma (ΛΣ) is an American college honor society for second-year students. Originally named the Society of Cwens, the society was established at the University of Pittsburgh in Fall 1922 as a women's honors society and became a national organization with the 1925 foundation of chapters at Miami University and the University of Missouri. The society is "dedicated to the purpose of fostering leadership, scholarship, fellowship, and the spirit of service among college students, and to promoting the interests of the college or university in every possible way". History University of Pittsburgh Dean Thyrsa Amos, founder of the Society of Cwens. Society of Cwens In the early 1920s, the University of Pittsburgh Dean Thyrsa Amos saw the need for a society for outstanding sophomore women. On 7 November 1922, twelve sophomore women responded to invitations and met at Heinz House, electing to found a society to sponsor activities for all freshmen and sophomore women and to "select for membership in the spring those freshman women who displayed the finest Pitt spirit, showed good scholarship and expressed interest in activities through fine participation in them". The society was named Cwens, from the word cwēn, meaning "lady" or "queen" in Anglo-Saxon. The emblem selected was a golden crown resting upon a scepter. Soon afterward, Beta and Gamma chapters were founded at Miami University and the University of Missouri, with the first Society of Cwens conference held in May 1925 on the Miami campus. A charter was obtained to certify Cwens as a national organization; a petition was submitted, and on 16 June 1926, the certificate of incorporation was approved and the charter of the National Society of Cwens was recorded in the Common Pleas Court of Allegheny County. Titles of officers in the organization were given Anglo-Saxon names, and a national convention (called the Witan) was held twice annually, rotating among the colleges and universities having Cwen chapters. The society's publication was called The Tid. The 1972 Witan, held in Pittsburgh on the campus of Duquesne University, observed the Fiftieth Anniversary of the society and climaxed in a "feast" in the Cathedral of Learning at the University of Pittsburgh. This ceremony, detailed in the book of rituals (the Hydan-Bok), is a revered event in the history of the organization. Foundation of Lambda Sigma However, in 1975, the Title IX Education Amendments mandated the abolishment of single-sex organizations in institutions of higher learning. In October 1975, Cwens chapter presidents gave authority to the National Executive Board to disband the society and to formulate plans for a national sophomore honor society for both men and women. The National Board disbanded the National Society of Cwens, founding the Lambda Sigma Society as a direct descendant on 6 March 1976. The Society of Cwens's goal of fostering leadership, scholarship, fellowship, and service remains the same in the child organization. Symbols Lambda Sigma's official symbol is composed of the Greek letters Lambda and Sigma in gold imposed on a blue lozenge. The letters are emblematic of the society's ideals of leadership and scholarship. The society's colors are blue and gold. Its symbol is the blue diamond. Membership Membership in any chapter may not exceed 50 students, or 10 percent of the freshman class – whichever is lower. Students who achieve GPA within at least the top 35 percent of the class at the time of selection are eligible for selection in the spring term following their completion of at least one academic term. These new members selected to Lambda Sigma become active during their second year. Chapters Lambda Sigma has 39 active chapters. Active chapters noted in bold, inactive chapters noted in italics: Name Chartered Institution Location Status Notes Reference Alpha November 7, 1922 University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Active Beta April 6, 1925 Miami University Oxford, Ohio Inactive Gamma 1925 University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri Inactive Delta June 4, 1927 Pennsylvania State University State College, Pennsylvania Inactive Epsilon November 19, 1927 Allegheny College Meadville, Pennsylvania Active Zeta 1927 Muskingum University New Concord, Ohio Active Eta May 2, 1929 Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Active Theta March 12, 1931 University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky Inactive Iota March 1, 1941 University of Mississippi Oxford, Mississippi Active Kappa October 20, 1945 Seton Hill University Greensburg, Pennsylvania Inactive Lambda October 27, 1945 University of Mississippi Westminster College Active Mu March 11, 1948 - 2006; March 25, 2014 Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, Kentucky Active Nu October 18, 1952 University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Inactive Xi April 11, 1953 Grove City College New Wilmington, Pennsylvania Inactive Omicron December 5, 1954 Northern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois Active Pi May 18, 1957 Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Active Rho May 3, 1959 Thiel College Greenville, Pennsylvania Active Sigma May 16, 1959 Alfred University Village of Alfred Inactive Tau November 20, 1960 University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas Active Upsilon November 18, 1961 Morehead State University Morehead, Kentucky Inactive Phi 1963 ? Union College Barbourville, Kentucky Inactive Chi May 2, 1964 Louisiana Tech University Ruston, Louisiana Active Psi May 9, 1965 University of Central Missouri Warrensburg, Missouri Inactive Omega May 14, 1965 Pittsburg State University Pittsburg, Kansas Active Alpha Alpha November 19, 1966 University of Mount Union Alliance, Ohio Inactive Alpha Beta March 22, 1969 University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma Inactive Alpha Gamma September 29, 1969 Duquesne University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Active Alpha Delta October 25, 1970 University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi Active Alpha Epsilon March 14, 1971 Mansfield University of Pennsylvania Mansfield, Pennsylvania Active Alpha Zeta April 30, 1972 Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Active Alpha Eta May 4, 1974 Penn State Erie, The Behrend College Erie, Pennsylvania Active Alpha Theta November 17, 1974 Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania Active Alpha Iota November 1978 Mississippi State University Starkville, Mississippi Active Alpha Kappa January 19, 1979 Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Active Alpha Lambda April 5, 1981 D'Youville College Buffalo, New York Active Alpha Mu Spring 1981 Berry College Mount Berry, Georgia Active Alpha Nu November 13, 1982 Butler University Indianapolis, Indiana Inactive Alpha Xi May 1983 Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas Inactive Alpha Omicron January 25, 1983 Penn State Beaver Beaver, Pennsylvania Inactive Alpha Pi November 25, 1984 Lawrence University Appleton, Wisconsin Active Alpha Rho January 18, 1987 Robert Morris University Moon Township, Pennsylvania Inactive Alpha Sigma January 31, 1987 Gannon University Erie, Pennsylvania Active Alpha Tau Spring 1988 University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, Alabama Active Alpha Upsilon October 1991 Mount Saint Clare College Clinton, Iowa Inactive Alpha Phi November 1991 Ferrum College Ferrum, Virginia Active Alpha Chi April 5, 1992 Notre Dame College South Euclid, Ohio Inactive Alpha Psi June 4, 1995 University of Toledo Appleton, Wisconsin Active Alpha Omega December 10, 1995 Westfield State University Westfield, Massachusetts Active Beta Alpha February 25, 1996 University of Montevallo Montevallo, Alabama Inactive Beta Beta September 1996 Mississippi University for Women Columbus, Mississippi Inactive Beta Gamma October 4, 1998 University of Pikeville Pikeville, Kentucky Active Beta Delta April 28, 2000 Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennessee Active Beta Epsilon January 27, 2002 Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri Active Beta Zeta 2005 Pace University (NYC) New York City, New York Active Beta Eta April 2006 Pace University (Pleasantville) Pleasantville, New York Active Beta Theta September 12, 2006 Urbana University Urbana, Ohio Inactive Beta Iota November 19, 2008 Texas A&M University–Kingsville Kingsville, Texas Inactive Beta Kappa October 3, 2008 George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia Active Beta Lambda October 5, 2009 University of North Carolina at Pembroke Pembroke, North Carolina Active Beta Mu April 12, 2010 Alvernia University Reading, Pennsylvania Active Beta Nu September 3, 2013 Minnesota State University, Mankato Mankato, Minnesota Inactive Beta Xi April 20, 2015 Jackson State University Jackson, Mississippi Active Beta Omicron March 16, 2016 University of West Alabama Livingston, Alabama Active Beta Pi October 25, 2018 Jacksonville State University Jacksonville, Alabama Active Notes ^ Originally started in 1970 as Delta Behrend as part of Delta chapter at Penn State References ^ a b c d e f g h i "History of Lambda Sigma Society". Lambda Sigma Society. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2008-02-11. ^ a b c d "More About LS". Lambda Sigma Society. Archived from the original on February 27, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-11. ^ a b "Lambda Sigma Chapter Roster". Lambda Sigma Society. Archived from the original on February 27, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-11. ^ a b c d e Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) . Baird's Manual of American Fraternities (20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. p. VI-41–42. ISBN 978-0963715906. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk "Chapter Roster". Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk "History of Lambda Sigma Chapter". Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-12-31. ^ "Chapter of Cwens Granted to College" (PDF). The Campus. December 8, 1927. p. 1. ^ "Mu Chapter Re-chartered" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18. ^ "Cwens Society Opens Campus- Chapter Eighteen Sophomore Women Inducted". Duquesne University Duke. 1969-10-10. ^ "CWENS Finally Achieves Goal". Behrend Collegian. May 9, 1974. p. 1. ^ "Beta Iota Installed at Texas A & M University – Kingsville" (PDF). The Diamond. Spring 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18. ^ "Installation at George Mason University" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18. ^ "Installation of Beta Mu Chapter at Alvernia University" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18. ^ "Beta Lambda Chapter Installed at UNC-Pembroke Campus" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18. ^ "Lambda Sigma Chapter Roster" (PDF). The Diamond. Spring 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2017-01-18. ^ "Lambda Sigma Welcomes New Chapter at Minnesota State University – Mankato" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18. ^ "Beta Xi Installed at Jackson State University" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18. ^ "Beta Omicron Installation at the University of West Alabama". The Diamond. Fall 2016. ^ "Beta Pi - Jacksonville State University". The Diamond. Fall 2018. External links Official website From CMU's The Tartan: "Sophomore honor society serves community" ACHS Lambda Sigma entry Lambda Sigma chapter list at ACHS vteAssociation of College Honor SocietiesCurrently active members Alpha Beta Gamma Alpha Chi Alpha Epsilon Alpha Epsilon Delta Alpha Epsilon Rho Alpha Eta Mu Beta Alpha Iota Delta Alpha Kappa Delta Alpha Kappa Mu Alpha Lambda Delta Alpha Phi Sigma Alpha Pi Mu Alpha Sigma Lambda Alpha Sigma Mu Alpha Sigma Nu Beta Gamma Sigma Beta Kappa Chi Beta Phi Mu Chi Epsilon Chi Sigma Iota Delta Epsilon Sigma Delta Mu Delta Delta Tau Alpha Epsilon Pi Tau Epsilon Pi Phi Gamma Theta Upsilon Kappa Mu Epsilon Kappa Omicron Nu Kappa Tau Alpha Lambda Pi Eta Lambda Sigma Mortar Board Mu Kappa Tau National Society of Collegiate Scholars National Society of Scabbard and Blade Omega Chi Epsilon Omega Rho Omicron Delta Epsilon Phi Alpha Phi Beta Delta Phi Eta Sigma Phi Lambda Sigma Phi Sigma Phi Sigma Iota Phi Sigma Tau Phi Upsilon Omicron Pi Delta Phi Pi Gamma Mu Pi Kappa Lambda Pi Sigma Alpha Pi Tau Sigma Pi Theta Epsilon Psi Beta Psi Chi Rho Chi Sigma Beta Delta Sigma Delta Pi Sigma Lambda Alpha Sigma Lambda Chi Sigma Pi Sigma Sigma Tau Delta Sigma Theta Tau Tau Alpha Pi Tau Sigma Delta Theta Alpha Kappa Upsilon Pi Epsilon Xi Sigma Pi Active former membersHonor Society Caucus Omicron Delta Kappa Phi Beta Kappa Phi Kappa Phi Sigma Xi Alpha Delta Mu Alpha Omega Alpha Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha (preceded by Delta Sigma Rho and Tau Kappa Alpha) Eta Kappa Nu Golden Key Iota Sigma Pi Kappa Delta Pi Order of the Coif Pi Alpha Alpha Pi Omega Pi Sigma Gamma Tau Tau Beta Pi Defunct former members Delta Phi Delta Lambda Iota Tau Omicron Nu Sigma Tau	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honor society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_society"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Miami University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_University"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-home-3"}],"text":"Lambda Sigma (ΛΣ) is an American college honor society for second-year students. Originally named the Society of Cwens, the society was established at the University of Pittsburgh in Fall 1922 as a women's honors society and became a national organization with the 1925 foundation of chapters at Miami University and the University of Missouri.[2] The society is \"dedicated to the purpose of fostering leadership, scholarship, fellowship, and the spirit of service among college students, and to promoting the interests of the college or university in every possible way\".[3]","title":"Lambda Sigma"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thyrsa_Amos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thyrsa Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrsa_Amos"}],"text":"University of Pittsburgh Dean Thyrsa Amos, founder of the Society of Cwens.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"cwēn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cwen"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"scepter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scepter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"Allegheny County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Duquesne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_University"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"}],"sub_title":"Society of Cwens","text":"In the early 1920s, the University of Pittsburgh Dean Thyrsa Amos saw the need for a society for outstanding sophomore women. On 7 November 1922, twelve sophomore women responded to invitations and met at Heinz House, electing to found a society to sponsor activities for all freshmen and sophomore women and to \"select for membership in the spring those freshman women who displayed the finest Pitt spirit, showed good scholarship and expressed interest in activities through fine participation in them\".[4][1] The society was named Cwens, from the word cwēn, meaning \"lady\" or \"queen\" in Anglo-Saxon. The emblem selected was a golden crown resting upon a scepter.[1]Soon afterward, Beta and Gamma chapters were founded at Miami University and the University of Missouri, with the first Society of Cwens conference held in May 1925 on the Miami campus. A charter was obtained to certify Cwens as a national organization; a petition was submitted, and on 16 June 1926, the certificate of incorporation was approved and the charter of the National Society of Cwens was recorded in the Common Pleas Court of Allegheny County.[1] Titles of officers in the organization were given Anglo-Saxon names, and a national convention (called the Witan) was held twice annually, rotating among the colleges and universities having Cwen chapters. The society's publication was called The Tid.[1]The 1972 Witan, held in Pittsburgh on the campus of Duquesne University, observed the Fiftieth Anniversary of the society and climaxed in a \"feast\" in the Cathedral of Learning at the University of Pittsburgh. This ceremony, detailed in the book of rituals (the Hydan-Bok), is a revered event in the history of the organization.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Title IX Education Amendments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_IX"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"}],"sub_title":"Foundation of Lambda Sigma","text":"However, in 1975, the Title IX Education Amendments mandated the abolishment of single-sex organizations in institutions of higher learning.[1] In October 1975, Cwens chapter presidents gave authority to the National Executive Board to disband the society and to formulate plans for a national sophomore honor society for both men and women. The National Board disbanded the National Society of Cwens, founding the Lambda Sigma Society as a direct descendant on 6 March 1976.[1] The Society of Cwens's goal of fostering leadership, scholarship, fellowship, and service remains the same in the child organization.[4][1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Lambda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda"},{"link_name":"Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma"},{"link_name":"lozenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more-2"}],"text":"Lambda Sigma's official symbol is composed of the Greek letters Lambda and Sigma in gold imposed on a blue lozenge. The letters are emblematic of the society's ideals of leadership and scholarship.[4][2] The society's colors are blue and gold. Its symbol is the blue diamond.","title":"Symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more-2"},{"link_name":"GPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-more-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-4"}],"text":"Membership in any chapter may not exceed 50 students, or 10 percent of the freshman class – whichever is lower.[2] Students who achieve GPA within at least the top 35 percent of the class at the time of selection are eligible for selection in the spring term following their completion of at least one academic term.[2] These new members selected to Lambda Sigma become active during their second year.[4]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baird's-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-home-3"}],"text":"Lambda Sigma has 39 active chapters. Active chapters noted in bold, inactive chapters noted in italics:[4][3]","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Originally started in 1970 as Delta Behrend as part of Delta chapter at Penn State","title":"Chapters"}]	[{"image_text":"University of Pittsburgh Dean Thyrsa Amos, founder of the Society of Cwens.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Thyrsa_Amos.jpg/200px-Thyrsa_Amos.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"History of Lambda Sigma Society\". Lambda Sigma Society. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2008-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121130030/http://www.lambdasigma.org/handbook/history.html","url_text":"\"History of Lambda Sigma Society\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/handbook/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"More About LS\". Lambda Sigma Society. Archived from the original on February 27, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070227033110/http://www.lambdasigma.org/more/index.html","url_text":"\"More About LS\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/more/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lambda Sigma Chapter Roster\". Lambda Sigma Society. Archived from the original on February 27, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070227033153/http://www.lambdasigma.org/roster/index.html","url_text":"\"Lambda Sigma Chapter Roster\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/roster/index.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) [1879]. Baird's Manual of American Fraternities (20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. p. VI-41–42. ISBN 978-0963715906.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0963715906","url_text":"978-0963715906"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter Roster\". Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2016-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170101091350/http://www.lambdasigma.org/chap_roster.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter Roster\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/chap_roster.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Lambda Sigma Chapter\". Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215201940/http://www.lambdasigma.org/handbook/history2.html","url_text":"\"History of Lambda Sigma Chapter\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/handbook/history2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter of Cwens Granted to College\" (PDF). The Campus. December 8, 1927. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.allegheny.edu/bitstream/handle/10456/31481/The_Campus_Dec_8_1927__Vol_46_Num_10_.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"Chapter of Cwens Granted to College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mu Chapter Re-chartered\" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613074659/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Mu Chapter Re-chartered\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cwens Society Opens Campus- Chapter Eighteen Sophomore Women Inducted\". Duquesne University Duke. 1969-10-10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"CWENS Finally Achieves Goal\". Behrend Collegian. May 9, 1974. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Beta Iota Installed at Texas A & M University – Kingsville\" (PDF). The Diamond. Spring 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613163307/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Spring2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Beta Iota Installed at Texas A & M University – Kingsville\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Spring2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Installation at George Mason University\" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613065813/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Installation at George Mason University\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Installation of Beta Mu Chapter at Alvernia University\" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613103706/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Installation of Beta Mu Chapter at Alvernia University\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beta Lambda Chapter Installed at UNC-Pembroke Campus\" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613085308/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Beta Lambda Chapter Installed at UNC-Pembroke Campus\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lambda Sigma Chapter Roster\" (PDF). The Diamond. Spring 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2017-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170119051236/http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Spring_2016.pdf","url_text":"\"Lambda Sigma Chapter Roster\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Spring_2016.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lambda Sigma Welcomes New Chapter at Minnesota State University – Mankato\" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613074937/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall_2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Lambda Sigma Welcomes New Chapter at Minnesota State University – Mankato\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall_2013.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beta Xi Installed at Jackson State University\" (PDF). The Diamond. Fall 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2017-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613072801/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Beta Xi Installed at Jackson State University\""},{"url":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2015.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beta Omicron Installation at the University of West Alabama\". The Diamond. Fall 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=forums&srcid=MTc3MTI1MTcxMjgyMzMwNTM2NjEBMDYyODAwMDI3MDY4OTkxNjUwNTMBZHNlNzFRdGpDZ0FKATAuMQEBdjI","url_text":"\"Beta Omicron Installation at the University of West Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beta Pi - Jacksonville State University\". The Diamond. Fall 2018.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121130030/http://www.lambdasigma.org/handbook/history.html","external_links_name":"\"History of Lambda Sigma Society\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/handbook/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070227033110/http://www.lambdasigma.org/more/index.html","external_links_name":"\"More About LS\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/more/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070227033153/http://www.lambdasigma.org/roster/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Lambda Sigma Chapter Roster\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/roster/index.html/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170101091350/http://www.lambdasigma.org/chap_roster.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chapter Roster\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/chap_roster.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215201940/http://www.lambdasigma.org/handbook/history2.html","external_links_name":"\"History of Lambda Sigma Chapter\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/handbook/history2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dspace.allegheny.edu/bitstream/handle/10456/31481/The_Campus_Dec_8_1927__Vol_46_Num_10_.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"\"Chapter of Cwens Granted to College\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613074659/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mu Chapter Re-chartered\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2012.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613163307/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Spring2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Beta Iota Installed at Texas A & M University – Kingsville\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Spring2009.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613065813/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Installation at George Mason University\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2008.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613103706/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Installation of Beta Mu Chapter at Alvernia University\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2010.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613085308/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Beta Lambda Chapter Installed at UNC-Pembroke Campus\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2009.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170119051236/http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Spring_2016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lambda Sigma Chapter Roster\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Spring_2016.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613074937/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lambda Sigma Welcomes New Chapter at Minnesota State University – Mankato\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160613072801/http://lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2015.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Beta Xi Installed at Jackson State University\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/the_diamond/Diamond_Fall2015.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=forums&srcid=MTc3MTI1MTcxMjgyMzMwNTM2NjEBMDYyODAwMDI3MDY4OTkxNjUwNTMBZHNlNzFRdGpDZ0FKATAuMQEBdjI","external_links_name":"\"Beta Omicron Installation at the University of West Alabama\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambdasigma.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.thetartan.org/2008/2/4/news/sophomore","external_links_name":"Sophomore honor society serves community"},{"Link":"http://www.achsnatl.org/society.asp?society=ls","external_links_name":"ACHS Lambda Sigma entry"},{"Link":"http://www.achsnatl.org/SocResults.asp?Society=ls","external_links_name":"Lambda Sigma chapter list at ACHS"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guard_Unit	Central Guard Regiment	["1 History","1.1 First formation","1.2 Second formation","1.3 The Cultural Revolution","1.4 Leadership changes after Mao","2 Leaders","2.1 Commanders","2.2 Political Commissars","3 Notes","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources"]	Chinese military unit Central Guard Unit中国人民解放军61889部队 (PLA Unit 61889)People's Liberation ArmyActiveMay 1953 – presentCountry People's Republic of ChinaAllegianceChinese Communist PartyBranch People's Liberation Army Ground ForceTypeSecurityRoleClose personal protectionSurveillanceSizeRegimentPart ofCentral Guard Bureau of the General Office of the CPC Central CommitteeJoint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission (nominal) People's Liberation Army Ground Force Beijing Garrison 1st Guard Division (nominal)Garrison/HQBeijingColorsRed and GreenEngagementsArrest of the Gang of FourCommandersNotablecommandersWang DongxingMilitary unit Politics of China Leadership Leadership generations Succession of power Hu–Wen Administration (2002–2012) Xi–Li Administration (2012–2017) Xi Administration (since 2017) 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping 20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping 14th State Council: Li Qiang Current state leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader: Xi Jinping First lady: Peng Liyuan Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping State representative: Xi Jinping Head of government: Li Qiang Congress Chairman: Zhao Leji Conference Chairman: Wang Huning Commander-in-chief: Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members Related systems Unified power Democratic centralism Collective leadership Organization Department Elections Civil service ConstitutionLaw Constitution Previous constitutions 195419751978 "People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1) Democratic centralism (Article 3) Constitutional oath of office (Article 27) Protection of human rights (Article 33) Freedom of religion (Article 36) Highest state organ of power (Article 57) Chinese legal system Civil law tradition Socialist law tradition Laws Legislation Law List of statutes General Principles of the Civil Law (to 2020) Civil Code (From 2021) Marriage Law Labour law Labour Law Labour Contract Law Property law Property Law Intellectual property law Patent law Administrative law Administrative Procedure Law Criminal law Capital punishment Capital offences Death sentence with reprieve Communist Party History Principal leaders Constitution & ideology Admission Oath (Article 6) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Communism Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Xi Jinping Thought Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Two Establishes and Two Safeguards Democracy Organization National Party Congress (20th) Central Committee (20th) General Secretary (list) Xi Jinping Central Politburo (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Central Secretariat (20th) Central Military Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang Youxia, He Weidong National Security Commission Chairman: Xi Jinping Vice-Chairman: Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Cai Qi Office Chief: Cai Qi Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Directors: Li Qiang, Wang Huning, Cai Qi Secretary-General: Wang Huning Financial & Economic Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Office Chief: He Lifeng General Office Director: Cai Qi Office of the General Secretary Chief: Cai Qi Central Guard Bureau Central Guard Unit Office of the Central Secrecy Commission Organization Department Head: Li Ganjie Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (20th) Standing Committee (20th) Secretary: Li Xi Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Central Leading Group for Inspection Work Leader: Li Xi Provincial committee Standing committee Secretary Deputy secretaries Party group National People's Congress (14th) Elections Standing Committee (14th) Council of Chairpersons Chairman: Zhao Leji Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Li Hongzhong Secretary-General: Liu Qi Special Committees Ethnic Affairs Constitution and Law Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Financial and Economic Affairs Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Foreign Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Agriculture and Rural Affairs Social Development Affairs Presidium State representative President (list): Xi Jinping Presidential Office Chief: Cai Qi Vice President: Han Zheng Executive organ State Council (Central People's Government) Li Qiang Cabinet Premier (list): Li Qiang Vice-Premiers (list) Ding XuexiangHe LifengZhang GuoqingLiu Guozhong State Councilors Wang XiaohongWu ZhenglongShen Yiqin Secretary-General: Wu Zhenglong Cabinet-level departments National Development & Reform Commission Central bank National Audit Office General Office Secretary-General Deputy Secretaries-General State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission most Central Enterprises Military organ Central Military Commission (CMC) Chairman (supreme commander): Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen: Zhang YouxiaHe Weidong Members: Liu ZhenliMiao HuaZhang Shengmin Departments: General Office Director: Zhong Shaojun Joint Staff Dept. Chief: Liu Zhenli Political Work Dept. Director: Miao Hua Logistic Support Dept. Director: Zhang Lin Equipment Development Dept. Director: Xu Xueqiang Training and Administration Dept. Director: Wang Peng National Defense Mobilization Dept. Director: Liu Faqing Discipline Inspection Commission Secretary: Zhang Shengmin Politics and Legal Affairs Commission Science and Technology Commission Strategic Planning Office Reform & Organizational Structure Office Int'l Military Cooperation Office Audit Office Offices Administration Agency National armed forces: People's Liberation Army Theater commands People's Armed Police China Coast Guard Militia State Council National Defense Mobilization Commission Chairman: Li Qiang Ministry of National Defense Minister: Dong Jun Ministry of Veterans Affairs State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense Military history Armed conflicts Military modernization Military reform since 2015 CMC Leading Group for Military Reform Leader: Xi Jinping Supervisory organ National Supervisory Commission Director: Liu Jinguo Corruption in China Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong) Commission Against Corruption (Macau) Judicial organs Supreme People's Court President: Zhang Jun People's Courts Judicial Police Supreme People's Procuratorate Prosecutor General: Ying Yong People's Procuratorates Judicial Police Judiciary of Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Department of Justice Prosecutions Division Law enforcement in Hong Kong Security Bureau Regular Disciplined Services Hong Kong Police Force Judiciary of Macau Court of Final Appeal Public Prosecutions Office Secretariat for Security Macau Security Force Unitary Police Services Public Security Police Judiciary Police United front Political Consultative Conference National Committee Chairman: Wang Huning Vice-Chairpersons Top-ranked: Shi Taifeng Secretary-General: Wang Dongfeng Political parties: CCP (ruling) United Front Work Department Head: Shi Taifeng RCCKCDLCNDCACAPDCPWDPCZGPJSTDSL Historical parties: KMTCDSPYCP Federation of Industry and Commerce People's organizations Law enforcement CCP Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary: Chen Wenqing Ministry of Public Security Minister: Wang Xiaohong Public Security Organs People's Police State Immigration Administration Local public security bureaus Ministry of State Security Minister: Chen Yixin State Security Organs People's Police Ministry of Justice Minister: He Rong Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police Bureau of Prison Administration Office for Safeguarding National Security Urban Management (chengguan) Propaganda Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture Leader: Cai Qi Deputy Leaders: Li Shulei, Shen Yiqin Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization Director: Cai Qi Deputy Director: Li Shulei Central Propaganda Department Head: Li Shulei National Press and Publication Administration China Film Administration State Council Information Office China Daily Ministry of Culture and Tourism National Radio and Television Administration China Media Group China Central Television China Global Television Network China National Radio China Radio 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Civil War One China Political status of Taiwan Republic of China on Taiwan Taiwan Area "Taiwan Province", PRC Taiwan independence movement Anti-Secession Law Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement Chinese unification Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs Leader: Xi Jinping Deputy Leader: Wang Huning Taiwan Affairs Office Director: Song Tao Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Foreign relations Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director: Xi Jinping Deputy Director: Li Qiang Secretary-General: Wang Yi Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Wang Yi Spokespersons Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of China / in China Foreign aid from China / to China International Development Cooperation Agency Ministry of Commerce Exim Bank of China China Development Bank Belt and Road Initiative Silk Road Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS New Development Bank Ministry of National Defense International Military Cooperation Office NPC Foreign Affairs Committee CCP International Department State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Office Chinese nationality law Chinese passports (Hong Kong; Macau) Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (Hong Kong, Macau) Visa policy of China (Hong Kong; Macau) National Immigration Administration Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Panda diplomacy Beijing Consensus Community of Common Destiny China and the United Nations China and the World Trade Organization Shanghai Cooperation Organisation China–Africa relations China–Arab relations China–Caribbean relations China–European Union relations China–Latin America relations China–Pacific relations China–Russia relations China–United States relations Related topics Administrative divisions Hukou system Family planning Ethnic minorities China portal Other countries vte The Central Guard Unit (CGU; PLA Unit 61889), formerly known as the Central Guard Regiment (CGR; PLA Unit 8341) is a unit of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) of the People's Republic of China responsible for providing security to senior members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), including the General Secretary, the Politburo, and Central Committee as well as ministers and members of the State Council. It is a powerful political tool for the paramount leader as it can control access to, and conduct surveillance on, its charges. The CGR is formally subordinated to the PLA General Staff Department (GSD) but political and operation control is exercised by the party through the Central Guard Bureau (CGB) of the General Office of the Central Committee (CGO); CGB deputy directors concurrently hold leadership positions in the CGR. The PLA handles personnel management, training, and logistics. The CGR has used multiple Military Cover Unit Designators (MCUD). It was known as Unit 8341 or 8341 Special Regiment as part of the 9th Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security at the time of Mao Zedong's death, and Unit 57003 afterwards. More recently, it has been known as Unit 61889. History First formation During much of the 1930s the CCP's main internal security organization was the State Political Security Bureau (SPSB). It was created after Mao Zedong was dismissed as general political commissar of the First Front Army in November 1931. The SPSB was created by absorbing existing organizations, taking over protection of senior CCP members and the secret police roles. The SPSB included a Political Security Regiment and two Brigades of State Political Security for protection duties. After effectively assuming party leadership after 1935 Zunyi Conference, Mao worked to wrestle control of the security apparatus from the party by undermining the SPSB; SPSB forces were reduced, and Mao's supporters moved into party and SPSB leadership positions. In 1938, Mao created a new security unit, the Central Guard Training Brigade (CGTB). The CGTB was formally commanded by three non-SPSB organizations and was organizationally subordinated to a fourth, the Central Revolutionary Military Committee; Mao chaired the committee and, through it, controlled the brigade. In October 1942, the CGTB was expanded into the Central Guard Regiment. At the end of the Second World War, a third of the CGR was split off to create a protection unit for the CCP advance into Manchuria. In the following continuation of the Chinese Civil War, the CGR protected the Central Committee and PLA Headquarters. Mao exerted indirect control through Wang Dongxing, head of the Guard Bureau under the Central Secretariat. The CCP's forces were reorganized in July 1949 with the security component becoming the Ministry of Public Security's (MPS) Chinese People's Public Security Forces (CPPSF), being renamed as the PLA Public Security Forces (PLAPSF) in September 1950. The Central Column of the CPPSF was created in August 1949 to protect the new capital of Beijing and the party leadership; in September 1949 the CGR was expanded into the 2nd Division of the Central Column. The reorganization was part of an effort to professionalize Chinese security forces by Nie Rongzhen and Luo Ruiqing, but it removed the CGR from Mao's influence and reduced Mao's influence in security; Luo was Minister of Public Security. Nie and Luo subsequently had poorer relationships with Mao. Second formation Mao created a new CGR in May 1953. The CGR was separating from the PLAPSF and subordinated to the party's CGB. Wang, leading the CGB, was again Mao's conduit of control. The PLA formally controlled the CGR, but in practice it only provided logistical and recruitment support. Similarly, while the CGB was simultaneously the MPS's 9th Bureau, in practice the MPS exercised no control. Therefore, Mao appointed commanders, and set recruiting criteria that favored poor or lower-middle-class peasants. In 1959, Minister of National Defense Peng Dehuai, acting on a poor relationship with Mao, attempted to remove the CGR from Mao's control by subordinating it to the Beijing Garrison Command (BGC). It was unsuccessful because the CGR only drew logistical support. Peng was subsequently purged at the 1959 Lushan Conference, and the CGR was resubordinated to the PLA GSD in 1960. The PLA commanded the CGR for a few years while Wang attended the Central Party School and served as Jiangxi's deputy governor. Mao strengthened his control over security in preparation for the Cultural Revolution, which included placing Wang in greater positions of authority. In September 1960, Wang was transferred back to Beijing to lead a purge of the CGB and CGR; in April 1964, he took over the MPS' 9th Bureau and managed its merger with the 8th Bureau which saw opponents dismissed and the CGB and CGR come under control of the 9th Bureau. On the eve of the Cultural Revolution, Mao directly controlled the CGB, and through it the CGR and BGC, which he used to arrest and spy on his opponents. Mao fostered the CGR's loyalty by providing social and economic assistance to its members and their families, and - before 1969 - personally meeting new recruits. The Cultural Revolution During the Cultural Revolution, the CGR acted as Mao's representatives and communication intermediaries. CGR units were stationed to restore order at the "six factories and two universities" in Beijing which Mao regarded as "models". The CGR's prestige, derived from their close association with Mao, allowed their mere presence to pacify the mass rebels; Zhou Enlai sent officials to shelter in areas under CGR influence. The CGR and CGB established close ties with various politicians and groups, including Lin Biao, seeking to ensure their access to Mao; Mao proceeded to "rectify" the loyalty of his security force after coming into conflict with Lin at the 1970 Lushan plenum. Mao's death in September 1976 instigated a power struggle within the CCP between the radical Gang of Four and the moderates. Wang was the most powerful person in the party's security and intelligence organization and retained control of the CGR and CGB; he adhered to Mao's views and allied with the moderates, allowing the moderates to control the party's elite security forces: the BGC, CGR and CGB. The Gang of Four were suppressed in October 1976; the CGR arrested the Gang, and the BGC arrested followers and took over the media. The CGR was reorganized into the Central Guard Division in 1977. Leadership changes after Mao Deng Xiaoping returned to office in 1977 and moved to assert control over the security apparatus. At the Third Plenum of the 11th party congress in December 1978, Wang agreed to relinquish control over the CGO, CGB, and CGR for a mostly symbolic party vice chairmanship; Wang had previously refused to ally with Deng. Sun Yong, Deng's chief bodyguard and possibly one of Wang's old political rivals, became the CGR's new commander. In addition, the Third Plenum reduced the influence of Wang and his supporters by separating the CGB and CGR from the CGO; this put party security forces solely under the control of the Deng-controlled PLA GSD. Finally, the CGO, CGB, and CGR were purged of Wang's supporters. Leaders Commanders Name (English) Name (Chinese) Tenure begins Tenure ends Note Zhang Yaoci 张耀祠 1953 1977 Zhang Suizhi 张随枝 1977 1982 Sun Yong 孙勇 1982 1994 You Xigui 由喜贵 1994 2007 Political Commissars Name (English) Name (Chinese) Tenure begins Tenure ends Note Yang Dezhong 杨德中 1953 1974 Wu Jianhua 武健华 1974 1979 Zhai Ruchang 翟入常 2010 2014 Zou Shilong 邹石龙 2014 Notes ^ The changes may correspond to revisions to the MCUD scheme. ^ The 9th Bureau provided security for the highest-ranked officials, including Mao, while the 8th provided security to other high ranked officials. References Citations ^ "「御林軍」京城演練懾貪". Oriental Daily. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2022. ^ a b Pollpeter and Allen (ed.): p. 282. ^ a b Pollpeter and Allen (ed.): p. 141. ^ Guo: p. 111. ^ Guo: p. 172–173. ^ Guo: p. 109. ^ Guo: p. 113. ^ a b Guo: p. 176. ^ Pollpeter and Allen (ed.): p. 32–34. ^ Guo: pg. 140-142 ^ Guo: pg. 142-144 ^ Guo: pg. 147 ^ Guo: pg. 149 ^ a b Guo: pg. 148 ^ Guo: pg. 155 ^ Guo: pg. 151 ^ Guo: pg. 152 ^ Guo: pg. 150 ^ Guo: pg. 152-154 ^ Guo: pg. 126 ^ Guo: pg. 155-156 ^ Guo: pg. 156-157 ^ Guo: pg. 157-158 ^ Guo: pg. 160 ^ Guo: p. 122. ^ Guo: p. 169. ^ Guo: p. 170. ^ Guo: pg. 174 ^ Guo: pg. 174-175 ^ a b Guo: pg. 291-292 ^ Guo: pg. 93 ^ a b c Guo: pg. 120-121 ^ Guo: pg. 380 ^ a b c d Guo: pg. 181 ^ a b Guo: pg. 182 ^ Guo: pg. 179 ^ Guo: pg. 180 ^ Yue Huairang (岳怀让) (15 October 2022). 中央警卫局原副局长兼中央警卫团团长孙勇逝世，享年96岁. thepaper (in Chinese). Retrieved 10 May 2024. Sources Guo, Xuezhi (2012). China's Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107023239. Pollpeter, Kevin; Allen, Kenneth W., eds. (2012). The PLA as Organization v2.0 (Report). China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, United States Air Force. vte Organizational structure of the Chinese Communist Party National Congress Central CommitteeCentral Commission forDiscipline Inspection Secretary, deputy secretariesand Secretary General Standing Committee Central Military CommissionGeneral SecretaryGeneral Secretary Office Chairman and Vice ChairmenPolitburoGeneral Office(Central Guard Bureau)Departments:Organization, Publicity, United Front, International, Social Work, and Legal AffairsResearch institutions:Central Party School,Institute ofParty History andLiterature, andCentral Policy Research Office Politburo StandingCommitteeSecretariat Leading Small GroupsLocal Party branchesOther commissions:Spiritual Civilization,Cyberspace AffairsForeign Affairs,National Security, andInstitutional Organization Party organizations within the People's Liberation ArmyCMC Political Work Department See also Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party vte Chinese Communist PartyCentral CommitteeLeader Chen Duxiu (1921–1927) Xiang Zhongfa (1928–1931) Bo Gu (1931–1935) Zhang Wentian (1935–1943) Mao Zedong (1943–1976) Hua Guofeng (1976–1981) Hu Yaobang (1981–1987) Zhao Ziyang (1987–1989) Jiang Zemin (1989–2002) Hu Jintao (2002–2012) Xi Jinping (2012–present) Decision-making bodies General Secretary Politburo (Standing Committee) Secretariat Central Military Commission Departments Organization Department Publicity Department United Front Work Department International Department Social Work Department Political and Legal Affairs Commission Directly administered General Office Office of the General Secretary Central Guard Bureau Central Guard Unit Secrecy Office Cryptography Office Central Archives Policy Research Office Commissionsfor co-ordination Auditing Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Comprehensively Law-Based Governance Financial Financial and Economic Affairs Foreign Affairs Cyberspace Affairs Office National Security Science and Technology Spiritual Civilization Institutional Organization Office Secrecy Office Dispatched institutionsfor co-ordination Working Committee of Central and State Organs Central Financial Work Commission Hong Kong Work Committee Macau Work Committee Office for Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong Leading groups Cryptography Work Office Education Rural Work Inspection Work Military Reform Propaganda, Ideology and Culture Taiwan Office Hong Kong and Macau Office Others Central Party School Chinese Academy of Governance Institute of Party History and Literature People's Daily Qiushi Guangming Daily Executive Leadership Academies Pudong Yan'an Jinggangshan National Congress 1st (1921) 2nd (1922) 3rd (1923) 4th (1925) 5th (1927) 6th (1928) 7th (1945) 8th (1956) 9th (1969) 10th (1973) 11th (1977) 12th (1982) 13th (1987) 14th (1992) 15th (1997) 16th (2002) 17th (2007) 18th (2012) 19th (2017) 20th (2022) Leadership sittingsElected by theCentral CommitteePolitburo Standing Committee 4th: 1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Politburo 3rd: 1923–1925 4th: 1925–1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Military Commission 7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Approved by theCentral CommitteeSecretariat 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1980–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 CCDI Standing Committee 7th 1949–1956 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 CCDI Secretary Zhu De (1949–55) Dong Biwu (1955–68) Chen Yun (1978–87) Qiao Shi (1987–92) Wei Jianxing (1992–2002) Wu Guanzheng (2002–07) He Guoqiang (2007–12) Wang Qishan (2012–17) Zhao Leji (2017–22) Li Xi (2022–) Others Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Elected byNational CongressCentral Committee 1st: 1921–1922 2nd: 1922–1923 3rd: 1923–1925 4th: 1925–1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Discipline Inspection 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1933 & 1933–1945 7th: 1949–1955 & 1955–1956 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2022 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Wider organisation People's Liberation Army People's Armed Police Militia (China) Communist Youth League of China Young Pioneers of China United front (China) People's organization Ideologies Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Socialism with Chinese characteristics Deng Xiaoping Theory Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Xi Jinping Thought Groupings Shanghai clique Tuanpai Tsinghua clique Eight Elders Crown Prince Party Fujian clique New Zhijiang Army Xishan Society Gang of Four Related articles Shuanggui Neoauthoritarianism List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party Category vte People's Liberation ArmyGeneral History Modernization Budget Equipment Decorations Generals Weapons of mass destruction Information operations and information warfare BranchesGround Structure Equipment Infantry Armored forces Artillery Air defense Aviation aircraft Engineers Chemical defense Special operations units Navy Organization Weaponry History Branches: Surface ships aircraft carriers Submarine Coastal Defense Naval Air aircraft Marine Corps special operations units Fleets: North Sea East Sea South Sea Air Aviation aircraft airbases Air Defense Airborne Corps special operations units Rocket Missile operation units Rocket Force corps of engineers Special operations units ArmsAerospace Astronaut Corps astronauts Deep Space Network Cyberspace Cyberspace Force Network Systems Department Information Information Support Force Joint Logistics Support Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base Theater's Joint Logistics Support Centers: Wuxi; Guilin; Xining; Shenyang; Zhengzhou StructureCentral Military Commission Chairman Vice-Chairmen General Office Joint Staff Intelligence Bureau Guard Bureau Guard Unit Political Work Logistic Support Equipment Development Manned Space Agency Training and Administration National Defense Mobilization Discipline Inspection Strategic Planning Reform and Organizational Structure International Military Cooperation Audit Office Offices Administration Theater Commands Eastern Southern Hong Kong Macau Western Tibet Northern Central Military regions (defunct) Shenyang Beijing Lanzhou Jinan Nanjing Guangzhou Chengdu Ranks Ground Force Navy Air Force Uniform Xingkong (camouflage) Type 07 Type 99 (camouflage) Type 97 Service Dress Institutions Academy of Military Science National Defence University National University of Defense Technology Army Command College PLA Air Force Aviation University Academic institutions of the armed forces of China Publications PLA Daily August First Film Studio CCTV-7 The Science of Military Strategy Defense White Paper Paramilitary People's Armed Police China Coast Guard Special police units Snow Leopard Commando Unit Mountain Eagle Commando Unit Militia Maritime Militia Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Contractors China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation China National Electronics Import & Export Corporation Norinco China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation Poly Technologies Seven Sons of National Defence Armed conflicts Korean War Authorized defense products dealer vteCultural RevolutionPrelude Anti-Rightist Campaign Great Chinese Famine Great Leap Forward Lushan Conference Seven Thousand Cadres Conference Socialist Education Movement Taoyuan Experience Major events Down to the Countryside Movement Cleansing the Class Ranks 12-3 incident January Storm February Countercurrent Wuhan incident 9th Party Congress One Strike-Three Anti Campaign Project 571 Lin Biao incident 10th Party Congress Black Painting incident Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius Hangzhou incident 1975 Banqiao Dam failure Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend 1976 Nanjing incident 1976 Tiananmen Incident Massacres Red August Daxing Massacre Guangxi Massacre Inner Mongolia incident Guangdong Massacre Hunan Massacres Daoxian massacre Shaoyang County Massacre Yunnan Massacres Zhao Jianmin Spy Case Shadian incident Ruijin Massacre Key figures Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi Zhou Enlai Lin Biao Deng Xiaoping Gang of Four (Jiang Qing Zhang Chunqiao Yao Wenyuan Wang Hongwen) Peng Dehuai Wu Han Peng Zhen Tao Zhu Chen Boda Wang Dongxing Xie Fuzhi Ji Dengkui Wang Li Qi Benyu Wu Faxian Qiu Huizuo Yang Chengwu Chen Zaidao Kang Sheng Mao Yuanxin Hua Guofeng Ye Jianying Documents Bombard the Headquarters Quotations from Chairman Mao Hai Rui Dismissed from Office May 16 Notification Six Articles of Public Security Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits On Class Origins Concepts Four Olds Newborn socialist things Struggle session Feudal fascism Big-character poster Cow demons and snake spirits Bloodline theory Continuous Revolution Theory Seizure of power Violent Struggle One Divides into Two Democracy Wall Eight model plays Loyalty dance Capitalist roader Yiku sitian Learn from Daqing in industry Learn from Dazhai in agriculture Stinking Old Ninth Five Black Categories Five Red Categories Groups Red Guards Conservative Faction Rebel Faction Scarlet Guards Ultra-Left Faction Xiaoyao Faction May Sixteenth elements Five Man Group Cultural Revolution Group Central Case Examination Group Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee Revolutionary committee 8341 Special Regiment Sent-down youth 61 Renegades Barefoot doctor Worker-Peasant-Soldier student May Seventh Cadre School Xiang River Storm and Thunder Related topics Maoism Mao Zedong's cult of personality Mango cult Great Leap Forward List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party Class struggle Sino-Soviet split Two Whatevers Morning Sun (film) 3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee Boluan Fanzheng Scar literature Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Ground Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollpeter-allen_282-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"General Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollpeter-allen_141-3"},{"link_name":"paramount leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader_of_China"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_111-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_172-73-5"},{"link_name":"General Staff Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_General_Staff_Department"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollpeter-allen_282-2"},{"link_name":"Central Guard Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau"},{"link_name":"General Office of the Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollpeter-allen_141-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_109-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_113-7"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Public Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_176-8"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Military unitThe Central Guard Unit (CGU; PLA Unit 61889), formerly known as the Central Guard Regiment (CGR; PLA Unit 8341) is a unit of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) of the People's Republic of China[2] responsible for providing security to senior members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), including the General Secretary, the Politburo, and Central Committee as well as ministers and members of the State Council.[3] It is a powerful political tool for the paramount leader as it can control access to, and conduct surveillance on, its charges.[4][5]The CGR is formally subordinated to the PLA General Staff Department (GSD)[2] but political and operation control is exercised by the party through the Central Guard Bureau (CGB) of the General Office of the Central Committee (CGO);[3] CGB deputy directors concurrently hold leadership positions in the CGR.[6] The PLA handles personnel management, training, and logistics.[7]The CGR has used multiple Military Cover Unit Designators (MCUD). It was known as Unit 8341 or 8341 Special Regiment as part of the 9th Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security at the time of Mao Zedong's death, and Unit 57003 afterwards. More recently, it has been known as Unit 61889.[8][note 1]","title":"Central Guard Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"secret police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_police"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_140-142-11"},{"link_name":"Zunyi Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunyi_Conference"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_142-144-12"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_147-13"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Wang Dongxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Dongxing"},{"link_name":"Central Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_149-14"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Public Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_148-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_155-16"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_148-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_151-17"},{"link_name":"Nie Rongzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen"},{"link_name":"Luo Ruiqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_152-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_150-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_152-154-20"}],"sub_title":"First formation","text":"During much of the 1930s the CCP's main internal security organization was the State Political Security Bureau (SPSB). It was created after Mao Zedong was dismissed as general political commissar\nof the First Front Army in November 1931. The SPSB was created by absorbing existing organizations, taking over protection of senior CCP members and the secret police roles. The SPSB included a Political Security Regiment and two Brigades of State Political Security for protection duties.[10]After effectively assuming party leadership after 1935 Zunyi Conference, Mao worked to wrestle control of the security apparatus from the party by undermining the SPSB; SPSB forces were reduced, and Mao's supporters moved into party and SPSB leadership positions. In 1938, Mao created a new security unit, the Central Guard Training Brigade (CGTB). The CGTB was formally commanded by three non-SPSB organizations and was organizationally subordinated to a fourth, the Central Revolutionary Military Committee; Mao chaired the committee and, through it, controlled the brigade.[11]In October 1942, the CGTB was expanded into the Central Guard Regiment. At the end of the Second World War, a third of the CGR was split off to create a protection unit for the CCP advance into Manchuria.[12] In the following continuation of the Chinese Civil War, the CGR protected the Central Committee and PLA Headquarters. Mao exerted indirect control through Wang Dongxing, head of the Guard Bureau under the Central Secretariat.[13]The CCP's forces were reorganized in July 1949 with the security component becoming the Ministry of Public Security's (MPS) Chinese People's Public Security Forces (CPPSF),[14] being renamed as the PLA Public Security Forces (PLAPSF) in September 1950.[15] The Central Column of the CPPSF was created in August 1949 to protect the new capital of Beijing and the party leadership;[14] in September 1949 the CGR was expanded into the 2nd Division of the Central Column.[16] The reorganization was part of an effort to professionalize Chinese security forces by Nie Rongzhen and Luo Ruiqing, but it removed the CGR from Mao's influence and reduced Mao's influence in security;[17] Luo was Minister of Public Security.[18] Nie and Luo subsequently had poorer relationships with Mao.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_126-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_155-156-22"},{"link_name":"Minister of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense"},{"link_name":"Peng Dehuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai"},{"link_name":"Lushan Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushan_Conference"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_156-157-23"},{"link_name":"Central Party School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Jiangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_157-158-24"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_160-25"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_169-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_170-29"}],"sub_title":"Second formation","text":"Mao created a new CGR in May 1953. The CGR was separating from the PLAPSF and subordinated to the party's CGB. Wang, leading the CGB, was again Mao's conduit of control.[20] The PLA formally controlled the CGR, but in practice it only provided logistical and recruitment support. Similarly, while the CGB was simultaneously the MPS's 9th Bureau, in practice the MPS exercised no control. Therefore, Mao appointed commanders, and set recruiting criteria that favored poor or lower-middle-class peasants.[21]In 1959, Minister of National Defense Peng Dehuai, acting on a poor relationship with Mao, attempted to remove the CGR from Mao's control by subordinating it to the Beijing Garrison Command (BGC). It was unsuccessful because the CGR only drew logistical support. Peng was subsequently purged at the 1959 Lushan Conference, and the CGR was resubordinated to the PLA GSD in 1960.[22] The PLA commanded the CGR for a few years while Wang attended the Central Party School and served as Jiangxi's deputy governor.[23]Mao strengthened his control over security in preparation for the Cultural Revolution, which included placing Wang in greater positions of authority. In September 1960, Wang was transferred back to Beijing to lead a purge of the CGB and CGR; in April 1964, he took over the MPS' 9th Bureau and managed its merger with the 8th Bureau which saw opponents dismissed and the CGB and CGR come under control of the 9th Bureau.[24][note 2] On the eve of the Cultural Revolution, Mao directly controlled the CGB, and through it the CGR and BGC, which he used to arrest and spy on his opponents.[26] Mao fostered the CGR's loyalty by providing social and economic assistance to its members and their families, and - before 1969 - personally meeting new recruits.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhou Enlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_174-30"},{"link_name":"Lin Biao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Biao"},{"link_name":"1970 Lushan plenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_174-175-31"},{"link_name":"Gang of Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_291-292-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_93-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_291-292-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_120-121-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_120-121-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_380-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_120-121-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_181-36"}],"sub_title":"The Cultural Revolution","text":"During the Cultural Revolution, the CGR acted as Mao's representatives and communication intermediaries. CGR units were stationed to restore order at the \"six factories and two universities\" in Beijing which Mao regarded as \"models\". The CGR's prestige, derived from their close association with Mao, allowed their mere presence to pacify the mass rebels; Zhou Enlai sent officials to shelter in areas under CGR influence.[28] The CGR and CGB established close ties with various politicians and groups, including Lin Biao, seeking to ensure their access to Mao; Mao proceeded to \"rectify\" the loyalty of his security force after coming into conflict with Lin at the 1970 Lushan plenum.[29]Mao's death in September 1976 instigated a power struggle within the CCP between the radical Gang of Four and the moderates.[30] Wang was the most powerful person in the party's security and intelligence organization[31] and retained control of the CGR and CGB;[30] he adhered to Mao's views[32] and allied with the moderates, allowing the moderates to control the party's elite security forces: the BGC, CGR and CGB.[32] The Gang of Four were suppressed in October 1976;[33] the CGR arrested the Gang, and the BGC arrested followers and took over the media.[32]The CGR was reorganized into the Central Guard Division in 1977.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_176-8"},{"link_name":"Third Plenum of the 11th party congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Plenary_Session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_181-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_182-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_181-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_179-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_180-39"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_181-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_182-37"}],"sub_title":"Leadership changes after Mao","text":"Deng Xiaoping returned to office in 1977[8] and moved to assert control over the security apparatus. At the Third Plenum of the 11th party congress in December 1978, Wang agreed to relinquish control over the CGO, CGB, and CGR[34] for a mostly symbolic party vice chairmanship;[35] Wang had previously refused to ally with Deng.[34] Sun Yong, Deng's chief bodyguard[36] and possibly one of Wang's old political rivals,[37] became the CGR's new commander.[34] In addition, the Third Plenum reduced the influence of Wang and his supporters by separating the CGB and CGR from the CGO; this put party security forces solely under the control of the Deng-controlled PLA GSD. Finally, the CGO, CGB, and CGR were purged of Wang's supporters.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commanders","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Political Commissars","title":"Leaders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pollpeter-allen_32-34-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guo_122-26"}],"text":"^ The changes may correspond to revisions to the MCUD scheme.[9]\n\n^ The 9th Bureau provided security for the highest-ranked officials, including Mao, while the 8th provided security to other high ranked officials.[25]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"「御林軍」京城演練懾貪\". Oriental Daily. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20150212/00176_003.html","url_text":"\"「御林軍」京城演練懾貪\""}]},{"reference":"Yue Huairang (岳怀让) (15 October 2022). 中央警卫局原副局长兼中央警卫团团长孙勇逝世，享年96岁. thepaper (in Chinese). Retrieved 10 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_20305615?commTag=true","url_text":"中央警卫局原副局长兼中央警卫团团长孙勇逝世，享年96岁"}]},{"reference":"Guo, Xuezhi (2012). China's Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107023239.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107023239","url_text":"9781107023239"}]},{"reference":"Pollpeter, Kevin; Allen, Kenneth W., eds. (2012). The PLA as Organization v2.0 (Report). China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, United States Air Force.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/CASI/Display/Article/1586201/pla-as-organization-20/","url_text":"The PLA as Organization v2.0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20150212/00176_003.html","external_links_name":"\"「御林軍」京城演練懾貪\""},{"Link":"https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_20305615?commTag=true","external_links_name":"中央警卫局原副局长兼中央警卫团团长孙勇逝世，享年96岁"},{"Link":"https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/CASI/Display/Article/1586201/pla-as-organization-20/","external_links_name":"The PLA as Organization v2.0"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmic_Free_Music_Foundation	Kosmic Free Music Foundation	["1 Group history","2 List of members","2.1 Organizers","2.2 Coders","2.3 Artists","2.4 Musicians","2.5 Support","3 Significant releases","4 Notes","5 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kosmic Free Music Foundation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Demoscene Concepts Chiptune Demo Intro Demoparty Effects Demogroup Compo Diskmag Module file Tracker Alternative demo platforms Amiga Atari ST Commodore 64 MS-DOS ZX Spectrum Amstrad CPC Current parties Alternative Party Assembly Chaos Constructions The Gathering Revision X Past parties Breakpoint The Party Websites Scene.org Mod Archive Magazines TraxWeekly Static Line Scene World Hugi Software OpenMPT Protracker Scream Tracker FastTracker 2 Impulse Tracker Jeskola Buzz Renoise MilkyTracker ModPlug Player SunVox Tracker musicians Demosceners Chiptune artistsvte The Kosmic Free Music Foundation (a.k.a. Kosmic, or KFMF) was a worldwide group of computer musicians, artists, and coders focused on the PC demoscene. Most members were from the United States, Canada, and Australia. They created music—mostly techno, trance, and ambient—with tracker software. They also created some artwork and demos. All their productions were available to download without charge from BBSes and the internet. In the 1990s, they were known for having many of the tracking scene's top musicians as members. Their early presence on the Internet made them one of the first netlabels. The leader of Kosmic was Dan Nicholson, who went by the alias Maelcum. Group history The group was founded in 1991, under the name Kosmic Loader Foundation (KLF, unrelated to the British music group The KLF). The original purpose of the group was to create BBS intros and ANSI art. In 1992, Maelcum began releasing MOD music files under the group's name, and soon KLF became music oriented. Inspekdah Deck (then using the name Venom, not affiliated with the Wu-Tang Clan member, Inspectah Deck) ran a BBS at his home in New Jersey called Trancentral II which became the homebase for the group to communicate and release their music ("Trancentral" being the recording studio and "spiritual home" for The KLF). In 1994, the group quickly embraced the Internet, and created an FTP site and web site. Having only a few active members, they quickly grew by recruiting new members through the IRC channel #trax. By this time, many musicians in KLF started using Renaissance's MultiTracker program to create MTM files instead of MODs, thus allowing the use of 32 simultaneous instruments rather than 4. In 1995, the group changed their name to Kosmic Free Music Foundation, to emphasize their focus on music rather than demos or intros. However, after recruiting a coder named GooRoo, they presented their first full-length demo, "Flight", at the NAID party in Quebec, and ranked third place in competition. Kosmic members Maelcum & IQ placed second in the music competition with "Hitchhiking Reticulan". It was later released on the FTZ CD "Nothing Is True", produced by Maelcum on his own label, Area 51 Records. More demos and musicdisks followed, although single music releases were still the mainstay. In 1997, Kosmic released their first archive CD-ROM for sale, containing all their music releases through 1996 plus a few new audio tracks. Some members started releasing their music in the new MP3 format instead of tracker formats. Most members from the original #trax rush had since retired or left for independent projects. The group continued and released two more archive CD sets, but by early 2000 had faded into inactivity. During its active years KFMF was one of the largest music groups, if not the largest, in the tracker/demoscene community. List of members Organizers Maelcum fka ModDan (Dan Nicholson): President 1991-present Inspekdah Deck fka Venom (Andre Cardadeiro): Vice president 1992-1995 Phoenix (Andrew Voss): Vice president 1995-1996 Draggy (Nicolas St. Pierre): Vice president 1996-2000 Coders BarryE (Barry Egerter) 1995 Berky 1994-1995 GooRoo (Chris Egerter) 1994-2000 jmX (Jon Mayfield) 1996-2000 Statix (Kim Davies) 1994-1995 Wonko the Sane 1993-1994 Zab (Zach Brown) 1995-1996 Artists AphidTwix (Greg Ipp) 1997 Binky the Almighty 1994 Carrot (Gavin Cowie) 1996-1997 Hawk (Jakob Hoegh) 1998-2000 HFaze (Matt Perkins) 1995-1996 Hros 1993-1994 Ink (John Cathcart) 1995-2000 Inner Vision (Gene Sumter) 1996-2000 Light (Jeff Harris) 1995-1997 Lurch 1992-1994 Messiah: ANSI 1995 Parsec (Roland Wunderlich) 1995-1996 Sophisto (Stephen Loomis)1995 The Kind King: ANSI 1992-1993 Young 1995 Musicians Aahz (Dave Fitches) 1999-2000 Amino Acid (Amin Fadaifard) 1998-2000 Andreas (Andreas Viklund)1998-2000 Andromeda (Morgan Norrestam) 1997-2000 Ara aka Epeius (Ara Pehlivanian) 1996-1997 Astrid (Astrid Fauchon) 1996-1997 Balrog (Samuel Cote) 1994-1996 Basehead (Dan Gardopée aka Grandpre) 1994-1995 Bert (D. R. Vandervelden) 1996-2000 B00MER (Jared Blalock 1994-2000 cd (Brian Wickman) 1996-1997 Chuck Biscuits (Andrew Fort) 1994-1998 CJtrack (Chris Jarvis) 1996-1997 Cue 1993-1994 Cullyn (Rori Steel) 1997 Cyberactiv 1993-1994 Daedalus (Brian Bennetts) 1996-2000 Djamm (Reynald Deliens) 1998-2000 djzip aka Zipp (Jacob Herbst) 1998-2000 Floss (George Nowik) 1994-1998 Genosha (Ganesh K. Viswanathan) 1998-2000 GooRoo (Chris Egerter) 1995-1996 Grubwerm (James Jock) 1998-2000 Hollywood (Simon Carless) 1995-1996 Inner Vision (Gene Sumter) 1996-1997 Inspekdah Deck fka Venom (Andre Cardadeiro) 1992-1998 I.Q. (Riku Nuottajarvi) 1994-1996 Jazztiz (Pavel Zolin) 1997-2000 jrook (Juhani Gurney) 1997-2000 Karl (Bogdan Raczynski) 1995-1996 Khyron (Paul Schultz) 1994-1998 Krystall (Patrick Matte) 1994-1996 Legend (Liam Widdowson) 1997-2000 Leviathan (Andy Carlson) 1994-1997 Liam the Lemming (Liam Hesse) 1996-2000 Lord Pegasus (Zachary Smith) 1994-1998 Lurch 1992-1995 Maelcum fka ModDan (Dan Nicholson) 1991-present Maral 1994-1995 Mellow-D (Jaakko Manninen) 1995 Mental Floss (Andrew McCallum) 1994-2000 Mercure 1998-2000 MickRip (Mick Rippon) 1996 Mistah Kurtz (Stephen Hill) 1996 Necros (Andrew Sega) 1994-1995 Nemesis (Andrew Wise) 1994-1996 Norfair (Carl Aborg) 1999-2000 Oblivion 1998-1999 Oona (Matti Frondelius) 1997-2000 Ozone (Andre Pang) 1996-1997 Perisoft (David Wiernicki) 1998 PGM (P. Greg Marczyk) 1997-2000 Phoenix (Andrew Voss) 1994-1997 Piromaniak 1994-1995 Placid (Tuomas Mettanen) 1997-2000 Quarex (Drew Hunt) 1995-1998 Ranger Rick (Ben Reed) 1999-2000 Ringlord (Chris Nauroth) 1996-2000 Screamager (Mehran Khalili) 1997-2000 Sinbad 1993-1994 Siren aka Sandman (Alexander Brandon) 1996-1997 Sophisto (Stephen Loomis) 1995 Stinger (Harri Manninen) 1996-1997 Technoid 1992 theHacker (Krisjanis Gale) 1994-2000 Tristan (Eyal Ben-or) 1998-2000 Vivid (Simon Jarosch) 1995-2000 Wayfinder (Sebastian Grillmaier) 1998-2000 Xenon 1997-1999 Zake (Olli Leino) 1995-1997 Zinc (Justin Ray) 1997-1999 Support Berky: PR, design 1994-1995 Capone: Courier, info services 1992-1994 Diablo (Ben Shelton): PR 1994-1995 Draggy (Nicolas St. Pierre): Internet 1995-1996 Electel: PR 1996 IOR (Jesse Rothenberg): Travel 1995 Klepto Maniac: Courier 1993-1994 Ogre: Courier 1992 Silver Dragon (Alek Benedict): PR 1996-1998 Taz: Site coordinator 1995 Warchild: Courier 1992 Significant releases Exceedingly Great Grooves (EGG) - musicdisk (1994) Exceedingly Great Grooves 2 - musicdisk (1995) Exceedingly Great Grooves 3 - musicdisk (1995) Flight - demo (1995) Little Green Men - demo (1995) Dreams - demo (1997) Trip - demo (1998) KFMF Archives Volumes 1-3 (1997–1999) - data and audio CDs Kosmic Y2K Collection - six audio CDs Notes ^ "Flight by Kosmic Free Music Foundation". External links Kosmic Free Music Foundation (KFMF) official website at the Wayback Machine (archived March 4, 2000) KFMF productions indexed on Pouet Kosmic Archives mirrored on Textfiles.com Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_music"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC"},{"link_name":"demoscene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoscene"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno_music"},{"link_name":"trance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_music"},{"link_name":"ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"tracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracker_(music_software)"},{"link_name":"demos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"BBSes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_Board_System"},{"link_name":"netlabels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netlabel"},{"link_name":"Maelcum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maelcum&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Kosmic Free Music Foundation (a.k.a. Kosmic, or KFMF) was a worldwide group of computer musicians, artists, and coders focused on the PC demoscene. Most members were from the United States, Canada, and Australia. They created music—mostly techno, trance, and ambient—with tracker software. They also created some artwork and demos. All their productions were available to download without charge from BBSes and the internet. In the 1990s, they were known for having many of the tracking scene's top musicians as members. Their early presence on the Internet made them one of the first netlabels. The leader of Kosmic was Dan Nicholson, who went by the alias Maelcum.","title":"Kosmic Free Music Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(computing)"},{"link_name":"The KLF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_KLF"},{"link_name":"ANSI art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_art"},{"link_name":"MOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOD_(file_format)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Trancentral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trancentral"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"FTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol"},{"link_name":"web site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_site"},{"link_name":"trax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trax_(IRC_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Renaissance's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_(demoscene)"},{"link_name":"demos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIsgLsiAV84"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"},{"link_name":"tracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_tracker"},{"link_name":"demoscene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demoscene"}],"text":"The group was founded in 1991, under the name Kosmic Loader Foundation (KLF, unrelated to the British music group The KLF). The original purpose of the group was to create BBS intros and ANSI art.In 1992, Maelcum began releasing MOD music files under the group's name, and soon KLF became music oriented. Inspekdah Deck (then using the name Venom, not affiliated with the Wu-Tang Clan member, Inspectah Deck) ran a BBS at his home in New Jersey called Trancentral II which became the homebase for the group to communicate and release their music (\"Trancentral\" being the recording studio and \"spiritual home\" for The KLF).In 1994, the group quickly embraced the Internet, and created an FTP site and web site. Having only a few active members, they quickly grew by recruiting new members through the IRC channel #trax. By this time, many musicians in KLF started using Renaissance's MultiTracker program to create MTM files instead of MODs, thus allowing the use of 32 simultaneous instruments rather than 4.In 1995, the group changed their name to Kosmic Free Music Foundation, to emphasize their focus on music rather than demos or intros. However, after recruiting a coder named GooRoo, they presented their first full-length demo, \"Flight[1]\", at the NAID party in Quebec, and ranked third place in competition. Kosmic members Maelcum & IQ placed second in the music competition with \"Hitchhiking Reticulan\". It was later released on the FTZ CD \"Nothing Is True\", produced by Maelcum on his own label, Area 51 Records. More demos and musicdisks followed, although single music releases were still the mainstay.In 1997, Kosmic released their first archive CD-ROM for sale, containing all their music releases through 1996 plus a few new audio tracks. Some members started releasing their music in the new MP3 format instead of tracker formats. Most members from the original #trax rush had since retired or left for independent projects. The group continued and released two more archive CD sets, but by early 2000 had faded into inactivity.During its active years KFMF was one of the largest music groups, if not the largest, in the tracker/demoscene community.","title":"Group history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmic_Free_Music_Foundation&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmic_Free_Music_Foundation&action=edit&section=4"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmic_Free_Music_Foundation&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmic_Free_Music_Foundation&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"Andreas Viklund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoona"},{"link_name":"Dan Gardopée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gardop%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Simon Carless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Carless"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Raczynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Raczynski"},{"link_name":"Andrew Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sega"},{"link_name":"Alexander Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Brandon"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmic_Free_Music_Foundation&action=edit&section=7"}],"text":"Organizers[edit]\nMaelcum fka ModDan (Dan Nicholson): President 1991-present\nInspekdah Deck fka Venom (Andre Cardadeiro): Vice president 1992-1995\nPhoenix (Andrew Voss): Vice president 1995-1996\nDraggy (Nicolas St. Pierre): Vice president 1996-2000\nCoders[edit]\n\n\n\n\nBarryE (Barry Egerter) 1995\nBerky 1994-1995\nGooRoo (Chris Egerter) 1994-2000\njmX (Jon Mayfield) 1996-2000\n\n\nStatix (Kim Davies) 1994-1995\nWonko the Sane 1993-1994\nZab (Zach Brown) 1995-1996\n\nArtists[edit]\n\n\n\n\nAphidTwix (Greg Ipp) 1997\nBinky the Almighty 1994\nCarrot (Gavin Cowie) 1996-1997\nHawk (Jakob Hoegh) 1998-2000\nHFaze (Matt Perkins) 1995-1996\nHros 1993-1994\nInk (John Cathcart) 1995-2000\nInner Vision (Gene Sumter) 1996-2000\n\n\nLight (Jeff Harris) 1995-1997\nLurch 1992-1994\nMessiah: ANSI 1995\nParsec (Roland Wunderlich) 1995-1996\nSophisto (Stephen Loomis)1995\nThe Kind King: ANSI 1992-1993\nYoung 1995\n\nMusicians[edit]\n\n\n\n\nAahz (Dave Fitches) 1999-2000\nAmino Acid (Amin Fadaifard) 1998-2000\nAndreas (Andreas Viklund)1998-2000\nAndromeda (Morgan Norrestam) 1997-2000\nAra aka Epeius (Ara Pehlivanian) 1996-1997\nAstrid (Astrid Fauchon) 1996-1997\nBalrog (Samuel Cote) 1994-1996\nBasehead (Dan Gardopée aka Grandpre) 1994-1995\nBert (D. R. Vandervelden) 1996-2000\nB00MER (Jared Blalock 1994-2000\ncd (Brian Wickman) 1996-1997\nChuck Biscuits (Andrew Fort) 1994-1998\nCJtrack (Chris Jarvis) 1996-1997\nCue 1993-1994\nCullyn (Rori Steel) 1997\nCyberactiv 1993-1994\nDaedalus (Brian Bennetts) 1996-2000\nDjamm (Reynald Deliens) 1998-2000\ndjzip aka Zipp (Jacob Herbst) 1998-2000\nFloss (George Nowik) 1994-1998\nGenosha (Ganesh K. Viswanathan) 1998-2000\nGooRoo (Chris Egerter) 1995-1996\nGrubwerm (James Jock) 1998-2000\nHollywood (Simon Carless) 1995-1996\nInner Vision (Gene Sumter) 1996-1997\nInspekdah Deck fka Venom (Andre Cardadeiro) 1992-1998\nI.Q. (Riku Nuottajarvi) 1994-1996\nJazztiz (Pavel Zolin) 1997-2000\njrook (Juhani Gurney) 1997-2000\nKarl (Bogdan Raczynski) 1995-1996\nKhyron (Paul Schultz) 1994-1998\nKrystall (Patrick Matte) 1994-1996\nLegend (Liam Widdowson) 1997-2000\nLeviathan (Andy Carlson) 1994-1997\nLiam the Lemming (Liam Hesse) 1996-2000\nLord Pegasus (Zachary Smith) 1994-1998\nLurch 1992-1995\n\n\nMaelcum fka ModDan (Dan Nicholson) 1991-present\nMaral 1994-1995\nMellow-D (Jaakko Manninen) 1995\nMental Floss (Andrew McCallum) 1994-2000\nMercure 1998-2000\nMickRip (Mick Rippon) 1996\nMistah Kurtz (Stephen Hill) 1996\nNecros (Andrew Sega) 1994-1995\nNemesis (Andrew Wise) 1994-1996\nNorfair (Carl Aborg) 1999-2000\nOblivion 1998-1999\nOona (Matti Frondelius) 1997-2000\nOzone (Andre Pang) 1996-1997\nPerisoft (David Wiernicki) 1998\nPGM (P. Greg Marczyk) 1997-2000\nPhoenix (Andrew Voss) 1994-1997\nPiromaniak 1994-1995\nPlacid (Tuomas Mettanen) 1997-2000\nQuarex (Drew Hunt) 1995-1998\nRanger Rick (Ben Reed) 1999-2000\nRinglord (Chris Nauroth) 1996-2000\nScreamager (Mehran Khalili) 1997-2000\nSinbad 1993-1994\nSiren aka Sandman (Alexander Brandon) 1996-1997\nSophisto (Stephen Loomis) 1995\nStinger (Harri Manninen) 1996-1997\nTechnoid 1992\ntheHacker (Krisjanis Gale) 1994-2000\nTristan (Eyal Ben-or) 1998-2000\nVivid (Simon Jarosch) 1995-2000\nWayfinder (Sebastian Grillmaier) 1998-2000\nXenon 1997-1999\nZake (Olli Leino) 1995-1997\nZinc (Justin Ray) 1997-1999\n\nSupport[edit]\n\n\n\n\nBerky: PR, design 1994-1995\nCapone: Courier, info services 1992-1994\nDiablo (Ben Shelton): PR 1994-1995\nDraggy (Nicolas St. Pierre): Internet 1995-1996\nElectel: PR 1996\nIOR (Jesse Rothenberg): Travel 1995\n\n\nKlepto Maniac: Courier 1993-1994\nOgre: Courier 1992\nSilver Dragon (Alek Benedict): PR 1996-1998\nTaz: Site coordinator 1995\nWarchild: Courier 1992","title":"List of members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musicdisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicdisk"}],"text":"Exceedingly Great Grooves (EGG) - musicdisk (1994)\nExceedingly Great Grooves 2 - musicdisk (1995)\nExceedingly Great Grooves 3 - musicdisk (1995)\nFlight - demo (1995)\nLittle Green Men - demo (1995)\nDreams - demo (1997)\nTrip - demo (1998)\nKFMF Archives Volumes 1-3 (1997–1999) - data and audio CDs\nKosmic Y2K Collection - six audio CDs","title":"Significant releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Flight by Kosmic Free Music Foundation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pouet.net/prod.php?which=2841"}],"text":"^ \"Flight by Kosmic Free Music Foundation\".","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Flight by Kosmic Free Music Foundation\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pouet.net/prod.php?which=2841","url_text":"\"Flight by Kosmic Free Music Foundation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kosmic+Free+Music+Foundation%22","external_links_name":"\"Kosmic Free Music Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kosmic+Free+Music+Foundation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kosmic+Free+Music+Foundation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kosmic+Free+Music+Foundation%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kosmic+Free+Music+Foundation%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kosmic+Free+Music+Foundation%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmic_Free_Music_Foundation&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIsgLsiAV84","external_links_name":"Flight"},{"Link":"http://www.pouet.net/prod.php?which=2841","external_links_name":"\"Flight by Kosmic Free Music Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000304180653/http://kosmic.org:80/index.php3","external_links_name":"Kosmic Free Music Foundation (KFMF) official website"},{"Link":"http://www.pouet.net/groups.php?which=583","external_links_name":"KFMF productions"},{"Link":"http://cd.textfiles.com/kosmicarchives2/","external_links_name":"Kosmic Archives"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5211b583-5ec6-4342-8a3a-9ab39fd8a088","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_%C5%A0M_11	Karosa ŠM 11	["1 Construction features","2 Production and operation","3 Historical vehicles","4 References","5 See also"]	This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Karosa ŠM 11" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018)Motor vehicle Karosa ŠM 11Historical Karosa ŠM 11 in Brno, Czech RepublicOverviewManufacturerKarosaBody and chassisDoors3, air-operatedFloor typeHigh-floorChassissemi-self-supporting with framePowertrainEngineŠkoda ML 634 V6 Diesel engine Škoda ML 630 V6 Diesel enginePower output132.4 kW (178 hp) (Škoda ML 634) 152.4 kW (204 hp) (Škoda ML 630)TransmissionPraga 2-speed automatic Praga 5-speed manualDimensionsLength10,985 mm (432.5 in) 11,135 mm (438.4 in)Width2,500 mm (98.4 in)Height2,985 mm (117.5 in)Curb weight7,800 kg (17,200 lb)-8,750 kg (19,290 lb)ChronologyPredecessorŠkoda 706 RTOSuccessorKarosa B 731 Karosa ŠM 11's interior The Karosa ŠM 11 is an urban bus produced by the Czechoslovakian bus manufacturer Karosa between 1965 and 1981. It was succeeded by the Karosa B 731 in 1981. Construction features The Karosa ŠM 11 is completely different from its predecessor, Škoda 706 RTO, which had its engine in the front and two doors. ŠM 11 is a model of Karosa Š series. It was derived from Karosa ŠL 11 intercity bus, and also unified with long-distance coach Karosa ŠD 11. Its body is semi-self-supporting with frame and engine with automatic gearbox in the middle, right between the wheels. Only its rear axle is propulsed. Front axle is independent, rear axle is solid. All axles are mounted on air suspension. On the right side are three folding doors (the first is narrower than the other doors). Leatherette seats are used for the seats inside the ŠM 11. Driver's cab is not separated from the rest of the vehicle. In the rear, there is room for a pram or wheelchair. Production and operation Production of the ŠM 11 started in 1965 and continued until 1981. Although ŠM 11 are not operated in public transport anymore, many of them are still being operated as historical vehicles. The last Karosa ŠM 11 in Prague was retired in 1987, and the last ŠM 11 in Czech Republic was retired in 1994 in Opava. About 9,900 Karosa ŠM 11 buses were made during its production. Some buses were also exported to Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland and Romania. Historical vehicles Czech Republic: Prague transport company (bus, no.7135, year 1981) Technical muzeum Brno (bus ex. Brno transport company no. 2834) Ostrava transport company (bus no. č. 5842) Zlín (bus ex Prague transport company no. 7174) Plzeň (bus ex Plzeň transport company no. 145) Busline (bus ex transport company Teplice no. 46) Slovakia: Bratislava (bus no. 3350) private collector (bus ex Prague transport company no. 5123) KHA Bratislava (bus ex Bratislava transport company no. 1382) private collector (pbus ex transport company Plzeň no. 135) References ^ "Autobusy Karosa – 6. díl – ŠM 11 a 16,5" Československý dopravák issue 4 2007 page 22 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karosa ŠM 11. Buses portal List of buses vteBuses and bus trailers manufactured by Karosa (now Iveco Czech Republic)high-floor city buses Škoda 706 RTO Škoda 706 RTO-K ŠM 11 ŠM 16,5 B 731 B 732 B 741 Legobus B 831 B 832 B 841 B 931 B 932 B 941 B 951 B 952 B 961 low-floor city buses Citybus 12M Citybus 18M Citelis 12M Citelis 18M intercity buses Škoda 706 RTO-CAR ŠL 11 C 734 C 744 C 735 C 834 C 835 C 934 C 935 C 943 C 954 C 955 C 956 (Axer) Récréo Crossway long distance coaches Škoda 706 RTO-LUX ŠD 11 LC 735 LC 736 LC 737 (HD 11) LC 757 (HD 12) LC 936 LC 937 (GT 11) LC 957 (HD 12) LC 956 passenger trailers NO 80 B 40	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ostrava,_Karosa_%C5%A0M_11_(interi%C3%A9r).jpg"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Karosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa"},{"link_name":"Karosa B 731","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_731"}],"text":"Motor vehicleKarosa ŠM 11's interiorThe Karosa ŠM 11 is an urban bus produced by the Czechoslovakian bus manufacturer Karosa between 1965 and 1981. It was succeeded by the Karosa B 731 in 1981.","title":"Karosa ŠM 11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Škoda 706 RTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_706_RTO"},{"link_name":"Karosa Š series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_%C5%A0_series"},{"link_name":"Karosa ŠL 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_%C5%A0L_11"},{"link_name":"Karosa ŠD 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_%C5%A0D_11"},{"link_name":"frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_frame"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine"},{"link_name":"automatic gearbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_gearbox"},{"link_name":"air suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_suspension"}],"text":"The Karosa ŠM 11 is completely different from its predecessor, Škoda 706 RTO, which had its engine in the front and two doors. ŠM 11 is a model of Karosa Š series. It was derived from Karosa ŠL 11 intercity bus, and also unified with long-distance coach Karosa ŠD 11. Its body is semi-self-supporting with frame and engine with automatic gearbox in the middle, right between the wheels. Only its rear axle is propulsed. Front axle is independent, rear axle is solid. All axles are mounted on air suspension. On the right side are three folding doors (the first is narrower than the other doors). Leatherette seats are used for the seats inside the ŠM 11. Driver's cab is not separated from the rest of the vehicle. In the rear, there is room for a pram or wheelchair.","title":"Construction features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Opava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opava"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"}],"text":"Production of the ŠM 11 started in 1965 and continued until 1981.Although ŠM 11 are not operated in public transport anymore, many of them are still being operated as historical vehicles. The last Karosa ŠM 11 in Prague was retired in 1987, and the last ŠM 11 in Czech Republic was retired in 1994 in Opava. About 9,900 Karosa ŠM 11 buses were made during its production.[1] Some buses were also exported to Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland and Romania.","title":"Production and operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"Czech Republic:Prague transport company (bus, no.7135, year 1981)\nTechnical muzeum Brno (bus ex. Brno transport company no. 2834)\nOstrava transport company (bus no. č. 5842)\nZlín (bus ex Prague transport company no. 7174)\nPlzeň (bus ex Plzeň transport company no. 145)\nBusline (bus ex transport company Teplice no. 46)Slovakia:Bratislava (bus no. 3350)\nprivate collector (bus ex Prague transport company no. 5123)\nKHA Bratislava (bus ex Bratislava transport company no. 1382)\nprivate collector (pbus ex transport company Plzeň no. 135)","title":"Historical vehicles"}]	[{"image_text":"Karosa ŠM 11's interior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ostrava%2C_Karosa_%C5%A0M_11_%28interi%C3%A9r%29.jpg/220px-Ostrava%2C_Karosa_%C5%A0M_11_%28interi%C3%A9r%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Karosa ŠM 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Karosa_%C5%A0M_11"},{"title":"Buses portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Buses"},{"title":"List of buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buses"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Karosa_Buses"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Karosa_Buses"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karosa_Buses"},{"title":"Karosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa"},{"title":"Škoda 706 RTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_706_RTO"},{"title":"Škoda 706 RTO-K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_706_RTO-K"},{"title":"ŠM 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"ŠM 16,5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_%C5%A0M_16,5"},{"title":"B 731","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_731"},{"title":"B 732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_732"},{"title":"B 741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_741"},{"title":"Legobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karosa_Legobus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"B 831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_831"},{"title":"B 832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_832"},{"title":"B 841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karosa_B_841&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"B 931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_931"},{"title":"B 932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_932"},{"title":"B 941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_941"},{"title":"B 951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_951"},{"title":"B 952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_952"},{"title":"B 961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_961"},{"title":"Citybus 12M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisbus_Agora"},{"title":"Citybus 18M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisbus_Agora"},{"title":"Citelis 12M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisbus_Citelis"},{"title":"Citelis 18M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisbus_Citelis"},{"title":"Škoda 706 RTO-CAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_706_RTO"},{"title":"ŠL 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_%C5%A0L_11"},{"title":"C 734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_C_734"},{"title":"C 744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_C_744"},{"title":"C 735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_C_735"},{"title":"C 834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_C_834"},{"title":"C 835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karosa_C_835&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"C 934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_C_934"},{"title":"C 935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_C_935"},{"title":"C 943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_C_943"},{"title":"C 954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_C_954"},{"title":"C 955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_C_955"},{"title":"C 956 (Axer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_C_956"},{"title":"Récréo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_R%C3%A9cr%C3%A9o"},{"title":"Crossway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisbus_Crossway"},{"title":"Škoda 706 RTO-LUX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_706_RTO"},{"title":"ŠD 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_%C5%A0D_11"},{"title":"LC 735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_LC_735"},{"title":"LC 736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_LC_736"},{"title":"LC 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_LC_737"},{"title":"LC 757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_LC_757"},{"title":"LC 936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_LC_936"},{"title":"LC 937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_LC_937"},{"title":"LC 957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_LC_957"},{"title":"LC 956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_LC_956"},{"title":"NO 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_NO_80"},{"title":"B 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karosa_B_40"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karosa_%C5%A0M_11&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Karosa+%C5%A0M+11%22","external_links_name":"\"Karosa ŠM 11\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Karosa+%C5%A0M+11%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Karosa+%C5%A0M+11%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Karosa+%C5%A0M+11%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Karosa+%C5%A0M+11%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Karosa+%C5%A0M+11%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allie_Will	Allie Will	["1 ITF finals","1.1 Singles (0–3)","1.2 Doubles (11–6)","2 References","3 External links"]	American tennis player Allie WillCountry (sports) United StatesBorn (1991-04-20) April 20, 1991 (age 33)Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.Prize money$76,476SinglesCareer record119–104Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 280 (August 5, 2013)DoublesCareer record108–67Career titles11 ITFHighest rankingNo. 98 (February 3, 2014) Allie Will (born April 20, 1991) is an American former tennis player. Will was born in Boca Raton, Florida. She won eleven doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit in her career. On July 22, 2013, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 293. On February 3, 2014, she peaked at No. 98 in the doubles rankings. In April 2013, Will made her WTA Tour debut at the 2013 Monterrey Open, alongside Asia Muhammad in doubles, reaching the semifinals. ITF finals Singles (0–3) Legend $25,000 tournaments $10,000 tournaments Finals by surface Hard (0–3) Result No. Date Tournament Surface Opponent Score Loss 1. July 12, 2010 Atlanta, United States Hard Irina Falconi 1–6, 4–6 Loss 2. September 10, 2012 Redding, United States Hard Chelsey Gullickson 3–6, 6–4, 2–6 Loss 3. June 23, 2014 Quintana Roo, Mexico Hard Ana Sofía Sánchez 6–3, 0–6, 0–6 Doubles (11–6) Legend $100,000 tournaments $75,000 tournaments $50,000 tournaments $25,000 tournaments $10,000 tournaments Finals by surface Hard (6–2) Clay (5–4) Result No. Date Tournament Surface Partner Opponents Score Win 1. October 15, 2007 Serra Negra, Brazil Clay Christina McHale Mailen Auroux Tatiana Búa 7–5, 6–3 Loss 1. April 7, 2008 Los Mochis, Mexico Clay Indire Akiki Vanesa Furlanetto Andrea Koch Benvenuto 0–6, 5–7 Win 2. May 25, 2009 Sumter, United States Hard Caitlyn Williams Mami Inoue Kyle McPhillips 6–4, 6–4 Win 3. June 22, 2009 Waterloo, Canada Clay Alexandra Mueller Heidi El Tabakh Tetiana Luzhanska 6–2, 6–1 Win 4. January 14, 2013 Port St. Lucie, United States Clay Angelina Gabueva Florencia Molinero Adriana Pérez 4–6, 6–2, Win 5. February 11, 2013 Rancho Santa Fe Open, United States Hard Asia Muhammad Anamika Bhargava Macall Harkins 6–1, 6–4 Loss 2. April 29, 2013 Indian Harbour Beach, United States Clay Asia Muhammad Jan Abaza Louisa Chirico 4–6, 4–6 Win 6. May 6, 2013 Raleigh, United States Clay Asia Muhammad Jessica Moore Sally Peers 6–3, 6–3 Loss 3. June 3, 2013 Open de Marseille, France Clay Asia Muhammad Sandra Klemenschits Andreja Klepač 6–1, 4–6, Win 7. July 8, 2013 Yakima, United States Hard Jan Abaza Naomi Broady Irina Falconi 7–5, 3–6, Win 8. November 4, 2013 Captiva Island, United States Hard Gabriela Dabrowski Julia Boserup Alexandra Mueller 6–1, 6–2 Win 9. January 6, 2014 Vero Beach, United States Clay Irina Khromacheva Jacqueline Cako Sanaz Marand 7–5, 6–3 Loss 4. January 20, 2014 Daytona Beach, United States Clay Asia Muhammad Nicole Melichar Teodora Mirčić 7–6(5), 6–7(1), Win 10. June 16, 2014 Quintana Roo, Mexico Hard Anamika Bhargava Victoria Rodríguez Marcela Zacarías 6–2, 6–2 Win 11. June 23, 2014 Quintana Roo, Mexico Hard Anamika Bhargava Victoria Rodríguez Marcela Zacarías 6–0, 6–4 Loss 5. July 28, 2014 Vancouver Open, Canada Hard Jamie Loeb Asia Muhammad Maria Sanchez 3–6, 6–1, Loss 6. September 15, 2014 Albuquerque, United States Hard Nicole Melichar Jan Abaza Melanie Oudin 2–6, 3–6 References ^ "College Spotlight: Allie Will, University of Florida". United States Tennis Association. February 14, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2013. External links Allie Will at the Women's Tennis Association Allie Will at the International Tennis Federation This American biographical article related to tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Boca Raton, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ITF Women's Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITF_Women%27s_Circuit"},{"link_name":"WTA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour"},{"link_name":"2013 Monterrey Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Monterrey_Open"},{"link_name":"Asia Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Monterrey_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles"}],"text":"Allie Will (born April 20, 1991) is an American former tennis player.Will was born in Boca Raton, Florida.[1] She won eleven doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit in her career. On July 22, 2013, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 293. On February 3, 2014, she peaked at No. 98 in the doubles rankings.In April 2013, Will made her WTA Tour debut at the 2013 Monterrey Open, alongside Asia Muhammad in doubles, reaching the semifinals.","title":"Allie Will"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ITF finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles (0–3)","title":"ITF finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles (11–6)","title":"ITF finals"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"College Spotlight: Allie Will, University of Florida\". United States Tennis Association. February 14, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usta.com/college_spotlight_allie_will_university_of_florida/","url_text":"\"College Spotlight: Allie Will, University of Florida\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association","url_text":"United States Tennis Association"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.usta.com/college_spotlight_allie_will_university_of_florida/","external_links_name":"\"College Spotlight: Allie Will, University of Florida\""},{"Link":"https://www.wtatennis.com/players/313952/-","external_links_name":"Allie Will"},{"Link":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/allie-will/800264803/usa","external_links_name":"Allie Will"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allie_Will&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Project	Willow project	["1 Geography and geology","2 Expected oil extraction, revenue","3 Environmental footprint","4 History","4.1 Government approval, 2023","4.2 Post approval","5 Environmental justice","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 70°17′N 151°55′W / 70.283°N 151.917°W / 70.283; -151.917Oil development project in Alaska Willow projectLocation of Willow projectCountryUnited StatesRegionAlaska North SlopeOffshore/onshoreOnshoreCoordinates70°17′N 151°55′W / 70.283°N 151.917°W / 70.283; -151.917OperatorConocoPhillips AlaskaField historyDiscovery2016 The Willow project is an oil drilling project by ConocoPhillips located on the plain of the North Slope of Alaska in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska entirely on wetlands. The project was originally to construct and operate up to five drill pads for a total of 250 oil wells. Associated infrastructure includes access and infield roads, airstrips, pipelines, a gravel mine and a temporary island to facilitate module delivery via sealift barges on permafrost and between waters managed by the state of Alaska. Oil was discovered in the Willow prospect area west of Alpine, Alaska, in 2016, and in October 2020, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) approved ConocoPhillips' Willow development project in its Record of Decision. After a court challenge in 2021, the BLM issued its final supplemental environmental impact statement (SEIS) in February 2023. Alaskan lawmakers from both parties, as well as the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, have supported the Willow project. In March 2023, the Biden administration approved the project. Environmentalist organization Earthjustice immediately filed a lawsuit on behalf of conservation groups to stop the project, saying that the approval of a new carbon pollution source contradicted President Joe Biden's promises to slash greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030 and transition the United States to clean energy; Judge Sharon Gleason upheld the Biden administration's approval in November 2023. The project could produce up to 750 million barrels of oil and 287 million tons of carbon emissions plus other greenhouse gases over 30 years, according to an older government estimate, release the same amount of greenhouse gasses annually as half a million homes. The BLM has predicted adverse effects on public health, the sociocultural system of Native American communities, arctic wildlife and the complex local arctic tundra. Geography and geology The Willow project is located on the plain of the North Slope of Alaska, within the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, in a part called the Bear Tooth Unit West of Alpine, Alaska on native lands. It is located on Arctic coastal tundra less than 30 miles (48 km) from the Arctic Ocean and entirely on the arctic coastal plain, as depicted in Figure 3.9.2 of the final supplemental environmental impact statement (SEIS). This land consists of permafrost tundra, 94% of which is wetlands and 5% freshwater.: 16 The closest village is Nuiqsut, as depicted in Figure 1 of the Willow Master Development Plan Environmental Impact Statement.: 5 The Willow pool is tapping oil reserves in the Nanushuk Formation. Expected oil extraction, revenue In 2020, it was thought that over its anticipated 30-year life, the Willow project could produce 200,000 barrels of oil per day, producing up to 600 million barrels of oil in total. According to estimates by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Willow could generate between $8 and $17 billion in revenue. ConocoPhilips has described the $8 billion to $17 billion revenue as economic benefit, a sum of $3.9 billion in federal royalty, income tax and gravel sales, $2.3 billion NPR-A Impact mitigation grant funds returned to the state, $1.3 billion revenue to the state of Alaska from production, property and income taxes, and $1.2 billion North Slope Borough revenue from property tax. It was expected that construction of facilities would occur over 9 years, employ up to 1,650 seasonal workers and an average of 373 annual workers with 406 full-time permanent employees when operational.: 9 In June 2021, officials at ConocoPhillips stated it had, "identified up to 3 billion barrels of oil equivalent of nearby prospects and leads with similar characteristics that could leverage the Willow infrastructure... unlocks the West", in other words 600 times larger than Willow. In January 2024, a ConocoPhillips advertising fact sheet lowered its estimated oil production to "180,000 barrels of oil per day at its peak" and the number of permanent employees. Environmental footprint As of 2024, Conoco was developing the project on what it calls a "385 acre gravel footprint". It has been or is in the process of building 3 drill sites, a central processing facility, an operations center pad, up to 575 total miles of ice roads during construction, an airstrip, up to 316 miles of pipelines (94 miles of new pipeline rack), only up to 37 miles of gravel roads, seven bridges, a gravel mine site on federal land in the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, a constructed water reservoir to provide 55 million gallons of fresh water for winter withdrawal and up to three boat ramps. It also uses sealift barge transport of construction materials and prefabricated modules from a dock at Oliktok Point near Oliktok Long Range Radar Site. The BLM's environmental impact statement found the project would result in 287 million tons of carbon emissions plus other greenhouse gases. History In 1999, ConocoPhillips acquired the first Willow-area leases in the northeast portion of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska called the Bear Tooth Unit. In 2016, the final year of the Obama administration, ConocoPhillips drilled two oil exploration wells, which encountered "significant pay". It named this discovery Willow. In 2018, the second year of the Trump administration, it appraised the greater Willow area and discovered three additional oil prospects. In May 2018, ConocoPhillips officially requested permission to develop the Willow prospect from the BLM, to construct and operate five drill pads with 50 oil wells each for a total of 250 oil wells including access and infield roads, airstrips, pipelines, a gravel mine and a temporary island to facilitate module delivery via sealift barges. In August 2019, after a 44-day public scoping period and having consulted with 13 tribal entities and Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act corporations, the BLM published a draft master development plan. In August 2020, during the last quarter of the Trump administration, the BLM approved the development of the ConocoPhillips project option. It foresees the construction of a new road. Although a roadless option would have aided caribou movements in the area, the BLM in its Willow master development project Record of Decision, published in October 2020, sided against the roadless option, because it felt the increase in air traffic would increase the overall disturbance.: 7 ConocoPhillips plans to use thermosiphons to freeze the melting permafrost ground, to keep it solid for the oil development infrastructure. Construction at that time was expected to take about nine years, to employ up to 1,650 seasonal workers, an average of 373 annual workers and about 406 full-time employees once operational. In August 2021, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska challenged the BLM permit for the Willow project, because it "1) improperly excluded analysis of foreign greenhouse gas emissions, 2) improperly screened out alternatives from detailed analysis based on BLM's misunderstanding of leaseholders' rights (i.e., that leases purportedly afforded the right to extract 'all possible' oil and gas from each lease tract), and 3) failed to give due consideration to the requirement in the NPRPA to afford 'maximum protection' to significant surface values in the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area".: 3 According to documents received under the Freedom of Information Act, ConocoPhillips was then involved in analyzing the court's decision and participated in developing the next supplemental review. In July 2022, the BLM released a draft SEIS in response to the District Court order. In August 2022, the Alaska Native corporation of the village of Nuiqsut submitted comments to the draft SEIS favoring a reduced number of drill pads from five to four, shorter gravel roads and protection of Teshekpuk Lake.: 48–66 Government approval, 2023 On February 1, 2023, the BLM completed the final SEIS, approving the project with three drill pads with 50 oil wells each for a total of 150 oil wells. Alaskan lawmakers from both sides, including the congressional delegation (Senators Lisa Murkowski (R), Dan Sullivan (R) and Representative Mary Peltola (D)), as well as the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation have been supporting the Willow project. As of March 2023, the Department of the Interior permitted ConocoPhillips to build a new ice road from the existing Kuparuk road system at Kuparuk River Oil Field drill site and use a partially grounded ice bridge across the Colville River near Ocean Point "to transport sealift modules" to the Willow project drilling area.: 3 As a final decision drew near, media attention and public interest increased dramatically, with a petition urging President Biden to "say no to the Willow Project", having been signed by more than 2.4 million people after widespread attention on TikTok. Wikinews has related news: US Interior Department approves Willow oil project in Alaska On March 13, 2023, the Biden administration approved the project. Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland's name did not appear on the approval; deputy secretary Tommy Beaudreau, who acted as the point person on the project for the department, signed the final document. In response, environmental groups announced their plans to sue. Post approval On March 14, 2023, environmentalist organization Earthjustice filed a lawsuit on behalf of conservation groups to stop the Willow project. Activists say that the approval of a new carbon pollution source contradicts President Joe Biden's promises to slash greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030 and transition the United States to clean energy. Some activists have characterized the project as a carbon bomb. In a second lawsuit, on the same day the Natural Resources Defense Council, Center for Biological Diversity, Greenpeace and others asked the federal Alaska court to vacate the approval. Conoco immediately started building the ice road, as construction is only possible in the winter, and in April 2023 an appeals court denied an injunction. In August 2023, a college student from Gen-Z for Change protested against the approval at a White House press event and a video of this event was viewed 10 million times. In September 2023, Biden cancelled oil and gas leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, but not for the Willow project. On November 9, 2023, U.S. District Court Judge Sharon Gleason upheld the Biden administration's approval of the Willow project and rejected claims by an Iñupiat group and environmentalists against it. Earthjustice, one of the organizations bringing the lawsuit, has announced its intention to appeal the decision. Environmental justice Already in its October 2020 Willow Master Development Plan the BLM had stated: "The effects on subsistence and sociocultural systems may be highly adverse and disproportionately borne by the Nuiqsut population.": 16 In the final SEIS from February 2023, the BLM predicted adverse effects on public health,: 420–27 the subsistence: 373, 425, 439 and sociocultural system.: 439 The Nuiqsut population would be disproportionately affected with decreased food resource availability, decreased access to harvesting and increased food insecurity.: 439 It found the project would also adversely impact other Native American communities in Utqiaġvik, Anaktuvuk Pass, and Atqasuk. The project could produce up to 600 million barrels of oil and 287 million tons of carbon emissions plus other greenhouse gases over 30 years. The BLM assessments predict the project will adversely impact arctic wildlife and Native American communities "significantly".: 11 The Willow project would damage the complex local tundra ecosystem and, according to an older government estimate, release the same amount of greenhouse gases annually as half a million homes. In June 2023, Alaska regulators proposed that ConocoPhillips receive a $914,000 penalty for its handling of a “shallow underground blowout” of a nearby well in Alpine, Alaska in 2022, as gas was released uncontrollably at the surface for days across various locations. See also Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission Exxon Valdez oil spill Prudhoe Bay oil spill References ^ a b c Marris, Emma (March 13, 2023). "The Alaska Oil Project Will Be Obsolete Before It's Finished". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. ^ Puko, Timothy (March 17, 2023). "What is Willow? How an Alaska oil project could impact the environment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ a b c "Willow Master Development Plan Environmental Impact Statement RECORD OF DECISION" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management. October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ a b c d e "BLM to Release Willow Master Development Plan Final Analysis". Bureau of Land Management. August 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ a b c ConocoPhillips Alaska (January 1, 2024). "The Willow Project" (PDF). ConocoPhillips Alaska. Retrieved May 16, 2024. ^ "EDITED TRANSCRIPT ConocoPhillips 2021 Market Update" (PDF). ConocoPhillips. June 30, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ a b "Willow Fact sheet" (PDF). ConocoPhilips. January 1, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ "Who we are – Projects". ConocoPhillips Alaska. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ "BLM seeking public input for proposed development of Willow prospect" (PDF). BLM. August 7, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ "Proposed Willow Development Plan Available for Public Comment" (PDF). BLM. August 23, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ Jessica Resnick-Ault (August 14, 2020). "ConocoPhillips gets U.S. green light for Alaska oil project". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023. ^ Bobby Magill (August 14, 2020). "Alaska Project Would Use 'Chillers' to Freeze Thawing Tundra". Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023. ^ a b DOI-BLM-AK-0000-2018-0004-EIS, U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management (March 13, 2023). "Willow Master Development Plan Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Record of Decision" (PDF). eplanning.blm.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Jenny Rowland-Shea. "4 Reasons the Willow Oil Project Is Unfit for Approval". Center for American Progress. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ "Kuukpik, Willow Project Letters of Support" (PDF). ConocoPhillips. August 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ "The Willow MDP Final Supplemental EIS". BLM. February 1, 2023. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ Peltola, Mary; Sullivan, Dan; Murkowski, Lisa (March 8, 2023). "Opinion: President Biden should reapprove the Willow Project". CNN. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023. ^ Brooks, James (February 21, 2023). "Alaska House votes unanimously to support Willow oil project". Alaska Beacon. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023. ^ "Biden-Backed Willow Project Is Destined for Years of Legal Wrangling". Newsweek. March 3, 2023. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ Phillips, Aleks (March 3, 2023). "Stop Willow Project petition signed by 2.5M as anger grows against Biden". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. ^ Milman, Oliver; Lakhani, Nina; Singh, Maanvi (March 13, 2023). "Biden approves controversial Willow oil drilling project in Alaska". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023. ^ Nilsen, Ella (March 14, 2023). "Inside the Biden administration's fraught decision to green-light the controversial Willow Project". CNN. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023. ^ Friedman, Lisa (March 12, 2023). "Biden Administration Approves Huge Alaska Oil Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2023. ^ Mindock, Clark (March 15, 2023). "ConocoPhillips' Alaska Willow project approvals hit with second lawsuit". Reuters. Retrieved March 30, 2023. ^ Rosen, Yereth (April 21, 2023). "Appeals court denies injunction request, allowing ConocoPhillips to proceed with Willow work". Arctic Today. Alaska Beacon. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ "21-year-old interrupts White House press secretary's speech at event". CNN. August 2, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023. ^ Ximena Bustillo (September 6, 2023). "Biden ends drilling in ANWR, sparking criticism, as Willow Project moves forward". NPR. Retrieved September 9, 2023. ^ "Judge in Alaska upholds Biden administration's approval of the massive Willow oil-drilling project". AP News. November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023. ^ "Alaska District Court Rules Willow Oil Project Can Proceed; Conservation Groups Plan To File Appeal". Earthjustice. Retrieved November 10, 2023. ^ a b c d "Willow Master Development Plan Supplemental Environmental Impact StatementVolume 1: Executive Summary, Chapters 1 through 5" (PDF). BLM. January 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023. ^ DeMarban, Alex (June 28, 2023). "Alaska regulators propose $914,000 fine against ConocoPhillips for North Slope gas blowout and leak". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved June 30, 2023. Further reading Friedman, Lisa (March 12, 2023). "Biden Administration Approves Huge Alaska Oil Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 17, 2023. "Could two lawsuits block the Willow Project in Alaska?". March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023. "The Willow oil project debate comes down to this key climate change question". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 17, 2023. "Haaland criticized over 'difficult' choice on Willow project". Retrieved March 17, 2023. "What is the Willow project in Alaska? Controversial oil drilling plan explained". Retrieved March 17, 2023. Megerian, Chris; ago, Associated Press Updated: 21 hours ago Published: 21 hours. "Backlash over Willow oil project in Alaska strikes at Biden climate legacy". Retrieved March 17, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) "What is the controversy behind the Alaska Willow oil project?". March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023. "Willow oil project approval intensifies Alaska Natives' rift". ABC News. Retrieved March 17, 2023. Webb, Romany (May 10, 2023). "Rethinking the Willow Project: Did BLM Have Other Options?". Retrieved September 9, 2023. vteArctic topicsHistory Arctic exploration Arctic research History of whaling Government Arctic Council Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic Ocean Conference Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route Ilulissat Declaration Inuit Circumpolar Council Saami Council Territorial claims in the Arctic United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Geography Arctic Archipelago Arctic Circle Arctic Cordillera Arctic ecology Arctic Ocean Arctic Cyclone Greenland ice sheet Impact craters of the Arctic Innuitian Region Nordicity North Pole Populated places in the Arctic Tundra Geology Canadian Arctic Rift System Eurekan orogeny Greenland Plate Innuitian orogeny Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone Ungava Fault Zone Regions Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Iceland Inuvialuit Karelia Komi Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Nunatsiavut Russian Arctic North Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Climate Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic haze Arctic oscillation Arctic sea ice decline ecology and history Arctic methane emissions Climate change in the Arctic Climate of Alaska Effects of global warming on marine mammals Polar climate Polar amplification Polar vortex Fauna Arctic fox Beluga whale Bowhead whale Lemming Muskox Narwhal Polar bear Reindeer Seal bearded harp hooded ribbon ringed Snowy owl Walrus Flora Arctic ecology Arctic vegetation Tundra Culture Arctic peoples Subarctic peoples Chukchi Chukotka Evenks Karelians Komi Icelandic Inuit Gwich'in Khanty Koryaks Nenets Northern indigenous Russian peoples Sami Selkup Yakuts Yukaghir Arctic Winter Games Quviasukvik (New Year's Day) Economy Natural resources Petroleum exploration Arctic Refuge drilling controversy Pollution in the Arctic Ocean Protected areas Transportation Transport Arctic Bridge Arctic shipping routes Northeast Passage Northwest Passage Northern Sea Route Polar air route Transpolar Sea Route Search and rescue Category WikiProject vtePeak oilCore issues Fossil fuel phase-out Hubbert peak theory Predicting the timing of peak oil Results/responses 1970s energy crisis 2000s energy crisis Global energy crisis (2021–present) Energy crisis Export Land Model Food vs. fuel Hirsch report Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification Permaculture Pickens Plan Price of oil Renewable energy commercialization Rimini protocol Simple living Swing producer People Albert Allen Bartlett Colin J. 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The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire Organizations Energy Watch Group International Energy Agency International Renewable Energy Agency Oil Depletion Analysis Centre The Oil Drum OPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Post Carbon Institute REN21 Transition town Other peaks Car Coal Copper Food Gas Gold Minerals Phosphorus Soil Water Wheat Wood	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ConocoPhillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConocoPhillips"},{"link_name":"North Slope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope"},{"link_name":"National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Petroleum_Reserve_in_Alaska"},{"link_name":"drill pads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_pad"},{"link_name":"permafrost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost"},{"link_name":"Alpine, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"Record of Decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_of_Decision"},{"link_name":"environmental impact statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement"},{"link_name":"Arctic Slope Regional Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Slope_Regional_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Earthjustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthjustice"},{"link_name":"Sharon Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Gleason"},{"link_name":"carbon emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emission"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marris-1"},{"link_name":"Native American communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Natives"},{"link_name":"arctic wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_wildlife"},{"link_name":"arctic tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_tundra"}],"text":"Oil development project in AlaskaThe Willow project is an oil drilling project by ConocoPhillips located on the plain of the North Slope of Alaska in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska entirely on wetlands. The project was originally to construct and operate up to five drill pads for a total of 250 oil wells. Associated infrastructure includes access and infield roads, airstrips, pipelines, a gravel mine and a temporary island to facilitate module delivery via sealift barges on permafrost and between waters managed by the state of Alaska.Oil was discovered in the Willow prospect area west of Alpine, Alaska, in 2016, and in October 2020, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) approved ConocoPhillips' Willow development project in its Record of Decision. After a court challenge in 2021, the BLM issued its final supplemental environmental impact statement (SEIS) in February 2023.Alaskan lawmakers from both parties, as well as the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation, have supported the Willow project. In March 2023, the Biden administration approved the project. Environmentalist organization Earthjustice immediately filed a lawsuit on behalf of conservation groups to stop the project, saying that the approval of a new carbon pollution source contradicted President Joe Biden's promises to slash greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030 and transition the United States to clean energy; Judge Sharon Gleason upheld the Biden administration's approval in November 2023.The project could produce up to 750 million barrels of oil and 287 million tons of carbon emissions plus other greenhouse gases over 30 years, according to an older government estimate, release the same amount of greenhouse gasses annually as half a million homes.[1]\nThe BLM has predicted adverse effects on public health, the sociocultural system of Native American communities, arctic wildlife and the complex local arctic tundra.","title":"Willow project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Slope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope"},{"link_name":"National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Petroleum_Reserve_in_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alpine, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Arctic coastal tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_coastal_tundra"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"arctic coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_coast"},{"link_name":"environmental impact statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement"},{"link_name":"permafrost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROD-3"},{"link_name":"Nuiqsut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuiqsut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROD-3"},{"link_name":"Nanushuk Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanushuk_Formation"}],"text":"The Willow project is located on the plain of the North Slope of Alaska, within the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, in a part called the Bear Tooth Unit West of Alpine, Alaska on native lands. It is located on Arctic coastal tundra less than 30 miles (48 km) from the Arctic Ocean[2] and entirely on the arctic coastal plain, as depicted in Figure 3.9.2 of the final supplemental environmental impact statement (SEIS). This land consists of permafrost tundra, 94% of which is wetlands and 5% freshwater.[3]: 16 \nThe closest village is Nuiqsut, as depicted in Figure 1 of the Willow Master Development Plan Environmental Impact Statement.[3]: 5The Willow pool is tapping oil reserves in the Nanushuk Formation.","title":"Geography and geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-master-4"},{"link_name":"North Slope Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Slope_Borough"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conocofactsheet24-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-master-4"},{"link_name":"ConocoPhillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConocoPhillips"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conocofactsheet24-5"}],"text":"In 2020, it was thought that over its anticipated 30-year life, the Willow project could produce 200,000 barrels of oil per day, producing up to 600 million barrels of oil in total. According to estimates by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Willow could generate between $8 and $17 billion in revenue.[4] ConocoPhilips has described the $8 billion to $17 billion revenue as economic benefit, a sum of $3.9 billion in federal royalty, income tax and gravel sales, $2.3 billion NPR-A Impact mitigation grant funds returned to the state, $1.3 billion revenue to the state of Alaska from production, property and income taxes, and $1.2 billion North Slope Borough revenue from property tax.[5] It was expected that construction of facilities would occur over 9 years, employ up to 1,650 seasonal workers and an average of 373 annual workers with 406 full-time permanent employees when operational.[4]: 9In June 2021, officials at ConocoPhillips stated it had, \"identified up to 3 billion barrels of oil equivalent of nearby prospects and leads with similar characteristics that could leverage the Willow infrastructure...[Willow] unlocks the West\", in other words 600 times larger than Willow.[6]In January 2024, a ConocoPhillips advertising fact sheet lowered its estimated oil production to \"180,000 barrels of oil per day\nat its peak\" and the number of permanent employees.[5]","title":"Expected oil extraction, revenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conocofactsheet24-5"},{"link_name":"ice roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_road"},{"link_name":"airstrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrip"},{"link_name":"gravel roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel_road"},{"link_name":"gravel mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel_mine"},{"link_name":"water reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_reservoir"},{"link_name":"boat ramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_ramp"},{"link_name":"Oliktok Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliktok_Point&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oliktok Long Range Radar Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliktok_Long_Range_Radar_Site"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-master-4"}],"text":"As of 2024, Conoco was developing the project on what it calls a \"385 acre gravel footprint\".[5] It has been or is in the process of building 3 drill sites, a central processing facility, an operations center pad, up to 575 total miles of ice roads during construction, an airstrip, up to 316 miles of pipelines (94 miles of new pipeline rack), only up to 37 miles of gravel roads, seven bridges, a gravel mine site on federal land in the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, a constructed water reservoir to provide 55 million gallons of fresh water for winter withdrawal and up to three boat ramps. It also uses sealift barge transport of construction materials and prefabricated modules from a dock at Oliktok Point near Oliktok Long Range Radar Site.[4]\nThe BLM's environmental impact statement found the project would result in 287 million tons of carbon emissions plus other greenhouse gases.","title":"Environmental footprint"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Petroleum_Reserve_in_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fact-7"},{"link_name":"Obama administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"pay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Trump administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_Administration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-project-8"},{"link_name":"sealift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealift"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blm2018-9"},{"link_name":"Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Trump administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"caribou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribou"},{"link_name":"Record of Decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_of_Decision"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROD-3"},{"link_name":"thermosiphons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosiphon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-12"},{"link_name":"U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_District_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emission"},{"link_name":"Teshekpuk Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshekpuk_Lake"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seisROD-13"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAP-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fact-7"},{"link_name":"Alaska Native corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Native_corporation"},{"link_name":"Nuiqsut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuiqsut"},{"link_name":"Teshekpuk Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshekpuk_Lake"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 1999, ConocoPhillips acquired the first Willow-area leases in the northeast portion of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska called the Bear Tooth Unit.[7]In 2016, the final year of the Obama administration, ConocoPhillips drilled two oil exploration wells, which encountered \"significant pay\". It named this discovery Willow. In 2018, the second year of the Trump administration, it appraised the greater Willow area and discovered three additional oil prospects.[8]In May 2018, ConocoPhillips officially requested permission to develop the Willow prospect from the BLM, to construct and operate five drill pads with 50 oil wells each for a total of 250 oil wells including access and infield roads, airstrips, pipelines, a gravel mine and a temporary island to facilitate module delivery via sealift barges.[9]In August 2019, after a 44-day public scoping period and having consulted with 13 tribal entities and Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act corporations, the BLM published a draft master development plan.[10]In August 2020, during the last quarter of the Trump administration, the BLM approved the development of the ConocoPhillips project option.[11] It foresees the construction of a new road. Although a roadless option would have aided caribou movements in the area, the BLM in its Willow master development project Record of Decision, published in October 2020, sided against the roadless option, because it felt the increase in air traffic would increase the overall disturbance.[3]: 7 ConocoPhillips plans to use thermosiphons to freeze the melting permafrost ground, to keep it solid for the oil development infrastructure.[12] Construction at that time was expected to take about nine years, to employ up to 1,650 seasonal workers, an average of 373 annual workers and about 406 full-time employees once operational.In August 2021, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska challenged the BLM permit for the Willow project, because it \"1) improperly excluded analysis of foreign greenhouse gas emissions, 2) improperly screened out alternatives from detailed analysis based on BLM's misunderstanding of leaseholders' rights (i.e., that leases purportedly afforded the right to extract 'all possible' oil and gas from each lease tract), and 3) failed to give due consideration to the requirement in the NPRPA to afford 'maximum protection' to significant surface values in the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area\".[13]: 3 According to documents received under the Freedom of Information Act, ConocoPhillips was then involved in analyzing the court's decision and participated in developing the next supplemental review.[14]In July 2022, the BLM released a draft SEIS in response to the District Court order.[7]In August 2022, the Alaska Native corporation of the village of Nuiqsut submitted comments to the draft SEIS favoring a reduced number of drill pads from five to four, shorter gravel roads and protection of Teshekpuk Lake.[15]: 48–66","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEIS-16"},{"link_name":"Lisa Murkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski"},{"link_name":"Dan Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._senator)"},{"link_name":"Mary Peltola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Peltola"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Arctic Slope Regional Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Slope_Regional_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooks-18"},{"link_name":"Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Kuparuk River Oil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuparuk_River_Oil_Field"},{"link_name":"Colville River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colville_River_(Alaska)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seisROD-13"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"US Interior Department approves Willow oil project in Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikinews.org/wiki/US_Interior_Department_approves_Willow_oil_project_in_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-21"},{"link_name":"Deb Haaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deb_Haaland"},{"link_name":"Tommy Beaudreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Beaudreau"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Government approval, 2023","text":"On February 1, 2023, the BLM completed the final SEIS, approving the project with three drill pads with 50 oil wells each for a total of 150 oil wells.[16] Alaskan lawmakers from both sides, including the congressional delegation (Senators Lisa Murkowski (R), Dan Sullivan (R) and Representative Mary Peltola (D)),[17] as well as the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation have been supporting the Willow project.[18] As of March 2023, the Department of the Interior permitted ConocoPhillips to build a new ice road from the existing Kuparuk road system at Kuparuk River Oil Field drill site and use a partially grounded ice bridge across the Colville River near Ocean Point \"to transport sealift modules\" to the Willow project drilling area.[13]: 3As a final decision drew near, media attention and public interest increased dramatically, with a petition urging President Biden to \"say no to the Willow Project\", having been signed by more than 2.4 million people after widespread attention on TikTok.[19][20]Wikinews has related news:\n US Interior Department approves Willow oil project in AlaskaOn March 13, 2023, the Biden administration approved the project.[21] Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland's name did not appear on the approval; deputy secretary Tommy Beaudreau, who acted as the point person on the project for the department, signed the final document. In response, environmental groups announced their plans to sue.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earthjustice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthjustice"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marris-1"},{"link_name":"carbon bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_bomb"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Natural Resources Defense Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council"},{"link_name":"Center for Biological Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity"},{"link_name":"Greenpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Gen-Z for Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen-Z_for_Change"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Sharon Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Gleason"},{"link_name":"Biden administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_administration"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Post approval","text":"On March 14, 2023, environmentalist organization Earthjustice filed a lawsuit on behalf of conservation groups to stop the Willow project. Activists say that the approval of a new carbon pollution source contradicts President Joe Biden's promises to slash greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030 and transition the United States to clean energy.[1] Some activists have characterized the project as a carbon bomb.[23] In a second lawsuit, on the same day the Natural Resources Defense Council, Center for Biological Diversity, Greenpeace and others asked the federal Alaska court to vacate the approval.[24]\nConoco immediately started building the ice road, as construction is only possible in the winter, and in April 2023 an appeals court denied an injunction.[25] In August 2023, a college student from Gen-Z for Change protested against the approval at a White House press event and a video of this event was viewed 10 million times.[26]In September 2023, Biden cancelled oil and gas leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, but not for the Willow project.[27]On November 9, 2023, U.S. District Court Judge Sharon Gleason upheld the Biden administration's approval of the Willow project and rejected claims by an Iñupiat group and environmentalists against it.[28] Earthjustice, one of the organizations bringing the lawsuit, has announced its intention to appeal the decision.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-master-4"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEIS1-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEIS1-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEIS1-30"},{"link_name":"Nuiqsut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuiqsut"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEIS1-30"},{"link_name":"Utqiaġvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utqia%C4%A1vik,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Anaktuvuk Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaktuvuk_Pass,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Atqasuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atqasuk,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"carbon emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emission"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"arctic wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_wildlife"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-master-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marris-1"},{"link_name":"Alpine, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Already in its October 2020 Willow Master Development Plan the BLM had stated: \"The effects on subsistence and sociocultural systems may be highly adverse and disproportionately borne by the Nuiqsut population.\"[4]: 16In the final SEIS from February 2023, the BLM predicted adverse effects on public health,[30]: 420–27 the subsistence[30]: 373, 425, 439 and sociocultural system.[30]: 439 The Nuiqsut population would be disproportionately affected with decreased food resource availability, decreased access to harvesting and increased food insecurity.[30]: 439 It found the project would also adversely impact other Native American communities in Utqiaġvik, Anaktuvuk Pass, and Atqasuk.The project could produce up to 600 million barrels of oil and 287 million tons of carbon emissions plus other greenhouse gases over 30 years. The BLM assessments predict the project will adversely impact arctic wildlife and Native American communities \"significantly\".[4]: 11 The Willow project would damage the complex local tundra ecosystem and, according to an older government estimate, release the same amount of greenhouse gases annually as half a million homes.[1]In June 2023, Alaska regulators proposed that ConocoPhillips receive a $914,000 penalty for its handling of a “shallow underground blowout” of a nearby well in Alpine, Alaska in 2022, as gas was released uncontrollably at the surface for days across various locations.[31]","title":"Environmental justice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Biden Administration Approves Huge Alaska Oil Project\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2023/03/12/climate/biden-willow-arctic-drilling-restrictions.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0362-4331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331"},{"link_name":"\"Could two lawsuits block the Willow Project in Alaska?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.euronews.com/green/2023/03/14/biden-administration-approves-alaskas-willow-oil-project-sparking-anger-from-environmental"},{"link_name":"\"The Willow oil project debate comes down to this key climate change question\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/03/16/willow-project-climate-biden/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0190-8286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286"},{"link_name":"\"Haaland criticized over 'difficult' choice on Willow project\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/haaland-criticized-over-difficult-choice-on-willow-project/ar-AA18L4MP"},{"link_name":"\"What is the Willow project in Alaska? Controversial oil drilling plan explained\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cbsnews.com/news/willow-project-alaska-oil-drilling-plan-biden-approved-explained/"},{"link_name":"\"Backlash over Willow oil project in Alaska strikes at Biden climate legacy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.adn.com/nation-world/2023/03/16/backlash-over-willow-oil-project-in-alaska-strikes-at-biden-climate-legacy/"},{"link_name":"cite news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"\"What is the controversy behind the Alaska Willow oil project?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/what-is-the-controversy-behind-the-alaska-willow-oil-project"},{"link_name":"\"Willow oil project approval intensifies Alaska Natives' rift\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/major-oil-project-approval-intensifies-alaska-natives-rift-97901015"},{"link_name":"\"Rethinking the Willow Project: Did BLM Have Other Options?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2023/05/10/rethinking-the-willow-project-did-blm-have-other-options/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arctic_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Arctic_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arctic_topics"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Arctic"},{"link_name":"Arctic exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_exploration"},{"link_name":"Arctic research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arctic_research"},{"link_name":"History of whaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_whaling"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Arctic"},{"link_name":"Arctic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Council"},{"link_name":"Arctic cooperation and politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_cooperation_and_politics"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference"},{"link_name":"Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route"},{"link_name":"Ilulissat Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration"},{"link_name":"Inuit Circumpolar Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council"},{"link_name":"Saami Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saami_Council"},{"link_name":"Territorial claims in the Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic"},{"link_name":"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Arctic"},{"link_name":"Arctic Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Arctic Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle"},{"link_name":"Arctic Cordillera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera"},{"link_name":"Arctic ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_ecology"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Arctic Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_low"},{"link_name":"Greenland ice sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet"},{"link_name":"Impact craters of the Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Impact_craters_of_the_Arctic"},{"link_name":"Innuitian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuitian_Region"},{"link_name":"Nordicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordicity"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"Populated places in the Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Arctic"},{"link_name":"Tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geology_of_the_Arctic"},{"link_name":"Canadian Arctic Rift System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Rift_System"},{"link_name":"Eurekan orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurekan_orogeny"},{"link_name":"Greenland Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_Plate"},{"link_name":"Innuitian orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuitian_orogeny"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Islands_Subplate"},{"link_name":"Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Bathurst_Fault_Zone"},{"link_name":"Ungava Fault Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungava_Fault_Zone"},{"link_name":"Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_Arctic"},{"link_name":"Arctic Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Alaska"},{"link_name":"British Arctic Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories"},{"link_name":"Canadian Arctic Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Finnmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnmark"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Inuvialuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region"},{"link_name":"Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republic"},{"link_name":"Northern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Canada"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Nunavik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavik"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Nunatsiavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunatsiavut"},{"link_name":"Russian 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Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Kenneth S. Deffeyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_S._Deffeyes"},{"link_name":"David Goodstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Goodstein"},{"link_name":"John Michael Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michael_Greer"},{"link_name":"Richard Heinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Heinberg"},{"link_name":"M. King Hubbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._King_Hubbert"},{"link_name":"James Howard Kunstler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler"},{"link_name":"Jean Laherrère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Laherr%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Leggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Leggett"},{"link_name":"Dale Allen Pfeiffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Allen_Pfeiffer"},{"link_name":"Richard Rainwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rainwater"},{"link_name":"Michael Ruppert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ruppert"},{"link_name":"Matthew Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Simmons"},{"link_name":"The Limits to Growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth"},{"link_name":"Beyond Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Oil"},{"link_name":"The End of Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Oil"},{"link_name":"The Long Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Emergency"},{"link_name":"Out of Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Gas:_The_End_of_the_Age_of_Oil"},{"link_name":"The Party's Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Party%27s_Over:_Oil,_War,_and_the_Fate_of_Industrial_Societies"},{"link_name":"Power Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Down:_Options_and_Actions_for_a_Post-Carbon_World"},{"link_name":"Twilight in the Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_in_the_Desert"},{"link_name":"A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Crude_Awakening:_The_Oil_Crash"},{"link_name":"Collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_(film)"},{"link_name":"Crude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"The End of Suburbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Suburbia"},{"link_name":"Escape from Suburbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Suburbia"},{"link_name":"Fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_(film)"},{"link_name":"GasHole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GasHole"},{"link_name":"The Oil Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oil_Factor"},{"link_name":"PetroApocalypse Now?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetroApocalypse_Now%3F"},{"link_name":"The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Community:_How_Cuba_Survived_Peak_Oil"},{"link_name":"What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_a_Way_to_Go:_Life_at_the_End_of_Empire"},{"link_name":"Energy Watch Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Watch_Group"},{"link_name":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"International Renewable Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"Oil Depletion Analysis Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre"},{"link_name":"The Oil Drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oil_Drum"},{"link_name":"OPEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC"},{"link_name":"Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Arab_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries"},{"link_name":"Post Carbon Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Carbon_Institute"},{"link_name":"REN21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REN21"},{"link_name":"Transition town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_town"},{"link_name":"Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_car"},{"link_name":"Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_coal"},{"link_name":"Copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_copper"},{"link_name":"Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security"},{"link_name":"Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_gas"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_gold"},{"link_name":"Minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_minerals"},{"link_name":"Phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_phosphorus"},{"link_name":"Soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_soil"},{"link_name":"Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_water"},{"link_name":"Wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_wheat"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_wood"}],"text":"Friedman, Lisa (March 12, 2023). \"Biden Administration Approves Huge Alaska Oil Project\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 17, 2023.\n\"Could two lawsuits block the Willow Project in Alaska?\". March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.\n\"The Willow oil project debate comes down to this key climate change question\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 17, 2023.\n\"Haaland criticized over 'difficult' choice on Willow project\". Retrieved March 17, 2023.\n\"What is the Willow project in Alaska? Controversial oil drilling plan explained\". Retrieved March 17, 2023.\nMegerian, Chris; ago, Associated Press Updated: 21 hours ago Published: 21 hours. \"Backlash over Willow oil project in Alaska strikes at Biden climate legacy\". Retrieved March 17, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\"What is the controversy behind the Alaska Willow oil project?\". March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.\n\"Willow oil project approval intensifies Alaska Natives' rift\". ABC News. Retrieved March 17, 2023.\nWebb, Romany (May 10, 2023). \"Rethinking the Willow Project: Did BLM Have Other Options?\". Retrieved September 9, 2023.vteArctic topicsHistory\nArctic exploration\nArctic research\nHistory of whaling\nGovernment\nArctic Council\nArctic cooperation and politics\nArctic Ocean Conference\nChief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route\nIlulissat Declaration\nInuit Circumpolar Council\nSaami Council\nTerritorial claims in the Arctic\nUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\nGeography\nArctic Archipelago\nArctic Circle\nArctic Cordillera\nArctic ecology\nArctic Ocean\nArctic Cyclone\nGreenland ice sheet\nImpact craters of the Arctic\nInnuitian Region\nNordicity\nNorth Pole\nPopulated places in the Arctic\nTundra\nGeology\nCanadian Arctic Rift System\nEurekan orogeny\nGreenland Plate\nInnuitian orogeny\nQueen Elizabeth Islands Subplate\nSoutheast Bathurst Fault Zone\nUngava Fault Zone\nRegions\nArctic Alaska\nBritish Arctic Territories\nCanadian Arctic Archipelago\nFinnmark\nGreenland\nIceland\nInuvialuit\nKarelia\nKomi\nNorthern Canada\nNorthwest Territories\nNunavik\nNunavut\nNunatsiavut\nRussian Arctic\nNorth\nSakha\nSápmi\nYukon\nNorth American Arctic\nClimate\nArctic Climate Impact Assessment\nArctic dipole anomaly\nArctic haze\nArctic oscillation\nArctic sea ice\ndecline\necology and history\nArctic methane emissions\nClimate change in the Arctic\nClimate of Alaska\nEffects of global warming on marine mammals\nPolar climate\nPolar amplification\nPolar vortex\nFauna\nArctic fox\nBeluga whale\nBowhead whale\nLemming\nMuskox\nNarwhal\nPolar bear\nReindeer\nSeal\nbearded\nharp\nhooded\nribbon\nringed\nSnowy owl\nWalrus\nFlora\nArctic ecology\nArctic vegetation\nTundra\nCulture\nArctic peoples\nSubarctic peoples\nChukchi\nChukotka\nEvenks\nKarelians\nKomi\nIcelandic\nInuit\nGwich'in\nKhanty\nKoryaks\nNenets\nNorthern indigenous Russian peoples\nSami\nSelkup\nYakuts\nYukaghir\nArctic Winter Games\nQuviasukvik (New Year's Day)\nEconomy\nNatural resources\nPetroleum exploration\nArctic Refuge drilling controversy\nPollution in the Arctic Ocean\nProtected areas\nTransportation\nTransport\nArctic Bridge\nArctic shipping routes\nNortheast Passage\nNorthwest Passage\nNorthern Sea Route\nPolar air route\nTranspolar Sea Route\nSearch and rescue\n\n Category\n WikiProjectvtePeak oilCore issues\nFossil fuel phase-out\nHubbert peak theory\nPredicting the timing of peak oil\nResults/responses\n1970s energy crisis\n2000s energy crisis\nGlobal energy crisis (2021–present)\nEnergy crisis\nExport Land Model\nFood vs. fuel\nHirsch report\nOil and gas reserves and resource quantification\nPermaculture\nPickens Plan\nPrice of oil\nRenewable energy commercialization\nRimini protocol\nSimple living\nSwing producer\nPeople\nAlbert Allen Bartlett\nColin J. Campbell\nKenneth S. Deffeyes\nDavid Goodstein\nJohn Michael Greer\nRichard Heinberg\nM. King Hubbert\nJames Howard Kunstler\nJean Laherrère\nJeremy Leggett\nDale Allen Pfeiffer\nRichard Rainwater\nMichael Ruppert\nMatthew Simmons\nBooks\nThe Limits to Growth\nBeyond Oil\nThe End of Oil\nThe Long Emergency\nOut of Gas\nThe Party's Over\nPower Down\nTwilight in the Desert\nDocumentary films\nA Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash\nCollapse\nCrude\nThe End of Suburbia\nEscape from Suburbia\nFuel\nGasHole\nThe Oil Factor\nPetroApocalypse Now?\nThe Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil\nWhat a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire\nOrganizations\nEnergy Watch Group\nInternational Energy Agency\nInternational Renewable Energy Agency\nOil Depletion Analysis Centre\nThe Oil Drum\nOPEC\nOrganization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries\nPost Carbon Institute\nREN21\nTransition town\nOther peaks\nCar\nCoal\nCopper\nFood\nGas\nGold\nMinerals\nPhosphorus\nSoil\nWater\nWheat\nWood","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Oil_and_Gas_Conservation_Commission"},{"title":"Exxon Valdez oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill"},{"title":"Prudhoe Bay oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_oil_spill"}]	[{"reference":"Marris, Emma (March 13, 2023). \"The Alaska Oil Project Will Be Obsolete Before It's Finished\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313195458/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/03/biden-willow-alaska-arctic-oil-drilling/673382/","url_text":"\"The Alaska Oil Project Will Be Obsolete Before It's Finished\""},{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/03/biden-willow-alaska-arctic-oil-drilling/673382/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Puko, Timothy (March 17, 2023). \"What is Willow? How an Alaska oil project could impact the environment\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/03/17/willow-project-alaska-oil-drilling-explained/","url_text":"\"What is Willow? How an Alaska oil project could impact the environment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321050851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/03/17/willow-project-alaska-oil-drilling-explained/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Willow Master Development Plan Environmental Impact Statement RECORD OF DECISION\" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management. October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/109410/200258032/20029172/250035373/2020-10-27_ROD_508.pdf","url_text":"\"Willow Master Development Plan Environmental Impact Statement RECORD OF DECISION\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230314201104/https://eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/109410/200258032/20029172/250035373/2020-10-27_ROD_508.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BLM to Release Willow Master Development Plan Final Analysis\". Bureau of Land Management. August 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blm.gov/press-release/blm-release-willow-master-development-plan-final-analysis","url_text":"\"BLM to Release Willow Master Development Plan Final Analysis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230306055531/https://www.blm.gov/press-release/blm-release-willow-master-development-plan-final-analysis","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ConocoPhillips Alaska (January 1, 2024). \"The Willow Project\" (PDF). ConocoPhillips Alaska. Retrieved May 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.conocophillips.com/files/resources/willow_fact_sheet-jan-2024.pdf","url_text":"\"The Willow Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"EDITED TRANSCRIPT ConocoPhillips 2021 Market Update\" (PDF). ConocoPhillips. June 30, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.conocophillips.com/files/resources/2021-jun-30-cop-n-139276042438-transcript.pdf","url_text":"\"EDITED TRANSCRIPT ConocoPhillips 2021 Market Update\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307105854/http://static.conocophillips.com/files/resources/2021-jun-30-cop-n-139276042438-transcript.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Willow Fact sheet\" (PDF). ConocoPhilips. January 1, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.conocophillips.com/files/resources/23copa013-willow-fact-sheet-v5-final.pdf","url_text":"\"Willow Fact sheet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230306055532/https://static.conocophillips.com/files/resources/23copa013-willow-fact-sheet-v5-final.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Who we are – Projects\". ConocoPhillips Alaska. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. 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Tundra\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313160006/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/environment-and-energy/alaska-oil-project-would-use-chillers-to-freeze-thawing-tundra","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/109410/200258032/20075029/250081211/2023%20Willow%20MDP%20Record%20of%20Decision.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Willow Master Development Plan Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Record of Decision\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313170831/https://eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/109410/200258032/20075029/250081211/2023%20Willow%20MDP%20Record%20of%20Decision.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.americanprogress.org/article/4-reasons-the-willow-oil-project-is-unfit-for-approval/","external_links_name":"\"4 Reasons the Willow Oil Project Is Unfit for Approval\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230306055531/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/4-reasons-the-willow-oil-project-is-unfit-for-approval/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://media.gractions.com/281/2023/January/ConocoPhillips/Willow%20Support%20Letters%2011.22%20(2).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kuukpik, Willow Project Letters of Support\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230307063447/https://media.gractions.com/281/2023/January/ConocoPhillips/Willow%20Support%20Letters%2011.22%20(2).pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eplanning.blm.gov/eplanning-ui/project/109410/570","external_links_name":"\"The Willow MDP Final Supplemental EIS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230227052541/https://eplanning.blm.gov/eplanning-ui/project/109410/570","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/08/opinions/willow-project-alaska-murkowski-sullivan-peltola/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Opinion: President Biden should reapprove the Willow Project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230314023026/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/08/opinions/willow-project-alaska-murkowski-sullivan-peltola/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://alaskabeacon.com/2023/02/20/alaska-house-votes-unanimously-to-support-willow-oil-project/","external_links_name":"\"Alaska House votes unanimously to support Willow oil project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313154309/https://alaskabeacon.com/2023/02/20/alaska-house-votes-unanimously-to-support-willow-oil-project/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newsweek.com/biden-backed-willow-project-destined-years-legal-wrangling-1785482","external_links_name":"\"Biden-Backed Willow Project Is Destined for Years of Legal Wrangling\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230306055532/https://www.newsweek.com/biden-backed-willow-project-destined-years-legal-wrangling-1785482","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newsweek.com/stop-willow-project-alaska-petition-anger-grows-against-biden-1785330","external_links_name":"\"Stop Willow Project petition signed by 2.5M as anger grows against Biden\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230306055530/https://www.newsweek.com/stop-willow-project-alaska-petition-anger-grows-against-biden-1785330","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/mar/13/alaska-willow-project-approved-oil-gas-biden","external_links_name":"\"Biden approves controversial Willow oil drilling project in Alaska\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313161758/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/mar/13/alaska-willow-project-approved-oil-gas-biden","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/14/politics/inside-willow-project-approval-biden-haaland-climate","external_links_name":"\"Inside the Biden administration's fraught decision to green-light the controversial Willow Project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230314165919/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/14/politics/inside-willow-project-approval-biden-haaland-climate","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/12/climate/biden-willow-arctic-drilling-restrictions.html","external_links_name":"\"Biden Administration Approves Huge Alaska Oil Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/legal/conocophillips-alaska-willow-project-approvals-hit-with-second-lawsuit-2023-03-15/","external_links_name":"\"ConocoPhillips' Alaska Willow project approvals hit with second lawsuit\""},{"Link":"https://www.arctictoday.com/appeals-court-denies-injunction-request-allowing-conocophillips-to-proceed-with-willow-work/","external_links_name":"\"Appeals court denies injunction request, allowing ConocoPhillips to proceed with Willow work\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2023/08/01/viral-activist-speech-willow-project-climate-biden-contd-db.cnn","external_links_name":"\"21-year-old interrupts White House press secretary's speech at event\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2023/09/06/1197945859/anwr-alaska-drilling-oil-gas-leases-environment-energy-climate-change","external_links_name":"\"Biden ends drilling in ANWR, sparking criticism, as Willow Project moves forward\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/alaska-willow-oil-drilling-project-upheld-abf128e53eaf053005bffe771b7af574","external_links_name":"\"Judge in Alaska upholds Biden administration's approval of the massive Willow oil-drilling project\""},{"Link":"https://earthjustice.org/press/2023/alaska-district-court-rules-willow-oil-project-can-proceed-conservation-groups-plan-to-file-appeal","external_links_name":"\"Alaska District Court Rules Willow Oil Project Can Proceed; Conservation Groups Plan To File Appeal\""},{"Link":"https://eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/109410/200258032/20073121/250079303/Willow%20FSEIS_Vol%201_Ch%201-Ch%205.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Willow Master Development Plan Supplemental Environmental Impact StatementVolume 1: Executive Summary, Chapters 1 through 5\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230314123837/https://eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/109410/200258032/20073121/250079303/Willow%20FSEIS_Vol%201_Ch%201-Ch%205.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.adn.com/business-economy/energy/2023/06/28/alaska-regulators-propose-914000-fine-against-conocophillips-for-north-slope-gas-leak/","external_links_name":"\"Alaska regulators propose $914,000 fine against ConocoPhillips for North Slope gas blowout and leak\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/12/climate/biden-willow-arctic-drilling-restrictions.html","external_links_name":"\"Biden Administration Approves Huge Alaska Oil Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/03/14/biden-administration-approves-alaskas-willow-oil-project-sparking-anger-from-environmental","external_links_name":"\"Could two lawsuits block the Willow Project in Alaska?\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/03/16/willow-project-climate-biden/","external_links_name":"\"The Willow oil project debate comes down to this key climate change question\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/haaland-criticized-over-difficult-choice-on-willow-project/ar-AA18L4MP","external_links_name":"\"Haaland criticized over 'difficult' choice on Willow project\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/willow-project-alaska-oil-drilling-plan-biden-approved-explained/","external_links_name":"\"What is the Willow project in Alaska? Controversial oil drilling plan explained\""},{"Link":"https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2023/03/16/backlash-over-willow-oil-project-in-alaska-strikes-at-biden-climate-legacy/","external_links_name":"\"Backlash over Willow oil project in Alaska strikes at Biden climate legacy\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/what-is-the-controversy-behind-the-alaska-willow-oil-project","external_links_name":"\"What is the controversy behind the Alaska Willow oil project?\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/major-oil-project-approval-intensifies-alaska-natives-rift-97901015","external_links_name":"\"Willow oil project approval intensifies Alaska Natives' rift\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2023/05/10/rethinking-the-willow-project-did-blm-have-other-options/","external_links_name":"\"Rethinking the Willow Project: Did BLM Have Other Options?\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_culture	Culture of Cambodia	["1 History","2 Architecture and housing","3 Religion","4 Ways of life","4.1 Birth and death rituals","4.2 Childhood and adolescence","4.3 Courtship, marriage, and divorce","4.4 Social organization","4.5 Customs","5 Clothing","6 Cuisine","7 Arts and literature","7.1 Visual arts","7.2 Music","7.3 Dance","7.4 Literature","7.5 Shadow Theatre","7.6 Film","8 Sports and Games","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Apsara dancer in front of Angkor Wat, two Cambodian cultural symbols. Part of a series on theCulture of Cambodia Society Khmers Ethnic groups Folklore History Languages Holidays Religion Script Women Youth Topics Art Architecture Ceramics Cinema Clothing Cuisine (Royal cuisine) Dance Literature Media Newspapers Radio Television Music Sculpture Sports Theatre Symbols Flag Coat of arms Anthem World Heritage Sites Cambodia portalvte Throughout Cambodia's long history, religion has been a major source of cultural inspiration. Over nearly two millennia, Cambodians have developed a unique Cambodian culture and belief system from the syncreticism of indigenous animistic beliefs and the Indian religions of Buddhism and Hinduism. Cambodia's unparalleled achievements in art, architectures, music, and dance from the 9th and 14th century have had a great influence on many neighboring kingdoms, namely Thailand and Laos. The effect of Khmer culture can still be seen today in those countries, as they share many close characteristics with current-day Cambodia. History The Golden age of Cambodia was between the 9th and 14th century, during the Angkor period, during which it was a powerful and prosperous empire that flourished and dominated almost all of inland Southeast Asia. Angkor eventually collapsed after much intensive in-fighting between royalty and constant warring with its increasingly powerful neighbors, notably Siam and Dai Viet. Many temples from this period like Bayon and Angkor Wat still remain today, scattered throughout Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam as a reminder of the grandeur of Khmer arts and culture. Architecture and housing Further information: Khmer architecture and Traditional Khmer Housing Triangular gabled roof depicted on a Bayon's 12th century bas relief still used in today Khmer architecture for palaces and pagodas.Wat Botum Watey Reacheveraram pagoda in Phnom Penh The Angkorian architects and sculptors created temples that mapped the cosmic world in stone. Khmer decorations drew inspiration from religion, and mythical creatures from Hinduism and Buddhism were carved on walls. Temples were built in accordance to the rule of ancient Khmer architecture that dictated that a basic temple layout include a central shrine, a courtyard, an enclosing wall, and a moat. Khmer motifs use many creatures from Buddhist and Hindu mythology, like the Royal Palace in Phnom Penh, use motifs such as the garuda, a mythical bird in Hinduism. Moonlight pavilion in Phnom Penh A rural Khmer house The architecture of Cambodia developed in stages under the Khmer Empire from the 9th to the 15th century, preserved in many buildings of the Angkor temple. The remains of secular architecture from this time are rare, as only religious buildings were made of stone. The architecture of the Angkor period used specific structural features and styles, which are one of the main methods used to date the temples, along with inscriptions. In modern rural Cambodia, the nuclear family typically lives in a rectangular house that may vary in size from four by six meters to six by ten meters. It is constructed of a wooden frame with gabled thatch roof and walls of woven bamboo. Khmer houses are typically raised as much as three meters on stilts for protection from annual floods. Two ladders or wooden staircases provide access to the house. A steep thatch roof overhanging the house walls protects the interior from rain. Typically a house contains three rooms separated by partitions of woven bamboo. The front room serves as a living room used to receive visitors, the next room is the parents' bedroom, and the third is for unmarried daughters. Sons sleep anywhere they can find space. Family members and neighbors work together to build the house, and a house-raising ceremony is held upon its completion. The houses of poorer persons may contain only a single large room. Food is prepared in a separate kitchen located near the house but usually behind it. Toilet facilities consist of simple pits in the ground, located away from the house, that are covered up when filled. Any livestock is kept below the house. Chinese and Vietnamese houses in Cambodian towns and villages are typically built directly on the ground and have earthen, cement, or tile floors, depending upon the economic status of the owner. Urban housing and commercial buildings may be of brick, masonry, or wood. Architectures of Cambodia Angkor Wat Temple Preah Vihear Temple Banteay Srei Temple National Museum of Cambodia Religion Main article: Religion in Cambodia A Buddhist celebration at a Buddhist temple. Cambodia is predominantly Buddhist with 80% of the population being Theravada Buddhist, 1% Christian and the majority of the remaining population follow Islam, atheism, or animism. Buddhism has existed in Cambodia since at least the 5th century CE. Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century CE (excepting the Khmer Rouge period), and is currently estimated to be the faith of 90% of the population. A smaller number of Cambodians, mostly of Vietnamese and Chinese descent, practice Mahayana Buddhism. The main orders of Buddhism practiced in Cambodia are Dhammayuttika Nikaya and Maha Nikaya. Maitreya Buddha made of gold in the Silver Pagoda of the Royal Palace of Cambodia Islam is the religion of a majority of the Cham and Malay ethnic minorities (both also known under the umbrella term "Khmer Islam") in Cambodia. According to Po Dharma, there were 150,000 to 200,000 Muslims in Cambodia as late as 1975. Persecution under the Khmer Rouge eroded their numbers, however, and by the late 1980s they probably had not regained their former strength. All of the Cham Muslims are Sunnis of the Shafi'i school. Po Dharma divides the Muslim Cham in Cambodia into a traditionalist branch and an orthodox branch. Christianity was introduced into Cambodia by Roman Catholic missionaries in 1660. It made little headway at first, particularly among Khmer Buddhists. In 1972 there were probably about 20,000 Christians in Cambodia, most of whom were Roman Catholics. According to Vatican statistics, in 1953, members of the Roman Catholic Church in Cambodia numbered 120,000, making it at that time the second largest religion in the country. In April 1970, just before repatriation, estimates indicate that about 50,000 Catholics were Vietnamese. Many of the Catholics remaining in Cambodia in 1972 were Europeans—chiefly French. American Protestant missionary activity increased in Cambodia, especially among some of the hill tribes and among the Cham, after the establishment of the Khmer Republic. The 1962 census, which reported 2,000 Protestants in Cambodia, remains the most recent statistic for the group. Observers reported that in 1980 there were more registered Khmer Christians among the refugees in camps in Thailand than in all of Cambodia before 1970. Kiernan notes that, until June 1980, five weekly Protestant services were held in Phnom Penh by a Khmer pastor, but that they had been reduced to a single weekly service after police harassment. There are around 21,300 Catholics in Cambodia which represents only 0.15% of the total population. There are no dioceses, but there are three territorial jurisdictions - one Apostolic Vicariate and two Apostolic Prefectures. Khmer pagoda in Prek Leap Highland tribal groups, most with their own local religious systems, probably number fewer than 100,000 persons. The Khmer Loeu have been loosely described as animists, but most tribal groups have their own pantheon of local spirits. In general they see their world filled with various invisible spirits (often called yang), some benevolent, others malevolent. They associate spirits with rice, soil, water, fire, stones, paths, and so forth. Sorcerers or specialists in each village contact these spirits and prescribe ways to appease them. In times of crisis or change, animal sacrifices may be made to placate the anger of the spirits. Illness is often believed to be caused by evil spirits or sorcerers. Some tribes have special medicine men or shamans who treat the sick. In addition to belief in spirits, villagers believe in taboos on many objects or practices. Among the Khmer Loeu, the Rhade and Jarai groups have a well-developed hierarchy of spirits with a supreme ruler at its head. Ways of life Pchum Ben, also known as "Ancestors' Day". Birth and death rituals The birth of a child is a happy event for the family. According to traditional beliefs, however, confinement and childbirth expose the family, and especially the mother and the child to harm from the spirit world. A woman who dies in childbirth—crosses the river (chhlâng tónlé) in Khmer is believed to become an evil spirit. In traditional Khmer society, a pregnant woman respects a number of food taboos and avoids certain situations. These traditions remain in practice in rural Cambodia, but they have become weakened in urban areas. Death is not viewed with the great outpouring of grief common to Western society; it is viewed as the end of one life and as the beginning of another life that one hopes will be better. Buddhist Khmer usually are cremated, and their ashes are deposited in a stupa in the temple compound. A corpse is washed, dressed, and placed in a coffin, which may be decorated with flowers and with a photograph of the deceased. White pennant-shaped flags, called "white crocodile flags," outside a house indicate that someone in that household has died. A funeral procession consisting of an achar, Buddhist monks, members of the family, and other mourners accompanies the coffin to the crematorium. The spouse and the children show mourning by shaving their heads and by wearing white clothing. Relics such as teeth or pieces of bone are prized by the survivors, and they are often worn on gold chains as amulets. Childhood and adolescence Main article: Childhood and adolescence in Cambodia Primary school kids in Kampot province. A Cambodian child may be nursed until two to four years of age. Up to the age of three or four, the child is given considerable physical affection and freedom. Children around five years of age also may be expected to help look after younger siblings. Children's games emphasize socialization or skill rather than winning and losing. Normally, children start school when they reach the age of 6 years old. By the time they reach this age, they are familiar with the society's norms of politeness, obedience, and respect toward their elders and toward Buddhist monks. The father at this time begins his permanent retreat into a relatively remote, authoritarian role. By age ten, a girl is expected to help her mother in basic household tasks; a boy knows how to care for the family's livestock and can do farm work under the supervision of older males. Adolescent children usually play with members of the same sex. During his teens, a boy may become a temple servant and go on to serve a time as a novice monk, which is a great honor for the parents. In pre-communist days, parents exerted complete authority over their children until the children were married, and the parents continued to maintain some control well into the marriage. Age difference is strictly recognized with polite vocabulary and special generational terms for "you". Courtship, marriage, and divorce Main article: Courtship, marriage, and divorce in Cambodia Khmer couple in wedding attires In Cambodia, premarital sex is deplored. The choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male, and it may involve not only his parents and his friends, as well as those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker and a haora (a Khmer "fortuneteller" versed in Indian astrology). In theory, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen for her. Courtship patterns differ between rural and urban Khmer; marriage as a culmination of romantic love is a notion that exists to a much greater extent in larger cities. A man usually marries between the ages of nineteen and twenty-five, a girl between the ages of sixteen and twenty-two. After a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying into a good family. In rural areas, there is a form of bride-service; that is, the young man may take a vow to serve his prospective father-in-law for a period of time. By tradition, the youngest daughter and her spouse are expected to live with and care for her ageing parents and their land. The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, but in the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and recite prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union. After the wedding, a banquet is held. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may live with them up to a year, until they can build a new house nearby. The majority of married Cambodian couples do not obtain legal marriage documents. Marriage is seen more as a social institution, regulated by societal pressures, expectations and norms, than a legal matter. This practice continues today. All that is necessary for a couple to be considered married by the community is to have a ceremony, after which a party is often held for family, friends and well-wishers to celebrate. This is how the overwhelming majority of Cambodian couples marry. Whether these traditional marriages are considered legal contracts by the government and courts is unclear. Therefore, when a couple separate, they likewise need not obtain divorce documents. Divorce is legal and relatively easy to obtain, but not common. Divorced persons are viewed with some disapproval. Each spouse retains whatever property he or she brought into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is divided equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but the woman must wait 300 days according to article 9 of Marriage and Family Law. Custody of minor children is usually given to the mother, and both parents continue to have an obligation to contribute financially toward the rearing and education of the child. The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry. The consequences of the social upheaval caused by the Cambodian Civil War is still being felt. At present there is variation in tradition from province to province. In Siem Reap, it is widely understood, for example, that the man takes the first-born child upon separation. Men who leave their families typically do not support their other children, especially when they leave one woman for another woman. The new woman and her family will not accept children from a previous relationship. This is also an important source of the 70% or so of non orphans living in fake orphanages around cities in Cambodia which are tourist focal points. Social organization Main article: Social organization in Cambodia Khmer culture is very hierarchical. The greater a person's age, the greater the level of respect that must be granted to them. Cambodians are addressed with a hierarchical title corresponding to their seniority before the name. When a married couple becomes too old to support themselves, they may invite the youngest child's family to move in and to take over running the household. At this stage in their lives, they enjoy a position of high status. The individual Khmer is surrounded by a small inner circle of family and friends who constitute his or her closest associates, those he would approach first for help. The nuclear family, consisting of a husband and a wife and their unmarried children, is the most important kin group. Within this unit are the strongest emotional ties, the assurance of aid in the event of trouble, economic cooperation in labor, sharing of produce and income, and contribution as a unit to ceremonial obligations. In rural communities, neighbors—who are often also kin—may be important, too. Fictive child-parent, sibling, and close friend relationships Cambodia transcend kinship boundaries and serve to strengthen interpersonal and interfamily ties. Beyond this close circle are more distant relatives and casual friends. In rural Cambodia, the strongest ties a Khmer may develop—besides those to the nuclear family and to close friends—are those to other members of the local community. A strong feeling of pride—for the village, for the district, and province—usually characterizes Cambodian community life. Legally, the husband is the head of the Khmer family, but the wife has considerable authority, especially in family economics. The husband is responsible for providing shelter and food for his family; the wife is generally in charge of the family budget, and she serves as the major ethical and religious model for the children, especially the daughters. Both husbands and wives are responsible for domestic economic tasks. Customs Sampeah (Cambodian greeting) In Khmer culture a person's head is believed to contain the person's soul—therefore making it taboo to touch or point one's feet at it. It is also considered to be extremely disrespectful to use the feet to point out a person, or to sit or sleep with the soles of the feet pointing at a person, as the feet are the lowest part of the body and are considered to be impure. When greeting people or to show respect in Cambodia people do the "sampeah" gesture, identical to the Indian namaste and Thai wai. Customary Cambodian teachings are laid out in verse form in long works from the 14th to 18th centuries collectively called Chhbap ("rules" or "codes"). These were traditionally learned by rote. Works such as the Chhbap Pros ("Boy's Code"), Chhbap Srey ("Girl's Code") and Chhbap Peak Chas ("Code of Ancient Words") gave such advice as: a person that does not wake up before sunrise is lazy; a child must tell parents or elders where they go and what time they will return home; always close doors gently, otherwise a bad temper will be assumed; sit in a chair with the legs straight down and not crossed (crossing the legs is a mark of an impolite person); and always let the other person do more talking. In Cambodia it is not polite to make eye contact with someone who is older or someone who is considered a superior. Clothing Main article: Cambodian clothing Traditional male clothing Cambodian Pidan Clothing in Cambodia is one of the most important aspects of the culture. Cambodian fashion differs according to ethnic group and social class. Khmer people traditionally wear a checkered scarf called a Krama. The "krama" is what distinctly separates the Khmer (Cambodians) from their neighbors the Thai, the Vietnamese, and the Laotians. The scarf is used for many purposes including for style, protection from the sun, an aid (for the feet) when climbing trees, a hammock for infants, a towel, or as a "sarong". A "krama" can also be easily shaped into a small child's doll for play. Under the Khmer Rouge, krama of various patterns were part of standard clothing. The long-popular traditional garment known as the Sampot, is an Indian-influenced costume which Cambodians have worn since the Funan era. Historically, Khmer clothing has changed depending on the time period and religion. From the Funan era to the Angkor Era, there was a strong Hindu influence in Cambodian fashion which favored wearing Sampots over the lower body and oftentimes nothing from the waist up except jewelry including bracelets and collars such as the Sarong Kor, a symbol of Hinduism. As Buddhism began to replace Hinduism, Khmer people started wearing the blouse, shirt and trousers of Khmer style. Khmer people, both common and royal, stopped wearing the Hindu-style collars and began to adopt beautiful decorated shawls such as Sbai instead. This new clothing style was popular in the Udong period. In fact, a Khmer lady habitually chooses the right colour for her Sampot or blouse, both to please herself and to follow the costume of good luck. Some Cambodians still wear a religious style of clothing. Some Khmer men and women wear a Buddha pendant on a necklace. There are different pendants for different uses; some are meant for protection from evil spirits, some are meant to bring good luck. Collection of Khmer silk cloths (sompot phamuong) Otherwise, in the notable class people in Cambodia, especially the royal caste, have adapted a well known dress as well as expensive fashion style. Sampot is still well recognized among the royalty. Since the Udong period, most royalty have retained their dressing habits. Female royalty created the most attractive fashion. The lady always wears a traditional cape called sbai or rabai kanorng, which is draped over the left shoulder, leaving the right shoulder bare. Rarely was the cape worn over the right shoulder. The sbai or rabai kanorng would have been sumptuously fashioned in the old days in threads of genuine gold or silver. The cape in the old days would have hung down to the hem of the Sampot. Khmer couple in traditional clothing Dancers wear a collar known as Sarong Kor around their necks. Importantly, they wear a unique skirt called Sampot sara-bhap (lamé), made from silk inter-woven with gold or silver threads, forming elaborate and intricate designs that shimmer as the dancers move. This is held in place with a bejewelled belt. A multitude of jewellery is also worn by the female dancers. These include earrings, several pairs of bangles, a garland of flowers in the form of a bracelet, bracelets, anklets and an armlet that is worn on the right. Several body chains cross over the body like a sash. A circular or diamond-shaped pendant is worn around the neck. There are several different types of mokot worn by female royalty. The typical mokots that are worn are much similar to those of male royalty. Some crowns are just like tiaras where at the back of the mokot hair is let loose, cascading down the back. Other mokots have a few accessories such as earpieces that would sit above the ear and help hold the mokot in place while a comb at the back is just an added accessory. Flowers are also worn on the mokot in the same style, but the hanging garlands of flowers are worn on the left and the bouquet is worn on the right. The best example of these royal clothes is illustrated by Khmer classical dance costumes, which are an adaptation of the royalty costume. Cuisine Main article: Cambodian cuisine Amok Trey, Cambodia’s national dish Due to the sustained historic interaction and shared influences, Cambodian cuisine has many similarities with its neighbouring Southeast Asian cuisines of Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Cambodian cuisine is known for using fish sauce in soups, stir-fried cuisine, and as dippings. The Chinese influence can be noted in the common chha (Khmer: ឆារ, Stir frying) and in the use of many variations of rice noodles. In Chinese-Cambodian cuisine, a popular dish is a "pork broth rice noodle soup", called kuy tieu (Khmer: គុយទាវ). Indian influenced dishes include many types of curry known as kari (Khmer: ការី) that call for dried spices such as star anise, cardamom, cinnamon, nutmeg and fennel as well as local ingredients like lemongrass, garlic, kaffir lime leaves, shallots and galangal that give dishes a distinctive Cambodian flavor. Banh chaew (Khmer: នំបាញ់ឆែវ), the Khmer version of the Vietnamese bánh xèo, is also a popular dish. Khmer cuisine is noted for the use of prahok (ប្រហុក), a type of fermented fish paste, in many dishes as a distinctive flavoring. When prahok is not used, it is likely to be kapǐ (កាពិ) instead, a kind of fermented shrimp paste. Coconut milk is the main ingredient of many Khmer curries and desserts. Cambodians prefer either jasmine rice or sticky (glutinous) rice. The latter is used more in dessert dishes with fruits such as durian while jasmine rice is eaten with meals. Almost every meal is eaten with a bowl of rice. Typically, Cambodians eat their meals with at least three or four separate dishes. Regional Cambodian cuisine offers some unique dishes influenced by the traditions of local ethnic groups. In Kampot and Kep, known for its Stir-fried crab with Kampot peppercorn (Khmer: ក្តាមឆាម្រេចខ្ជី, kdam chha mrech Kampot). This dish is prepared with a local crab fried with the black pepper from area pepper fields. Kula people, an ethnic group of Pailin Province, originated Kola noodles (Khmer: មីកុឡា, mee Kola), a vegetarian rice stick noodle dish. In southeastern Cambodia, the influence of Vietnamese cuisine are strong, evidenced by bánh tráng which is ubiquitous in southeastern Cambodia but virtually unknown elsewhere. The region between Siem Reap and Kampong Thom, an area with many Chinese Cambodians, displays Khmer versions of many Chinese dishes. Arts and literature Khmer musical instruments and theatre masks Visual arts Main articles: Visual arts of Cambodia and Khmer sculpture The history of visual arts in Cambodia stretches back centuries to ancient crafts; Khmer art reached its peak during the Angkor period. Traditional Cambodian arts and crafts include textiles, non-textile weaving such as Cambodian mats, silversmithing, stone carving, lacquerware, ceramics, wat murals, and kite-making. Beginning in the mid-20th century, a tradition of modern art began in Cambodia, though in the later 20th century both traditional and modern arts declined for several reasons, including the killing of artists by the Khmer Rouge. The country has experienced a recent artistic revival due to increased support from governments, NGOs, and foreign tourists. Music Main article: Music of CambodiaTraditional Khmer music performance Cambodian musical instruments Especially in the 60s and 70s, the 'big two' duet of Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Serey Sothea had been a large hit in the country. However, after their deaths, new music stars have tried to bring back the music. Cambodian music has undergone heavy Westernization. The Cambodian pinpeat ensemble is traditionally heard on feast days in the pagodas. It is also a court ensemble used to accompany classical dance for ritual occasions or theatrical events. The pinpeat is primarily made up of percussion instruments: the roneat ek (lead xylophone), roneat thung (low bamboo xylophone), kong vong touch and kong vong thom (small and large sets of tuned gongs), sampho (two-sided drum), skor thom (two large drums), and sralai (quadruple-reed instrument). Dance Main article: Dance in Cambodia Cambodian dance can be divided into three main categories: classical dance, folk dances, and vernacular dances. Khmer folk dance Khmer classical dance is a form of Cambodian dance originally performed only for royalty. The dances have many elements in common with Thai classical dance. During the mid-20th century, it was introduced to the public, where it now remains a celebrated icon of Khmer culture, often being performed during public events, holidays, and for tourists visiting Cambodia. Khmer classical dance is famous for its use of the hands and feet to express emotion; there are 4,000 different gestures in this type of dance. Khmer classical dance, also known as the royal ballet of Cambodia, has been selected as one of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Khmer royal ballet Khmer folk dances, which are performed for audiences, are fast-paced. The movements and gestures are not as stylized as Khmer classical dance. Folk dancers wear clothes of the people they are portraying such as Chams, hill tribes, farmers, and peasants. The folk dance music is played by a mahori orchestra. A popular folk dance is the Cambodian coconut dance which is a dance performance involving coconuts with male and female dancers. The dance originated around 1960 from Romeas Haek District in Svay Rieng Province. Cambodian vernacular dances (or social dances) are those danced at social gatherings. Such dances include Romvong, Rom Kbach, Rom Saravan, and Lam Leav. Some of these dances have been influenced by the traditional dances of Laos. Other dances, such as Rom Kbach, borrow heavily from the classical dance of the royal court. Other social dances from around the world have influenced Cambodian social culture including the cha-cha, the bolero and the Madison. Literature Main article: Literature of Cambodia The tale of Vorvong & Sorvong illustration, a Khmer 19th century drawing. A testimony of the antiquity of the Khmer language are the multitude of epigraphic inscriptions on stone. The first written proof that has allowed the history of the Khmer Kingdom to be reconstructed are those inscriptions. These writings on columns, stelae and walls throw light on the royal lineages, religious edicts, territorial conquests and internal organization of the kingdom. Following the stone inscriptions, some of the oldest Khmer documents are translations and commentaries of the Pali Buddhist texts of the Tripitaka. They were written by the monks on palmyra palm leaves and kept in various monasteries throughout the country. The Reamker (Khmer: រាមកេរ្តិ៍, "Rama's Fame") is the Cambodian version of the Ramayana, the famous Indian epic. The Reamker is composed in rhymed verses and is staged in sections that are adapted to dance movements interpreted by Khmer artists. The Reamker is the most ubiquitous form of traditional Cambodian theatre. Cambodia had a rich and varied traditional oral literature. There are many legends, tales and songs of very ancient origin that were not put into writing until the arrival of the Europeans. One of the most representative of these tales was the story of Vorvong and Sorvong (Vorvong and Saurivong), a long story about two Khmer princes that was first put into writing by Auguste Pavie. This French civil servant claimed that he had obtained the story from old Uncle Nip in Somrontong District. This story was put into writing in Battambang. In 2006 the Vorvong and Sorvong story was enacted in dance form by the Royal Ballet of Cambodia. Tum Teav, which has been compared to Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, is probably the most well-known indigenous story, based on a poem first written by a Khmer monk named Sam. A tragic love story set during the Lovek era, it has been told throughout Cambodia since at least the middle of the 19th century. The story has been portrayed in many forms including oral, historical, literary, theatre, and film adaptions. Tum Teav also has played a role in Cambodia's education, appearing as a topic for the 12th-grade Khmer language examination several times. Although a translation into French had already been made by Étienne Aymonier in 1880, Tum Teav was popularized abroad when writer George Chigas translated the 1915 literary version by the venerable Buddhist monk Preah Botumthera Som or Padumatthera Som, known also as Som, one of the best writers in the Khmer language. Some talented members of Khmer royalty such as King Ang Duong (1841–1860) and King Thommaracha II (1629–1634) have produced lasting works of literature as well. King Thomaracha wrote a highly esteemed poem for younger Cambodians. The prolific King Ang Duong is most famous for his novel Kakey, inspired from a Jataka tale about an unfaithful woman. While not written as a work of instruction, Kakey is often used as an example to teach young Khmer girls about the importance of fidelity. Shadow Theatre Main article: Theatre of Cambodia Nang Sbek Thom figure plate. Nang Sbek (shadow theatre) (or Lakhaon Nang Sbek; Khmer) is closely related to the Nang Yai of Thailand, Wayang and Indonesia like the islands of Java and Bali, thus implying that Nang Sbek may have an Indonesian origin many centuries ago. Nang Sbek is also a dying art form and may disappear because of the decline in popularity due to the introduction of modern entertainment. Before the spread of modern entertainment such as movies, videos and television the Khmer enjoyed and watched shadow theatre apart from the other sources of entertainment available during that time. There are three kinds of shadow theatre in Cambodia: Nang Sbek Thom is an art that involves mime, song, music as well as dance and narration to the accompaniment of the Pinpeat orchestra. It most often features the Reamker. Nang Sbek Toch also called Nang Kalun and sometimes called Ayang (small shadow theatre) uses smaller puppets and a wide range of stories. Sbek Paor (coloured puppet theatre) uses coloured leather puppets. Film Main article: Cinema in Cambodia Cinema in Cambodia began in the 1950s; King Norodom Sihanouk himself was an avid film enthusiast. Many films were being screened in theaters throughout the country by the 1960s, which are regarded as the "golden age". After a decline during the Khmer Rouge regime, competition from video and television has meant that the Cambodian film industry is relatively weak today. Sports and Games Main article: Sport in Cambodia Pradal Serey match Cambodia has increasingly become involved in sports over the last 30 years. Football is popular as are martial arts, pradal serey (Khmer kick boxing), volleyball, dragon boat racing and Khmer traditional wrestling. Many sports are celebrated during holidays. Bokator is a traditional Cambodian martial art that dates back over a thousand years. It involves a variety of strikes, kicks, throws, and ground fighting techniques, often inspired by animal movements. It has been added to UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list in 2022. Dragon boat racing is a popular sport in Cambodia. The largest sporting event in the country is the boat races at the Bon Om Touk festival. Pradal serey, or traditional Khmer kickboxing, is a popular sport in Cambodia. It is a combat sport involving clinching and striking. Matches are between young athletic people. Khmer traditional wrestling is yet another popular Cambodian sport. A wrestling match consists of three rounds, which may be won by forcing an opponent to his back. Traditional matches are held during the Khmer New Year and other Cambodian holidays. Children practicing Bokator Ox cart racing is a sport in Cambodia that takes place during the Khmer New Year. It is done to preserve Cambodian culture. Football was brought to Cambodia by the French. The Cambodian Football Federation is the governing body of football in Cambodia, controlling the Cambodian national football team. It was founded in 1933, and has been a member of FIFA since 1953, and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) since 1957. The Cambodian League is the highest level of professional football in the country. Cambodians play a local version of chess called Ouk Chatrang. Another version of chess called Ouk-Khmer (Hill's version) was thought to have been played in Cambodia. See also Public holidays in Cambodia Mass media in Cambodia Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia Gambling in Cambodia Heritage Watch References ^ "The Angkorian World, Mainland Southeast Asia after Angkor, On the Legacies of Jayavarman VII" (PDF). Retrieved 27 November 2023. ^ "Thailand - Mon-Khmer civilizations. (n.d.)". Britannica. Retrieved December 22, 2021. The Tai borrowed from the Khmer many elements of Indianized culture, including royal ceremonies, customs followed at the court, and especially the Indian epic Ramayana, which influenced not only literature but also classical dance. Even in modern Thai culture the legacy of the Indianized culture of Angkor is still evident. ^ "Khmer Empire \| Infoplease". www.infoplease.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2023. ^ "Guillaume Epinal, " Quelques remarques relatives aux découvertes monétaires d'Angkor Borei ", in: Numismatique asiatique" (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2023. ^ "On the Trail of Khmer Ruins in Thailand". www.thaiairways.com. Retrieved 27 November 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h Federal Research Division. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Housing". Cambodia: A Country Study. Research completed December 1987. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "CIA World Factbook - Cambodia". Retrieved 2007-04-10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Federal Research Division. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Families". Cambodia: A Country Study. Research completed December 1987. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Lay, V., (n.d.) Cambodian law on marriage and family ^ a b c Federal Research Division. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Household and Family Structure". Cambodia: A Country Study. Research completed December 1987. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Ledgerwoord, Judy. "Cambodian Literature". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2012. ^ Ken Albala, ed. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 43–47. ISBN 978-0-313-37627-6. ^ "Profile of Cambodian Cooking and Culture". Archived from the original on 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2009-09-05. ^ Titthara, M. (2002, December). Nuts About Dancing. Leisure Cambodia. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from http://www.leisurecambodia.com/news/detail.php?id=67 Archived 2021-11-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ Auguste Pavie, Contes populaires du Cambodge, du Laos et du Siam. Paris: Leroux, 1903. ^ "Les Nuits d'Angkor". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2009-05-24. ^ Documentation Center of Cambodia - Tum Teav: A Translation and Analysis of a Cambodian Literary Classic External links Cambodia Cultural Profile (Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts/Visiting Arts) Center For Khmer Studies Khmer Renaissance Culture Kampot pepper vteCambodia articlesHistory Timeline Early history Nokor Phnom Chenla Khmer Empire Post-Angkor period French protectorate of Cambodia Japanese occupation Puppet state Sihanouk era (1953–70) Khmer Republic Civil War Democratic Kampuchea Cambodian genocide Cambodian–Vietnamese War People's Republic of Kampuchea Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea State of Cambodia UNTAC Modern Cambodia Geography Administrative divisions Borders Cities Climate change Deforestation Ecoregions Islands Lakes Tonlé Sap Protected areas Rivers Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Cabinet Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT Judiciary Law Law enforcement Military Monarchy Motto Parliament Political parties Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Banking Child labour Energy Economic history Mining Natural resources Riel (currency) Science and technology Special Economic Zones Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Gambling Health HIV/AIDS Hunting Human trafficking Languages Prostitution Religion Women Sex trafficking Social class Social organization Squatting Youth Culture Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Courtship, marriage, and divorce Cuisine (royal cuisine) Dance Epigraphy Jewellery Keyboard Literature Manuscripts Mat weaving Media Music Ornamentation Public holidays Sport Theatre OutlineIndex Category Portal vteCulture of Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam vteCulture of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khmer_apsara_dancer_in_front_of_Angkor_Wat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apsara dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsara_dance"},{"link_name":"Angkor Wat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat"},{"link_name":"Cambodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_people"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Cambodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodians"},{"link_name":"syncreticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncreticism"},{"link_name":"animistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animistic"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Apsara dancer in front of Angkor Wat, two Cambodian cultural symbols.Throughout Cambodia's long history, religion has been a major source of cultural inspiration. Over nearly two millennia, Cambodians have developed a unique Cambodian culture and belief system from the syncreticism of indigenous animistic beliefs and the Indian religions of Buddhism and Hinduism. Cambodia's unparalleled achievements in art, architectures, music, and dance from the 9th and 14th century have had a great influence on many neighboring kingdoms, namely Thailand and Laos. The effect of Khmer culture can still be seen today in those countries, as they share many close characteristics with current-day Cambodia.[1][2]","title":"Culture of Cambodia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dai Viet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Viet"},{"link_name":"Bayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Golden age of Cambodia was between the 9th and 14th century, during the Angkor period, during which it was a powerful and prosperous empire that flourished and dominated almost all of inland Southeast Asia.[3] Angkor eventually collapsed after much intensive in-fighting between royalty and constant warring with its increasingly powerful neighbors, notably Siam and Dai Viet. Many temples from this period like Bayon and Angkor Wat still remain today, scattered throughout Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam as a reminder of the grandeur of Khmer arts and culture.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_architecture"},{"link_name":"Traditional Khmer Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Khmer_Housing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khmer_gable_roof.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:05-Wat_Botum-nX-5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects"},{"link_name":"sculptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptors"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Khmer architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_architecture"},{"link_name":"Royal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"garuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phnom_Penh-Palast-06-Preah_Tineang_Chanchhaya-2007-gje.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodian_house.jpg"},{"link_name":"rural Khmer house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Khmer_house"},{"link_name":"Khmer Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire"},{"link_name":"Angkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Khmer_house"},{"link_name":"Khmer houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Khmer_house"},{"link_name":"ladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Khmer_House#Access"},{"link_name":"staircases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Khmer_House#Access"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-6"},{"link_name":"interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Khmer_House#Furniture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-6"},{"link_name":"kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Khmer_House#Spatial_organisation_of_the_house"},{"link_name":"located","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Khmer_House#The_house_in_its_setting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Angkor Wat Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Preah-vihear.jpg"},{"link_name":"Preah Vihear Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preah_Vihear_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banteay_Srei_Cambodia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Banteay Srei Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banteay_Srei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Cambodia_(12106042416).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Cambodia"}],"text":"Further information: Khmer architecture and Traditional Khmer HousingTriangular gabled roof depicted on a Bayon's 12th century bas relief still used in today Khmer architecture for palaces and pagodas.Wat Botum Watey Reacheveraram pagoda in Phnom PenhThe Angkorian architects and sculptors created temples that mapped the cosmic world in stone. Khmer decorations drew inspiration from religion, and mythical creatures from Hinduism and Buddhism were carved on walls. Temples were built in accordance to the rule of ancient Khmer architecture that dictated that a basic temple layout include a central shrine, a courtyard, an enclosing wall, and a moat. Khmer motifs use many creatures from Buddhist and Hindu mythology, like the Royal Palace in Phnom Penh, use motifs such as the garuda, a mythical bird in Hinduism.Moonlight pavilion in Phnom PenhA rural Khmer houseThe architecture of Cambodia developed in stages under the Khmer Empire from the 9th to the 15th century, preserved in many buildings of the Angkor temple. The remains of secular architecture from this time are rare, as only religious buildings were made of stone. The architecture of the Angkor period used specific structural features and styles, which are one of the main methods used to date the temples, along with inscriptions.In modern rural Cambodia, the nuclear family typically lives in a rectangular house that may vary in size from four by six meters to six by ten meters. It is constructed of a wooden frame with gabled thatch roof and walls of woven bamboo. Khmer houses are typically raised as much as three meters on stilts for protection from annual floods. Two ladders or wooden staircases provide access to the house.[6]A steep thatch roof overhanging the house walls protects the interior from rain. Typically a house contains three rooms separated by partitions of woven bamboo. The front room serves as a living room used to receive visitors, the next room is the parents' bedroom, and the third is for unmarried daughters. Sons sleep anywhere they can find space. Family members and neighbors work together to build the house, and a house-raising ceremony is held upon its completion.[6]The houses of poorer persons may contain only a single large room. Food is prepared in a separate kitchen located near the house but usually behind it. Toilet facilities consist of simple pits in the ground, located away from the house, that are covered up when filled. Any livestock is kept below the house. Chinese and Vietnamese houses in Cambodian towns and villages are typically built directly on the ground and have earthen, cement, or tile floors, depending upon the economic status of the owner. Urban housing and commercial buildings may be of brick, masonry, or wood.[6]Architectures of Cambodia\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAngkor Wat Temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPreah Vihear Temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBanteay Srei Temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNational Museum of Cambodia","title":"Architecture and housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khmer_Buddhist_Festival.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Theravada Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"atheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"animism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Theravada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciafact-7"},{"link_name":"Mahayana Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Dhammayuttika Nikaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"Maha Nikaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Nikaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodia_Golden_Maitreya_Buddha.jpg"},{"link_name":"Silver Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Royal Palace of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Cham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_(Asia)"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_people"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Po Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Dharma"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Sunnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Shafi'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_people"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholics"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-6"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestants"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-6"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Prefectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Prefecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khmer_pagoda_in_Prek_Leap.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khmer Loeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Loeu"},{"link_name":"animists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animists"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-6"},{"link_name":"shamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamans"},{"link_name":"Rhade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_De_people"},{"link_name":"Jarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarai_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-country-6"}],"text":"A Buddhist celebration at a Buddhist temple.Cambodia is predominantly Buddhist with 80% of the population being Theravada Buddhist, 1% Christian and the majority of the remaining population follow Islam, atheism, or animism.[citation needed]Buddhism has existed in Cambodia since at least the 5th century CE. Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century CE (excepting the Khmer Rouge period), and is currently estimated to be the faith of 90% of the population.[7] A smaller number of Cambodians, mostly of Vietnamese and Chinese descent, practice Mahayana Buddhism. The main orders of Buddhism practiced in Cambodia are Dhammayuttika Nikaya and Maha Nikaya.Maitreya Buddha made of gold in the Silver Pagoda of the Royal Palace of CambodiaIslam is the religion of a majority of the Cham and Malay ethnic minorities (both also known under the umbrella term \"Khmer Islam\") in Cambodia. According to Po Dharma, there were 150,000 to 200,000 Muslims in Cambodia as late as 1975. Persecution under the Khmer Rouge eroded their numbers, however, and by the late 1980s they probably had not regained their former strength. All of the Cham Muslims are Sunnis of the Shafi'i school. Po Dharma divides the Muslim Cham in Cambodia into a traditionalist branch and an orthodox branch.Christianity was introduced into Cambodia by Roman Catholic missionaries in 1660. It made little headway at first, particularly among Khmer Buddhists. In 1972 there were probably about 20,000 Christians in Cambodia, most of whom were Roman Catholics. According to Vatican statistics, in 1953, members of the Roman Catholic Church in Cambodia numbered 120,000, making it at that time the second largest religion in the country.[6]In April 1970, just before repatriation, estimates indicate that about 50,000 Catholics were Vietnamese. Many of the Catholics remaining in Cambodia in 1972 were Europeans—chiefly French. American Protestant missionary activity increased in Cambodia, especially among some of the hill tribes and among the Cham, after the establishment of the Khmer Republic. The 1962 census, which reported 2,000 Protestants in Cambodia, remains the most recent statistic for the group.[6]Observers reported that in 1980 there were more registered Khmer Christians among the refugees in camps in Thailand than in all of Cambodia before 1970. Kiernan notes that, until June 1980, five weekly Protestant services were held in Phnom Penh by a Khmer pastor, but that they had been reduced to a single weekly service after police harassment.[6] There are around 21,300 Catholics in Cambodia which represents only 0.15% of the total population. There are no dioceses, but there are three territorial jurisdictions - one Apostolic Vicariate and two Apostolic Prefectures.Khmer pagoda in Prek LeapHighland tribal groups, most with their own local religious systems, probably number fewer than 100,000 persons. The Khmer Loeu have been loosely described as animists, but most tribal groups have their own pantheon of local spirits. In general they see their world filled with various invisible spirits (often called yang), some benevolent, others malevolent. They associate spirits with rice, soil, water, fire, stones, paths, and so forth. Sorcerers or specialists in each village contact these spirits and prescribe ways to appease them.[6]In times of crisis or change, animal sacrifices may be made to placate the anger of the spirits. Illness is often believed to be caused by evil spirits or sorcerers. Some tribes have special medicine men or shamans who treat the sick. In addition to belief in spirits, villagers believe in taboos on many objects or practices. Among the Khmer Loeu, the Rhade and Jarai groups have a well-developed hierarchy of spirits with a supreme ruler at its head.[6]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png"},{"link_name":"Pchum Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchum_Ben"}],"text":"Pchum Ben, also known as \"Ancestors' Day\".","title":"Ways of life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-families-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-families-8"},{"link_name":"achar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-families-8"}],"sub_title":"Birth and death rituals","text":"The birth of a child is a happy event for the family. According to traditional beliefs, however, confinement and childbirth expose the family, and especially the mother and the child to harm from the spirit world. A woman who dies in childbirth—crosses the river (chhlâng tónlé) in Khmer is believed to become an evil spirit.[clarification needed] In traditional Khmer society, a pregnant woman respects a number of food taboos and avoids certain situations. These traditions remain in practice in rural Cambodia, but they have become weakened in urban areas.[8]Death is not viewed with the great outpouring of grief common to Western society; it is viewed as the end of one life and as the beginning of another life that one hopes will be better. Buddhist Khmer usually are cremated, and their ashes are deposited in a stupa in the temple compound. A corpse is washed, dressed, and placed in a coffin, which may be decorated with flowers and with a photograph of the deceased. White pennant-shaped flags, called \"white crocodile flags,\" outside a house indicate that someone in that household has died.[8]A funeral procession consisting of an achar, Buddhist monks, members of the family, and other mourners accompanies the coffin to the crematorium. The spouse and the children show mourning by shaving their heads and by wearing white clothing. Relics such as teeth or pieces of bone are prized by the survivors, and they are often worn on gold chains as amulets.[8]","title":"Ways of life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_kids_jumping_in_Cambodia_(13578591625).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kampot province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampot_province"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-families-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-families-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-families-8"}],"sub_title":"Childhood and adolescence","text":"Primary school kids in Kampot province.A Cambodian child may be nursed until two to four years of age. Up to the age of three or four, the child is given considerable physical affection and freedom. Children around five years of age also may be expected to help look after younger siblings. Children's games emphasize socialization or skill rather than winning and losing.[8]Normally, children start school when they reach the age of 6 years old. By the time they reach this age, they are familiar with the society's norms of politeness, obedience, and respect toward their elders and toward Buddhist monks. The father at this time begins his permanent retreat into a relatively remote, authoritarian role. By age ten, a girl is expected to help her mother in basic household tasks; a boy knows how to care for the family's livestock and can do farm work under the supervision of older males. Adolescent children usually play with members of the same sex. During his teens, a boy may become a temple servant and go on to serve a time as a novice monk, which is a great honor for the parents.[8]In pre-communist days, parents exerted complete authority over their children until the children were married, and the parents continued to maintain some control well into the marriage. Age difference is strictly recognized with polite vocabulary and special generational terms for \"you\".[8]","title":"Ways of life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khmer_couple_in_wedding_attires.jpg"},{"link_name":"haora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-families-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-families-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-families-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Courtship, marriage, and divorce","text":"Khmer couple in wedding attiresIn Cambodia, premarital sex is deplored. The choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male, and it may involve not only his parents and his friends, as well as those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker and a haora (a Khmer \"fortuneteller\" versed in Indian astrology). In theory, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen for her. Courtship patterns differ between rural and urban Khmer; marriage as a culmination of romantic love is a notion that exists to a much greater extent in larger cities.A man usually marries between the ages of nineteen and twenty-five, a girl between the ages of sixteen and twenty-two. After a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying into a good family. In rural areas, there is a form of bride-service; that is, the young man may take a vow to serve his prospective father-in-law for a period of time. By tradition, the youngest daughter and her spouse are expected to live with and care for her ageing parents and their land.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, but in the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and recite prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union. After the wedding, a banquet is held. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may live with them up to a year, until they can build a new house nearby.[8]The majority of married Cambodian couples do not obtain legal marriage documents. Marriage is seen more as a social institution, regulated by societal pressures, expectations and norms, than a legal matter. This practice continues today. All that is necessary for a couple to be considered married by the community is to have a ceremony, after which a party is often held for family, friends and well-wishers to celebrate. This is how the overwhelming majority of Cambodian couples marry. Whether these traditional marriages are considered legal contracts by the government and courts is unclear. Therefore, when a couple separate, they likewise need not obtain divorce documents.Divorce is legal and relatively easy to obtain, but not common.[8] Divorced persons are viewed with some disapproval. Each spouse retains whatever property he or she brought into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is divided equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but the woman must wait 300 days according to article 9 of Marriage and Family Law. Custody of minor children is usually given to the mother, and both parents continue to have an obligation to contribute financially toward the rearing and education of the child.[8]\nThe divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry.[9]The consequences of the social upheaval caused by the Cambodian Civil War is still being felt. At present there is variation in tradition from province to province. In Siem Reap, it is widely understood, for example, that the man takes the first-born child upon separation. Men who leave their families typically do not support their other children, especially when they leave one woman for another woman. The new woman and her family will not accept children from a previous relationship. This is also an important source of the 70% or so of non orphans living in fake orphanages around cities in Cambodia which are tourist focal points.[citation needed]","title":"Ways of life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hierarchical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-families-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-household-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-household-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-household-10"}],"sub_title":"Social organization","text":"Khmer culture is very hierarchical. The greater a person's age, the greater the level of respect that must be granted to them. Cambodians are addressed with a hierarchical title corresponding to their seniority before the name. When a married couple becomes too old to support themselves, they may invite the youngest child's family to move in and to take over running the household. At this stage in their lives, they enjoy a position of high status.[8]The individual Khmer is surrounded by a small inner circle of family and friends who constitute his or her closest associates, those he would approach first for help. The nuclear family, consisting of a husband and a wife and their unmarried children, is the most important kin group. Within this unit are the strongest emotional ties, the assurance of aid in the event of trouble, economic cooperation in labor, sharing of produce and income, and contribution as a unit to ceremonial obligations. In rural communities, neighbors—who are often also kin—may be important, too.[10]Fictive child-parent, sibling, and close friend relationships Cambodia transcend kinship boundaries and serve to strengthen interpersonal and interfamily ties. Beyond this close circle are more distant relatives and casual friends. In rural Cambodia, the strongest ties a Khmer may develop—besides those to the nuclear family and to close friends—are those to other members of the local community. A strong feeling of pride—for the village, for the district, and province—usually characterizes Cambodian community life.[10]Legally, the husband is the head of the Khmer family, but the wife has considerable authority, especially in family economics. The husband is responsible for providing shelter and food for his family; the wife is generally in charge of the family budget, and she serves as the major ethical and religious model for the children, especially the daughters. Both husbands and wives are responsible for domestic economic tasks.[10]","title":"Ways of life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khmer_greeting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sampeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampeah"},{"link_name":"head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_head"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"taboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo"},{"link_name":"sampeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampeah"},{"link_name":"namaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namaste"},{"link_name":"wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_greeting"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ledge-11"}],"sub_title":"Customs","text":"Sampeah (Cambodian greeting)In Khmer culture a person's head is believed to contain the person's soul—therefore making it taboo to touch or point one's feet at it. It is also considered to be extremely disrespectful to use the feet to point out a person, or to sit or sleep with the soles of the feet pointing at a person, as the feet are the lowest part of the body and are considered to be impure.When greeting people or to show respect in Cambodia people do the \"sampeah\" gesture, identical to the Indian namaste and Thai wai.Customary Cambodian teachings are laid out in verse form in long works from the 14th to 18th centuries collectively called Chhbap (\"rules\" or \"codes\").[11] These were traditionally learned by rote. Works such as the Chhbap Pros (\"Boy's Code\"), Chhbap Srey (\"Girl's Code\") and Chhbap Peak Chas (\"Code of Ancient Words\") gave such advice as: a person that does not wake up before sunrise is lazy; a child must tell parents or elders where they go and what time they will return home; always close doors gently, otherwise a bad temper will be assumed; sit in a chair with the legs straight down and not crossed (crossing the legs is a mark of an impolite person); and always let the other person do more talking.In Cambodia it is not polite to make eye contact with someone who is older or someone who is considered a superior.","title":"Ways of life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centre_national_de_la_soie_(Artisans_dAngkor)._(2517376127).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanging_or_Cover_(pidan_hol)_LACMA_AC1996.17.1_(2_of_2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidan_(textile)"},{"link_name":"Krama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krama"},{"link_name":"hammock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammock"},{"link_name":"sarong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarong"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Sampot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampot"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Funan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"Funan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan"},{"link_name":"Angkor Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Sampots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampot"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"blouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blouse"},{"link_name":"shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirt"},{"link_name":"trousers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouser"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Udong period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_ages_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Sampot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khmer_silk_textile_cloth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sampot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampot"},{"link_name":"Sampot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khmer_dress.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_people"}],"text":"Traditional male clothingCambodian PidanClothing in Cambodia is one of the most important aspects of the culture. Cambodian fashion differs according to ethnic group and social class. Khmer people traditionally wear a checkered scarf called a Krama. The \"krama\" is what distinctly separates the Khmer (Cambodians) from their neighbors the Thai, the Vietnamese, and the Laotians. The scarf is used for many purposes including for style, protection from the sun, an aid (for the feet) when climbing trees, a hammock for infants, a towel, or as a \"sarong\". A \"krama\" can also be easily shaped into a small child's doll for play. Under the Khmer Rouge, krama of various patterns were part of standard clothing.The long-popular traditional garment known as the Sampot, is an Indian-influenced costume which Cambodians have worn since the Funan era. Historically, Khmer clothing has changed depending on the time period and religion. From the Funan era to the Angkor Era, there was a strong Hindu influence in Cambodian fashion which favored wearing Sampots over the lower body and oftentimes nothing from the waist up except jewelry including bracelets and collars such as the Sarong Kor, a symbol of Hinduism.As Buddhism began to replace Hinduism, Khmer people started wearing the blouse, shirt and trousers of Khmer style.[citation needed] Khmer people, both common and royal, stopped wearing the Hindu-style collars and began to adopt beautiful decorated shawls such as Sbai instead.[citation needed] This new clothing style was popular in the Udong period. In fact, a Khmer lady habitually chooses the right colour for her Sampot or blouse, both to please herself and to follow the costume of good luck.Some Cambodians still wear a religious style of clothing. Some Khmer men and women wear a Buddha pendant on a necklace. There are different pendants for different uses; some are meant for protection from evil spirits, some are meant to bring good luck.Collection of Khmer silk cloths (sompot phamuong)Otherwise, in the notable class people in Cambodia, especially the royal caste, have adapted a well known dress as well as expensive fashion style. Sampot is still well recognized among the royalty. Since the Udong period, most royalty have retained their dressing habits. Female royalty created the most attractive fashion. The lady always wears a traditional cape called sbai or rabai kanorng, which is draped over the left shoulder, leaving the right shoulder bare. Rarely was the cape worn over the right shoulder. The sbai or rabai kanorng would have been sumptuously fashioned in the old days in threads of genuine gold or silver. The cape in the old days would have hung down to the hem of the Sampot.Khmer couple in traditional clothingDancers wear a collar known as Sarong Kor around their necks. Importantly, they wear a unique skirt called Sampot sara-bhap (lamé), made from silk inter-woven with gold or silver threads, forming elaborate and intricate designs that shimmer as the dancers move. This is held in place with a bejewelled belt. A multitude of jewellery is also worn by the female dancers. These include earrings, several pairs of bangles, a garland of flowers in the form of a bracelet, bracelets, anklets and an armlet that is worn on the right. Several body chains cross over the body like a sash. A circular or diamond-shaped pendant is worn around the neck.There are several different types of mokot worn by female royalty. The typical mokots that are worn are much similar to those of male royalty. Some crowns are just like tiaras where at the back of the mokot hair is let loose, cascading down the back. Other mokots have a few accessories such as earpieces that would sit above the ear and help hold the mokot in place while a comb at the back is just an added accessory. Flowers are also worn on the mokot in the same style, but the hanging garlands of flowers are worn on the left and the bouquet is worn on the right. The best example of these royal clothes is illustrated by Khmer classical dance costumes, which are an adaptation of the royalty costume.","title":"Clothing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amok_trey_khmer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amok Trey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amok_Trey"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian cuisines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cambodian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"fish sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_sauce"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"Stir frying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stir_frying"},{"link_name":"noodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_noodles"},{"link_name":"Chinese-Cambodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"bánh xèo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banh_xeo"},{"link_name":"prahok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahok"},{"link_name":"fermented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Coconut milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk"},{"link_name":"jasmine rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmine_rice"},{"link_name":"sticky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_rice"},{"link_name":"durian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durian"},{"link_name":"Kampot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampot_Province"},{"link_name":"Kep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kep_Province"},{"link_name":"Kampot peppercorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampot_(pepper)"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"black pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper"},{"link_name":"Kula people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_people_(Asia)"},{"link_name":"Pailin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pailin_Province"},{"link_name":"Kola noodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kola_noodles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"rice stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_stick"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"bánh tráng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_tr%C3%A1ng"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Siem Reap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siem_Reap"},{"link_name":"Kampong Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Thom_City"},{"link_name":"Chinese Cambodians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian"}],"text":"Amok Trey, Cambodia’s national dishDue to the sustained historic interaction and shared influences, Cambodian cuisine has many similarities with its neighbouring Southeast Asian cuisines of Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Indonesia.[12] Cambodian cuisine is known for using fish sauce in soups, stir-fried cuisine, and as dippings. \nThe Chinese influence can be noted in the common chha (Khmer: ឆារ, Stir frying) and in the use of many variations of rice noodles. In Chinese-Cambodian cuisine, a popular dish is a \"pork broth rice noodle soup\", called kuy tieu (Khmer: គុយទាវ). Indian influenced dishes include many types of curry known as kari (Khmer: ការី) that call for dried spices such as star anise, cardamom, cinnamon, nutmeg and fennel as well as local ingredients like lemongrass, garlic, kaffir lime leaves, shallots and galangal that give dishes a distinctive Cambodian flavor.[13]\nBanh chaew (Khmer: នំបាញ់ឆែវ), the Khmer version of the Vietnamese bánh xèo, is also a popular dish.Khmer cuisine is noted for the use of prahok (ប្រហុក), a type of fermented fish paste, in many dishes as a distinctive flavoring. When prahok is not used, it is likely to be kapǐ (កាពិ) instead, a kind of fermented shrimp paste. Coconut milk is the main ingredient of many Khmer curries and desserts. Cambodians prefer either jasmine rice or sticky (glutinous) rice. The latter is used more in dessert dishes with fruits such as durian while jasmine rice is eaten with meals. Almost every meal is eaten with a bowl of rice. Typically, Cambodians eat their meals with at least three or four separate dishes.Regional Cambodian cuisine offers some unique dishes influenced by the traditions of local ethnic groups. In Kampot and Kep, known for its Stir-fried crab with Kampot peppercorn (Khmer: ក្តាមឆាម្រេចខ្ជី, kdam chha mrech Kampot). This dish is prepared with a local crab fried with the black pepper from area pepper fields. Kula people, an ethnic group of Pailin Province, originated Kola noodles (Khmer: មីកុឡា, mee Kola), a vegetarian rice stick noodle dish. In southeastern Cambodia, the influence of Vietnamese cuisine are strong, evidenced by bánh tráng which is ubiquitous in southeastern Cambodia but virtually unknown elsewhere. The region between Siem Reap and Kampong Thom, an area with many Chinese Cambodians, displays Khmer versions of many Chinese dishes.","title":"Cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nice_masks_(14165158578).jpg"}],"text":"Khmer musical instruments and theatre masks","title":"Arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Angkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles"},{"link_name":"weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"Cambodian mats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_mat"},{"link_name":"silversmithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmithing"},{"link_name":"stone carving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_carving"},{"link_name":"lacquerware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquerware"},{"link_name":"ceramics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"wat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat"},{"link_name":"murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murals"},{"link_name":"kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"}],"sub_title":"Visual arts","text":"The history of visual arts in Cambodia stretches back centuries to ancient crafts; Khmer art reached its peak during the Angkor period. Traditional Cambodian arts and crafts include textiles, non-textile weaving such as Cambodian mats, silversmithing, stone carving, lacquerware, ceramics, wat murals, and kite-making. Beginning in the mid-20th century, a tradition of modern art began in Cambodia, though in the later 20th century both traditional and modern arts declined for several reasons, including the killing of artists by the Khmer Rouge. The country has experienced a recent artistic revival due to increased support from governments, NGOs, and foreign tourists.","title":"Arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13124825_10154198215426912_2032082222824088027_n-e1557325471544.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khmer_style_gong.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sinn Sisamouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_Sisamouth"},{"link_name":"Ros Serey Sothea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros_Serey_Sothea"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Traditional Khmer music performanceCambodian musical instrumentsEspecially in the 60s and 70s, the 'big two' duet of Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Serey Sothea had been a large hit in the country. However, after their deaths, new music stars have tried to bring back the music. Cambodian music has undergone heavy Westernization.The Cambodian pinpeat ensemble is traditionally heard on feast days in the pagodas. It is also a court ensemble used to accompany classical dance for ritual occasions or theatrical events. The pinpeat is primarily made up of percussion instruments: the roneat ek (lead xylophone), roneat thung (low bamboo xylophone), kong vong touch and kong vong thom (small and large sets of tuned gongs), sampho (two-sided drum), skor thom (two large drums), and sralai (quadruple-reed instrument).","title":"Arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambodge_Khmer_new_year_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"folk dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Khmer classical dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_classical_dance"},{"link_name":"Thai classical dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_dance"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robam_khmer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khmer royal ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_ballet_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Chams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_(Asia)"},{"link_name":"mahori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahori"},{"link_name":"Romeas Haek District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeas_Haek_District"},{"link_name":"Svay Rieng Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svay_Rieng_Province"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"vernacular dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_dance"},{"link_name":"social dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dance"},{"link_name":"Romvong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romvong"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"cha-cha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)"},{"link_name":"bolero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolero"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_(dance)"}],"sub_title":"Dance","text":"Cambodian dance can be divided into three main categories: classical dance, folk dances, and vernacular dances.Khmer folk danceKhmer classical dance is a form of Cambodian dance originally performed only for royalty. The dances have many elements in common with Thai classical dance. During the mid-20th century, it was introduced to the public, where it now remains a celebrated icon of Khmer culture, often being performed during public events, holidays, and for tourists visiting Cambodia. Khmer classical dance is famous for its use of the hands and feet to express emotion; there are 4,000 different gestures in this type of dance. Khmer classical dance, also known as the royal ballet of Cambodia, has been selected as one of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.Khmer royal balletKhmer folk dances, which are performed for audiences, are fast-paced. The movements and gestures are not as stylized as Khmer classical dance. Folk dancers wear clothes of the people they are portraying such as Chams, hill tribes, farmers, and peasants. The folk dance music is played by a mahori orchestra. A popular folk dance is the Cambodian coconut dance which is a dance performance involving coconuts with male and female dancers. The dance originated around 1960 from Romeas Haek District in Svay Rieng Province.[14]Cambodian vernacular dances (or social dances) are those danced at social gatherings. Such dances include Romvong, Rom Kbach, Rom Saravan, and Lam Leav. Some of these dances have been influenced by the traditional dances of Laos. Other dances, such as Rom Kbach, borrow heavily from the classical dance of the royal court. Other social dances from around the world have influenced Cambodian social culture including the cha-cha, the bolero and the Madison.","title":"Arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg"},{"link_name":"epigraphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"stelae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Tripitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka"},{"link_name":"palmyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra"},{"link_name":"Reamker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamker"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"Indian epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_epics"},{"link_name":"Vorvong and Sorvong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorvong_and_Sorvong"},{"link_name":"Auguste Pavie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Pavie"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Royal Ballet of Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tum Teav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tum_Teav"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Lovek era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovek"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Cambodia's education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Khmer language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"Étienne Aymonier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Aymonier"},{"link_name":"George Chigas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chigas"},{"link_name":"Preah Botumthera Som","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preah_Botumthera_Som"},{"link_name":"Khmer language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ang Duong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Duong"},{"link_name":"Jataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"The tale of Vorvong & Sorvong illustration, a Khmer 19th century drawing.A testimony of the antiquity of the Khmer language are the multitude of epigraphic inscriptions on stone. The first written proof that has allowed the history of the Khmer Kingdom to be reconstructed are those inscriptions. These writings on columns, stelae and walls throw light on the royal lineages, religious edicts, territorial conquests and internal organization of the kingdom.Following the stone inscriptions, some of the oldest Khmer documents are translations and commentaries of the Pali Buddhist texts of the Tripitaka. They were written by the monks on palmyra palm leaves and kept in various monasteries throughout the country.The Reamker (Khmer: រាមកេរ្តិ៍, \"Rama's Fame\") is the Cambodian version of the Ramayana, the famous Indian epic. The Reamker is composed in rhymed verses and is staged in sections that are adapted to dance movements interpreted by Khmer artists. The Reamker is the most ubiquitous form of traditional Cambodian theatre.Cambodia had a rich and varied traditional oral literature. There are many legends, tales and songs of very ancient origin that were not put into writing until the arrival of the Europeans. One of the most representative of these tales was the story of Vorvong and Sorvong (Vorvong and Saurivong), a long story about two Khmer princes that was first put into writing by Auguste Pavie. This French civil servant claimed that he had obtained the story from old Uncle Nip in Somrontong District. This story was put into writing in Battambang.[15] In 2006 the Vorvong and Sorvong story was enacted in dance form by the Royal Ballet of Cambodia.[16]Tum Teav, which has been compared[by whom?] to Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, is probably the most well-known indigenous story, based on a poem first written by a Khmer monk named Sam. A tragic love story set during the Lovek era, it has been told throughout Cambodia since at least the middle of the 19th century. The story has been portrayed in many forms including oral, historical, literary, theatre, and film adaptions. Tum Teav also has played a role in Cambodia's education, appearing as a topic for the 12th-grade Khmer language examination several times. Although a translation into French had already been made by Étienne Aymonier in 1880, Tum Teav was popularized abroad when writer George Chigas translated the 1915 literary version by the venerable Buddhist monk Preah Botumthera Som or Padumatthera Som, known also as Som, one of the best writers in the Khmer language.[17]Some talented members of Khmer royalty such as King Ang Duong (1841–1860) and King Thommaracha II (1629–1634) have produced lasting works of literature as well. King Thomaracha wrote a highly esteemed poem for younger Cambodians. The prolific King Ang Duong is most famous for his novel Kakey, inspired from a Jataka tale about an unfaithful woman. While not written as a work of instruction, Kakey is often used as an example to teach young Khmer girls about the importance of fidelity.","title":"Arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rama,_Nang_Sbek,_Cambodia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon,_Portugal_-_DSC06800.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nang Yai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nang_yai"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Wayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Pinpeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinpeat"},{"link_name":"Reamker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reamker"}],"sub_title":"Shadow Theatre","text":"Nang Sbek Thom figure plate.Nang Sbek (shadow theatre) (or Lakhaon Nang Sbek; Khmer) is closely related to the Nang Yai of Thailand, Wayang and Indonesia like the islands of Java and Bali, thus implying that Nang Sbek may have an Indonesian origin many centuries ago. Nang Sbek is also a dying art form and may disappear because of the decline in popularity due to the introduction of modern entertainment. Before the spread of modern entertainment such as movies, videos and television the Khmer enjoyed and watched shadow theatre apart from the other sources of entertainment available during that time.\nThere are three kinds of shadow theatre in Cambodia:Nang Sbek Thom is an art that involves mime, song, music as well as dance and narration to the accompaniment of the Pinpeat orchestra. It most often features the Reamker.\nNang Sbek Toch also called Nang Kalun and sometimes called Ayang (small shadow theatre) uses smaller puppets and a wide range of stories.\nSbek Paor (coloured puppet theatre) uses coloured leather puppets.","title":"Arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Cambodian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Cinema in Cambodia began in the 1950s; King Norodom Sihanouk himself was an avid film enthusiast. Many films were being screened in theaters throughout the country by the 1960s, which are regarded as the \"golden age\". After a decline during the Khmer Rouge regime, competition from video and television has meant that the Cambodian film industry is relatively weak today.","title":"Arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pradal_serey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"pradal serey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradal_serey"},{"link_name":"Khmer traditional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_traditional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Bokator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokator"},{"link_name":"UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"Dragon boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_boat"},{"link_name":"Bon Om Touk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Om_Touk"},{"link_name":"Pradal serey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradal_serey"},{"link_name":"Khmer traditional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_traditional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Khmer New Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_New_Year"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokator_youth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Cambodian national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Asian Football Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Cambodian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_League"},{"link_name":"Ouk Chatrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makruk#Cambodian_chess"},{"link_name":"Ouk-Khmer (Hill's version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouk-Khmer_(Hill%27s_version)"}],"text":"Pradal Serey matchCambodia has increasingly become involved in sports over the last 30 years. Football is popular as are martial arts, pradal serey (Khmer kick boxing), volleyball, dragon boat racing and Khmer traditional wrestling. Many sports are celebrated during holidays.Bokator is a traditional Cambodian martial art that dates back over a thousand years. It involves a variety of strikes, kicks, throws, and ground fighting techniques, often inspired by animal movements. It has been added to UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list in 2022.Dragon boat racing is a popular sport in Cambodia. The largest sporting event in the country is the boat races at the Bon Om Touk festival.Pradal serey, or traditional Khmer kickboxing, is a popular sport in Cambodia. It is a combat sport involving clinching and striking. Matches are between young athletic people.Khmer traditional wrestling is yet another popular Cambodian sport. A wrestling match consists of three rounds, which may be won by forcing an opponent to his back. Traditional matches are held during the Khmer New Year and other Cambodian holidays.Children practicing BokatorOx cart racing is a sport in Cambodia that takes place during the Khmer New Year. It is done to preserve Cambodian culture.Football was brought to Cambodia by the French. The Cambodian Football Federation is the governing body of football in Cambodia, controlling the Cambodian national football team. It was founded in 1933, and has been a member of FIFA since 1953, and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) since 1957. The Cambodian League is the highest level of professional football in the country.Cambodians play a local version of chess called Ouk Chatrang. Another version of chess called Ouk-Khmer (Hill's version) was thought to have been played in Cambodia.","title":"Sports and Games"}]	[{"image_text":"Apsara dancer in front of Angkor Wat, two Cambodian cultural symbols.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Khmer_apsara_dancer_in_front_of_Angkor_Wat.jpg/300px-Khmer_apsara_dancer_in_front_of_Angkor_Wat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moonlight pavilion in Phnom Penh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Phnom_Penh-Palast-06-Preah_Tineang_Chanchhaya-2007-gje.jpg/200px-Phnom_Penh-Palast-06-Preah_Tineang_Chanchhaya-2007-gje.jpg"},{"image_text":"A rural Khmer house","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cambodian_house.jpg/200px-Cambodian_house.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Buddhist celebration at a Buddhist temple.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Khmer_Buddhist_Festival.jpg/220px-Khmer_Buddhist_Festival.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maitreya Buddha made of gold in the Silver Pagoda of the Royal Palace of Cambodia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cambodia_Golden_Maitreya_Buddha.jpg/170px-Cambodia_Golden_Maitreya_Buddha.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khmer pagoda in Prek Leap","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Khmer_pagoda_in_Prek_Leap.jpg/220px-Khmer_pagoda_in_Prek_Leap.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pchum Ben, also known as \"Ancestors' Day\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png/200px-Pchum_Ben_Khmer.png"},{"image_text":"Primary school kids in Kampot province.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/School_kids_jumping_in_Cambodia_%2813578591625%29.jpg/220px-School_kids_jumping_in_Cambodia_%2813578591625%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khmer couple in wedding attires","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Khmer_couple_in_wedding_attires.jpg/200px-Khmer_couple_in_wedding_attires.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sampeah (Cambodian greeting)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Khmer_greeting.jpg/220px-Khmer_greeting.jpg"},{"image_text":"Traditional male clothing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Centre_national_de_la_soie_%28Artisans_dAngkor%29._%282517376127%29.jpg/200px-Centre_national_de_la_soie_%28Artisans_dAngkor%29._%282517376127%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cambodian Pidan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hanging_or_Cover_%28pidan_hol%29_LACMA_AC1996.17.1_%282_of_2%29.jpg/200px-Hanging_or_Cover_%28pidan_hol%29_LACMA_AC1996.17.1_%282_of_2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Collection of Khmer silk cloths (sompot phamuong)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Khmer_silk_textile_cloth.jpg/200px-Khmer_silk_textile_cloth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khmer couple in traditional clothing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Khmer_dress.jpg/200px-Khmer_dress.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amok Trey, Cambodia’s national dish","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Amok_trey_khmer.jpg/200px-Amok_trey_khmer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khmer musical instruments and theatre masks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nice_masks_%2814165158578%29.jpg/220px-Nice_masks_%2814165158578%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Traditional Khmer music performance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/13124825_10154198215426912_2032082222824088027_n-e1557325471544.jpg/220px-13124825_10154198215426912_2032082222824088027_n-e1557325471544.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cambodian musical instruments","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Khmer_style_gong.JPG/220px-Khmer_style_gong.JPG"},{"image_text":"Khmer folk dance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cambodge_Khmer_new_year_2.JPG/220px-Cambodge_Khmer_new_year_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Khmer royal ballet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Robam_khmer.jpg/220px-Robam_khmer.jpg"},{"image_text":"The tale of Vorvong & Sorvong illustration, a Khmer 19th century drawing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg/175px-Vorvong-Sorvong-tale-Pavie9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nang Sbek Thom figure plate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rama%2C_Nang_Sbek%2C_Cambodia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06800.JPG/170px-Rama%2C_Nang_Sbek%2C_Cambodia_-_Museu_do_Oriente_-_Lisbon%2C_Portugal_-_DSC06800.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pradal Serey match","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pradal_serey.jpg/200px-Pradal_serey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Children practicing Bokator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bokator_youth.jpg/220px-Bokator_youth.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Public holidays in Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cambodia"},{"title":"Mass media in Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cambodia"},{"title":"Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts, Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Fine_Arts,_Cambodia"},{"title":"Gambling in Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_Cambodia"},{"title":"Heritage Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Watch"}]	[{"reference":"\"The Angkorian World, Mainland Southeast Asia after Angkor, On the Legacies of Jayavarman VII\" (PDF). Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/113685e9-ee18-4b33-a654-c1467972d93b/9781351128940_10.4324_9781351128940-39.pdf","url_text":"\"The Angkorian World, Mainland Southeast Asia after Angkor, On the Legacies of Jayavarman VII\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thailand - Mon-Khmer civilizations. (n.d.)\". Britannica. Retrieved December 22, 2021. The Tai borrowed from the Khmer many elements of Indianized culture, including royal ceremonies, customs followed at the court, and especially the Indian epic Ramayana, which influenced not only literature but also classical dance. Even in modern Thai culture the legacy of the Indianized culture of Angkor is still evident.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/Mon-Khmer-civilizations","url_text":"\"Thailand - Mon-Khmer civilizations. (n.d.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khmer Empire \| Infoplease\". www.infoplease.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/asia-africa/se-asia/khmer-empire","url_text":"\"Khmer Empire \| Infoplease\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012204352/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0827550.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guillaume Epinal, \" Quelques remarques relatives aux découvertes monétaires d'Angkor Borei \", in: Numismatique asiatique\" (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/10688579/G_Epinal_2013_Quelques_remarques_relatives_aux_d%C3%A9couvertes_mon%C3%A9taires_dAngkor_Borei_Numismatique_Asiatique_n_8_d%C3%A9cembre_2013_pp_31_43_","url_text":"\"Guillaume Epinal, \" Quelques remarques relatives aux découvertes monétaires d'Angkor Borei \", in: Numismatique asiatique\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Trail of Khmer Ruins in Thailand\". www.thaiairways.com. Retrieved 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thaiairways.com/plan-your-trip/destinations/en/wtf-on-the-trail-of-khmer-ruins-in-thailand.htm","url_text":"\"On the Trail of Khmer Ruins in Thailand\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIA World Factbook - Cambodia\". Retrieved 2007-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/","url_text":"\"CIA World Factbook - Cambodia\""}]},{"reference":"Ledgerwoord, Judy. \"Cambodian Literature\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100025/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/ledgerwood/cambodianliterature.htm","url_text":"\"Cambodian Literature\""},{"url":"http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/ledgerwood/cambodianliterature.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ken Albala, ed. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 43–47. ISBN 978-0-313-37627-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37627-6","url_text":"978-0-313-37627-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of Cambodian Cooking and Culture\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2009-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216020609/http://southeastasianfood.about.com/od/foodfromcambodia/a/Cambodiaculture.htm","url_text":"\"Profile of Cambodian Cooking and Culture\""},{"url":"http://southeastasianfood.about.com/od/foodfromcambodia/a/Cambodiaculture.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Les Nuits d'Angkor\". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2009-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152042/http://www.paris.fr/portail/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=25754","url_text":"\"Les Nuits d'Angkor\""},{"url":"http://www.paris.fr/portail/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=25754","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/113685e9-ee18-4b33-a654-c1467972d93b/9781351128940_10.4324_9781351128940-39.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Angkorian World, Mainland Southeast Asia after Angkor, On the Legacies of Jayavarman VII\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/Mon-Khmer-civilizations","external_links_name":"\"Thailand - Mon-Khmer civilizations. (n.d.)\""},{"Link":"https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/asia-africa/se-asia/khmer-empire","external_links_name":"\"Khmer Empire \| Infoplease\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012204352/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0827550.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/10688579/G_Epinal_2013_Quelques_remarques_relatives_aux_d%C3%A9couvertes_mon%C3%A9taires_dAngkor_Borei_Numismatique_Asiatique_n_8_d%C3%A9cembre_2013_pp_31_43_","external_links_name":"\"Guillaume Epinal, \" Quelques remarques relatives aux découvertes monétaires d'Angkor Borei \", in: Numismatique asiatique\""},{"Link":"https://www.thaiairways.com/plan-your-trip/destinations/en/wtf-on-the-trail-of-khmer-ruins-in-thailand.htm","external_links_name":"\"On the Trail of Khmer Ruins in Thailand\""},{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/khtoc.html","external_links_name":"Cambodia: A Country Study."},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/","external_links_name":"\"CIA World Factbook - Cambodia\""},{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/khtoc.html","external_links_name":"Cambodia: A Country Study."},{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/khtoc.html","external_links_name":"Cambodia: A Country Study."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100025/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/ledgerwood/cambodianliterature.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cambodian Literature\""},{"Link":"http://www.seasite.niu.edu/crossroads/ledgerwood/cambodianliterature.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216020609/http://southeastasianfood.about.com/od/foodfromcambodia/a/Cambodiaculture.htm","external_links_name":"\"Profile of Cambodian Cooking and Culture\""},{"Link":"http://southeastasianfood.about.com/od/foodfromcambodia/a/Cambodiaculture.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.leisurecambodia.com/news/detail.php?id=67","external_links_name":"http://www.leisurecambodia.com/news/detail.php?id=67"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211128032913/http://www.leisurecambodia.com/news/detail.php?id=67","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152042/http://www.paris.fr/portail/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=25754","external_links_name":"\"Les Nuits d'Angkor\""},{"Link":"http://www.paris.fr/portail/viewmultimediadocument?multimediadocument-id=25754","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia","external_links_name":"Cambodia Cultural Profile (Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts/Visiting Arts)"},{"Link":"http://www.khmerstudies.org/","external_links_name":"Center For Khmer Studies"},{"Link":"http://www.khmerenaissance.info/","external_links_name":"Khmer Renaissance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629200718/http://kampot3pepper.com/","external_links_name":"Culture Kampot pepper"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_(TV_series)	Mercy (TV series)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Recurring","3 Development and production","4 Episodes","5 Critical reception","6 Ratings","6.1 Seasonal ratings","7 Home media","8 References","9 External links"]	American television series MercyGenreMedical dramaCreated byLiz HeldensStarring Taylor Schilling Michelle Trachtenberg Jaime Lee Kirchner James Tupper Diego Klattenhoff Guillermo Díaz James LeGros Opening theme"Better Get Right" by Devin MooreComposers Wendy Melvoin Lisa Coleman Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes22ProductionExecutive producers Gail Berman Lloyd Braun Liz Heldens Gretchen J. Berg Aaron Harberts Jim Ellis Adam Bernstein Producers Jim Ellis Matt Ward James Bigwood Cinematography William Rexer Frank Prinzi Dejan Georgevich Russell Lee Fine David M. Dunlap Editors Scott Gamzon Scott Boyd Heather MacDougall Greg D'Auria Running time41–43 minutesProduction companies BermanBraun Selfish Mermaid Universal Media Studios Open 4 Business Productions Original releaseNetworkNBCReleaseSeptember 23, 2009 (2009-09-23) –May 12, 2010 (2010-05-12) Mercy is an American medical drama television series created by Liz Heldens, which aired on NBC from September 23, 2009, to May 12, 2010. The series initially aired on Wednesday at 8:00 pm (ET), as part of the 2009 fall season, but was pushed back to 9:00 pm in April. On October 23, 2009, Mercy was picked up for a full 22-episode first season. On May 14, 2010, NBC cancelled the series after one season. Plot Mercy is an ensemble drama set in the fictional Mercy Hospital in Jersey City, New Jersey. The show focuses on the lives of three nurses. Veronica Flanagan Callahan (Taylor Schilling) is a nurse who has just returned from a tour of duty in Iraq, while Sonia Jimenez (Jaime Lee Kirchner), her best friend, has become seriously involved with a police officer, and Chloe Payne (Michelle Trachtenberg) is a recent nursing graduate who is thrown into the world of nursing and is unprepared for what it entails. Cast Main Taylor Schilling as Veronica Agnes Flanagan Callahan Michelle Trachtenberg as Chloe Payne Jaime Lee Kirchner as Sonia Jimenez James Tupper as Dr. Chris Sands Diego Klattenhoff as Mike Callahan Guillermo Díaz as Ángel García James LeGros as Dr. Dan Harris (From left to right) Michelle Trachtenberg as Chloe, Taylor Schilling as Veronica, and Jaime Lee Kirchner as Sonia Recurring David Call as Paul Kempton Delroy Lindo as Dr. Alfred Parks Kate Mulgrew as Jeannie Flanagan Peter Gerety as Jim Flanagan Michael Chernus as Ryan Flanagan Patch Darragh as Tim Flanagan Johnny Hopkins as Bobby Flanagan Charlie Semine as Nick Valentino K.K. Moggie as Dr. Gillian Jelani Margo Martindale as Helen Klowden Jill Flint as Simone Sands James Van Der Beek as Dr. Joe Briggs, new Chief of the ICU Mary Stuart Masterson as Dr. Denise Cabe Kelly Bishop as Lauren Kempton Development and production NBC producer Jim Bigwood selected the warehouse at 10 Enterprise Avenue in Secaucus, New Jersey as the filming location for the series. The show occasionally also filmed inside a private residence in Weehawken, New Jersey. The production left New Jersey for New York in 2010, however, when New Jersey Governor Chris Christie suspended the tax credits for film and television production for the fiscal year 2011 to close budget gaps. Some interior shots for the show were filmed in the unused Barnert Hospital in Paterson, New Jersey. in the old St Mary's Hospital in Passaic. Exterior shots of Mercy Hospital were taken of the back side of a public school on 4th street (between Newark Ave. and Colgate St.) in Jersey City, New Jersey. The exterior of Lucky 7's Bar was filmed at a location on the corner of 2nd and Coles Street in Jersey City. The interior of the bar was the Park Tavern located on West Side Avenue off Communipaw Avenue in Jersey City. The exterior shots of The Red Fox Saloon were filmed at the Monaghan House in South Amboy, New Jersey. The interior shots of the Saloon were filmed at Ted's Bar in the Morgan area of Sayreville, New Jersey. Mercy was originally slated to begin midseason, but was moved to the fall after the premiere of Parenthood was pushed to 2010 due to production issues. Episodes No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)1"Can We Get That Drink Now?"Adam BernsteinLiz HeldensSeptember 23, 2009 (2009-09-23)8.38 Veronica Callahan is a smart nurse who returns to Mercy Hospital after a year long tour of service in the Army. Veronica constantly disobeys orders to help her patients while also trying to save her marriage to her high school sweetheart Mike Callahan, but things become even more difficult for Veronica when the doctor she had an affair with, Dr. Chris Sands arrives at Mercy. Meanwhile, we also meet Veronica's best friend and also nurse colleague Sonia, who thinks she finally found the man of her life and also Chloe, a new nurse who just joined Mercy. 2"I Believe You Conrad"Adam KaneLiz HeldensSeptember 30, 2009 (2009-09-30)7.39 Veronica and Mike try moving back in together, to save their marriage. Back at Mercy Hospital, Veronica and Dr. Sands try to just be friends but it's not as easy as they thought. Meanwhile, Sonia fall for a hunky cop named Nick Valentino, who helps her with a Jane Doe case and Chloe tries to help a patient everyone has already given up on. 3"Hope You're Good, Smiley Face"Andrew BernsteinToni GraphiaOctober 7, 2009 (2009-10-07)7.43 A night club fire puts a strain on Veronica when she tries to save the only survivor, but when the patient has to go into therapy, she helps Veronica realize she may need some help herself. Meanwhile, Chloe wants the respect of her coworkers so she decides it's time to change her style and attitude. Also, Sonia and one of the new doctors, butt heads over a patient while the nurses get confused when they see Dr. Harris with a mysterious beauty. 4"Pulling the Goalie"Lawrence TrillingPeter ElkoffOctober 14, 2009 (2009-10-14)7.37 Mike and Veronica decide to start trying for a baby much to the dismay of Dr. Sands. While at the hospital, Veronica tries to help a homeless veteran get back on his feet also facing her issues from Iraq. On the other hand, Sonia finds the good and the bad from dating a cop while helping two patients who are in a love-hate relationship. Meanwhile, Chloe gives hope to a young cynical burn victim while thinking of taking her love for Dr. Sands to the next level. 5"You Lost Me With The Cinder Block"Allan ArkushDan Dworkin & Jay BeattieOctober 21, 2009 (2009-10-21)7.19 Veronica and Mike announce that they are trying to get pregnant while a pregnant woman and her unborn child are admitted to Mercy after a car accident. Sonia's new patient has a sleepwalking problem and Chloe spends the day on an ambulance and makes a discovery that will change the life of Dr. Harris, who has called a meeting to determine Veronica's future at Mercy Hospital. 6"The Last Thing I Said Was"Lawrence TrillingGretchen J. Berg & Aaron HarbertsNovember 4, 2009 (2009-11-04)6.63 The truth about Veronica and Chris's affair emerges, which makes Veronica question whether or not to tell Mike. Sonia gets some relationship advice from a patient while her boyfriend Nick, who is undercover, goes missing. Meanwhile, Chloe's ex-boyfriend come to New Jersey to tell her he is getting married, much to her dismay. Guest stars Jerry Stiller, Anne Meara and Elisabeth Moss. 7"Destiny, Meet My Daughter, Veronica"Martha MitchellMatt WardNovember 11, 2009 (2009-11-11)6.68 After Veronica and Dr. Sands affair is made public, Veronica and Mike reunite with a family emergency. Sonia's high school rival is admitted to Mercy Hospital, but Sonia find out her life isn't as perfect as she thought. Meanwhile, Chloe's relationship with a fireman starts to really heat up and Dr. Sand and Dr. Jelani start dating. 8"I'm Not That Kind of Girl"Mike ListoVeronica Becker & Sarah KucserkaNovember 18, 2009 (2009-11-18)7.76 Veronica thinks she may be pregnant and that it might not be enough to save her marriage to Mike while she and Dr. Harris decide to work against death at the Hospital. Sonia's new patient is a beauty queen whose diagnosis will change her life forever, and Sonia will have to help her deal with it. Chloe finds out her new fireman boyfriend is married. Meanwhile, Dr. Sands and Dr. Jelani get even closer while organizing "Bike to Work Friday". 9"Some of Us Have Been to the Desert"Duane ClarkColleen McGuinnessDecember 9, 2009 (2009-12-09)7.01 Veronica decides to join a veterans support group to help with her Post Traumatic stress while also dealing with her father's Alzheimer's. Chloe is forced to deal with Dr. Harris after he injures himself from a fall in the Hospital while Sonia returns to the maternity ward and is assigned a 19-year-old pregnant girl who was going to give her baby up for adoption to two parents, but changes her mind. 10"I Saw This Pig and I Thought of You"Ed BianchiNichelle Tramble SpellmanJanuary 6, 2010 (2010-01-06)7.30 Veronica's new patient who, had a near death experience in the operation room, launches him into a faith crisis while Veronica thinks that Mike has moved on and started dating someone new so she rounds up Sonia and Chloe and does some good old fashioned spying. Meanwhile, Sonia tries to help a mother and daughter after a car accident, but when the mother dies, Sonia discovers a secret that will change the little girls life forever and Chloe helps with a family feud when the children of her patient don't agree on a treatment for their father. 11"We're All Adults"Darnell MartinDan Dworkin & Jay BeattieJanuary 13, 2010 (2010-01-13)5.85 Veronica's new patients are a group of promiscuous college students who are admitted to Mercy with meningitis, that also has a love triangle which has the Mercy Hospital staff comparing them to Veronica's love life. Meanwhile, Chloe's bride-to-be patient is admitted to Mercy thinking she just has a simple flu until she receives a more serious diagnosis. Sonia's hand transplant patient wants his new hand amputated when he finds out it belonged to a pedophile and Dr. Sands sister Simone come to New Jersey for a visit. 12"Wake Up, Bill"Gloria MuzioPeter ElkoffJanuary 20, 2010 (2010-01-20)5.86 Chloe's newlywed cancer patient undergoes risky surgery which leaves Chloe to help comfort the newlywed's husband. Meanwhile, a ten year coma patient named Bill, finally wakes up and decides to confront his love life which inspires Veronica to do the same with hers and Sonia gets a taste of the rich life when she has a wealthy and eccentric patient to look after. 13"Can We Talk About the Gigantic Elephant in the Ambulance?"Seith MannToni Graphi & Matt WardFebruary 3, 2010 (2010-02-03)6.21 A new doctor arrives at Mercy Hospital, Dr. Joe Briggs, and already starts to make the bad books with the Hospitals staff. Meanwhile, Veronica and Dr. Sands have to set aside their problems, to save a woman and her frozen son who were found in the woods. After the death of Chloe's newlywed patient, Chloe has to help the newlyweds grieving husband leave the Hospital and Sonia continues as a private nurse for her wealthy patient. 14"I Have a Date"Rick WallaceLiz Heldens, Veronica Becker & Sarah KucserkaFebruary 10, 2010 (2010-02-10)6.78 Veronica and Dr. Sands finally go on their official first date on Valentines Day, but, before she can make it to the restaurant, Veronica is held hostage when the donut shop she goes to is robbed. Meanwhile, Dr. Joe Briggs re-assigns Chloe and Angel to the fast paced world of the E.R. Also, Sonia bonds with the son of her rich home care patient, and begins to question her relationship with Nick. 15"I Did Kill You, Didn't I?"Phil AbrahamDan Dworkin & Jay BeattieMarch 3, 2010 (2010-03-03)6.04 Veronica is overwhelmed with PTSD after the doughnut shop shooting, and after a surprise guest arrives Veronica takes off leaving everyone worried. Meanwhile at Mercy, a bus bombing inundate the E.R. which, causes a fight between Dr. Briggs and Dr. Sand over the last available OR. Meanwhile, poor Chloe battles a hangover on her second day in the E.R, Sonia tries to keep her infidelity from Nick and Dr. Harris treats a patient which has a condition that keeps causing her to make inappropriate sexual advances. 16"I'm Fine"David StraitonGretchen J. Berg & Aaron HarbertsMarch 10, 2010 (2010-03-10)6.33 Veronica wants to spend more time with Dr. Sands and she also wants to avoid her PTSD symptoms that were triggered by the robbery so she takes extra shifts at the Hospital, but, when she finds out what the parent of her young patient has been doing, her reaction shocks everyone even herself. Meanwhile, Sonia's home care patient wants to kill herself which causes Sonia to make a decision that could ruin her career while Chloe accompanies Dr. Briggs on a VIP house call which gives her a big surprise. 17"There is No Room For You on My Ass"Andrew BernsteinPeter Elkoff & Colleen McGuinnessMarch 17, 2010 (2010-03-17)5.55 Veronica treats an anorexic disorder patient who is just as good at denial as she is while Veronica's family decide to confront her after the St. Patrick's Day binge which make her consider seeing a therapist. Meanwhile, after helping Dr. Briggs with a heart attack patient, Chloe starts to soften up to him when she finds out why he became a doctor while Sonia still mourns the death of her home care patient. 18"Of Course I'm Not"Wendey StanzlerStory by : Matt Ward & Jeff DrayerTeleplay by : Matt WardMarch 24, 2010 (2010-03-24)5.50 Veronica starts to deal with her PTSD and while Dr. Sands want to continue their relationship, Veronica sides against him in a patient dispute. Chloe and Dr. Harris help a football player who has a brain injury and Angel butts head with a eccentric E.R patient. Meanwhile, Sonia has to deal with two hipsters who are admitted to Mercy after an attempt to win a girl's heart goes awry, but, they help inspire Sonia to make romantic gesture to Nick. 19"There is No Superwoman"Gloria MuzioToni Graphia & Nichelle Tramble SpellmanApril 21, 2010 (2010-04-21)5.06 Veronica has another PTSD attack in a convenience store and continues her therapy with Dr. Cabe. Meanwhile, Chloe and her cute football player admirer track down a patient with a potentially fatal problem and the insurance company orders an unexpected autopsy on Sonia's home care patient, that may put her in danger. 20"We All Saw This Coming"David StraitonVeronica Becker & Sarah KucserkaApril 28, 2010 (2010-04-28)4.92 Several prisoners are admitted to Mercy Hospital after an attempt on someone's life starts a riot. Veronica starts to bond with her prisoner patient but is shocked to discover a secret he has been keeping, that puts his life in jeopardy. Chloe tries to convince her head injury boyfriend to get treatment before it's too late. Meanwhile, Sonia's patient is terrified to go back to prison which uncovers her fears of going to prison too, and Dr. Briggs has to make a decision that could put his career or life in danger. 21"Too Much Attitude and Not Enough Underwear"Timothy BusfieldPeter Elkoff & Joe SachsMay 5, 2010 (2010-05-05)3.92 Dr. Sands and Veronica's old boss from Iraq shows up at Mercy Hospital unexpectedly and asks Dr. Sands to take his place back in Iraq. Veronica asks Nick to help Sonia, when she has her old home care patient's son stalking her. Chloe is worried that her boyfriend is damaging his brain even more by playing football again against medical advice and struggles with the decision to tell his coach which could jeopardize her career and her relationship with her boyfriend. Meanwhile, Angel's friend is attacked and Dr. Briggs is worried his mafia connections had something to do with it while he has to deal with his former flame coming back into his life. 22"That Crazy Bitch Was Right"Andrew BernsteinLiz Heldens & Colleen McGuinnessMay 12, 2010 (2010-05-12)4.01 Two boys and Veronica get trapped in an abandoned building, and Veronica is forced to amputate one of the boy's arm. Once freed from the building, Veronica finally moves out from her parents' house and into her own apartment with help from her ex-husband Mike. Back at Mercy Hospital, Chloe tries to convince the doctors at Mercy to do a risky surgery on her comatose boyfriend to save him from death, but, it's too late and Chloe assists in the surgery to harvest his organs. Sonia and Nick finally get back together while Sonia takes care of a psychic patient who tells her a few things about her future. Meanwhile, Dr. Sands leaves for Iraq with a medical relief group and Dr. Briggs tries to raise money to pay back his mafia debt before it's too late. Critical reception Mercy received a score of 41 of 100 from the review aggregator Metacritic, and received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Matthew Gilbert, from The Boston Globe, referred to the show as "a bunch of played-out hospital clichés" and said it "follows the hospital melodrama blueprint way too closely." Similarly, a review in The Hollywood Reporter calls the show "just another hospital soap opera" and "a lethal cocktail of virtually every medical drama ever seen on TV". Matt Roush of TV Guide wrote "Nurses deserve better than this ludicrous potboiler". Several critics have referred to Mercy as a weak copy of Showtime's Nurse Jackie. The show's writing has been criticized as "twisting itself into a pretzel to provide ironies," and a review by Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune states that "all the characters are so thinly drawn." In a review in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Rob Owen said the show "hits viewers over the head with its thesis statement that nurses are under-appreciated." Robert Bianco from USA Today stated that "remarkably good actors going to waste here." On the positive side, in a review in The Daily Telegraph, Rachel Ray found the show "utterly enjoyable" and "marvelous television", while praising the "clicking pace, real-person dialogue, excellent writing, a fresh story line, and thoughtful acting". (Although the review was for a UK paper's online edition, the series did not air on British TV.) Noting an effort by NBC to find a replacement for the former standout ER, David Hinckley, from the New York Daily News, favorably compared the two shows and stated that Mercy "comes the closest yet to capturing that chemistry." Ratings Seasonal ratings Season Timeslot (EST) Season Premiere Season Finale TV Season Rank Viewers(in millions) 1 Wednesday 8/7c (September 23, 2009 – April 21, 2010)Wednesday 9/8c (April 28, 2010 – May 12, 2010) September 23, 2009 May 12, 2010 2009–2010 #76 6.33 Home media Name Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Discs The Complete Series August 3, 2010 — September 29, 2010 5 References ^ Ken Tucker (May 4, 2009). "Rating NBC's new fall shows: 'Parenthood,' a 'Trauma,' a 'Community,' '100 Questions,' and oh 'Mercy'!". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 4, 2009. ^ "This just in: NBC picks up 'Community,' 'Parks and Recreation,' and 'Mercy' for full seasons". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009. ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 14, 2010). "Breaking: NBC cancels 'Mercy,' 'Trauma'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 16, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2010. ^ Hinckley, David (September 23, 2009). "NBC's 'Mercy' takes great care in showing nursing life". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2010. ^ Wright, E. Assata. "Getting the film crews back to NJ", Hudson Reporter, February 13, 2011 ^ a b "The Tipsheet: 'Mercy' Brings Jersey City to the Small Screen, AhoraJC, Biking the Studio Tour and More". The Jersey City Independent. September 30, 2009. Archived from the original on October 18, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2009. ^ Brian Gallagher (June 11, 2009). "EXCLUSIVE: Guillermo Diaz Takes Us Into the World of Weeds". MovieWeb. Retrieved July 3, 2009. ^ Gallagher, Brian. "EXCLUSIVE: Guillermo Diaz Takes Us Into the World of 'Weeds'; The actor who coincidentally plays Guillermo on the hit Showtime series talks about his role in the brand new season, 'Mercy', 'Zombie Grandma' and much more.", MovieWeb, June 11, 2009. Accessed January 27, 2015. ^ Sullivan, Tom. "Have some Mercy on cancelled TV shows", Clifton Journal, May 21, 2010. Accessed January 27, 2015. "Dramas set in hospitals have long been a staple of television, both for daytime and prime time, and while Mercy did not have the benefit of star names in its regular cast, it had the luxury of a very competent ensemble and a totally authentic setting, because Mercy Hospital was played by St. Mary's of Passaic. When you saw hectic stories unfolding in the emergency room, it was right here. So were the tense and somber moments in the intensive care unit." ^ Brian Stelter (July 10, 2009). "Citing Star's Condition, NBC Delays 'Parenthood'". New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2009. ^ Robert Seidman (September 24, 2009). "Wednesday broadcast finals: Modern Family down a tenth, Cougar Town up a tenth with adults 18-49". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on October 5, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2010. ^ "Glee rises to a 3.3, Criminal Minds to a 3.8; Eastwick drops to a 2.3 in finals – Page 29229 – TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com". tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2018. ^ Robert Seidman (October 8, 2009). "Wednesday Broadcast finals: Modern Family, Cougar Town, Glee, Criminal Minds tick up in finals; Old Christine down a tick". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2010. ^ Robert Seidman (October 15, 2009). "Wednesday broadcast finals: Glee, The Middle, Jay Leno tick up, CBS comedies, Mercy, L&O:SVU tick down". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on October 18, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2010. ^ Robert Seidman (October 22, 2009). "Broadcast finals: Glee, Modern Family, Cougar Town, Criminal Minds tick up; Mercy, Old Christine, SVU, Eastwick tick down". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on July 30, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ Robert Seidman (November 5, 2009). "Broadcast Finals: Modern Family, Criminal Minds up Eastwick down". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on November 9, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ Robert Seidman (November 12, 2009). "Wednesday Broadcast finals: Glee, CMA Awards, SYTYCD tick up, Mercy, Gary Unmarried down". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on November 15, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ Robert Seidman (November 19, 2010). "Wednesday broadcast & cable finals: Glee, America's Next Top Model tick up". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ Robert Seidman (December 10, 2009). "Broadcast Finals: Glee rises to season high; Criminal Minds up; The Middle, Gary Unmarried down a tick". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ "TV Ratings: Ugly Betty Wednesday Debut Weak; People's Choice Leads CBS; Middle, SVU Season Highs – Page 37927 – TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com". tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2018. ^ Robert Seidman (January 14, 2010). "Wednesday Broadcast Finals + American Idol Breakdown". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ Bill Gorman (January 21, 2010). "Wednesday Broadcast Finals: Idol, Modern Family Up; Gary, Criminal Minds, CSI:NY Down". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ Bill Gorman (February 4, 2010). "Wednesday Broadcast Final Ratings; Idol Ticks Up, Ugly Betty Ticks Down". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2010. ^ Robert Seidman (February 11, 2010). "Broadcast Finals: ABC's Entire Lineup Drops By 1/10th with Adults 18-49; Criminal Minds, CSI: NY Drop". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved February 11, 2010. ^ "TV Ratings: American Idol Dominates; The Middle, Modern Family and Oprah Take a Dive – Page 43816 – TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com". tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2018. ^ "TV Ratings: American Idol Down, But Still Dominates; Modern Family Rebounds – Page 44606 – TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com". tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2018. ^ Robert Seidman (March 18, 2010). "Wednesday Broadcast Finals: "Ugly Betty, Gary Unmarried" Inch Up". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on March 22, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2010. ^ Robert Seidman (March 25, 2010). "Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Idol, Survivor, ANTM Rise". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved June 1, 2010. ^ Bill Gorman. "Wednesday Broadcast Finals: Idol, L&O: SVU Adjusted Up; Accidentally On Purpose Down". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved June 1, 2010. ^ Bill Gorman (April 29, 2010). "Wednesday Broadcast Finals: Modern Family, American Idol, Top Model Adjusted Up; High Society Down". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ Robert Seidman (May 6, 2010). "Wednesday Finals: "American Idol," "The Middle," "Modern Family," "Cougar Town" and "CSI: NY" Adjusted Up". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010. ^ Robert Seidman (May 13, 2010). "Wednesday Finals: American Idol, Modern Family, Cougar Town Adjusted Up; Old Christine, Happy Town Adjusted Down". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on May 16, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2010. ^ "Mercy - Season 1 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved September 16, 2016. ^ a b Gilbert, Matthew (September 23, 2009). "Nurses need to inject some originality into 'Mercy'". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 24, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2010. ^ a b c Dawn, Randee (September 22, 2009). "Mercy – TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 16, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2010. ^ TV Guide September 7-13, 2009 pg.40. ^ a b Bianco, Robert (September 23, 2009). "NBC programmers should show no 'Mercy'". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2010. ^ a b Owen, Ro (September 23, 2009). "'Mercy' needs a transfusion, STAT". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2010. ^ Ryan, Maureen (September 22, 2009). "Have 'Mercy' on yourself, skip this medical melodrama". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2010. ^ Ray, Rachel (September 24, 2009). "Mercy (NBC), review". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 28, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2010. ^ a b Gorman, Bill (June 16, 2010). "Final 2009-10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership". The Futon Critic. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010. ^ "Mercy DVD news: Box Art for Mercy - The Complete Series". TVShowsOnDVD.com. May 20, 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016. ^ "Mercy - The Complete Series (6 Disc Set) @ EzyDVD". Archived from the original on November 12, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2018. External links Mercy at IMDb Mercy at Metacritic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_drama"},{"link_name":"Liz Heldens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Heldens"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FullSeasonOne-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canceled-3"}],"text":"Mercy is an American medical drama television series created by Liz Heldens, which aired on NBC from September 23, 2009, to May 12, 2010. The series initially aired on Wednesday at 8:00 pm (ET), as part of the 2009 fall season, but was pushed back to 9:00 pm in April.[1]On October 23, 2009, Mercy was picked up for a full 22-episode first season.[2] On May 14, 2010, NBC cancelled the series after one season.[3]","title":"Mercy (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYdaily-4"},{"link_name":"Taylor Schilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Schilling"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Jaime Lee Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Lee_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"police officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer"},{"link_name":"Michelle Trachtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg"}],"text":"Mercy is an ensemble drama set in the fictional Mercy Hospital in Jersey City, New Jersey.[4] The show focuses on the lives of three nurses. Veronica Flanagan Callahan (Taylor Schilling) is a nurse who has just returned from a tour of duty in Iraq, while Sonia Jimenez (Jaime Lee Kirchner), her best friend, has become seriously involved with a police officer, and Chloe Payne (Michelle Trachtenberg) is a recent nursing graduate who is thrown into the world of nursing and is unprepared for what it entails.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor Schilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Schilling"},{"link_name":"Michelle Trachtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg"},{"link_name":"Jaime Lee Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Lee_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"James Tupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tupper"},{"link_name":"Diego Klattenhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Klattenhoff"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_D%C3%ADaz_(actor)"},{"link_name":"James LeGros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_LeGros"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercy_cast_shot.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Taylor Schilling as Veronica Agnes Flanagan Callahan\nMichelle Trachtenberg as Chloe Payne\nJaime Lee Kirchner as Sonia Jimenez\nJames Tupper as Dr. Chris Sands\nDiego Klattenhoff as Mike Callahan\nGuillermo Díaz as Ángel García\nJames LeGros as Dr. Dan Harris(From left to right) Michelle Trachtenberg as Chloe, Taylor Schilling as Veronica, and Jaime Lee Kirchner as Sonia","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Call"},{"link_name":"Delroy Lindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delroy_Lindo"},{"link_name":"Kate Mulgrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Mulgrew"},{"link_name":"Peter Gerety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gerety"},{"link_name":"Michael Chernus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chernus"},{"link_name":"Margo Martindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_Martindale"},{"link_name":"Jill Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Flint"},{"link_name":"James Van Der Beek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Der_Beek"},{"link_name":"Mary Stuart Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart_Masterson"},{"link_name":"Kelly Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Bishop"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"David Call as Paul Kempton\nDelroy Lindo as Dr. Alfred Parks\nKate Mulgrew as Jeannie Flanagan\nPeter Gerety as Jim Flanagan\nMichael Chernus as Ryan Flanagan\nPatch Darragh as Tim Flanagan\nJohnny Hopkins as Bobby Flanagan\nCharlie Semine as Nick Valentino\nK.K. Moggie as Dr. Gillian Jelani\nMargo Martindale as Helen Klowden\nJill Flint as Simone Sands\nJames Van Der Beek as Dr. Joe Briggs, new Chief of the ICU\nMary Stuart Masterson as Dr. Denise Cabe\nKelly Bishop as Lauren Kempton","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Secaucus, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secaucus,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Weehawken, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJFilm-5"},{"link_name":"Barnert Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnert_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Paterson, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCI-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallagher-7"},{"link_name":"Passaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCI-6"},{"link_name":"South Amboy, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Amboy,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Sayreville, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayreville,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"midseason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-season_replacement"},{"link_name":"Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthood_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2-10"}],"text":"NBC producer Jim Bigwood selected the warehouse at 10 Enterprise Avenue in Secaucus, New Jersey as the filming location for the series. The show occasionally also filmed inside a private residence in Weehawken, New Jersey. The production left New Jersey for New York in 2010, however, when New Jersey Governor Chris Christie suspended the tax credits for film and television production for the fiscal year 2011 to close budget gaps.[5]Some interior shots for the show were filmed in the unused Barnert Hospital in Paterson, New Jersey.[6][7] in the old St Mary's Hospital in Passaic.[8][9] Exterior shots of Mercy Hospital were taken of the back side of a public school on 4th street (between Newark Ave. and Colgate St.) in Jersey City, New Jersey. The exterior of Lucky 7's Bar was filmed at a location on the corner of 2nd and Coles Street in Jersey City. The interior of the bar was the Park Tavern located on West Side Avenue off Communipaw Avenue in Jersey City.[6] The exterior shots of The Red Fox Saloon were filmed at the Monaghan House in South Amboy, New Jersey. The interior shots of the Saloon were filmed at Ted's Bar in the Morgan area of Sayreville, New Jersey.Mercy was originally slated to begin midseason, but was moved to the fall after the premiere of Parenthood was pushed to 2010 due to production issues.[10]","title":"Development and production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bglobe-34"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-35"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Nurse Jackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_Jackie"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bglobe-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-35"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usa-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitt-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-35"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-39"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitt-38"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usa-37"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-40"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)"}],"text":"Mercy received a score of 41 of 100 from the review aggregator Metacritic,[33] and received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Matthew Gilbert, from The Boston Globe, referred to the show as \"a bunch of played-out hospital clichés\" and said it \"follows the hospital melodrama blueprint way too closely.\"[34] Similarly, a review in The Hollywood Reporter calls the show \"just another hospital soap opera\" and \"a lethal cocktail of virtually every medical drama ever seen on TV\".[35] Matt Roush of TV Guide wrote \"Nurses deserve better than this ludicrous potboiler\".[36] Several critics have referred to Mercy as a weak copy of Showtime's Nurse Jackie.[34][35][37][38]The show's writing has been criticized as \"twisting itself into a pretzel to provide ironies,\"[35] and a review by Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune states that \"all the characters are so thinly drawn.\"[39] In a review in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Rob Owen said the show \"hits viewers over the head with its thesis statement that nurses are under-appreciated.\"[38] Robert Bianco from USA Today stated that \"remarkably good actors [are] going to waste here.\"[37]On the positive side, in a review in The Daily Telegraph, Rachel Ray found the show \"utterly enjoyable\" and \"marvelous television\", while praising the \"clicking pace, real-person dialogue, excellent writing, a fresh story line, and thoughtful acting\".[40] (Although the review was for a UK paper's online edition, the series did not air on British TV.) Noting an effort by NBC to find a replacement for the former standout ER, David Hinckley, from the New York Daily News, favorably compared the two shows and stated that Mercy \"comes the closest yet to capturing that chemistry.\"","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seasonal ratings","title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Home media"}]	[{"image_text":"(From left to right) Michelle Trachtenberg as Chloe, Taylor Schilling as Veronica, and Jaime Lee Kirchner as Sonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Mercy_cast_shot.jpg/250px-Mercy_cast_shot.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Ken Tucker (May 4, 2009). \"Rating NBC's new fall shows: 'Parenthood,' a 'Trauma,' a 'Community,' '100 Questions,' and oh 'Mercy'!\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://watching-tv.ew.com/2009/05/04/nbc-new-fall-sh/","url_text":"\"Rating NBC's new fall shows: 'Parenthood,' a 'Trauma,' a 'Community,' '100 Questions,' and oh 'Mercy'!\""}]},{"reference":"\"This just in: NBC picks up 'Community,' 'Parks and Recreation,' and 'Mercy' for full seasons\". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027125918/http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2009/10/23/nbc-picks-up-community-parks-and-recreation-and-mercy/","url_text":"\"This just in: NBC picks up 'Community,' 'Parks and Recreation,' and 'Mercy' for full seasons\""},{"url":"http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2009/10/23/nbc-picks-up-community-parks-and-recreation-and-mercy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ausiello, Michael (May 14, 2010). \"Breaking: NBC cancels 'Mercy,' 'Trauma'\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 16, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100516153820/http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2010/05/14/nbc-cancels-mercy-trauma/","url_text":"\"Breaking: NBC cancels 'Mercy,' 'Trauma'\""},{"url":"http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2010/05/14/nbc-cancels-mercy-trauma/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hinckley, David (September 23, 2009). \"NBC's 'Mercy' takes great care in showing nursing life\". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. 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Archived from the original on November 12, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101112104630/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/item.zml/815043","url_text":"\"Mercy - The Complete Series (6 Disc Set) @ EzyDVD\""},{"url":"http://www.ezydvd.com.au/item.zml/815043","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://watching-tv.ew.com/2009/05/04/nbc-new-fall-sh/","external_links_name":"\"Rating NBC's new fall shows: 'Parenthood,' a 'Trauma,' a 'Community,' '100 Questions,' and oh 'Mercy'!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027125918/http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2009/10/23/nbc-picks-up-community-parks-and-recreation-and-mercy/","external_links_name":"\"This just in: NBC picks up 'Community,' 'Parks and Recreation,' and 'Mercy' for full seasons\""},{"Link":"http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2009/10/23/nbc-picks-up-community-parks-and-recreation-and-mercy/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100516153820/http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2010/05/14/nbc-cancels-mercy-trauma/","external_links_name":"\"Breaking: NBC cancels 'Mercy,' 'Trauma'\""},{"Link":"http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2010/05/14/nbc-cancels-mercy-trauma/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090926143252/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/09/23/2009-09-23_nbcs_mercy_takes_great_care_in_showing_nursing_life.html","external_links_name":"\"NBC's 'Mercy' takes great care in showing nursing life\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/09/23/2009-09-23_nbcs_mercy_takes_great_care_in_showing_nursing_life.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091018070840/http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2009/09/30/the-tipsheet-mercy-brings-jersey-city-to-the-small-screen-ahorajc-set-for-liftoff-biking-the-studio-tour-and-the-new-loews-season/","external_links_name":"\"The Tipsheet: 'Mercy' Brings Jersey City to the Small Screen, AhoraJC, Biking the Studio Tour and More\""},{"Link":"http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2009/09/30/the-tipsheet-mercy-brings-jersey-city-to-the-small-screen-ahorajc-set-for-liftoff-biking-the-studio-tour-and-the-new-loews-season/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.movieweb.com/news/NEFunNINYhT9JL","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Guillermo Diaz Takes Us Into the World of Weeds\""},{"Link":"http://www.movieweb.com/news/NEFunNINYhT9JL","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Guillermo Diaz Takes Us Into the World of 'Weeds'; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri	Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri	["1 Names and etymology","2 Attestations","2.1 Gylfaginning","2.2 Kennings","2.3 Völuspá","3 Archaeological record","3.1 Heysham hogback","4 Interpretation and discussion","4.1 Connection with hall \"dwarfs\"","5 Notes","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","8.1 Primary","8.2 Secondary"]	Four dwarfs who hold up the sky in Nordic mythology "Austri" redirects here. For the sports club, see Austri Eskifirði. Face of the Heysham hogback stone depicting four figures with upraised arms, which have been interpreted as Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri holding up the sky In Nordic mythology, Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri (Old Norse pronunciation: ); are four dwarfs who hold up the sky after it was made by the gods from the skull of the jötunn Ymir. They are referred to both in Gylfaginning in the Prose Edda and in kennings. They have been further linked to dvergar ("dwarfs"), supports for the main beam of some halls, that are likely named due to the roof being seen as a reflection of the sky in Old Nordic religion. Names and etymology Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri have been variously translated as "The one in the East, West, North and South" and "East, West, North and South". The names derive from Old Norse: austr, vestr, suðr and norðr, meaning east, west, south and north respectively. Attestations Gylfaginning The longest description of the dwarfs is given in Gylfaginning from the Prose Edda, when after the death of Ymir, Odin (in his guise as Þriði) describes the creation of the sky: Old Norse text Brodeur translation óku þeir ok haus hans ok gerðu þar af himin ok settu hann upp yfir jörðina með fjórum skautum, ok undir hvert horn settu þeir dverg. Þeir heita svá: Austri, Vestri, Norðri, Suðri. They took his skull also, and made of it the heaven, and set it up over the earth with four corners; and under each corner they set a dwarf: the names of these are East, West, North, and South. Kennings In the skald Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld's Óláfsdrápa Tryggvasonar, the kenning níðbyrðra Norðra ("Burden of the relations of Norðris") is used to refer to the sky. In Skáldskaparmál, Snorri Sturluson says that one can refer to the sky or the heaven with kennings such as Old Norse: erfiði eða byrði dverganna ("Toil or burden of the dwarfs") and hjálm Vestra ok Austra, Suðra, Norðra ("Helm of Vestri and Austri, Suðri, Norðri"). An example of this is quoted from the work of Arnórr jarlaskáld. Völuspá The four dwarfs are listed in the section of Völuspá, Dvergatal. Archaeological record Heysham hogback Scholars have proposed that Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri are depicted holding up the sky on a hogback stone in Heysham in Lancashire, although this interpretation remains debated. Although it has been argued that the dwarfs are depicted out of proportion and in a bestial manner, it has been noted that they closely resemble the human on the other side of the stone and it was unlikely that the carver intended to depict them as looking differently to humans. It has been suggested that the role of the dwarfs in holding up the heavens would imply they were thought to be very tall; however, it has been noted that the sky could have been conceived of as being close to the earth at the horizon. Judgements on their size cannot be supported either way by the hogback stone as the size of the hogback stone imposed physical limitations on the size of depictions. Interpretation and discussion Connection with hall "dwarfs" It has been noted that the beams that support the roof of the house are known as dvergar ("dwarfs") in Old Norse. This has been connected by some scholars to Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri, suggesting that, as in other cases, the home acts like a microcosm, in which the roof is equated with the sky. It has been noted that the small wooden blocks that held up the main beam of the roof (Old Norse: ás) were known as dvergar ("dwarfs"). This is first recorded in the 12th century Íslensk hómilíubók but likely reflects earlier naming practices, and is also seen in Denmark and Norway in later times. The term is widely believed by scholars to originate in the traditions of Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri, whose roles parallel the holding up of the main roof beam. This supports the idea that North Germanic heathens saw the hall as representative of the wider world, with the roof equating to the heavens. It is further to be noted that the term for the main roof beam is the same in its singular form as ás, a member of the Æsir (though they differ in plural form). It has been argued that this mirroring of the world by the hall is further built up by the design of the hall and the imagery contained within it, such as in the use of pillars that reflect the central tree Yggdrasil. This phenomenon has been seen more widely in other cultural spaces, such as Christian churches, Navajo hogans and Cree tents. Notes ^ The kenning used for sky in this case is erfiði Austra ("Austri toil") ^ The plural of the part of the hall (ás) is ásar rather than Æsir, a member of the family of gods. See also Anemoi, wind gods in Greek mythology assigned to the cardinal directions Atlas, a titan who holds up the sky in Greek mythology Four Heavenly Kings, beings in Buddhist tradition that watch over the cardinal directions Four Holy Beasts, beings in Chinese tradition assigned to the cardinal directions Royal stars, guardians of the corners of the sky in Persian tradition References ^ a b Mikučionis 2017, pp. 82–88. ^ Gould 1929, pp. 942, 952–954. ^ a b Sturluson 2018, Gylfaginning, chapter 8. ^ Simek 2008, pp. 25, 236, 302, 358. ^ Gylfaginning (ON), Chapter 8. ^ a b c d Simek 2008, p. 358. ^ a b c Mikučionis 2017, p. 65. ^ Sturluson 2018, Skáldskaparmál, chapter 31. ^ Scheuer 2017, p. 16. ^ Mikučionis 2017, pp. 66. ^ Mikučionis 2017, pp. 65–66. ^ Gunnell 2005, pp. 20–21. ^ Gunnell 2005, p. 21. ^ a b Gunnell 2005, p. 22. ^ Gunnell 2005, pp. 22–24. Bibliography Primary Sturluson, Snorri (2018). The Prose Edda. Translated by Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. Franklin Classics Trade Press. ISBN 9780344335013. "Gylfaginning (Old Norse)". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 4 October 2022. Secondary Gould, Chester Nathan (1929). "Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion". PMLA. 44 (4): 939–967. doi:10.2307/457704. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 457704. S2CID 163540054. Gunnell, Terry Adrian (2005). "Hof, Halls, Goðar and Dwarves: An Examination of the Ritual Space in the Pagan Icelandic Hall". Cosmos 17: 3–36. Mikučionis, Ugnius (2017). "Recognizing a dvergr: Physical Status and External Appearance of dvergar in Medieval Nordic Sources (8th-13th century)". Roda da Fortuna: Electronic Journal About Antiquity and Middle Ages. 6 (1). S2CID 221713017. Scheuer, Jensen Connor (2017). "Dvergatal, Shorthand for a Universe: The Dwarfs of Vǫluspá". Universitetet I Oslo. Simek, Rudolf (2008). A Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Hall, Angela. BOYE6. ISBN 9780859915137. vteNorse cosmologyAstronomical bodies Sun: Sól Árvakr and Alsviðr Moon: Máni Hjúki and Bil Earth: Jörð Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn Aurvandil Þjazi's eyes Time Day: Dagr Skinfaxi Night: Nótt Hrímfaxi Seasons: Sumarr and Vetr Old age Elli Water bodies Sea Ægir Rán Waves Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán Worlds Nine Worlds Connected by the tree Yggdrasil Cosmogenesis,cyclic time, and eschatology Ginnungagap Muspelheim Niflheim Ymir Borr Auðumbla Ragnarök Other Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri Dellingr Hræsvelgr Mundilfari Viðfinnr vteOld Norse religion and mythologyMythological Norse people, items and placesDeities, dwarfs, jötnar,and other figuresÆsir Almáttki áss Baldr Bragi Dellingr Forseti Heimdall Hermóðr Höðr Hœnir Ítreksjóð Lóðurr Loki Máni Meili Mímir Móði and Magni Odin Óðr Thor Týr Ullr Váli Víðarr Vili and Vé Ásynjur Bil Eir (valkyrie) Frigg Fulla Gefjon Gerðr Gná Hlín Iðunn Ilmr Irpa Lofn Nanna Njörun Rán Rindr Sága Sif Sigyn Sjöfn Skaði Snotra Sól Syn Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr Þrúðr Vár Vör Vanir Freyja Freyr Ingunar-Freyr Yngvi Gersemi Gullveig Hnoss Kvasir Njörðr Sister-wife of Njörðr Jötnar Ægir Alvaldi Angrboða Aurboða Baugi Beli Bergelmir Bestla Bölþorn Býleistr Eggþér Fárbauti Fjölvar Fornjót Gangr Geirröðr Gillingr Gjálp and Greip Gríðr Gunnlöð Gymir Harðgreipr Helblindi Helreginn Hljod Hræsvelgr Hrímgerðr Hrímgrímnir Hrímnir Hroðr Hrungnir Hrymr Hymir Hyrrokkin Iði Ím Járnsaxa Laufey Leikn Litr Logi Mögþrasir Narfi Sökkmímir Surtr Suttungr Þjazi Þökk Þrívaldi Þrúðgelmir Þrymr Útgarða-Loki Vafþrúðnir Váli Víðblindi Vosud Vörnir Ymir Dwarfs Alvíss Andvari Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri Billingr Brokkr Dáinn Durinn Dúrnir Dvalinn Eitri Fáfnir Fjalar and Galar Gandalf Hreiðmarr Litr Mótsognir Ótr Regin Sons of Ivaldi Heroes List of figures in Germanic heroic legend A B–C D–E F–G H–He Hi–Hy I–O P–S T–Y people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend named animals and plants named weapons, armour and treasures Others Ask and Embla Auðr Auðumbla Aurvandill Beyla Borr Búri Byggvir Dísir (Landdísir) Dragons Draugs Einherjar Eldir Elves Dark elves (Dökkálfar) Light elves (Ljósálfar) Black elves (Svartálfar) Fimafeng Fjalar (rooster) Fenrir Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn Fylgja Garmr Gullinbursti Hati Hróðvitnisson Hel Hildisvíni Hjúki Horses of the Æsir Árvakr and Alsviðr Blóðughófi Falhófnir Gísl Glaðr Glær Glenr Grani Gullfaxi Gulltoppr Gyllir Hamskerpir and Garðrofa Hófvarpnir Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi Sleipnir Svaðilfari Jörð Jörmungandr Líf and Lífthrasir Loddfáfnir Móðguðr Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán Nine Mothers of Heimdallr Narfi/Nari Níðhöggr Norns Personifications Dagr Elli Nótt Sumarr and Vetr Skírnir Sköll Shield-maiden Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr Troll Þjálfi and Röskva Vættir (Landvættir) Valkyries Völundr Vörðr LocationsUnderworld Hel Éljúðnir Gjallarbrú Náströnd Niflhel Niðafjöll Rivers Élivágar Gjöll Ífingr Kerlaugar Körmt and Örmt Slidr River Vadgelmir Vimur River Other locations Asgard Amsvartnir Andlang Barri Bifröst Bilskirnir Brávellir Brimir Fensalir Fólkvangr Fornsigtuna Fyrisvellir Gálgviðr Gandvik Gastropnir Gimlé Ginnungagap Glaðsheimr Glæsisvellir Glitnir Gnipahellir Grove of fetters Heiðr Himinbjörg Hindarfjall Hlidskjalf Hnitbjorg Hoddmímis holt Iðavöllr Járnviðr Jötunheimr Mímameiðr Myrkviðr Munarvágr Nóatún Okolnir Sessrúmnir Sindri Singasteinn Þrúðheimr Þrúðvangr Þrymheimr Uppsala Útgarðar Valaskjálf Valhalla Vanaheimr Víðbláinn Vígríðr Vingólf Wells Hvergelmir Mímisbrunnr Urðarbrunnr Ýdalir Yggdrasil Events Æsir–Vanir War Fimbulvetr Fróði's Peace Hjaðningavíg Ragnarök Sources Gesta Danorum Edda Poetic Edda Prose Edda Runestones Sagas Jómsvíkinga Legendary Tyrfing Cycle Völsung Cycle Old Norse language Orthography Later influence SocietyReligious practice Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe Blót Hof Heitstrenging Horses Hörgr Worship Öndvegissúlur Reginnaglar Sacred trees and groves Sonargöltr Temple at Uppsala Vé Wetlands and islands Festivals and holy periods Álfablót Dísablót Germanic calendar Þorrablót Vetrnætr Yule Other Death Ergi Félag Galdr Goði Hamingja Heiti Kenning Mead hall Nīþ Norse cosmology Numbers Philosophy Rings Runes Seiðr Skald Viking Age Völva See also Germanic paganism Heathenry (new religious movement) Nordic Bronze Age	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austri Eskifirði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austri_Eskifir%C3%B0i"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeyshamHogbackFaces_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heysham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heysham"},{"link_name":"hogback stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogback_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiku%C4%8Dionis201782%E2%80%9388-1"},{"link_name":"Nordic mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_mythology"},{"link_name":"[ˈɔustre, ˈwestre, ˈnorðre, ˈsuðre]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"jötunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn"},{"link_name":"Ymir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymir"},{"link_name":"Gylfaginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gylfaginning"},{"link_name":"Old Nordic religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Nordic_religion"}],"text":"\"Austri\" redirects here. For the sports club, see Austri Eskifirði.Face of the Heysham hogback stone depicting four figures with upraised arms, which have been interpreted as Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri holding up the sky[1]In Nordic mythology, Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri (Old Norse pronunciation: [ˈɔustre, ˈwestre, ˈnorðre, ˈsuðre])[citation needed]; are four dwarfs who hold up the sky after it was made by the gods from the skull of the jötunn Ymir. They are referred to both in Gylfaginning in the Prose Edda and in kennings. They have been further linked to dvergar (\"dwarfs\"), supports for the main beam of some halls, that are likely named due to the roof being seen as a reflection of the sky in Old Nordic religion.","title":"Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1929942,_952%E2%80%93954-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturluson2018Gylfaginning,_chapter_8-3"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek200825,_236,_302,_358-4"}],"text":"Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri have been variously translated as \"The one in the East, West, North and South\" and \"East, West, North and South\".[2][3] The names derive from Old Norse: austr, vestr, suðr and norðr, meaning east, west, south and north respectively.[4]","title":"Names and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gylfaginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gylfaginning"},{"link_name":"Prose Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda"},{"link_name":"Ymir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymir"},{"link_name":"Odin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin"},{"link_name":"Þriði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eri%C3%B0i"}],"sub_title":"Gylfaginning","text":"The longest description of the dwarfs is given in Gylfaginning from the Prose Edda, when after the death of Ymir, Odin (in his guise as Þriði) describes the creation of the sky:","title":"Attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald"},{"link_name":"Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallfre%C3%B0r_vandr%C3%A6%C3%B0ask%C3%A1ld"},{"link_name":"Óláfsdrápa Tryggvasonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fsdr%C3%A1pa_Tryggvasonar"},{"link_name":"kenning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008358-6"},{"link_name":"Skáldskaparmál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Snorri Sturluson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiku%C4%8Dionis201765-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturluson2018Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l,_chapter_31-8"},{"link_name":"Arnórr jarlaskáld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arn%C3%B3rr_jarlask%C3%A1ld"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiku%C4%8Dionis201765-7"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Kennings","text":"In the skald Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld's Óláfsdrápa Tryggvasonar, the kenning níðbyrðra Norðra (\"Burden of the relations of Norðris\") is used to refer to the sky.[6] In Skáldskaparmál, Snorri Sturluson says that one can refer to the sky or the heaven with kennings such as Old Norse: erfiði eða byrði dverganna (\"Toil or burden of the dwarfs\") and hjálm Vestra ok Austra, Suðra, Norðra (\"Helm of Vestri and Austri, Suðri, Norðri\").[7][8] An example of this is quoted from the work of Arnórr jarlaskáld.[7][note 1]","title":"Attestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Völuspá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheuer201716-10"}],"sub_title":"Völuspá","text":"The four dwarfs are listed in the section of Völuspá, Dvergatal.[9]","title":"Attestations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Archaeological record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hogback stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogback_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"Heysham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heysham"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008358-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiku%C4%8Dionis201782%E2%80%9388-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiku%C4%8Dionis201766-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiku%C4%8Dionis201765%E2%80%9366-12"}],"sub_title":"Heysham hogback","text":"Scholars have proposed that Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri are depicted holding up the sky on a hogback stone in Heysham in Lancashire, although this interpretation remains debated.[6][1] Although it has been argued that the dwarfs are depicted out of proportion and in a bestial manner, it has been noted that they closely resemble the human on the other side of the stone and it was unlikely that the carver intended to depict them as looking differently to humans.[10] It has been suggested that the role of the dwarfs in holding up the heavens would imply they were thought to be very tall; however, it has been noted that the sky could have been conceived of as being close to the earth at the horizon. Judgements on their size cannot be supported either way by the hogback stone as the size of the hogback stone imposed physical limitations on the size of depictions.[11]","title":"Archaeological record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Interpretation and discussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008358-6"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"Íslensk hómilíubók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslensk_h%C3%B3mil%C3%ADub%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell200520%E2%80%9321-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2008358-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell200521-14"},{"link_name":"North Germanic heathens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Nordic_religion"},{"link_name":"Æsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell200522-15"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"central tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Yggdrasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"},{"link_name":"churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo"},{"link_name":"hogans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogan"},{"link_name":"Cree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell200522%E2%80%9324-17"}],"sub_title":"Connection with hall \"dwarfs\"","text":"It has been noted that the beams that support the roof of the house are known as dvergar (\"dwarfs\") in Old Norse. This has been connected by some scholars to Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri, suggesting that, as in other cases, the home acts like a microcosm, in which the roof is equated with the sky.[6]It has been noted that the small wooden blocks that held up the main beam of the roof (Old Norse: ás) were known as dvergar (\"dwarfs\"). This is first recorded in the 12th century Íslensk hómilíubók but likely reflects earlier naming practices, and is also seen in Denmark and Norway in later times.[12] The term is widely believed by scholars to originate in the traditions of Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri, whose roles parallel the holding up of the main roof beam.[6][13] This supports the idea that North Germanic heathens saw the hall as representative of the wider world, with the roof equating to the heavens. It is further to be noted that the term for the main roof beam is the same in its singular form as ás, a member of the Æsir (though they differ in plural form).[14][note 2]It has been argued that this mirroring of the world by the hall is further built up by the design of the hall and the imagery contained within it, such as in the use of pillars that reflect the central tree Yggdrasil. This phenomenon has been seen more widely in other cultural spaces, such as Christian churches, Navajo hogans and Cree tents.[15]","title":"Interpretation and discussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiku%C4%8Dionis201765-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell200522-15"}],"text":"^ The kenning used for sky in this case is erfiði Austra (\"Austri toil\")[7]\n\n^ The plural of the part of the hall (ás) is ásar rather than Æsir, a member of the family of gods.[14]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780344335013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780344335013"},{"link_name":"\"Gylfaginning (Old Norse)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//heimskringla.no/wiki/Gylfaginning"}],"sub_title":"Primary","text":"Sturluson, Snorri (2018). The Prose Edda. Translated by Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. Franklin Classics Trade Press. ISBN 9780344335013.\n\"Gylfaginning (Old Norse)\". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 4 October 2022.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/457704"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/457704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F457704"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0030-8129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8129"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"457704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/457704"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"163540054","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163540054"},{"link_name":"\"Hof, Halls, Goðar and Dwarves: An Examination of the Ritual Space in the Pagan Icelandic Hall\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/2993268"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"221713017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221713017"},{"link_name":"\"Dvergatal, Shorthand for a Universe: The Dwarfs of Vǫluspá\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/58744"},{"link_name":"Simek, Rudolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Simek"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780859915137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859915137"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Norse_cosmology"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_cosmology"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Norse cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Sól","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Árvakr and Alsviðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Máni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ni"},{"link_name":"Hjúki and Bil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil"},{"link_name":"Jörð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Fjörgyn and 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Rán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Nine Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Yggdrasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil"},{"link_name":"Ginnungagap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginnungagap"},{"link_name":"Muspelheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muspelheim"},{"link_name":"Niflheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niflheim"},{"link_name":"Ymir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymir"},{"link_name":"Borr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borr"},{"link_name":"Auðumbla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla"},{"link_name":"Ragnarök","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k"},{"link_name":"Austri, Vestri, Norðri and 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Mothers of Heimdallr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr"},{"link_name":"Narfi/Nari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)"},{"link_name":"Níðhöggr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr"},{"link_name":"Norns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norns"},{"link_name":"Dagr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagr"},{"link_name":"Elli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli"},{"link_name":"Nótt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3tt"},{"link_name":"Sumarr and Vetr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr"},{"link_name":"Skírnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir"},{"link_name":"Sköll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll"},{"link_name":"Shield-maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield-maiden"},{"link_name":"Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str"},{"link_name":"Troll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troll"},{"link_name":"Þjálfi and Röskva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva"},{"link_name":"Vættir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir"},{"link_name":"Landvættir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir"},{"link_name":"Valkyries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie"},{"link_name":"Völundr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith"},{"link_name":"Vörðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Locations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Hel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_(location)"},{"link_name":"Éljúðnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir"},{"link_name":"Gjallarbrú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Náströnd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd"},{"link_name":"Niflhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niflhel"},{"link_name":"Niðafjöll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll"},{"link_name":"Élivágar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar"},{"link_name":"Gjöll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll"},{"link_name":"Ífingr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr"},{"link_name":"Kerlaugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerlaugar"},{"link_name":"Körmt and Örmt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt"},{"link_name":"Slidr River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidr_River"},{"link_name":"Vadgelmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadgelmir"},{"link_name":"Vimur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimur_River"},{"link_name":"Asgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard"},{"link_name":"Amsvartnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsvartnir"},{"link_name":"Andlang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andlang"},{"link_name":"Barri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barri"},{"link_name":"Bifröst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st"},{"link_name":"Bilskirnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilskirnir"},{"link_name":"Brávellir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir"},{"link_name":"Brimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brimir"},{"link_name":"Fensalir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fensalir"},{"link_name":"Fólkvangr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr"},{"link_name":"Fornsigtuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signhildsberg"},{"link_name":"Fyrisvellir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrisvellir"},{"link_name":"Gálgviðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Gandvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandvik"},{"link_name":"Gastropnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropnir"},{"link_name":"Gimlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giml%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ginnungagap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginnungagap"},{"link_name":"Glaðsheimr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr"},{"link_name":"Glæsisvellir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir"},{"link_name":"Glitnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitnir"},{"link_name":"Gnipahellir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnipahellir"},{"link_name":"Grove of fetters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_of_fetters"},{"link_name":"Heiðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Himinbjörg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg"},{"link_name":"Hindarfjall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindarfjall"},{"link_name":"Hlidskjalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlidskjalf"},{"link_name":"Hnitbjorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnitbjorg"},{"link_name":"Hoddmímis holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt"},{"link_name":"Iðavöllr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr"},{"link_name":"Járnviðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Jötunheimr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr"},{"link_name":"Mímameiðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Myrkviðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Munarvágr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr"},{"link_name":"Nóatún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Okolnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okolnir"},{"link_name":"Sessrúmnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir"},{"link_name":"Sindri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Singasteinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singasteinn"},{"link_name":"Þrúðheimr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr"},{"link_name":"Þrúðvangr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr"},{"link_name":"Þrymheimr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr"},{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Útgarðar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar"},{"link_name":"Valaskjálf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf"},{"link_name":"Valhalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhalla"},{"link_name":"Vanaheimr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaheimr"},{"link_name":"Víðbláinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn"},{"link_name":"Vígríðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Vingólf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf"},{"link_name":"Hvergelmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvergelmir"},{"link_name":"Mímisbrunnr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr"},{"link_name":"Urðarbrunnr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr"},{"link_name":"Ýdalir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir"},{"link_name":"Yggdrasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil"},{"link_name":"Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Æsir–Vanir War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War"},{"link_name":"Fimbulvetr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimbulwinter"},{"link_name":"Fróði's Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace"},{"link_name":"Hjaðningavíg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg"},{"link_name":"Ragnarök","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k"},{"link_name":"Gesta Danorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Danorum"},{"link_name":"Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda"},{"link_name":"Poetic Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_Edda"},{"link_name":"Prose Edda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda"},{"link_name":"Runestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runestone"},{"link_name":"Sagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga"},{"link_name":"Jómsvíkinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga"},{"link_name":"Legendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_saga"},{"link_name":"Tyrfing Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Völsung Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Old Norse language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography"},{"link_name":"Later influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Blót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Hof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathen_hof"},{"link_name":"Heitstrenging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heitstrenging"},{"link_name":"Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Hörgr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr"},{"link_name":"Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_rituals"},{"link_name":"Öndvegissúlur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur"},{"link_name":"Reginnaglar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginnaglar"},{"link_name":"Sacred trees and groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Sonargöltr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr"},{"link_name":"Temple at Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Vé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Wetlands and islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Álfablót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Dísablót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Germanic calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_calendar"},{"link_name":"Þorrablót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Vetrnætr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr"},{"link_name":"Yule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism"},{"link_name":"Ergi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergi"},{"link_name":"Félag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lag"},{"link_name":"Galdr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdr"},{"link_name":"Goði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothi"},{"link_name":"Hamingja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamingja"},{"link_name":"Heiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiti"},{"link_name":"Kenning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenning"},{"link_name":"Mead hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mead_hall"},{"link_name":"Nīþ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE"},{"link_name":"Norse cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures"},{"link_name":"Runes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes"},{"link_name":"Seiðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Skald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"Völva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lva"},{"link_name":"Germanic paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Heathenry (new religious movement)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)"},{"link_name":"Nordic Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age"}],"sub_title":"Secondary","text":"Gould, Chester Nathan (1929). \"Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion\". PMLA. 44 (4): 939–967. doi:10.2307/457704. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 457704. S2CID 163540054.\nGunnell, Terry Adrian (2005). \"Hof, Halls, Goðar and Dwarves: An Examination of the Ritual Space in the Pagan Icelandic Hall\". Cosmos 17: 3–36.\nMikučionis, Ugnius (2017). \"Recognizing a dvergr: Physical Status and External Appearance of dvergar in Medieval Nordic Sources (8th-13th century)\". Roda da Fortuna: Electronic Journal About Antiquity and Middle Ages. 6 (1). S2CID 221713017.\nScheuer, Jensen Connor (2017). \"Dvergatal, Shorthand for a Universe: The Dwarfs of Vǫluspá\". Universitetet I Oslo.\nSimek, Rudolf (2008). A Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Hall, Angela. BOYE6. ISBN 9780859915137.vteNorse cosmologyAstronomical bodies\nSun:\nSól\nÁrvakr and Alsviðr\nMoon:\nMáni\nHjúki and Bil\nEarth:\nJörð\nFjörgyn and Fjörgynn\nAurvandil\nÞjazi's eyes\nTime\nDay:\nDagr\nSkinfaxi\nNight:\nNótt\nHrímfaxi\nSeasons:\nSumarr and Vetr\nOld age\nElli\nWater bodies\nSea\nÆgir\nRán\nWaves\nNine Daughters of Ægir and Rán\nWorlds\nNine Worlds\nConnected by the tree Yggdrasil\nCosmogenesis,cyclic time, and eschatology\nGinnungagap\nMuspelheim\nNiflheim\nYmir\nBorr\nAuðumbla\nRagnarök\nOther\nAustri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri\nDellingr\nHræsvelgr\nMundilfari\nViðfinnrvteOld Norse religion and mythologyMythological Norse people, items and placesDeities, dwarfs, jötnar,and other figuresÆsir\nAlmáttki áss\nBaldr\nBragi\nDellingr\nForseti\nHeimdall\nHermóðr\nHöðr\nHœnir\nÍtreksjóð\nLóðurr\nLoki\nMáni\nMeili\nMímir\nMóði and Magni\nOdin\nÓðr\nThor\nTýr\nUllr\nVáli\nVíðarr\nVili and Vé\nÁsynjur\nBil\nEir (valkyrie)\nFrigg\nFulla\nGefjon\nGerðr\nGná\nHlín\nIðunn\nIlmr\nIrpa\nLofn\nNanna\nNjörun\nRán\nRindr\nSága\nSif\nSigyn\nSjöfn\nSkaði\nSnotra\nSól\nSyn\nÞorgerðr Hölgabrúðr\nÞrúðr\nVár\nVör\nVanir\nFreyja\nFreyr\nIngunar-Freyr\nYngvi\nGersemi\nGullveig\nHnoss\nKvasir\nNjörðr\nSister-wife of Njörðr\nJötnar\nÆgir\nAlvaldi\nAngrboða\nAurboða\nBaugi\nBeli\nBergelmir\nBestla\nBölþorn\nBýleistr\nEggþér\nFárbauti\nFjölvar\nFornjót\nGangr\nGeirröðr\nGillingr\nGjálp and Greip\nGríðr\nGunnlöð\nGymir\nHarðgreipr\nHelblindi\nHelreginn\nHljod\nHræsvelgr\nHrímgerðr\nHrímgrímnir\nHrímnir\nHroðr\nHrungnir\nHrymr\nHymir\nHyrrokkin\nIði\nÍm\nJárnsaxa\nLaufey\nLeikn\nLitr\nLogi\nMögþrasir\nNarfi\nSökkmímir\nSurtr\nSuttungr\nÞjazi\nÞökk\nÞrívaldi\nÞrúðgelmir\nÞrymr\nÚtgarða-Loki\nVafþrúðnir\nVáli\nVíðblindi\nVosud\nVörnir\nYmir\nDwarfs\nAlvíss\nAndvari\nAustri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri\nBillingr\nBrokkr\nDáinn\nDurinn\nDúrnir\nDvalinn\nEitri\nFáfnir\nFjalar and Galar\nGandalf\nHreiðmarr\nLitr\nMótsognir\nÓtr\nRegin\nSons of Ivaldi\nHeroes\nList of figures in Germanic heroic legend\n A\n B–C\n D–E\n F–G\n H–He\n Hi–Hy\n I–O\n P–S\n T–Y\npeople, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend\nnamed animals and plants \nnamed weapons, armour and treasures\nOthers\nAsk and Embla\nAuðr\nAuðumbla\nAurvandill\nBeyla\nBorr\nBúri\nByggvir\nDísir (Landdísir)\nDragons\nDraugs\nEinherjar\nEldir\nElves\nDark elves (Dökkálfar)\nLight elves (Ljósálfar)\nBlack elves (Svartálfar)\nFimafeng\nFjalar (rooster)\nFenrir\nFjörgyn and Fjörgynn\nFylgja\nGarmr\nGullinbursti\nHati Hróðvitnisson\nHel\nHildisvíni\nHjúki\nHorses of the Æsir\nÁrvakr and Alsviðr\nBlóðughófi\nFalhófnir\nGísl\nGlaðr\nGlær\nGlenr\nGrani\nGullfaxi\nGulltoppr\nGyllir\nHamskerpir and Garðrofa\nHófvarpnir\nSkinfaxi and Hrímfaxi\nSleipnir\nSvaðilfari\nJörð\nJörmungandr\nLíf and Lífthrasir\nLoddfáfnir\nMóðguðr\nNine Daughters of Ægir and Rán\nNine Mothers of Heimdallr\nNarfi/Nari\nNíðhöggr\nNorns\nPersonifications\nDagr\nElli\nNótt\nSumarr and Vetr\nSkírnir\nSköll\nShield-maiden\nTanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr\nTroll\nÞjálfi and Röskva\nVættir (Landvættir)\nValkyries\nVölundr\nVörðr\nLocationsUnderworld\nHel\nÉljúðnir\nGjallarbrú\nNáströnd\nNiflhel\nNiðafjöll\nRivers\nÉlivágar\nGjöll\nÍfingr\nKerlaugar\nKörmt and Örmt\nSlidr River\nVadgelmir\nVimur River\nOther locations\nAsgard\nAmsvartnir\nAndlang\nBarri\nBifröst\nBilskirnir\nBrávellir\nBrimir\nFensalir\nFólkvangr\nFornsigtuna\nFyrisvellir\nGálgviðr\nGandvik\nGastropnir\nGimlé\nGinnungagap\nGlaðsheimr\nGlæsisvellir\nGlitnir\nGnipahellir\nGrove of fetters\nHeiðr\nHiminbjörg\nHindarfjall\nHlidskjalf\nHnitbjorg\nHoddmímis holt\nIðavöllr\nJárnviðr\nJötunheimr\nMímameiðr\nMyrkviðr\nMunarvágr\nNóatún\nOkolnir\nSessrúmnir\nSindri\nSingasteinn\nÞrúðheimr\nÞrúðvangr\nÞrymheimr\nUppsala\nÚtgarðar\nValaskjálf\nValhalla\nVanaheimr\nVíðbláinn\nVígríðr\nVingólf\nWells\nHvergelmir\nMímisbrunnr\nUrðarbrunnr\nÝdalir\nYggdrasil\nEvents\nÆsir–Vanir War\nFimbulvetr\nFróði's Peace\nHjaðningavíg\nRagnarök\nSources\nGesta Danorum\nEdda\nPoetic Edda\nProse Edda\nRunestones\nSagas\nJómsvíkinga\nLegendary\nTyrfing Cycle\nVölsung Cycle\nOld Norse language\nOrthography\nLater influence\nSocietyReligious practice\nAnthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe\nBlót\nHof\nHeitstrenging\nHorses\nHörgr\nWorship\nÖndvegissúlur\nReginnaglar\nSacred trees and groves\nSonargöltr\nTemple at Uppsala\nVé\nWetlands and islands\nFestivals and holy periods\nÁlfablót\nDísablót\nGermanic calendar\nÞorrablót\nVetrnætr\nYule\nOther\nDeath\nErgi\nFélag\nGaldr\nGoði\nHamingja\nHeiti\nKenning\nMead hall\nNīþ\nNorse cosmology\nNumbers\nPhilosophy\nRings\nRunes\nSeiðr\nSkald\nViking Age\nVölva\nSee also\nGermanic paganism\nHeathenry (new religious movement)\nNordic Bronze Age","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Face of the Heysham hogback stone depicting four figures with upraised arms, which have been interpreted as Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri holding up the sky[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HeyshamHogbackFaces_1.jpg/350px-HeyshamHogbackFaces_1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Anemoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemoi"},{"title":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)"},{"title":"Four Heavenly Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings"},{"title":"Four Holy Beasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts"},{"title":"Royal stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_stars"}]	[{"reference":"Sturluson, Snorri (2018). The Prose Edda. Translated by Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist. Franklin Classics Trade Press. ISBN 9780344335013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780344335013","url_text":"9780344335013"}]},{"reference":"\"Gylfaginning (Old Norse)\". heimskringla.no. Retrieved 4 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://heimskringla.no/wiki/Gylfaginning","url_text":"\"Gylfaginning (Old Norse)\""}]},{"reference":"Gould, Chester Nathan (1929). \"Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion\". PMLA. 44 (4): 939–967. doi:10.2307/457704. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 457704. S2CID 163540054.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/457704","url_text":"\"Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F457704","url_text":"10.2307/457704"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8129","url_text":"0030-8129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/457704","url_text":"457704"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163540054","url_text":"163540054"}]},{"reference":"Gunnell, Terry Adrian (2005). \"Hof, Halls, Goðar and Dwarves: An Examination of the Ritual Space in the Pagan Icelandic Hall\". Cosmos 17: 3–36.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2993268","url_text":"\"Hof, Halls, Goðar and Dwarves: An Examination of the Ritual Space in the Pagan Icelandic Hall\""}]},{"reference":"Mikučionis, Ugnius (2017). \"Recognizing a dvergr: Physical Status and External Appearance of dvergar in Medieval Nordic Sources (8th-13th century)\". Roda da Fortuna: Electronic Journal About Antiquity and Middle Ages. 6 (1). S2CID 221713017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221713017","url_text":"221713017"}]},{"reference":"Scheuer, Jensen Connor (2017). \"Dvergatal, Shorthand for a Universe: The Dwarfs of Vǫluspá\". Universitetet I Oslo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/58744","url_text":"\"Dvergatal, Shorthand for a Universe: The Dwarfs of Vǫluspá\""}]},{"reference":"Simek, Rudolf (2008). A Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Hall, Angela. BOYE6. ISBN 9780859915137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Simek","url_text":"Simek, Rudolf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859915137","url_text":"9780859915137"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://heimskringla.no/wiki/Gylfaginning","external_links_name":"\"Gylfaginning (Old Norse)\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/457704","external_links_name":"\"Dwarf-Names: A Study in Old Icelandic Religion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F457704","external_links_name":"10.2307/457704"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8129","external_links_name":"0030-8129"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/457704","external_links_name":"457704"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163540054","external_links_name":"163540054"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/2993268","external_links_name":"\"Hof, Halls, Goðar and Dwarves: An Examination of the Ritual Space in the Pagan Icelandic Hall\""},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221713017","external_links_name":"221713017"},{"Link":"https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/58744","external_links_name":"\"Dvergatal, Shorthand for a Universe: The Dwarfs of Vǫluspá\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galston,_East_Ayrshire	Galston, East Ayrshire	["1 Etymology","2 Churches","3 The Burn Anne","4 Galston railway station","5 The Barr Castle","6 The Galston Handball Game","7 The Judge's Hill","8 Notable residents","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 55°36′01″N 4°22′47″W / 55.60037°N 4.3798°W / 55.60037; -4.3798 Town in ScotlandGalstonScottish Gaelic: Baile nan GallTownAerial viewGalstonLocation within East AyrshirePopulation4,710 (mid-2020 est.)LanguageEnglishScotsScottish GaelicOS grid referenceNS569200Council areaEast AyrshireLieutenancy areaAyrshire and ArranCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townGalstonPostcode districtKA4Dialling code01563PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish UK ParliamentKilmarnock and LoudounScottish ParliamentKilmarnock and Irvine Valley List of places UK Scotland 55°36′01″N 4°22′47″W / 55.60037°N 4.3798°W / 55.60037; -4.3798 Galston (Lowland Scots: Gauston, Scottish Gaelic: Baile nan Gall) is a municipality in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which has a population of 5,001 (2001) and is at the heart of the civil parish of the same name. It is situated in wooded countryside four miles (six kilometres) upriver from Kilmarnock and is one a group of the small towns located in the Irvine Valley between the towns of Hurlford and Newmilns. To the north of the town is the ruin of Loudoun Castle, the site of Loudoun Castle theme park from 1995 to 2010. In 1874 the population was 4,727. Etymology The name Galston means "place of the strangers" from the Gaelic word Gall (a stranger), and the Toun or Ton was a farm and its outbuildings. The word baile was anglicised in more recent history as toun like many other place names in Scotland which were originally "bal". Churches Galston Parish Church, church designed by John Brash of Glasgow, built in 1809 on site of pre-reformation church. Spire 120 feet in height. Chancel added 1912 and 3-manual pipe organ by J J Binns 1913. The 17th-century Presbyterians forbade burials taking place within churches. In 1609 John Schaw of Sornbeg decided to bury his recently deceased wife within Galston Kirk. He entered the kirk with a party of armed men and proceeded to break up flagstones and dig a grave where he interred his wife's body. He was fined £20 for this action and promised never to attempt this act again. St Sophia's Church, 1885, Byzantine style church designed by architect Sir Robert Rowand Anderson, based on Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. Is a Category A Listed building. The Burn Anne A view of the Burn Anne at Bank Wood Bridge. The Burn Anne joins the Irvine at Galston. It is named after St Anne, said to be the mother of the Virgin Mary. "St Anne's Holy Well" is marked on the 1860 OS map and lies above Bank Wood, flowing into the Burn Anne. The Holy Well has been destroyed by the construction of a concrete tank which collects the spring water for Cessnock Castle, first constructed for the Duke of Portland in Victorian times. The Carsewell Hole nearby was used for adult baptism. The woodlands here have a high plant biodiversity value and are a registered provisional wildlife site as designated by the Scottish Wildlife Trust. Species noted in 2007 include woodruff, bird cherry, primrose, common violet, oak, stitchwort, golden male (scaly) fern, bugle, opposite-leaved golden saxifrage, bluebell, dog's mercury, broad buckler fern, watercress, lady fern, male shield fern, kidney vetch, woodrush, woodsedge, blackthorn, hawthorn, marsh marigold, foxglove, sweet cicely, herb robert, red campion, bistort, ribwort plantain, water avens, wood avens, moschatel, elm, alder, and many liverworts. A pair of buzzards were noted. A great danger is the presence of the alien invader, the pink purslane or Stewarton flower, which will spread rapidly and destroy the native herbs by out-competing them (2007). It needs to be removed as matter of urgency. A new (2008) metalled path has been created through part of these woods, greatly improving access. A new wood has been planted along part of the new path and this will in time extend and protect the habitats and the biodiversity of the site. This tributary of the Irvine was famous for its rich jasper pebbles; semi-precious stones which were collected, cut and polished for use in jewellery. Galston railway station This station on the Glasgow and South Western Railway line to Stonehouse via Strathaven, closed in 1964. The Barr Castle The Barr Castle in 1900. Probably dating from the 15th century, this five-storeyed red sandstone tower castle still stands as a prominent feature (NS 505 360) on a rocky knoll close to the Burn Anne, within the town's boundaries. It was also known as Lockhart's Tower and was built to control the nearby access points up the Irvine Valley. William Wallace is said to have taken refuge from pursuing English soldiers within the tower, eventually escaping siege by climbing down an overhanging tree. It has a practical, if not authentic, roof which does not hide a view of the continuous corbelling of the parapet. The bottom section of the four angle towers are discernible. The castle was built for the Lockhart family who held the Barony of Galston; enthusiastic opponents of the Catholic faith. In 1670 the property was purchased by the Campbells of Cessnock Castle nearby. In 2019 celebrations will be held to mark the 125th anniversary of the castle being used as a Masonic Lodge by Lodge St. Peter 331. It also houses a museum of local artefacts. The castle is open to the public on occasions and has proved a very popular venue for weddings. In August 1528, James Campbell of Lochlee abducted Alexander Pawtoun from Mauchline and imprisoned him for 5 days in the dungeon ('spelunca') of the Tower of Galston in order to extort the sum of £20. In an old charter of 12 March 1438, John Lockhart, Lord of Barr, provides for an annual rent to be paid to the chaplain for saying three masses annually for the repose of his soul at the altar of the church of Saint Peter in Ardrossan. The renowned reformer and Protestant martyr George Wishart preached at the castle in 1545 and in 1556 John Knox also preached here; both were under the protection of John Lockart of Barr and his fellow reformers. The Galston Handball Game This game was popular with farm workers who used clenched hands to hit a hard ball off the side wall of the Barr Castle – similar to Gaelic handball and fives, or rather like squash without the use of rackets or a soft, squashy ball. The court was of earth, beaten hard. Galston became World Champions at this handball sport, however it is no longer played, the last official game being in 1939. Local legend has it that the game was used by William Wallace to help keep his men fit for battle. Handball was popular in these parts during the 19th century and Galston was the site of the most important competition, held on the Saturday of the Glasgow Fair. It belonged to the group of sports that Gaelic handball still represents. John Galt refers to handball being played in Irvine against the back wall of a malt-kiln. The Judge's Hill The Judge's Hill near Galston, just visible through the woods. A justice hill survives in a patch of woodland on the Hag Burn near the Loudoun Country Club. This site may have been linked to the old Barony of Galston and the feudal rights of the Campbells of Loudoun. The site has a nearby lime kiln and old ruins next to the Hag Burn which may have been a forge. Notable residents Alison Begbie (possibly Elizabeth Gebbie, 1762–1863), friend of poet Robert Burns Rev Dr Robert Stirling (1790–1878), inventor of the Stirling engine was minister of Galston Parish Church Lady Flora Hastings (11 February 1806 – 5 July 1839) of Loudon Castle was a lady-in-waiting to Queen Victoria's mother, the Duchess of Kent. Her death in 1839 was the subject of a court scandal that gave the Queen a negative image. Buried in Loudoun Kirk James Howie (1878–1963), footballer with Kilmarnock, Huddersfield Town, Newcastle United, and Scotland Andy Cunningham (1891–1973), footballer with Kilmarnock, Rangers and Scotland James Leslie (1908–1980), footballer with Kilmarnock Rev Prof Hugh Anderson DD FRSE (1920–2003), theologian See also Darvel Galston F.C. Loudoun Academy, Galston River Irvine References ^ "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. ^ Scotland's Census Results OnLine Archived 2012-03-22 at the Wayback Machine ^ Douglas, William Scott (1874). In Ayrshire. A Descriptive Picture of the County of Ayr. Kilmarnock : McKie & Drennan. Reprint. ISBN 978-1-4097-1645-7. p. 16 ^ Warrack, Alexander (1982)."Chambers Scots Dictionary". Chambers. ISBN 0-550-11801-2. ^ https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/galston-parish-church/ ^ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland. Edinburgh: Chambers. p. 188. ^ https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/st-sophias-galston/ ^ Kyle, Thomas (1928). Burnawne Kilm Glenf Ramb Soc. Annals. 1919 - 1930. p. 126. ^ MacIntosh, John (1894). Ayrshire Nights Entertainments: A Descriptive Guide to the History, Traditions, Antiquities, etc. of the County of Ayr. Pub. Kilmarnock. p. 11. ^ a b c Irvine Valley Regeneration Partnership Accessed : 2009/12/05 Archived 2009-11-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c Campbell, Thorbjørn (2003). Ayrshire. A Historical Guide. Edinburgh : Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-267-0. p. 142 ^ Protocol book of Gavin Ros, vol. 2, Scottish Record Society (1907) 187. ^ St Peter in Chains Retrieved : 2010-11-18 ^ Travel Scotland - Galston. Accessed : 2009-12-05 ^ Scran - Handball. Accessed : 2009-12-05 ^ Galt, John (1895). Annals of the Parish and The Ayrshire Legatees. Edinurgh : William Blackwood & Sons. p. 265 External links https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/galston-parish-church/ https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/st-sophias-galston/ http://www.galstongospelhall.co.uk/ Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galston, East Ayrshire. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Galston". The Barr Castle or Lockhart's Tower The James Smith Memorial Cairn, Gallow Law, Molmont Hill The Galston Handba' Game. Census data (PDF) East Ayrshire Forums - Tenants Portal The old Loudoun Nature Trail in the Orchard Plantation 1860 OS Maps Burn Anne agates Saving a British Railway sign at Galston 1969 Barr Castle website vteEast AyrshireAdministrative centre: Kilmarnock, East Ayrshire Council Headquarters, London Road, KA3 7BU Council structure: Chief Executive: Eddie Fraser; Provost of the Council Cllr Jim Todd; Leader of the Council Cllr Douglas ReidTowns Cumnock Dalmellington Darvel Galston Kilmarnock Mauchline New Cumnock Stewarton Villages and hamlets Auchinleck Bellsbank Bloak Bonnyton Catrine Craigmalloch Cronberry Crosshouse Dalrymple Drongan Dunlop Fenwick Gatehead Glenbuck Greenholm Haugh Hurlford Kilmaurs Knockentiber Logan Lugar Lugton Moscow Muirkirk Netherthird Newmilns Ochiltree Patna Polnessan Priestland Rankinston Riccarton Sorn Stair Trabboch Waterside Secondary schools Kilmarnock Academy Grange Academy Robert Burns Academy Saint Joseph's Academy Stewarton Academy Doon Academy Loudoun Academy Members of the UK Parliament Alan Brown (SNP) Allan Dorans (SNP) Members of the Scottish Parliament Willie Coffey (SNP) Elena Whitham (SNP) Places of interest Auchinleck House Aiket Castle Dalmore House and Estate Dick Institute Palace Theatre, Kilmarnock Whitelee Wind Farm Dumfries House Loch Doon Loudoun Castle Kilmaurs Place Rowallan Castle Rugby Park Scottish Industrial Railway Centre Sorn Castle Stair House Dean Castle Tam O' Shanter Hone Works, Dalmore Robertland House Economy The HALO Urban Regeneration Whitelee Wind Farm Dean Castle Dunlop cheese Palace Theatre and Grand Hall complex Johnnie Walker Scottish Industrial Railway Centre Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. Loudoun Hill NHS Ayrshire and Arran University Hospital Crosshouse Kilmarnock town centre Ayrshire College The KLIN Group See also Ayrshire Kilmarnock volume Neighbouring council areas: South Ayrshire, North Ayrshire, Dumfries and Galloway, East Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire vteCastles in East Ayrshire Aiket Castle Auchencloigh Castle Barr Castle Borland Castle Busbie Castle Caprington Castle Carnell Castle Cessnock Castle Corsehill Castle Craufurdland Castle Dean Castle Dunlop Castle Haining Place Kerse Castle Kilmaurs Castle Kingencleugh Castle Kyle Castle Lainshaw Castle Lefnoreis Castle Loch Doon Castle Loudoun Castle Mauchline Castle Martnaham Castle Newmilns Tower Polkelly Castle Ravenscraig Castle Riccarton Castle Robertland Castle Rowallan Castle Sorn Castle Templehouse Fortalice Terringzean Castle Trabboch Castle Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lowland Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"East Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishes_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galston_parish"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock"},{"link_name":"Irvine Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun"},{"link_name":"Hurlford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlford"},{"link_name":"Newmilns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmilns"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Castle"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Castle theme park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Castle_(theme_park)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Town in ScotlandGalston (Lowland Scots: Gauston, Scottish Gaelic: Baile nan Gall) is a municipality in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which has a population of 5,001 (2001)[2] and is at the heart of the civil parish of the same name. It is situated in wooded countryside four miles (six kilometres) upriver from Kilmarnock and is one a group of the small towns located in the Irvine Valley between the towns of Hurlford and Newmilns. To the north of the town is the ruin of Loudoun Castle, the site of Loudoun Castle theme park from 1995 to 2010. In 1874 the population was 4,727.[3]","title":"Galston, East Ayrshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warrack-4"}],"text":"The name Galston means \"place of the strangers\" from the Gaelic word Gall (a stranger), and the Toun or Ton was a farm and its outbuildings. The word baile was anglicised in more recent history as toun like many other place names in Scotland which were originally \"bal\".[4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Rowand Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rowand_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Galston Parish Church, church designed by John Brash of Glasgow, built in 1809 on site of pre-reformation church. Spire 120 feet in height. Chancel added 1912 and 3-manual pipe organ by J J Binns 1913.[5] The 17th-century Presbyterians forbade burials taking place within churches. In 1609 John Schaw of Sornbeg decided to bury his recently deceased wife within Galston Kirk. He entered the kirk with a party of armed men and proceeded to break up flagstones and dig a grave where he interred his wife's body. He was fined £20 for this action and promised never to attempt this act again.[6]\nSt Sophia's Church, 1885, Byzantine style church designed by architect Sir Robert Rowand Anderson, based on Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. Is a Category A Listed building.[7]","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burnawnbankwood.JPG"},{"link_name":"St Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Anne"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey"},{"link_name":"Cessnock Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessnock_Castle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyle-8"},{"link_name":"Scottish Wildlife Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Wildlife_Trust"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacIntosh11-9"},{"link_name":"jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper"}],"text":"A view of the Burn Anne at Bank Wood Bridge.The Burn Anne joins the Irvine at Galston. It is named after St Anne, said to be the mother of the Virgin Mary. \"St Anne's Holy Well\" is marked on the 1860 OS map and lies above Bank Wood, flowing into the Burn Anne. The Holy Well has been destroyed by the construction of a concrete tank which collects the spring water for Cessnock Castle, first constructed for the Duke of Portland in Victorian times. The Carsewell Hole nearby was used for adult baptism.[8]The woodlands here have a high plant biodiversity value and are a registered provisional wildlife site as designated by the Scottish Wildlife Trust. Species noted in 2007 include woodruff, bird cherry, primrose, common violet, oak, stitchwort, golden male (scaly) fern, bugle, opposite-leaved golden saxifrage, bluebell, dog's mercury, broad buckler fern, watercress, lady fern, male shield fern, kidney vetch, woodrush, woodsedge, blackthorn, hawthorn, marsh marigold, foxglove, sweet cicely, herb robert, red campion, bistort, ribwort plantain, water avens, wood avens, moschatel, elm, alder, and many liverworts. A pair of buzzards were noted.A great danger is the presence of the alien invader, the pink purslane or Stewarton flower, which will spread rapidly and destroy the native herbs by out-competing them (2007). It needs to be removed as matter of urgency.A new (2008) metalled path has been created through part of these woods, greatly improving access. A new wood has been planted along part of the new path and this will in time extend and protect the habitats and the biodiversity of the site.This tributary of the Irvine was famous[9] for its rich jasper pebbles; semi-precious stones which were collected, cut and polished for use in jewellery.","title":"The Burn Anne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stonehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehouse,_South_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"Strathaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathaven"}],"text":"This station on the Glasgow and South Western Railway line to Stonehouse via Strathaven, closed in 1964.","title":"Galston railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barr_Castle,_Galston,_Ayrshire.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-east-ayrshire.gov.uk-10"},{"link_name":"William Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wallace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-east-ayrshire.gov.uk-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell,_Thorbj%C3%B8rn_2003_p._142-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell,_Thorbj%C3%B8rn_2003_p._142-11"},{"link_name":"Mauchline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauchline"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"George Wishart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wishart"},{"link_name":"John Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell,_Thorbj%C3%B8rn_2003_p._142-11"}],"text":"The Barr Castle in 1900.Probably dating from the 15th century, this five-storeyed red sandstone tower castle still stands as a prominent feature (NS 505 360) on a rocky knoll close to the Burn Anne, within the town's boundaries. It was also known as Lockhart's Tower and was built to control the nearby access points up the Irvine Valley.[10]William Wallace is said to have taken refuge from pursuing English soldiers within the tower, eventually escaping siege by climbing down an overhanging tree.[10]It has a practical, if not authentic, roof which does not hide a view of the continuous corbelling of the parapet. The bottom section of the four angle towers are discernible.[11]The castle was built for the Lockhart family who held the Barony of Galston; enthusiastic opponents of the Catholic faith. In 1670 the property was purchased by the Campbells of Cessnock Castle nearby.[11] In 2019 celebrations will be held to mark the 125th anniversary of the castle being used as a Masonic Lodge by Lodge St. Peter 331. It also houses a museum of local artefacts. The castle is open to the public on occasions and has proved a very popular venue for weddings. In August 1528, James Campbell of Lochlee abducted Alexander Pawtoun from Mauchline and imprisoned him for 5 days in the dungeon ('spelunca') of the Tower of Galston in order to extort the sum of £20.[12] In an old charter of 12 March 1438, John Lockhart, Lord of Barr, provides for an annual rent to be paid to the chaplain for saying three masses annually for the repose of his soul at the altar of the church of Saint Peter in Ardrossan.[13]The renowned reformer and Protestant martyr George Wishart preached at the castle in 1545 and in 1556 John Knox also preached here; both were under the protection of John Lockart of Barr and his fellow reformers.[11]","title":"The Barr Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_handball"},{"link_name":"fives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fives"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-east-ayrshire.gov.uk-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gaelic handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_handball"},{"link_name":"John Galt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Galt_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_North_Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"This game was popular with farm workers who used clenched hands to hit a hard ball off the side wall of the Barr Castle – similar to Gaelic handball and fives, or rather like squash without the use of rackets or a soft, squashy ball. The court was of earth, beaten hard. Galston became World Champions at this handball sport, however it is no longer played,[14] the last official game being in 1939. Local legend has it that the game was used by William Wallace to help keep his men fit for battle.[10]Handball was popular in these parts during the 19th century and Galston was the site of the most important competition, held on the Saturday of the Glasgow Fair.[15] It belonged to the group of sports that Gaelic handball still represents. John Galt refers to handball being played in Irvine against the back wall of a malt-kiln.[16]","title":"The Galston Handball Game"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Judge%27s_Hill_woods.JPG"},{"link_name":"justice hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moot_hill"}],"text":"The Judge's Hill near Galston, just visible through the woods.A justice hill survives in a patch of woodland on the Hag Burn near the Loudoun Country Club. This site may have been linked to the old Barony of Galston and the feudal rights of the Campbells of Loudoun.The site has a nearby lime kiln and old ruins next to the Hag Burn which may have been a forge.","title":"The Judge's Hill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alison Begbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Begbie"},{"link_name":"Robert Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"},{"link_name":"Robert Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Stirling engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine"},{"link_name":"Lady Flora Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Flora_Hastings"},{"link_name":"lady-in-waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady-in-waiting"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Kirk"},{"link_name":"James Howie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Howie_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Andy Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Cunningham_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"James Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Leslie_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Rev Prof Hugh Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Anderson_(theologian)"}],"text":"Alison Begbie (possibly Elizabeth Gebbie, 1762–1863), friend of poet Robert Burns\nRev Dr Robert Stirling (1790–1878), inventor of the Stirling engine was minister of Galston Parish Church\nLady Flora Hastings (11 February 1806 – 5 July 1839) of Loudon Castle was a lady-in-waiting to Queen Victoria's mother, the Duchess of Kent. Her death in 1839 was the subject of a court scandal that gave the Queen a negative image. Buried in Loudoun Kirk\nJames Howie (1878–1963), footballer with Kilmarnock, Huddersfield Town, Newcastle United, and Scotland\nAndy Cunningham (1891–1973), footballer with Kilmarnock, Rangers and Scotland\nJames Leslie (1908–1980), footballer with Kilmarnock\nRev Prof Hugh Anderson DD FRSE (1920–2003), theologian","title":"Notable residents"}]	[{"image_text":"A view of the Burn Anne at Bank Wood Bridge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Burnawnbankwood.JPG/230px-Burnawnbankwood.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Barr Castle in 1900.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barr_Castle%2C_Galston%2C_Ayrshire.jpg/250px-Barr_Castle%2C_Galston%2C_Ayrshire.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Judge's Hill near Galston, just visible through the woods.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Judge%27s_Hill_woods.JPG/200px-Judge%27s_Hill_woods.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Darvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvel"},{"title":"Galston F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galston_F.C."},{"title":"Loudoun Academy, Galston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Academy,_Galston"},{"title":"River Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Irvine"}]	[{"reference":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","url_text":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland","url_text":"National Records of Scotland"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Galston,_East_Ayrshire&params=55.60037_N_4.3798_W_region:GB_type:city(4710)","external_links_name":"55°36′01″N 4°22′47″W / 55.60037°N 4.3798°W / 55.60037; -4.3798"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Galston,_East_Ayrshire&params=55.452855_N_4.264289_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Galston","external_links_name":"NS569200"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Galston,_East_Ayrshire&params=55.60037_N_4.3798_W_region:GB_type:city(4710)","external_links_name":"55°36′01″N 4°22′47″W / 55.60037°N 4.3798°W / 55.60037; -4.3798"},{"Link":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","external_links_name":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"Link":"http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainLevel=CountryProfile&mainArea=Scotland&mainText=&mainTextExplicitMatch=null&compLevel=Locality&compText=galston&compTextExplicitMatch=false","external_links_name":"Scotland's Census Results OnLine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322055958/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainLevel=CountryProfile&mainArea=Scotland&mainText=&mainTextExplicitMatch=null&compLevel=Locality&compText=galston&compTextExplicitMatch=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/galston-parish-church/","external_links_name":"https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/galston-parish-church/"},{"Link":"https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/st-sophias-galston/","external_links_name":"https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/st-sophias-galston/"},{"Link":"http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/ivrp/arichhistory.htm","external_links_name":"Irvine Valley Regeneration Partnership Accessed : 2009/12/05"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091123092700/http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/ivrp/arichhistory.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.saintpeterinchains.net/","external_links_name":"St Peter in Chains"},{"Link":"http://www.scotland.org.uk/galston/galston.htm","external_links_name":"Travel Scotland - Galston. Accessed : 2009-12-05"},{"Link":"http://www.scran.ac.uk/000-000-466-903-C","external_links_name":"Scran - Handball. Accessed : 2009-12-05"},{"Link":"https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/galston-parish-church/","external_links_name":"https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/galston-parish-church/"},{"Link":"https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/st-sophias-galston/","external_links_name":"https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/st-sophias-galston/"},{"Link":"http://www.galstongospelhall.co.uk/","external_links_name":"http://www.galstongospelhall.co.uk/"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86RwIIhVum0","external_links_name":"The Barr Castle or Lockhart's Tower"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPkOzjhybaA","external_links_name":"The James Smith Memorial Cairn, Gallow Law, Molmont Hill"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dM01ifFZGnY","external_links_name":"The Galston Handba' Game."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050510013701/http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/corpres/Admin/eabynos.pdf","external_links_name":"Census data (PDF)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930045221/http://www.east-ayrshire-forums.co.uk/","external_links_name":"East Ayrshire Forums - Tenants Portal"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPlaUC7D_Hg","external_links_name":"The old Loudoun Nature Trail in the Orchard Plantation"},{"Link":"http://www.old-maps.co.uk/","external_links_name":"1860 OS Maps"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071221015100/http://www.agatesofscotland.co.uk/Burn%20Anne%20Page.htm","external_links_name":"Burn Anne agates"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.115809285231104.31335.100004061002335&type=3","external_links_name":"Saving a British Railway sign at Galston 1969"},{"Link":"http://barrcastle.co.uk/index.html","external_links_name":"Barr Castle website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/142003032","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560261005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88155777","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Jolie_(Picasso,_New_York)	Ma Jolie (Picasso, New York)	["1 References"]	Painting by Pablo Picasso Ma Jolie is a 1911–1912 Cubist painting by Pablo Picasso. It relies on abstract meanings and concepts such as signified and signifier. It is now in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. It is not to be confused with the 1914 Picasso of the same name, now in the Indianapolis Museum of Art. Picasso's mistress at the time he created this painting was Eva Gouel (whose real name was Marcelle Humbert). His nickname for her was Ma Jolie; she died in 1915. Ma Jolie was also the refrain of a popular song of the day. The picture also implies a bowl of fruit situated on top of the woman's head, alluding to the abstract roots of his works before the onset of the First World War. References ^ "Picasso: "Ma Jolie" (Woman with a Zither or Guitar)". www.artchive.com. Retrieved 2018-12-07. ^ "Pablo Picasso. "Ma Jolie". Paris, winter 1911-12 \| MoMA". www.moma.org. Retrieved 2018-12-07. vtePablo PicassoPeriods Blue (1901–1904) Rose (1904–1906) African (1907–1909) Cubism (1910–1919) Lists of works 1889–1900 1901–1910 1911–1920 1921–1930 1931–1940 1941–1950 1951–1960 1961–1970 1971–1973 Picasso's written works Paintings Le petit picador jaune (1889) Science and Charity (1897) The Appointment (1901) Child with a Dove (1901) La Gommeuse (1901) Yo, Picasso (1901) Portrait of Jaime Sabartés (1901) The Blue Room (1901) Femme aux Bras Croisés (1901-02) Old Jewish Man with a Boy (1903) The Old Guitarist (1903) La Vie (1903) Portrait of Angel Fernández de Soto (1903) Portrait of Suzanne Bloch (1904) The Actor (1904-1905) Woman Ironing (1904) Girl in a Chemise (c. 1905) Acrobat and Young Harlequin (1905) Family of Saltimbanques (1905) Garçon à la pipe (1905) Girl on a Ball (1905) Les Noces de Pierrette (1905) Au Lapin Agile (1905) Young Girl with a Flower Basket (1905) Famille d'acrobates avec singe (1905) Boy Leading a Horse (1905–06) Portrait of Gertrude Stein (1905–06) Head of a Young Woman (1906) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) Woman with a Fan (1908) Brick Factory at Tortosa (1909) Woman with a Fan (1909) Femme et pot de moutarde (1910) Girl with a Mandolin (1910) Portrait of Ambroise Vollard (1910) Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1910) The Accordionist (1911) Le pigeon aux petits pois (1911) La Coiffeuse (1911) Violon et Raisins (1912) Bottle, Glass, Fork (1912) Ma Jolie (1912) Arlequin (1913) Ma Jolie (1914) Three Musicians (1921) Reading the Letter (c. 1921) The Pipes of Pan (1923) The Three Dancers (1925) Woman in a Red Armchair (1929) Le Repos (1932) Girl before a Mirror (1932) La Lecture (1932) Le Rêve (1932) Nude, Green Leaves and Bust (1932) Nude in a Black Armchair (1932) Femme à la montre (1932) Two Girls Reading (1934) Jeune Fille Endormie (1935) Guernica (1937) Portrait of Dora Maar (1937) Woman in Hat and Fur Collar (1937) The Weeping Woman (1937) Girl with a Red Beret and Pompom (1937) Femme au béret et à la robe quadrillée (Marie-Thérèse Walter) (1937) Maya with Doll (1938) Woman's Head (1939) Dora Maar au Chat (1941) The Charnel House (1944–1945) Nature morte au poron (1948) Massacre in Korea (1951) Les Femmes d'Alger series (1955) Las Meninas (1957) The Fall of Icarus (1958) Bust of a Seated Woman (Jacqueline Roque) (1960) Jacqueline (1961) Femme au Chien (1962) Sculptures Bust of a Woman (Marie-Thérèse) (1931) Tête de femme (Dora Maar) (1941) Bull's Head (1942) Baboon and Young (1951) Figure découpée (1963, 1964, 1965) Chicago Picasso (1967) Sylvette (1970) Etchings Vollard Suite (1930–1937) Minotaur Kneeling over Sleeping Girl (1933) Minotauromachy (1935) The Dream and Lie of Franco (1937) 347 Series (1968) Drawings Girl from Majorca (1905) Don Quixote (1955) Toros y toreros (1961) Lithographs Le Taureau (1945-1946) Dove (1949) Murals Regjeringskvartalet murals Plays Desire Caught by the Tail (c. 1941) The Four Little Girls (c. 1947–48) Poetry Picasso's written works Ballet designs Picasso and the Ballets Russes Parade The Three-Cornered Hat Pulcinella Le Train Bleu Mercure Museums Musée Picasso (Paris) Musée Picasso (Antibes) Museu Picasso (Barcelona) Museo Picasso Málaga (Malaga) Museo Casa Natal (Malaga) Château de Boisgeloup (Normandy) Partners Fernande Olivier Marie-Thérèse Walter Dora Maar Françoise Gilot Geneviève Laporte Family Olga Khokhlova (first wife) Jacqueline Roque (second wife) Maya Widmaier-Picasso (daughter) Claude Picasso (son) Paloma Picasso (daughter) Diana Widmaier Picasso (granddaughter) Marina Picasso (granddaughter) Bernard Ruiz-Picasso (grandson) José Ruiz y Blasco (father) Residences(France) Bateau-Lavoir (Montmartre Paris) Villa La Vigie (Juan-les-Pins, Summer 1924) Château de Boisgeloup (Gisors, 1930-1937) Château of Vauvenargues (Vauvenargues, 1958-1962) Villa La Californie (Cannes, 1955-1961) Château de Vie (Mougins, 1961-1973) Films andtelevision about Visit to Picasso (1949) Guernica (1950) The Mystery of Picasso (1956) The Adventures of Picasso (1978) Surviving Picasso (1996) Picasso: Magic, Sex & Death (2001) Modigliani (2004) Genius (2018 TV series) Related Carles Casagemas Carl Nesjar Lydia Corbett Lump (dog) Fundación Picasso Picasso. In the heart of darkness (1939-1945) (2019-2020 exhibition) Picasso & Lump (2006 book) Picasso referendum of Basel Theft of The Weeping Woman from the National Gallery of Victoria Portrait of Pablo Picasso (1915 painting) "If I Told Him: A Completed Portrait of Picasso" (1924 poem) Woman, Bird, Star (Homage to Pablo Picasso) (1973 painting) "Pablo Picasso" (1976 song) The Blue Guitar (1977 etchings) Picasso at the Lapin Agile (1993 play) Picasso (crater)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"the 1914 Picasso of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Jolie_(Picasso,_1914)"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"}],"text":"Ma Jolie is a 1911–1912 Cubist painting by Pablo Picasso. It relies on abstract meanings and concepts such as signified and signifier.[1] It is now in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.[2] It is not to be confused with the 1914 Picasso of the same name, now in the Indianapolis Museum of Art.Picasso's mistress at the time he created this painting was Eva Gouel (whose real name was Marcelle Humbert). His nickname for her was Ma Jolie; she died in 1915. Ma Jolie was also the refrain of a popular song of the day. The picture also implies a bowl of fruit situated on top of the woman's head, alluding to the abstract roots of his works before the onset of the First World War.","title":"Ma Jolie (Picasso, New York)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Picasso: \"Ma Jolie\" (Woman with a Zither or Guitar)\". www.artchive.com. Retrieved 2018-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artchive.com/artchive/P/picasso/ma_jolie.jpg.html","url_text":"\"Picasso: \"Ma Jolie\" (Woman with a Zither or Guitar)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pablo Picasso. \"Ma Jolie\". Paris, winter 1911-12 \| MoMA\". www.moma.org. Retrieved 2018-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79051","url_text":"\"Pablo Picasso. \"Ma Jolie\". Paris, winter 1911-12 \| MoMA\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.artchive.com/artchive/P/picasso/ma_jolie.jpg.html","external_links_name":"\"Picasso: \"Ma Jolie\" (Woman with a Zither or Guitar)\""},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79051","external_links_name":"\"Pablo Picasso. \"Ma Jolie\". Paris, winter 1911-12 \| MoMA\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor,_VC	John Taylor (VC)	["1 Royal Navy","2 Later life and legacy","3 References"]	Recipient of the Victoria Cross For other people named John Taylor, see John Taylor (disambiguation). John TaylorDepiction of the Siege of SebastopolBorn1822Bristol, GloucestershireDied25 February 1857 (aged 34–35)Woolwich, LondonBuriedWoolwich cemeteryAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchRoyal NavyRankCaptain of the ForecastleBattles/warsFirst Anglo-Chinese WarCrimean WarSecond Anglo-Burmese WarAwardsVictoria CrossConspicuous Gallantry MedalLegion of Honour (France) John Taylor, VC, CGM (1822 – 25 February 1857) was a sailor in the Royal Navy and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Royal Navy Taylor was about 33 years old, and a captain of the forecastle in the Royal Navy, serving in the Naval Brigade, during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). On 18 June 1855 on the Crimean Peninsula, immediately after the assault on Sebastopol, a soldier of the 57th Regiment, who had been wounded in both legs, was observed sitting up and calling for help. At once the second-in-command, Henry James Raby, of the scaling party, another seaman, Henry Curtis, and Captain of the Forecastle Taylor left the shelter of their battery works and ran forward a distance of 70 yards, across open ground, through heavy gunfire and succeeded in carrying the wounded man to safety. Later life and legacy John Taylor's Cross is held in the Sheesh Mahal Collection in Patiala, India. The group formed part of the Maharaja Bhupendra Singh's collection, which was bequeathed to the Museum on the death of the Maharajah's son in 1947, and consists of the VC, Conspicuous Gallantry Medal, China War Medal 1842, India General Service Medal 1854 clasp Pegu, Crimea Medal with clasps Inkermann and Sebastopol, Legion of Honour and Turkish Crimea Medal. Taylor was buried in Woolwich cemetery in southeast London. References ^ "No. 21971". The London Gazette. 24 February 1857. p. 653. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Taylor (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"CGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_Gallantry_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"}],"text":"For other people named John Taylor, see John Taylor (disambiguation).John Taylor, VC, CGM (1822 – 25 February 1857) was a sailor in the Royal Navy and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.","title":"John Taylor (VC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"captain of the forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_officer"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Crimean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Sebastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)"},{"link_name":"Henry James Raby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James_Raby"},{"link_name":"Henry Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Curtis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Taylor was about 33 years old, and a captain of the forecastle in the Royal Navy, serving in the Naval Brigade, during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC).On 18 June 1855 on the Crimean Peninsula, immediately after the assault on Sebastopol, a soldier of the 57th Regiment, who had been wounded in both legs, was observed sitting up and calling for help. At once the second-in-command, Henry James Raby, of the scaling party, another seaman, Henry Curtis, and Captain of the Forecastle Taylor left the shelter of their battery works and ran forward a distance of 70 yards, across open ground, through heavy gunfire and succeeded in carrying the wounded man to safety.[1]","title":"Royal Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patiala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patiala"},{"link_name":"Conspicuous Gallantry Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_Gallantry_Medal"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Woolwich cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich_cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Taylor_VC_Grave,_Woolwich_Cemetery,_Camdale_Road,_SE18.jpg"}],"text":"John Taylor's Cross is held in the Sheesh Mahal Collection in Patiala, India. The group formed part of the Maharaja Bhupendra Singh's collection, which was bequeathed to the Museum on the death of the Maharajah's son in 1947, and consists of the VC, Conspicuous Gallantry Medal, China War Medal 1842, India General Service Medal 1854 clasp Pegu, Crimea Medal with clasps Inkermann and Sebastopol, Legion of Honour and Turkish Crimea Medal.Taylor was buried in Woolwich cemetery in southeast London.","title":"Later life and legacy"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/John_Taylor_VC_Grave%2C_Woolwich_Cemetery%2C_Camdale_Road%2C_SE18.jpg/220px-John_Taylor_VC_Grave%2C_Woolwich_Cemetery%2C_Camdale_Road%2C_SE18.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"No. 21971\". The London Gazette. 24 February 1857. p. 653.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21971/page/653","url_text":"\"No. 21971\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21971/page/653","external_links_name":"\"No. 21971\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/183253459","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2011054194","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aughnacloy,_County_Down	Aughnacloy, County Down	["1 References"]	Townland in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland This article is about the townland in County Down. For other uses, see Aughnacloy. Human settlement in Northern IrelandAughnacloyIrish: Áth na CloicheCountyCounty DownCountryNorthern IrelandSovereign stateUnited Kingdom List of places UK Northern Ireland Down Aughnacloy (from Irish Áth na Cloiche, meaning 'ford of the stone') is a townland of 115 acres in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the civil parish of Annaclone and the historic barony of Iveagh Upper, Upper Half. References ^ "Aughnacloy". Place Names NI. Retrieved 17 April 2015. ^ "Aughnacloy". Ire Atlas Townlands Database. Retrieved 17 April 2015.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aughnacloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aughnacloy_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"townland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townland"},{"link_name":"County Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tyrone"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(geographic)"},{"link_name":"Iveagh Upper, Upper Half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iveagh_Upper,_Upper_Half"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the townland in County Down. For other uses, see Aughnacloy.Human settlement in Northern IrelandAughnacloy (from Irish Áth na Cloiche, meaning 'ford of the stone') is a townland of 115 acres in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.[1] It is situated in the civil parish of Annaclone and the historic barony of Iveagh Upper, Upper Half.[2]","title":"Aughnacloy, County Down"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Aughnacloy\". Place Names NI. Retrieved 17 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=11775","url_text":"\"Aughnacloy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aughnacloy\". Ire Atlas Townlands Database. Retrieved 17 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/","url_text":"\"Aughnacloy\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=11775","external_links_name":"\"Aughnacloy\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/","external_links_name":"\"Aughnacloy\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daba,_Fuxin_County	Daba, Liaoning	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 42°5′57″N 122°0′13″E / 42.09917°N 122.00361°E / 42.09917; 122.00361Town in Liaoning, People's Republic of ChinaDaba 大巴镇TownDabaLocation in LiaoningCoordinates: 42°5′57″N 122°0′13″E / 42.09917°N 122.00361°E / 42.09917; 122.00361CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceLiaoningPrefecture-level cityFuxinAutonomous countyFuxin Mongol Autonomous CountyTime zoneUTC+8 (China Standard) Daba (Chinese: 大巴; pinyin: Dàbā) is a town under the administration of Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County, Liaoning, China. As of 2020, it has 12 villages under its administration: Dudaiyingzi Village (杜代营子村) Ermendeli Village (二门得力村) Daobudai Village (道不代村) Banjieta Village (半截塔村) Chexin Village (车新村) Nuoriyingzi Village (诺日营子村) Dongweizigou Village (东苇子沟村) Xiaodong Village (小洞村) Yuanbaowa Village (元宝洼村) Houchaoyang Village (后朝阳村) Dongchaoyang Village (东朝阳村) Zhuligachi Village (助力嘎尺村) References ^ 2020年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：阜新蒙古族自治县 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ 2020年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：大巴镇 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 10 January 2021. This Liaoning location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuxin_Mongol_Autonomous_County"},{"link_name":"Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daba,_Liaoning&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Town in Liaoning, People's Republic of ChinaDaba (Chinese: 大巴; pinyin: Dàbā) is a town under the administration of Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County, Liaoning, China.[1] As of 2020[update], it has 12 villages under its administration:[2]Dudaiyingzi Village (杜代营子村)\nErmendeli Village (二门得力村)\nDaobudai Village (道不代村)\nBanjieta Village (半截塔村)\nChexin Village (车新村)\nNuoriyingzi Village (诺日营子村)\nDongweizigou Village (东苇子沟村)\nXiaodong Village (小洞村)\nYuanbaowa Village (元宝洼村)\nHouchaoyang Village (后朝阳村)\nDongchaoyang Village (东朝阳村)\nZhuligachi Village (助力嘎尺村)","title":"Daba, Liaoning"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"2020年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：阜新蒙古族自治县 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2020/21/09/210921.html","url_text":"2020年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：阜新蒙古族自治县"}]},{"reference":"2020年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：大巴镇 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2020/21/09/21/210921108.html","url_text":"2020年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：大巴镇"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Daba,_Liaoning&params=42_5_57_N_122_0_13_E_region:CN-51_type:city","external_links_name":"42°5′57″N 122°0′13″E / 42.09917°N 122.00361°E / 42.09917; 122.00361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Daba,_Liaoning&params=42_5_57_N_122_0_13_E_region:CN-51_type:city","external_links_name":"42°5′57″N 122°0′13″E / 42.09917°N 122.00361°E / 42.09917; 122.00361"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daba,_Liaoning&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2020/21/09/210921.html","external_links_name":"2020年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：阜新蒙古族自治县"},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2020/21/09/21/210921108.html","external_links_name":"2020年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：大巴镇"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daba,_Liaoning&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Sarkis_Church_(Tabriz,_East_Azerbaijan,_Iran)	St. Sarkis Church (Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran)	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 38°04′11″N 46°16′59″E / 38.06985°N 46.28311°E / 38.06985; 46.28311Armenian Apostolic Church in Iran Saint Sarkis Church of TabrizInterior of St. Sarkis Church in TabrizReligionAffiliationArmenian Apostolic ChurchRiteArmenianStatusFunctioningLocationLocationTabriz, IranShown within IranGeographic coordinates38°04′11″N 46°16′59″E / 38.06985°N 46.28311°E / 38.06985; 46.28311ArchitectureStyleArmenianCompleted1821, rebuilt 1845 Saint Sarkis Church (Armenian: Սուրբ Սարգիս Եկեղեցի, romanized: Surp Sarkis Yekeghetsi) is an Armenian Apostolic church in Baron Avak neighborhood of Tabriz, Iran. St. Sarkis was built with funding from the Petrossian family. Built in 1845, the church is in the courtyard of Tamarian Armenian school building, which was extended out to add the Sahakian School. The Haykazyan school was located across from these, but was closed after being damaged in the Iran-Iraq war. See also Iranian Armenians List of Armenian churches in Iran Shoghakat Church of Tabriz Saint Mary Church of Tabriz St. Sarkis Church (disambiguation) References ^ "Sarkis Church". www.lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 2018-11-05. ^ a b www.sirang.com, Sirang Rasaneh. "St. Sarkis Church in Tabriz, Travel to IRAN". itto.org \| Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 2018-11-05. ^ a b Չիֆթճեան, Գրիգոր (2017). Ուղեւորությիւն Ատրպատականի Հայոց Թեմում. Tabriz. p. 54.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) vteTabriz landmarksFamous and historic structures Arg of Tabriz Bazaar of Tabriz Maqbaratoshoara Rab'-e Rashidi Tomb of Two Kamals Tabriz Fire Fighting Tower Nobar bath Aji Chay Bridge Sangi Bridge Qari Bridge Vadi-e Rahmat Places of worship Imamzadeh Hamzah, Tabriz Jameh Mosque of Tabriz Saheb-ol-Amr Mosque Blue Mosque, Tabriz Shohada Mosque Catholic Church of Tabriz St. Mary Armenian Church Shoghakat Armenian Church Saint Sarkis Armenian Church Protestant church of Tabriz On ibn Ali's shrine Nature and parks Khaqani Park El-Gölü Ghaem Magham Golestan Park Entertainment and recreation Azerbaijan Museum Iron Age museum Museum of Ostad Bohtouni Pottery museum of Tabriz Tabriz Museum of Natural History Muharram museum Measure museum Sahand Eynali Eynali Cable Kandovan Shahran Tower Cultural and art Tabriz International Book Fair Tabriz National Library Tarbiat library Sahand TV Pictorial carpet Tabriz rug Science and education Madrasah Akbarieh American Memorial School in Tabriz Mansur High School Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Sahand University of Technology Tabriz University of Medical Sciences University of Tabriz Tabriz Islamic Arts University Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University of Tabriz Tabriz Technical College Sport venues Shahid Qasem Soleimani Stadium Yadegar-e Emam Stadium Takhti Stadium Marzdaran Stadium Tractor Stadium Shahid Poursharifi Arena Tabriz Cycling Track Tractor Sazi F.C. Academy Sahand Ski Resort Transportation Tabriz International Airport ATA Airlines Tabriz railway station Tabriz Metro Tabriz and Suburbs Bus Company Bridge, Squares and streets Tabriz Cable Bridge Azerbaijan Square Tarbiat street Shahnaz street Ferdowsi Street Freeway 2 Houses Amir Nezam House Behnam House Constitution House of Tabriz Haidarzadeh house House of Seghat ol Islam Hariree house Pars El-Gölü Hotel Economy Tabriz International Exhibition Center Aras Free Zone Shirin Asal World Trade Center Machine Sazi Tabriz Rakhsh Khodro Diesel Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company Iran Khodro Tabriz Azar Motor Industrial CO Government and financial institutions Tabriz Stock Exchange Sa'at Tower East Azerbaijan Governance Palace Tabriz City Council Category:Tabriz vteMonuments of TabrizTabriz city hall Aji Chay Bridge Amir Nezam House Arg of Tabriz Azerbaijan Museum Baghmisheh gate Bazaar of Tabriz Behnam House Blue Mosque Protestant Church of Tabriz Tabriz Constitution House East Azerbaijan State Capital Eynali Ghari Bridge Haidarzadeh house Iron Age museum Jameh Mosque of Tabriz Kandovan Madrasah Akbarieh Maqbaratoshoara Museum of Ostad Bohtouni Nobar bath On ibn Ali's shrine Sangi Bridge Pottery museum Rab'-e Rashidi Sa'at Tower Saheb ol Amr Mosque Seyed Hamzeh shrine Seghat ol Islam's House Shah-goli Shohada Mosque Tabriz Fire Fighting Tower Tabriz Railway Station Tarbiyat street Tomb of Two Kamals vteDioceses of the Armenian Apostolic ChurchArmenia and ArtsakhEtchmiadzin Aragatsotn (Saint Mesrop of Oshakan) Araratian (Saint Sarkis of Yerevan) Artik (Varagatun Saint Gregory Cathedral of Artik) Armavir (Saint Gregory of Narek of Armavir) Artsakh (Ghazanchetsots of Shushi) Gegharkounik (Holy Mother of God Cathedral of Gavar) Gougark (Gregory of Narek of Vanadzor) Kotayk (Saint Gregory Cathedral of Kecharis Monastery of Tsaghkadzor) Shirak (Holy Mother of God of Gyumri) Syunik (Saint Gregory of Goris) Tavush (Surp Nerses of Ijevan) Vayots Dzor (Holy Mother of God of Yeghegnadzor) Middle EastEtchmiadzin Azerbaijan (Saint Gregory of Baku) (abandoned) Damascus (Saint Sarkis of Damascus) Egypt (Saint Gregory of Cairo) Iraq (Saint Gregory of Baghdad) Cilicia Atrpatakan (Saint Mary of Tabriz) Beroea (Forty Martyrs of Aleppo) Cyprus (Holy Mother of God of Nicosia) Isfahan (Saint Joseph of Arimathea at the Holy Saviour Monastery of New Julfa of Isfahan) Jezireh (Surp Hagop of Qamishli) Kuwait (Holy Vartanants of Kuwait City) Lebanon (Surp Nshan of Beirut) Tehran (Saint Sarkis of Tehran) UAE and Qatar (Holy Martyrs of Abu Dhabi) Jerusalem Patriarchate of Jerusalem (Saint James of Jerusalem) Amman (Saint Thaddeus of Amman) Constantinople Patriarchate of Constantinople (Holy Mother of God of Kumkapı of Istanbul) EuropeEtchmiadzin France (Saint John the Baptist of Paris) Georgia (Surp Gevork of Tbilisi) Germany (Saint Sahak and Mesrop of Köln) Great Britain and Ireland (St. Sarkis Church (London)) Greece (Holy Mother of God of Peristeri of Athens) Nor Nakhijevan and Russia (Holy Transfiguration of Moscow) Bulgaria (Holy Mother of God of Sofia) Romania (Holy Archangels of Bucharest) Southern Russia (Saint John the Evangelist of Krasnodar) Switzerland (Surp Hagop of Geneva) Ukraine (Assumption of Mary of Lviv) Central Europe and Sweden (Saint Mary of Magdalene of Brussels) Cilicia Greece (Saint Gregory of Athens) North AmericaEtchmiadzin Canada (Saint Gregory of Montreal) Eastern USA (Saint Vartan of New York) Western USA (Saint Levon of Los Angeles) Cilicia Canada (Surp Hagop of Montreal) Eastern USA (Saint Gregory of New York) Western USA (Saint John the Baptist of Los Angeles) South AmericaEtchmiadzin Argentina (Saint Gregory of Buenos Aires) Brazil (Surp Gevork of São Paulo) Uruguay (Surp Nerses of Montevideo) Asia and OceaniaEtchmiadzin India and the Far East (Holy Nazareth of Kolkata) Australia and New Zealand (Holy Mother of God of Sydney) vteAncient, medieval, and historical Armenian churches and monasteriesArmenia Aragatsotn Arshakid Mausoleum Aruchavank Ashtarak (St. Mary, St. Mariane, Sarkis, Spitakavor, Tsiranavor) Astvatsankal Vank Byurakan Derek Garnahovit Hovhannavank Irind Karbi Karmravor Kasagh Kosh Kristapori Vank Mastara Oshakan (St. Mesrop, Tukh Manuk) Saghmosavank Mughni Nerses Kamsarakan Talin Tegher Ushi Vahramashen Voskevaz Yeghipatrush Zarinja Zovuni Ararat Aghjots Vank Artavazik Dvin Karapet Vank Khor Virap Surp Aj Vank Zangakatun Armavir Doghs Targmanchats Vank Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin, St. Gayane, St. Hripsime, St. Mary, Shoghakat) Zvartnots Gegharkunik Arnegh Vank Artsvanist Artsvashen Ddmashen Hayravank Hatsarat Kotavank Makenyats Vank Masruts Anapat Noratus (Cemetery, St. George) Sevanavank Shoghagavank Tsaghkevank Tsovasar Tsovinar Vanevan Yot Verk Kotayk Agravavank Alapars Arnjuts Vank Argel Arinj Artavaz Vank Arzni Bjni (St. Mary, St. Sarkis) Chorut Dzagavank Geghard Gharghavank Gehuki Vank Havuts Tar Kaptavank Karenisi Vank Kecharis Makravank Manveli Vank Mashtots Hayrapet Mayravank Neghutsi Vank Ptghavank Teghenyats Vank Tejharuyk Tsiranavor Yeghvard (St. Mary, St. Theodoros) Lori Akhtala (Monastery, Church, Church, St. George, Trinity) Bardzrakash Chichkhanavank Dorbantavank Dsegh Dsevank Dzoramiji Vank Dzoraezri Vank Gtevank Haghpat Hnevank Horomayri Karanits Mankants Vank Karmir Vank Khorakerti Vank Khuchap Kobayr Kurtan Lernapat Manstevi Vank Odzun Sanahin Sedvu Vank Srbanes Vank Sverdlov Tormak Vanadzor (St. Mary, St. Ohan) Shirak Dprevank Gyumri (St. Mary, Holy Saviour) Harichavank Hogevank Karmirvank Kumayri Lmbatavank Marmashen Pemzashen Sarakap Yererouk Syunik Abkavank Alan Tagavor Baghaku Kar Bazhakats Vank Bekhi Anapat Bgheno-Noravank Gandzavank Harants Anapat Knevank Kronits Vank Meghri (St. John, St. Mary) Sisian Surp Ohan Vank Tatev (Monastery, Tatevi Anapat, St. Peter-Paul, St. Gregory, St. Mary, Gavazan) Vahanavank Vorotnavank Yeritsavank Tavush Ageghtsi Aghavnavank Aknaghbyur Anrei Vank Archis Artsvaberd Aygehovit (Holy Saviour, St. Mary) Baghanis Aygedzor (St. John, St. Hripsime) Barekamavan (Holy Cross, St. George) Berd (St. Gregory, St. Sarkis) Berdavan Berdavank Berkaber Choratan Deghdzut Dilijan Ditavan Dovegh Gandzakar Getahovit Gomadzor Gosh Goshavank Hanuta Vank Haghartsin Ijevan Jukhtak Vank Jukhtak Yeghtsi Kalapan Kaptavank Khachbazar Khashtarak Khlkhlan Khndzorut Khoranashat Kirants (Arakelots, Trinity, Vank) Koti Lusadzor Makaravank Matosavank Movsesgyugh Mshkavank Navur Nerkin Voskepar Noyemberyan Nor Varagavank Poghoskilisa Samsonavank Sarigyugh Sevkar Sharkhach Shkhmurad Vank Srveghi Vank Tamark Tsrviz Vazashen Voskepar Voskevan Yenokavan Vayots Dzor Aratesi Vank Areni Arkaz Gladzor Gndevank Gndevaz Herher Hermoni Vank Karaglukh (Holy Cross, Tukh Manuk) Karevank Khachik Khotakerats Vank Mamas Vank Noravank Shativank Spitakavor Tanahat Tsakhats Kar Yeghegis Yeghegnadzor Zorats Zorats Kar Yerevan Avan (St. John, St. Mary, Tsiranavor) Kanaker (St. James, St. Mary) Yerevan (Gethsemane, Katoghike, St. Anania, St. George, St. Gregory, St. John, St. Mary, St. Paul and Peter, Zoravor) Azerbaijan (List) Ablah Agarak Agulis (St. John, St. Kristapor, Kumsi, St. Mary, St. Minas, St. Stephen, St. Thomas, Vank) Amaras Amuravan Amutegh Anahit Anushavan Aparan Aprakunis Arakhish Aresh Armavashen Ayrivank Baku (St. Gregory, St. Mary, St. Thaddeus) Banants (St. Gregory, St. Mary, Targmanchats, Dzernavor) Bayan Bazarkend Berdak Bist (St. Mary, Holy Sign) Bovurkhani Vank Brajur Bri Yeghtsi Chahuk (St. John, Shoghakat) Chalet Chaldash Chanakhchi Chaparli Charek Vank Chokht Dadivank Dasno Vank Dastak Dastapor Demirov Diza Dsaghkots Anapat Frank Gabriel Gag Gandzasar Ganja (St. George, St. Gregory, St. John, St. Sarkis, Kristos, St. Mary, St. Thaddeus) Gardman Gavurkala Getabek (St. Mary, Church) Getashen Gharadaghlu Ghazakh Goghtn Gtichavank Hajishen Hakobavank Hakobshen (St. Gregory, St. Minas) Handaberd Harants Harants Vank Havaptuk Hazarabyurats Vank Hazaraprkich Vank Horekavank Husakan Jrdakhan Jugha (Holy Savour, Hovi, St. Mary) Kabakhtapa Kaghni Karasakal Karhani Vank Karmir Vank Karmiravan Katarovank Kavakavank Keratavank Khatravank Khoshkashen (St. Mary, St. Yeghishe) Khoylu Khunasavank Kichan Kish Kona Koshik Anapat Kovakheghdi Vank Krmanka Vank Krzen Kuki (St. George, St. Mary, St. Vardan) Kusanats Anapat Kyolk Lianosi Vank Mamakan Masants Vank Mayrakaghak Medz Nahatak Mesropavan Minkend Mruti Anapat Nakhichevan (St. George, Trinity) Navish Nerkin Aza Norakert Norashen (St. George, St. Hripsime, St. John, St. Mary, St. Stephen) Nors Nukzar Odskavank Odsop Ojakh Okht Okhti Drni Okhti Yeghtsi Ordubad Ovasap Pahest Pand Paraka (Holy Cross, St. Elia, St. Simeon, St. Stephen) Partav Pip (Barsam, St. Pepronia, St. Stephen) Poladlu Ptkataghi Vank Ramis (St. John, St. Mary, St. Sarkis) Shahpekar Shahponk (St. Gregory, St. Sarkis) Shalva Shamen Shamkhor Shavarshavan Shrju Shusha (Ghazanchetsots, Kanach Zham, Kusanats Vank, St. Mary) Taghaser Anapat Tambat Targmanchats Tatlu Tazekend Tkhkuti Togh (St. John, St. Stephen, Red Church) Tran Yeghtsi Tsar Tsghna Tsitsernavank Vankasar Vaquas Vardashen (Church, St. Yeghishe) Varzakan Verin Karhat Voghohi (Holy Cross, St. Stephen) Voskanapat Yeghishe Arakyal Yeghnasari Vank Yekeghetsadzor Yeni Zod Yerenjak Yeri Vank Yerits Mankants Yermoghia Zakatala Georgia (List) Abibos Abisosi Vank Akhaltskha Bnidzor Dsughrughashen Pokr Khanchali Shahumyan (St. Mary, Holy Sunday) Tbilisi (Vank, Bethlehem, Chugureti, Ejmiatsnetsots, St. George, St. Gregory, Jigrasheni Avetyats, Kamoyants, Karapet, Karapi, Karmir Avetaran, Khojivank, Geghardavank, Mughni, Norashen, Holy Cross, Holy Sign, St. Sarkis, St. Stephen, Dzorabash, Tandoyants, Zrkinyants) Tokavank Tskhinvali Turkey (List) Abdelmseh Ablbuhar Abrahamavank Adamakert Adana (St. Mary, Morotu) Agarak Aghberts Vank Aghbunar Aghmaghara Aghperig Aghtamar Agreki Vank Ahavank Akevra Akhkosi Vank Akner Aknji Vank Akori Albayrak Amrdolu Anarzaba Ani (List, Cathedral, Holy Saviour, Gaskashen, Honents, Abugamerats, Arakelots, Kusanats, Abukhanmi, Aghjkaberd, Hovi) Aparank Arakelots Vank Arapgir Argelan Arkakaghni Arkayakaghni Vank Arter Ashtishat Aygek Ayridzor Baberd (St. Ohan, Kristos) Bagavan Bagnayri Vank Bana Bardzraberd Barsam Barthoghimevos Vank Berkri Çanakkale Charkhapan Chordvank Constantinople (Galata, Kuzguncuk, Fatih, Kartal, Samatya, Taksim, Beyoğlu, Beyoğlu) Drazark Dzor Elazig Enda Vank Endzakar Eskişehir Fenki Vank Firsi Vank Frnuz Garapazar Gaziantep Gelati Vank Ghukas Goms Grneri Vank Hekimkhan Hogots Hogyats Vank Horomos Ishkhan Ishkhanigom İskenderun Jermik Kamari Vank Kamatun Kamrjadzor Kangvar Kanzak Kaposi Vank Karapet Vank Karasni Vank Karmirvank Karmravank Kars (Cathedral, St. Mary) Kava Kes Kesaria Khachatro Anapat Khachbazari Khalfeti Khora Anapat Khorsana Khtzkonk Ktuts Khunarktor Levonberd Lim Malatia Mam Manazkert Manravank Marinos Vank Mazhak Medzopavank Mokats Vank Mokhraberd Molevoni Vank Mordsako Mren Mush (St. Marine, Holy Sign) Narekavank Odeli Odzi Khazina Ogsend Ohan Oski Tur Otur Pakagetik Por Rshtuni Sachle Sbkhech Sis (Andul Vank, Gavikata Vank, Atanagine Vank) Sivrihisar Skanchelagordz Vank Smbataberd Smyrna Soradir Sparanits Srkuvank Tarsiakh Tashan Tavblur Tekor Tevrik Tigranakert Trebizond Tsarakar Vank Tspni Van Varagavank Vardan Vank Vardenotsats Vardkan Anapat Varzahan Vosteghavank Yeghegnamor Yeghrdut Yerazgavors Zoravank Iran (List) Thadei Vank Maghardavank Dzordzori Vank Hovi Darashamb Haftvan Khoy Mahlezan Tabriz (St. Mary, St. Sarkis, Mariam) Mujumbar Sohrol Maragheh Sarnaq Nor Jugha (Vank, St. Mary, St. George, St. Stephen, St. John, St. Catherine, Bethlehem, St. Nicholas, St. Gregory, St. Sarkis, Isfahan, St. Minas, St. Nerses) Shiraz Tehran (St. Thaddeus, St. George) Jerusalem (Palestine/Israel) Armenian Quarter Cathedral of St. James Church of St. Toros Church of the Holy Archangels Monastery of St. Saviour Chapel of St. Helena Rest of Asia Syria Aleppo India Chennai Calcutta Chinsura Saidabad Bangladesh Dhaka Israel St. Nicholas Monastery Cyprus Magar Vank Notre Dame de Tyre Ganchvor Singapore Saint Gregory the Illuminator Rest of Europe Crimea Bogatoe Holy Cross Holy Friday Holy Sign Feodosia (St. George, St. Demetrius, Michael, St. Mary, St. Sarkis) St. Nicholas Topolevka Yalta Ukraine Kamenetz-Podolsk (St. Mary, St. Stephen) Lviv (St. Mary, Holy Cross) Russia Georgievsk Moscow (Holy Cross, St. Mary) Nor Nakhichevan (Holy Cross, Ascension, St. Gregory, St. Nicholas, St. Mary) Sultan-Saly St. Petersburg (St. Catherine, Resurrection) Romania Hagikadar Zamca Italy San Lazzaro degli Armeni Portal: Iran This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Iran is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic"},{"link_name":"Baron Avak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Avak"},{"link_name":"Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.sirang.com_2018-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.sirang.com_2018-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D5%89%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A9%D5%B3%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_2017-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D5%89%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A9%D5%B3%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_2017-3"}],"text":"Armenian Apostolic Church in IranSaint Sarkis Church (Armenian: Սուրբ Սարգիս Եկեղեցի, romanized: Surp Sarkis Yekeghetsi) is an Armenian Apostolic church in Baron Avak neighborhood of Tabriz, Iran.[1][2] St. Sarkis was built with funding from the Petrossian family.[2] Built in 1845, the church is in the courtyard of Tamarian Armenian school building, which was extended out to add the Sahakian School.[3] The Haykazyan school was located across from these, but was closed after being damaged in the Iran-Iraq war.[3]","title":"St. Sarkis Church (Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran)"}]	[{"image_text":"Tabriz city hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tabriz_City_Hall.jpg/45px-Tabriz_City_Hall.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Iranian Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Armenians"},{"title":"List of Armenian churches in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Armenian_churches_in_Iran"},{"title":"Shoghakat Church of Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghakat_Church_of_Tabriz"},{"title":"Saint Mary Church of Tabriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary_Church_of_Tabriz"},{"title":"St. Sarkis Church (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Sarkis_Church_(disambiguation)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Sarkis Church\". www.lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 2018-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lonelyplanet.com/iran/tabriz/attractions/sarkis-church/a/poi-sig/491232/361037","url_text":"\"Sarkis Church\""}]},{"reference":"www.sirang.com, Sirang Rasaneh. \"St. Sarkis Church in Tabriz, Travel to IRAN\". itto.org \| Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 2018-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itto.org/iran/attraction/Saint-Sarkis-Church-Tabriz/","url_text":"\"St. Sarkis Church in Tabriz, Travel to IRAN\""}]},{"reference":"Չիֆթճեան, Գրիգոր (2017). Ուղեւորությիւն Ատրպատականի Հայոց Թեմում. Tabriz. p. 54.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Sarkis_Church_(Tabriz,_East_Azerbaijan,_Iran)&params=38.06985_N_46.28311_E_type:landmark_region:IR","external_links_name":"38°04′11″N 46°16′59″E / 38.06985°N 46.28311°E / 38.06985; 46.28311"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Sarkis_Church_(Tabriz,_East_Azerbaijan,_Iran)&params=38.06985_N_46.28311_E_type:landmark_region:IR","external_links_name":"38°04′11″N 46°16′59″E / 38.06985°N 46.28311°E / 38.06985; 46.28311"},{"Link":"https://www.lonelyplanet.com/iran/tabriz/attractions/sarkis-church/a/poi-sig/491232/361037","external_links_name":"\"Sarkis Church\""},{"Link":"http://www.itto.org/iran/attraction/Saint-Sarkis-Church-Tabriz/","external_links_name":"\"St. Sarkis Church in Tabriz, Travel to IRAN\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Sarkis_Church_(Tabriz,_East_Azerbaijan,_Iran)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martincourt,_Meurthe-et-Moselle	Martincourt, Meurthe-et-Moselle	["1 Sights and monuments","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 48°50′51″N 5°56′50″E / 48.8475°N 5.9472°E / 48.8475; 5.9472 Commune in Grand Est, FranceMartincourtCommuneA general view of Martincourt Coat of armsLocation of Martincourt MartincourtShow map of FranceMartincourtShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 48°50′51″N 5°56′50″E / 48.8475°N 5.9472°E / 48.8475; 5.9472CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentMeurthe-et-MoselleArrondissementToulCantonLe Nord-TouloisIntercommunalityCC du Bassin de Pont-à-MoussonGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Patrice PoirelArea110.66 km2 (4.12 sq mi)Population (2021)91 • Density8.5/km2 (22/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code54355 /54380Elevation209–325 m (686–1,066 ft) (avg. 217 m or 712 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Martincourt is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France. Sights and monuments Château de Pierrefort - ruined 14th-century castle protected as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture See also Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department Parc naturel régional de Lorraine References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martincourt (Meurthe-et-Moselle). vte Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department Abaucourt Abbéville-lès-Conflans Aboncourt Affléville Affracourt Agincourt Aingeray Allain Allamont Allamps Allondrelle-la-Malmaison Amance Amenoncourt Ancerviller Anderny Andilly Angomont Anoux Ansauville Anthelupt Armaucourt Arnaville Arracourt Arraye-et-Han Art-sur-Meurthe Athienville Atton Auboué Audun-le-Roman Autrepierre Autreville-sur-Moselle Autrey Avillers Avrainville Avricourt Avril Azelot Azerailles Baccarat Badonviller Bagneux Bainville-aux-Miroirs Bainville-sur-Madon Barbas Barbonville Barisey-au-Plain Barisey-la-Côte Les Baroches Baslieux Bathelémont Batilly Battigny Bauzemont Bayon Bayonville-sur-Mad Bazailles Beaumont Béchamps Belleau Belleville Bénaménil Benney Bernécourt Bertrambois Bertrichamps Bettainvillers Beuveille Beuvezin Beuvillers Bey-sur-Seille Bezange-la-Grande Bezaumont Bicqueley Bienville-la-Petite Bionville Blainville-sur-l'Eau Blâmont Blémerey Blénod-lès-Pont-à-Mousson Blénod-lès-Toul Bois-de-Haye Boismont Boncourt Bonviller Borville Boucq Bouillonville Bouvron Bouxières-aux-Chênes Bouxières-aux-Dames Bouxières-sous-Froidmont Bouzanville Brainville Bralleville Bratte Bréhain-la-Ville Bréménil Brémoncourt Brin-sur-Seille Brouville Bruley Bruville Buissoncourt Bulligny Bures Buriville Burthecourt-aux-Chênes Ceintrey Cerville Chaligny Chambley-Bussières Champenoux Champey-sur-Moselle Champigneulles Chanteheux Chaouilley Charency-Vezin Charey Charmes-la-Côte Charmois Chaudeney-sur-Moselle Chavigny Chazelles-sur-Albe Chenevières Chenicourt Chenières Choloy-Ménillot Cirey-sur-Vezouze Clayeures Clémery Clérey-sur-Brenon Coincourt Colmey Colombey-les-Belles Conflans-en-Jarnisy Cons-la-Grandville Cosnes-et-Romain Courbesseaux Courcelles Coyviller Crantenoy Crépey Crévéchamps Crévic Crézilles Crion Croismare Crusnes Custines Cutry Damelevières Dampvitoux Deneuvre Deuxville Diarville Dieulouard Dolcourt Dombasle-sur-Meurthe Domèvre-en-Haye Domèvre-sur-Vezouze Domgermain Domjevin Dommarie-Eulmont Dommartemont Dommartin-la-Chaussée Dommartin-lès-Toul Dommartin-sous-Amance Domprix Domptail-en-l'Air Doncourt-lès-Conflans Doncourt-lès-Longuyon Drouville Écrouves Einvaux Einville-au-Jard Emberménil Épiez-sur-Chiers Éply Erbéviller-sur-Amezule Errouville Essey-et-Maizerais Essey-la-Côte Essey-lès-Nancy Étreval Eulmont Euvezin Faulx Favières Fécocourt Fenneviller Ferrières Fey-en-Haye Fillières Flainval Flavigny-sur-Moselle Fléville-devant-Nancy Fléville-Lixières Flin Flirey Fontenoy-la-Joûte Fontenoy-sur-Moselle Forcelles-Saint-Gorgon Forcelles-sous-Gugney Foug Fraimbois Fraisnes-en-Saintois Francheville Franconville Fréménil Frémonville Fresnois-la-Montagne Friauville Frolois Frouard Froville Gélacourt Gélaucourt Gellenoncourt Gémonville Gerbécourt-et-Haplemont Gerbéviller Germiny Germonville Gézoncourt Gibeaumeix Giraumont Giriviller Glonville Gogney Gondrecourt-Aix Gondreville Gondrexon Gorcy Goviller Grand-Failly Grimonviller Gripport Griscourt Grosrouvres Gugney Gye Hablainville Hagéville Haigneville Halloville Hammeville Hamonville Han-devant-Pierrepont Hannonville-Suzémont Haraucourt Harbouey Haroué Hatrize Haucourt-Moulaine Haudonville Haussonville Heillecourt Hénaménil Herbéviller Hériménil Herserange Hoéville Homécourt Houdelmont Houdemont Houdreville Housséville Hudiviller Hussigny-Godbrange Igney Jaillon Jarny Jarville-la-Malgrange Jaulny Jeandelaincourt Jeandelize Jevoncourt Jezainville Jœuf Jolivet Joppécourt Jouaville Joudreville Juvrecourt Labry Lachapelle Lagney Laître-sous-Amance Laix Lalœuf Lamath Landécourt Landremont Landres Laneuvelotte Laneuveville-aux-Bois Laneuveville-derrière-Foug Laneuveville-devant-Bayon Laneuveville-devant-Nancy Lanfroicourt Lantéfontaine Laronxe Laxou Lay-Saint-Christophe Lay-Saint-Remy Lebeuville Leintrey Lemainville Leménil-Mitry Lenoncourt Lesménils Létricourt Lexy Leyr Limey-Remenauville Lironville Liverdun Loisy Longlaville Longuyon Longwy Lorey Loromontzey Lubey Lucey Ludres Lunévillesubpr Lupcourt Magnières Maidières Mailly-sur-Seille Mairy-Mainville Maixe Maizières Malavillers Malleloy Malzéville Mamey Mandres-aux-Quatre-Tours Mangonville Manoncourt-en-Vermois Manoncourt-en-Woëvre Manonville Manonviller Marainviller Marbache Maron Mars-la-Tour Marthemont Martincourt Mattexey Maxéville Mazerulles Méhoncourt Ménil-la-Tour Mercy-le-Bas Mercy-le-Haut Méréville Merviller Messein Mexy Mignéville Millery Minorville Moineville Moivrons Moncel-lès-Lunéville Moncel-sur-Seille Mont-Bonvillers Montauville Montenoy Montigny Montigny-sur-Chiers Mont-l'Étroit Mont-le-Vignoble Montreux Mont-Saint-Martin Mont-sur-Meurthe Morfontaine Moriviller Morville-sur-Seille Mouacourt Mouaville Mousson Moutiers Moutrot Moyen Murville Nancypref Neufmaisons Neuves-Maisons Neuviller-lès-Badonviller Neuviller-sur-Moselle Nomeny Nonhigny Norroy-le-Sec Norroy-lès-Pont-à-Mousson Noviant-aux-Prés Ochey Ogéviller Ognéville Olley Omelmont Onville Ormes-et-Ville Othe Ozerailles Pagney-derrière-Barine Pagny-sur-Moselle Pannes Parey-Saint-Césaire Parroy Parux Petit-Failly Petitmont Pettonville Pexonne Phlin Piennes Pierre-la-Treiche Pierre-Percée Pierrepont Pierreville Pompey Pont-à-Mousson Pont-Saint-Vincent Port-sur-Seille Praye Prény Preutin-Higny Pulligny Pulney Pulnoy Puxe Puxieux Quevilloncourt Raon-lès-Leau Raucourt Raville-sur-Sânon Réchicourt-la-Petite Réclonville Rehainviller Reherrey Réhon Reillon Rembercourt-sur-Mad Remenoville Réméréville Remoncourt Repaix Richardménil Rogéville Romain Rosières-aux-Salines Rosières-en-Haye Rouves Roville-devant-Bayon Royaumeix Rozelieures Saffais Saint-Ail Saint-Baussant Saint-Boingt Saint-Clément Sainte-Geneviève Sainte-Pôle Saint-Firmin Saint-Germain Saint-Jean-lès-Longuyon Saint-Julien-lès-Gorze Saint-Marcel Saint-Mard Saint-Martin Saint-Maurice-aux-Forges Saint-Max Saint-Nicolas-de-Port Saint-Pancré Saint-Remimont Saint-Rémy-aux-Bois Saint-Sauveur Saint-Supplet Saizerais Sancy Sanzey Saulnes Saulxerotte Saulxures-lès-Nancy Saulxures-lès-Vannes Saxon-Sion Seichamps Seicheprey Selaincourt Seranville Serres Serrouville Sexey-aux-Forges Sionviller Sivry Sommerviller Sornéville Sponville Tanconville Tantonville Tellancourt Thélod They-sous-Vaudemont Thézey-Saint-Martin Thiaucourt-Regniéville Thiaville-sur-Meurthe Thiébauménil Thil Thorey-Lyautey Thuilley-aux-Groseilles Thumeréville Tiercelet Tomblaine Tonnoy Toulsubpr Tramont-Émy Tramont-Lassus Tramont-Saint-André Tremblecourt Trieux Trondes Tronville Tucquegnieux Ugny Uruffe Vacqueville Val de Brieysubpr Val-et-Châtillon Valhey Valleroy Vallois Vandelainville Vandeléville Vandières Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Vannes-le-Châtel Varangéville Vathiménil Vaucourt Vaudémont Vaudeville Vaudigny Vaxainville Vého Velaine-sous-Amance Velle-sur-Moselle Veney Vennezey Verdenal Vézelise Viéville-en-Haye Vigneulles Vilcey-sur-Trey Villacourt Ville-au-Montois Ville-au-Val Villecey-sur-Mad Ville-en-Vermois Ville-Houdlémont Villers-en-Haye Villers-la-Chèvre Villers-la-Montagne Villers-le-Rond Villers-lès-Moivrons Villers-lès-Nancy Villers-sous-Prény Villerupt Ville-sur-Yron Villette Villey-le-Sec Villey-Saint-Étienne Virecourt Viterne Vitrey Vitrimont Vittonville Viviers-sur-Chiers Voinémont Vroncourt Waville Xammes Xermaménil Xeuilley Xirocourt Xivry-Circourt Xonville Xousse Xures pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Meurthe-et-Moselle geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Meurthe-et-Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Grand Est, FranceMartincourt is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.","title":"Martincourt, Meurthe-et-Moselle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Château de Pierrefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Pierrefort"},{"link_name":"monument historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique"},{"link_name":"French Ministry of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Culture"}],"text":"Château de Pierrefort - ruined 14th-century castle protected as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture","title":"Sights and monuments"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Meurthe-et-Moselle_department"},{"title":"Parc naturel régional de Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_de_Lorraine"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-54355","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Martincourt,_Meurthe-et-Moselle&params=48.8475_N_5.9472_E_type:city(91)_region:FR-GES","external_links_name":"48°50′51″N 5°56′50″E / 48.8475°N 5.9472°E / 48.8475; 5.9472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Martincourt,_Meurthe-et-Moselle&params=48.8475_N_5.9472_E_type:city(91)_region:FR-GES","external_links_name":"48°50′51″N 5°56′50″E / 48.8475°N 5.9472°E / 48.8475; 5.9472"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-54355","external_links_name":"54355"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-54355","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15264424h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15264424h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martincourt,_Meurthe-et-Moselle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawatha_Township,_Michigan	Hiawatha Township, Michigan	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]	Coordinates: 46°13′55″N 86°19′32″W / 46.23194°N 86.32556°W / 46.23194; -86.32556 Civil township in Michigan, United StatesHiawatha Township, MichiganCivil townshipLocation within Schoolcraft CountyHiawatha TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganShow map of MichiganHiawatha TownshipHiawatha Township (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 46°13′55″N 86°19′32″W / 46.23194°N 86.32556°W / 46.23194; -86.32556CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountySchoolcraftGovernment • SupervisorGilbert Baker • ClerkKelly MatchinskiArea • Total290.87 sq mi (753.3 km2) • Land277.43 sq mi (718.5 km2) • Water13.44 sq mi (34.8 km2)Elevation728 ft (222 m)Population (2020) • Total1,305 • Density4.7/sq mi (1.8/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code(s)49854 (Manistique)49862 (Munising)49884 (Shingleton)49895 (Wetmore)Area code906FIPS code26-37940GNIS feature ID1626467 Hiawatha Township is a civil township of Schoolcraft County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,305 in 2020. With a total land area of 277.43 square miles (718.54 km2), Hiawatha Township is the third largest municipality in the state after McMillan Township and Marenisco Township. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 290.87 square miles (753.35 km2), of which 277.43 square miles (718.54 km2) is land and 13.44 square miles (34.81 km2) (4.62%) is water. Demographics At the census of 2000, there were 1,328 people, 563 households, and 404 families residing in the township. The population density was 4.8 inhabitants per square mile (1.9/km2). There were 935 housing units at an average density of 3.4 per square mile (1.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 93.98% White, 0.08% African American, 3.92% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 1.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latinos of any race were 0.30% of the population. By the 2020 census, its population declined to 1,305. In 2000, the median income for a household in the township was $40,156, and the median income for a family was $46,406. Males had a median income of $40,294 versus $24,853 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,385. About 6.0% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over. The 2021 census estimates determined its median household income was $69,563. References ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hiawatha Township, Michigan ^ a b "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved August 4, 2023. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved August 4, 2023. vteMunicipalities and communities of Schoolcraft County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: ManistiqueCity Manistique Map of Michigan highlighting Schoolcraft County.svgCivil townships Cusino (defunct) Doyle Germfask Hiawatha Inwood Manistique Mueller Seney Thompson Unincorporated communities Blaney Park Cooks Germfask Gulliver Seney Steuben Thompson Indian reservation Sault Ste. Marie Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Michigan portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Schoolcraft County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolcraft_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"third largest municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"McMillan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_Township,_Luce_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Marenisco Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marenisco_Township,_Michigan"}],"text":"Civil township in Michigan, United StatesHiawatha Township is a civil township of Schoolcraft County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,305 in 2020.[3] With a total land area of 277.43 square miles (718.54 km2), Hiawatha Township is the third largest municipality in the state after McMillan Township and Marenisco Township.","title":"Hiawatha Township, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 290.87 square miles (753.35 km2), of which 277.43 square miles (718.54 km2) is land and 13.44 square miles (34.81 km2) (4.62%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"At the census of 2000, there were 1,328 people, 563 households, and 404 families residing in the township.[1] The population density was 4.8 inhabitants per square mile (1.9/km2). There were 935 housing units at an average density of 3.4 per square mile (1.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 93.98% White, 0.08% African American, 3.92% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 1.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latinos of any race were 0.30% of the population. By the 2020 census, its population declined to 1,305.[3]In 2000, the median income for a household in the township was $40,156, and the median income for a family was $46,406. Males had a median income of $40,294 versus $24,853 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,385. About 6.0% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over. The 2021 census estimates determined its median household income was $69,563.[4]","title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Schoolcraft County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Schoolcraft_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Schoolcraft_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved August 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Hiawatha+township,+Schoolcraft+County,+Michigan&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved August 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Hiawatha_township,_Schoolcraft_County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2615337940","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hiawatha_Township,_Michigan&params=46_13_55_N_86_19_32_W_region:US-MI_type:city(1305)","external_links_name":"46°13′55″N 86°19′32″W / 46.23194°N 86.32556°W / 46.23194; -86.32556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hiawatha_Township,_Michigan&params=46_13_55_N_86_19_32_W_region:US-MI_type:city(1305)","external_links_name":"46°13′55″N 86°19′32″W / 46.23194°N 86.32556°W / 46.23194; -86.32556"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1626467","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hiawatha Township, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Hiawatha+township,+Schoolcraft+County,+Michigan&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Hiawatha_township,_Schoolcraft_County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2615337940","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathmore,_Sutherland	Strathmore, Sutherland	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 58°22′16″N 4°38′20″W / 58.371°N 4.639°W / 58.371; -4.639 Dun Dornaigil Broch in Strathmore Strathmore (Scottish Gaelic: An Srath Mòr) is a strath or wide valley in Sutherland in northern Scotland. The strath is in the parish of Durness to the south-east of Loch Eriboll. It runs north–south and has a minor road running alongside the Strathmore River which flows along the valley floor northwards into Loch Hope. Ben Hope is to the east. Strathmore is best known for being the birthplace of the Scottish Gaelic poet, Rob Donn at Aultnacaillich and for Dun Dornaigil, an Iron Age broch standing up to 6.7 metres (22 ft) high. The strath is sparsely populated, the area having been cleared of most settlement in the early 19th century. Strathmore lies at the western edge of the Ben Hope Site of Special Scientific Interest. The Strathmore river is a salmon and trout fishery and provides spawning grounds for both fish. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Strathmore, Sutherland. ^ a b Anderson.G & Anderson.P (1842) Guide to the highlands and islands of Scotland, including Orkney and Zetland, p.585, Edinburgh: William Tait (available online). Retrieved 2015-09-29. ^ Fans sing praises of the bawdy bard Rob Donn, The Scotsman, 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2015-09-29. ^ Dun Dornaigil, Canmore. Retrieved 2015-09-29. ^ Dun Dornaigil, Historic Scotland. Retrieved 2015-09-29. ^ Site details for Ben Hope, Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 2015-09-29. ^ Gow Sport - Strathmore, Altnaharra, Scotland Guides. Retrieved 2015-09-29. 58°22′16″N 4°38′20″W / 58.371°N 4.639°W / 58.371; -4.639 This Highland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dun_Dornaigil_Broch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1064059.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dun Dornaigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_Dornaigil"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"strath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strath"},{"link_name":"Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Durness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durness"},{"link_name":"Loch Eriboll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Eriboll"},{"link_name":"Loch Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Hope"},{"link_name":"Ben Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hope"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anderson-1"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"Rob Donn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Donn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anderson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotsman16sep12-2"},{"link_name":"Dun Dornaigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_Dornaigil"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"broch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddcanmore-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddhs-4"},{"link_name":"cleared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Clearances"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sssi-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gow-6"}],"text":"Dun Dornaigil Broch in StrathmoreStrathmore (Scottish Gaelic: An Srath Mòr) is a strath or wide valley in Sutherland in northern Scotland. The strath is in the parish of Durness to the south-east of Loch Eriboll. It runs north–south and has a minor road running alongside the Strathmore River which flows along the valley floor northwards into Loch Hope. Ben Hope is to the east.[1]Strathmore is best known for being the birthplace of the Scottish Gaelic poet, Rob Donn at Aultnacaillich[1][2] and for Dun Dornaigil, an Iron Age broch standing up to 6.7 metres (22 ft) high.[3][4] The strath is sparsely populated, the area having been cleared of most settlement in the early 19th century.Strathmore lies at the western edge of the Ben Hope Site of Special Scientific Interest.[5] The Strathmore river is a salmon and trout fishery and provides spawning grounds for both fish.[6]","title":"Strathmore, Sutherland"}]	[{"image_text":"Dun Dornaigil Broch in Strathmore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dun_Dornaigil_Broch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1064059.jpg/220px-Dun_Dornaigil_Broch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1064059.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Strathmore,_Sutherland&params=58.371_N_4.639_W_","external_links_name":"58°22′16″N 4°38′20″W / 58.371°N 4.639°W / 58.371; -4.639"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i54HAAAAQAAJ&dq=rob+donn+gaelic+poet+strathmore&pg=PA585","external_links_name":"available online"},{"Link":"http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/fans-sing-praises-of-the-bawdy-bard-rob-donn-1-2529859","external_links_name":"Fans sing praises of the bawdy bard Rob Donn"},{"Link":"http://canmore.org.uk/site/4891/dun-dornaigil","external_links_name":"Dun Dornaigil"},{"Link":"http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertydetail.htm?PropID=PL_103","external_links_name":"Dun Dornaigil"},{"Link":"http://gateway.snh.gov.uk/sitelink/siteinfo.jsp?pa_code=182","external_links_name":"Site details for Ben Hope"},{"Link":"http://www.scotlandguides.org/tour/gow-sport-strathmore-altnaharra-1725.htm","external_links_name":"Gow Sport - Strathmore, Altnaharra"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Strathmore,_Sutherland&params=58.371_N_4.639_W_","external_links_name":"58°22′16″N 4°38′20″W / 58.371°N 4.639°W / 58.371; -4.639"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strathmore,_Sutherland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaman,_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ltepe	Karaman, Kızıltepe	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 37°16′41″N 40°38′20″E / 37.278°N 40.639°E / 37.278; 40.639Village in Mardin Province, Turkey Neighbourhood in Kızıltepe, Mardin, TurkeyKaramanNeighbourhoodKaramanLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 37°16′41″N 40°38′20″E / 37.278°N 40.639°E / 37.278; 40.639CountryTurkeyProvinceMardinDistrictKızıltepePopulation (2021)99Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Karaman is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızıltepe, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Arabs and had a population of 99 in 2021. References ^ a b "31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023. ^ Tan, Altan (2018). Turabidin'den Berriye'ye. Aşiretler - Dinler - Diller - Kültürler (in Turkish). p. 301. ISBN 9789944360944. vteNeighbourhoods of Kızıltepe District Akalın Akça Akçapınar Akdoğan Akkoç Aktepe Aktulga Akyazı Akyüz Akziyaret Alakuş Alemdar Alipaşa Altıntoprak Arakapı Araköy Arıklı Arıtepe Aşağıazıklı Aslanlı Ataköy Atatürk Atmaca Ayaz Bağrıbütün Bahçelievler Barış Başak Başdeğirmen Bektaş Belli Beşevler Beşik Bozhüyük Büyükayrık Büyükboğaziye Büyükdere Büyüktepe Çağıl Çakır Çamlıca Çamlıdere Çanaklı Cantaşı Çatalca Çaybaşı Çetinkaya Çetinler Çimenli Çınarcık Çıplak Çitlibağ Cumhuriyet Damlalı Demet Demirci Demirkapı Demirler Dikmen Doğanlı Dörtyol Doyuran Düğürk Dunaysır Dura Ekinlik Elbeyli Elmalı Erdem Erikli Eroğlu Ersoylu Esenli Eskin Eşme Eymirli Fındıktepe Fırat Göllü Gözlüce Güçlü Gümüşdere Güneştepe Güngören Günlüce Gürmeşe Hacıhasan Hacıyusuf Hakverdi Halkalı Harmandüzü Haznedar Hocaköy İkikuyu İkizler Ilıcak İnandı İpek Işıklar Işıkören Kahraman Kalaycık Karabent Karakulak Karakuyu Karaman Kaşıklı Katarlı Kayapınar Kaynarca Kengerli Kılduman Kilimli Kırkkuyu Kocalar Koçhisar Koçlu Konuklu Köprübaşı Körsu Küçükayrık Küçükboğaziye Küplüce Mevlana Mezopotamya Odaköy Ofis Örencik Ortaköy Otluk Rıhani Şahkulubey Sanayi Sancarlı Sandıklı Sarıca Saruhan Selahattin Eyyubi Şenyurt Sevimli Soğanlı Sürekli Tanrıverdi Tarlabaşı Taşlıca Tatlıca Tepebaşı Timurçiftliği Tıraşlı Tosunlu Turgut Özal Tuzlaköy Tuzluca Üçevler Ulaşlı Ülkerköy Uluköy Uzunkaya Yalınkılıç Yamaç Yamanlar Yarımca Yaşarköy Yayıklı Yaylım Yedikardeş Yeni Mahalle Yenikent Yeşilköy Yeşiller Yolaldı Yoldere Yolüstü Yoncalı Yüceli Yukarıazıklı Yüksektepe Yumrucuk Yumrutaş Yurtderi Yurtözü Zergan Ziyaret	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kızıltepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ltepe"},{"link_name":"Mardin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in Mardin Province, TurkeyNeighbourhood in Kızıltepe, Mardin, TurkeyKaraman is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızıltepe, Mardin Province in Turkey.[2] The village is populated by Arabs and had a population of 99 in 2021.[1][3]","title":"Karaman, Kızıltepe"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\""}]},{"reference":"Tan, Altan (2018). Turabidin'den Berriye'ye. Aşiretler - Dinler - Diller - Kültürler (in Turkish). p. 301. ISBN 9789944360944.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789944360944","url_text":"9789944360944"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karaman,_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ltepe&params=37.278_N_40.639_E_type:city_region:TR_dim:100000","external_links_name":"37°16′41″N 40°38′20″E / 37.278°N 40.639°E / 37.278; 40.639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Karaman,_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ltepe&params=37.278_N_40.639_E_type:city_region:TR_dim:100000","external_links_name":"37°16′41″N 40°38′20″E / 37.278°N 40.639°E / 37.278; 40.639"},{"Link":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\""},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me,_Myself_and_Her	Me, Myself and Her	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Awards","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	2015 film by Maria Sole Tognazzi Me, Myself and HerDirected byMaria Sole TognazziWritten byMaria Sole Tognazzi Ivan Cotroneo Francesca MarcianoStarringMargherita Buy Sabrina FerilliCinematographyArnaldo CatinariEdited byWalter FasanoMusic byGabriele RobertoRelease date 1 October 2015 (2015-10-01) Running time102 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian Me, Myself and Her (Italian: Io e lei ) is a 2015 comedy-drama film written and directed by Maria Sole Tognazzi and starring Margherita Buy and Sabrina Ferilli. Plot Marina and Federica have been in a relationship for five years and seem to be a stable and loving couple, despite having very different personalities. Marina, a former actress, is outgoing and expressive, while Federica is reserved and private. Trouble comes to their little paradise when Marina gives an interview and when pressed about her love life mentions Federica's name and profession. Federica's co-workers find out about her orientation, which upsets Federica. Marina, on the other hand, feels that after five years Federica should be able to come out. Stefano, a director who has always admired Marina, presses her to accept a role in his latest comedy, a role which he wrote specifically for her. Marina hasn't played a role in 15 years, but accepts this one, in part because Federica tries somewhat clumsily to make her turn it down. Meanwhile, by chance, Federica meets Marco, an old acquaintance she hasn't seen in years. They were attracted to each other many years ago, but at that time Federica was with her now ex-husband Sergio. While Marina is filming in Milan, Federica has an affair with Marco, which is discovered by Marina via a text message. Marina follows Federica to her next rendezvous and breaks it up. Given an ultimatum by Marina, Federica at first submits to Marina's demands, but after a time finds that she cannot live this way, constantly suspected and under scrutiny. Needing time to herself to reflect on what she really wants, she moves out, first crashing at her son Bernardo's place, then setting up a small living quarters in her office, and finally moving in with Marco. Marina, hit hard by this abandonment, is supported by her family and her ex-flame and current work assistant Camilla. Having decided that it was a mistake to accept the role, Marina goes to tell the director that she can't continue (even though this would leave him in the lurch), but is miraculously spared this difficult conversation when he tells her that the financial backers have killed the project. After failing once more to regain her driver's license, Federica feels that she has messed everything up. At a dinner with Marco at the home of Sergio and his new family, while the two men talk with great enthusiasm of fishing, she slips out and goes to Marina's place. Marina, who feels she is finally over Federica, doesn't want to invite her in, so the two have a confrontation on the doorstep. Federica is now sure it is the relationship with Marina that she wants, but Marina, after detailing the awful way Federica has treated her, asks for six months to figure out whether she can try again. Federica understands and accepts this, but when she leaves, Marina suddenly changes her mind and, running down several flights of stairs, tells Federica that six months is too long. The two share a passionate kiss. Cast Margherita Buy as Federica Salvini Sabrina Ferilli as Marina Baldi Fausto Maria Sciarappa as Marco Alessia Barela as Camilla Domenico Diele as Bernardo Ennio Fantastichini as Sergio Massimiliano Gallo as Stefano Anna Bellato as Anna Antonio Zavatteri as Carlo Dennis Olazo as Rolando the maid Awards Year Award Category Result 2016 David di Donatello Awards Best Actress (Sabrina Ferilli) Nominated Golden Ciak Awards Best Actress (Sabrina Ferilli) Won Best Supporting Actress (Alessia Barela) Nominated Best Score (Gabriele Roberto) Nominated Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Best Original Story Won Best Comedy Nominated Best Actress (Sabrina Ferilli) Nominated Best Producer Nominated Paris Lesbian and Feminist Film Festival Best Feature Film Won See also List of Italian films of 2015 List of LGBT-related films directed by women References ^ Chiara Ugolini (25 September 2015). ""Io e lei", Ferilli e Buy coppia "omosentimentale". Sabrina: "Se non ci pensa il governo, ci pensino i cittadini"". La Repubblica. Retrieved 30 March 2016. ^ Emanuele Bigi (1 October 2016). "Sabrina Ferilli e Margherita Buy: "Il nostro bacio più bello"". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 30 March 2016. ^ Simona Santoni (1 October 2016). "Io e lei, l'amore lesbico di Sabrina Ferilli e Margherita Buy: 5 cose da sapere". Panorama. Retrieved 30 March 2016. External links Me, Myself and Her at IMDb Io e lei (Me, Myself and Her) at Lucky Red Me, Myself and Her at Indigo Film Me, Myself and Her (Io e lei) at Luce Cinecittà Me, Myself and Her (Io e lei) at Cineuropa Io e lei (Me, Myself and Her) at CinemaItaliano.info Io e lei (Me, Myself and Her) at Lumiere	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈiːo e lˈlɛi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama_film"},{"link_name":"Maria Sole Tognazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sole_Tognazzi"},{"link_name":"Margherita Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Buy"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Ferilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Ferilli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Me, Myself and Her (Italian: Io e lei [ˈiːo e lˈlɛi]) is a 2015 comedy-drama film written and directed by Maria Sole Tognazzi and starring Margherita Buy and Sabrina Ferilli.[1][2][3]","title":"Me, Myself and Her"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Marina and Federica have been in a relationship for five years and seem to be a stable and loving couple, despite having very different personalities. Marina, a former actress, is outgoing and expressive, while Federica is reserved and private. Trouble comes to their little paradise when Marina gives an interview and when pressed about her love life mentions Federica's name and profession. Federica's co-workers find out about her orientation, which upsets Federica. Marina, on the other hand, feels that after five years Federica should be able to come out.Stefano, a director who has always admired Marina, presses her to accept a role in his latest comedy, a role which he wrote specifically for her. Marina hasn't played a role in 15 years, but accepts this one, in part because Federica tries somewhat clumsily to make her turn it down.Meanwhile, by chance, Federica meets Marco, an old acquaintance she hasn't seen in years. They were attracted to each other many years ago, but at that time Federica was with her now ex-husband Sergio. While Marina is filming in Milan, Federica has an affair with Marco, which is discovered by Marina via a text message. Marina follows Federica to her next rendezvous and breaks it up. Given an ultimatum by Marina, Federica at first submits to Marina's demands, but after a time finds that she cannot live this way, constantly suspected and under scrutiny. Needing time to herself to reflect on what she really wants, she moves out, first crashing at her son Bernardo's place, then setting up a small living quarters in her office, and finally moving in with Marco.Marina, hit hard by this abandonment, is supported by her family and her ex-flame and current work assistant Camilla. Having decided that it was a mistake to accept the role, Marina goes to tell the director that she can't continue (even though this would leave him in the lurch), but is miraculously spared this difficult conversation when he tells her that the financial backers have killed the project.After failing once more to regain her driver's license, Federica feels that she has messed everything up. At a dinner with Marco at the home of Sergio and his new family, while the two men talk with great enthusiasm of fishing, she slips out and goes to Marina's place. Marina, who feels she is finally over Federica, doesn't want to invite her in, so the two have a confrontation on the doorstep. Federica is now sure it is the relationship with Marina that she wants, but Marina, after detailing the awful way Federica has treated her, asks for six months to figure out whether she can try again.Federica understands and accepts this, but when she leaves, Marina suddenly changes her mind and, running down several flights of stairs, tells Federica that six months is too long. The two share a passionate kiss.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margherita Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_Buy"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Ferilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Ferilli"},{"link_name":"Alessia Barela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessia_Barela"},{"link_name":"Ennio Fantastichini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio_Fantastichini"},{"link_name":"Massimiliano Gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimiliano_Gallo"}],"text":"Margherita Buy as Federica Salvini\nSabrina Ferilli as Marina Baldi\nFausto Maria Sciarappa as Marco\nAlessia Barela as Camilla\nDomenico Diele as Bernardo\nEnnio Fantastichini as Sergio\nMassimiliano Gallo as Stefano\nAnna Bellato as Anna\nAntonio Zavatteri as Carlo\nDennis Olazo as Rolando the maid","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Italian films of 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_films_of_2015"},{"title":"List of LGBT-related films directed by women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_directed_by_women"}]	[{"reference":"Chiara Ugolini (25 September 2015). \"\"Io e lei\", Ferilli e Buy coppia \"omosentimentale\". Sabrina: \"Se non ci pensa il governo, ci pensino i cittadini\"\". La Repubblica. Retrieved 30 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/speciali/cinema/rprima/ioelei/2015/09/25/news/_io_e_lei_-123669405/","url_text":"\"\"Io e lei\", Ferilli e Buy coppia \"omosentimentale\". Sabrina: \"Se non ci pensa il governo, ci pensino i cittadini\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica","url_text":"La Repubblica"}]},{"reference":"Emanuele Bigi (1 October 2016). \"Sabrina Ferilli e Margherita Buy: \"Il nostro bacio più bello\"\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 30 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.it/show/cinema/15/10/01/io-e-lei-margherita-buy-sabrina-ferilli-lesbiche-film-intervista-foto","url_text":"\"Sabrina Ferilli e Margherita Buy: \"Il nostro bacio più bello\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"}]},{"reference":"Simona Santoni (1 October 2016). \"Io e lei, l'amore lesbico di Sabrina Ferilli e Margherita Buy: 5 cose da sapere\". Panorama. Retrieved 30 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.panorama.it/cinema/io-e-lei-sabrina-ferilli-margherita-buy-recensione/","url_text":"\"Io e lei, l'amore lesbico di Sabrina Ferilli e Margherita Buy: 5 cose da sapere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(magazine)","url_text":"Panorama"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/speciali/cinema/rprima/ioelei/2015/09/25/news/_io_e_lei_-123669405/","external_links_name":"\"\"Io e lei\", Ferilli e Buy coppia \"omosentimentale\". Sabrina: \"Se non ci pensa il governo, ci pensino i cittadini\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.vanityfair.it/show/cinema/15/10/01/io-e-lei-margherita-buy-sabrina-ferilli-lesbiche-film-intervista-foto","external_links_name":"\"Sabrina Ferilli e Margherita Buy: \"Il nostro bacio più bello\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.panorama.it/cinema/io-e-lei-sabrina-ferilli-margherita-buy-recensione/","external_links_name":"\"Io e lei, l'amore lesbico di Sabrina Ferilli e Margherita Buy: 5 cose da sapere\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4703676/","external_links_name":"Me, Myself and Her"},{"Link":"https://www.luckyred.it/movie/io-e-lei/","external_links_name":"Io e lei (Me, Myself and Her)"},{"Link":"https://www.indigofilm.it/produzioni/film/70/io-e-lei/","external_links_name":"Me, Myself and Her"},{"Link":"https://www.filmitalia.org/p.aspx?t=film&l=en&did=81673","external_links_name":"Me, Myself and Her (Io e lei)"},{"Link":"https://cineuropa.org/en/film/300183/","external_links_name":"Me, Myself and Her (Io e lei)"},{"Link":"https://www.cinemaitaliano.info/ioelei","external_links_name":"Io e lei (Me, Myself and Her)"},{"Link":"http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=65233","external_links_name":"Io e lei (Me, Myself and Her)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_Missouri	Monterey, Missouri	["1 History","2 References"]	Coordinates: 37°34′19″N 90°51′11″W / 37.57194°N 90.85306°W / 37.57194; -90.85306Unincorporated community in the American state of Missouri Monterey is an unincorporated community in northern Reynolds County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is on Missouri Route MM just east of Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park. Shut-in Creek flows past the community. History A post office called Monterey was established in 1894, and remained in operation until 1957. The community most likely takes its name from Monterey, California, perhaps via the Battle of Monterey. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Monterey, Missouri ^ Missouri Atlas & Gazetteer, DeLorme, 1998, First edition, p. 56, ISBN 0-89933-224-2 ^ "Post Offices". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved December 13, 2016. ^ "Reynolds County Place Names, 1928–1945". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016. vteMunicipalities and communities of Reynolds County, Missouri, United StatesCounty seat: CentervilleCities Bunker‡ Centerville Ellington Map of Missouri highlighting Reynolds CountyTownships Black River Carroll Jackson Lesterville Logan Webb Unincorporatedcommunities Bee Fork Black Corridon Dagonia Edgehill Exchange Fruit City Garwood Greeley Hadley Lesterville Monterey Munger Oates Ohlman Redford Reynolds Ruble Smithboro West Fork Ghost towns Alamode Dairyville Helvey Marcoot Pinkley Riverside Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Missouri portal United States portal 37°34′19″N 90°51′11″W / 37.57194°N 90.85306°W / 37.57194; -90.85306 This Reynolds County, Missouri state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Reynolds County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Missouri Route MM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Route_MM"},{"link_name":"Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%27s_Shut-Ins_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Shut-in Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shut-in_Creek"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in the American state of MissouriMonterey is an unincorporated community in northern Reynolds County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.[1]The community is on Missouri Route MM just east of Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park. Shut-in Creek flows past the community.[2]","title":"Monterey, Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Monterey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"},{"link_name":"Battle of Monterey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monterey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A post office called Monterey was established in 1894, and remained in operation until 1957.[3] The community most likely takes its name from Monterey, California, perhaps via the Battle of Monterey.[4]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Missouri highlighting Reynolds County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Reynolds_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Reynolds_County.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Post Offices\". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved December 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MO&county=Reynolds","url_text":"\"Post Offices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reynolds County Place Names, 1928–1945\". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_reynolds.html","url_text":"\"Reynolds County Place Names, 1928–1945\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624071725/http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_reynolds.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monterey,_Missouri&params=37_34_19_N_90_51_11_W_type:city_region:US-MO_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"37°34′19″N 90°51′11″W / 37.57194°N 90.85306°W / 37.57194; -90.85306"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/751140","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Monterey, Missouri"},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MO&county=Reynolds","external_links_name":"\"Post Offices\""},{"Link":"http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_reynolds.html","external_links_name":"\"Reynolds County Place Names, 1928–1945\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624071725/http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_reynolds.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Monterey,_Missouri&params=37_34_19_N_90_51_11_W_type:city_region:US-MO_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"37°34′19″N 90°51′11″W / 37.57194°N 90.85306°W / 37.57194; -90.85306"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monterey,_Missouri&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubobo,_Queensland	Ubobo	["1 Geography","2 History","3 Amenities","4 Education","5 Heritage listings","6 References","7 Further links","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 24°24′17″S 151°19′16″E / 24.4047°S 151.3211°E / -24.4047; 151.3211 (Ubobo (town centre)) Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Town in Queensland, AustraliaUboboQueenslandRailway Terrace, 2017. From the left the buildings shown are the Ubobo Memorial Hall, the QCWA rest rooms, the former Station Mistress' house and a private dwellingUboboCoordinates24°24′17″S 151°19′16″E / 24.4047°S 151.3211°E / -24.4047; 151.3211 (Ubobo (town centre))Postcode(s)4680Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)Location 54.3 km (34 mi) SSE of Calliope 77.6 km (48 mi) S of Gladstone CBD 167 km (104 mi) SE of Rockhampton 480 km (298 mi) NNW of Brisbane LGA(s)Gladstone RegionState electorate(s)CallideFederal division(s)Flynn Ubobo is a rural town in the locality of Boyne Valley in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. Geography Ubobo is located south of Gladstone and Calliope along Highway 69 in Central Queensland, Australia. It is one of four small townships within the locality of Boyne Valley, along with Nagoorin, Builyan, and Many Peaks. Ubobo is a small town found in the middle of the Boyne Valley, which is mostly made up of family farms that have been passed on to the next generation over the years. History The Town of Ubobo appears on a 1921 survey plan U7251. It was established as one of the soldier settlements created after World War I. The name comes from the railway station name, assigned in 1910 by the Queensland Railways Department and is believed to be an Aboriginal word meaning wild arrowroot. The railway station was on the Gladstone to Monto railway line. The first school building was originally built as the Glassford Creek State School at the end of the 19th century, and was dismantled and moved to Ubobo where it opened as Ubobo State School 23 March 1927. A larger building was opened in 1932 and the original building offered for sale. Circa August 1931, Sunday School classes began in the Ubobo Hall organised by St Saviour's Anglican Church in Gladstone. Circa May 1934, William Alexander Fancourt McDonald, of Wietalaba, donated land for an Anglican church in Ubobo. Later, St Luke's Anglican Church was opened at 4995 Gladstone Monto Road (24°24′26″S 151°19′26″E / 24.4071°S 151.3240°E / -24.4071; 151.3240 (St Luke's Anglican Church)). It is now closed and is used for commercial purposes. The Boyne Valley branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association (QCWA) was established on 21 November 1935. On 24 December 1953, the Ububo Memorial Hall was burned down in a fire. In January 1955, a new memorial hall was opened. The QCWA hall in Ububo was officially opened in April 1959. The building was originally built in 1914 as the post office at Many Peaks. It was later moved to Littlemore (approx 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Ubobo) and become the Littlemore Memorial Hall. The QCWA branch had been using the old Ububo Memorial Hall until it was destroyed. The QCWA were gifted the Littlemore Memorial Hall which was relocated to 5 Railway Terrace, Ububo in 1958. In 1985, a building was relocated from Calliope to Ubobo to become St Mary's Catholic Church. The Ubobo Post Office was closed on the 4th of August 1993. Amenities The town is made up of the Ubobo General Store the local garage two small churches a well-used QCWA hall the Boyne Valley Community Discovery Center has been restored by volunteers and provides camping and accommodation. St Mary's Catholic Church at 4985 Gladstone Monto Road (24°24′23″S 151°19′25″E / 24.4065°S 151.3236°E / -24.4065; 151.3236 (St Mary's Catholic Church)). the Boyne Valley Historical Cottage, opened in 1988 by the Boyne Valley Historical Society Inc. The historical display. located at Railway Terrace, Ubobo, is open by appointment. Education Ubobo State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Cedarvale Road (24°24′24″S 151°19′18″E / 24.4067°S 151.3217°E / -24.4067; 151.3217 (Ubobo State School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 12 students with 3 teachers (2 full-time equivalent) and 4 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent). Enrolments had been declining for several years, and at the start of 2019 the school had only 2 students. After both students left to attend other schools, the school was temporarily closed and remains so as of January 2022. There are no secondary schools in the Boyne Valley. The nearest government secondary school is Calliope State High School in Calliope to the north, which offers secondary schooling to Year 10. For Years 11 and 12, the nearest government schools are Gladstone State High School in West Gladstone and Tannum Sands State High School in Tannum Sands, both to the north; however, the distances involved are sufficiently large that distance education and boarding school are other options. Heritage listings Soldier Settler House, 2009Boyne Valley QCWA Hall, 2017Ubobo has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: Gladstone-Monto Road: Soldier Settler House 5 Railway Terrace: Ububo QCWA 7 Railway Terrace: the Ubobo Station Mistress's Residence is now used as the headquarters of the Boyne Valley Historical Society References ^ a b "Ubobo – town in Gladstone Region (entry 35710)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020. ^ a b "New Memorial Hall At Ubobo". The Central Queensland Herald. Vol. 22, no. 1302. Queensland, Australia. 20 January 1955. p. 10. Retrieved 1 January 2019 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019. ^ "History". Ubobo State School. 21 January 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ^ "ANGLICAN SYNOD OF R'TON DIOCESE". The Evening News. No. 3926. Queensland, Australia. 15 May 1934. p. 5. Retrieved 29 January 2022 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Blake, Thom. "St Luke's Anglican Church". Queensland religious places database. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ "St Luke's Anglican Church - Former". Churches Australia. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ a b "Boyne Valley Branch, Queensland Country Women's Association". Boyne Valley. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. ^ Blake, Thom. "St Mary's Catholic Church". Queensland religious places database. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ "ParlInfo - QUESTIONS ON NOTICE : Postal Services". parlinfo.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ "Home - Boyne Valley Community Discovery Centre". Boyne Valley Community Discovery Centre Inc. 13 April 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2022. ^ "Gladstone". Catholic Diocese of Rockhampton. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ "St Mary's Catholic Church". Churches Australia. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ a b "Queensland Globe". State of Queensland. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ "Boyne Valley Historical Society". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 3 October 2022. ^ "State and non-state school details". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018. ^ a b "Ubobo State School". Ubobo State School. 21 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ "ACARA School Profile 2017". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018. ^ "Temporary Closure of Ubobo State School". Queensland Government. 17 September 1919. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ "Soldier Settler House (entry 602229)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 8 July 2013. ^ "Ubobo QCWA". Gladstone Heritage Register. Gladstone Regional Council. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019. ^ Billing, Amy. "Local Heritage Register". Gladstone Regional Council. Ubobo Station Mistress's Residence. Retrieved 3 October 2022. Further links Ubobo State School (2002), Ubobo State School : a collection of memories : celebrating 75 years of state education, 1927 - 2002, Ubobo State School External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ubobo. "Town map of Ubobo". Queensland Government. 1973. "Gladstone Localities". Queensland Places. University of Queensland. The Boyne Valley, Queensland, Australia Map of The Boyne Valley List of articles about Ubobo State School on Trove vteTowns, suburbs and localities in the Gladstone Region, Queensland Agnes Water Aldoga Ambrose Baffle Creek Bangalee Barney Point Beachton Beecher Benaraby Berajondo Bororen Boyne Island Boyne Valley Boynedale Bracewell Builyan Burua Byellee Callemondah Calliope Captain Creek Clinton Colosseum Curtis Island Darts Creek Deepwater Diglum East End Euleilah Eurimbula Farmers Point Foreshores Gatcombe Gindoran Gladstone Gladstone Central Gladstone Harbour Glen Eden Iveragh Kin Kora Kirkwood Lowmead Machine Creek Many Peaks Miriam Vale Mount Alma Mount Larcom Mount Maria Mount Tom Nagoorin New Auckland Northcliffe O'Connell Oyster Creek Raglan River Ranch Rodds Bay Rosedale Round Hill Rules Beach Seventeen Seventy South Gladstone South Trees Southend Sun Valley Tablelands Tannum Sands Taragoola Targinnie Taunton Telina The Narrows Toolooa Turkey Beach Ubobo West Gladstone West Stowe Wooderson Wurdong Heights Yarwun Main Article: Local government areas of Queensland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Boyne Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyne_Valley,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Gladstone Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_Region"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnt-1"}],"text":"Town in Queensland, AustraliaUbobo is a rural town in the locality of Boyne Valley in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia.[1]","title":"Ubobo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Calliope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliope,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Boyne Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyne_Valley,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Nagoorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoorin,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Builyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builyan,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Many Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many_Peaks,_Queensland"}],"text":"Ubobo is located south of Gladstone and Calliope along Highway 69 in Central Queensland, Australia. It is one of four small townships within the locality of Boyne Valley, along with Nagoorin, Builyan, and Many Peaks.Ubobo is a small town found in the middle of the Boyne Valley, which is mostly made up of family farms that have been passed on to the next generation over the years.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soldier settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_settlements_in_Queensland"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Queensland Railways Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Railways_Department"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnt-1"},{"link_name":"Gladstone to Monto railway line.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byellee_to_Monto_railway_line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"24°24′26″S 151°19′26″E / 24.4071°S 151.3240°E / -24.4071; 151.3240 (St Luke's Anglican Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ubobo&params=24.4071_S_151.324_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=St+Luke%27s+Anglican+Church"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Queensland Country Women's Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Country_Women%27s_Association"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Many Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many_Peaks,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Littlemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littlemore,_Queensland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Calliope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliope,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Town of Ubobo appears on a 1921 survey plan U7251. It was established as one of the soldier settlements created after World War I.[2]The name comes from the railway station name, assigned in 1910 by the Queensland Railways Department and is believed to be an Aboriginal word meaning wild arrowroot.[1] The railway station was on the Gladstone to Monto railway line.The first school building was originally built as the Glassford Creek State School at the end of the 19th century, and was dismantled and moved to Ubobo where it opened as Ubobo State School 23 March 1927.[3] A larger building was opened in 1932 and the original building offered for sale.[4]Circa August 1931, Sunday School classes began in the Ubobo Hall organised by St Saviour's Anglican Church in Gladstone. Circa May 1934, William Alexander Fancourt McDonald, of Wietalaba, donated land for an Anglican church in Ubobo.[5] Later,[when?] St Luke's Anglican Church was opened at 4995 Gladstone Monto Road (24°24′26″S 151°19′26″E / 24.4071°S 151.3240°E / -24.4071; 151.3240 (St Luke's Anglican Church)). It is now closed and is used for commercial purposes.[6][7]The Boyne Valley branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association (QCWA) was established on 21 November 1935.[8]On 24 December 1953, the Ububo Memorial Hall was burned down in a fire. In January 1955, a new memorial hall was opened.[2]The QCWA hall in Ububo was officially opened in April 1959. The building was originally built in 1914 as the post office at Many Peaks. It was later moved to Littlemore (approx 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Ubobo) and become the Littlemore Memorial Hall. The QCWA branch had been using the old Ububo Memorial Hall until it was destroyed. The QCWA were gifted the Littlemore Memorial Hall which was relocated to 5 Railway Terrace, Ububo in 1958.[8]In 1985, a building was relocated from Calliope to Ubobo to become St Mary's Catholic Church.[9]The Ubobo Post Office was closed on the 4th of August 1993. [10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QCWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Country_Women%27s_Association"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"24°24′23″S 151°19′25″E / 24.4065°S 151.3236°E / -24.4065; 151.3236 (St Mary's Catholic Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ubobo&params=24.4065_S_151.3236_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=St+Mary%27s+Catholic+Church"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The town is made up ofthe Ubobo General Store\nthe local garage\ntwo small churches\na well-used QCWA hall\nthe Boyne Valley Community Discovery Center has been restored by volunteers and provides camping and accommodation.[11]\nSt Mary's Catholic Church at 4985 Gladstone Monto Road (24°24′23″S 151°19′25″E / 24.4065°S 151.3236°E / -24.4065; 151.3236 (St Mary's Catholic Church)).[12][13][14]\nthe Boyne Valley Historical Cottage, opened in 1988 by the Boyne Valley Historical Society Inc. The historical display. located at Railway Terrace, Ubobo, is open by appointment.[15]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"24°24′24″S 151°19′18″E / 24.4067°S 151.3217°E / -24.4067; 151.3217 (Ubobo State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ubobo&params=24.4067_S_151.3217_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Ubobo+State+School"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList20182-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA20172-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Calliope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliope,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Gladstone State High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_State_High_School"},{"link_name":"West Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gladstone,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Tannum Sands State High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannum_Sands_State_High_School"},{"link_name":"Tannum Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannum_Sands,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"distance education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education_in_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-14"}],"text":"Ubobo State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Cedarvale Road (24°24′24″S 151°19′18″E / 24.4067°S 151.3217°E / -24.4067; 151.3217 (Ubobo State School)).[16][17] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 12 students with 3 teachers (2 full-time equivalent) and 4 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).[18] Enrolments had been declining for several years, and at the start of 2019 the school had only 2 students. After both students left to attend other schools, the school was temporarily closed and remains so as of January 2022.[17][19]There are no secondary schools in the Boyne Valley. The nearest government secondary school is Calliope State High School in Calliope to the north, which offers secondary schooling to Year 10. For Years 11 and 12, the nearest government schools are Gladstone State High School in West Gladstone and Tannum Sands State High School in Tannum Sands, both to the north; however, the distances involved are sufficiently large that distance education and boarding school are other options.[14]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soldier_Settler_House_(2009).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubobo_Boyne_Valley_CWA_Building_001.JPG"},{"link_name":"heritage-listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage-listed"},{"link_name":"Soldier Settler House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Settler_House,_Ubobo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ubobo_QCWA-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Soldier Settler House, 2009Boyne Valley QCWA Hall, 2017Ubobo has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:Gladstone-Monto Road: Soldier Settler House[20]\n5 Railway Terrace: Ububo QCWA[21]\n7 Railway Terrace: the Ubobo Station Mistress's Residence is now used as the headquarters of the Boyne Valley Historical Society[22]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ubobo State School : a collection of memories : celebrating 75 years of state education, 1927 - 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/work/8443876"}],"text":"Ubobo State School (2002), Ubobo State School : a collection of memories : celebrating 75 years of state education, 1927 - 2002, Ubobo State School","title":"Further links"}]	[{"image_text":"Soldier Settler House, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Soldier_Settler_House_%282009%29.jpg/220px-Soldier_Settler_House_%282009%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boyne Valley QCWA Hall, 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ubobo_Boyne_Valley_CWA_Building_001.JPG/220px-Ubobo_Boyne_Valley_CWA_Building_001.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ubobo – town in Gladstone Region (entry 35710)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Ubobo&types=0&place=Ubobo35710","url_text":"\"Ubobo – town in Gladstone Region (entry 35710)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"New Memorial Hall At Ubobo\". The Central Queensland Herald. Vol. 22, no. 1302. Queensland, Australia. 20 January 1955. p. 10. Retrieved 1 January 2019 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75434449","url_text":"\"New Memorial Hall At Ubobo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Central_Queensland_Herald","url_text":"The Central Queensland Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://education.qld.gov.au/about-us/history/school-anniversaries/opening-closing-dates","url_text":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Ubobo State School. 21 January 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboboss.eq.edu.au/our-school/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANGLICAN SYNOD OF R'TON DIOCESE\". The Evening News. No. 3926. Queensland, Australia. 15 May 1934. p. 5. Retrieved 29 January 2022 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198826129","url_text":"\"ANGLICAN SYNOD OF R'TON DIOCESE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_News_(Rockhampton)","url_text":"The Evening News"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Thom. \"St Luke's Anglican Church\". Queensland religious places database. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thomblake.com.au/qc_new/view_p.php?id=4715","url_text":"\"St Luke's Anglican Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Luke's Anglican Church - Former\". Churches Australia. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list-of-churches/denominations/anglican/directory/2929-st-lukeand#39;s-anglican-church-former","url_text":"\"St Luke's Anglican Church - Former\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boyne Valley Branch, Queensland Country Women's Association\". Boyne Valley. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://boynevalley.org.au/organisations/cwa/","url_text":"\"Boyne Valley Branch, Queensland Country Women's Association\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190101023658/https://boynevalley.org.au/organisations/cwa/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Thom. \"St Mary's Catholic Church\". Queensland religious places database. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thomblake.com.au/qc_new/view_p.php?id=4716","url_text":"\"St Mary's Catholic Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"ParlInfo - QUESTIONS ON NOTICE : Postal Services\". parlinfo.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22chamber/hansards/1996-06-17/0129%22;src1=sm1","url_text":"\"ParlInfo - QUESTIONS ON NOTICE : Postal Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home - Boyne Valley Community Discovery Centre\". Boyne Valley Community Discovery Centre Inc. 13 April 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://boynevalley.org.au/","url_text":"\"Home - Boyne Valley Community Discovery Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gladstone\". Catholic Diocese of Rockhampton. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://rok.catholic.net.au/parish/gladstone/","url_text":"\"Gladstone\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Mary's Catholic Church\". Churches Australia. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list-of-churches/locations/queensland/t-z-towns/directory/1047-st-maryand#39;s-catholic-church","url_text":"\"St Mary's Catholic Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queensland Globe\". State of Queensland. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/","url_text":"\"Queensland Globe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Queensland","url_text":"State of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"Boyne Valley Historical Society\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/BoyneValleyHistoricalSociety/","url_text":"\"Boyne Valley Historical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"State and non-state school details\". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"\"State and non-state school details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121065959/https://data.qld.gov.au/dataset/state-and-non-state-school-details/resource/5b39065c-df32-415c-994c-5ff12f8de997","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ubobo State School\". Ubobo State School. 21 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://uboboss.eq.edu.au/","url_text":"\"Ubobo State School\""}]},{"reference":"\"ACARA School Profile 2017\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0","url_text":"\"ACARA School Profile 2017\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010027/http://www.acara.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/school-profile-20172c7b12404c94637ead88ff00003e0139.xlsx?sfvrsn=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Temporary Closure of Ubobo State School\". Queensland Government. 17 September 1919. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com.au/gp/product/B07GRNT5R8/ref=ppx_od_dt_b_asin_title_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1","url_text":"\"Temporary Closure of Ubobo State School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Soldier Settler House (entry 602229)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 8 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=602229","url_text":"\"Soldier Settler House (entry 602229)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Ubobo QCWA\". Gladstone Heritage Register. Gladstone Regional Council. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gladstone.qld.gov.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=db86e92b-e2c1-43d0-9014-6fce43b5481b&groupId=1570002","url_text":"\"Ubobo QCWA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_Regional_Council","url_text":"Gladstone Regional Council"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190101030508/http://www.gladstone.qld.gov.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=db86e92b-e2c1-43d0-9014-6fce43b5481b&groupId=1570002","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Billing, Amy. \"Local Heritage Register\". Gladstone Regional Council. Ubobo Station Mistress's Residence. Retrieved 3 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gladstone.qld.gov.au/local-heritage-register","url_text":"\"Local Heritage Register\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_Regional_Council","url_text":"Gladstone Regional Council"}]},{"reference":"Ubobo State School (2002), Ubobo State School : a collection of memories : celebrating 75 years of state education, 1927 - 2002, Ubobo State School","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8443876","url_text":"Ubobo State School : a collection of memories : celebrating 75 years of state education, 1927 - 2002"}]},{"reference":"\"Town map of Ubobo\". Queensland Government. 1973.","urls":[{"url":"https://gisservices.information.qld.gov.au/arcgis/rest/directories/historicalscans/cad_scans/cad-map-town-ubobo-1973.jpg","url_text":"\"Town map of Ubobo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Gladstone Localities\". Queensland Places. University of Queensland.","urls":[{"url":"http://queenslandplaces.com.au/gladstone-localities","url_text":"\"Gladstone Localities\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ubobo&params=24.4047_S_151.3211_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Ubobo+%28town+centre%29","external_links_name":"24°24′17″S 151°19′16″E / 24.4047°S 151.3211°E / -24.4047; 151.3211 (Ubobo (town centre))"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Ubobo","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Ubobo","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Ubobo","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Ubobo","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Ubobo","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ubobo&params=24.4047_S_151.3211_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Ubobo+%28town+centre%29","external_links_name":"24°24′17″S 151°19′16″E / 24.4047°S 151.3211°E / -24.4047; 151.3211 (Ubobo (town centre))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ubobo&params=24.4071_S_151.324_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=St+Luke%27s+Anglican+Church","external_links_name":"24°24′26″S 151°19′26″E / 24.4071°S 151.3240°E / -24.4071; 151.3240 (St Luke's Anglican Church)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ubobo&params=24.4065_S_151.3236_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=St+Mary%27s+Catholic+Church","external_links_name":"24°24′23″S 151°19′25″E / 24.4065°S 151.3236°E / -24.4065; 151.3236 (St Mary's Catholic Church)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ubobo&params=24.4067_S_151.3217_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Ubobo+State+School","external_links_name":"24°24′24″S 151°19′18″E / 24.4067°S 151.3217°E / -24.4067; 151.3217 (Ubobo State School)"},{"Link":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Ubobo&types=0&place=Ubobo35710","external_links_name":"\"Ubobo – town in Gladstone Region (entry 35710)\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article75434449","external_links_name":"\"New Memorial Hall At Ubobo\""},{"Link":"https://education.qld.gov.au/about-us/history/school-anniversaries/opening-closing-dates","external_links_name":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\""},{"Link":"https://uboboss.eq.edu.au/our-school/history","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198826129","external_links_name":"\"ANGLICAN SYNOD OF R'TON DIOCESE\""},{"Link":"https://www.thomblake.com.au/qc_new/view_p.php?id=4715","external_links_name":"\"St Luke's Anglican Church\""},{"Link":"https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list-of-churches/denominations/anglican/directory/2929-st-lukeand#39;s-anglican-church-former","external_links_name":"\"St Luke's Anglican Church - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance,_North_Carolina	Alliance, North Carolina	["1 Geography","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","2.2 2000 census","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 35°08′37″N 76°48′30″W / 35.14361°N 76.80833°W / 35.14361; -76.80833 Town in North Carolina, United StatesAlliance, North CarolinaTownLocation of Alliance, North CarolinaCoordinates: 35°08′37″N 76°48′30″W / 35.14361°N 76.80833°W / 35.14361; -76.80833CountryUnited StatesStateNorth CarolinaCountyPamlicoArea • Total2.09 sq mi (5.40 km2) • Land2.09 sq mi (5.40 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation0 ft (0 m)Population (2020) • Total733 • Density351.39/sq mi (135.66/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code28509Area code252FIPS code37-01000GNIS feature ID2405137 Alliance is a town in Pamlico County, North Carolina, United States. Its name is derived from the Farmers Alliance Movement from around 1874, two years after Pamlico was founded. Alliance was incorporated in 1965. The majority of land in Alliance is farmland. The population was 776 at the 2010 census. It is part of the New Bern, North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1970577—19806166.8%1990583−5.4%200078134.0%2010776−0.6%2020733−5.5%U.S. Decennial Census 2020 census Alliance racial composition Race Number Percentage White (non-Hispanic) 556 75.85% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 123 16.78% Native American 1 0.14% Asian 5 0.68% Pacific Islander 1 0.14% Other/Mixed 19 2.59% Hispanic or Latino 28 3.82% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 733 people, 340 households, and 216 families residing in the town. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 781 people, 288 households, and 201 families residing in the town. The population density was 389.5 inhabitants per square mile (150.4/km2). There were 304 housing units at an average density of 151.6 per square mile (58.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 79.64% White, 17.67% African American, 1.15% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.77% of the population. There were 288 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.93. In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 24.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $26,719, and the median income for a family was $35,250. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $22,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,951. About 12.1% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 16.8% of those age 65 or over. References ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Alliance, North Carolina ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 23, 2021. External links Pamlico Today – online newspaper of the Pamlico Sound vteMunicipalities and communities of Pamlico County, North Carolina, United StatesCounty seat: BayboroTowns Alliance Arapahoe Bayboro Grantsboro Mesic Minnesott Beach Oriental Stonewall Vandemere CDP Hobucken Unincorporated community Lowland North Carolina portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamlico County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamlico_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Farmers Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers_Alliance"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"New Bern, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Micropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bern_micropolitan_area"}],"text":"Town in North Carolina, United StatesAlliance is a town in Pamlico County, North Carolina, United States. Its name is derived from the Farmers Alliance Movement from around 1874, two years after Pamlico was founded. Alliance was incorporated in 1965. The majority of land in Alliance is farmland. The population was 776 at the 2010 census. It is part of the New Bern, North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Alliance, North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 733 people, 340 households, and 216 families residing in the town.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 781 people, 288 households, and 201 families residing in the town. The population density was 389.5 inhabitants per square mile (150.4/km2). There were 304 housing units at an average density of 151.6 per square mile (58.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 79.64% White, 17.67% African American, 1.15% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.77% of the population.There were 288 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.93.In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 24.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.4 males.The median income for a household in the town was $26,719, and the median income for a family was $35,250. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $22,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,951. About 12.1% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 16.8% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North_Carolina_Map_Highlighting_Pamlico_County.PNG/180px-North_Carolina_Map_Highlighting_Pamlico_County.PNG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3701000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alliance,_North_Carolina&params=35_08_37_N_76_48_30_W_region:US-NC_type:city(733)","external_links_name":"35°08′37″N 76°48′30″W / 35.14361°N 76.80833°W / 35.14361; -76.80833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alliance,_North_Carolina&params=35_08_37_N_76_48_30_W_region:US-NC_type:city(733)","external_links_name":"35°08′37″N 76°48′30″W / 35.14361°N 76.80833°W / 35.14361; -76.80833"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2405137","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Alliance, North Carolina"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3701000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316144157/http://www.pamlicotoday.com/","external_links_name":"Pamlico Today – online newspaper of the Pamlico Sound"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley,_VA	Langley, Virginia	["1 In popular culture","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°56′47″N 77°9′32″W / 38.94639°N 77.15889°W / 38.94639; -77.15889Unincorporated community in Virginia, United States This article is about the unincorporated community of Langley in McLean, Virginia. For the military installation in Hampton, Virginia, see Joint Base Langley–Eustis. Unincorporated community in Virginia, United StatesLangley, VirginiaUnincorporated communityLangley High SchoolLangleyShow map of Northern VirginiaLangleyShow map of VirginiaLangleyShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 38°56′47″N 77°9′32″W / 38.94639°N 77.15889°W / 38.94639; -77.15889CountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountyFairfaxTime zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Codes22101, 22102GNIS feature ID1495816 Langley High School, pictured here in June 2008, serves much of northeastern Fairfax County, Virginia. Visible on the left is the five stone memorial to the families affected by the September 11 attack on the Pentagon, the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense. Langley is an unincorporated community in the census-designated place of McLean in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The name "Langley" often occurs as a metonym for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as the community is home to the CIA headquarters, the George Bush Center for Intelligence. The land which makes up Langley today once belonged to Thomas Lee, former Crown Governor of the Colony of Virginia from 1749 to 1750. Lee's land was named Langley in honor of Langley Hall, which formed part of the Lee home estate in Shropshire, England. In 1839 Benjamin Mackall purchased 700 acres (283 ha) of land from the Lee family, while keeping the name. The community was essentially absorbed into McLean many years ago, although there is still a Langley High School. In addition to its roles as a bedroom community for Washington, D.C., and as home to the CIA's headquarters, the area is the site of the Federal Highway Administration's Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center and formerly the Claude Moore Colonial Farm of the National Park Service, now permanently closed. In popular culture In the animated series American Dad!, the city of Langley Falls, Virginia, in which the show takes place, is loosely based on Langley, being depicted as a somewhat larger city as well as the headquarters of the CIA, where main character Stan Smith works as an agent. "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "Party in The CIA" starts with the line "I moved out to Langley recently". In the expansion to the CD Projekt game Cyberpunk 2077 - Phantom Liberty, there is a location of the Military Medical Center located in Langley. See also Quantico, Virginia References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Langley, Virginia ^ The CIA Campus: The Story of Original Headquarters Building ^ Compare: Kessler, Ronald (January 10, 2012) . Inside the CIA. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 347. ISBN 9781439140772. Retrieved June 4, 2023. Benjamin Mackall, who acquired the Langley estate from the Lee family in 1836. ^ "Langley HS Map" (PDF). Fairfax County Public Schools. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Langley, Virginia. "Why Is It Named Langley, Virginia?"—Ghosts of DC history blog vteMunicipalities and communities of Fairfax County, Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: FairfaxTowns Clifton Herndon Vienna Map of Virginia highlighting Fairfax CountyCDPs Annandale Bailey's Crossroads Belle Haven Braddock Bull Run Burke Burke Centre Centreville Chantilly Crosspointe Difficult Run Dranesville Dunn Loring Fair Lakes Fair Oaks Fairfax Station Floris Fort Belvoir Fort Hunt Franconia Franklin Farm George Mason Great Falls Great Falls Crossing Greenbriar Groveton Hayfield Huntington Hutchison Hybla Valley Idylwood Kings Park Kings Park West Kingstowne Lake Barcroft Laurel Hill Lincolnia Long Branch Lorton Mantua Mason Neck McLean McNair Merrifield Mount Vernon Navy Newington Newington Forest North Springfield Oakton Pimmit Hills Ravensworth Reston Rose Hill Seven Corners South Falls Church South Run Springfield Sully Square Tysons Union Mill Wakefield West Falls Church West Springfield Wolf Trap Woodburn Woodlawn Othercommunities Accotink Arcturus Barkers Crossroads Blevinstown Browns Mill Colchester Colchester Hunt Cooktown Culmore Doveville Farrs Corner Five Forks Gum Springs Hattontown Hollin Hills Hollindale Jermantown Langley Lewinsville Lewis Park New Alexandria Oak Hill Odricks Corner Pohick Rainbow Shady Oak Sleepy Hollow South Alexandria Strathmeade Springs Uniontown Westhampton West McLean Ghost town(s) Matildaville Virginia portal United States portal vteCentral Intelligence AgencyUnited States Intelligence Community (CIA Headquarters: George Bush Center for Intelligence, Langley, Virginia)Organization History Directorate of Analysis Directorate of Science & Technology Directorate of Operations (Special Activities Center, National Resources Division) Directorate of Support Operations Support Branch Geographic activities Americas Russia and Europe Africa Asia Transnational activities Alleged drug trafficking (Involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking) Arms control, WMD, and proliferation Black sites Controversies Counterterrorism Crime and illicit drug trade Health and economy Human rights violations Influence on public opinion Directors William J. Donovan (OSS) Sidney Souers Hoyt Vandenberg Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter Walter Bedell Smith Allen Dulles John A. McCone William Raborn Richard Helms James R. Schlesinger William Colby George H. W. Bush Stansfield Turner William J. Casey William H. Webster Robert Gates R. James Woolsey Jr. John M. Deutch George Tenet Porter Goss Michael Hayden Leon Panetta David Petraeus John Brennan Mike Pompeo Gina Haspel William J. Burns Major international operations Operation Ajax Operation PBSuccess Secret War 1960 U-2 incident Congo Crisis Bay of Pigs Invasion Operation Mongoose Phoenix Program Operation Rubicon United States intervention in Chile Operation Cyclone Iran–Contra affair Drone strikes in Pakistan Operation Neptune Spear Timber Sycamore Notable works The Invisible Government (1964) All the Shah's Men (2003) Ghost Wars (2004) Overthrow (2006) Legacy of Ashes (2007) The Unexpected Spy (2019) CIA activities by country Afghanistan Angola Brazil Cambodia Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Cuba DRC France Guatemala Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Italy Japan Laos Libya Myanmar Nicaragua North Korea Pakistan Peru Philippines Somalia Soviet Union Sudan Syria Turkey United Kingdom USA Vietnam Yemen Official reports by the U.S. Government on the CIA Project MKUltra Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joint Base Langley–Eustis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Base_Langley%E2%80%93Eustis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Langley_High_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"Langley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_High_School_(Fairfax_County,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Fairfax County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"September 11 attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attack"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fairfax County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"metonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymy"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"George Bush Center for Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(Virginia_colonist)"},{"link_name":"Crown Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Langley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Langley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_High_School_(Fairfax_County,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"bedroom community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_town"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Federal Highway Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration"},{"link_name":"Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner-Fairbank_Highway_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Claude Moore Colonial Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Moore_Colonial_Farm"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Virginia, United StatesThis article is about the unincorporated community of Langley in McLean, Virginia. For the military installation in Hampton, Virginia, see Joint Base Langley–Eustis.Unincorporated community in Virginia, United StatesLangley High School, pictured here in June 2008, serves much of northeastern Fairfax County, Virginia. Visible on the left is the five stone memorial to the families affected by the September 11 attack on the Pentagon, the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense.Langley is an unincorporated community in the census-designated place of McLean in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The name \"Langley\" often occurs as a metonym for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as the community is home to the CIA headquarters, the George Bush Center for Intelligence. The land which makes up Langley today once belonged to Thomas Lee, former Crown Governor of the Colony of Virginia from 1749 to 1750. Lee's land was named Langley in honor of Langley Hall, which formed part of the Lee home estate in Shropshire, England.[2] In 1839 Benjamin Mackall purchased 700 acres (283 ha) of land from the Lee family,[3]\nwhile keeping the name.[citation needed]The community was essentially absorbed into McLean many years ago,[when?] although there is still a Langley High School.[4] In addition to its roles as a bedroom community for Washington, D.C., and as home to the CIA's headquarters, the area is the site of the Federal Highway Administration's Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center and formerly the Claude Moore Colonial Farm of the National Park Service, now permanently closed.","title":"Langley, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Dad!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dad!"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Stan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Smith_(American_Dad!)"},{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"Party in The CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpocalypse"},{"link_name":"CD Projekt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Projekt"},{"link_name":"Cyberpunk 2077","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077"},{"link_name":"Phantom Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077:_Phantom_Liberty"}],"text":"In the animated series American Dad!, the city of Langley Falls, Virginia, in which the show takes place, is loosely based on Langley, being depicted as a somewhat larger city as well as the headquarters of the CIA, where main character Stan Smith works as an agent.\"Weird Al\" Yankovic's song \"Party in The CIA\" starts with the line \"I moved out to Langley recently\".In the expansion to the CD Projekt game Cyberpunk 2077 - Phantom Liberty, there is a location of the Military Medical Center located in Langley.","title":"In popular culture"}]	[{"image_text":"Langley High School, pictured here in June 2008, serves much of northeastern Fairfax County, Virginia. Visible on the left is the five stone memorial to the families affected by the September 11 attack on the Pentagon, the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Langley_High_School.jpg/220px-Langley_High_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Virginia highlighting Fairfax County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Fairfax_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Fairfax_County.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Quantico, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia"}]	[{"reference":"Kessler, Ronald (January 10, 2012) [1992]. Inside the CIA. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 347. ISBN 9781439140772. Retrieved June 4, 2023. [...] Benjamin Mackall, who acquired the Langley estate from the Lee family in 1836.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Kessler","url_text":"Kessler, Ronald"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IMQGdK2AQhkC","url_text":"Inside the CIA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439140772","url_text":"9781439140772"}]},{"reference":"\"Langley HS Map\" (PDF). Fairfax County Public Schools. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babice,_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_County	Babice, Oświęcim County	["1 History","2 References"]	Coordinates: 50°03′13.6″N 19°12′04″E / 50.053778°N 19.20111°E / 50.053778; 19.20111For other places with the same name, see Babice. Village in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, PolandBabiceVillage Coat of armsLocation of Babice within Gmina OświęcimBabiceShow map of PolandBabiceShow map of Lesser Poland VoivodeshipCoordinates: 50°03′13.6″N 19°12′04″E / 50.053778°N 19.20111°E / 50.053778; 19.20111Country PolandVoivodeshipLesser PolandCountyOświęcimGminaGmina OświęcimFirst mentioned1314Elevation238 m (781 ft)Population1,582Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Vehicle registrationKOSNational roads Babice (Polish pronunciation: ) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oświęcim, within Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. History In the 10th century, the area became part of the emerging Polish state. Following the fragmentation of Poland, it was located within several provincial duchies, incl. the Duchy of Oświęcim, formed in 1315, which in 1327 became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia. The village was first mentioned in 1314. In the document of Jan IV of Oświęcim issued on 21 January 1457 in which the duke agreed to sell the Duchy of Oświęcim to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland the village was mentioned as Babicze. The territory of the Duchy of Oświęcim was eventually incorporated directly into Poland in 1564 and formed the Silesian County in the Kraków Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province. Upon the First Partition of Poland in 1772 it was annexed by Austria, and made part of its newly formed Kingdom of Galicia. After World War I and the fall of Austria-Hungary it became again part of Poland, as the nation regained independence. Following the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the village was occupied and annexed by Nazi Germany. In connection with the construction of the Auschwitz II-Birkenau death camp in nearby Brzezinka, in 1941, the occupiers expelled the entire Polish population of the village, which was initially deported to the nearby Pszczyna County, and afterwards either enslaved as forced labour or deported to the General Government in the more eastern part of German-occupied Poland. A small subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp was located in the depopulated village from May 1943 to January 1945. The camp was mainly for agricultural work on an SS farm. There were 159 men prisoners as of 17 January 1945, and approximately 180 women prisoners of the summer of 1944. After the war, the village was restored to Poland. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. ^ Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał (2002). Księstwa oświęcimskie i zatorskie wobec Korony Polskiej w latach 1438-1513. Dzieje polityczne (in Polish). Kraków: PAU. p. 151. ISBN 83-88857-31-2. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warsaw: IPN. pp. 442–443. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4. ^ "Babitz". Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. Retrieved 26 November 2022. vteGmina OświęcimSeat (not part of the gmina) Oświęcim Villages Babice Broszkowice Brzezinka Dwory II Grojec Harmęże Łazy Osada Stawy Grojeckie Pławy Poręba Wielka Rajsko Stawy Monowskie Włosienica Zaborze Authority control databases: National Germany This Oświęcim County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babice_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[baˈbit͡sɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Oświęcim County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_County"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Babice.Village in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, PolandBabice (Polish pronunciation: [baˈbit͡sɛ]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oświęcim, within Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.[1]","title":"Babice, Oświęcim County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Jan IV of Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_IV_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Oświęcim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"Crown of the Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Silesian County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_County"},{"link_name":"Kraków Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(14th_century_%E2%80%93_1795)"},{"link_name":"Lesser Poland Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Province,_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"First Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"occupied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz II-Birkenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_II-Birkenau"},{"link_name":"death camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_camp"},{"link_name":"Brzezinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzezinka"},{"link_name":"expelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Pszczyna County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszczyna_County"},{"link_name":"forced labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"}],"text":"In the 10th century, the area became part of the emerging Polish state. Following the fragmentation of Poland, it was located within several provincial duchies, incl. the Duchy of Oświęcim, formed in 1315, which in 1327 became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia. The village was first mentioned in 1314. In the document of Jan IV of Oświęcim issued on 21 January 1457 in which the duke agreed to sell the Duchy of Oświęcim to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland the village was mentioned as Babicze.[2]The territory of the Duchy of Oświęcim was eventually incorporated directly into Poland in 1564 and formed the Silesian County in the Kraków Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province. Upon the First Partition of Poland in 1772 it was annexed by Austria, and made part of its newly formed Kingdom of Galicia. After World War I and the fall of Austria-Hungary it became again part of Poland, as the nation regained independence.Following the invasion of Poland in September 1939, the village was occupied and annexed by Nazi Germany. In connection with the construction of the Auschwitz II-Birkenau death camp in nearby Brzezinka, in 1941, the occupiers expelled the entire Polish population of the village, which was initially deported to the nearby Pszczyna County, and afterwards either enslaved as forced labour or deported to the General Government in the more eastern part of German-occupied Poland.[3] A small subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp was located in the depopulated village from May 1943 to January 1945.[4] The camp was mainly for agricultural work on an SS farm. There were 159 men prisoners as of 17 January 1945, and approximately 180 women prisoners of the summer of 1944. After the war, the village was restored to Poland.","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]},{"reference":"Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał (2002). Księstwa oświęcimskie i zatorskie wobec Korony Polskiej w latach 1438-1513. Dzieje polityczne (in Polish). Kraków: PAU. p. 151. ISBN 83-88857-31-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learning","url_text":"PAU"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-88857-31-2","url_text":"83-88857-31-2"}]},{"reference":"Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warsaw: IPN. pp. 442–443. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance","url_text":"IPN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-174-4","url_text":"978-83-8098-174-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Babitz\". Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. Retrieved 26 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/babitz/","url_text":"\"Babitz\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Babice,_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_County&params=50_03_13.6_N_19_12_04_E_type:city(1582)_region:PL-12","external_links_name":"50°03′13.6″N 19°12′04″E / 50.053778°N 19.20111°E / 50.053778; 19.20111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Babice,_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_County&params=50_03_13.6_N_19_12_04_E_type:city(1582)_region:PL-12","external_links_name":"50°03′13.6″N 19°12′04″E / 50.053778°N 19.20111°E / 50.053778; 19.20111"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"http://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/babitz/","external_links_name":"\"Babitz\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1140504096","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babice,_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/267th_(Infantry)_Battalion,_Training_Reserve	7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles)	["1 Background","2 7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles)","2.1 Cardwell reforms","3 3rd and 4th Battalions, Lancashire Fusiliers","3.1 Second Boer War","4 Special Reserve","5 World War I","5.1 Mobilisation","5.2 3rd (Reserve) Battalion","5.3 4th (Extra Reserve) Battalion","5.4 13th (Reserve) Battalion","5.5 Postwar","6 Commanders","7 Uniforms and insignia","8 See also","9 Footnotes","10 Notes","11 References","11.1 External sources"]	7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles)3rd & 4th Bns Lancashire FusiliersActive21 February 1855–April 1953Country United KingdomBranch Militia/Special ReserveRoleInfantrySize1–2 BattalionsGarrison/HQWellington Barracks, BuryEngagementsSecond Boer WarMilitary unit The 7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles) (7th RLM) was an auxiliary regiment raised in the county of Lancashire in North West England just before the Crimean War. It later became part of the Lancashire Fusiliers. Although primarily intended for home defence, its battalions saw active service during the Second Boer War. Following conversion to the Special Reserve (SR) under the Haldane Reforms it supplied reinforcements to the fighting battalions during World War I. After a shadowy postwar existence the unit was finally disbanded in 1953. Background Main article: Lancashire Militia The universal obligation to military service in the Shire levy was long established in England and its legal basis was updated by two acts of 1557 (4 & 5 Ph. & M. cc. 2 and 3), which placed selected men, the 'trained bands', under the command of Lords Lieutenant appointed by the monarch. This is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England. It was an important element in the country's defence at the time of the Spanish Armada in the 1580s, and control of the militia was one of the areas of dispute between King Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War. The English Militia was re-established under local control in 1662 after the Restoration of the monarchy, and the Lancashire Militia fought in King William III's campaign in Ireland in 1690–91, and against the Jacobite Risings in 1715 and 1745. However, between periods of national emergency the militia was regularly allowed to decline. Under threat of French invasion during the Seven Years' War a series of Militia Acts from 1757 reorganised the county militia regiments, the men being conscripted by means of parish ballots (paid substitutes were permitted) to serve for three years. In peacetime they assembled for 28 days' annual training. Lancashire's quota was one regiment, which received the title Royal Lancashire Militia in 1761. These reformed regiments were 'embodied' for permanent service in home defence during the Seven Years' War, the War of American Independence, the French Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic Wars. By 1800 the Royal Lancashire Militia had expanded to three regiments. During the French wars, the militia were embodied for a whole generation, and became regiments of full-time professional soldiers (though restricted to service in the British Isles), which the regular army increasingly saw as a prime source of recruits. They served in coast defences, manning garrisons, guarding prisoners of war, and for internal security, such as the time of the Luddite disturbances. However, in the years of the long peace after the Battle of Waterloo the militia was allowed to decline again, the ballot and annual training being suspended. 7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles) The long-standing Militia of the United Kingdom was revived by the Militia Act 1852, enacted during a period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of the militia ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21–28 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act, militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time service in three circumstances: 'Whenever a state of war exists between Her Majesty and any foreign power'. 'In all cases of invasion or upon imminent danger thereof'. 'In all cases of rebellion or insurrection'. With the threat of war against Russia, the three Lancashire regiments were ordered to recruit up to their full establishments of 1200 men. When war broke out in 1854 an expeditionary force was sent to the Crimea and the militia were embodied for home defence and service in overseas garrisons. Additional infantry and artillery militia regiments were also formed in Lancashire at this time including the 7th Lancashire Militia (Rifles) raised at Bury on 21 February 1855. The Hon Charles James Fox Stanley, younger son of the Earl of Derby and a former lieutenant-colonel in the Grenadier Guards, was commissioned as Colonel of the new regiment, with John Edward Madocks, former captain in the 13th Light Dragoons, as Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant and John Hardy Thursby, former lieutenant in the 90th Foot, as the senior major. The seven militia infantry regiments in Lancashire divided the county up, with the 7th at Bury recruiting from the Manchester and Salford area. The newly raised regiment was not embodied for the Crimean War but began the round of peacetime annual training. On 15 November 1864 it received the 'Royal' title held by the senior Lancashire regiments, becoming the 7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles) (7th RLM). The Militia Reserve introduced in 1867 consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war. Cardwell reforms The Lancashire Fusiliers' Regimental Headquarters at Wellington Barracks. Under the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Militia regiments were brigaded with regular and Volunteer battalions in a regimental district sharing a permanent depot at a suitable county town. Seven double-battalion or paired single-battalion regular regiments were assigned to Lancashire, and each was linked with one of the militia regiments. The militia now came under the War Office rather than their county lords lieutenant, and officers' commissions were signed by the Queen. The 7th RLM was linked with the double-battalion 20th (East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot in Sub-District No 17 (Lancashire), with the depot at Wellington Barracks, Bury. The intention was for the 7th RLM to form its own 2nd Battalion, but this did not happen for a number of years. Although often referred to as brigades, the regimental districts were purely administrative organisations, but in a continuation of the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned regular and militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The 5th, 6th and 7th Royal Lancashire Militia formed 2nd Brigade of 3rd Division, VIII Corps at Melrose, Scottish Borders. 3rd and 4th Battalions, Lancashire Fusiliers The Childers Reforms completed the Cardwell process by incorporating the militia battalions into the expanded county regiments. On 1 July 1881 the 20th Foot became the Lancashire Fusiliers at Bury with the 7th RLM as its 3rd Battalion. The second militia battalion was finally formed as the 4th Battalion on 1 April 1891, the 3rd and 4th being administered as a double-battalion regiment until 1 August 1900. In April 1898 the Lancashire Fusiliers began forming two additional regular battalions, which took the 3rd and 4th places, causing the militia to be renumbered 5th and 6th Battalions. Second Boer War After the disasters of Black Week at the start of the Second Boer War in December 1899, most of the regular army was sent to South Africa, followed by many militia reservists as reinforcements. Militia units were embodied to replace them for home defence and a number volunteered for active service or to garrison overseas stations. The 6th Battalion was one of the first militia units embodied, on 13 December 1899, and immediately volunteered for overseas service, embarking for South Africa with a strength of 20 officers and 659 ORs under the command of Lt-Col F.C. Romer. On arrival at Cape Town on 7 March 1900 its orders for Kimberley were countermanded and it was sent to the Orange River Colony where a Boer resurgence was threatened. Detachments from the battalion guarded the Orange River bridge on the Kimberley railway and numerous other posts, including Christiana. These detachments were engaged in constant patrolling and convoy escort, and skirmishes with the Boers were frequent. The Christiana detachment was there for over a year, with shots exchanged every day and 19 separate minor engagements recorded. On 25 November 1900 the main body of 6th Battalion was ordered to join Maj-Gen Henry Settle's column operating against J.B.M. Hertzog's Commando. On 28 November the column attacked Hertzog who was holding a strong position at Luckhoff, deployed along a 9 miles (14 km) semi-circle of Kopjes. The Boers held on for five hours under artillery fire. They were then cleared from their position by the 6th Lancashire Fusiliers at the point of the bayonet, a rare example of offensive action by militia, who were usually relegated to garrison and escort duties. On 7 January 1901 the battalion took over the Carnarvon district, where it was actively involved in patrolling, escorting guns and convoys, and in operations against Commandant Maritz's Commando. On 26 July the battalion was moved to Hanover Road and later to Beaufort West, providing detachments to build defensive posts and forts around Worcester. On 19 September the battalion entrained for Cape Town where it embarked for home. It was disembodied on 14 October 1901, having lost 18 other ranks (ORs) killed or died of disease. It was awarded the Battle Honour South Africa 1900–01 and the participants received the Queen's South Africa Medal with clasps for 'Cape Colony', 'Orange Free State', and 'Transvaal'. The 5th Lancashire Fusiliers was embodied from 19 February to 17 October 1900. It was re-embodied on 6 May 1901 and volunteered for overseas service. It embarked for South Africa on 4 June under the command of Lt-Col F.F. Mackenzie with a strength of 903 of all ranks, having already sent 300 militia reservists to reinforce the regulars. On arrival at Cape Town on 23 June the battalion proceeded in two wings to Springfontein and was then split into detachments at various places, while battalion headquarters (HQ) went to Naauwpoort. On 28 December the battalion was redeployed, HQ and the main body going to Colesberg where it was employed on blockhouse duty, while two companies garrisoned Port Elizabeth and one was at Cradock. Detachments from the battalion manned No 13 Armoured Train, which took part in operations against the remaining Boer Commandos. The battalion went home after the Treaty of Vereeniging and was disembodied on 25 July 1902, having lost 15 ORs killed or died of disease. It received the South Africa 1901–02 battle honour and the medal with clasps for 'Orange Free State', 'Cape Colony', and 'South Africa 1901 and 1902'. Lieutenant-Col Romer was awarded the CMG. Special Reserve After the Boer War, the future of the Militia was called into question. There were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers) to take their place in the six army corps proposed by St John Brodrick as Secretary of State for War. However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out. Under the sweeping Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Militia was replaced by the Special Reserve, a semi-professional force similar to the previous Militia Reserve, whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for regular units serving overseas in wartime. The two militia battalions of the Lancashire Fusiliers became the 3rd (Reserve) and 4th (Extra Reserve) Battalions on 2 August 1908 (the 3rd and 4th regular battalions having been disbanded in 1906). World War I Mobilisation The Special Reserve was embodied at the outbreak of World War I on 4 August 1914 and on 8 August the 3rd and 4th Lancashire Fusiliers proceeded from Bury to their war stations. For the 3rd Bn this was at Hull as part of the Humber Garrison, while The 4th Bn went to Barrow-in-Furness. They carried out the dual tasks of garrison duties and preparing reinforcement drafts of regular reservists, special reservists, recruits and returning wounded for the two regular battalions, the 1st serving at Gallipoli and then on the Western Front, the 2nd on the Western Front for the whole war. After Lord Kitchener issued his call for volunteers in August 1914, the battalions of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd New Armies ('K1', 'K2' and 'K3' of 'Kitchener's Army') were quickly formed at the regimental depots. The SR battalions also swelled with new recruits and were soon well above their establishment strength. On 8 October 1914 each SR battalion was ordered to use the surplus to form a service battalion of the 4th New Army ('K4'). Accordingly, the 3rd (Reserve) Bn formed the 13th (Service) Bn (see below). 4th (Extra Reserve) Bn was intended to form a 14th Bn, but this was cancelled on 25 October. 3rd (Reserve) Battalion In November 1916 the battalion moved from Hull to Withernsea, still in the Humber Garrison, where it remained for the rest of the war. After the Armistice with Germany the 3rd Bn was disembodied on 26 July 1919 when the remaining personnel were drafted to the 1st Bn. 4th (Extra Reserve) Battalion In October 1916 the battalion moved to Barry, South Wales, in the Severn Garrison, where it remained. After the Armistice the 4th Bn was disembodied on 16 April 1919. 13th (Reserve) Battalion This battalion was formed as 13th (Service) Bn as a K4 battalion at Hull on 5 December 1914 from the surplus personnel of 3rd (Reserve) Bn. It moved to Chesterfield, Derbyshire, and began training for active service. On 10 April 1915 the War Office decided to convert the K4 battalions into 2nd Reserve units, providing drafts for the K1–K3 battalions in the same way that the SR was doing for the Regular battalions. The Lancashire Fusiliers battalion became 13th (Reserve) Battalion, and moved to Lichfield in Staffordshire, in 3rd Reserve Brigade, where it trained drafts for the 9th, 10th , 11th and 12th (Service) Bns. In November it moved to Rugeley, and then in December to Brocton on Cannock Chase. One of the officers trained in the battalion at this period was J. R. R. Tolkien. On 1 September 1916 the 2nd Reserve battalions were transferred to the Training Reserve (TR) and the battalion was redesignated 15th Training Reserve Bn, still in 3rd Reserve Bde at Brocton. The training staff retained their Lancashire Fusiliers badges. On 4 July 1917 it became 267th (Infantry) Battalion, TR, and by August it had moved to Witham in Essex and joined 218th Brigade in 73rd Division. On 24 October 1917 it transferred to the Leicestershire Regiment as 52nd (Graduated) Battalion. It joined 207th Bde in 69th Division at Clipstone Camp in January 1918, moving to Thoresby Park in April. In the autumn it transferred within 69th Division to 208th Bde at Welbeck. After the war it was converted into 52nd (Service) Bn of the Leicestershires on 8 February 1919 and was eventually disbanded at Kinmel Camp on 17 September 1919. Postwar The SR resumed its old title of Militia in 1921 and then became the Supplementary Reserve in 1924, but almost all militia battalions remained in abeyance after World War I. Until 1939 they continued to appear in the Army List, but they were not activated during World War II and were all formally disbanded in April 1953. Commanders The following served as Colonel of the Regiment or later as Honorary Colonel of the regiment: Hon Charles James Fox Stanley, former lt-col, Grenadier Guards, appointed 21 February 1855 Thomas Hale, former captain, 88th Foot, appointed 2 July 1892 The following served as Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant: John Edward Madocks, former captain, 13th Light Dragoons, appointed 22 March 1855 James Ashton, promoted 2 March 1871 Thomas Hale, promoted 7 November 1885 Thomas Brindley, promoted 18 July 1892 Frederick Finch Mackenzie, promoted 20 November 1895 After the battalions were administered separately from 1900: 5th, later 3rd Battalion' Hon Col; Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, appointed 11 June 1902 Lt-Col: Charles L. Robinson, retired major, appointed 30 May 1907 Herbert R. Cobbett, promoted 6 August 1911 6th, later 4th Battalion Hon Col: John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, appointed 16 January 1901 Frederick Charles Romer, CB, CMG, appointed 30 January 1909 Lt-Col: Frederick Charles Romer, retired captain, appointed 18 December 1895 Francis Lee Sanders, appointed 2 August 1908 James Aspinall Turner, promoted 6 September 1911 Uniforms and insignia The uniform of the 7th RLM was Rifle green with black facings in the style of the Rifle Brigade. The badge on the officers' pouch belt was a silver Maltese cross surmounted by a crown; in the centre of the cross was the number 'VII' between the strings of a bugle horn. The ORs' Forage cap badge of 1874–81 had a shield displaying a lion beneath a Fleur-de-lis; suspended from the shield was a bugle horn with a rose between the strings; above and round the shield was a scroll bearing the title 'VII Royal Lancashire Militia'. When the 7th RLM joined the Lancashire Fusiliers in 1881, it adopted that regiment's scarlet uniform with white facings and its insignia. See also Militia (United Kingdom) Special Reserve Lancashire Militia Lancashire Fusiliers Footnotes ^ It is incorrect to describe the British Militia as 'irregular': throughout their history they were equipped and trained exactly like the line regiments of the regular army, and once embodied in time of war they were fulltime professional soldiers for the duration of their enlistment. Notes ^ a b Grierson, pp. 6–7. ^ Hay, pp. 11–17, 25–6. ^ a b c d LRO, Handlist 72. ^ a b c d e Militia at Museum of the Manchester Regiment. ^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 2–3, 10–25, 29–84. ^ a b Frederick, p. 119. ^ Hay, pp. 138–44, 242–3. ^ a b Holmes, pp. 94–100. ^ Knight, pp. 78–9, 111, 255. ^ Knight, pp. 411, 437–47. ^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 87–246. ^ a b Dunlop, pp. 42–52. ^ Grierson, pp. 27–9. ^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 91–2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Frederick, pp. 290–2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hay, pp. 299–302. ^ a b c Hart's, various dates. ^ a b c d e f g h i Army List, various dates. ^ a b Parkyn. ^ Grierson, p. 29. ^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 97, 102, 126–7. ^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 195–6. ^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 4, 15, 19. ^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 327–8. ^ Dunlop, pp. 77–9, 91–3. ^ Spiers, Army and Society, p. 239. ^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, p. 309. ^ Dunlop, pp. 131–40, 158-62. ^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 243–2, 254. ^ Dunlop, pp. 270–2. ^ a b Frederick, pp. vi–vii. ^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 275–7. ^ a b c d e James, pp. 63–4. ^ a b c d e Lancashire Fusiliers at Long, Long Trail. ^ WO Instruction 76 of 8 October 1914. ^ WO Instruction 280 of 25 October 1914. ^ a b Becke, Pt 3b, Appendix I. ^ James, Appendices II & III. ^ WO Instruction 96 of 10 April 1915. ^ Training Reserve at Long, Long Trail. ^ Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 91–8, 111–6. ^ Frederick, p. 237. ^ James, p. 61; Appendices II & III. ^ London Gazette, 10 June 1902. References Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8. Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division, London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X. Col John K. Dunlop, The Development of the British Army 1899–1914, London: Methuen, 1938. J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3. H.G. Hart, The New Annual Army List, and Militia List. Col George Jackson Hay, An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force), London:United Service Gazette, 1905/Ray Westlake Military Books, 1987 Archived 11 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 0-9508530-7-0. Richard Holmes, Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoats to Dusty Warriors, London: HarperPress, 2011, ISBN 978-0-00-722570-5. Lt-Col James Moncrieff Grierson (Col Peter S. Walton, ed.), Scarlet into Khaki: The British Army on the Eve of the Boer War, London: Sampson Low, 1899/London: Greenhill, 1988, ISBN 0-947898-81-6. Brig E.A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, London: Samson Books, 1978/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-197-9. Roger Knight, Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization of Victory 1793–1815', London: Allen Lane, 2013/Penguin, 2014, ISBN 978-0-141-03894-0. H.G. Parkyn, 'English Militia Regiments 1757–1935: Their Badges and Buttons', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol 15, No 60 (Winter 1936), pp. 216–248. Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society 1815–1914, London: Longmans, 1980, ISBN 0-582-48565-7. Edward M. Spiers, The Late Victorian Army 1868–1902, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992/Sandpiper Books, 1999, ISBN 0-7190-2659-8. Instructions Issued by the War Office During October 1914, London: HM Stationery Office. Instructions Issued by the War Office During April 1915, London: HM Stationery Office. Maj R.J.T. Williamson & Col J. Lawson Whalley, History of the Old County Regiment of Lancashire Militia, London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1888. External sources Lancashire Record Office, Handlist 72 Chris Baker, The Long, Long Trail Museum of the Manchester Regiment	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"North West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Lancashire Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Special Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Haldane Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane_Reforms"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Military unitThe 7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles) (7th RLM) was an auxiliary[a] regiment raised in the county of Lancashire in North West England just before the Crimean War. It later became part of the Lancashire Fusiliers. Although primarily intended for home defence, its battalions saw active service during the Second Boer War. Following conversion to the Special Reserve (SR) under the Haldane Reforms it supplied reinforcements to the fighting battalions during World War I. After a shadowy postwar existence the unit was finally disbanded in 1953.","title":"7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shire levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_levy"},{"link_name":"4 & 5 Ph. & M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%26_5_Ph._%26_M."},{"link_name":"trained bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trained_bands"},{"link_name":"Lords Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"county militia in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(English)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"King Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Restoration of the monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration"},{"link_name":"King William III's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"campaign in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1715"},{"link_name":"1745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grierson6-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MancMus-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"county militia regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grierson6-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MancMus-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick119-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmes-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"War of American Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_American_Independence"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Luddite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MancMus-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick119-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmes-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The universal obligation to military service in the Shire levy was long established in England and its legal basis was updated by two acts of 1557 (4 & 5 Ph. & M. cc. 2 and 3), which placed selected men, the 'trained bands', under the command of Lords Lieutenant appointed by the monarch. This is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England. It was an important element in the country's defence at the time of the Spanish Armada in the 1580s, and control of the militia was one of the areas of dispute between King Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War. The English Militia was re-established under local control in 1662 after the Restoration of the monarchy, and the Lancashire Militia fought in King William III's campaign in Ireland in 1690–91, and against the Jacobite Risings in 1715 and 1745. However, between periods of national emergency the militia was regularly allowed to decline.[1][2][3][4][5]Under threat of French invasion during the Seven Years' War a series of Militia Acts from 1757 reorganised the county militia regiments, the men being conscripted by means of parish ballots (paid substitutes were permitted) to serve for three years. In peacetime they assembled for 28 days' annual training. Lancashire's quota was one regiment, which received the title Royal Lancashire Militia in 1761.[1][3][4][6][7][8][9] These reformed regiments were 'embodied' for permanent service in home defence during the Seven Years' War, the War of American Independence, the French Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic Wars. By 1800 the Royal Lancashire Militia had expanded to three regiments. During the French wars, the militia were embodied for a whole generation, and became regiments of full-time professional soldiers (though restricted to service in the British Isles), which the regular army increasingly saw as a prime source of recruits. They served in coast defences, manning garrisons, guarding prisoners of war, and for internal security, such as the time of the Luddite disturbances. However, in the years of the long peace after the Battle of Waterloo the militia was allowed to decline again, the ballot and annual training being suspended.[3][4][6][8][10][11]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Militia of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Militia Act 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Act_1852"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunlop42-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MancMus-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-17"},{"link_name":"Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_13th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Grenadier Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)#Colonel_of_the_Regiment"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"13th Light Dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Light_Dragoons"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"John Hardy Thursby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Thursby,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"90th Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_Foot"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parkyn-20"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunlop42-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpiersVic97-22"}],"text":"The long-standing Militia of the United Kingdom was revived by the Militia Act 1852, enacted during a period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of the militia ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21–28 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act, militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time service in three circumstances:[12][13][14]'Whenever a state of war exists between Her Majesty and any foreign power'.\n'In all cases of invasion or upon imminent danger thereof'.\n'In all cases of rebellion or insurrection'.With the threat of war against Russia, the three Lancashire regiments were ordered to recruit up to their full establishments of 1200 men. When war broke out in 1854 an expeditionary force was sent to the Crimea and the militia were embodied for home defence and service in overseas garrisons. Additional infantry and artillery militia regiments were also formed in Lancashire at this time including the 7th Lancashire Militia (Rifles) raised at Bury on 21 February 1855.[4][15][16] The Hon Charles James Fox Stanley, younger son of the Earl of Derby and a former lieutenant-colonel in the Grenadier Guards, was commissioned as Colonel of the new regiment, with John Edward Madocks, former captain in the 13th Light Dragoons, as Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant and John Hardy Thursby, former lieutenant in the 90th Foot, as the senior major.[17][18][19] The seven militia infantry regiments in Lancashire divided the county up, with the 7th at Bury recruiting from the Manchester and Salford area.[3]The newly raised regiment was not embodied for the Crimean War but began the round of peacetime annual training. On 15 November 1864 it received the 'Royal' title held by the senior Lancashire regiments, becoming the 7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles) (7th RLM).[15][16] The Militia Reserve introduced in 1867 consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war.[12][20][21]","title":"7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fusiliers_Headquarters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1700572.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardwell Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardwell_Reforms"},{"link_name":"Volunteer battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"20th (East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_(East_Devonshire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"Wellington Barracks, Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Barracks,_Bury"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-19"},{"link_name":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Royal_Lancashire_Militia"},{"link_name":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Royal_Lancashire_Militia"},{"link_name":"VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Melrose, Scottish Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-19"}],"sub_title":"Cardwell reforms","text":"The Lancashire Fusiliers' Regimental Headquarters at Wellington Barracks.Under the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Militia regiments were brigaded with regular and Volunteer battalions in a regimental district sharing a permanent depot at a suitable county town. Seven double-battalion or paired single-battalion regular regiments were assigned to Lancashire, and each was linked with one of the militia regiments. The militia now came under the War Office rather than their county lords lieutenant, and officers' commissions were signed by the Queen.[22][23][24] The 7th RLM was linked with the double-battalion 20th (East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot in Sub-District No 17 (Lancashire), with the depot at Wellington Barracks, Bury. The intention was for the 7th RLM to form its own 2nd Battalion, but this did not happen for a number of years.[18]Although often referred to as brigades, the regimental districts were purely administrative organisations, but in a continuation of the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned regular and militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The 5th, 6th and 7th Royal Lancashire Militia formed 2nd Brigade of 3rd Division, VIII Corps at Melrose, Scottish Borders.[18]","title":"7th Royal Lancashire Militia (Rifles)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Childers Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childers_Reforms"},{"link_name":"Lancashire Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-19"}],"text":"The Childers Reforms completed the Cardwell process by incorporating the militia battalions into the expanded county regiments. On 1 July 1881 the 20th Foot became the Lancashire Fusiliers at Bury with the 7th RLM as its 3rd Battalion. The second militia battalion was finally formed as the 4th Battalion on 1 April 1891, the 3rd and 4th being administered as a double-battalion regiment until 1 August 1900.[15][16][18]In April 1898 the Lancashire Fusiliers began forming two additional regular battalions, which took the 3rd and 4th places, causing the militia to be renumbered 5th and 6th Battalions.[15][16][18]","title":"3rd and 4th Battalions, Lancashire Fusiliers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Week"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"Orange River Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River_Colony"},{"link_name":"Orange River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River"},{"link_name":"Christiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiana,_North_West"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-17"},{"link_name":"Henry Settle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Settle"},{"link_name":"J.B.M. Hertzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.B.M._Hertzog"},{"link_name":"Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_Commando"},{"link_name":"Luckhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luckhoff"},{"link_name":"Kopjes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopje"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-17"},{"link_name":"Carnarvon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnarvon,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"Maritz's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manie_Maritz"},{"link_name":"Hanover Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"Beaufort West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_West"},{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"Battle Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Honour"},{"link_name":"Queen's South Africa Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_South_Africa_Medal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-17"},{"link_name":"Springfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfontein"},{"link_name":"Naauwpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naauwpoort"},{"link_name":"Colesberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colesberg"},{"link_name":"blockhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockhouse#Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Cradock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradock,_Eastern_Cape"},{"link_name":"Boer Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_Commando"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Vereeniging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-17"}],"sub_title":"Second Boer War","text":"After the disasters of Black Week at the start of the Second Boer War in December 1899, most of the regular army was sent to South Africa, followed by many militia reservists as reinforcements. Militia units were embodied to replace them for home defence and a number volunteered for active service or to garrison overseas stations.[25][26][27]The 6th Battalion was one of the first militia units embodied, on 13 December 1899, and immediately volunteered for overseas service, embarking for South Africa with a strength of 20 officers and 659 ORs under the command of Lt-Col F.C. Romer. On arrival at Cape Town on 7 March 1900 its orders for Kimberley were countermanded and it was sent to the Orange River Colony where a Boer resurgence was threatened. Detachments from the battalion guarded the Orange River bridge on the Kimberley railway and numerous other posts, including Christiana. These detachments were engaged in constant patrolling and convoy escort, and skirmishes with the Boers were frequent. The Christiana detachment was there for over a year, with shots exchanged every day and 19 separate minor engagements recorded.[15][16]On 25 November 1900 the main body of 6th Battalion was ordered to join Maj-Gen Henry Settle's column operating against J.B.M. Hertzog's Commando. On 28 November the column attacked Hertzog who was holding a strong position at Luckhoff, deployed along a 9 miles (14 km) semi-circle of Kopjes. The Boers held on for five hours under artillery fire. They were then cleared from their position by the 6th Lancashire Fusiliers at the point of the bayonet, a rare example of offensive action by militia, who were usually relegated to garrison and escort duties.[16]On 7 January 1901 the battalion took over the Carnarvon district, where it was actively involved in patrolling, escorting guns and convoys, and in operations against Commandant Maritz's Commando. On 26 July the battalion was moved to Hanover Road and later to Beaufort West, providing detachments to build defensive posts and forts around Worcester. On 19 September the battalion entrained for Cape Town where it embarked for home. It was disembodied on 14 October 1901, having lost 18 other ranks (ORs) killed or died of disease. It was awarded the Battle Honour South Africa 1900–01 and the participants received the Queen's South Africa Medal with clasps for 'Cape Colony', 'Orange Free State', and 'Transvaal'.[15][16]The 5th Lancashire Fusiliers was embodied from 19 February to 17 October 1900. It was re-embodied on 6 May 1901 and volunteered for overseas service. It embarked for South Africa on 4 June under the command of Lt-Col F.F. Mackenzie with a strength of 903 of all ranks, having already sent 300 militia reservists to reinforce the regulars. On arrival at Cape Town on 23 June the battalion proceeded in two wings to Springfontein and was then split into detachments at various places, while battalion headquarters (HQ) went to Naauwpoort. On 28 December the battalion was redeployed, HQ and the main body going to Colesberg where it was employed on blockhouse duty, while two companies garrisoned Port Elizabeth and one was at Cradock. Detachments from the battalion manned No 13 Armoured Train, which took part in operations against the remaining Boer Commandos. The battalion went home after the Treaty of Vereeniging and was disembodied on 25 July 1902, having lost 15 ORs killed or died of disease. It received the South Africa 1901–02 battle honour and the medal with clasps for 'Orange Free State', 'Cape Colony', and 'South Africa 1901 and 1902'. Lieutenant-Col Romer was awarded the CMG.[15][16]","title":"3rd and 4th Battalions, Lancashire Fusiliers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Force_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"St John Brodrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Brodrick,_1st_Earl_of_Midleton"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Haldane Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane_Reforms"},{"link_name":"Special Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederickvi-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-19"}],"text":"After the Boer War, the future of the Militia was called into question. There were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers) to take their place in the six army corps proposed by St John Brodrick as Secretary of State for War. However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out.[28][29]Under the sweeping Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Militia was replaced by the Special Reserve, a semi-professional force similar to the previous Militia Reserve, whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for regular units serving overseas in wartime.[30][31][32] The two militia battalions of the Lancashire Fusiliers became the 3rd (Reserve) and 4th (Extra Reserve) Battalions on 2 August 1908 (the 3rd and 4th regular battalions having been disbanded in 1906).[15][18]","title":"Special Reserve"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber"},{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trail-35"},{"link_name":"Lord Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener"},{"link_name":"Kitchener's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trail-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeckeApp-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Mobilisation","text":"The Special Reserve was embodied at the outbreak of World War I on 4 August 1914 and on 8 August the 3rd and 4th Lancashire Fusiliers proceeded from Bury to their war stations. For the 3rd Bn this was at Hull as part of the Humber Garrison, while The 4th Bn went to Barrow-in-Furness. They carried out the dual tasks of garrison duties and preparing reinforcement drafts of regular reservists, special reservists, recruits and returning wounded for the two regular battalions, the 1st serving at Gallipoli and then on the Western Front, the 2nd on the Western Front for the whole war.[15][33][34]After Lord Kitchener issued his call for volunteers in August 1914, the battalions of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd New Armies ('K1', 'K2' and 'K3' of 'Kitchener's Army') were quickly formed at the regimental depots. The SR battalions also swelled with new recruits and were soon well above their establishment strength. On 8 October 1914 each SR battalion was ordered to use the surplus to form a service battalion of the 4th New Army ('K4'). Accordingly, the 3rd (Reserve) Bn formed the 13th (Service) Bn (see below). 4th (Extra Reserve) Bn was intended to form a 14th Bn, but this was cancelled on 25 October.[15][33][34][35][36][37][38]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Withernsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withernsea"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trail-35"},{"link_name":"Armistice with Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"}],"sub_title":"3rd (Reserve) Battalion","text":"In November 1916 the battalion moved from Hull to Withernsea, still in the Humber Garrison, where it remained for the rest of the war.[33][34]After the Armistice with Germany the 3rd Bn was disembodied on 26 July 1919 when the remaining personnel were drafted to the 1st Bn.[15]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry, South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry,_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Estuary"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trail-35"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"}],"sub_title":"4th (Extra Reserve) Battalion","text":"In October 1916 the battalion moved to Barry, South Wales, in the Severn Garrison, where it remained.[33][34]After the Armistice the 4th Bn was disembodied on 16 April 1919.[15]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesterfield, Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Lichfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"3rd Reserve Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Reserve_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Rugeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugeley"},{"link_name":"Brocton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocton,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Cannock Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannock_Chase"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Witham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witham"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"218th Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/218th_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"73rd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"207th Bde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/207th_(2nd_East_Midland)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"69th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_(2nd_East_Anglian)_Division"},{"link_name":"Clipstone Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipstone#Clipstone_Camp"},{"link_name":"Thoresby Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoresby_Hall"},{"link_name":"208th Bde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/208th_(2nd_Norfolk_and_Suffolk)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Welbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbeck_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Kinmel Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmel_Camp"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trail-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-34"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeckeApp-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"13th (Reserve) Battalion","text":"This battalion was formed as 13th (Service) Bn as a K4 battalion at Hull on 5 December 1914 from the surplus personnel of 3rd (Reserve) Bn. It moved to Chesterfield, Derbyshire, and began training for active service. On 10 April 1915 the War Office decided to convert the K4 battalions into 2nd Reserve units, providing drafts for the K1–K3 battalions in the same way that the SR was doing for the Regular battalions. The Lancashire Fusiliers battalion became 13th (Reserve) Battalion, and moved to Lichfield in Staffordshire, in 3rd Reserve Brigade, where it trained drafts for the 9th, 10th , 11th and 12th (Service) Bns. In November it moved to Rugeley, and then in December to Brocton on Cannock Chase. One of the officers trained in the battalion at this period was J. R. R. Tolkien. On 1 September 1916 the 2nd Reserve battalions were transferred to the Training Reserve (TR) and the battalion was redesignated 15th Training Reserve Bn, still in 3rd Reserve Bde at Brocton. The training staff retained their Lancashire Fusiliers badges. On 4 July 1917 it became 267th (Infantry) Battalion, TR, and by August it had moved to Witham in Essex and joined 218th Brigade in 73rd Division. On 24 October 1917 it transferred to the Leicestershire Regiment as 52nd (Graduated) Battalion. It joined 207th Bde in 69th Division at Clipstone Camp in January 1918, moving to Thoresby Park in April. In the autumn it transferred within 69th Division to 208th Bde at Welbeck. After the war it was converted into 52nd (Service) Bn of the Leicestershires on 8 February 1919 and was eventually disbanded at Kinmel Camp on 17 September 1919.[15][34][33][37][39][40][41][42][43]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supplementary Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplementary_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MancMus-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-16"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederickvi-32"}],"sub_title":"Postwar","text":"The SR resumed its old title of Militia in 1921 and then became the Supplementary Reserve in 1924, but almost all militia battalions remained in abeyance after World War I. Until 1939 they continued to appear in the Army List, but they were not activated during World War II and were all formally disbanded in April 1953.[4][15][31]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonel of the Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)#Colonel_of_the_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Honorary Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)#Honorary_Colonel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-19"},{"link_name":"Grenadier Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards"},{"link_name":"88th Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Connaught_Rangers)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"13th Light Dragoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Light_Dragoons"},{"link_name":"Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"}],"text":"The following served as Colonel of the Regiment or later as Honorary Colonel of the regiment:[16][17][18]Hon Charles James Fox Stanley, former lt-col, Grenadier Guards, appointed 21 February 1855\nThomas Hale, former captain, 88th Foot, appointed 2 July 1892The following served as Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant:John Edward Madocks, former captain, 13th Light Dragoons, appointed 22 March 1855\nJames Ashton, promoted 2 March 1871\nThomas Hale, promoted 7 November 1885\nThomas Brindley, promoted 18 July 1892\nFrederick Finch Mackenzie, promoted 20 November 1895After the battalions were administered separately from 1900:\n5th, later 3rd Battalion'\nHon Col;Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, appointed 11 June 1902[44]Lt-Col:Charles L. Robinson, retired major, appointed 30 May 1907\nHerbert R. Cobbett, promoted 6 August 19116th, later 4th Battalion\nHon Col:John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, appointed 16 January 1901\nFrederick Charles Romer, CB, CMG, appointed 30 January 1909Lt-Col:Frederick Charles Romer, retired captain, appointed 18 December 1895\nFrancis Lee Sanders, appointed 2 August 1908\nJames Aspinall Turner, promoted 6 September 1911","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rifle green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_green"},{"link_name":"facings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facing_colour"},{"link_name":"Rifle Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_Brigade_(The_Prince_Consort%27s_Own)"},{"link_name":"Maltese cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_cross"},{"link_name":"bugle horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle"},{"link_name":"Forage cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_cap"},{"link_name":"Fleur-de-lis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parkyn-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-19"}],"text":"The uniform of the 7th RLM was Rifle green with black facings in the style of the Rifle Brigade. The badge on the officers' pouch belt was a silver Maltese cross surmounted by a crown; in the centre of the cross was the number 'VII' between the strings of a bugle horn. The ORs' Forage cap badge of 1874–81 had a shield displaying a lion beneath a Fleur-de-lis; suspended from the shield was a bugle horn with a rose between the strings; above and round the shield was a scroll bearing the title 'VII Royal Lancashire Militia'.[17][19][18]When the 7th RLM joined the Lancashire Fusiliers in 1881, it adopted that regiment's scarlet uniform with white facings and its insignia.[18]","title":"Uniforms and insignia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ It is incorrect to describe the British Militia as 'irregular': throughout their history they were equipped and trained exactly like the line regiments of the regular army, and once embodied in time of war they were fulltime professional soldiers for the duration of their enlistment.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grierson6_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grierson6_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_4-3"},{"link_name":"LRO, Handlist 72.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//new.lancashire.gov.uk/media/52092/Handlist72militiaandvolunteers.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MancMus_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MancMus_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MancMus_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MancMus_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MancMus_5-4"},{"link_name":"Militia at Museum of the Manchester Regiment.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tameside.gov.uk/museumsgalleries/mom/history/militia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick119_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick119_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holmes_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holmes_9-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dunlop42_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dunlop42_13-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_16-13"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_17-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_17-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_17-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_17-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_17-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_17-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_17-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_17-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hart_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hart_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hart_18-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_19-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_19-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_19-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_19-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_19-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_19-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_19-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Parkyn_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Parkyn_20-1"},{"link_name":"Parkyn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/442196788"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SpiersVic97_22-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederickvi_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederickvi_32-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_34-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_34-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_34-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_34-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trail_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trail_35-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trail_35-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trail_35-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trail_35-4"},{"link_name":"Lancashire Fusiliers at Long, Long Trail.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/lancashire-fusiliers/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BeckeApp_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BeckeApp_38-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Training Reserve at Long, Long Trail.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/training-reserve/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"London Gazette, 10 June 1902.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27441/page/3755"}],"text":"^ a b Grierson, pp. 6–7.\n\n^ Hay, pp. 11–17, 25–6.\n\n^ a b c d LRO, Handlist 72.\n\n^ a b c d e Militia at Museum of the Manchester Regiment.\n\n^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 2–3, 10–25, 29–84.\n\n^ a b Frederick, p. 119.\n\n^ Hay, pp. 138–44, 242–3.\n\n^ a b Holmes, pp. 94–100.\n\n^ Knight, pp. 78–9, 111, 255.\n\n^ Knight, pp. 411, 437–47.\n\n^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 87–246.\n\n^ a b Dunlop, pp. 42–52.\n\n^ Grierson, pp. 27–9.\n\n^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 91–2.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Frederick, pp. 290–2.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Hay, pp. 299–302.\n\n^ a b c Hart's, various dates.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Army List, various dates.\n\n^ a b Parkyn.\n\n^ Grierson, p. 29.\n\n^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 97, 102, 126–7.\n\n^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 195–6.\n\n^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 4, 15, 19.\n\n^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 327–8.\n\n^ Dunlop, pp. 77–9, 91–3.\n\n^ Spiers, Army and Society, p. 239.\n\n^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, p. 309.\n\n^ Dunlop, pp. 131–40, 158-62.\n\n^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 243–2, 254.\n\n^ Dunlop, pp. 270–2.\n\n^ a b Frederick, pp. vi–vii.\n\n^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 275–7.\n\n^ a b c d e James, pp. 63–4.\n\n^ a b c d e Lancashire Fusiliers at Long, Long Trail.\n\n^ WO Instruction 76 of 8 October 1914.\n\n^ WO Instruction 280 of 25 October 1914.\n\n^ a b Becke, Pt 3b, Appendix I.\n\n^ James, Appendices II & III.\n\n^ WO Instruction 96 of 10 April 1915.\n\n^ Training Reserve at Long, Long Trail.\n\n^ Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 91–8, 111–6.\n\n^ Frederick, p. 237.\n\n^ James, p. 61; Appendices II & III.\n\n^ London Gazette, 10 June 1902.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The Lancashire Fusiliers' Regimental Headquarters at Wellington Barracks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fusiliers_Headquarters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1700572.jpg/220px-Fusiliers_Headquarters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1700572.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Militia (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"Special Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Reserve"},{"title":"Lancashire Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Militia"},{"title":"Lancashire Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Fusiliers"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://new.lancashire.gov.uk/media/52092/Handlist72militiaandvolunteers.pdf","external_links_name":"LRO, Handlist 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1905/Ray Westlake Military Books, 1987"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511004439/http://lib.militaryarchive.co.uk/library/Miscellaneous-Volumes/library/An-Epitomized-History-of-the-Militia/files/assets/basic-html/page1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/442196788","external_links_name":"H.G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwyn,_Pennsylvania	Elwyn, Pennsylvania	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°54′28″N 75°24′37″W / 39.90778°N 75.41028°W / 39.90778; -75.41028 Unincorporated community in Pennsylvania, United StatesElwyn, PennsylvaniaUnincorporated communityElwyn stationElwynLocation within the U.S. state of PennsylvaniaShow map of PennsylvaniaElwynElwyn (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 39°54′28″N 75°24′37″W / 39.90778°N 75.41028°W / 39.90778; -75.41028CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyDelawareTownshipMiddletownElevation253 ft (77 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code19063Area code(s)610 and 484 Elwyn is an unincorporated community located in Middletown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Elwyn has a latitude of 39.907N, longitude of -75.41W and a mean elevation of 253 feet above sea level. Elwyn is home to Elwyn Inc., a facility caring for the needs of the developmentally disabled and disadvantaged. Elwyn is named for Dr. Alfred L. Elwyn, a physician who founded The Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-minded Children in 1852 with teacher James B. Richards. See also Media Area References ^ Ashmeade, Henry Graham (1884). History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts & Co. pp. 625–628. Retrieved June 15, 2017. External links Elwyn Inc. facility official site vteMunicipalities and communities of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: MediaCity Chester Boroughs Aldan Brookhaven Chester Heights Clifton Heights Collingdale Colwyn Darby East Lansdowne Eddystone Folcroft Glenolden Lansdowne Marcus Hook Media Millbourne Morton Norwood Parkside Prospect Park Ridley Park Rose Valley Rutledge Sharon Hill Swarthmore Trainer Upland Yeadon Townships Aston Bethel Chadds Ford Chester Concord Darby Edgmont Haverford Lower Chichester Marple Middletown Nether Providence Newtown Radnor Ridley Springfield Thornbury Tinicum Upper Chichester Upper Darby Upper Providence CDPs Ardmore‡ Boothwyn Broomall Bryn Mawr‡ Chadds Ford‡ Cheyney University‡ Dilworthtown‡ Drexel Hill Folsom Haverford College‡ Lima Linwood Rosemont‡ St. Davids Village Green-Green Ridge Villanova‡ Wayne Woodlyn Othercommunities Beaver Valley‡ Booths Corner Bortondale Bowling Green Chelsea Chichester Concordville Crum Lynne Elwyn Feltonville Garden City Garnet Valley Garrett Hill Glen Mills Glen Riddle Gradyville Haverford‡ Havertown Holmes Lenni Llanerch Moylan Painters Crossing Radnor Riddlewood Secane South Media Strafford‡ Thornton Wallingford Wawa Wyola Zebleys Corner Ghost town Darling Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Pennsylvania portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Middletown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Elwyn Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwyn_(company)"},{"link_name":"Alfred L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coringa,_East_Godavari_district	Coringa, Kakinada district	["1 Cyclones","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 16°48′N 82°14′E / 16.800°N 82.233°E / 16.800; 82.233 Village in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaCoringa KorangiVillageCoringaLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaShow map of Andhra PradeshCoringaCoringa (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 16°48′N 82°14′E / 16.800°N 82.233°E / 16.800; 82.233Country IndiaStateAndhra PradeshDistrictEast Godavari DistrictLanguages • OfficialTeluguTime zoneISTVehicle registrationAPNearest cityKakinadaSex ratiofemale ♂/♀ClimateThe average temperatures range from 76-90 degrees Fahrenheit, and the annual rainfall can be anywhere between 34 and 64 inches per year. (Köppen) Coringa, also known as Korangi by natives, is a tiny coastal village of the Kakinada district, in Andhra Pradesh, India. Coringa consists of the village and one adjacent island, which was whimsically named Hope Island by British officials in the hope that it would be protected from environmental disasters. The French-flagged ship Harmonie, on a voyage from the Île Bourbon (now Réunion) to Pondicherry, was wrecked at Coringa in October 1834. Her crew were rescued. The current Coringa is established by Westcot, a British resident of Injaram around 1757 within some distance from Old Coringa village. Now these two villages exist on the opposite sides of the Coringa River. Cyclones In 1789, a cyclone hit Coringa. A strong storm surge caused by the cyclone resulted in the deaths of around 20,000 people by drowning. In 1839, Coringa was subject to a colossal cyclone with strong winds. Due to the seawater and strong winds, most houses collapsed in Coringa and therefore over 300,000 residents were killed in Coringa. References ^ "Korangi · Andhra Pradesh 533461, India". Korangi · Andhra Pradesh 533461, India. 2 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ "Shipping Intelligence". Caledonian Mercury. No. 17721. 4 February 1835. ^ Henry Morris (1878). "A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras". Trübner. pp. 52–53. ^ Murali, D. (2005). "This storm is like a lasting match". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2010. ^ Reid, William (1849). The progress of the development of the law of storms... J. Weale. p. 105. ^ Balfour, Edward (1885). The cyclopaedia of India and of eastern and southern Asia. Vol. 2. B. Quaritch. p. 125. ^ Chambers, William (1851). Chambers's Papers for the people. p. 15. External links Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Coringa" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 146–147. This article about a location in East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kakinada district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakinada_district"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"Pondicherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondicherry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM070235-2"},{"link_name":"Injaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injaram"},{"link_name":"Coringa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coringa_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaCoringa, also known as Korangi by natives,[1] is a tiny coastal village of the Kakinada district, in Andhra Pradesh, India. Coringa consists of the village and one adjacent island, which was whimsically named Hope Island by British officials in the hope that it would be protected from environmental disasters.The French-flagged ship Harmonie, on a voyage from the Île Bourbon (now Réunion) to Pondicherry, was wrecked at Coringa in October 1834. Her crew were rescued.[2] The current Coringa is established by Westcot, a British resident of Injaram around 1757 within some distance from Old Coringa village. Now these two villages exist on the opposite sides of the Coringa River.[3]","title":"Coringa, Kakinada district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"storm surge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"colossal cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1839_Coringa_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1789, a cyclone hit Coringa. A strong storm surge caused by the cyclone resulted in the deaths of around 20,000 people by drowning.[4]In 1839, Coringa was subject to a colossal cyclone with strong winds. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kypseli,_Athens	Kypseli, Athens	["1 Boundaries","2 Districts","3 History and architecture","4 Transportation","5 Trivia","6 Sports","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°00′09″N 23°44′29″E / 38.00250°N 23.74139°E / 38.00250; 23.74139 Neighborhood in Athens, Attica, GreeceKypseli ΚυψέληNeighborhoodAgiou Georgiou square, 2022.Location within Athens municipalityCoordinates: 38°00′09″N 23°44′29″E / 38.00250°N 23.74139°E / 38.00250; 23.74139CountryGreeceRegionAtticaCityAthensWebsitewww.cityofathens.gr Kypseli (Greek: Κυψέλη, pronounced ) is a neighbourhood in central Athens, Greece. It occupies much of the 6th municipal department of the municipality of Athens, and has a population of around 65,000. Boundaries The boundaries of Kypseli are set by Patission Street at the west, by Tourkovounia hill at the east, by the Municipality of Galatsi at the north and by Pedion Areos park at the south. Extensions of Kypseli are Nea ('New') Kypseli which ends at Gkyzi neighbourhood and Ano ('Upper') Kypseli which borders with Attiko Park, Papandreou neighbourhood and Galatsi. Districts Ano Kypseli (Agias Zonis, Alepotrypa, Agios Athanasios, Kyprion) Kypseli (Fokionos Negri, Plateia Kanari, Agios Georgios, Polygono) Nea Kypseli (Nea Kypseli I./Dikastiria, Nea Kypseli II./Timios Stavros) History and architecture The house of admiral Pulteney Malcolm. Today it houses the House for the Disabled of Athens. Until 1908, when the county engineer Athanasios Georgiadis first bounded and planned Kypseli, Kypseli was a rural area with estates and country houses. In such a house Konstantinos Kanaris, fighter of the Greek revolution and later prime minister of Greece, lived and died. Also, in 1831, the British admiral Pulteney Malcolm had architects Eduard Schaubert and Stamatios Kleanthis build him a house which now lies on Agias Zonis Street and houses the Hospice for the Disabled of Athens. A clearly urban development of Kypseli began in the 1930s with the construction of family houses and the first modern apartment buildings in Athens. The development of apartment buildings was contemporary with Kolonaki and other central neighbourhoods. Although many of the earlier houses were built in a neoclassical or eclectic style, from the 1930s onwards, the designs of newer houses and apartment buildings were influenced by international trends such as modernism, Bauhaus and Art Deco. Adjacent large green areas such as Pedion Areos and Fokionos Negri Street pushed Kypseli to become an upmarket district with many apartment buildings built until the 1960s that addressed to the middle and upper-middle class. In 1937 the municipal market of Kypseli on Fokionos Negri Street, designed by architect Alexandros Metaxas, was inaugurated by the dictator Ioannis Metaxas. Moreover, the shops on the street level made Kypseli a shopping area. Shopping districts were Kypselis Square, Patission Street, Kypselis Street, Fokionos Negri Street and Amerikis Square. During the 1960s Kypseli also had a vibrant nightlife with many theatres and cinemas, restaurants and cafés, bars and clubs. Beginning in the 1980s many residents of Kypseli moved to the northern suburbs of Athens and, later, immigrants started using the basements and the small apartments of the buildings as cheap residences. Consequently, the value of real estate decreased even if high apartments on Fokionos Negri Street can be sold more expensively in comparison to the rest of the district. Several areas have remained commercial such as Patission and Fokionos Negri Streets and Kypseli is still known for its many theatres. Gentrification and multiculturalism has seen Kypseli become a popular neighbourhood again in more recent years. Transportation Kypseli is served by plenty of bus lines. In the next decade Athens Metro line 4 will have some of its stations in Kypseli. Trivia The Greek band Keep Shelly in Athens is named after a pun on Kypseli. Sports Kypseli is the seat of Panellinios G.S., which was founded in 1891. Other sport clubs based in Kypseli include Athinaida F.C., a football club founded in 1938 Gallery Statue of Konstantinos Kanaris, Kypselis Square. Apartment building and house of Ioannis Metaxas (1928). Apartment building built by Ioannis Zolotas for the Lanaras family (1938). House on Spetson Street built for Panagiotis J. Carras (1939). Tonis and Ioanna Spiteris's home and atelier on Kykladon Street. It was designed in 1955 by Aristomenis Provelengios. One of the many apartment buildings that can be found in Kypseli, built in the 1950s and early 1960s. These buildings tend to be made up of large apartment units and very rarely surpass six storeys in height. The historic Fokionos Negri Street, now pedestrianised with numerous cafés and a park along its length, runs through the middle of the district. See also Modern architecture in Athens References ^ a b c (in Greek) Ντίνα Βαΐου, Το αστικό τοπίο της πολυεθνικής Κυψέλης . ^ Great Greek Encyclopedia, Vol. XV, p. 65, 1930. ^ a b (in Greek) Μάχη Τράτσα, "Κυψέλη αρχιτεκτονικών αριστουργημάτων" , To Vima, 15 December 2013. ^ (in Greek) Βάσω Ρούσση, "Ένθεν και ένθεν της Πατησίων. Από τον εκλεκτικισμό στο μοντέρνο, στο χώρο εξάπλωσης της μεσοπολεμικής αστικής κατοικίας." monumenta.org. January 2015. ^ Ελένη Φεσσά-Εμμανουήλ, Ελληνική Αρχιτεκτονική Εταιρεία: Αρχιτέκτονες του 20ού αιώνα, Ποταμός, Αθήνα 2009 . ^ (in Greek) Μάχη Τράτσα, «Από τον Ι. Μεταξά στους Αλληλέγγυους», To Vima, 7 August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ (in Greek) Ελίνα Γιαννοπούλου, «Κυψέλη: Η γειτονικά των Εθνών», Ethnos, 17 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2016. ^ Roebuck, Ian (16 March 2011). "Keep Shelly In Athens". Loud and Quiet. Music Is A Potion. 3 (26): 19. Retrieved 21 April 2012. ^ "Greece Team Colors". RSSSF. Retrieved 16 April 2015. External links Places adjacent to Kypseli, Athens Galatsi Patisia Kypseli Polygono, Tourkovounia Attiki, Pedion tou Areos vteNeighbourhoods in municipality of Athens Agios Eleftherios Agios Panteleimonas Akadimia Akadimia Platonos Acropolis Ampelokipoi (Kountouriotika) Asyrmatos Asteroskopeio Attiki Ellinoroson Erythros Stavros Exarcheia Gazi Girokomeio Gyzi Goudi Gouva Ilisia Keramikos Kolokynthou Kolonaki Kolonos Koukaki Kypriadou Kypseli Kynosargous Metaxourgeio Mets Monastiraki Nea Filothei Neapoli Neos Kosmos Omonoia Pangrati (Kallimarmaro) Patisia Pedion tou Areos Petralona Philopappou Plaka (Aerides, Anafiotika) Polygono Probonas Profitis Daniil Profitis Ilias Psyri Rizoupoli Rouf Sepolia Syntagma Thiseio Thymarakia Treis Gefyres Votanikos (Elaionas) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[ciˈpseli]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaiou-1"}],"text":"Neighborhood in Athens, Attica, GreeceKypseli (Greek: Κυψέλη, pronounced [ciˈpseli]) is a neighbourhood in central Athens, Greece. It occupies much of the 6th municipal department of the municipality of Athens, and has a population of around 65,000.[1]","title":"Kypseli, Athens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patission Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patission_Street"},{"link_name":"Tourkovounia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourkovounia"},{"link_name":"Galatsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatsi"},{"link_name":"Pedion Areos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedion_Areos"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gkyzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizi"}],"text":"The boundaries of Kypseli are set by Patission Street at the west, by Tourkovounia hill at the east, by the Municipality of Galatsi at the north and by Pedion Areos park at the south.[citation needed] Extensions of Kypseli are Nea ('New') Kypseli which ends at Gkyzi neighbourhood and Ano ('Upper') Kypseli which borders with Attiko Park, Papandreou neighbourhood and Galatsi.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ano Kypseli (Agias Zonis, Alepotrypa, Agios Athanasios, Kyprion)\nKypseli (Fokionos Negri, Plateia Kanari, Agios Georgios, Polygono)\nNea Kypseli (Nea Kypseli I./Dikastiria, Nea Kypseli II./Timios Stavros)","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malcolm_house.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pulteney Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulteney_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Kanaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris"},{"link_name":"Greek revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_revolution"},{"link_name":"Pulteney Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulteney_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"Eduard Schaubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Schaubert"},{"link_name":"Stamatios Kleanthis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamatios_Kleanthis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kolonaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonaki"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"eclectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture"},{"link_name":"modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-machi-3"},{"link_name":"Pedion Areos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedion_Areos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-machi-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Metaxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Patission Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patission_Street"},{"link_name":"Amerikis Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikis_Square"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaiou-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaiou-1"}],"text":"The house of admiral Pulteney Malcolm. Today it houses the House for the Disabled of Athens.Until 1908, when the county engineer Athanasios Georgiadis first bounded and planned Kypseli,[2] Kypseli was a rural area with estates and country houses. In such a house Konstantinos Kanaris, fighter of the Greek revolution and later prime minister of Greece, lived and died. Also, in 1831, the British admiral Pulteney Malcolm had architects Eduard Schaubert and Stamatios Kleanthis build him a house which now lies on Agias Zonis Street and houses the Hospice for the Disabled of Athens.[citation needed]A clearly urban development of Kypseli began in the 1930s with the construction of family houses and the first modern apartment buildings in Athens. The development of apartment buildings was contemporary with Kolonaki and other central neighbourhoods. Although many of the earlier houses were built in a neoclassical or eclectic style, from the 1930s onwards, the designs of newer houses and apartment buildings were influenced by international trends such as modernism, Bauhaus and Art Deco.[3] Adjacent large green areas such as Pedion Areos and Fokionos Negri Street pushed Kypseli to become an upmarket district with many apartment buildings built until the 1960s that addressed to the middle and upper-middle class.[3][4]In 1937 the municipal market of Kypseli on Fokionos Negri Street, designed by architect Alexandros Metaxas, was inaugurated by the dictator Ioannis Metaxas.[5][6] Moreover, the shops on the street level made Kypseli a shopping area. Shopping districts were Kypselis Square, Patission Street, Kypselis Street, Fokionos Negri Street and Amerikis Square. During the 1960s Kypseli also had a vibrant nightlife with many theatres and cinemas, restaurants and cafés, bars and clubs.[7]Beginning in the 1980s many residents of Kypseli moved to the northern suburbs of Athens and, later, immigrants started using the basements and the small apartments of the buildings as cheap residences. Consequently, the value of real estate decreased even if high apartments on Fokionos Negri Street can be sold more expensively in comparison to the rest of the district.[1] Several areas have remained commercial such as Patission and Fokionos Negri Streets[1] and Kypseli is still known for its many theatres.Gentrification and multiculturalism has seen Kypseli become a popular neighbourhood again in more recent years.","title":"History and architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens Metro line 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_4_(Athens_Metro)"}],"text":"Kypseli is served by plenty of bus lines. In the next decade Athens Metro line 4 will have some of its stations in Kypseli.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keep Shelly in Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_Shelly_in_Athens"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Greek band Keep Shelly in Athens is named after a pun on Kypseli.[8]","title":"Trivia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panellinios G.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panellinios_G.S."},{"link_name":"Athinaida F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athinaida_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Kypseli is the seat of Panellinios G.S., which was founded in 1891. Other sport clubs based in Kypseli include Athinaida F.C., a football club founded in 1938[9]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanaris-kypseli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Kanaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metaxas_house_in_Athens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Metaxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lanara_condominium.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_on_Spetson_Street,_Kypseli,_Athens.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spiteris_House_by_Aristomenis_Provelengios,_Kypseli,_Athens.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condominium_in_Kypeseli.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phokionos_Negri_street_in_Kypseli.jpg"}],"text":"Statue of Konstantinos Kanaris, Kypselis Square.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tApartment building and house of Ioannis Metaxas (1928).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tApartment building built by Ioannis Zolotas for the Lanaras family (1938).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHouse on Spetson Street built for Panagiotis J. Carras (1939).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTonis and Ioanna Spiteris's home and atelier on Kykladon Street. It was designed in 1955 by Aristomenis Provelengios.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the many apartment buildings that can be found in Kypseli, built in the 1950s and early 1960s. These buildings tend to be made up of large apartment units and very rarely surpass six storeys in height.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe historic Fokionos Negri Street, now pedestrianised with numerous cafés and a park along its length, runs through the middle of the district.","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"The house of admiral Pulteney Malcolm. Today it houses the House for the Disabled of Athens.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Malcolm_house.jpg/220px-Malcolm_house.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Modern architecture in Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture_in_Athens"}]	[{"reference":"Roebuck, Ian (16 March 2011). \"Keep Shelly In Athens\". Loud and Quiet. Music Is A Potion. 3 (26): 19. Retrieved 21 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iO1lysYLh2Q/TYuoTWxsKkI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/0LK3DyFYxaA/s1600/KSIA%2B-%2BLOUD%2BAND%2BQUIET%2B-%2BMAR11.jpg","url_text":"\"Keep Shelly In Athens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greece Team Colors\". RSSSF. Retrieved 16 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/colours/greece.html","url_text":"\"Greece Team Colors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kypseli,_Athens&params=38_00_09_N_23_44_29_E_region:GR_type:city","external_links_name":"38°00′09″N 23°44′29″E / 38.00250°N 23.74139°E / 38.00250; 23.74139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kypseli,_Athens&params=38_00_09_N_23_44_29_E_region:GR_type:city","external_links_name":"38°00′09″N 23°44′29″E / 38.00250°N 23.74139°E / 38.00250; 23.74139"},{"Link":"http://www.cityofathens.gr/","external_links_name":"www.cityofathens.gr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103023951/http://www.greekscapes.gr/~landscapesatlas/index.php/2010-01-21-16-47-29/2010-01-21-18-38-00/101-attiki/189-kypseli.html","external_links_name":"Το αστικό τοπίο της πολυεθνικής Κυψέλης"},{"Link":"http://www.tovima.gr/society/article/?aid=548946","external_links_name":"\"Κυψέλη αρχιτεκτονικών αριστουργημάτων\""},{"Link":"http://www.monumenta.org/article.php?IssueID=2&ArticleID=971&CategoryID=3&lang=gr","external_links_name":"\"Ένθεν και ένθεν της Πατησίων. Από τον εκλεκτικισμό στο μοντέρνο, στο χώρο εξάπλωσης της μεσοπολεμικής αστικής κατοικίας.\""},{"Link":"http://www.tovima.gr/society/article/?aid=820319","external_links_name":"Από τον Ι. Μεταξά στους Αλληλέγγυους"},{"Link":"http://www.ethnos.gr/apostoli/arthro/h_geitonia_ton_ethnon-63451331/","external_links_name":"«Κυψέλη: Η γειτονικά των Εθνών»"},{"Link":"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iO1lysYLh2Q/TYuoTWxsKkI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/0LK3DyFYxaA/s1600/KSIA%2B-%2BLOUD%2BAND%2BQUIET%2B-%2BMAR11.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Keep Shelly In Athens\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/colours/greece.html","external_links_name":"\"Greece Team Colors\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/233857149","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4340760-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/7d5cca29-0223-4cc3-9558-a779c0936e17","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwater,_Hertfordshire	Loudwater, Hertfordshire	["1 History","2 Loudwater House","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°39′27″N 0°28′52″W / 51.657442°N 0.481164°W / 51.657442; -0.481164 Human settlement in EnglandLoudwaterGlen Chess, LoudwaterLoudwaterLocation within HertfordshirePopulation1,242 (2001 census)OS grid referenceTQ050965Civil parishChorleywoodDistrictThree RiversShire countyHertfordshireRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townRickmansworthPostcode districtWD3Dialling code01923PoliceHertfordshireFireHertfordshireAmbulanceEast of England UK ParliamentSouth West Hertfordshire List of places UK England Hertfordshire 51°39′27″N 0°28′52″W / 51.657442°N 0.481164°W / 51.657442; -0.481164 Loudwater is a private housing estate in the parish of Chorleywood, separated from the latter by the River Chess, north of Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire and just to the east of Junction 18 of the M25 motorway. Loudwater is an old name for the River Chess. The 2001 population was 1,242. History 1816 sketch by John Christian Schetky of the river Chess at Loudwater Archaeological finds of pottery, tiles and coins at Loudwater Farm indicate that it may be the site of a villa and water mill occupied by Germanic settlers in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. In the mid-19th century a paper mill was established in Loudwater using new technology developed by George Tidcombe. The mill was still standing in 2008. The present estate was built over approximately 20 years from 1939 on plots from the grounds of Loudwater House (see below) and now is a conservation area. There are approximately 450 dwellings, and there is no pub, shop or community focus, but there is a residents' association. In 2002, nearly a quarter of the residents were millionaires, the highest concentration of any community in the United Kingdom. The average house price in April 2020 was £1,620,296. As of April 2020 the Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire is Robert Voss CBE, a resident of Loudwater with his wife Celia. Loudwater House Loudwater House in Loudwater, which had a park of 150 acres (60 ha), contained a pioneering central heating system in 1837. It was later occupied by Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda, MP. The house was converted into eleven flats in the mid-20th century. References ^ a b "Loudwater Residents' Association". Retrieved 11 July 2019. ^ "Why it's time to move to Chorleywood and Loudwater". Hertfordshire Life. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2019. ^ Gover, John Eric Bruce (1938). The place-names of Hertfordshire. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. OCLC 1124069. ^ "Usual resident population" (PDF). 2001 Census, Key Statistics for HCC Settlements. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009. ^ Baker, John T. (2007). Cultural transition in the Chilterns and Essex region, 350 AD to 650 AD. University of Hertfordshire Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-902806-53-2. ^ "The Workshops of England". The People's Illustrated Journal. 1 May 1852. p. 14. ^ Tompkins, Herbert Winckworth (2008). Hertfordshire. BiblioBazaar. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4375-3233-3. ^ "Loudwater Estate Conservation Area Appraisal". 3 Rivers District Council. Retrieved 11 July 2019. ^ "Papers assess Blair's diplomatic tour". BBC News. 6 January 2002. Retrieved 21 March 2009. The place with the highest number of millionaires is not the London borough of Kensington or Mayfair but the village of Loudwater near Watford in Hertfordshire, where almost one in four people have a seven figure fortune. ^ "House prices in Loudwater, Hertfordshire stand at £1,620,296 on average - Zoopla". www.zoopla.co.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ "Lord-Lieutenant of Hertfordshire: Robert Voss". GOV.UK. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ a b Prince, Hugh (2008). Parks in Hertfordshire Since 1500. University of Hertfordshire Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-9542189-9-7. ^ Richardson, Charles James (1837). A Popular Treatise on the Warming and Ventilation of Buildings. J. Weale. p. 47. OCLC 248113895. ^ "Loudwater House". The Estates Gazette. Vol. 161. 1953. p. 414. External links Media related to Loudwater, Hertfordshire at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Chorleywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorleywood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LRA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"River Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Chess"},{"link_name":"Rickmansworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickmansworth"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"M25 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_motorway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandLoudwater is a private housing estate in the parish of Chorleywood,[1][2] separated from the latter by the River Chess, north of Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire and just to the east of Junction 18 of the M25 motorway. Loudwater is an old name for the River Chess.[3] The 2001 population was 1,242.[4]","title":"Loudwater, Hertfordshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landscape_with_the_river_Chess_at_Loudwater,_Hertfordshire_RMG_PZ0929.tiff"},{"link_name":"John Christian Schetky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christian_Schetky"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conservation-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LRA-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loudwater,_Hertfordshire&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"1816 sketch by John Christian Schetky of the river Chess at LoudwaterArchaeological finds of pottery, tiles and coins at Loudwater Farm indicate that it may be the site of a villa and water mill occupied by Germanic settlers in the 4th and 5th centuries AD.[5] In the mid-19th century a paper mill was established in Loudwater using new technology developed by George Tidcombe.[6] The mill was still standing in 2008.[7]The present estate was built over approximately 20 years from 1939 on plots from the grounds of Loudwater House (see below) and now is a conservation area.[8] There are approximately 450 dwellings, and there is no pub, shop or community focus, but there is a residents' association.[1]In 2002, nearly a quarter of the residents were millionaires, the highest concentration of any community in the United Kingdom.[9] The average house price in April 2020 was £1,620,296. [10]As of April 2020[update] the Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire is Robert Voss CBE, a resident of Loudwater with his wife Celia. [11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prince-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_d%27Aguilar_Samuda"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prince-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Loudwater House in Loudwater, which had a park of 150 acres (60 ha),[12] contained a pioneering central heating system in 1837.[13] It was later occupied by Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda, MP.[12] The house was converted into eleven flats in the mid-20th century.[14]","title":"Loudwater House"}]	[{"image_text":"1816 sketch by John Christian Schetky of the river Chess at Loudwater","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Landscape_with_the_river_Chess_at_Loudwater%2C_Hertfordshire_RMG_PZ0929.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Landscape_with_the_river_Chess_at_Loudwater%2C_Hertfordshire_RMG_PZ0929.tiff.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Loudwater Residents' Association\". Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://lraonline.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Loudwater Residents' Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why it's time to move to Chorleywood and Loudwater\". Hertfordshire Life. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hertfordshirelife.co.uk/homes-gardens/property-market/why-it-39-s-time-to-move-to-chorleywood-and-loudwater-1-1865745","url_text":"\"Why it's time to move to Chorleywood and Loudwater\""}]},{"reference":"Gover, John Eric Bruce (1938). The place-names of Hertfordshire. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. OCLC 1124069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124069","url_text":"1124069"}]},{"reference":"\"Usual resident population\" (PDF). 2001 Census, Key Statistics for HCC Settlements. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326085841/http://www.hertsdirect.org/infobase/docs/pdfstore/tabKS01sett.pdf","url_text":"\"Usual resident population\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"},{"url":"http://www.hertsdirect.org/infobase/docs/pdfstore/tabKS01sett.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baker, John T. (2007). Cultural transition in the Chilterns and Essex region, 350 AD to 650 AD. University of Hertfordshire Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-902806-53-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire","url_text":"University of Hertfordshire Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-53-2","url_text":"978-1-902806-53-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Workshops of England\". The People's Illustrated Journal. 1 May 1852. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tompkins, Herbert Winckworth (2008). Hertfordshire. BiblioBazaar. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4375-3233-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4375-3233-3","url_text":"978-1-4375-3233-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Loudwater Estate Conservation Area Appraisal\". 3 Rivers District Council. Retrieved 11 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.threerivers.gov.uk/download?id=32021","url_text":"\"Loudwater Estate Conservation Area Appraisal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Papers assess Blair's diplomatic tour\". BBC News. 6 January 2002. Retrieved 21 March 2009. The place with the highest number of millionaires is not the London borough of Kensington or Mayfair but the village of Loudwater near Watford in Hertfordshire, where almost one in four people have a seven figure fortune.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1745246.stm","url_text":"\"Papers assess Blair's diplomatic tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"House prices in Loudwater, Hertfordshire stand at £1,620,296 on average - Zoopla\". www.zoopla.co.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zoopla.co.uk/house-prices/hertfordshire/loudwater/","url_text":"\"House prices in Loudwater, Hertfordshire stand at £1,620,296 on average - Zoopla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lord-Lieutenant of Hertfordshire: Robert Voss\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/lord-lieutenant-of-hertfordshire-robert-voss","url_text":"\"Lord-Lieutenant of Hertfordshire: Robert Voss\""}]},{"reference":"Prince, Hugh (2008). Parks in Hertfordshire Since 1500. University of Hertfordshire Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-9542189-9-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire","url_text":"University of Hertfordshire Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9542189-9-7","url_text":"978-0-9542189-9-7"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Charles James (1837). A Popular Treatise on the Warming and Ventilation of Buildings. J. Weale. p. 47. OCLC 248113895.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/apopulartreatis00richgoog","url_text":"A Popular Treatise on the Warming and Ventilation of Buildings"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/apopulartreatis00richgoog/page/n75","url_text":"47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/248113895","url_text":"248113895"}]},{"reference":"\"Loudwater House\". The Estates Gazette. Vol. 161. 1953. p. 414.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loudwater,_Hertfordshire&params=51.657442_N_0.481164_W_region:GB_type:city(1242)","external_links_name":"51°39′27″N 0°28′52″W / 51.657442°N 0.481164°W / 51.657442; -0.481164"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loudwater,_Hertfordshire&params=51.657485_N_0.483473_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Loudwater","external_links_name":"TQ050965"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loudwater,_Hertfordshire&params=51.657442_N_0.481164_W_region:GB_type:city(1242)","external_links_name":"51°39′27″N 0°28′52″W / 51.657442°N 0.481164°W / 51.657442; -0.481164"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loudwater,_Hertfordshire&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://lraonline.org.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Loudwater Residents' Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.hertfordshirelife.co.uk/homes-gardens/property-market/why-it-39-s-time-to-move-to-chorleywood-and-loudwater-1-1865745","external_links_name":"\"Why it's time to move to Chorleywood and Loudwater\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124069","external_links_name":"1124069"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326085841/http://www.hertsdirect.org/infobase/docs/pdfstore/tabKS01sett.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Usual resident population\""},{"Link":"http://www.hertsdirect.org/infobase/docs/pdfstore/tabKS01sett.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.threerivers.gov.uk/download?id=32021","external_links_name":"\"Loudwater Estate Conservation Area Appraisal\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1745246.stm","external_links_name":"\"Papers assess Blair's diplomatic tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.zoopla.co.uk/house-prices/hertfordshire/loudwater/","external_links_name":"\"House prices in Loudwater, Hertfordshire stand at £1,620,296 on average - Zoopla\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/lord-lieutenant-of-hertfordshire-robert-voss","external_links_name":"\"Lord-Lieutenant of Hertfordshire: Robert Voss\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/apopulartreatis00richgoog","external_links_name":"A Popular Treatise on the Warming and Ventilation of Buildings"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/apopulartreatis00richgoog/page/n75","external_links_name":"47"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/248113895","external_links_name":"248113895"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143465909","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008181637","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/002d504e-a86b-4543-bf2e-cd788fcf3b58","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuyama,_Kagoshima	Matsuyama, Kagoshima	["1 References","2 External links"]	Matsuyama (松山町, Matsuyama-chō) was a town located in Soo District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,870 and the density of 97.77 persons per km². The total area was 49.81 km². On January 1, 2006, Matsuyama, along with the towns of Shibushi (former) and Ariake (all from Soo District), was merged to create the city of Shibushi and no longer exists as an independent municipality. References ^ 鹿児島県. "鹿児島県の市町村合併状況". 鹿児島県 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-02-08. External links Official website of Shibushi (in Japanese) Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan This Kagoshima Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"Ariake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariake,_Kagoshima"},{"link_name":"Soo District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo_District,_Kagoshima"},{"link_name":"Shibushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibushi,_Kagoshima"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,870 and the density of 97.77 persons per km². The total area was 49.81 km².On January 1, 2006, Matsuyama, along with the towns of Shibushi (former) and Ariake (all from Soo District), was merged to create the city of Shibushi and no longer exists as an independent municipality.[1]","title":"Matsuyama, Kagoshima"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"鹿児島県. \"鹿児島県の市町村合併状況\". 鹿児島県 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/ab08/kensei/shityoson/gappei/gappei/18sichou.html","url_text":"\"鹿児島県の市町村合併状況\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/ab08/kensei/shityoson/gappei/gappei/18sichou.html","external_links_name":"\"鹿児島県の市町村合併状況\""},{"Link":"http://www.city.shibushi.lg.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website of Shibushi"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/254734315","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00369758","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matsuyama,_Kagoshima&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives,_District_72	Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 72	["1 District profile","2 Representatives","3 Recent election results","4 References"]	American legislative district Pennsylvania's 72nd StateHouse of RepresentativesdistrictRepresentative Frank BurnsD–East Taylor Township Population (2022)64,105 The 72nd Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in west central Pennsylvania and has been represented by Frank Burns since 2009. District profile The 72nd District is located in Cambria County and includes the following areas: Blacklick Township Brownstown Cambria Township Conemaugh Township Croyle Township Daisytown Dale East Conemaugh East Taylor Township Ebensburg Ehrenfeld Franklin Jackson Township Johnstown Lorain Lower Yoder Township Middle Taylor Township Nanty Glo Southmont Summerhill Upper Yoder Township Vintondale West Taylor Township Westmont Representatives Representative Party Years District home Note Prior to 1969, seats were apportioned by county. Edward McNally Democrat Elected to represent district in 1968 Died shortly after election to seat in 1968. John Murtha Democrat 1969 – 1974 Elected 20 May 1969 to fill vacancy.Elected to Congress James O. Whelan, Jr. Republican 1974 – 1976 Elected 21 May 1974. William J. Stewart Democrat 1977 – 1987 vacated seat in 1987. Andrew Billow, Jr. Democrat 1987 – 1992 Elected November 1987 to fill vacancy Thomas F. Yewcic Democrat 1993 – 2008 Conemaugh Township Frank Burns Democrat 2009 – present East Taylor Township Incumbent Recent election results PA House election, 2022:Pennsylvania House, District 72 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Frank Burns (incumbent) 14,129 54.54 Republican Renae Billow 11,775 45.46 Total votes 25,904 100.00 Democratic hold PA House election, 2020:Pennsylvania House, District 72 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Frank Burns (incumbent) 16,886 52.71 Republican Howard D. Terndrup 15,150 47.29 Total votes 32,036 100.00 Democratic hold PA House election, 2018:Pennsylvania House, District 72 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Frank Burns (incumbent) 11,819 52.42 Republican Gerald Carnicella 10,726 47.58 Total votes 22,545 100.00 Democratic hold PA House election, 2016:Pennsylvania House, District 72 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Frank Burns (incumbent) 16,361 57.55 Republican Cecilia Houser 12,066 42.45 Total votes 28,427 100.00 Democratic hold PA House election, 2014:Pennsylvania House, District 72 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Frank Burns (incumbent) 11,354 62.57 Republican Philip Rice 6,792 37.43 Total votes 18,146 100.00 Democratic hold PA House election, 2012:Pennsylvania House, District 72 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Frank Burns (incumbent) Unopposed Total votes 21,024 100.00 Democratic hold PA House election, 2010:Pennsylvania House, District 72 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Frank Burns (incumbent) Unopposed Total votes 18,831 100.00 Democratic hold References Cox, Harold (2004). "Legislatures - 1776-2004". Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. ^ 2022 PA House of Representatives District maps ^ Cox, Harold (November 3, 2004). "Pennsylvania House of Representatives - 1969-1970" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. ^ Cox, Harold (November 3, 2004). "Pennsylvania House of Representatives - 1973-1974" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. ^ Cox, Harold (November 3, 2004). "Pennsylvania House of Representatives - 1973-1974" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. ^ Cox, Harold (November 3, 2004). "Pennsylvania House of Representatives - 1987-1988" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. ^ Cox, Harold (November 3, 2004). "Pennsylvania House of Representatives - 1987-1988" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. vte Pennsylvania House of RepresentativesTopics Members Speaker of the House Elections 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Frank Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Burns_(politician)"}],"text":"The 72nd Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in west central Pennsylvania and has been represented by Frank Burns since 2009.","title":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 72"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambria County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Blacklick Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklick_Township,_Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Brownstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownstown,_Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Cambria Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_Township,_Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Conemaugh Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conemaugh_Township,_Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Croyle Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croyle_Township,_Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Daisytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisytown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"East Conemaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Conemaugh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"East Taylor Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Taylor_Township,_Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ebensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebensburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Ehrenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenfeld,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Jackson Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Township,_Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Johnstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lorain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorain,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lower Yoder Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Yoder_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Middle Taylor Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Taylor_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Nanty Glo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanty_Glo,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Southmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southmont,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Summerhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Upper Yoder Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Yoder_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Vintondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintondale,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"West Taylor Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Taylor_Township,_Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Westmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmont,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"The 72nd District is located in Cambria County and includes the following areas:[1]Blacklick Township\nBrownstown\nCambria Township\nConemaugh Township\nCroyle Township\nDaisytown\nDale\nEast Conemaugh\nEast Taylor Township\nEbensburg\nEhrenfeld\nFranklin\nJackson Township\nJohnstown\nLorain\nLower Yoder Township\nMiddle Taylor Township\nNanty Glo\nSouthmont\nSummerhill\nUpper Yoder Township\nVintondale\nWest Taylor Township\nWestmont","title":"District profile"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recent election results"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pennsylvania_House_District_72.png/320px-Pennsylvania_House_District_72.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cox, Harold (2004). \"Legislatures - 1776-2004\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Us,_the_Living	For Us, the Living	["1 Plot summary","2 Background","3 Connections to other Heinlein works","4 Concepts and themes","4.1 The Second World War","4.2 Secularism","4.3 President Roosevelt","4.4 Economic independence","4.5 Social and governmental","4.6 Feminist critique","5 Editions","6 References","7 External links"]	2003 novel by Robert A. Heinlein For the television biopic, see For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story. For other uses, see We the Living (disambiguation). This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs First edition coverAuthorRobert A. HeinleinCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreScience fictionPublisherScribnerPublication dateNovember 28, 2003Media typePrint (hardback & paperback)Pages288 (first edition, hardback)ISBN0-7432-5998-X (first edition, hardback)OCLC53145408Dewey Decimal813/.54 22LC ClassPS3515.E288 F67 2004 For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein. It was written in 1938 and published for the first time in 2003. Heinlein admirer and science fiction author Spider Robinson titled his introductory essay "RAH DNA", as he believes this first, unpublished novel formed the DNA of Heinlein's later works. The novel's manuscript was lost until biographer Robert James traced down references to it. His research led to its rediscovery in a box left in a garage. Heinlein had apparently sent it to an earlier biographer, Leon Stover. Plot summary Perry Nelson, a normal 1939 engineer and Navy pilot, is driving his automobile when he has a blowout, skids over a cliff, and wakes up in the year 2086. Though he was apparently killed in the summer, he re-appears in extremely cold snow, nearly dies again by freezing, and is saved by a fur-clad woman named Diana. The exact circumstances of his being killed and reborn after a century and a half are never explained. The later 21st century people seem strangely incurious, showing little interest in how he had come to be among them and rather take his appearance for granted and proceed to explain to him the details of the social and political set-up of their world. Background The book is akin more to a lecture series than a novel. A number of people have remarked on its resemblance to H. G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come where the sleeper wakes into pseudo-utopia. The character Diana's background is clarified in a multiple-page footnote from the author. The future society has a version of a Social Credit structure with a central government-run bank exclusively controlling the monetary supply to prevent overproduction and remaining private banks prohibited from lending money they do not actually have on hand and which had been explicitly designated for investment risk. The book does not tell precisely how the protagonist came to wake up a century and a half after being killed in a car accident, and find himself wandering in the snow in the body of a denizen of the future who had had enough of life and chose to commit suicide. It is mentioned that his last sight before crashing down and getting killed was a girl in a green bathing suit who had the same face as the Diana which he meets in the future; it turns out that her name had been Diana, too, and that to her fell the disagreeable task of finding Perry's broken body and reporting the accident. There is the clear implication that the later Diana was an avatar or reincarnation of the earlier one, but this is not stated explicitly. As noted by reviewer Nancy Green, this aspect of the book gives the impression of a draft which Heinlein intended to further work on, but never did. Connections to other Heinlein works Appearing already in this early stage of Heinlein's career is the fanatic and dictatorial religious leader Nehemiah Scudder. However, in Heinlein's later Future History Scudder succeeds in getting elected President and establishing a theocratic dictatorship dominating the U.S. for most of the 21st century. Conversely, in For Us, the Living, Scudder does establish for several years a de facto domination over the Mississippi Valley, and terrorizes much of the rest of the country by Ku Klux Klan–type thugs—but he is stopped at the last moment by the counter-mobilization of libertarians, and despite mass voter intimidation carries only Tennessee and Alabama. In fact, the new regime seen in full bloom in the book's 2086 came into being in direct reaction to Scudder's attempt to impose Puritanical mores on the entire American society—for example, the complete abolition of the nudity taboo, which is an important aspect of the book's plot. The abolition of the taboo on public nudity would re-appear as a major issue in Heinlein's The Puppet Masters—though under radically different circumstances to those in the present book. A major difference between the time line of For Us, the Living and Heinlein's later Future History is the time when space exploration begins. In the Future History, Heinlein assumed that long before the end of the 20th century an extensive human exploration and colonization would take place all over the Solar System; the same assumption was made also in other works not fitting into the Future History's framework. However, in his earlier book dealt with here, Heinlein was far more cautious, placing the first circumlunar flight (not yet an actual landing) only in 2089. Ward Carson wrote: "In For Us, the Living, space colonization waits until the end of the Twenty-First Century and Scudder is defeated; in the Future History it happens a century earlier and Scudder takes over the US. Heinlein made no explicit remark on this, but a causal connection could be made: in the Future History the bold individualistic Americans emigrated into space in the end of the Twentieth Century, and were not present in America to stop it from falling into the fanatic's hands". Concepts and themes The Second World War At the time of writing, there was already a widespread expectation of a new war breaking out in Europe in the near future, and Heinlein followed this assumption. However, in the book's timeline the US stays out of the war, and it ends due to Germany's economic collapse rather than its military defeat (similar to the scenario given in H. G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come, four years before). Heinlein did correctly guess that Adolf Hitler would end up committing suicide, once his schemes of conquest collapsed. The timeline depicted in the book does not include a war between the US and Japan. However, in the context of a later war there is a depiction of Latin American aircraft carriers launching a devastating surprise attack on New York City, which bears some similarities to the methods which the Japanese would use at Pearl Harbor three years after the book was written. Heinlein, a former naval officer, clearly understood the strategic implications of the carriers' appearance and the revolution they would bring to naval warfare. The recently abdicated King Edward VIII of the UK is very positively presented, his romantic image as "the King who gave up his throne for love" not yet, at the time of writing, tainted by pro-Nazi associations. In Heinlein's projected future, Edward returns to England at the outbreak of war and distinguishes himself in wartime service. After the war a European Federation is formed and Edward is made into a Constitutional Emperor of Europe, a task which he fulfills with great success. However, he dies without issue in 1970 (two years earlier than in actual history) and in the aftermath Europe is torn up in forty years of highly destructive war and is largely depopulated. Secularism As could be expected of a regime born directly of secular opposition to a religious fanatic's violent attempt to set up a theocracy, the regime depicted in the book has a clearly secularist inclination. All organized religious groups are defined as "sects", including what were considered "Churches" at the time of writing (and still are at present). Such religious themes as "the conspicuous depiction of a person suffering in great pain" (i.e. a crucifix) or the "wild aggressive behavior of ancient barbaric tribes" (i.e. the ancient Hebrews as depicted in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament) is greatly frowned upon. While religious education is not outright forbidden, all youths typically undergo a minimum of two years at a "development center" (a kind of boarding school) where education is completely secular. An option for parents refusing to let their children have such an experience is to go to Coventry where they could do as they wish, and some "sects" have done exactly that, to their last member. In this, Heinlein's vision of the future could be considered a watered-down version of that in Wells's The Shape of Things to Come where determined reformers completely suppress all organized religion for the explicit purpose of gaining a complete monopoly over education. President Roosevelt The book—written in the aftermath of the Democrats' heavy losses in the 1938 mid-term elections—assumes that by 1938–39 Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal had failed due to the constant attacks by his opponents, that in the 1940 election, Roosevelt would prove unelectable, that his downfall would drag the Democratic Party to ruin and that a sharp drift to the Right would culminate in an extreme-right dictatorship in the late 1940s—which would, however, prove short-lived and after which the pendulum would swing sharply to the Left again. Heinlein assigned to Fiorello H. La Guardia—at the time of writing a reformer Mayor of New York and outspoken supporter of Roosevelt, despite being nominally a Republican—the role of picking up FDR's torch, as a militant reforming President in the 1950s who would lead a head-on confrontation with the banking system, effectively nationalize the banks and institute the system of Social Credit. Several decades later, a John Delano Roosevelt is mentioned among the six highly regarded reformers who revise the US Constitution and institute the new regime seen in 2086. Economic independence At a number of points in For Us, the Living, Heinlein describes an environment in which individuals are able to choose whether or not to accept a job. Passing references are made to the large number of individuals who take up art or other careers that traditionally do not pay well. The book also points out the short working hours and high wages paid to employees. The book ascribes this flexible working environment to the social credit system (the "Dividend") adopted by the United States which provides enough new capital in the economic system to overcome the problems of overproduction while providing a guaranteed minimal income for all members of society. For Us, the Living also depicts an early example of homesourcing in fiction. The character of Diana, a nationally renowned dancer, is shown performing in her own home for a broadcast audience, which sees her dancing on sets added by the broadcasting company to her original feed. The mechanism for this homesourcing is not described in much technical detail, but it appears to be similar to a high-definition video signal interfaced with something like modern chroma key technology. The biggest economic impact in the book, however, is Heinlein's Social Credit system, that he takes many pains to explain: the Heritage Check System, an alternative form of government funding, in place of taxation. The heritage check system is a moderately altered Social Credit system. Its modification reflects Heinlein's more libertarian views and Heinlein's interpretation on how financial systems are affected by the relationship between consumption and production. The system could be construed as a libertarian's approach to a socialist idea, creating an alternative to a tax system that puts fewer requirements on individuals, while simultaneously providing more for the common welfare. This is not too surprising, as Heinlein (a proclaimed libertarian) was also fascinated by the Social Credit plan that appeared in Canada in the 1930s. In this role, the government becomes less a part of the economy and more a facilitator of it. The Heritage System in For Us, the Living can be summarized by four major actions: A required end to fractional reserve banking. Banks must always have a 100% reserve for any loan they give out. New money is printed only by the government, and then, only enough to counteract the natural deflation that would occur in a system without fractional reserve banking. The government uses this money (and only this money), divided among all of its necessary roles. Any extra is divided evenly among citizens and businesses that over-produce, to offset the loss of not selling their over-production (the government buying the over-production for its own use, which can be bought by citizens later if they so desire at the same price.) Goods bought by the government are later sold by the government (or used by it), and normal governmental services (such as postage) are sold. These goods and services provide the standard backing for the currency, similar to how gold is used to back the gold standard. Dealing with government funding in this way is theorized to stabilize an economy, and deals with the production/consumption problem that Heinlein claims to exist with more conventional economic systems: A production cycle creates exactly enough purchasing power for its consumption cycle. If any part of this potential purchasing is not used for consumption but instead is invested in new production, it appears as a cost charge in the new items of production, before it re-appears as new purchasing power. Therefore, it causes a net loss of purchasing power in the earlier cycle. Therefore, an equal amount of new money is required by the country. In addition to stabilizing the economy, it is theorized to have the added benefit of being a system where Federal taxes would not be needed for Government function, and only be needed for regulatory measures (e.g. enforcing environmental standards, corporations being taxed for not meeting government requirements, tariffs that exist purely to discourage buying from certain locations, wealth redistribution, etc.) The system also makes note of the fact that government spending and government taxing are not only not related, both can happen in the complete absence of the other (especially in a heritage check system), and that as far as market effect, taxing causes deflation and Government spending causes inflation. He notes this, and that as a result, the value of money can be completely and totally controlled, making the currency as stable as it is desired to be. Social and governmental For Us, the Living also depicts graphically the transition between the society that Perry left in 1939 and how it is transformed through a series of acts by the Government. Of specific note is the "War Voting Act". In this act, if the United States wished to engage in armed conflict with any other country, a national referendum was required to be held. Voting on a war is limited to citizens eligible for military service and not currently in the military. In the event that the article was passed and the country was to go to war, those who had voted for war were the first to be enlisted in the armed forces, those who did not vote were the second group conscripted, and those who voted "No" were the third group. Heinlein states that in the history of the "War Voting Act", the process had been enacted three times, and all three times the entire citizenry were actively engaged in very vocal debate as to whether the conflict was warranted. All three times, he states, the measures to go to war were defeated. After the transition has been completed, the social norms of the society are effectively transformed. One of the most pervasive, is the distinction between "public sphere" and "private sphere". The society as a whole respects privacy in what are considered private sphere events, such as intimacy, closeness, interpersonal relationships and even identity in business and governmental transactions. As there is a great deal of information in the society, this becomes rather critical in moving the society toward a point away from information fetishism and toward a society where persons have respect for one another's privacy and work as a society for the betterment of all. Feminist critique Cynthia Brown noted in her review that (...) Heinlein depicts a society where it is taken for granted that a woman may freely pursue a career, as well as choose her sexual partner(s) and live openly with a man without need of any sanction by a religious or secular authority. Already many decades before 2086, we live in such a society, and tend to forget that in 1939 when the book was written this was still quite a radical vision, and that this may well have been a major reason for publishers to reject it. We have not yet gotten to the point where possessiveness over another person and the use of even "mild" violence in pursuit of such possessiveness is regarded by society at large as an intolerable social and mental aberration; perhaps by 2086 we will get there, too. (...) Still, Heinlein was far from completely and unequivocally accepting the full implications of gender equality — neither in this book nor in his later written and earlier published ones. The retrograde side raises its head in the later part, dealing with Heinlein's pet subject of space exploration. The protagonist Perry, who can be said to stand for Heinlein himself, is astonished at seeing a woman about to take up an experimental rocket, and exclaims: "But that's man's work!". He does not get told — as might have been expected — that the utopian society of 2086 has long since abolished any such distinction as "man's work". Rather, his interlocutor lamely explains that this particular woman, Vivian, was given a special privilege because she had designed the fuel for the rocket. A few pages later, the rocket crashes and Vivian is very severely punished for trying her hand at "a man's work": she was "burned to a crisp" and lost her right leg, and Heinlein neglects to tell the reader whether or not the doctors managed to save her life. It is left to the male hero from the past to take up the mission to which the poor Vivian was not equal, design a new and better rocket fuel (with his engineering knowledge a century out of date?) and proceed to triumphantly take off to "Where no man had gone before". To Perry's two love interests, Diana and Olga, is left the ultra-traditional female role, to tearfully embrace and kiss their hero and then wait fretting at home for his safe return — and to this reviewer is left a quite nasty aftertaste from the ending which followed a rather promising prelude. Editions January 2004, Scribner Book Company, ISBN 5-551-28585-5 January 2004, Scribner Book Company, ISBN 5-551-28586-3 January 6, 2004, Scribner, hardcover, 288 pages, ISBN 0-7432-5998-X December 1, 2004, Pocket Books, paperback, 352 pages, ISBN 0-7434-9154-8 References ^ Heinlein, Robert (1939). For Us, the Living. New York: Scribner. pp. 156–184. ISBN 0-7432-5998-X. ^ "The finding and publishing of "For Us, the Living"". Archived from the original on 2012-11-25. Retrieved 2012-03-06. ^ Spider Robinson ^ Article in "Science Fiction Review", August 2009 ^ Ward G. Carson, "The Formative Years of Science Fiction" in Ed Woods (ed.) Round Table on Speculative Literature, London, 2008 ^ Patterson, William H. (April 2008). "Introduction". For Us, the Living (Virginia ed.). Houston, TX: The Virginia Edition, Inc. pp. v–viii. ISBN 978-1-897350-06-5. Before had to buckle down to the unappealing choice, there was something he wanted to try. It would involve writing—a book. About money theory, a big, important topic in the ninth grinding year of the Great Depression.... The revised edition of Canadian monetarist critic C. H. Douglas' Social Credit had been published recently...Heinlein thought Douglas had some very good points to make.... He wanted to work out these ideas in story form... ^ Rowland, Robin. "Heinlein novel imagines a future America patterned on Alberta". CBC News Indepth. CBC News. Retrieved 31 October 2012. ^ "Автор: Heinlein Robert A. - Книга: 'For Us, the Living'". Выбрать главу. litmir.net. Retrieved 21 November 2012. ^ James, Robert, PhD, "Afterword", in For Us, the Living, by Robert Heinlein, Simon & Schuster, 2003 ^ Station, Mike (18 July 2012). "For Us, Who Didn't Build That". Mike Street Station. Retrieved 31 October 2012. ^ Patterson, Heinlein (2010). Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with His Century: Volume 1 (1907 - 1948). New York, NY, US: Tom Hoherty Associates, LLC. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-7653-1960-9. ^ Sewell, Thomas, "Featured Review: For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs – A Young Heinlein tries for Utopia, but fails" Archived 2013-05-22 at the Wayback Machine, Books Under Review, retrieved 21 March 2013 ^ Heinlein, Robert (2004) . For Us, the Living. New York: Pocket Books. p. 225. ISBN 0-7434-9154-8. ^ Heinlein, Robert (1939). For Us, the Living. New York: Scribner. p. 180. ISBN 0-7432-5998-X. ^ Heinlein, Robert (1939). For Us, the Living. New York: Scribner. p. 182. ISBN 0-7432-5998-X. ^ Cynthia Brown's review in "Gender Equality Quarterly", Autumn 2006 External links For Us, the Living title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs at Open Library vteRobert A. Heinlein Bibliography Future History The Man Who Sold the Moon (1950) The Green Hills of Earth (1951) Revolt in 2100 (1953) Methuselah's Children (1958) Orphans of the Sky (1963) The Past Through Tomorrow (1967) Time Enough for Love (1973) The Notebooks of Lazarus Long (1978) World as Myth The Number of the Beast (1980) The Cat Who Walks Through Walls (1985) To Sail Beyond the Sunset (1987) The Pursuit of the Pankera (2020) Scribner's juveniles Rocket Ship Galileo (1947) Space Cadet (1948) Red Planet (1949) Farmer in the Sky (1950) Between Planets (1951) The Rolling Stones (1952) Starman Jones (1953) The Star Beast (1954) Tunnel in the Sky (1955) Time for the Stars (1956) Citizen of the Galaxy (1957) Have Space Suit—Will Travel (1958) Other novels For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs (1939/2003) Beyond This Horizon (1948) Sixth Column (1949) The Puppet Masters (1951) Variable Star (1955/2006) Double Star (1956) The Door into Summer (1957) Starship Troopers (1959) Stranger in a Strange Land (1961) Podkayne of Mars (1963) Glory Road (1963) Farnham's Freehold (1964) The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966) I Will Fear No Evil (1970) Friday (1982) Job: A Comedy of Justice (1984) Collections The Robert Heinlein Omnibus (1958) The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein (1966) Expanded Universe (1980) Requiem (1992) Non-fiction Take Back Your Government (1946/1992) Tramp Royale (1954/1992) Grumbles from the Grave (1989) Screenplays Destination Moon (1950) Project Moonbase (1953) Characters Delos D. Harriman Jubal Harshaw Maureen Johnson Andrew Jackson Libby Lazarus Long Hazel Stone Legacy Heinlein Centennial Heinlein Society Robert A. Heinlein Award Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization Related Virginia Heinlein The Robert Heinlein Interview and Other Heinleiniana Starship Troopers (film) Tribbles Grok	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Us_the_Living:_The_Medgar_Evers_Story"},{"link_name":"We the Living (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_Living_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Heinlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeinleinHeritageCheckChapter-1"},{"link_name":"Spider Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_Robinson"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the television biopic, see For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story.For other uses, see We the Living (disambiguation).For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein. It was written in 1938 and published for the first time in 2003.[1] Heinlein admirer and science fiction author Spider Robinson titled his introductory essay \"RAH DNA\", as he believes this first, unpublished novel formed the DNA of Heinlein's later works.The novel's manuscript was lost until biographer Robert James traced down references to it. His research led to its rediscovery in a box left in a garage. Heinlein had apparently sent it to an earlier biographer, Leon Stover.[2]","title":"For Us, the Living"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Perry Nelson, a normal 1939 engineer and Navy pilot, is driving his automobile when he has a blowout, skids over a cliff, and wakes up in the year 2086. Though he was apparently killed in the summer, he re-appears in extremely cold snow, nearly dies again by freezing, and is saved by a fur-clad woman named Diana. The exact circumstances of his being killed and reborn after a century and a half are never explained.The later 21st century people seem strangely incurious, showing little interest in how he had come to be among them and rather take his appearance for granted and proceed to explain to him the details of the social and political set-up of their world.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"The Shape of Things to Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shape_of_Things_to_Come"},{"link_name":"Social Credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Credit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The book is akin more to a lecture series than a novel.[3] A number of people[who?] have remarked on its resemblance to H. G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come where the sleeper wakes into pseudo-utopia. The character Diana's background is clarified in a multiple-page footnote from the author. The future society has a version of a Social Credit structure with a central government-run bank exclusively controlling the monetary supply to prevent overproduction and remaining private banks prohibited from lending money they do not actually have on hand and which had been explicitly designated for investment risk.The book does not tell precisely how the protagonist came to wake up a century and a half after being killed in a car accident, and find himself wandering in the snow in the body of a denizen of the future who had had enough of life and chose to commit suicide. It is mentioned that his last sight before crashing down and getting killed was a girl in a green bathing suit who had the same face as the Diana which he meets in the future; it turns out that her name had been Diana, too, and that to her fell the disagreeable task of finding Perry's broken body and reporting the accident. There is the clear implication that the later Diana was an avatar or reincarnation of the earlier one, but this is not stated explicitly. As noted by reviewer Nancy Green, this aspect of the book gives the impression of a draft which Heinlein intended to further work on, but never did.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nehemiah Scudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_This_Goes_On%E2%80%94"},{"link_name":"Future History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_History_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Valley"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"libertarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"The Puppet Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Puppet_Masters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Appearing already in this early stage of Heinlein's career is the fanatic and dictatorial religious leader Nehemiah Scudder. However, in Heinlein's later Future History Scudder succeeds in getting elected President and establishing a theocratic dictatorship dominating the U.S. for most of the 21st century. Conversely, in For Us, the Living, Scudder does establish for several years a de facto domination over the Mississippi Valley, and terrorizes much of the rest of the country by Ku Klux Klan–type thugs—but he is stopped at the last moment by the counter-mobilization of libertarians, and despite mass voter intimidation carries only Tennessee and Alabama.In fact, the new regime seen in full bloom in the book's 2086 came into being in direct reaction to Scudder's attempt to impose Puritanical mores on the entire American society—for example, the complete abolition of the nudity taboo, which is an important aspect of the book's plot.The abolition of the taboo on public nudity would re-appear as a major issue in Heinlein's The Puppet Masters—though under radically different circumstances to those in the present book.A major difference between the time line of For Us, the Living and Heinlein's later Future History is the time when space exploration begins. In the Future History, Heinlein assumed that long before the end of the 20th century an extensive human exploration and colonization would take place all over the Solar System; the same assumption was made also in other works not fitting into the Future History's framework. However, in his earlier book dealt with here, Heinlein was far more cautious, placing the first circumlunar flight (not yet an actual landing) only in 2089.Ward Carson wrote: \"In For Us, the Living, space colonization waits until the end of the Twenty-First Century and Scudder is defeated; in the Future History it happens a century earlier and Scudder takes over the US. Heinlein made no explicit remark on this, but a causal connection could be made: in the Future History the bold individualistic Americans emigrated into space in the end of the Twentieth Century, and were not present in America to stop it from falling into the fanatic's hands\".[5]","title":"Connections to other Heinlein works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Concepts and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"The Shape of Things to Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shape_of_Things_to_Come"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"King Edward VIII of the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Edward_VIII_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"The Second World War","text":"At the time of writing, there was already a widespread expectation of a new war breaking out in Europe in the near future, and Heinlein followed this assumption. However, in the book's timeline the US stays out of the war, and it ends due to Germany's economic collapse rather than its military defeat (similar to the scenario given in H. G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come, four years before). Heinlein did correctly guess that Adolf Hitler would end up committing suicide, once his schemes of conquest collapsed.The timeline depicted in the book does not include a war between the US and Japan. However, in the context of a later war there is a depiction of Latin American aircraft carriers launching a devastating surprise attack on New York City, which bears some similarities to the methods which the Japanese would use at Pearl Harbor three years after the book was written. Heinlein, a former naval officer, clearly understood the strategic implications of the carriers' appearance and the revolution they would bring to naval warfare.The recently abdicated King Edward VIII of the UK is very positively presented, his romantic image as \"the King who gave up his throne for love\" not yet, at the time of writing, tainted by pro-Nazi associations. In Heinlein's projected future, Edward returns to England at the outbreak of war and distinguishes himself in wartime service. After the war a European Federation is formed and Edward is made into a Constitutional Emperor of Europe, a task which he fulfills with great success. However, he dies without issue in 1970 (two years earlier than in actual history) and in the aftermath Europe is torn up in forty years of highly destructive war and is largely depopulated.","title":"Concepts and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy"},{"link_name":"secularist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularist"},{"link_name":"sects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect"},{"link_name":"crucifix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"}],"sub_title":"Secularism","text":"As could be expected of a regime born directly of secular opposition to a religious fanatic's violent attempt to set up a theocracy, the regime depicted in the book has a clearly secularist inclination. All organized religious groups are defined as \"sects\", including what were considered \"Churches\" at the time of writing (and still are at present). Such religious themes as \"the conspicuous depiction of a person suffering in great pain\" (i.e. a crucifix) or the \"wild aggressive behavior of ancient barbaric tribes\" (i.e. the ancient Hebrews as depicted in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament) is greatly frowned upon. While religious education is not outright forbidden, all youths typically undergo a minimum of two years at a \"development center\" (a kind of boarding school) where education is completely secular. An option for parents refusing to let their children have such an experience is to go to Coventry where they could do as they wish, and some \"sects\" have done exactly that, to their last member.In this, Heinlein's vision of the future could be considered a watered-down version of that in Wells's The Shape of Things to Come where determined reformers completely suppress all organized religion for the explicit purpose of gaining a complete monopoly over education.","title":"Concepts and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1938 mid-term elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1938"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"1940 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Fiorello H. La Guardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia"},{"link_name":"Social Credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Credit"}],"sub_title":"President Roosevelt","text":"The book—written in the aftermath of the Democrats' heavy losses in the 1938 mid-term elections—assumes that by 1938–39 Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal had failed due to the constant attacks by his opponents, that in the 1940 election, Roosevelt would prove unelectable, that his downfall would drag the Democratic Party to ruin and that a sharp drift to the Right would culminate in an extreme-right dictatorship in the late 1940s—which would, however, prove short-lived and after which the pendulum would swing sharply to the Left again.Heinlein assigned to Fiorello H. La Guardia—at the time of writing a reformer Mayor of New York and outspoken supporter of Roosevelt, despite being nominally a Republican—the role of picking up FDR's torch, as a militant reforming President in the 1950s who would lead a head-on confrontation with the banking system, effectively nationalize the banks and institute the system of Social Credit.Several decades later, a John Delano Roosevelt is mentioned among the six highly regarded reformers who revise the US Constitution and institute the new regime seen in 2086.","title":"Concepts and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homesourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesourcing"},{"link_name":"chroma key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key"},{"link_name":"Social Credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Credit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VE-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCHeinlein-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"libertarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mikestreet-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeinleinInDialogue01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeinleinTaxEconomyProblem-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeinleinNoTaxReference-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeinleinInflrationDeflation-15"}],"sub_title":"Economic independence","text":"At a number of points in For Us, the Living, Heinlein describes an environment in which individuals are able to choose whether or not to accept a job. Passing references are made to the large number of individuals who take up art or other careers that traditionally do not pay well. The book also points out the short working hours and high wages paid to employees. The book ascribes this flexible working environment to the social credit system (the \"Dividend\") adopted by the United States which provides enough new capital in the economic system to overcome the problems of overproduction while providing a guaranteed minimal income for all members of society.For Us, the Living also depicts an early example of homesourcing in fiction. The character of Diana, a nationally renowned dancer, is shown performing in her own home for a broadcast audience, which sees her dancing on sets added by the broadcasting company to her original feed. The mechanism for this homesourcing is not described in much technical detail, but it appears to be similar to a high-definition video signal interfaced with something like modern chroma key technology.The biggest economic impact in the book, however, is Heinlein's Social Credit system, that he takes many pains to explain: the Heritage Check System, an alternative form of government funding, in place of taxation. The heritage check system is a moderately altered Social Credit system.[6][7] Its modification reflects Heinlein's more libertarian views and Heinlein's interpretation on how financial systems are affected by the relationship between consumption and production.[8][9]The system could be construed as a libertarian's approach to a socialist idea, creating an alternative to a tax system that puts fewer requirements on individuals, while simultaneously providing more for the common welfare.[10] This is not too surprising, as Heinlein (a proclaimed libertarian) was also fascinated by the Social Credit plan that appeared in Canada in the 1930s.[11] In this role, the government becomes less a part of the economy and more a facilitator of it.The Heritage System in For Us, the Living can be summarized by four major actions:A required end to fractional reserve banking. Banks must always have a 100% reserve for any loan they give out.\nNew money is printed only by the government, and then, only enough to counteract the natural deflation that would occur in a system without fractional reserve banking.\nThe government uses this money (and only this money), divided among all of its necessary roles. Any extra is divided evenly among citizens and businesses that over-produce, to offset the loss of not selling their over-production (the government buying the over-production for its own use, which can be bought by citizens later if they so desire at the same price.)\nGoods bought by the government are later sold by the government (or used by it), and normal governmental services (such as postage) are sold. These goods and services provide the standard backing for the currency, similar to how gold is used to back the gold standard.[12]Dealing with government funding in this way is theorized to stabilize an economy, and deals with the production/consumption problem that Heinlein claims to exist with more conventional economic systems:A production cycle creates exactly enough purchasing power for its consumption cycle. If any part of this potential purchasing is not used for consumption but instead is invested in new production, it appears as a cost charge in the new items of production, before it re-appears as new purchasing power. Therefore, it causes a net loss of purchasing power in the earlier cycle. Therefore, an equal amount of new money is required by the country.[13]In addition to stabilizing the economy, it is theorized to have the added benefit of being a system where Federal taxes would not be needed for Government function, and only be needed for regulatory measures[14] (e.g. enforcing environmental standards, corporations being taxed for not meeting government requirements, tariffs that exist purely to discourage buying from certain locations, wealth redistribution, etc.)The system also makes note of the fact that government spending and government taxing are not only not related, both can happen in the complete absence of the other (especially in a heritage check system), and that as far as market effect, taxing causes deflation and Government spending causes inflation. He notes this, and that as a result, the value of money can be completely and totally controlled, making the currency as stable as it is desired to be.[15]","title":"Concepts and themes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Social and governmental","text":"For Us, the Living also depicts graphically the transition between the society that Perry left in 1939 and how it is transformed through a series of acts by the Government. Of specific note is the \"War Voting Act\". In this act, if the United States wished to engage in armed conflict with any other country, a national referendum was required to be held. Voting on a war is limited to citizens eligible for military service and not currently in the military. In the event that the article was passed and the country was to go to war, those who had voted for war were the first to be enlisted in the armed forces, those who did not vote were the second group conscripted, and those who voted \"No\" were the third group. Heinlein states that in the history of the \"War Voting Act\", the process had been enacted three times, and all three times the entire citizenry were actively engaged in very vocal debate as to whether the conflict was warranted. All three times, he states, the measures to go to war were defeated.After the transition has been completed, the social norms of the society are effectively transformed. One of the most pervasive, is the distinction between \"public sphere\" and \"private sphere\". The society as a whole respects privacy in what are considered private sphere events, such as intimacy, closeness, interpersonal relationships and even identity in business and governmental transactions. As there is a great deal of information in the society, this becomes rather critical in moving the society toward a point away from information fetishism and toward a society where persons have respect for one another's privacy and work as a society for the betterment of all.","title":"Concepts and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Feminist critique","text":"Cynthia Brown noted in her review that(...) Heinlein depicts a society where it is taken for granted that a woman may freely pursue a career, as well as choose her sexual partner(s) and live openly with a man without need of any sanction by a religious or secular authority. Already many decades before 2086, we live in such a society, and tend to forget that in 1939 when the book was written this was still quite a radical vision, and that this may well have been a major reason for publishers to reject it. We have not yet gotten to the point where possessiveness over another person and the use of even \"mild\" violence in pursuit of such possessiveness is regarded by society at large as an intolerable social and mental aberration; perhaps by 2086 we will get there, too.\n(...) Still, Heinlein was far from completely and unequivocally accepting the full implications of gender equality — neither in this book nor in his later written and earlier published ones. The retrograde side raises its head in the later part, dealing with Heinlein's pet subject of space exploration. The protagonist Perry, who can be said to stand for Heinlein himself, is astonished at seeing a woman about to take up an experimental rocket, and exclaims: \"But that's man's work!\". He does not get told — as might have been expected — that the utopian society of 2086 has long since abolished any such distinction as \"man's work\". Rather, his interlocutor lamely explains that this particular woman, Vivian, was given a special privilege because she had designed the fuel for the rocket. A few pages later, the rocket crashes and Vivian is very severely punished for trying her hand at \"a man's work\": she was \"burned to a crisp\" and lost her right leg, and Heinlein neglects to tell the reader whether or not the doctors managed to save her life. It is left to the male hero from the past to take up the mission to which the poor Vivian was not equal, design a new and better rocket fuel (with his engineering knowledge a century out of date?) and proceed to triumphantly take off to \"Where no man had gone before\". To Perry's two love interests, Diana and Olga, is left the ultra-traditional female role, to tearfully embrace and kiss their hero and then wait fretting at home for his safe return — and to this reviewer is left a quite nasty aftertaste from the ending which followed a rather promising prelude.[16]","title":"Concepts and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-551-28585-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-551-28585-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-551-28586-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-551-28586-3"},{"link_name":"Scribner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7432-5998-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5998-X"},{"link_name":"Pocket Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7434-9154-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-9154-8"}],"text":"January 2004, Scribner Book Company, ISBN 5-551-28585-5\nJanuary 2004, Scribner Book Company, ISBN 5-551-28586-3\nJanuary 6, 2004, Scribner, hardcover, 288 pages, ISBN 0-7432-5998-X\nDecember 1, 2004, Pocket Books, paperback, 352 pages, ISBN 0-7434-9154-8","title":"Editions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Heinlein, Robert (1939). For Us, the Living. New York: Scribner. pp. 156–184. ISBN 0-7432-5998-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5998-X","url_text":"0-7432-5998-X"}]},{"reference":"\"The finding and publishing of \"For Us, the Living\"\". Archived from the original on 2012-11-25. Retrieved 2012-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121125142408/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/newsFUTL.html","url_text":"\"The finding and publishing of \"For Us, the Living\"\""},{"url":"http://www.heinleinsociety.org/newsFUTL.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, William H. (April 2008). \"Introduction\". For Us, the Living (Virginia ed.). Houston, TX: The Virginia Edition, Inc. pp. v–viii. ISBN 978-1-897350-06-5. Before [Heinlein] had to buckle down to the unappealing [career] choice, there was something he wanted to try. It would involve writing—a book. About money theory, a big, important topic in the ninth grinding year of the Great Depression.... The revised edition of Canadian monetarist critic C. H. Douglas' Social Credit had been published recently...Heinlein thought Douglas had some very good points to make.... He wanted to work out these ideas in story form...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897350-06-5","url_text":"978-1-897350-06-5"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, Robin. \"Heinlein novel imagines a future America patterned on Alberta\". CBC News Indepth. CBC News. Retrieved 31 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/arts/features/heinlein/","url_text":"\"Heinlein novel imagines a future America patterned on Alberta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Автор: Heinlein Robert A. - Книга: 'For Us, the Living'\". Выбрать главу. litmir.net. Retrieved 21 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litmir.net/br/?b=88976&p=55","url_text":"\"Автор: Heinlein Robert A. - Книга: 'For Us, the Living'\""}]},{"reference":"Station, Mike (18 July 2012). \"For Us, Who Didn't Build That\". Mike Street Station. Retrieved 31 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mikestreetstation.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/for-us-who-didnt-build-that/","url_text":"\"For Us, Who Didn't Build That\""}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Heinlein (2010). Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with His Century: Volume 1 (1907 - 1948). New York, NY, US: Tom Hoherty Associates, LLC. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-7653-1960-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z93OvsN2yq8C&q=heinlein+social+credit&pg=PA219","url_text":"Robert A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_C._Rich	Joseph C. Rich	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	American politician Joseph RichMember of the Idaho Senatefrom the Bear Lake County districtIn office1896–1898 Personal detailsBornJanuary 16, 1841Nauvoo, Illinois, U.S.DiedOctober 17, 1908 (aged 67)Centerville, Utah, U.S.Resting placeParis CemeteryParis, Idaho, U.S.Spouse Ann Eliza Hunter (m. 1886)RelationsCharles C. Rich (father)Edward Hunter (father-in-law) Joseph Coulson Rich (January 16, 1841 – October 17, 1908) was an American, politician, judge, and early settler of the Idaho Territory. Early life Rich was born in Nauvoo, Illinois, as the oldest son of the Latter Day Saint converts Charles C. Rich and Sarah DeArmon Pea. In 1847, the family traveled with Mormon pioneers from Nauvoo to the Salt Lake Valley. In 1849, Charles Rich became an apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Career In 1860, Rich traveled to England and Wales, where he was a missionary for the LDS Church until 1863. During that time, his father was the president of the LDS Church's European Mission, which was based in England. Returning to Salt Lake City, Charles and Joseph Rich were recruited by Brigham Young to participate in the settlement of the Bear River Valley in Idaho Territory. Under the leadership of Charles Rich, the settlers founded Paris, Idaho. On January 25, 1867, Joseph Rich became a member of the Council of Fifty. In 1868, Rich wrote an article in the Deseret News in which he claimed that a group of settlers had seen "monsters" swimming in the waters of Bear Lake. This was the beginning of the popular legend that the Bear Lake monster inhabits the lake. A Democrat, Rich was twice elected to represent Bear Lake County in the Idaho Territorial Legislature. He also served as prosecuting attorney of the county. He presided over the Democratic Party's Idaho state convention in 1894 and was elected to the Idaho Senate in 1896. In 1898, he was elected as the judge of Idaho's fifth judicial district. Personal life In 1886, Rich married Ann Eliza Hunter, a daughter of Edward Hunter, a prominent leader in the LDS Church. Rich died in Centerville, Utah, and was buried in the Paris Cemetery in Paris, Idaho. Notes ^ Hawley, James Henry (1920). History of Idaho: The Gem of the Mountains. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. ^ "Biographies for Residents of Bear Lake County, ID". genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 2021-09-23. ^ D. Robert Carter, "The meandrous monster migrates to Utah Lake" Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Herald (Provo, Utah), May 6, 2006. ^ "Article from Deseret News: "Bear Lake Monster"". digital.lib.usu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-23. ^ Dinger, John S. (2021). "Forgery and the Idaho Test Oath". Journal of Mormon History. 47 (2): 136–142. doi:10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136. ISSN 0094-7342. JSTOR 10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136. S2CID 234200539. References An Illustrated History of the State of Idaho (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1899) pp. 693–695. External links Joseph C. Rich at Find a Grave vteMembers of the Council of Fifty of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Adams (1844–45) Babbitt (1844–56) Badlam (1844–45, 1851–68) Benson (1846–69) Bent (1844–46) Bernhisel (1844–81) Bonney (1844–45) Brown (1844–45) Budge (1882–1919) Bullock (1846–82) Burton (1867–1907) Cahoon (1844–61) Caine (1881–1911) A. H. Cannon (1884–96) A. M. Cannon (1880–1915) G. Q. Cannon (1867–1901) J. Q. Cannon (1884–1931) Carrington (1845–89) Clawson (1882–1912) Clayton (1844–79) Clinton (1867–92) Cluff (1880–1915) Coolidge (1844–48) Cott (1880–83) Cutler (1844–49) Dana (1845–48) Daniels (1845–46) Dunham (1845) Eaton (1844–45) Eldredge (1848–88) Emmett (1844–45) Farnham (1845–?) Farr (1880–1909) A. Fielding (1844–75) J. Fielding (1844–63) Foster (1845–46) D. Fullmer (1845–79) J. S. Fullmer (1845–82) Gibbs (1882–1924) G. D. Grant (1845–76) H. J. Grant (1882–1945) J. M. Grant (1844–56) Greene (1844) Hardy (1882–84) Hatch (1883–1911) Haws (1844–46) Heywood (1848–82) Hollister (1844–46) Hooper (1867–82) Hunter (1867–83) Hyde (1844–78) James (1844–45) Jennings (1880–86) Johnson (1844–1905) C. S. Kimball (1867–1925) D. P. Kimball (1867–83) H. C. Kimball (1844–68) H. P. Kimball (1867–85) Layton (1883–98) Lee (1844–77) Little (1880–87) Lott (1844–50) A. M. Lyman (1844–67) F. M. Lyman (1880–1916) Marks (1844–45) Miller (1844–46) Morley (1845–65) Murdock (1880–1913) Nuttall (1880–1905) Pack (1845–46) Page (1845–46) Parker (1844–82) Penrose (1882–1925) Peterson (1882–1902) Phelps (1844–72) O. Pratt (1844–81) P. P. Pratt Sr. (1844–57) P. P. Pratt Jr. (1867–97) Preston (1880–1908) Reynolds (1881–1909) C. C. Rich (1844–82) J. C. Rich (1867–1908) F.D. Richards (1849–99) F. S. Richards (1880–1934) H. J. Richards (1867–1919) L. Richards (1844–76) P. Richards (1848–74) W. Richards (1844–54) Rigdon (1844–45) Rockwell (1844–78) Rockwood (1845–79) Roundy (1845–72) Sharp (1867–91) Shumway (1845–82) Shurtliff (1883–1922) E. Smith (1844–88) G.A. Smith (1844–75) H. Smith (1844) John Smith (1880–1911) J. H. Smith (1844–1911) Jos. Smith (1844) J. F. Smith (1867–1918) S. S. Smith (1880–1910) W. Smith (1844–45) W. R. Smith (1880–94) Smoot (1867–95) E. Snow (1844–88) L. Snow (1849–1901) W. Snow (1848–53) D. Spencer (1845–68) O. Spencer (1844–55) Stout (1867–89) G. J. Taylor (1867–1914) J. Taylor (1844–87) J. W. Taylor (1884–1916) W. W. Taylor (1880–84) Teasdale (1882–1907) Thatcher (1880–1909) Thayre (1844–45) Turley (1845–71) Wasson (1844–45) D. H. Wells (1848–91) J. F. Wells (1880–1930) Whitney (1844–50) Wight (1844–45) Winder (1881–1910) Woodruff (1844–98) Woodworth (1844–48) Yearsley (1844–49) B. Young Sr. (1844–77) B. Young Jr. (1867–1903) John Young (1849–70) J. W. Young (1867–1924) Jos. Young (1845–81) J. A. Young (1867–75) P. Young (1845–79) S. B. Young (1884–1924)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idaho Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Territory"}],"text":"Joseph Coulson Rich (January 16, 1841 – October 17, 1908) was an American, politician, judge, and early settler of the Idaho Territory.","title":"Joseph C. Rich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nauvoo, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Charles C. Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Rich"},{"link_name":"Mormon pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_pioneers"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Valley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Rich was born in Nauvoo, Illinois, as the oldest son of the Latter Day Saint converts Charles C. Rich and Sarah DeArmon Pea. In 1847, the family traveled with Mormon pioneers from Nauvoo to the Salt Lake Valley.[1] In 1849, Charles Rich became an apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_missionary"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_president"},{"link_name":"Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young"},{"link_name":"Paris, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Council of Fifty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Fifty"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"},{"link_name":"Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Lake_(Idaho%E2%80%93Utah)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bear Lake monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Lake_monster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bear Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Lake_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Idaho Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Senate"}],"text":"In 1860, Rich traveled to England and Wales, where he was a missionary for the LDS Church until 1863. During that time, his father was the president of the LDS Church's European Mission, which was based in England. Returning to Salt Lake City, Charles and Joseph Rich were recruited by Brigham Young to participate in the settlement of the Bear River Valley in Idaho Territory. Under the leadership of Charles Rich, the settlers founded Paris, Idaho. On January 25, 1867, Joseph Rich became a member of the Council of Fifty.In 1868, Rich wrote an article in the Deseret News in which he claimed that a group of settlers had seen \"monsters\" swimming in the waters of Bear Lake.[3] This was the beginning of the popular legend that the Bear Lake monster inhabits the lake.[4]A Democrat, Rich was twice elected to represent Bear Lake County in the Idaho Territorial Legislature. He also served as prosecuting attorney of the county.[5] He presided over the Democratic Party's Idaho state convention in 1894 and was elected to the Idaho Senate in 1896. In 1898, he was elected as the judge of Idaho's fifth judicial district.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hunter_(Mormon)"},{"link_name":"Centerville, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerville,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Paris, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_Idaho"}],"text":"In 1886, Rich married Ann Eliza Hunter, a daughter of Edward Hunter, a prominent leader in the LDS Church. Rich died in Centerville, Utah, and was buried in the Paris Cemetery in Paris, Idaho.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"History of Idaho: The Gem of the Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HeAUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Joseph+C.+Rich+born+in+nauvoo&pg=PA433"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Biographies for Residents of Bear Lake County, ID\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//genealogytrails.com/ida/bearlake/bios/bios_r.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The meandrous monster migrates to Utah Lake\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heraldextra.com/news/local/article_4adacc44-6721-541d-bca1-b7edca69069f.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090803184825/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/article_4adacc44-6721-541d-bca1-b7edca69069f.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Article from Deseret News: \"Bear Lake Monster\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digital.lib.usu.edu/digital/collection/bearlakemon/id/433/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Forgery and the Idaho Test Oath\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5406%2Fjmormhist.47.2.0136"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0094-7342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7342"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"234200539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234200539"}],"text":"^ Hawley, James Henry (1920). History of Idaho: The Gem of the Mountains. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company.\n\n^ \"Biographies for Residents of Bear Lake County, ID\". genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 2021-09-23.\n\n^ D. Robert Carter, \"The meandrous monster migrates to Utah Lake\" Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine, Daily Herald (Provo, Utah), May 6, 2006.\n\n^ \"Article from Deseret News: \"Bear Lake Monster\"\". digital.lib.usu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-23.\n\n^ Dinger, John S. (2021). \"Forgery and the Idaho Test Oath\". Journal of Mormon History. 47 (2): 136–142. doi:10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136. ISSN 0094-7342. JSTOR 10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136. S2CID 234200539.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hawley, James Henry (1920). History of Idaho: The Gem of the Mountains. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HeAUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Joseph+C.+Rich+born+in+nauvoo&pg=PA433","url_text":"History of Idaho: The Gem of the Mountains"}]},{"reference":"\"Biographies for Residents of Bear Lake County, ID\". genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 2021-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogytrails.com/ida/bearlake/bios/bios_r.html","url_text":"\"Biographies for Residents of Bear Lake County, ID\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article from Deseret News: \"Bear Lake Monster\"\". digital.lib.usu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.lib.usu.edu/digital/collection/bearlakemon/id/433/","url_text":"\"Article from Deseret News: \"Bear Lake Monster\"\""}]},{"reference":"Dinger, John S. (2021). \"Forgery and the Idaho Test Oath\". Journal of Mormon History. 47 (2): 136–142. doi:10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136. ISSN 0094-7342. JSTOR 10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136. S2CID 234200539.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136","url_text":"\"Forgery and the Idaho Test Oath\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjmormhist.47.2.0136","url_text":"10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7342","url_text":"0094-7342"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136","url_text":"10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234200539","url_text":"234200539"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HeAUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Joseph+C.+Rich+born+in+nauvoo&pg=PA433","external_links_name":"History of Idaho: The Gem of the Mountains"},{"Link":"http://genealogytrails.com/ida/bearlake/bios/bios_r.html","external_links_name":"\"Biographies for Residents of Bear Lake County, ID\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/article_4adacc44-6721-541d-bca1-b7edca69069f.html","external_links_name":"\"The meandrous monster migrates to Utah Lake\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090803184825/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/article_4adacc44-6721-541d-bca1-b7edca69069f.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://digital.lib.usu.edu/digital/collection/bearlakemon/id/433/","external_links_name":"\"Article from Deseret News: \"Bear Lake Monster\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136","external_links_name":"\"Forgery and the Idaho Test Oath\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjmormhist.47.2.0136","external_links_name":"10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7342","external_links_name":"0094-7342"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136","external_links_name":"10.5406/jmormhist.47.2.0136"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234200539","external_links_name":"234200539"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/39677535","external_links_name":"Joseph C. Rich"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olim_L%27Berlin	Olim L'Berlin	["1 Background","2 Controversy","3 Other responses","4 References","5 External links"]	Facebook page Milky pudding in different flavors Olim L'Berlin (Hebrew: עולים לברלין‎, lit. "Let's Ascend to Berlin" but more accurately "Let's Move to Berlin," also known as the Milky protest) was the name of a Facebook page that coined a snowclone in 2014, and was terminated in early 2015. Comparing the high cost of living in Israel with the comparatively cheaper economic climate in Berlin, which has a growing community of Israeli expatriates, the page urged more Israelis to move to Germany, raising a storm of protest in Israeli social and political circles. Compounding the reaction was the Facebook page's use of the same verb (olim) that Jews use for aliyah (immigration to Israel). The Facebook page based its cost-of-living comparison on the price of grocery items in Israel and Germany, among them a pudding dessert similar to the popular Israeli pudding known as Milky. The grocery bill was found to be three times higher in Israel than in Germany. The Facebook page and subsequent public debate became known as the "Battle of the Milky" (הקרב על המילקי‎) in Israel, or "Milky Protest" in international media. Background Milky pudding, based on a former Danone product and produced by Strauss, is one of the best-known and best-selling dessert products in Israel. The chocolate-flavored Milky was introduced in 1979, followed by the vanilla-flavored version in 1980. In 1986, a video commercial called "Battle of the Milky" (הקרב על המילקי‎) was released in cinemas, showing supermarket customers racing each other down the aisle to grab the last chocolate-flavored Milky off the shelf. Evoking the cottage cheese protests in Israel in 2011, the Facebook site owner chose the popular Milky pudding as a new symbol of protest against Israel's high consumer prices, calling for Israelis to emigrate to Berlin to enjoy a lower cost of living. Berlin is known as a "cheap and shabby-chic" city with a lower cost of living than Israel and a growing population of Israeli expatriates. It is among the cities that now attract "the type who made Tel Aviv cool" – young, single, and often female graduates; artists, filmmakers, musicians, and other members of the creative class. According to unofficial estimates, between 3,000 and 20,000 young Israelis and Western European Jews relocated to Berlin between 2009 and 2014; an estimated 25,000 Israelis were residents of the city in 2014. Controversy On September 29, 2014, a Hebrew-language Facebook page called Olim L'Berlin was launched by an anonymous site owner. On October 5, the page showed a picture of a Berlin supermarket receipt for a variety of products, including bread, eggs, noodles, orange juice, and three containers of a chocolate pudding dessert. Beside it was a picture of a Milky-like chocolate pudding product topped with whipped cream. The site challenged Israelis to buy exactly the same list of groceries in Israel for less. The pudding alone cost the equivalent of 1 shekel in Germany, as opposed to 4 or 5 shekels in Israel. The equivalent grocery bill was found to be three times higher in Israel than in Germany. Besides reminding Israelis of the high cost of living in their country, the name of the Facebook page was a distortion of the Zionist ideal of aliyah, using the same verb (olim) to suggest emigration to Germany instead. Finance Minister Yair Lapid called the owner of the site "anti-Zionist". The fact that Germany was chosen as the destination struck a raw nerve across the social and political spectrum, considering Israel's founding in 1948 in the wake of the Holocaust, its large population of Holocaust survivors, and the many citizens who still refuse to buy products made in Germany. "Are the gas chambers in Berlin also cheaper than here?" one visitor posted to the Facebook page. Israel HaYom branded the Facebook page as "an insult to all Holocaust survivors". Agriculture Minister Yair Shamir stated, "I pity the Israelis who no longer remember the Holocaust and abandoned Israel for a pudding". The Facebook page garnered 13,000 likes within hours of its posting and reached 1 million hits within four days. The so-called "Milky Protest" was widely covered by international media. The site owner refused to reveal his identity or to be interviewed by the Israeli press; he was known only as a 25-year-old Israeli and ex-IDF officer living in Berlin. Five days after the page went live, the site owner claimed he had received 12,000 messages from Israelis and was actively advising Israelis how to emigrate. He told Channel 2 that he had petitioned German Chancellor Angela Merkel to issue 25,000 temporary visas to accommodate Israelis looking for work in Germany. From his home in Berlin, he organized an "emigration fair" in Rabin Square in Tel Aviv on October 14, 2014. Though 2,300 people registered on the Facebook page to attend, fewer than 100 participants showed up. On October 14, 2015 The Washington Post revealed that the site owner was Naor Narkis, a 25-year-old former officer of the Intelligence Corps and a freelance mobile app designer living in Berlin. Narkis had first emigrated to France five months earlier, but was put off by strains of antisemitism and the high cost of living in Paris. He found much less antisemitism in Germany and a more welcoming atmosphere for Israelis there, as well as the "cheap and cool" factor of Berlin. He claimed that the high cost of living in Israel was "forcing young people into exile". By October 26, The Jerusalem Post had reported that Narkis planned to return to Israel, saying that his Facebook protest had become "less effective" since he revealed his identity, and that the site would be taken down upon his return to Israel. Other responses In a play on the original page, other Olim L'... Facebook pages sprang up to provide destinations for emigrating Israelis, including Olim L'Prague, Olim L'Detroit, and Olim L'Maadim (Hebrew name for Mars). Like the original page, these groups were mocked by Right-wing Zionists as Post-Zionism, which harmed their potential popularity. References ^ a b c Yefet, Orna (22 April 2008). "We were (almost) there first". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ a b "The Milky Way". The Jerusalem Post. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ Collins, Liat (26 June 2011). "Milking a Crisis". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014. (subscription required) ^ a b c d e f Faiola, Anthony (17 October 2014). "'Pudding Man' who left Israel for Germany reveals his identity". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ a b c d Rudoren, Jodi (16 October 2014). "In Exodus From Israel to Germany, a Young Nation's Fissures Show". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ a b c "Next year in Berlin: Some Israelis yearn for new lives in Germany". The Economist. 11 October 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ Hagin, Adi (16 September 2011). "Why are Israelis Moving to Germany?". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ Faiola, Anthony; Eglash, Ruth (21 October 2014). "Waves of young Israelis find a home in the former Nazi capital". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ a b c d e f g Salloum, Raniah (10 October 2014). "An Israeli in Berlin: The Chocolate Pudding Exodus". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ a b c d "From Tel Aviv to Berlin: Social media takes notice of Israeli supermarket prices, again". The Jerusalem Post. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ a b Schofield, Michael (27 October 2014). "Israeli's praise of life in Germany sets off fury on Facebook". McClatchy DC. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ Heller, Aron; Grieshaber, Kirsten (18 October 2014). "Berlin exodus campaign sparks outrage in Israel". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ Goldmann, Ayala (8 October 2014). "Billig in Berlin" . Jüdische Allgemeine (in German). Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ Molinari, Maurizio (11 October 2014). "Appello su Facebook: 'Berlino più economica di Tel Aviv, immigriamo'" . La Stampa (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ "Teurer Schokopudding treibt Israelis nach Berlin" . Israel Heute (in German). 10 October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ a b Harkov, Lahav (15 October 2014). "Low turnout at 'Berlin' protest in Tel Aviv over high cost of living". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014. (subscription required) ^ "Israeli expats in Berlin appeal to Merkel for help in facilitating 'aliyah' to Germany". The Jerusalem Post. 10 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ Harkov, Lahav (26 October 2014). "'Milky Protest' leader in Berlin moving back to Israel". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ Dekel, Irit (3 December 2014). "Israelis in Berlin and the Elephant in the Room". The New School for Social Research. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014. External links Facebook page	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milky_(pudding).JPG"},{"link_name":"Milky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_(pudding)"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"snowclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowclone"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"aliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"Milky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_(pudding)"}],"text":"Milky pudding in different flavorsOlim L'Berlin (Hebrew: עולים לברלין‎, lit. \"Let's Ascend to Berlin\" but more accurately \"Let's Move to Berlin,\" also known as the Milky protest) was the name of a Facebook page that coined a snowclone in 2014, and was terminated in early 2015. Comparing the high cost of living in Israel with the comparatively cheaper economic climate in Berlin, which has a growing community of Israeli expatriates, the page urged more Israelis to move to Germany, raising a storm of protest in Israeli social and political circles. Compounding the reaction was the Facebook page's use of the same verb (olim) that Jews use for aliyah (immigration to Israel).The Facebook page based its cost-of-living comparison on the price of grocery items in Israel and Germany, among them a pudding dessert similar to the popular Israeli pudding known as Milky. The grocery bill was found to be three times higher in Israel than in Germany. The Facebook page and subsequent public debate became known as the \"Battle of the Milky\" (הקרב על המילקי‎) in Israel, or \"Milky Protest\" in international media.","title":"Olim L'Berlin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_(pudding)"},{"link_name":"Danone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Danone"},{"link_name":"Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strauss_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ynet-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-way-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ynet-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ynet-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cottage cheese protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheese_boycott"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-way-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-man-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-5"},{"link_name":"creative class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_class"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eco-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-9"}],"text":"Milky pudding, based on a former Danone product and produced by Strauss, is one of the best-known and best-selling dessert products in Israel.[1][2] The chocolate-flavored Milky was introduced in 1979, followed by the vanilla-flavored version in 1980.[1] In 1986, a video commercial called \"Battle of the Milky\" (הקרב על המילקי‎) was released in cinemas, showing supermarket customers racing each other down the aisle to grab the last chocolate-flavored Milky off the shelf.[1][3] Evoking the cottage cheese protests in Israel in 2011, the Facebook site owner chose the popular Milky pudding as a new symbol of protest against Israel's high consumer prices, calling for Israelis to emigrate to Berlin to enjoy a lower cost of living.[2]Berlin is known as a \"cheap and shabby-chic\" city with a lower cost of living than Israel[4] and a growing population of Israeli expatriates.[5] It is among the cities that now attract \"the type who made Tel Aviv cool\" – young, single, and often female graduates; artists, filmmakers, musicians, and other members of the creative class.[6][7] According to unofficial estimates, between 3,000 and 20,000 young Israelis and Western European Jews relocated to Berlin between 2009 and 2014;[8] an estimated 25,000 Israelis were residents of the city in 2014.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-man-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-9"},{"link_name":"shekel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eco-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-10"},{"link_name":"aliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"Finance Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Yair Lapid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yair_Lapid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-9"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcc-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcc-11"},{"link_name":"Israel HaYom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_HaYom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eco-6"},{"link_name":"Agriculture Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Yair Shamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yair_Shamir"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-man-4"},{"link_name":"likes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_button#Facebook"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"IDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lahav-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-9"},{"link_name":"Channel 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_2_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Rabin Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin_Square"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lahav-16"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Intelligence Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-man-4"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-man-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-man-4"},{"link_name":"The Jerusalem Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"On September 29, 2014, a Hebrew-language Facebook page called Olim L'Berlin was launched by an anonymous site owner.[4][5] On October 5, the page showed a picture of a Berlin supermarket[10] receipt for a variety of products, including bread, eggs, noodles, orange juice, and three containers of a chocolate pudding dessert. Beside it was a picture of a Milky-like chocolate pudding product topped with whipped cream.[9] The site challenged Israelis to buy exactly the same list of groceries in Israel for less.[9] The pudding alone cost the equivalent of 1 shekel in Germany, as opposed to 4 or 5 shekels in Israel.[10] The equivalent grocery bill was found to be three times higher in Israel than in Germany.[6][10]Besides reminding Israelis of the high cost of living in their country, the name of the Facebook page was a distortion of the Zionist ideal of aliyah, using the same verb (olim) to suggest emigration to Germany instead. Finance Minister Yair Lapid called the owner of the site \"anti-Zionist\".[9] The fact that Germany was chosen as the destination struck a raw nerve across the social and political spectrum, considering Israel's founding in 1948 in the wake of the Holocaust,[11] its large population of Holocaust survivors, and the many citizens who still refuse to buy products made in Germany.[12] \"Are the gas chambers in Berlin also cheaper than here?\" one visitor posted to the Facebook page.[11] Israel HaYom branded the Facebook page as \"an insult to all Holocaust survivors\".[6] Agriculture Minister Yair Shamir stated, \"I pity the Israelis who no longer remember the Holocaust and abandoned Israel for a pudding\".[4]The Facebook page garnered 13,000 likes within hours of its posting[10] and reached 1 million hits within four days.[9] The so-called \"Milky Protest\" was widely covered by international media.[5][9][13][14][15] The site owner refused to reveal his identity or to be interviewed by the Israeli press; he was known only as a 25-year-old Israeli and ex-IDF officer living in Berlin.[16]Five days after the page went live, the site owner claimed he had received 12,000 messages from Israelis and was actively advising Israelis how to emigrate.[9] He told Channel 2 that he had petitioned German Chancellor Angela Merkel to issue 25,000 temporary visas to accommodate Israelis looking for work in Germany.[17] From his home in Berlin, he organized an \"emigration fair\" in Rabin Square in Tel Aviv on October 14, 2014. Though 2,300 people registered on the Facebook page to attend, fewer than 100 participants showed up.[16]On October 14, 2015 The Washington Post revealed that the site owner was Naor Narkis, a 25-year-old former officer of the Intelligence Corps and a freelance mobile app designer living in Berlin.[4] Narkis had first emigrated to France five months earlier, but was put off by strains of antisemitism and the high cost of living in Paris. He found much less antisemitism in Germany and a more welcoming atmosphere for Israelis there, as well as the \"cheap and cool\" factor of Berlin.[4] He claimed that the high cost of living in Israel was \"forcing young people into exile\".[4]By October 26, The Jerusalem Post had reported that Narkis planned to return to Israel, saying that his Facebook protest had become \"less effective\" since he revealed his identity,[18] and that the site would be taken down upon his return to Israel.[19]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-5"},{"link_name":"Right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing"},{"link_name":"Zionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionists"},{"link_name":"Post-Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Zionism"}],"text":"In a play on the original page, other Olim L'... Facebook pages sprang up to provide destinations for emigrating Israelis, including Olim L'Prague, Olim L'Detroit, and Olim L'Maadim (Hebrew name for Mars).[5] Like the original page, these groups were mocked by Right-wing Zionists as Post-Zionism, which harmed their potential popularity.","title":"Other responses"}]	[{"image_text":"Milky pudding in different flavors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Milky_%28pudding%29.JPG/275px-Milky_%28pudding%29.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Yefet, Orna (22 April 2008). \"We were (almost) there first\". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3534561,00.html","url_text":"\"We were (almost) there first\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynetnews","url_text":"Ynetnews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141223004602/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3534561,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Milky Way\". The Jerusalem Post. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-Milky-way-378205","url_text":"\"The Milky Way\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141223010850/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/The-Milky-way-378205","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Liat (26 June 2011). \"Milking a Crisis\". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329095111/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-194266999.html","url_text":"\"Milking a Crisis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post","url_text":"The Jerusalem Post"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-194266999.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Faiola, Anthony (17 October 2014). \"'Pudding Man' who left Israel for Germany reveals his identity\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/10/17/pudding-man-who-left-israel-for-germany-reveals-his-identity/","url_text":"\"'Pudding Man' who left Israel for Germany reveals his identity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150730084410/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/10/17/pudding-man-who-left-israel-for-germany-reveals-his-identity/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rudoren, Jodi (16 October 2014). \"In Exodus From Israel to Germany, a Young Nation's Fissures Show\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/17/world/middleeast/in-exodus-from-israel-to-berlin-young-nations-fissures-show.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"In Exodus From Israel to Germany, a Young Nation's Fissures Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141223014839/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/17/world/middleeast/in-exodus-from-israel-to-berlin-young-nations-fissures-show.html?_r=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Next year in Berlin: Some Israelis yearn for new lives in Germany\". The Economist. 11 October 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21623796-some-israelis-yearn-new-lives-germany-next-year-berlin","url_text":"\"Next year in Berlin: Some Israelis yearn for new lives in Germany\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171024121235/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21623796-some-israelis-yearn-new-lives-germany-next-year-berlin","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hagin, Adi (16 September 2011). \"Why are Israelis Moving to Germany?\". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/why-are-israelis-moving-to-germany-1.384831","url_text":"\"Why are Israelis Moving to Germany?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz","url_text":"Haaretz"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017065631/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/why-are-israelis-moving-to-germany-1.384831","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Faiola, Anthony; Eglash, Ruth (21 October 2014). \"Waves of young Israelis find a home in the former Nazi capital\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. 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Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/olim-le-berlin-in-israel-a-facebook-page-causes-an-uproar-a-996503.html","url_text":"\"An Israeli in Berlin: The Chocolate Pudding Exodus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141013021614/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/olim-le-berlin-in-israel-a-facebook-page-causes-an-uproar-a-996503.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"From Tel Aviv to Berlin: Social media takes notice of Israeli supermarket prices, again\". The Jerusalem Post. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. 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Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/10/27/244822/israelis-praise-of-life-in-germany.html","url_text":"\"Israeli's praise of life in Germany sets off fury on Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company","url_text":"McClatchy DC"}]},{"reference":"Heller, Aron; Grieshaber, Kirsten (18 October 2014). \"Berlin exodus campaign sparks outrage in Israel\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. 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Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lastampa.it/2014/10/11/esteri/appello-su-facebookberlino-pi-economica-di-tel-aviv-immigriamo-polemiche-a-israele-5adBCNx6fkuaqnH1bIEEOP/pagina.html","url_text":"\"Appello su Facebook: 'Berlino più economica di Tel Aviv, immigriamo'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa","url_text":"La Stampa"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141202173751/http://www.lastampa.it/2014/10/11/esteri/appello-su-facebookberlino-pi-economica-di-tel-aviv-immigriamo-polemiche-a-israele-5adBCNx6fkuaqnH1bIEEOP/pagina.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Teurer Schokopudding treibt Israelis nach Berlin\" [More expensive chocolate pudding drives Israelis to Berlin]. Israel Heute (in German). 10 October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. 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Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329095113/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-229831449.html","url_text":"\"Low turnout at 'Berlin' protest in Tel Aviv over high cost of living\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-229831449.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Israeli expats in Berlin appeal to Merkel for help in facilitating 'aliyah' to Germany\". The Jerusalem Post. 10 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. 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Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_(disambiguation)	Tolerance	["1 Economics, business, and politics","2 Life sciences","3 Physical sciences","4 Other uses","5 See also"]	Look up tolerance in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to Tolerance. Tolerance or toleration is the state of tolerating, or putting up with, conditionally. Economics, business, and politics Toleration Party, a historic political party active in Connecticut Tolerant Systems, the former name of Veritas Software Tolerance tax, a historic tax that was levied against Jews in Hungary Life sciences Desiccation tolerance, the ability of an organism to endure extreme dryness Drug tolerance or physiological tolerance, a decrease in the response to a substance due to previous exposure Alcohol tolerance Multidrug tolerance or antibiotic tolerance, the ability of a disease-causing microorganism to resist killing by antimicrobials Immune tolerance or immunological tolerance, by which the immune system does not attack an antigen Central tolerance, a mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self Immune tolerance in pregnancy or gestational/maternal immune tolerance Low frustration tolerance, a concept in Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Pain tolerance, the maximum level of pain that a person is able to tolerate Shade tolerance, a plant's abilities to tolerate low light levels Disease tolerance or tolerance to infection - one of the mechanisms host organisms can use to fight against parasites, pathogens or herbivores that attack the host.frustration Physical sciences Engineering tolerance, permissible limit(s) of variation in an object Tolerance analysis, the study of accumulated variation in mechanical parts and assemblies Tolerance coning, a budget of all tolerances that affect a particular parameter Tolerance, a measure of multicollinearity in statistics Tolerance interval, a type of statistical probability Tolerance relation, a reflexive and symmetric binary relation in mathematics Tolerant sequence, in mathematical logic Other uses Paradox of tolerance, a paradox described by Karl Popper stating that if a society is tolerant without limit, its ability to be tolerant is eventually seized or destroyed by the intolerant Tolerance Monument, an outdoor sculpture near Goldman Promenade in Jerusalem Tolerance (film), a 2000 Brazilian drama film Tolerance (sculpture), a 2011 sculpture by Jaume Plensa See also Intolerance (disambiguation) Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance Toleration Act (disambiguation) Zero tolerance (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tolerance.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	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one of the mechanisms host organisms can use to fight against parasites, pathogens or herbivores that attack the host.frustration","title":"Life sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Engineering tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_tolerance"},{"link_name":"Tolerance analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_analysis"},{"link_name":"Tolerance coning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_coning"},{"link_name":"multicollinearity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicollinearity"},{"link_name":"Tolerance interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_interval"},{"link_name":"Tolerance relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_relation"},{"link_name":"reflexive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_relation"},{"link_name":"symmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_relation"},{"link_name":"binary relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation"},{"link_name":"Tolerant sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerant_sequence"}],"text":"Engineering tolerance, permissible limit(s) of variation in an object\nTolerance analysis, the study of accumulated variation in mechanical parts and assemblies\nTolerance coning, a budget of all tolerances that affect a particular parameter\nTolerance, a measure of multicollinearity in statistics\nTolerance interval, a type of statistical probability\nTolerance relation, a reflexive and symmetric binary relation in mathematics\nTolerant sequence, in mathematical logic","title":"Physical sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paradox of tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance"},{"link_name":"Tolerance Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_Monument"},{"link_name":"Tolerance (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tolerance (sculpture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_(sculpture)"}],"text":"Paradox of tolerance, a paradox described by Karl Popper stating that if a society is tolerant without limit, its ability to be tolerant is eventually seized or destroyed by the intolerant\nTolerance Monument, an outdoor sculpture near Goldman Promenade in Jerusalem\nTolerance (film), a 2000 Brazilian drama film\nTolerance (sculpture), a 2011 sculpture by Jaume Plensa","title":"Other uses"}]	[]	[{"title":"Intolerance (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerance_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Consultants_on_Religious_Tolerance"},{"title":"Toleration Act (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toleration_Act_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Zero tolerance (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_tolerance_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Tolerance&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Tolerance&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericycle	Pericycle	["1 Location","2 Function","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pericycle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants. Although it is composed of non-vascular parenchyma cells, it's still considered part of the vascular cylinder because it arises from the procambium as do the vascular tissues it surrounds. In eudicots, it also has the capacity to produce lateral roots. Branch roots arise from this primary meristem tissue. In plants undergoing secondary growth, the pericycle contributes to the vascular cambium often diverging into a cork cambium. In angiosperms certain molecules within the endodermis and the surrounding vasculature are sent to the pericycle which promotes the growth of the root meristems. Location The pericycle is located between the endodermis and phloem in plant roots. In dicot stems, it is situated around the ring of vascular bundles in the stele. Function In dicot roots, the pericycle strengthens the roots and provides protection for the vascular bundles. In dicot root, the vascular cambium is completely secondary in origin, and it originates from a portion of pericycle tissue. The pericycle regulates the formation of lateral roots by rapidly dividing near the xylem elements of the root. It has been known to often be confused with other parts of the plant. However, its unique ring structure allows it to be more easily identified. Past efforts to isolate such tissue have been successful. Monocot roots rarely branch, but can, and this branch will originate from the pericycle. References ^ Beeckman, Tom; De Smet, Ive (2014). "Pericycle". Current Biology. 24 (10): R378–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.031. PMID 24845660. ^ Laskowski, M. J.; Williams, M. E.; Nusbaum, H. C.; Sussex, I. M. (1995). "Formation of lateral root meristems is a two-stage process". Development. 121 (10): 3303–10. doi:10.1242/dev.121.10.3303. PMID 7588064. This plant morphology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue#Parenchyma"},{"link_name":"sclerenchyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerenchyma"},{"link_name":"endodermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodermis"},{"link_name":"stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_(biology)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"eudicots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots"},{"link_name":"lateral roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_roots"},{"link_name":"meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem"},{"link_name":"secondary growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_growth"},{"link_name":"vascular cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_cambium"},{"link_name":"cork cambium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_cambium"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"angiosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms"},{"link_name":"endodermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodermis"},{"link_name":"meristems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants.[citation needed]Although it is composed of non-vascular parenchyma cells, it's still considered part of the vascular cylinder because it arises from the procambium as do the vascular tissues it surrounds.[citation needed]In eudicots, it also has the capacity to produce lateral roots. Branch roots arise from this primary meristem tissue. In plants undergoing secondary growth, the pericycle contributes to the vascular cambium often diverging into a cork cambium.[citation needed]In angiosperms certain molecules within the endodermis and the surrounding vasculature are sent to the pericycle which promotes the growth of the root meristems.[citation needed]","title":"Pericycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The pericycle is located between the endodermis and phloem in plant roots. In dicot stems, it is situated around the ring of vascular bundles in the stele.[1]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vascular bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bundle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In dicot roots, the pericycle strengthens the roots and provides protection for the vascular bundles.[citation needed]In dicot root, the vascular cambium is completely secondary in origin, and it originates from a portion of pericycle tissue.[citation needed]The pericycle regulates the formation of lateral roots by rapidly dividing near the xylem elements of the root.[2]It has been known to often be confused with other parts of the plant. However, its unique ring structure allows it to be more easily identified.[citation needed]Past efforts to isolate such tissue have been successful. Monocot roots rarely branch, but can, and this branch will originate from the pericycle.[citation needed]","title":"Function"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Beeckman, Tom; De Smet, Ive (2014). \"Pericycle\". Current Biology. 24 (10): R378–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.031. PMID 24845660.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.031","url_text":"\"Pericycle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2014.03.031","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24845660","url_text":"24845660"}]},{"reference":"Laskowski, M. J.; Williams, M. E.; Nusbaum, H. C.; Sussex, I. M. (1995). \"Formation of lateral root meristems is a two-stage process\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_Keating	Ruairí Keating	["1 Career","1.1 Early life","1.2 Sligo Rovers","1.3 Finn Harps loans","1.4 Galway United","1.5 Finn Harps (third spell)","1.6 Torquay United","1.7 Gateshead","1.8 Galway United (second spell)","1.9 Cork City","1.10 St Patrick's Athletic","2 Personal life","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]	Irish footballer Ruairí KeatingPersonal informationFull name Ruairí Thomas KeatingDate of birth (1995-07-16) 16 July 1995 (age 28)Place of birth Dublin, Republic of IrelandPosition(s) ForwardTeam informationCurrent team St Patrick's AthleticNumber 7Youth career Westport United2013–2014 Sligo RoversSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2014–2015 Sligo Rovers 21 (1)2014 → Finn Harps (loan) 12 (5)2015 → Finn Harps (loan) 10 (5)2016 Galway United 14 (2)2016 Finn Harps 11 (1)2017–2020 Torquay United 107 (14)2020 Gateshead 9 (2)2021 Galway United 25 (9)2022–2023 Cork City 62 (26)2024– St Patrick's Athletic 20 (4) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 00:37, 14 June 2024 (UTC) Ruairí Thomas Keating (born 16 July 1995) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for League of Ireland Premier Division club St Patrick's Athletic. His previous clubs are Sligo Rovers, Finn Harps, Galway United, Torquay United, Gateshead and Cork City. Career Early life Born in Dublin, Keating grew up in Westport, County Mayo and played with local side Westport United. He joined Sligo Rovers U19 side in 2013, before signing his first professional contract with the club in 2014. Sligo Rovers Upon signing his first contract with Sligo Rovers in January 2014, Keating was sent out on loan to League of Ireland First Division side Finn Harps until the end of June 2014, in order to gain first team experience. Upon returning from his loan spell, he made his senior debut for the club on 7 July 2014, in a 0–0 draw with Cork City. On 17 July 2014, he made his first appearance in European football, coming off the bench in a 2–1 win away to Rosenborg BK in the UEFA Europa League. After spending the first half of the 2015 season back on loan at Finn Harps, Keating scored his first goal at senior level for Sligo on 30 October 2015, scoring a 91st minute consolation goal in a 3–2 defeat at home to Limerick. Finn Harps loans Keating signed for Finn Harps on a 6 month loan deal in February 2014. He made his debut in senior football in a 0–0 draw with Waterford United on the opening night of the season. His first goal at senior level came on 10 March 2014 in a 3–2 win over Cockhill Celtic in the League of Ireland Cup. He impressed during his loan spell, scoring 6 goals in 13 appearances in all competitions before returning to Sligo Rovers for the remainder of the season. Ahead of the 2015 League of Ireland First Division, Keating was again loaned to Finn Harps for the first half of the season. He scored 5 goals in 10 games in his second loan spell before again returning to his parent club for the second half of the season. Galway United On 18 January 2016, Keating signed a season long contract with Galway United. He scored his first goal for the club on 11 March 2016, scoring his sides 4th goal in a 4–0 win over Bray Wanderers. He departed the club midway through the season following 2 goals in 18 appearances in all competitions. Finn Harps (third spell) On 6 July 2016, Keating signed for fellow League of Ireland Premier Division side Finn Harps, where he had previously spent 2 loan spells in the past, on a permanent basis until the end of the season. Torquay United Keating made the move to English football on 9 February 2017, signing for National League side Torquay United. He featured 41 times in his first full season with the club, scoring 4 goals but it wasn’t enough to secure their league status, as the club were relegated to the National League South in April 2018. On 9 June 2018, Keating signed a new 1 year contract with the club. On 11 January 2019, he signed a contract extension with the club. He scored 5 goals during the 2018–19 season as his side won the National League South title. Keating departed the club in January 2020, after he saw his game time reduced following promotion back to the National League. Gateshead On 24 January 2020, Keating signed for National League North side Gateshead on a permanent basis, in search of regular first team football. He scored 2 goals in 11 appearances during his short time with the club, before departing by mutual consent in November 2020. Galway United (second spell) Keating returned to Ireland, signing for Galway United for the second time in his career, ahead of their 2021 League of Ireland First Division campaign. Keating scored 9 goals in 28 games in all competitions over the season, as Galway were knocked out of the playoffs by Bray Wanderers. Cork City Keating signed for Cork City for the 2022 season. His first season with the club was a success, as the club won the 2022 League of Ireland First Division title to gain promotion, with Keating finishing up as his side's top goalscorer with 13 league goals. On 9 December 2022, Keating signed a new contract with the club for their 2023 League of Ireland Premier Division campaign. On 12 July 2023, it was announced that Keating signed a new long term contract with the club. On 1 September 2023, Keating scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Sligo Rovers, dedicating his goals to his late father, who had recently died. His performances in September 2023 saw him named League of Ireland Player of the Month. On 10 November 2023, Keating was forced off at half time with an arm injury in the 2023 League of Ireland Premier Division Play-off as his side lost 2–1 to Waterford at Tallaght Stadium, resulting in relegation back to the League of Ireland First Division. On 15 November 2023, it was announced that Keating had been included in the PFAI Team of the Year and was also one of the 3 nominees for the PFAI Player of the Year award, alongside Chris Forrester and Jonathan Afolabi. St Patrick's Athletic On 23 November 2023, it was announced that Keating had signed for recent FAI Cup winners St Patrick's Athletic on a long term contract. He made his debut for the club on 3 February 2024, scoring two of his sides goals in a 3–1 win away to UCD in the Leinster Senior Cup. Keating scored his first goal for the club on 1 March 2024, opening the scoring away to Derry City at the Ryan McBride Brandywell Stadium. He scored his first home goal for the club on 8 March 2024, in a 1–0 win over Dundalk at Richmond Park. On 3 May 2024, he scored the only goal of the game to secure the win for his side at home to Drogheda United. On 24 May 2024, Keating suffered a nasty head injury in the very first action of the game in a 2–2 draw away to Bohemians when contesting a header with Aboubacar Keita, he was discharged from hospital the following day and missed a number of games through concussion. On 13 June 2024, he came off the bench in the 61st minute before scoring the equaliser 15 minutes later in an eventual 2–1 win at home to rivals Shamrock Rovers. Personal life He is the nephew of Boyzone singer Ronan Keating. As well as the Republic of Ireland, Keating is also eligible to represent the United States at international level, through his Queens, New York City born Grandmother. On 15 July 2023, Keating's father Ciaran was killed in a car crash on the N5, near Swinford, County Mayo, while travelling to Sligo to watch his son play for Cork City against Sligo Rovers. Keating's mother Ann Marie was also in the vehicle but survived the crash and was admitted to hospital for her injuries. Career statistics As of match played on 13 June 2024 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sligo Rovers 2014 LOI Premier Division 14 0 — — 2 0 — 16 0 2015 LOI Premier Division 7 1 0 0 — — — 7 1 Total 21 1 0 0 – 2 0 — 23 1 Finn Harps (loan) 2014 LOI First Division 12 5 1 0 1 1 — — 13 6 Finn Harps (loan) 2015 LOI First Division 10 5 — 1 0 — — 11 5 Galway United 2016 LOI Premier Division 14 2 1 0 3 0 — — 18 2 Finn Harps 2016 LOI Premier Division 11 1 — — — — 11 1 Torquay United 2016–17 National League 15 3 — — — — 15 3 2017–18 National League 39 4 1 0 — — 1 0 41 4 2018–19 National League South 34 5 2 0 — — 1 0 38 5 2019–20 National League 19 2 2 0 — — 2 1 23 3 Total 107 14 5 0 — — 4 1 116 15 Gateshead 2019–20 National League North 6 2 — — — 2 0 8 2 2020–21 National League North 3 0 0 0 — — — 3 0 Total 9 2 0 0 – — 2 0 11 2 Galway United 2021 LOI First Division 25 9 1 0 — — 2 0 28 9 Cork City 2022 LOI First Division 28 13 2 1 — — 0 0 30 14 2023 LOI Premier Division 34 13 3 2 — — 2 0 39 15 Total 62 26 5 3 — — 2 0 69 29 St Patrick's Athletic 2024 LOI Premier Division 20 4 0 0 — 0 0 2 2 22 6 Career total 291 69 13 3 5 1 2 0 12 3 323 76 ^ Includes FAI Cup & FA Cup ^ Includes League of Ireland Cup ^ Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League ^ a b c Appearance(s) in FA Trophy ^ Appearances in 2019–20 National League North play-offs ^ Appearances in 2021 League of Ireland First Division Play-offs ^ 1 appearance in Munster Senior Cup & 1 appearance in 2023 League of Ireland Promotion/Relegation Division play-off ^ Appearance(s) in UEFA Conference League ^ 1 appearance in President of Ireland's Cup & 1 appearance, 2 goals in Leinster Senior Cup Honours Torquay United National League South: 2018–19 Cork City League of Ireland First Division: 2022 Individual League of Ireland Premier Division Player of the Month: September 2023 PFAI Team of the Year: 2023 References ^ a b c d e f "Republic of Ireland - R. Keating - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway". ie.soccerway.com. ^ a b "Mayo man Ruairi on the mark on his return to the north-west". Connaught Telegraph. March 12, 2023. ^ "WESTPORT UNITED EXTENDS ITS DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO FORMER UNDERAGE PLAYER, RUAIRÍ KEATING". Westport United. ^ "Ruairí Keating \| Stats \| History \| Career Details \| Images \| extratime.com - The Home of Irish Football - Extratime.com". www.extratime.com. ^ "On-loan Ruairi Keating looks to make an impression at Finn Harps". Donegal News. March 14, 2014. ^ "League Report: Sligo Rovers 0-0 Cork City". extratime.com. ^ "Sligo Rovers secure surprise Europa League win at Rosenborg \| Europa League \| The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. ^ "League Report: Sligo Rovers 2 - 3 Limerick". extratime.com. ^ "Finn Harps lose to Sligo Rovers, but finalise loan deal for Ruairi Keating". Donegal News. February 16, 2014. ^ Team, Media (January 18, 2016). "Ruairi Keating joins United". Galway United. ^ "Galway United bring in Ruairi Keating". January 18, 2016 – via www.rte.ie. ^ "League Report: Galway United 4 - 0 Bray Wanderers". extratime.com. ^ "Ruairi Keating returns to Finn Park". July 6, 2016. ^ Ashmore, Chris (July 8, 2016). "Finn Harps boosted by return of Ruairi Keating for third spell". The Irish News. ^ "Anderson and Keating join Torquay". BBC Sport. February 9, 2017. ^ Thomas, Dave (April 21, 2018). "Torquay United RELEGATED following 1-1 draw at Hartlepool United". Devon Live. ^ "SIGNING \| Ruairi Keating Signs New Contract With TUFC - Torquay United". June 9, 2018. ^ "Ruairi Keating Signs New Contract - Torquay United". January 11, 2019. ^ "Torquay United win National League South title". Devon Live. April 13, 2019. ^ Thomas, David (January 22, 2020). "Is Torquay United striker Ruairi Keating on his way out of Plainmoor?". Devon Live. ^ "Ruairi Keating Joins Gateshead - Torquay United". January 24, 2020. ^ Team, Media (December 4, 2020). "Ruairi Keating signs for United!". Galway United. ^ Corcoran, Paul. "Ruarí Keating signs for Cork City". extratime.com. ^ "Cork City top-scorer Ruairí Keating commits to 2023 campaign". echo live. December 10, 2022. ^ "Ruairi Keating signs new contract!". Cork City FC Shop. ^ "Keating signs new contract". Cork City FC Shop. ^ Horgan, Andrew (July 12, 2023). "Ruairí Keating signs new long-term contract with Cork City". Irish Examiner. ^ "Ruairi Keating Breaks Down As He Dedicates Hat-Trick To Dad". September 3, 2023. ^ "Cork City's Ruairi Keating named Player of the Month after five-goal haul". Independent.ie. October 19, 2023. ^ Barry, Stephen (October 19, 2023). "Cork City top scorer Ruairí Keating named Player of the Month". The 42. ^ Fallon, John (November 13, 2023). "Relegated Cork City set to lose host of club's leading lights". Irish Examiner. ^ "PFAI Team of Year includes one Shamrock Rovers player". 15 November 2023 – via www.rte.ie. ^ "Ruairi Keating Joins On Long Term Contract". www.stpatsfc.com. ^ "Ruairí Keating: 'Everything that's happened to me and my family this year...I want to keep making my dad proud'". Independent.ie. November 24, 2023. ^ Merriman, Rory. "Leinster Senior Cup Report: UCD 1 -3 St Patrick's Athletic". extratime.com. Retrieved 2024-03-03. ^ McLaughlin, Kevin (March 1, 2024). "Mullen fires late, late winner as Derry edge Pat's" – via www.rte.ie. ^ "Ruairi Keating's decisive strike the difference as St Pat's defeat bottom side Dundalk". Independent.ie. 8 March 2024. ^ "Ruairi Keating strike earns St Pat's welcome victory over Drogheda". Irish Independent. May 3, 2024. ^ "St Pat's striker Ruairi Keating discharged from hospital following nasty head injury against Bohemians". Irish Independent. May 25, 2024. ^ Dempsey, Andrew (June 13, 2024). "Pat's fight back to stun Hoops in Inchicore" – via www.rte.ie. ^ Maguire, Stephen (April 17, 2014). "FINN HARPS STRIKER HOPING TO HIT THE HIGH NOTES LIKE HIS FAMOUS UNCLE". Donegal Daily. ^ Murphy, Amos (March 31, 2020). "Ruairí Keating, the Heed's homebird in flight". Betting.co.uk. ^ Shiel, Tom (July 16, 2023). "Cork City striker Ruairi Keating's father Ciaran dies in crash in Mayo". Cork Beo. ^ "Ruairi Keating to return to Cork City 'when time is right' after death of father in tragic crash". Independent.ie. July 25, 2023. ^ Shiel, Tom (July 16, 2023). "Brother of singer Ronan Keating dies in Mayo car crash". Irish Examiner. ^ "Ireland - R. Keating - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway". int.soccerway.com. External links Ruairí Keating - Extratime.com Ruairí Keating at Soccerway vteSt Patrick's Athletic F.C. – current squad 1 Rogers 2 Freeman 3 Breslin 4 Redmond (c) 5 Grivosti 6 Lennon 7 Keating 8 Forrester 9 Melia 10 Leavy 11 McClelland 12 C.Kavanagh 13 Pitaluga 14 B.Kavanagh 15 Pettifer 16 Bolger 17 Palmer 18 Taylor 19 Nolan 20 Mulraney 21 Sjöberg 22 Keeley 23 McLaughlin 24 Turner 28 Bartley 29 Boylan 31 Noonan 34 McHale 35 Dodd 36 Kehir 37 Deans 38 Oyenuga 40 Banim Manager: Kenny vte2023 PFAI Premier Division Team of the Year GK: Kearns DF: Davies DF: Curtis DF: Lopes DF: Doherty MF: Patching MF: Forrester MF: Clarke FW: Moylan FW: Afolabi FW: Keating	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sligo Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Finn Harps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Harps_F.C."},{"link_name":"Galway United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Torquay United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_F.C."}],"text":"Ruairí Thomas Keating (born 16 July 1995) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward for League of Ireland Premier Division club St Patrick's Athletic. His previous clubs are Sligo Rovers, Finn Harps, Galway United, Torquay United, Gateshead and Cork City.","title":"Ruairí Keating"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"County Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"Westport United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sligo Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Born in Dublin, Keating grew up in Westport, County Mayo[2] and played with local side Westport United.[3] He joined Sligo Rovers U19 side in 2013, before signing his first professional contract with the club in 2014.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sligo Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"League of Ireland First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Finn Harps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Harps_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rosenborg BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenborg_BK"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Finn Harps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Harps_F.C."},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Sligo Rovers","text":"Upon signing his first contract with Sligo Rovers in January 2014, Keating was sent out on loan to League of Ireland First Division side Finn Harps until the end of June 2014, in order to gain first team experience.[5] Upon returning from his loan spell, he made his senior debut for the club on 7 July 2014, in a 0–0 draw with Cork City.[6] On 17 July 2014, he made his first appearance in European football, coming off the bench in a 2–1 win away to Rosenborg BK in the UEFA Europa League.[7] After spending the first half of the 2015 season back on loan at Finn Harps, Keating scored his first goal at senior level for Sligo on 30 October 2015, scoring a 91st minute consolation goal in a 3–2 defeat at home to Limerick.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finn Harps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Harps_F.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Waterford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cockhill Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockhill_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"League of Ireland Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sligo Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"2015 League of Ireland First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_League_of_Ireland_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"sub_title":"Finn Harps loans","text":"Keating signed for Finn Harps on a 6 month loan deal in February 2014.[9] He made his debut in senior football in a 0–0 draw with Waterford United on the opening night of the season. His first goal at senior level came on 10 March 2014 in a 3–2 win over Cockhill Celtic in the League of Ireland Cup. He impressed during his loan spell, scoring 6 goals in 13 appearances in all competitions before returning to Sligo Rovers for the remainder of the season.[1] Ahead of the 2015 League of Ireland First Division, Keating was again loaned to Finn Harps for the first half of the season. He scored 5 goals in 10 games in his second loan spell before again returning to his parent club for the second half of the season.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galway United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bray Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"sub_title":"Galway United","text":"On 18 January 2016, Keating signed a season long contract with Galway United.[10][11] He scored his first goal for the club on 11 March 2016, scoring his sides 4th goal in a 4–0 win over Bray Wanderers.[12] He departed the club midway through the season following 2 goals in 18 appearances in all competitions.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League of Ireland Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Finn Harps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Harps_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Finn Harps (third spell)","text":"On 6 July 2016, Keating signed for fellow League of Ireland Premier Division side Finn Harps, where he had previously spent 2 loan spells in the past, on a permanent basis until the end of the season.[13][14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"Torquay United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2018–19 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_National_League#National_League_South"},{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Torquay United","text":"Keating made the move to English football on 9 February 2017, signing for National League side Torquay United.[15] He featured 41 times in his first full season with the club, scoring 4 goals but it wasn’t enough to secure their league status, as the club were relegated to the National League South in April 2018.[16] On 9 June 2018, Keating signed a new 1 year contract with the club.[17] On 11 January 2019, he signed a contract extension with the club.[18] He scored 5 goals during the 2018–19 season as his side won the National League South title.[19] Keating departed the club in January 2020, after he saw his game time reduced following promotion back to the National League.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National League North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_North"},{"link_name":"Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead_F.C."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"sub_title":"Gateshead","text":"On 24 January 2020, Keating signed for National League North side Gateshead on a permanent basis, in search of regular first team football.[21] He scored 2 goals in 11 appearances during his short time with the club, before departing by mutual consent in November 2020.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galway United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"2021 League of Ireland First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_League_of_Ireland_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bray Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"sub_title":"Galway United (second spell)","text":"Keating returned to Ireland, signing for Galway United for the second time in his career, ahead of their 2021 League of Ireland First Division campaign.[22] Keating scored 9 goals in 28 games in all competitions over the season, as Galway were knocked out of the playoffs by Bray Wanderers.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"2022 League of Ireland First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_League_of_Ireland_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2023 League of Ireland Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Sligo Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland Player of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Player_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"2023 League of Ireland Premier Division Play-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division#League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division_play-off"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tallaght Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallaght_Stadium"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"PFAI Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFAI_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"PFAI Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFAI_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Chris Forrester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Forrester"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Afolabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Afolabi"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Cork City","text":"Keating signed for Cork City for the 2022 season.[23] His first season with the club was a success, as the club won the 2022 League of Ireland First Division title to gain promotion, with Keating finishing up as his side's top goalscorer with 13 league goals.[24] On 9 December 2022, Keating signed a new contract with the club for their 2023 League of Ireland Premier Division campaign.[25] On 12 July 2023, it was announced that Keating signed a new long term contract with the club.[26][27]\nOn 1 September 2023, Keating scored a hat-trick in a 3–0 win over Sligo Rovers, dedicating his goals to his late father, who had recently died.[28] His performances in September 2023 saw him named League of Ireland Player of the Month.[29][30] On 10 November 2023, Keating was forced off at half time with an arm injury in the 2023 League of Ireland Premier Division Play-off as his side lost 2–1 to Waterford at Tallaght Stadium, resulting in relegation back to the League of Ireland First Division.[31] On 15 November 2023, it was announced that Keating had been included in the PFAI Team of the Year and was also one of the 3 nominees for the PFAI Player of the Year award, alongside Chris Forrester and Jonathan Afolabi.[32]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FAI Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Cup"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"UCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Dublin_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Leinster Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Cup_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Derry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ryan McBride Brandywell Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_McBride_Brandywell_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Richmond Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Park_(football_ground)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Drogheda United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Bohemians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aboubacar Keita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboubacar_Keita"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Shamrock Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"St Patrick's Athletic","text":"On 23 November 2023, it was announced that Keating had signed for recent FAI Cup winners St Patrick's Athletic on a long term contract.[33][34] He made his debut for the club on 3 February 2024, scoring two of his sides goals in a 3–1 win away to UCD in the Leinster Senior Cup.[35] Keating scored his first goal for the club on 1 March 2024, opening the scoring away to Derry City at the Ryan McBride Brandywell Stadium.[36] He scored his first home goal for the club on 8 March 2024, in a 1–0 win over Dundalk at Richmond Park.[37] On 3 May 2024, he scored the only goal of the game to secure the win for his side at home to Drogheda United.[38] On 24 May 2024, Keating suffered a nasty head injury in the very first action of the game in a 2–2 draw away to Bohemians when contesting a header with Aboubacar Keita, he was discharged from hospital the following day and missed a number of games through concussion.[39] On 13 June 2024, he came off the bench in the 61st minute before scoring the equaliser 15 minutes later in an eventual 2–1 win at home to rivals Shamrock Rovers.[40]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boyzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyzone"},{"link_name":"Ronan Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_Keating"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Swinford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinford"},{"link_name":"County Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Sligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo"},{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sligo Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"He is the nephew of Boyzone singer Ronan Keating.[41] As well as the Republic of Ireland, Keating is also eligible to represent the United States at international level, through his Queens, New York City born Grandmother.[42] On 15 July 2023, Keating's father Ciaran was killed in a car crash on the N5, near Swinford, County Mayo, while travelling to Sligo to watch his son play for Cork City against Sligo Rovers. Keating's mother Ann Marie was also in the vehicle but survived the crash and was admitted to hospital for her injuries.[43][44][45]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"FAI Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsFAT_50-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsFAT_50-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsFAT_50-2"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"2019–20 National League North play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_National_League##Play-offs_2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"2021 League of Ireland First Division Play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_League_of_Ireland_First_Division#Play-offs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"Munster Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Senior_Cup_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"2023 League of Ireland Promotion/Relegation Division play-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division#League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division_play-off"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsConf_54-0"},{"link_name":"UEFA Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"President of Ireland's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ireland%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Leinster Senior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Senior_Cup_(association_football)"}],"text":"As of match played on 13 June 2024[46]^ Includes FAI Cup & FA Cup\n\n^ Includes League of Ireland Cup\n\n^ Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ a b c Appearance(s) in FA Trophy\n\n^ Appearances in 2019–20 National League North play-offs\n\n^ Appearances in 2021 League of Ireland First Division Play-offs\n\n^ 1 appearance in Munster Senior Cup & 1 appearance in 2023 League of Ireland Promotion/Relegation Division play-off\n\n^ Appearance(s) in UEFA Conference League\n\n^ 1 appearance in President of Ireland's Cup & 1 appearance, 2 goals in Leinster Senior Cup","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National League South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_South"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_National_League#National_League_South"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_First_Division"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_League_of_Ireland_First_Division"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"September 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Player_of_the_Month#2023"},{"link_name":"PFAI Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFAI_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFAI_Team_of_the_Year#2023"}],"text":"Torquay UnitedNational League South: 2018–19Cork CityLeague of Ireland First Division: 2022IndividualLeague of Ireland Premier Division Player of the Month: September 2023\nPFAI Team of the Year: 2023","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Republic of Ireland - R. Keating - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\". ie.soccerway.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://ie.soccerway.com/players/ruairi-keating/332908/","url_text":"\"Republic of Ireland - R. Keating - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayo man Ruairi on the mark on his return to the north-west\". Connaught Telegraph. March 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.con-telegraph.ie/2023/03/12/mayo-man-ruairi-on-the-mark-on-his-return-to-the-north-west/","url_text":"\"Mayo man Ruairi on the mark on his return to the north-west\""}]},{"reference":"\"WESTPORT UNITED EXTENDS ITS DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO FORMER UNDERAGE PLAYER, RUAIRÍ KEATING\". Westport United.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westportunited.com/articles/97232","url_text":"\"WESTPORT UNITED EXTENDS ITS DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO FORMER UNDERAGE PLAYER, RUAIRÍ KEATING\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairí Keating \| Stats \| History \| Career Details \| Images \| extratime.com - The Home of Irish Football - Extratime.com\". www.extratime.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.extratime.com/player/11115677/ruairi_keating/","url_text":"\"Ruairí Keating \| Stats \| History \| Career Details \| Images \| extratime.com - The Home of Irish Football - Extratime.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"On-loan Ruairi Keating looks to make an impression at Finn Harps\". Donegal News. March 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://donegalnews.com/on-loan-ruairi-keating-looks-to-make-an-impression-at-finn-harps/","url_text":"\"On-loan Ruairi Keating looks to make an impression at Finn Harps\""}]},{"reference":"\"League Report: Sligo Rovers 0-0 Cork City\". extratime.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.extratime.com/articles/12599/league-report-sligo-rovers-0-0-cork-city/","url_text":"\"League Report: Sligo Rovers 0-0 Cork City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sligo Rovers secure surprise Europa League win at Rosenborg \| Europa League \| The Guardian\". amp.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://amp.theguardian.com/football/2014/jul/17/sligo-rovers-europa-league-rosenborg","url_text":"\"Sligo Rovers secure surprise Europa League win at Rosenborg \| Europa League \| The Guardian\""}]},{"reference":"\"League Report: Sligo Rovers 2 - 3 Limerick\". extratime.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.extratime.com/articles/15442/league-report-sligo-rovers-2---3-limerick/","url_text":"\"League Report: Sligo Rovers 2 - 3 Limerick\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finn Harps lose to Sligo Rovers, but finalise loan deal for Ruairi Keating\". Donegal News. February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://donegalnews.com/finn-harps-lose-to-sligo-rovers-but-finalise-loan-deal-for-ruairi-keating/","url_text":"\"Finn Harps lose to Sligo Rovers, but finalise loan deal for Ruairi Keating\""}]},{"reference":"Team, Media (January 18, 2016). \"Ruairi Keating joins United\". Galway United.","urls":[{"url":"https://galwayunitedfc.ie/keating-joins-galway-united/","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating joins United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Galway United bring in Ruairi Keating\". January 18, 2016 – via www.rte.ie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2016/0118/761088-galway-united-bring-in/","url_text":"\"Galway United bring in Ruairi Keating\""}]},{"reference":"\"League Report: Galway United 4 - 0 Bray Wanderers\". extratime.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.extratime.com/articles/15985/league-report-galway-united-4---0-bray-wanderers/","url_text":"\"League Report: Galway United 4 - 0 Bray Wanderers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairi Keating returns to Finn Park\". July 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://highlandradio.com/2016/07/06/ruairi-keating-returns-to-finn-park/","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating returns to Finn Park\""}]},{"reference":"Ashmore, Chris (July 8, 2016). \"Finn Harps boosted by return of Ruairi Keating for third spell\". The Irish News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishnews.com/sport/footballsoccer/2016/07/08/news/finn-harps-boosted-by-return-of-ruairi-keating-for-third-spell-596418/","url_text":"\"Finn Harps boosted by return of Ruairi Keating for third spell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anderson and Keating join Torquay\". BBC Sport. February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38921269","url_text":"\"Anderson and Keating join Torquay\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Dave (April 21, 2018). \"Torquay United RELEGATED following 1-1 draw at Hartlepool United\". Devon Live.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.devonlive.com/sport/football/match-reports/torquay-united-relegated-following-1-1485834","url_text":"\"Torquay United RELEGATED following 1-1 draw at Hartlepool United\""}]},{"reference":"\"SIGNING \| Ruairi Keating Signs New Contract With TUFC - Torquay United\". June 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://torquayunited.com/signing-ruairi-keating-signs-new-contract-tufc/","url_text":"\"SIGNING \| Ruairi Keating Signs New Contract With TUFC - Torquay United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairi Keating Signs New Contract - Torquay United\". January 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://torquayunited.com/ruairi-keating-signs-new-contract/","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating Signs New Contract - Torquay United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torquay United win National League South title\". Devon Live. April 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.devonlive.com/sport/football/match-reports/torquay-united-vs-eastbourne-borough-2748050","url_text":"\"Torquay United win National League South title\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas, David (January 22, 2020). \"Is Torquay United striker Ruairi Keating on his way out of Plainmoor?\". Devon Live.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.devonlive.com/sport/football/football-news/torquay-united-striker-ruairi-keating-3766205","url_text":"\"Is Torquay United striker Ruairi Keating on his way out of Plainmoor?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairi Keating Joins Gateshead - Torquay United\". January 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://torquayunited.com/ruairi-keating-joins-gateshead/","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating Joins Gateshead - Torquay United\""}]},{"reference":"Team, Media (December 4, 2020). \"Ruairi Keating signs for United!\". Galway United.","urls":[{"url":"https://galwayunitedfc.ie/ruairi-keating-signs-for-united/","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating signs for United!\""}]},{"reference":"Corcoran, Paul. \"Ruarí Keating signs for Cork City\". extratime.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.extratime.com/articles/28407/ruar%C3%AD-keating-signs-for-cork-city/","url_text":"\"Ruarí Keating signs for Cork City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cork City top-scorer Ruairí Keating commits to 2023 campaign\". echo live. December 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.echolive.ie/corksport/arid-41025674.html","url_text":"\"Cork City top-scorer Ruairí Keating commits to 2023 campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairi Keating signs new contract!\". Cork City FC Shop.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corkcityfc.ie/blogs/news/ruairi-keating-signs-new-contract","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating signs new contract!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keating signs new contract\". Cork City FC Shop.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corkcityfc.ie/blogs/news/keating-signs-new-contract","url_text":"\"Keating signs new contract\""}]},{"reference":"Horgan, Andrew (July 12, 2023). \"Ruairí Keating signs new long-term contract with Cork City\". Irish Examiner.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41181964.html","url_text":"\"Ruairí Keating signs new long-term contract with Cork City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairi Keating Breaks Down As He Dedicates Hat-Trick To Dad\". September 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://evoke.ie/2023/09/03/news/ruairi-keating-tears","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating Breaks Down As He Dedicates Hat-Trick To Dad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cork City's Ruairi Keating named Player of the Month after five-goal haul\". Independent.ie. October 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/cork-citys-ruairi-keating-named-player-of-the-month-after-five-goal-haul/a1985836418.html","url_text":"\"Cork City's Ruairi Keating named Player of the Month after five-goal haul\""}]},{"reference":"Barry, Stephen (October 19, 2023). \"Cork City top scorer Ruairí Keating named Player of the Month\". The 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the42.ie/ruairi-keating-cork-city-6201999-Oct2023/","url_text":"\"Cork City top scorer Ruairí Keating named Player of the Month\""}]},{"reference":"Fallon, John (November 13, 2023). \"Relegated Cork City set to lose host of club's leading lights\". Irish Examiner.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41268118.html","url_text":"\"Relegated Cork City set to lose host of club's leading lights\""}]},{"reference":"\"PFAI Team of Year includes one Shamrock Rovers player\". 15 November 2023 – via www.rte.ie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2023/1115/1416638-pfai-team-of-year-includes-one-shamrock-rovers-player/","url_text":"\"PFAI Team of Year includes one Shamrock Rovers player\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairi Keating Joins On Long Term Contract\". www.stpatsfc.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stpatsfc.com/news.php?id=9508","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating Joins On Long Term Contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairí Keating: 'Everything that's happened to me and my family this year...I want to keep making my dad proud'\". Independent.ie. November 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/ruairi-keating-everything-thats-happened-to-me-and-my-family-this-yeari-want-to-keep-making-my-dad-proud/a1498379690.html","url_text":"\"Ruairí Keating: 'Everything that's happened to me and my family this year...I want to keep making my dad proud'\""}]},{"reference":"Merriman, Rory. \"Leinster Senior Cup Report: UCD 1 -3 St Patrick's Athletic\". extratime.com. Retrieved 2024-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.extratime.com/articles/32850/leinster-senior-cup-report-ucd-1--3-st-patricks-athletic/","url_text":"\"Leinster Senior Cup Report: UCD 1 -3 St Patrick's Athletic\""}]},{"reference":"McLaughlin, Kevin (March 1, 2024). \"Mullen fires late, late winner as Derry edge Pat's\" – via www.rte.ie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2024/0301/1435339-mullen-fires-late-late-winner-as-derry-edge-pats/","url_text":"\"Mullen fires late, late winner as Derry edge Pat's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairi Keating's decisive strike the difference as St Pat's defeat bottom side Dundalk\". Independent.ie. 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/ruairi-keatings-decisive-strike-the-difference-as-st-pats-defeat-bottom-side-dundalk/a1966610307.html","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating's decisive strike the difference as St Pat's defeat bottom side Dundalk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairi Keating strike earns St Pat's welcome victory over Drogheda\". Irish Independent. May 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/ruairi-keating-strike-earns-st-pats-welcome-victory-over-drogheda/a2131239131.html","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating strike earns St Pat's welcome victory over Drogheda\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Pat's striker Ruairi Keating discharged from hospital following nasty head injury against Bohemians\". Irish Independent. May 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/st-pats-striker-ruairi-keating-discharged-from-hospital-following-nasty-head-injury-against-bohemians/a717648791.html","url_text":"\"St Pat's striker Ruairi Keating discharged from hospital following nasty head injury against Bohemians\""}]},{"reference":"Dempsey, Andrew (June 13, 2024). \"Pat's fight back to stun Hoops in Inchicore\" – via www.rte.ie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2024/0613/1454495-pats-fight-back-to-stun-hoops-in-inchicore/","url_text":"\"Pat's fight back to stun Hoops in Inchicore\""}]},{"reference":"Maguire, Stephen (April 17, 2014). \"FINN HARPS STRIKER HOPING TO HIT THE HIGH NOTES LIKE HIS FAMOUS UNCLE\". Donegal Daily.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.donegaldaily.com/2014/04/17/finn-harps-striker-hoping-to-hit-the-high-notes-like-his-famous-uncle/","url_text":"\"FINN HARPS STRIKER HOPING TO HIT THE HIGH NOTES LIKE HIS FAMOUS UNCLE\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Amos (March 31, 2020). \"Ruairí Keating, the Heed's homebird in flight\". Betting.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.betting.co.uk/nonleaguedaily/interviews/ruairi-keating-the-heeds-homebird-in-flight/","url_text":"\"Ruairí Keating, the Heed's homebird in flight\""}]},{"reference":"Shiel, Tom (July 16, 2023). \"Cork City striker Ruairi Keating's father Ciaran dies in crash in Mayo\". Cork Beo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corkbeo.ie/news/local-news/cork-city-striker-ruairi-keatings-27332896","url_text":"\"Cork City striker Ruairi Keating's father Ciaran dies in crash in Mayo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruairi Keating to return to Cork City 'when time is right' after death of father in tragic crash\". Independent.ie. July 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/ruairi-keating-to-return-to-cork-city-when-time-is-right-after-death-of-father-in-tragic-crash/a1638724840.html","url_text":"\"Ruairi Keating to return to Cork City 'when time is right' after death of father in tragic crash\""}]},{"reference":"Shiel, Tom (July 16, 2023). \"Brother of singer Ronan Keating dies in Mayo car crash\". Irish Examiner.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41184781.html","url_text":"\"Brother of singer Ronan Keating dies in Mayo car crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland - R. Keating - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\". int.soccerway.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/ruairi-keating/332908/","url_text":"\"Ireland - R. Keating - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ie.soccerway.com/players/ruairi-keating/332908/","external_links_name":"\"Republic of Ireland - R. Keating - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\""},{"Link":"https://www.con-telegraph.ie/2023/03/12/mayo-man-ruairi-on-the-mark-on-his-return-to-the-north-west/","external_links_name":"\"Mayo man Ruairi on the mark on his return to the north-west\""},{"Link":"https://www.westportunited.com/articles/97232","external_links_name":"\"WESTPORT UNITED EXTENDS ITS DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO FORMER UNDERAGE PLAYER, RUAIRÍ KEATING\""},{"Link":"https://www.extratime.com/player/11115677/ruairi_keating/","external_links_name":"\"Ruairí Keating \| Stats \| History \| Career Details \| Images \| extratime.com - The Home of Irish Football - Extratime.com\""},{"Link":"https://donegalnews.com/on-loan-ruairi-keating-looks-to-make-an-impression-at-finn-harps/","external_links_name":"\"On-loan Ruairi Keating looks to make an impression at Finn Harps\""},{"Link":"http://www.extratime.com/articles/12599/league-report-sligo-rovers-0-0-cork-city/","external_links_name":"\"League Report: Sligo 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Keating\""},{"Link":"http://www.extratime.com/articles/15985/league-report-galway-united-4---0-bray-wanderers/","external_links_name":"\"League Report: Galway United 4 - 0 Bray Wanderers\""},{"Link":"https://highlandradio.com/2016/07/06/ruairi-keating-returns-to-finn-park/","external_links_name":"\"Ruairi Keating returns to Finn Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishnews.com/sport/footballsoccer/2016/07/08/news/finn-harps-boosted-by-return-of-ruairi-keating-for-third-spell-596418/","external_links_name":"\"Finn Harps boosted by return of Ruairi Keating for third spell\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38921269","external_links_name":"\"Anderson and Keating join Torquay\""},{"Link":"https://www.devonlive.com/sport/football/match-reports/torquay-united-relegated-following-1-1485834","external_links_name":"\"Torquay United RELEGATED following 1-1 draw at Hartlepool 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signs for United!\""},{"Link":"https://www.extratime.com/articles/28407/ruar%C3%AD-keating-signs-for-cork-city/","external_links_name":"\"Ruarí Keating signs for Cork City\""},{"Link":"https://www.echolive.ie/corksport/arid-41025674.html","external_links_name":"\"Cork City top-scorer Ruairí Keating commits to 2023 campaign\""},{"Link":"https://www.corkcityfc.ie/blogs/news/ruairi-keating-signs-new-contract","external_links_name":"\"Ruairi Keating signs new contract!\""},{"Link":"https://www.corkcityfc.ie/blogs/news/keating-signs-new-contract","external_links_name":"\"Keating signs new contract\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41181964.html","external_links_name":"\"Ruairí Keating signs new long-term contract with Cork City\""},{"Link":"https://evoke.ie/2023/09/03/news/ruairi-keating-tears","external_links_name":"\"Ruairi Keating Breaks Down As He Dedicates Hat-Trick To Dad\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/cork-citys-ruairi-keating-named-player-of-the-month-after-five-goal-haul/a1985836418.html","external_links_name":"\"Cork City's Ruairi Keating named Player of the Month after five-goal haul\""},{"Link":"https://www.the42.ie/ruairi-keating-cork-city-6201999-Oct2023/","external_links_name":"\"Cork City top scorer Ruairí Keating named Player of the Month\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41268118.html","external_links_name":"\"Relegated Cork City set to lose host of club's leading lights\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2023/1115/1416638-pfai-team-of-year-includes-one-shamrock-rovers-player/","external_links_name":"\"PFAI Team of Year includes one Shamrock Rovers player\""},{"Link":"http://www.stpatsfc.com/news.php?id=9508","external_links_name":"\"Ruairi Keating Joins On Long Term Contract\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/ruairi-keating-everything-thats-happened-to-me-and-my-family-this-yeari-want-to-keep-making-my-dad-proud/a1498379690.html","external_links_name":"\"Ruairí Keating: 'Everything that's happened to me and my family this year...I want to keep making my dad proud'\""},{"Link":"https://www.extratime.com/articles/32850/leinster-senior-cup-report-ucd-1--3-st-patricks-athletic/","external_links_name":"\"Leinster Senior Cup Report: UCD 1 -3 St Patrick's Athletic\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2024/0301/1435339-mullen-fires-late-late-winner-as-derry-edge-pats/","external_links_name":"\"Mullen fires late, late winner as Derry edge Pat's\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/ruairi-keatings-decisive-strike-the-difference-as-st-pats-defeat-bottom-side-dundalk/a1966610307.html","external_links_name":"\"Ruairi Keating's decisive strike the difference as St Pat's defeat bottom side Dundalk\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/ruairi-keating-strike-earns-st-pats-welcome-victory-over-drogheda/a2131239131.html","external_links_name":"\"Ruairi Keating strike earns St Pat's welcome victory over Drogheda\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/st-pats-striker-ruairi-keating-discharged-from-hospital-following-nasty-head-injury-against-bohemians/a717648791.html","external_links_name":"\"St Pat's striker Ruairi Keating discharged from hospital following nasty head injury against Bohemians\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2024/0613/1454495-pats-fight-back-to-stun-hoops-in-inchicore/","external_links_name":"\"Pat's fight back to stun Hoops in Inchicore\""},{"Link":"https://www.donegaldaily.com/2014/04/17/finn-harps-striker-hoping-to-hit-the-high-notes-like-his-famous-uncle/","external_links_name":"\"FINN HARPS STRIKER HOPING TO HIT THE HIGH NOTES LIKE HIS FAMOUS UNCLE\""},{"Link":"https://www.betting.co.uk/nonleaguedaily/interviews/ruairi-keating-the-heeds-homebird-in-flight/","external_links_name":"\"Ruairí Keating, the Heed's homebird in flight\""},{"Link":"https://www.corkbeo.ie/news/local-news/cork-city-striker-ruairi-keatings-27332896","external_links_name":"\"Cork City striker Ruairi Keating's father Ciaran dies in crash in Mayo\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/league-of-ireland/ruairi-keating-to-return-to-cork-city-when-time-is-right-after-death-of-father-in-tragic-crash/a1638724840.html","external_links_name":"\"Ruairi Keating to return to Cork City 'when time is right' after death of father in tragic crash\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41184781.html","external_links_name":"\"Brother of singer Ronan Keating dies in Mayo car crash\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/ruairi-keating/332908/","external_links_name":"\"Ireland - R. Keating - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway\""},{"Link":"https://www.extratime.com/player/11115677/ruairi_keating/","external_links_name":"Ruairí Keating - Extratime.com"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/ruairi-keating/332908/","external_links_name":"Ruairí Keating"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Oath	Broken Oath	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Works cited","5 External links"]	For the 1910 silent short film, see The Broken Oath. 1977 Hong Kong filmBroken OathBroken Oath DVD coverTraditional Chinese破戒Hanyu PinyinPo jie Directed byJeong Chang-hwaWritten byJeong Chang-hwaBased on Lady Snowbloodby Norio Osada Toshiya Fujita Lady Snowbloodby Kazuo Koike Kazuo Kamimura Produced byRaymond ChowStarringAngela Mao, Chan Wai-Man, Dean Shek, Sammo HungCinematographyWang Yung-lungMusic byJoseph KooDistributed byGolden HarvestRelease date 1977 (1977) Running time98 minutesCountryHong KongLanguageMandarin Broken Oath (Chinese: 破戒; pinyin: Po jie) is a 1977 Hong Kong Mandarin-language kung fu film directed by Jeong Chang-hwa, a South Korean director. The film was produced by Golden Harvest. It is an unofficial remake of the 1973 film Lady Snowblood, itself an adaptation of the manga series of the same name by Kazuo Koike and Kazuo Kamimura. Plot A woman lies dying in a women's prison after giving birth and recounts to a pickpocket how she ended up there after her husband was murdered by thugs, one of whom also raped her. The pickpocket agrees to raise her daughter to seek revenge, but in hopes of breaking the cycle of violence she hands the infant girl over to a Shaolin monastery for women. 'Pure Lotus' Liu (Angela Mao) grows up to be a troubled young woman who skips out on Buddhist lessons, but excels at kung fu. She's kicked out after killing several thugs and rejoins the pickpocket, where she discovers the truth about her parents. Using her kung fu and deadly scorpions, Lotus begins a systematic hunt for each of the men who assaulted her family and ends up joining forces with government agents to uproot rebels, two of whom are her targets. Cast This is a partial list of cast. Angela Mao as Liu Chieh Lien, Lotus. Michael Chan as Zhao Cai, Chao Tsai. Bruce Leung as Chen Bang, Chang Pang. Kuo Cheng-Yu as Imperial undercover agent Guan Shan as Liu Da Xiong, General Liu. Chao Hsiung as Hao Shi, Hao Chi. Fong Yau as Dou Qi, To Chi. Chang Pei-Shan as Chou Kui, General Tiu Ha Yue as Ah Shu Tony Lou Chun-Ku as Chou's assistant Sze-Ma Wah-Lung as Mr Wong Wang Lai as Thousand Hands Lee Wan-Chung as Hao's assistant Dean Shek as Brothel manager Ho Mei as Mrs Liu Yee Mei Sammo Hung as Starknife bodyguard Han Ying-chieh as Fire-breathing bodyguard Yeung Wai as Imperial undercover agent Yuen Wah as One of Hao's men/One of Chou's guards San Kuai as One of Hao's men Wong Mei as One of Hao's men Corey Yuen as One of Chou's guards / Hao's bodyguard Mars as One of Chou's guards Chin Yuet-Sang as One of Chou's guards Yuen Biao as One of Qi's men Alan Chui Chung-San as One of Qi's men Alan Chan Kwok-Kuen as One of Qi's men Hsu Hsia as One of Qi's men Chin Chun as Guard leader Lee Hang as One of Hao's men Chu Yau-Ko as Hungry man at inn See also Lady Snowblood References ^ Galbraith IV 2008, p. 292–297. ^ "修羅雪姫怨み恋歌". Kinema Junpo. Retrieved 17 November 2020. ^ "Broken Oath". filmaffinity.com. 1977. Retrieved 7 July 2021. ^ "Broken Oath". letterboxd.com. 1977. Retrieved 7 July 2021. ^ "Broken Oath". hkmdb.com. 3 December 1977. Retrieved 7 July 2021. ^ a b c "Review: Broken Oath (1977)". heroic-cinema.com. 20 August 2006. Retrieved 7 July 2021. Works cited Galbraith IV, Stuart (2008). The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1461673743. External links Broken Oath at Hong Kong Cinemagic Broken Oath at IMDb Broken Oath at AllMovie vteLady Snowblood by Kazuo Koike and Kazuo KamimuraFilms Lady Snowblood (1973) Lady Snowblood: Love Song of Vengeance (1974) Broken Oath (1977) The Princess Blade (2001) Anime Joran: The Princess of Snow and Blood (2021) Related Lady Bullseye Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Broken Oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Oath"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"kung fu film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_fu_film"},{"link_name":"Jeong Chang-hwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_Chang-hwa"},{"link_name":"Golden Harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Sky_Golden_Harvest"},{"link_name":"remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remake"},{"link_name":"Lady Snowblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Snowblood_(film)"},{"link_name":"manga series of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Snowblood_(manga)"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Koike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Koike"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Kamimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Kamimura"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the 1910 silent short film, see The Broken Oath.1977 Hong Kong filmBroken Oath (Chinese: 破戒; pinyin: Po jie) is a 1977 Hong Kong Mandarin-language kung fu film directed by Jeong Chang-hwa, a South Korean director. The film was produced by Golden Harvest. It is an unofficial remake of the 1973 film Lady Snowblood, itself an adaptation of the manga series of the same name by Kazuo Koike and Kazuo Kamimura.[2]","title":"Broken Oath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angela Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Mao"},{"link_name":"scorpions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A woman lies dying in a women's prison after giving birth and recounts to a pickpocket how she ended up there after her husband was murdered by thugs, one of whom also raped her. The pickpocket agrees to raise her daughter to seek revenge, but in hopes of breaking the cycle of violence she hands the infant girl over to a Shaolin monastery for women. 'Pure Lotus' Liu (Angela Mao) grows up to be a troubled young woman who skips out on Buddhist lessons, but excels at kung fu. She's kicked out after killing several thugs and rejoins the pickpocket, where she discovers the truth about her parents. Using her kung fu and deadly scorpions, Lotus begins a systematic hunt for each of the men who assaulted her family and ends up joining forces with government agents to uproot rebels, two of whom are her targets.[3]\n[4]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Angela Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Mao"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroic_cinema_brokenoath-6"},{"link_name":"Michael Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroic_cinema_brokenoath-6"},{"link_name":"Bruce Leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Leung"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroic_cinema_brokenoath-6"},{"link_name":"Guan Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwan_Shan"},{"link_name":"Dean Shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Shek"},{"link_name":"Sammo Hung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammo_Hung"},{"link_name":"Han Ying-chieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Ying-chieh"},{"link_name":"Yuen Wah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Wah"},{"link_name":"Corey Yuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Yuen"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Yuen Biao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Biao"},{"link_name":"Alan Chui Chung-San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Chui_Chung-San"}],"text":"This is a partial list of cast.[5]Angela Mao as Liu Chieh Lien, Lotus.[6]\nMichael Chan as Zhao Cai, Chao Tsai.[6]\nBruce Leung as Chen Bang, Chang Pang.[6]\nKuo Cheng-Yu as Imperial undercover agent\nGuan Shan as Liu Da Xiong, General Liu.\nChao Hsiung as Hao Shi, Hao Chi.\nFong Yau as Dou Qi, To Chi.\nChang Pei-Shan as Chou Kui, General Tiu\nHa Yue as Ah Shu\nTony Lou Chun-Ku as Chou's assistant\nSze-Ma Wah-Lung as Mr Wong\nWang Lai as Thousand Hands\nLee Wan-Chung as Hao's assistant\nDean Shek as Brothel manager\nHo Mei as Mrs Liu Yee Mei\nSammo Hung as Starknife bodyguard\nHan Ying-chieh as Fire-breathing bodyguard\nYeung Wai as Imperial undercover agent\nYuen Wah as One of Hao's men/One of Chou's guards\nSan Kuai as One of Hao's men\nWong Mei as One of Hao's men\nCorey Yuen as One of Chou's guards / Hao's bodyguard\nMars as One of Chou's guards\nChin Yuet-Sang as One of Chou's guards\nYuen Biao as One of Qi's men\nAlan Chui Chung-San as One of Qi's men\nAlan Chan Kwok-Kuen as One of Qi's men\nHsu Hsia as One of Qi's men\nChin Chun as Guard leader\nLee Hang as One of Hao's men\nChu Yau-Ko as Hungry man at inn","title":"Cast"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lady Snowblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Snowblood_(film)"}]	[{"reference":"\"修羅雪姫怨み恋歌\". Kinema Junpo. Retrieved 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/detail.aspx?cinema_id=18256&key_search=%E4%BF%AE%E7%BE%85%E9%9B%AA%E5%A7%AB%20%E6%80%A8%E3%81%BF%E6%81%8B%E6%AD%8C","url_text":"\"修羅雪姫怨み恋歌\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinema_Junpo","url_text":"Kinema Junpo"}]},{"reference":"\"Broken Oath\". filmaffinity.com. 1977. Retrieved 7 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film358979.html","url_text":"\"Broken Oath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broken Oath\". letterboxd.com. 1977. Retrieved 7 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://letterboxd.com/film/broken-oath/","url_text":"\"Broken Oath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broken Oath\". hkmdb.com. 3 December 1977. Retrieved 7 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hkmdb.com/db/movies/view.mhtml?id=5839&display_set=eng","url_text":"\"Broken Oath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Broken Oath (1977)\". heroic-cinema.com. 20 August 2006. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_parabolic_constant	Universal parabolic constant	["1 Derivation","2 Properties","3 Applications","4 References and footnotes"]	Mathematical constant in conic sections The universal parabolic constant is the red length divided by the green length. The universal parabolic constant is a mathematical constant. It is defined as the ratio, for any parabola, of the arc length of the parabolic segment formed by the latus rectum to the focal parameter. The focal parameter is twice the focal length. The ratio is denoted P. In the diagram, the latus rectum is pictured in blue, the parabolic segment that it forms in red and the focal parameter in green. (The focus of the parabola is the point F and the directrix is the line L.) The value of P is P = ln ⁡ ( 1 + 2 ) + 2 = 2.29558714939 … {\displaystyle P=\ln(1+{\sqrt {2}})+{\sqrt {2}}=2.29558714939\dots } (sequence A103710 in the OEIS). The circle and parabola are unique among conic sections in that they have a universal constant. The analogous ratios for ellipses and hyperbolas depend on their eccentricities. This means that all circles are similar and all parabolas are similar, whereas ellipses and hyperbolas are not. Derivation Take y = x 2 4 f {\textstyle y={\frac {x^{2}}{4f}}} as the equation of the parabola. The focal parameter is p = 2 f {\displaystyle p=2f} and the semilatus rectum is ℓ = 2 f {\displaystyle \ell =2f} . P := 1 p ∫ − ℓ ℓ 1 + ( y ′ ( x ) ) 2 d x = 1 2 f ∫ − 2 f 2 f 1 + x 2 4 f 2 d x = ∫ − 1 1 1 + t 2 d t ( x = 2 f t ) = arsinh ⁡ ( 1 ) + 2 = ln ⁡ ( 1 + 2 ) + 2 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P&:={\frac {1}{p}}\int _{-\ell }^{\ell }{\sqrt {1+\left(y'(x)\right)^{2}}}\,dx\\&={\frac {1}{2f}}\int _{-2f}^{2f}{\sqrt {1+{\frac {x^{2}}{4f^{2}}}}}\,dx\\&=\int _{-1}^{1}{\sqrt {1+t^{2}}}\,dt&(x=2ft)\\&=\operatorname {arsinh} (1)+{\sqrt {2}}\\&=\ln(1+{\sqrt {2}})+{\sqrt {2}}.\end{aligned}}} Properties P is a transcendental number. Proof. Suppose that P is algebraic. Then P − 2 = ln ⁡ ( 1 + 2 ) {\displaystyle \!\ P-{\sqrt {2}}=\ln(1+{\sqrt {2}})} must also be algebraic. However, by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, e ln ⁡ ( 1 + 2 ) = 1 + 2 {\displaystyle \!\ e^{\ln(1+{\sqrt {2}})}=1+{\sqrt {2}}} would be transcendental, which is not the case. Hence P is transcendental. Since P is transcendental, it is also irrational. Applications The average distance from a point randomly selected in the unit square to its center is d avg = P 6 . {\displaystyle d_{\text{avg}}={P \over 6}.} Proof. d avg := 8 ∫ 0 1 2 ∫ 0 x x 2 + y 2 d y d x = 8 ∫ 0 1 2 1 2 x 2 ( ln ⁡ ( 1 + 2 ) + 2 ) d x = 4 P ∫ 0 1 2 x 2 d x = P 6 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}d_{\text{avg}}&:=8\int _{0}^{1 \over 2}\int _{0}^{x}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}\,dy\,dx\\&=8\int _{0}^{1 \over 2}{1 \over 2}x^{2}(\ln(1+{\sqrt {2}})+{\sqrt {2}})\,dx\\&=4P\int _{0}^{1 \over 2}x^{2}\,dx\\&={P \over 6}\end{aligned}}} There is also an interesting geometrical reason why this constant appears in unit squares. The average distance between a center of a unit square and a point on the square's boundary is P 4 {\displaystyle {P \over 4}} . If we uniformly sample every point on the perimeter of the square, take line segments (drawn from the center) corresponding to each point, add them together by joining each line segment next to the other, scaling them down, the curve obtained is a parabola. References and footnotes ^ Sylvester Reese and Jonathan Sondow. "Universal Parabolic Constant". MathWorld., a Wolfram Web resource. ^ Reese, Sylvester. "Pohle Colloquium Video Lecture: The universal parabolic constant". Retrieved February 2, 2005. ^ Sondow, Jonathan (2013). "The parbelos, a parabolic analog of the arbelos". Amer. Math. Monthly. 120 (10): 929–935. arXiv:1210.2279. doi:10.4169/amer.math.monthly.120.10.929. S2CID 33402874. American Mathematical Monthly, 120 (2013), 929-935. ^ See Parabola#Arc length. Use p = 2 f {\displaystyle p=2f} , the length of the semilatus rectum, so h = f {\displaystyle h=f} and q = f 2 {\displaystyle q=f{\sqrt {2}}} . Calculate 2 s {\displaystyle 2s} in terms of f {\displaystyle f} , then divide by 2 f {\displaystyle 2f} , which is the focal parameter. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Square Point Picking". MathWorld., a Wolfram Web resource. ^ Manas Shetty; Sparsha Kumari; Vinton Adrian Rebello; Prajwal DSouza. "Universal Parabolic Constant Mystery". prajwalsouza.github.io. Retrieved 1 October 2023.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parabolic_constant_illustration_v4.svg"},{"link_name":"mathematical constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_constant"},{"link_name":"parabola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola"},{"link_name":"arc length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_length"},{"link_name":"latus rectum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola#Latus_rectum,_semilatus_rectum,_and_polar_coordinates"},{"link_name":"focal length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola#Focal_length"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"directrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic_section#Eccentricity.2C_focus_and_directrix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"A103710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A103710"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle"},{"link_name":"ellipses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse"},{"link_name":"hyperbolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbola"},{"link_name":"eccentricities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentricity_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"similar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_(geometry)"}],"text":"The universal parabolic constant is the red length divided by the green length.The universal parabolic constant is a mathematical constant.It is defined as the ratio, for any parabola, of the arc length of the parabolic segment formed by the latus rectum to the focal parameter. The focal parameter is twice the focal length. The ratio is denoted P.[1][2][3]\nIn the diagram, the latus rectum is pictured in blue, the parabolic segment that it forms in red and the focal parameter in green. (The focus of the parabola is the point F and the directrix is the line L.)The value of P is[4]P\n =\n ln\n ⁡\n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 2.29558714939\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=\\ln(1+{\\sqrt {2}})+{\\sqrt {2}}=2.29558714939\\dots }(sequence A103710 in the OEIS). The circle and parabola are unique among conic sections in that they have a universal constant. The analogous ratios for ellipses and hyperbolas depend on their eccentricities. This means that all circles are similar and all parabolas are similar, whereas ellipses and hyperbolas are not.","title":"Universal parabolic constant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semilatus rectum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola#Latus_rectum,_semilatus_rectum,_and_polar_coordinates"}],"text":"Take \n \n \n \n y\n =\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 4\n f\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle y={\\frac {x^{2}}{4f}}}\n \n as the equation of the parabola. The focal parameter is \n \n \n \n p\n =\n 2\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=2f}\n \n and the semilatus rectum is \n \n \n \n ℓ\n =\n 2\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell =2f}\n \n.P\n \n \n \n :=\n \n \n 1\n p\n \n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n ℓ\n \n \n ℓ\n \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n (\n \n \n y\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n f\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n −\n 2\n f\n \n \n 2\n f\n \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 4\n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n (\n x\n =\n 2\n f\n t\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n arsinh\n ⁡\n (\n 1\n )\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n ln\n ⁡\n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}P&:={\\frac {1}{p}}\\int _{-\\ell }^{\\ell }{\\sqrt {1+\\left(y'(x)\\right)^{2}}}\\,dx\\\\&={\\frac {1}{2f}}\\int _{-2f}^{2f}{\\sqrt {1+{\\frac {x^{2}}{4f^{2}}}}}\\,dx\\\\&=\\int _{-1}^{1}{\\sqrt {1+t^{2}}}\\,dt&(x=2ft)\\\\&=\\operatorname {arsinh} (1)+{\\sqrt {2}}\\\\&=\\ln(1+{\\sqrt {2}})+{\\sqrt {2}}.\\end{aligned}}}","title":"Derivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transcendental number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_number"},{"link_name":"algebraic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_number"},{"link_name":"Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann%E2%80%93Weierstrass_theorem"},{"link_name":"irrational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number"}],"text":"P is a transcendental number.Proof. Suppose that P is algebraic. Then \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n −\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ln\n ⁡\n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\!\\ P-{\\sqrt {2}}=\\ln(1+{\\sqrt {2}})}\n \n must also be algebraic. However, by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n ln\n ⁡\n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\!\\ e^{\\ln(1+{\\sqrt {2}})}=1+{\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n would be transcendental, which is not the case. Hence P is transcendental.Since P is transcendental, it is also irrational.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The average distance from a point randomly selected in the unit square to its center is[5]d\n \n avg\n \n \n =\n \n \n P\n 6\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{\\text{avg}}={P \\over 6}.}\n \n\nProof.\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n avg\n \n \n \n \n \n :=\n 8\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n y\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 8\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n ln\n ⁡\n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 4\n P\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n P\n 6\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}d_{\\text{avg}}&:=8\\int _{0}^{1 \\over 2}\\int _{0}^{x}{\\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}\\,dy\\,dx\\\\&=8\\int _{0}^{1 \\over 2}{1 \\over 2}x^{2}(\\ln(1+{\\sqrt {2}})+{\\sqrt {2}})\\,dx\\\\&=4P\\int _{0}^{1 \\over 2}x^{2}\\,dx\\\\&={P \\over 6}\\end{aligned}}}There is also an interesting geometrical reason why this constant appears in unit squares. The average distance between a center of a unit square and a point on the square's boundary is \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {P \\over 4}}\n \n. \nIf we uniformly sample every point on the perimeter of the square, take line segments (drawn from the center) corresponding to each point, add them together by joining each line segment next to the other, scaling them down, the curve obtained is a parabola.[6]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Universal Parabolic Constant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathworld.wolfram.com/.html"},{"link_name":"MathWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Pohle Colloquium Video Lecture: The universal parabolic constant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gaia.adelphi.edu/cgi-bin/makehtmlmov-css.pl?rtsp://gaia.adelphi.edu:554/General_Lectures/Pohle_Colloquiums/pohle200502.mov,pohle200502.mov,256,200"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1210.2279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1210.2279"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4169/amer.math.monthly.120.10.929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4169%2Famer.math.monthly.120.10.929"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33402874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33402874"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Parabola#Arc length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola#Arc_length"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Weisstein, Eric W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein"},{"link_name":"\"Square Point Picking\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathworld.wolfram.com/SquarePointPicking.html"},{"link_name":"MathWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Universal Parabolic Constant Mystery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//prajwalsouza.github.io/universal-parabolic-constant"}],"text":"^ Sylvester Reese and Jonathan Sondow. \"Universal Parabolic Constant\". MathWorld., a Wolfram Web resource.\n\n^ Reese, Sylvester. \"Pohle Colloquium Video Lecture: The universal parabolic constant\". Retrieved February 2, 2005.\n\n^ Sondow, Jonathan (2013). \"The parbelos, a parabolic analog of the arbelos\". Amer. Math. Monthly. 120 (10): 929–935. arXiv:1210.2279. doi:10.4169/amer.math.monthly.120.10.929. S2CID 33402874. American Mathematical Monthly, 120 (2013), 929-935.\n\n^ See Parabola#Arc length. Use \n \n \n \n p\n =\n 2\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=2f}\n \n, the length of the semilatus rectum, so \n \n \n \n h\n =\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h=f}\n \n and \n \n \n \n q\n =\n f\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q=f{\\sqrt {2}}}\n \n. Calculate \n \n \n \n 2\n s\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2s}\n \n in terms of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n, then divide by \n \n \n \n 2\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2f}\n \n, which is the focal parameter.\n\n^ Weisstein, Eric W. \"Square Point Picking\". MathWorld., a Wolfram Web resource.\n\n^ Manas Shetty; Sparsha Kumari; Vinton Adrian Rebello; Prajwal DSouza. \"Universal Parabolic Constant Mystery\". prajwalsouza.github.io. Retrieved 1 October 2023.","title":"References and footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"The universal parabolic constant is the red length divided by the green length.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Parabolic_constant_illustration_v4.svg/344px-Parabolic_constant_illustration_v4.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Sylvester Reese and Jonathan Sondow. \"Universal Parabolic Constant\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/.html","url_text":"\"Universal Parabolic Constant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Reese, Sylvester. \"Pohle Colloquium Video Lecture: The universal parabolic constant\". 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MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SquarePointPicking.html","url_text":"\"Square Point Picking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Manas Shetty; Sparsha Kumari; Vinton Adrian Rebello; Prajwal DSouza. \"Universal Parabolic Constant Mystery\". prajwalsouza.github.io. Retrieved 1 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://prajwalsouza.github.io/universal-parabolic-constant","url_text":"\"Universal Parabolic Constant Mystery\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/.html","external_links_name":"\"Universal Parabolic Constant\""},{"Link":"http://gaia.adelphi.edu/cgi-bin/makehtmlmov-css.pl?rtsp://gaia.adelphi.edu:554/General_Lectures/Pohle_Colloquiums/pohle200502.mov,pohle200502.mov,256,200","external_links_name":"\"Pohle Colloquium Video Lecture: The universal parabolic constant\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1210.2279","external_links_name":"1210.2279"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4169%2Famer.math.monthly.120.10.929","external_links_name":"10.4169/amer.math.monthly.120.10.929"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33402874","external_links_name":"33402874"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SquarePointPicking.html","external_links_name":"\"Square Point Picking\""},{"Link":"https://prajwalsouza.github.io/universal-parabolic-constant","external_links_name":"\"Universal Parabolic Constant Mystery\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allies	Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers	["1 General MacArthur","1.1 SCAP's relationship with Japanese leadership","2 Transforming Japan","3 Welfare programs","4 Constitution","4.1 Article 9","5 War crimes issues","6 Media censorship","7 Approach to the Japanese Communist Party and Post-War Reforms","8 Legacy","8.1 Active US military presence","9 List of Supreme Commanders for the Allied Powers","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, the article is a disorganized jumble of passages about MacArthur. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Head of the Allied occupation of Japan The Dai-Ichi Seimei Building which served as SCAP headquarters, c. 1950 The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (連合国軍最高司令官, Rengōkokugun saikōshireikan, SCAP) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the United States-led Allied occupation of Japan following World War II. It issued SCAP Directives (alias SCAPIN, SCAP Index Number) to the Japanese government, aiming to suppress its "militaristic nationalism". The position was created at the start of the occupation of Japan on August 14, 1945. It was originally styled the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers. In Japan, the position was generally referred to as GHQ (General Headquarters), as SCAP also referred to the offices of the occupation (which was officially referred by SCAP itself as General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (連合国軍最高司令官総司令部, Rengōkokugun saikōshireikan sōshireibu, abbreviated as GHQ–SCAP)), including a staff of several hundred US civil servants as well as military personnel. Some of these personnel effectively wrote a first draft of the Japanese Constitution, which the National Diet then ratified after a few amendments. Australian, British Empire, and New Zealand forces under SCAP were organized into a sub-command known as British Commonwealth Occupation Force. These actions led MacArthur to be viewed as the new Imperial force in Japan by many Japanese political and civilian figures, even being considered to be the rebirth of the shōgun-style government: 341 which Japan was ruled under until the start of the Meiji Restoration. American biographer William Manchester argues that without MacArthur's leadership, Japan would not have been able to make the move from an imperial, totalitarian state, to a democracy. At his appointment, MacArthur announced that he sought to "restore security, dignity and self-respect" to the Japanese people. MacArthur was also in charge of southern Korea from 1945 to 1948 due to the lack of clear orders or initiative from Washington, D.C. There was no plan or guideline given to MacArthur from the Joint Chiefs of Staff or the State Department on how to rule Korea, resulting in a tumultuous 3 year military occupation that led to the creation of the U.S.-friendly Republic of Korea in 1948. He ordered Lieutenant General John R. Hodge, who accepted the surrender of Japanese forces in southern Korea in September 1945, to govern that area on SCAP's behalf and report to him in Tokyo. General MacArthur Main article: Douglas MacArthur MacArthur arrives at Atsugi airfield, August 30th, 1945. SCAP is oftentimes synonymous with its appointed post war leader, American General Douglas MacArthur. MacArthur ruled Japan with a fairly lenient approach. As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, MacArthur decided not to prosecute Shiro Ishii and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as "War Crimes" evidence." The deal was concluded in 1948. According to historian Herbert Bix in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war." MacArthur's reasoning was that if the emperor were executed or sentenced to life imprisonment there would be a violent backlash and revolution from the Japanese of all social classes, and this would interfere with his primary goal of changing Japan from a militarist, feudal society to a pro-Western modern democracy. In a cable sent to General Dwight Eisenhower in February 1946, MacArthur stated that executing or imprisoning the emperor would require the use of one million occupation soldiers to keep the peace. SCAP's relationship with Japanese leadership General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito, 29th of September, 1945 The relationship between Japanese leadership and SCAP was tense, as SCAP domineered the former on the path to post war reconstruction. MacArthur was focused on the task at hand, shown by his refusal to address the Japanese leadership or public directly, instead electing to go straight to and from his office every day, without stops. MacArthur and SCAP were adamant that the Emperor especially be shielded from responsibility for the war. MacArthur allowed the Emperor to issue statements that allowed for post war SCAP policy to be reframed as continued Meiji restoration, allowing the Emperor to cling to legitimacy. These views would be reflected in the first eight articles of the Constitution of Japan. Transforming Japan A major land reform was conducted, led by Wolf Ladejinsky of MacArthur's SCAP staff; however, Ladejinsky himself stated that the true architect of the land reform was Hiroo Wada , then-Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries from the Japan Socialist Party. Between 1947 and 1949, approximately 4,700,000 acres (1,900,000 ha), or 38% of Japan's cultivated land, was purchased from the landlords under the government's reform program, and 4,600,000 acres (1,860,000 ha) was resold to the farmers who worked them. By 1950, 89% of all agricultural land was owner-operated and only 11% was tenant-operated. MacArthur's efforts to encourage trade union membership met with phenomenal success, and by 1947, 48% of the non-agricultural workforce was unionized. Some of MacArthur's reforms were rescinded in 1948 when his unilateral control of Japan was ended by the increased involvement of the State Department. During the Occupation, SCAP successfully, if not entirely, abolished many of the financial coalitions known as the Zaibatsu, which had previously monopolized industry. Eventually, looser industrial groupings known as Keiretsu evolved. The reforms alarmed many in the U.S. Departments of Defense and State, who believed they conflicted with the prospect of Japan and its industrial capacity as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Asia. Japan's hereditary peerage, called kazoku, that lasted for over a millennium in different but essentially similar forms, was abolished by the new Japanese constitution that was heavily influenced by MacArthur. This was similar to the European peerage system involving princes, barons and counts that were not part of the royal family. Also, the extended royal family, called ōke and shinnōke, was abolished and stripped of all rights and privileges, transforming into commoners immediately. The only Japanese that were allowed to call themselves a part of royalty or nobility after the U.S. occupation were the emperor and about 20 of his direct family members. This action by MacArthur and the writers of the constitution helped transform Japan drastically by abolishing all of the old extended royal family class and the nobility class. Welfare programs One of the largest of the SCAP programs was Public Health and Welfare, headed by US Army Colonel Crawford F. Sams. Working with the SCAP staff of 150, Sams directed the welfare work of the American doctors, and organized entirely new Japanese medical welfare systems along American lines. The Japanese population was in a poor state: most people badly worn down, doctors and medicines were very scarce, and sanitary systems had been bombed out in larger cities. His earliest priorities were in distributing food supplies from the United States. Millions of refugees from the defunct overseas empire were pouring in, often in bad physical shape, with a high risk of introducing smallpox, typhus and cholera. The outbreaks that did occur were localized, as emergency immunization, quarantine, sanitation, and delousing prevented massive epidemics. Sams, who was promoted to Brigadier General in 1948, worked with Japanese officials to establish vaccine laboratories, reorganize hospitals along American lines, upgrade medical and nursing schools, and bring together Japanese, international, and US teams that dealt with disasters, child care, and health insurance. He set up an Institute of Public Health for educating public health workers and a National Institute of Health for research, and set up statistical divisions and data collection systems. Constitution Main article: Constitution of Japan One of the most significant actions of SCAP during the occupation was the drafting of a new Japanese constitution. One of MacArthur's top priorities was an overhaul of the existing Meiji constitution, to bring the country in line with its new democratic government. He gave the task of drafting the constitution to his officers, frustrated by the slowness of legislators. They would finish the task within a week, and presenting the new constitution as a wholesale amendment to the Meiji Constitution. It provided protections to the Emperor, placing him at the head of the state. It was ratified November of 1946 and went into effect May 3rd, 1947. It remains the oldest unamended constitution in the world. Article 9 The most polarizing aspect of the Japanese constitution, a part that still sees debate to this day, is the presence of Article 9, a clause covering the status of the Japanese military. The clause outlaws belligerency and prohibits the establishment of organized armed forces by the government. Despite this, Japan maintains a "self defense force" (a de facto defensive military) of around 250,000 active personnel. Article 9 and the JSDF are both hotly contested subjects of debates in modern Japanese politics, as pacifists see the JSDF and military involvement in foreign countries as unconstitutional, while nationalists seek Article 9's removal and a wider rearmament of Japan. War crimes issues SCAP arrested 28 suspected war criminals on account of crimes against peace, but it did not conduct the Tokyo Trials; the International Military Tribunal for the Far East was responsible instead. President Harry Truman had negotiated Japanese surrender on the condition the Emperor would not be executed or put on trial. SCAP carried out that policy. As soon as November 26, 1945, MacArthur confirmed to Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary.: 323 Before the war crimes trials actually convened, SCAP, the IPS and officials from Hirohito's Shōwa government worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in Sugamo Prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.: 325 As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, MacArthur also decided not to prosecute Shiro Ishii and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as "War Crimes" evidence." The deal was concluded in 1948. According to historian Herbert Bix in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war." MacArthur's reasoning was if the emperor were executed or sentenced to life imprisonment there would be a violent backlash and revolution from the Japanese from all social classes and this would interfere with his primary goal to change Japan from a militarist, feudal society to a pro-Western modern democracy. In a cable sent to General Dwight Eisenhower in February 1946 MacArthur said executing or imprisoning the emperor would require the use of one million occupation soldiers to keep the peace. Media censorship Above the political and economic control SCAP had for the seven years following Japan's surrender, SCAP also had strict control over all of the Japanese media, under the formation of the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) of SCAP. The CCD eventually banned a total of 31 topics from all forms of media.: 341 These topics included: Criticism of SCAP (individuals and the organization). All Allied countries. Criticism of Allied policy pre- and post-war. Any form of imperial propaganda. Defense of war criminals. Praise of "undemocratic" forms of government, though praise of SCAP itself was permitted. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Black market activities. Open discussion of allied diplomatic relations (Soviet Union–United States relations). Although some of the CCD censorship laws considerably relaxed towards the end of SCAP, some topics, like the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were taboo until 1952 at the end of the occupation. Approach to the Japanese Communist Party and Post-War Reforms This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) MacArthur legalized the Japanese Communist Party despite reservations from the United States government out of a desire for Japan to be truly democratic and invited them to take part in the 1946 election, which was also the first ever election to allow women to vote. He ordered the release of all political prisoners of the Imperial Japanese era, including communist prisoners. MacArthur approved the first May Day parade in 11 years in 1946. On the day before the May Day celebrations, which would involve 300,000 Japanese communists demonstrating with red flags and pro-Marxism chants in front of the Tokyo Imperial Palace and the Dai-Ichi Building, a group of would-be assassins led by Hideo Tokayama that planned to assassinate MacArthur with hand grenades and pistols on May Day was stopped and some of its members arrested. Despite this plot the May Day demonstrations went on. MacArthur stopped the Communist Party from gaining any popularity in Japan by releasing their members from prison, conducting landmark land reform that made MacArthur more popular than communism for the rural Japanese farmers and peasants, and allowing the communists to freely participate in elections. In the 1946 election they won only 6 seats. Along with his American aversion to communism, General MacArthur had religious motivation in his subjugation of post war Japan. Unlike their western allies in Germany, the Japanese had a pagan, exotic reputation; he saw the occupation as a christian mission to pacify an "oriental people" and bring them in line with the west. Legacy Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty on September 8, 1951 MacArthur handed over power to the Japanese government in 1949, but remained in Japan until relieved by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951, after which he was succeeded as SCAP by General Matthew Ridgway. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on 8 September 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and when it went into effect on 28 April 1952, Japan was once again an independent state. The position of SCAP was effectively abolished on 1 July 1957 with the disbandment of the Far East Command. However, the United States continued to administer some Japanese islands after that with, for example, Okinawa being continually under US administration until 1972. Active US military presence Main article: United States Forces Japan All branches of the United States military forces are still present in Japan today. They primarily function in a support role, providing defense for Japan and the surrounding region, per the agreements of the US-Japan Mutual Security Treaty. The United States Forces Japan consists of around 50,000 service members deployed all over Japan to protect Japanese and US interests alike. This has led to tension at times between Japanese citizens and American servicemen, with incidents frequently occurring between locals and servicemen. There are currently plans to relocate military bases in Okinawa, namely Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, as three quarters of all USFJ installations are located in the prefecture, despite its small size. List of Supreme Commanders for the Allied Powers No. Commander Term Service branch Portrait Name Took office Left office Term length 1 MacArthur, DouglasGeneralDouglas MacArthur(1880–1964)14 August 194511 April 19515 years, 240 daysU.S. Army 2 Ridgway, MatthewGeneralMatthew Ridgway(1895–1993)11 April 195112 May 19521 year, 31 daysU.S. Army 3 Clark, MarkGeneralMark W. Clark(1896–1984)12 May 19527 October 19531 year, 148 daysU.S. Army 4 Hull, JohnGeneralJohn E. Hull(1895–1975)7 October 19531 April 19551 year, 176 daysU.S. Army 5 Taylor, MaxwellGeneralMaxwell D. Taylor(1901–1987)1 April 19555 June 195565 daysU.S. Army 6 Lemnitzer, LymanGeneralLyman Lemnitzer(1899–1988)5 June 19551 July 19572 years, 26 daysU.S. Army See also Occupation of Japan GI Baby Supreme Allied Commander Europe References ^ S.C.A.P. (Jan 4, 1946). "Removal and Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public Office". The National Diet Library (Japan). Retrieved 2019-02-20. ^ https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch3.htm ^ Hellegers, Dale M. (2002). We, the Japanese people. Stanford University Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-8047-8032-2. ^ a b c d Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1. OCLC 39143090. ^ Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar. Little, Brown and Company. p. 472. ISBN 0-316-54498-1. ^ "CHAPTER III: THE COMMAND STRUCTURE: AFPAC, FEC AND SCAP". history.army.mil. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ "CHAPTER II:The House Divided". history.army.mil. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ Gold, Hal (2004). Unit 731 testimony. Boston: Tuttle. p. 109. ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6. OCLC 422879915. ^ Drayton, Richard (May 10, 2005). "An Ethical Blank Cheque: British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American war making". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. ^ Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. p. 562 ^ How the Emperor Became Human (And MacArthur Became Divine)". longreads.com. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ Watanabe Kenichi Olivier Mille Christine Watanabe ARTE France Kami Productions (Firm) Artline Films and Arte éditions (Firm) dirs. 2009. Japan the Emperor and the Army. Icarus Films. ^ Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. p. 562 ^ Ness, Gayl D. (1967), "Review of the book Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World", American Sociological Review, 32 (5): 818–820, doi:10.2307/2092029, JSTOR 2092029. ^ James 1985, pp. 183–192. ^ James 1985, pp. 174–183. ^ Schaller 1985, p. 25. ^ James 1985, pp. 222–224, 252–254. ^ "Occupation of Japan and the New Constitution \| American Experience \| PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ Sams, Crawford F. (1998). "Medic": The Mission of an American Military Doctor in Occupied Japan and Wartorn Korea. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-50371-4. ^ "The Anomalous Life of the Japanese Constitution". Nippon.com. 15 August 2017. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. ^ Maga, Timothy P. (2001). Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2177-2. ^ Tanaka, Yuki; et al. (2011). Beyond Victor's Justice? The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Revisited. BRILL. pp. 149–50. ISBN 978-90-04-21591-7. ^ Ham, Paul (2014). Hiroshima Nagasaki: The Real Story of the Atomic Bombings and Their Aftermath. St. Martin's Press. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-1-4668-4747-7. ^ Gold, Hal (2004). Unit 731 testimony. Boston: Tuttle. p. 109. ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6. OCLC 422879915. ^ Drayton, Richard (May 10, 2005). "An Ethical Blank Cheque: British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American war making". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. ^ Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0. OCLC 247018161. ^ "How the Emperor Became Human (And MacArthur Became Divine)". longreads.com. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ Morris Jr., Seymour. Supreme Commander: MacArthur's Triumph in Japan. Page 169-173 ^ "MacArthur Plot Alarms Japanese; They See Possible Repercussions; JAPANESE FEARFUL ON M'ARTHUR PLOT Timed for Demonstration Plotters Still at Large". The New York Times. May 1946. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ Dower, John W.. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. United Kingdom: W.W. Norton & Company/New Press, 1999. ^ USFJ (May 13, 2022). "United States Forces Japan". US Forces Japan. Retrieved 2019-02-20. ^ "Tens of thousands protest on Okinawa to close key U.S. bases in Japan". USA Today. Further reading Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161 Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1; OCLC 39143090 Gold, Hal. (2003). Japan's Wartime Human Experimentation and the Post-War Cover-up. Boston: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6; OCLC 422879915 James, D. Clayton (1985). Volume 3, Triumph and Disaster 1945–1964. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-36004-0. OCLC 36211311. Lind, Jennifer. (2008). Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4625-2; OCLC 214322850 Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar. New York: Little, Brown and Company, pp 459–544. ISBN 0-316-54498-1 Schaller, Michael (1985). The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503626-8. OCLC 11971554. Japanese Press Translations Collection from Dartmouth College Library Justin Williams papers, served as the Chief of the Legislative Division for the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers from 1945 to 1952. At the University of Maryland libraries. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Japan Academics CiNii	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GHQ_building_circa_1950.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dai-Ichi Seimei Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DN_Tower_21"},{"link_name":"Douglas MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"occupation of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"civil servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"military personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_personnel"},{"link_name":"Japanese Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"National Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth Occupation Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force"},{"link_name":"shōgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dower-4"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"southern Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea"},{"link_name":"3 year military occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"John R. Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Hodge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Head of the Allied occupation of JapanThe Dai-Ichi Seimei Building which served as SCAP headquarters, c. 1950The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (連合国軍最高司令官, Rengōkokugun saikōshireikan, SCAP) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the United States-led Allied occupation of Japan following World War II. It issued SCAP Directives (alias SCAPIN, SCAP Index Number) to the Japanese government, aiming to suppress its \"militaristic nationalism\".[1] The position was created at the start of the occupation of Japan on August 14, 1945.[2] It was originally styled the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers.[3]In Japan, the position was generally referred to as GHQ (General Headquarters), as SCAP also referred to the offices of the occupation (which was officially referred by SCAP itself as General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (連合国軍最高司令官総司令部, Rengōkokugun saikōshireikan sōshireibu, abbreviated as GHQ–SCAP)), including a staff of several hundred US civil servants as well as military personnel. Some of these personnel effectively wrote a first draft of the Japanese Constitution, which the National Diet then ratified after a few amendments. Australian, British Empire, and New Zealand forces under SCAP were organized into a sub-command known as British Commonwealth Occupation Force.These actions led MacArthur to be viewed as the new Imperial force in Japan by many Japanese political and civilian figures, even being considered to be the rebirth of the shōgun-style government[4]: 341 which Japan was ruled under until the start of the Meiji Restoration. American biographer William Manchester argues that without MacArthur's leadership, Japan would not have been able to make the move from an imperial, totalitarian state, to a democracy. At his appointment, MacArthur announced that he sought to \"restore security, dignity and self-respect\" to the Japanese people.[5]MacArthur was also in charge of southern Korea from 1945 to 1948 due to the lack of clear orders or initiative from Washington, D.C. There was no plan or guideline given to MacArthur from the Joint Chiefs of Staff or the State Department on how to rule Korea, resulting in a tumultuous 3 year military occupation that led to the creation of the U.S.-friendly Republic of Korea in 1948. He ordered Lieutenant General John R. Hodge, who accepted the surrender of Japanese forces in southern Korea in September 1945, to govern that area on SCAP's behalf and report to him in Tokyo.[6][7]","title":"Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MacArthur_arrives_at_Atsugi;ac01732.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shiro Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiro_Ishii"},{"link_name":"bacteriological research units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731"},{"link_name":"germ warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfare"},{"link_name":"human experimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_experimentation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Herbert Bix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bix"},{"link_name":"Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"MacArthur arrives at Atsugi airfield, August 30th, 1945.SCAP is oftentimes synonymous with its appointed post war leader, American General Douglas MacArthur. MacArthur ruled Japan with a fairly lenient approach.As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, MacArthur decided not to prosecute Shiro Ishii and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that \"additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as \"War Crimes\" evidence.\"[8] The deal was concluded in 1948.[9]According to historian Herbert Bix in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, \"MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war.\"[10] MacArthur's reasoning was that if the emperor were executed or sentenced to life imprisonment there would be a violent backlash and revolution from the Japanese of all social classes, and this would interfere with his primary goal of changing Japan from a militarist, feudal society to a pro-Western modern democracy. In a cable sent to General Dwight Eisenhower in February 1946, MacArthur stated that executing or imprisoning the emperor would require the use of one million occupation soldiers to keep the peace.[11]","title":"General MacArthur"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Meiji restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-13"}],"sub_title":"SCAP's relationship with Japanese leadership","text":"General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito, 29th of September, 1945The relationship between Japanese leadership and SCAP was tense, as SCAP domineered the former on the path to post war reconstruction. MacArthur was focused on the task at hand, shown by his refusal to address the Japanese leadership or public directly, instead electing to go straight to and from his office every day, without stops. [12]MacArthur and SCAP were adamant that the Emperor especially be shielded from responsibility for the war. MacArthur allowed the Emperor to issue statements that allowed for post war SCAP policy to be reframed as continued Meiji restoration, allowing the Emperor to cling to legitimacy. These views would be reflected in the first eight articles of the Constitution of Japan.[13]","title":"General MacArthur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"land reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform"},{"link_name":"Wolf Ladejinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Ladejinsky"},{"link_name":"Hiroo Wada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroo_Wada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%8D%9A%E9%9B%84"},{"link_name":"Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Japan Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1985183%E2%80%93192-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1985174%E2%80%93183-16"},{"link_name":"Zaibatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaibatsu"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaller198525-17"},{"link_name":"Keiretsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiretsu"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1985222%E2%80%93224,_252%E2%80%93254-18"},{"link_name":"kazoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku"},{"link_name":"ōke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cke"},{"link_name":"shinnōke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinn%C5%8Dke"},{"link_name":"direct family members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan#List_of_current_members"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"A major land reform was conducted, led by Wolf Ladejinsky of MacArthur's SCAP staff; however, Ladejinsky himself stated that the true architect of the land reform was Hiroo Wada [ja], then-Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries from the Japan Socialist Party.[14] Between 1947 and 1949, approximately 4,700,000 acres (1,900,000 ha), or 38% of Japan's cultivated land, was purchased from the landlords under the government's reform program, and 4,600,000 acres (1,860,000 ha) was resold to the farmers who worked them. By 1950, 89% of all agricultural land was owner-operated and only 11% was tenant-operated.[15] MacArthur's efforts to encourage trade union membership met with phenomenal success, and by 1947, 48% of the non-agricultural workforce was unionized. Some of MacArthur's reforms were rescinded in 1948 when his unilateral control of Japan was ended by the increased involvement of the State Department.[16] During the Occupation, SCAP successfully, if not entirely, abolished many of the financial coalitions known as the Zaibatsu, which had previously monopolized industry.[17] Eventually, looser industrial groupings known as Keiretsu evolved. The reforms alarmed many in the U.S. Departments of Defense and State, who believed they conflicted with the prospect of Japan and its industrial capacity as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Asia.[18]Japan's hereditary peerage, called kazoku, that lasted for over a millennium in different but essentially similar forms, was abolished by the new Japanese constitution that was heavily influenced by MacArthur. This was similar to the European peerage system involving princes, barons and counts that were not part of the royal family. Also, the extended royal family, called ōke and shinnōke, was abolished and stripped of all rights and privileges, transforming into commoners immediately. The only Japanese that were allowed to call themselves a part of royalty or nobility after the U.S. occupation were the emperor and about 20 of his direct family members. This action by MacArthur and the writers of the constitution helped transform Japan drastically by abolishing all of the old extended royal family class and the nobility class.[19]","title":"Transforming Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"typhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"One of the largest of the SCAP programs was Public Health and Welfare, headed by US Army Colonel Crawford F. Sams. Working with the SCAP staff of 150, Sams directed the welfare work of the American doctors, and organized entirely new Japanese medical welfare systems along American lines. The Japanese population was in a poor state: most people badly worn down, doctors and medicines were very scarce, and sanitary systems had been bombed out in larger cities. His earliest priorities were in distributing food supplies from the United States. Millions of refugees from the defunct overseas empire were pouring in, often in bad physical shape, with a high risk of introducing smallpox, typhus and cholera. The outbreaks that did occur were localized, as emergency immunization, quarantine, sanitation, and delousing prevented massive epidemics. Sams, who was promoted to Brigadier General in 1948, worked with Japanese officials to establish vaccine laboratories, reorganize hospitals along American lines, upgrade medical and nursing schools, and bring together Japanese, international, and US teams that dealt with disasters, child care, and health insurance. He set up an Institute of Public Health for educating public health workers and a National Institute of Health for research, and set up statistical divisions and data collection systems.[20]","title":"Welfare programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meiji constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_constitution"},{"link_name":"Meiji Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"One of the most significant actions of SCAP during the occupation was the drafting of a new Japanese constitution. One of MacArthur's top priorities was an overhaul of the existing Meiji constitution, to bring the country in line with its new democratic government. He gave the task of drafting the constitution to his officers, frustrated by the slowness of legislators. They would finish the task within a week, and presenting the new constitution as a wholesale amendment to the Meiji Constitution. It provided protections to the Emperor, placing him at the head of the state. It was ratified November of 1946 and went into effect May 3rd, 1947. It remains the oldest unamended constitution in the world. [21]","title":"Constitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Article 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution"},{"link_name":"self defense force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"JSDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"military involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Article 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution"}],"sub_title":"Article 9","text":"The most polarizing aspect of the Japanese constitution, a part that still sees debate to this day, is the presence of Article 9, a clause covering the status of the Japanese military. The clause outlaws belligerency and prohibits the establishment of organized armed forces by the government. Despite this, Japan maintains a \"self defense force\" (a de facto defensive military) of around 250,000 active personnel. Article 9 and the JSDF are both hotly contested subjects of debates in modern Japanese politics, as pacifists see the JSDF and military involvement in foreign countries as unconstitutional, while nationalists seek Article 9's removal and a wider rearmament of Japan.","title":"Constitution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Military Tribunal for the Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mitsumasa Yonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dower-4"},{"link_name":"Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito"},{"link_name":"Shōwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period"},{"link_name":"war criminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_criminals"},{"link_name":"Sugamo Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugamo_Prison"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dower-4"},{"link_name":"Shiro Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiro_Ishii"},{"link_name":"bacteriological research units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731"},{"link_name":"germ warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfare"},{"link_name":"human experimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_experimentation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Herbert Bix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bix"},{"link_name":"Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"SCAP arrested 28 suspected war criminals on account of crimes against peace, but it did not conduct the Tokyo Trials; the International Military Tribunal for the Far East was responsible instead.[22][23] President Harry Truman had negotiated Japanese surrender on the condition the Emperor would not be executed or put on trial. SCAP carried out that policy.[24]As soon as November 26, 1945, MacArthur confirmed to Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary.[4]: 323 Before the war crimes trials actually convened, SCAP, the IPS and officials from Hirohito's Shōwa government worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in Sugamo Prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.[4]: 325As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, MacArthur also decided not to prosecute Shiro Ishii and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that \"additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as \"War Crimes\" evidence.\"[25] The deal was concluded in 1948.[26]According to historian Herbert Bix in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, \"MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war.\"[27] MacArthur's reasoning was if the emperor were executed or sentenced to life imprisonment there would be a violent backlash and revolution from the Japanese from all social classes and this would interfere with his primary goal to change Japan from a militarist, feudal society to a pro-Western modern democracy. In a cable sent to General Dwight Eisenhower in February 1946 MacArthur said executing or imprisoning the emperor would require the use of one million occupation soldiers to keep the peace.[28]","title":"War crimes issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Censorship Detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Censorship_Detachment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dower-4"},{"link_name":"imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"war criminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes"},{"link_name":"forms of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_of_government"},{"link_name":"atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_economy"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations"}],"text":"Above the political and economic control SCAP had for the seven years following Japan's surrender, SCAP also had strict control over all of the Japanese media, under the formation of the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) of SCAP. The CCD eventually banned a total of 31 topics from all forms of media.[4]: 341 These topics included:Criticism of SCAP (individuals and the organization).\nAll Allied countries.\nCriticism of Allied policy pre- and post-war.\nAny form of imperial propaganda.\nDefense of war criminals.\nPraise of \"undemocratic\" forms of government, though praise of SCAP itself was permitted.\nThe atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.\nBlack market activities.\nOpen discussion of allied diplomatic relations (Soviet Union–United States relations).Although some of the CCD censorship laws considerably relaxed towards the end of SCAP, some topics, like the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were taboo until 1952 at the end of the occupation.","title":"Media censorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"1946 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Japanese_general_election"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Imperial Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace"},{"link_name":"Dai-Ichi Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DN_Tower_21"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"MacArthur legalized the Japanese Communist Party despite reservations from the United States government out of a desire for Japan to be truly democratic and invited them to take part in the 1946 election, which was also the first ever election to allow women to vote. He ordered the release of all political prisoners of the Imperial Japanese era, including communist prisoners. MacArthur approved the first May Day parade in 11 years in 1946. On the day before the May Day celebrations, which would involve 300,000 Japanese communists demonstrating with red flags and pro-Marxism chants in front of the Tokyo Imperial Palace and the Dai-Ichi Building, a group of would-be assassins led by Hideo Tokayama that planned to assassinate MacArthur with hand grenades and pistols on May Day was stopped and some of its members arrested. Despite this plot the May Day demonstrations went on. MacArthur stopped the Communist Party from gaining any popularity in Japan by releasing their members from prison, conducting landmark land reform that made MacArthur more popular than communism for the rural Japanese farmers and peasants, and allowing the communists to freely participate in elections. In the 1946 election they won only 6 seats.[29][30][31] Along with his American aversion to communism, General MacArthur had religious motivation in his subjugation of post war Japan. Unlike their western allies in Germany, the Japanese had a pagan, exotic reputation; he saw the occupation as a christian mission to pacify an \"oriental people\" and bring them in line with the west.[32]","title":"Approach to the Japanese Communist Party and Post-War Reforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shigeru Yoshida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"Matthew Ridgway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Peace Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Far East Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Command_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty on September 8, 1951MacArthur handed over power to the Japanese government in 1949, but remained in Japan until relieved by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951, after which he was succeeded as SCAP by General Matthew Ridgway. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on 8 September 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and when it went into effect on 28 April 1952, Japan was once again an independent state. The position of SCAP was effectively abolished on 1 July 1957 with the disbandment of the Far East Command. However, the United States continued to administer some Japanese islands after that with, for example, Okinawa being continually under US administration until 1972.[33]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US-Japan Mutual Security Treaty.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"United States Forces Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Futenma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Futenma"}],"sub_title":"Active US military presence","text":"All branches of the United States military forces are still present in Japan today. They primarily function in a support role, providing defense for Japan and the surrounding region, per the agreements of the US-Japan Mutual Security Treaty. The United States Forces Japan consists of around 50,000 service members deployed all over Japan to protect Japanese and US interests alike. This has led to tension at times between Japanese citizens and American servicemen, with incidents frequently occurring between locals and servicemen.[34] There are currently plans to relocate military bases in Okinawa, namely Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, as three quarters of all USFJ installations are located in the prefecture, despite its small size.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Supreme Commanders for the Allied Powers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bix, Herbert P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bix"},{"link_name":"Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-019314-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"247018161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/247018161"},{"link_name":"Dower, John W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Dower"},{"link_name":"Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embracing_Defeat"},{"link_name":"W. W. Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-04686-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04686-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39143090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39143090"},{"link_name":"Tuttle Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-900737-39-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-900737-39-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"422879915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/422879915"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-395-36004-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-36004-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"36211311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36211311"},{"link_name":"Cornell University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8014-4625-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4625-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"214322850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/214322850"},{"link_name":"Manchester, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Manchester"},{"link_name":"American Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Caesar"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-316-54498-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-54498-1"},{"link_name":"The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/americanoccupati00scha"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-503626-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503626-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11971554","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11971554"},{"link_name":"Japanese Press Translations Collection from Dartmouth College Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//libarchive.dartmouth.edu/cdm/search/collection/presstrans"},{"link_name":"Justin Williams papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1057"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471889#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000107901563"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/139071262"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268612905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n50079003"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00409689"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02482354?l=en"}],"text":"Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0; OCLC 247018161\nDower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1; OCLC 39143090\nGold, Hal. (2003). Japan's Wartime Human Experimentation and the Post-War Cover-up. Boston: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6; OCLC 422879915\nJames, D. Clayton (1985). Volume 3, Triumph and Disaster 1945–1964. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-36004-0. OCLC 36211311.\nLind, Jennifer. (2008). Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4625-2; OCLC 214322850\nManchester, William (1978). American Caesar. New York: Little, Brown and Company, pp 459–544. ISBN 0-316-54498-1\nSchaller, Michael (1985). The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503626-8. OCLC 11971554.\nJapanese Press Translations Collection from Dartmouth College Library\nJustin Williams papers, served as the Chief of the Legislative Division for the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers from 1945 to 1952. At the University of Maryland libraries.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States\nJapan\nAcademics\nCiNii","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Dai-Ichi Seimei Building which served as SCAP headquarters, c. 1950","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/GHQ_building_circa_1950.JPG/220px-GHQ_building_circa_1950.JPG"},{"image_text":"MacArthur arrives at Atsugi airfield, August 30th, 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MacArthur_arrives_at_Atsugi%3Bac01732.jpg/220px-MacArthur_arrives_at_Atsugi%3Bac01732.jpg"},{"image_text":"General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito, 29th of September, 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg/220px-Emperor_Hirohito_and_General_MacArthur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan signing the San Francisco Peace Treaty on September 8, 1951","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg/220px-Yoshida_signs_San_Francisco_Peace_Treaty.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Occupation of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"title":"GI Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GI_Baby"},{"title":"Supreme Allied Commander Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe"}]	[{"reference":"S.C.A.P. (Jan 4, 1946). \"Removal and Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public Office\". The National Diet Library (Japan). Retrieved 2019-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/9885619?itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F9885619&__lang=en","url_text":"\"Removal and Exclusion of Undesirable Personnel from Public Office\""}]},{"reference":"Hellegers, Dale M. (2002). We, the Japanese people. Stanford University Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-8047-8032-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GL8h6wZPqIoC&pg=PA360","url_text":"We, the Japanese people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8032-2","url_text":"978-0-8047-8032-2"}]},{"reference":"Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1. OCLC 39143090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Dower","url_text":"Dower, John W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embracing_Defeat","url_text":"Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton","url_text":"W. W. Norton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04686-1","url_text":"978-0-393-04686-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39143090","url_text":"39143090"}]},{"reference":"Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar. Little, Brown and Company. p. 472. ISBN 0-316-54498-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americancaesardo00manc","url_text":"American Caesar"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americancaesardo00manc/page/n503","url_text":"472"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-54498-1","url_text":"0-316-54498-1"}]},{"reference":"\"CHAPTER III: THE COMMAND STRUCTURE: AFPAC, FEC AND SCAP\". history.army.mil. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch3.htm","url_text":"\"CHAPTER III: THE COMMAND STRUCTURE: AFPAC, FEC AND SCAP\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHAPTER II:The House Divided\". history.army.mil. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/books/pd-c-02.htm","url_text":"\"CHAPTER II:The House Divided\""}]},{"reference":"Ness, Gayl D. (1967), \"Review of the book Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World\", American Sociological Review, 32 (5): 818–820, doi:10.2307/2092029, JSTOR 2092029","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2092029","url_text":"10.2307/2092029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2092029","url_text":"2092029"}]},{"reference":"\"Occupation of Japan and the New Constitution \| American Experience \| PBS\". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 18 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/macarthur-occupation-japan-and-constitution/","url_text":"\"Occupation of Japan and the New Constitution \| American Experience \| PBS\""}]},{"reference":"Sams, Crawford F. (1998). \"Medic\": The Mission of an American Military Doctor in Occupied Japan and Wartorn Korea. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-50371-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50371-4","url_text":"978-1-315-50371-4"}]},{"reference":"Maga, Timothy P. (2001). Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2177-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2177-2","url_text":"978-0-8131-2177-2"}]},{"reference":"Tanaka, Yuki; et al. (2011). Beyond Victor's Justice? The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Revisited. BRILL. pp. 149–50. ISBN 978-90-04-21591-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nOIzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149","url_text":"Beyond Victor's Justice? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_De_Wilde	Samuel De Wilde	["1 References"]	English painter James Neild (Samuel De Wilde) Samuel Thomas Russell (1766–1845) as Jerry Sneak in The Mayor of Garratt, a play by Samuel Foote (Samuel De Wilde, 1810) Samuel De Wilde (1751–19 January 1832), born and died in London, was a portrait painter and etcher of Dutch descent famous for his theatrical paintings. He was the leading painter of actors and actresses between 1770 and 1820. He lived in Clarendon Square, Somers Town. De Wilde was baptised in London on 28 July 1751, the son of a Dutch joiner who had settled there by 1748. He was apprenticed to his godfather, Samuel Haworth, a joiner in London, but left after five years and enrolled at the Royal Academy Schools from 1769. He exhibited small portraits at the Society of Artists (1776–1778) and at the Royal Academy (from 1778). His career in theatrical portraiture began when he was employed by John Bell as portraitist for his publication British Theatre, a series that ran from 1791 until 1795. He became well known for his theatrical portraiture, which he exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1792 until 1821. At his studio in Drury Lane many actors and actresses came to sit for him and his theatrical portraits appeared in numerous publications, including the Monthly Mirror, John Cawthorn's Minor British Theatre and William Oxberry's New English Drama. The bulk of his work is in pencil or watercolour. References ^ "De Wilde, Samuel, 1751-1832 - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies \| Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". ^ Malcolm, J.P. (1813). "Origin and gradual increase of Somers Town". The Gentleman's Magazine. 83 (November, 1813): 427–429. ^ a b Burnim, Kalman A.; Highfill, Philip H. (1997). John Bell, Patron of British Theatrical Portraiture: A Catalog of the Theatrical Portraits in His Editions of Bell's Shakespeare and Bell's British Theatre. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0809321230. ^ Walter H. Godfrey; W. McB. Marcham, eds. (1952). "Somers Town". Survey of London: volume 24: The parish of St Pancras part 4: King's Cross Neighbourhood. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 118–123. Retrieved 20 June 2012. ^ "CollectionsOnline \| Name". ^ a b "Samuel de Wilde". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 27 June 2011. ^ Kennedy, Lynne (13 March 2009). "Artistic endeavour runs in Diana's family" (PDF). West Highland Free Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2011. ^ Cox, Jeffrey; Gamer, Michael (2003). "Romantic Drama". The Broadview Anthology of Romantic Drama. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. p. xxii. ISBN 978-1551112985. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samuel De Wilde. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat 2 National Spain France 2 BnF data 2 Germany United States Australia Poland Artists RKD Artists ULAN People Netherlands Trove Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Neild_(1804)_by_Samuel_De_Wilde.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Neild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Neild"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Thomas_Russell_in_Samuel_Footes_The_Mayor_of_Garratt,_by_Samuel_de_Wilde_(1748-1832).jpg"},{"link_name":"Samuel Thomas Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Thomas_Russell"},{"link_name":"The Mayor of Garratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Garratt"},{"link_name":"Samuel Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Foote"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalman-3"},{"link_name":"Somers Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somers_Town,_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npg-6"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy#Royal_Academy_Schools"},{"link_name":"Society of Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Artists_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"John Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kalman-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Monthly Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Mirror"},{"link_name":"William Oxberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Oxberry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npg-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"James Neild (Samuel De Wilde)Samuel Thomas Russell (1766–1845) as Jerry Sneak in The Mayor of Garratt, a play by Samuel Foote (Samuel De Wilde, 1810)Samuel De Wilde (1751–19 January 1832),[1] born and died in London, was a portrait painter and etcher of Dutch descent famous for his theatrical paintings. He was the leading painter of actors and actresses between 1770 and 1820.[2][3] He lived in Clarendon Square, Somers Town.[4]De Wilde was baptised in London on 28 July 1751,[5] the son of a Dutch joiner who had settled there by 1748.[6] He was apprenticed to his godfather, Samuel Haworth, a joiner in London, but left after five years and enrolled at the Royal Academy Schools from 1769. He exhibited small portraits at the Society of Artists (1776–1778) and at the Royal Academy (from 1778). His career in theatrical portraiture began when he was employed by John Bell as portraitist for his publication British Theatre, a series that ran from 1791 until 1795.[3] He became well known for his theatrical portraiture, which he exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1792 until 1821. At his studio in Drury Lane[7] many actors and actresses came to sit for him and his theatrical portraits appeared in numerous publications, including the Monthly Mirror, John Cawthorn's Minor British Theatre and William Oxberry's New English Drama. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium_(177Lu)_DOTA-octreotate	Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide	["1 Medical uses","2 Adverse effects","3 History","4 References"]	Chelate of Lu-177 with dotatate, a peptide derivative bound to a DOTA molecule Lutetium (177Lu) dotatateINN: lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotideClinical dataTrade namesLutatheraAHFS/Drugs.comMonographLicense data US DailyMed: Lutathera Routes ofadministrationIntravenousDrug classRadiolabeled somatostatin analogATC codeV10XX04 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status CA: Rx-only / Schedule C UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only EU: Rx-only In general: ℞ (Prescription only) Identifiers IUPAC name (177Lu)lutetium(3+) 2--C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-6,9,12,15,18-pentahydroxy-7--13--16--1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17-pentaazacycloicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaen-19-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-2-phenylethyl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}methyl)-7,10-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl]acetate CAS Number437608-50-9PubChem CID71587735DrugBankDB13985UNIIAE221IM3BBKEGGD11033CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID20195927 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC65H87LuN14O19S2Molar mass1607.58 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CC(C1C(=O)NC(CSSCC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)N1)CCCCN)CC2=CNC3=CC=CC=C32)CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)NC(=O)C(CC5=CC=CC=C5)NC(=O)CN6CCN(CCN(CCN(CC6)CC(=O))CC(=O))CC(=O))C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)O)O. InChI InChI=1S/C65H90N14O19S2.Lu/c1-38(80)56-64(96)73-51(63(95)75-57(39(2)81)65(97)98)37-100-99-36-50(72-59(91)47(28-40-10-4-3-5-11-40)68-52(83)32-76-20-22-77(33-53(84)85)24-26-79(35-55(88)89)27-25-78(23-21-76)34-54(86)87)62(94)70-48(29-41-15-17-43(82)18-16-41)60(92)71-49(30-42-31-67-45-13-7-6-12-44(42)45)61(93)69-46(58(90)74-56)14-8-9-19-66;/h3-7,10-13,15-18,31,38-39,46-51,56-57,67,80-82H,8-9,14,19-30,32-37,66H2,1-2H3,(H,68,83)(H,69,93)(H,70,94)(H,71,92)(H,72,91)(H,73,96)(H,74,90)(H,75,95)(H,84,85)(H,86,87)(H,88,89)(H,97,98);/q;+3/p-3/t38-,39-,46+,47-,48+,49-,50+,51+,56+,57+;/m1./s1/i;1+2Key:MXDPZUIOZWKRAA-PRDSJKGBSA-K Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide (INN) or 177Lu dotatate, brand name Lutathera, is a chelated complex of a radioisotope of the element lutetium with dotatate, used in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Specifically, it is used in the treatment of cancers which express somatostatin receptors. It is a radiolabeled somatostatin analog. Alternatives to 177Lu-dotatate include yttrium-90 dotatate or DOTATOC. The longer range of the beta particles emitted by 90Y, which deliver the therapeutic effect, may make it more suitable for large tumors with 177Lu reserved for smaller volumes The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers 177Lu dotatate to be a first-in-class medication. Medical uses In the US, 177Lu dotatate is indicated for the treatment of somatostatin receptor-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), including foregut, midgut, and hindgut neuroendocrine tumors in adults. In the EU, lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide is indicated for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, progressive, well differentiated (G1 and G2), somatostatin receptor positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) in adults. Adverse effects The therapeutic effect of 177Lu derives from the ionizing beta radiation it emits, however this can also be harmful to healthy tissue and organs. The kidneys are particularly at risk as they help to remove 177Lu dotatate from the body. To protect them, an amino acid solution (arginine/lysine) is administered by slow infusion, starting before the radioactive administration and normally continuing for several hours afterwards. History The European Commission approved lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide (brand name Lutathera) "for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, progressive, well differentiated (G1 and G2), somatostatin receptor positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) in adults" in September 2017. 177Lu dotatate was approved in the United States for the treatment of SSTR positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), including foregut, midgut and hindgut neuroendocrine tumors in adults, in January 2018. This was the first time a radiopharmaceutical had been approved for the treatment of GEP-NETs in the United States. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 177Lu dotatate based primarily on evidence from one clinical trial, NETTER-1 of 229 participants with somatostatin-receptor positive midgut GEP-NETs. Enrolled participants had tumors which could not be surgically removed and were worsening while receiving treatment with octreotide. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 177Lu dotatate with long-acting octreotide or long-acting octreotide, at a higher dose, alone. 177Lu dotatate was injected through the vein and long-acting octreotide was injected in the muscle. Both, participants and health care providers knew which treatment was given. The benefit of 177Lu dotatate was evaluated by measuring the length of time that tumors did not grow after treatment and compared it to the control group (progression free survival). The FDA considered additional data from a second study based on data from 1,214 participants with somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, including GEP-NETS, who received 177Lu dotatate at a single site in the Netherlands, Erasmus MC. All participants received 177Lu dotatate with octreotide. Participants and health care providers knew which treatment was given. The benefit of 177Lu dotatate was evaluated by measuring if and how much the tumor size changed during treatment (the overall response rate). Complete or partial tumor shrinkage was reported in 16 percent of a subset of 360 participants with GEP-NETs who were evaluated for response by the FDA. Participants initially enrolled in the study received 177Lu dotatate as part of an expanded access program. The FDA granted the application for 177Lu dotatate priority review and orphan drug designations. The FDA granted the approval of Lutathera to Advanced Accelerator Applications. In April 2024, the FDA approved 177Lu dotatate for the treatment of children aged 12 years and older with somatostatin receptor-positive (SSTR)-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), including foregut, midgut, and hindgut neuroendocrine tumors. It was approved for adults in 2018. This is the first FDA approval of a radioactive drug, or radiopharmaceutical, for children aged twelve years of age and older with SSTR-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Approval for children aged 12 years and older was based on pharmacokinetic, dosimetry, and safety data from NETTER-P (NCT04711135), an ongoing, international, multi-center, open-label, single-arm study of lutetium Lu 177 dotatate in adolescents with locally advanced/inoperable or metastatic SSTR-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors or pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. Approval was also based on the extrapolation of efficacy outcomes observed in NETTER-1 (NCT01578239), a randomized, multicenter, open-label, active-controlled trial in 229 participants with locally advanced/inoperable or metastatic SSTR-positive midgut carcinoid tumors, which supported the original approval of lutetium Lu 177 dotatate in adults. Safety was evaluated in nine pediatric participants in NETTER-P, including four participants with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The major outcome measures were absorbed radiation doses in target organs and incidence of adverse reactions after the first treatment cycle. Additional outcome measures included short-term adverse reactions following treatment with lutetium Lu 177 dotatate. The adverse reaction profile observed in NETTER-P was similar to that observed in adults. References ^ "Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Lutathera". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ "Lutathera 370 MBq/mL solution for infusion - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. ^ a b c d "Lutathera- lutetium lu 177 dotatate injection". DailyMed. 4 May 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020. ^ a b c "Lutathera EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019. ^ Wang L, Tang K, Zhang Q, Li H, Wen Z, Zhang H, et al. (2013). "Somatostatin receptor-based molecular imaging and therapy for neuroendocrine tumors". BioMed Research International. 2013: 102819. doi:10.1155/2013/102819. PMC 3784148. PMID 24106690. ^ a b c d e f g h i "FDA approves new treatment for certain digestive tract cancers". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 26 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b c "FDA approves lutetium Lu 177 dotatate for treatment of GEP-NETS". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 26 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Ramage JK, Ahmed A, Ardill J, Bax N, Breen DJ, Caplin ME, et al. (January 2012). "Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours (NETs)". Gut. 61 (1): 6–32. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300831. PMC 3280861. PMID 22052063. ^ a b Bodei L, Mueller-Brand J, Baum RP, Pavel ME, Hörsch D, O'Dorisio MS, et al. (May 2013). "The joint IAEA, EANM, and SNMMI practical guidance on peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) in neuroendocrine tumours". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 40 (5): 800–16. doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2330-6. PMC 3622744. PMID 23389427. ^ New Drug Therapy Approvals 2018 (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Report). January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ Thompson L (7 February 2019). "Significance of Amino Acid Solution With Lutetium Lu 177 Dotatate". Oncology Nurse Advisor. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2020. ^ "LysaKare EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020. ^ Volterrani D, Erba PA, Carrió I, Strauss HW, Mariani G (10 August 2019). Nuclear Medicine Textbook: Methodology and Clinical Applications. Springer. p. 782. ISBN 978-3-319-95564-3. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020. ^ "European approval of lutetium oxodotreotide for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (GEP-NET) tumours". ecancer.org. 3 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Drug Trials Snapshots: Lutathera". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b c d e f g h i "FDA approves lutetium Lu 177 dotatate for pediatric patients 12 years". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 23 April 2024. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "Novartis Gets FDA Approval for Lutathera in Pediatric Treatment". MarketScreener. 23 April 2024. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024. vteTherapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (V10)Pain palliation 153Sm Lexidronam 89Sr (Strontium chloride) Adrenergic tumors 131I Iobenguane CD20 antibodies 90Y Ibritumomab tiuxetan 131I Tositumomab Radionuclidesalpha emitters 223Ra (Radium chloride) 225Ac 213Bi beta emitters 32P 89Sr 90Y 131I 153Sm 165Dy 169Er 177Lu (Oxodotreotide) 186Re 198Au Isotopes used: actinium-225 bismuth-213 dysprosium-165 erbium-169 gold-198 iodine-131 lutetium-177 phosphorus-32 radium-223 rhenium-186 samarium-153 strontium-89 yttrium-90 See also: Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals (V09) Portal: Medicine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name"},{"link_name":"chelated complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelator"},{"link_name":"radioisotope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope"},{"link_name":"element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element"},{"link_name":"lutetium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium"},{"link_name":"dotatate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotatate"},{"link_name":"peptide receptor radionuclide therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_receptor_radionuclide_therapy"},{"link_name":"cancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"somatostatin receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lutathera_FDA_label-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR_2-7"},{"link_name":"yttrium-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium-90"},{"link_name":"DOTATOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOTATOC"},{"link_name":"beta particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAEA-EANM-SNMMI-9"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"first-in-class medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-in-class_medication"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide (INN) or 177Lu dotatate, brand name Lutathera, is a chelated complex of a radioisotope of the element lutetium with dotatate, used in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Specifically, it is used in the treatment of cancers which express somatostatin receptors.[5] It is a radiolabeled somatostatin analog.[3][6][7]Alternatives to 177Lu-dotatate include yttrium-90 dotatate or DOTATOC. The longer range of the beta particles emitted by 90Y, which deliver the therapeutic effect, may make it more suitable for large tumors with 177Lu reserved for smaller volumes[8][9]The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers 177Lu dotatate to be a first-in-class medication.[10]","title":"Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicated"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lutathera_FDA_label-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR_2-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lutathera_EPAR-4"}],"text":"In the US, 177Lu dotatate is indicated for the treatment of somatostatin receptor-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), including foregut, midgut, and hindgut neuroendocrine tumors in adults.[3][6][7]In the EU, lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide is indicated for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, progressive, well differentiated (G1 and G2), somatostatin receptor positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) in adults.[4]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beta radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_radiation"},{"link_name":"kidneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"arginine/lysine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine/lysine"},{"link_name":"infusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_therapy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAEA-EANM-SNMMI-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LysaKare_EPAR-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The therapeutic effect of 177Lu derives from the ionizing beta radiation it emits, however this can also be harmful to healthy tissue and organs. The kidneys are particularly at risk as they help to remove 177Lu dotatate from the body.[11] To protect them, an amino acid solution (arginine/lysine) is administered by slow infusion, starting before the radioactive administration and normally continuing for several hours afterwards.[9][12][13]","title":"Adverse effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lutathera_EPAR-4"},{"link_name":"gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine 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Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Accelerator_Applications"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_PR-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20240423-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20240423-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20240423-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20240423-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20240423-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20240423-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20240423-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20240423-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_20240423-16"}],"text":"The European Commission approved lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide (brand name Lutathera) \"for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, progressive, well differentiated (G1 and G2), somatostatin receptor positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) in adults\" in September 2017.[14][4]177Lu dotatate was approved in the United States for the treatment of SSTR positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), including foregut, midgut and hindgut neuroendocrine tumors in adults, in January 2018.[3][6][7] This was the first time a radiopharmaceutical had been approved for the treatment of GEP-NETs in the United States.[6]The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 177Lu dotatate based primarily on evidence from one clinical trial, NETTER-1 of 229 participants with somatostatin-receptor positive midgut GEP-NETs.[15] Enrolled participants had tumors which could not be surgically removed and were worsening while receiving treatment with octreotide.[15]Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 177Lu dotatate with long-acting octreotide or long-acting octreotide, at a higher dose, alone.[15] 177Lu dotatate was injected through the vein and long-acting octreotide was injected in the muscle.[15] Both, participants and health care providers knew which treatment was given.[15] The benefit of 177Lu dotatate was evaluated by measuring the length of time that tumors did not grow after treatment and compared it to the control group (progression free survival).[15]The FDA considered additional data from a second study based on data from 1,214 participants with somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, including GEP-NETS, who received 177Lu dotatate at a single site in the Netherlands, Erasmus MC.[6][15] All participants received 177Lu dotatate with octreotide.[15] Participants and health care providers knew which treatment was given.[15] The benefit of 177Lu dotatate was evaluated by measuring if and how much the tumor size changed during treatment (the overall response rate).[15] Complete or partial tumor shrinkage was reported in 16 percent of a subset of 360 participants with GEP-NETs who were evaluated for response by the FDA.[6] Participants initially enrolled in the study received 177Lu dotatate as part of an expanded access program.[6]The FDA granted the application for 177Lu dotatate priority review and orphan drug designations.[6] The FDA granted the approval of Lutathera to Advanced Accelerator Applications.[6]In April 2024, the FDA approved 177Lu dotatate for the treatment of children aged 12 years and older with somatostatin receptor-positive (SSTR)-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), including foregut, midgut, and hindgut neuroendocrine tumors.[16][17] It was approved for adults in 2018.[16] This is the first FDA approval of a radioactive drug, or radiopharmaceutical, for children aged twelve years of age and older with SSTR-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.[16]Approval for children aged 12 years and older was based on pharmacokinetic, dosimetry, and safety data from NETTER-P (NCT04711135), an ongoing, international, multi-center, open-label, single-arm study of lutetium Lu 177 dotatate in adolescents with locally advanced/inoperable or metastatic SSTR-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors or pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma.[16] Approval was also based on the extrapolation of efficacy outcomes observed in NETTER-1 (NCT01578239), a randomized, multicenter, open-label, active-controlled trial in 229 participants with locally advanced/inoperable or metastatic SSTR-positive midgut carcinoid tumors, which supported the original approval of lutetium Lu 177 dotatate in adults.[16]Safety was evaluated in nine pediatric participants in NETTER-P, including four participants with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.[16] The major outcome measures were absorbed radiation doses in target organs and incidence of adverse reactions after the first treatment cycle.[16] Additional outcome measures included short-term adverse reactions following treatment with lutetium Lu 177 dotatate.[16] The adverse reaction profile observed in NETTER-P was similar to that observed in adults.[16]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Lutathera\". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/reg-content/summary-basis-decision-detailTwo.php?linkID=SBD00433&lang=en","url_text":"\"Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Lutathera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Canada","url_text":"Health Canada"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220531064018/https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/reg-content/summary-basis-decision-detailTwo.php?linkID=SBD00433&lang=en","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lutathera 370 MBq/mL solution for infusion - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)\". (emc). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/12723/smpc","url_text":"\"Lutathera 370 MBq/mL solution for infusion - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709230844/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/12723/smpc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lutathera- lutetium lu 177 dotatate injection\". DailyMed. 4 May 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=72d1a024-00b7-418a-b36e-b2cb48f2ab55","url_text":"\"Lutathera- lutetium lu 177 dotatate injection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201116031032/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=72d1a024-00b7-418a-b36e-b2cb48f2ab55","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lutathera EPAR\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/lutathera","url_text":"\"Lutathera EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191211220514/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/lutathera","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wang L, Tang K, Zhang Q, Li H, Wen Z, Zhang H, et al. (2013). \"Somatostatin receptor-based molecular imaging and therapy for neuroendocrine tumors\". BioMed Research International. 2013: 102819. doi:10.1155/2013/102819. PMC 3784148. PMID 24106690.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784148","url_text":"\"Somatostatin receptor-based molecular imaging and therapy for neuroendocrine tumors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F102819","url_text":"10.1155/2013/102819"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3784148","url_text":"3784148"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24106690","url_text":"24106690"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA approves new treatment for certain digestive tract cancers\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 26 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-certain-digestive-tract-cancers","url_text":"\"FDA approves new treatment for certain digestive tract cancers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204726/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-certain-digestive-tract-cancers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA approves lutetium Lu 177 dotatate for treatment of GEP-NETS\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 26 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-lutetium-lu-177-dotatate-treatment-gep-nets","url_text":"\"FDA approves lutetium Lu 177 dotatate for treatment of GEP-NETS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191211213618/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-lutetium-lu-177-dotatate-treatment-gep-nets","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ramage JK, Ahmed A, Ardill J, Bax N, Breen DJ, Caplin ME, et al. (January 2012). \"Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours (NETs)\". Gut. 61 (1): 6–32. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300831. PMC 3280861. PMID 22052063.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280861","url_text":"\"Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours (NETs)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2011-300831","url_text":"10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3280861","url_text":"3280861"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22052063","url_text":"22052063"}]},{"reference":"Bodei L, Mueller-Brand J, Baum RP, Pavel ME, Hörsch D, O'Dorisio MS, et al. (May 2013). \"The joint IAEA, EANM, and SNMMI practical guidance on peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) in neuroendocrine tumours\". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 40 (5): 800–16. doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2330-6. PMC 3622744. PMID 23389427.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3622744","url_text":"\"The joint IAEA, EANM, and SNMMI practical guidance on peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) in neuroendocrine tumours\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00259-012-2330-6","url_text":"10.1007/s00259-012-2330-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3622744","url_text":"3622744"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23389427","url_text":"23389427"}]},{"reference":"New Drug Therapy Approvals 2018 (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Report). January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/media/120357/download","url_text":"New Drug Therapy Approvals 2018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917055627/https://www.fda.gov/media/120357/download","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson L (7 February 2019). \"Significance of Amino Acid Solution With Lutetium Lu 177 Dotatate\". Oncology Nurse Advisor. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/home/departments/advisor-forum/significance-of-amino-acid-solution-with-lutetium-lu-177-dotatate/","url_text":"\"Significance of Amino Acid Solution With Lutetium Lu 177 Dotatate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017111839/https://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/home/departments/advisor-forum/significance-of-amino-acid-solution-with-lutetium-lu-177-dotatate/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LysaKare EPAR\". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/lysakare","url_text":"\"LysaKare EPAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency","url_text":"European Medicines Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200723045011/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/lysakare","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Volterrani D, Erba PA, Carrió I, Strauss HW, Mariani G (10 August 2019). Nuclear Medicine Textbook: Methodology and Clinical Applications. Springer. p. 782. ISBN 978-3-319-95564-3. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bY2oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA782","url_text":"Nuclear Medicine Textbook: Methodology and Clinical Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95564-3","url_text":"978-3-319-95564-3"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230110164304/https://books.google.com/books?id=bY2oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA782","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"European approval of lutetium oxodotreotide for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (GEP-NET) tumours\". ecancer.org. 3 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173647/https://ecancer.org/news/12480-european-approval-of-lutetium-oxodotreotide-for-gastroenteropancreatic-neuroendocrine--gep-net--tumours.php","url_text":"\"European approval of lutetium oxodotreotide for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (GEP-NET) tumours\""},{"url":"https://ecancer.org/news/12480-european-approval-of-lutetium-oxodotreotide-for-gastroenteropancreatic-neuroendocrine--gep-net--tumours.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Drug Trials Snapshots: Lutathera\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drug-trials-snapshots-lutathera","url_text":"\"Drug Trials Snapshots: Lutathera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204731/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drug-trials-snapshots-lutathera","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA approves lutetium Lu 177 dotatate for pediatric patients 12 years\". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 23 April 2024. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-lutetium-lu-177-dotatate-pediatric-patients-12-years-and-older-gep-nets","url_text":"\"FDA approves lutetium Lu 177 dotatate for pediatric patients 12 years\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240425031818/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-lutetium-lu-177-dotatate-pediatric-patients-12-years-and-older-gep-nets","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Novartis Gets FDA Approval for Lutathera in Pediatric Treatment\". MarketScreener. 23 April 2024. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/NOVARTIS-AG-9364983/news/Novartis-Gets-FDA-Approval-for-Lutathera-in-Pediatric-Treatment-46506535/","url_text":"\"Novartis Gets FDA Approval for Lutathera in Pediatric 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion	Qiang folk religion	["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References"]	Indigenous religion of the Qiang people Silver Turtle Temple (銀龜神廟 Yínguīshénmiào) is a major centre of Qiang folk religion consecrated in 2013–2014, a complex of temples dedicated to various gods. It is located on Qiangshan, in Mao, Ngawa, Sichuan. Qiang folk religion is the indigenous religion of the majority of the Qiang people, an ethnic group of Sichuan (China) tightly related to the Han Chinese and the Tibetans.: 14 It is pantheistic, involving the worship of a variety of gods of nature and of human affairs, including Qiang progenitors. White stones are worshipped as it is believed they can be invested with the power of some gods through rituals.: 14 They believe in an overarching God, called Mubyasei ("God of Heaven"), which is connected to the Chinese concept of Tian and clearly identified by the Qiang with the Taoist-originated Jade Emperor.: 140–144 Religious ceremonies and rituals are directed by priests called duāngōng in Chinese. They are shamans who acquire their position through years of training with a teacher. Duāngōng are the custodians of Qiang theology, history and mythology. They also administer the coming of age ceremony for 18-year-old boys, called the "sitting on top of the mountain", which involves the boy's entire family going to mountain tops to sacrifice a sheep or cow, and to plant three cypress trees.: 14–15 Two of the most important religious holidays are the Qiang New Year, falling on the 24th day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar (though now it is fixed on October 1), and the Mountain Sacrifice Festival, held between the second and the sixth month of the lunar calendar. The former festival is to give sacrifice to the God of Heaven, while the latter is dedicated to the god of mountains.: 14 See also Chinese folk religion Chinese shamanism Dongbaism Mongolian shamanism Tibetan folk religion ("Bon") Notes ^ Among the chapels of the Silver Turtle Temple (銀龜神廟 Yínguīshénmiào) there are a Great Temple of Yandi (炎帝大殿 Yándì dàdiǎn), a Great Temple of Dayu (大禹大殿 Dàyǔ dàdiàn) and a Great Temple of Li Yuanhao (李元昊大殿 Lǐyuánhào dàdiàn), considered the most important deities of the Qiang people. References ^ a b c d LaPolla, Randy; Huang, Chenglong (2003). A Grammar of Qiang: With Annotated Texts and Glossary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 311017829X.. Chapter 1.3.6 "Religion". ^ Wang, Mingke (2002). "Searching for Qiang Culture in the First Half of the Twentieth Century". Inner Asia. 4 (1–2). The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge: 134–148. doi:10.1163/146481702793647588. See excerpts. vteReligionReligious groups and denominationsWesternAbrahamicJudaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Christianity Catholicism Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Church Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites/Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Nondenominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students/Jehovah's Witnesses British Israelism Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Islam Sunni Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism 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Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Dongba Donyi-Polo Heraka Kiratism Qiang Sanamahism Traditional AfricanNorth African Berber Guanche church Sub-SaharanAfrican Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Diasporic: Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other ethnic Aboriginal Australian Inuit Papuan Siberian New religious movementsSyncretic Brahmoism Falun Gong Japanese Meivazhi Modekngei New Acropolis New Age New Thought Rajneesh Rastafari Sant Mat Radha Soami Spiritualism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga Transcendental Meditation Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Modernpaganism African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Italo-Roman Neoshamanism Ossetian Polytheistic reconstructionism Romanian Slavic Uralic Estonian Modern Finnish paganism Hungarian Mari religion Erzyan native religion Sámi Udmurt Wicca Zalmoxianism list De novo Anthroposophy Discordianism Eckankar Fourth Way Goddess Jediism Satanism Scientology UFO religion Raëlism Historical religions Prehistoric Paleolithic Ainu Arabian Armenian Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian Basque Celtic Druidism Irish Cook Islands Dravidian Egyptian Atenism Etruscan Finnish Fuegian Selk'nam Georgian Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Frankish paganism Norse Greek Gnosticism Greco-Buddhism Hermeticism Mysteries Orphism Guanche Harappan Hittite Hungarian Hurrian Inca Jamaican Maroon Manichaeism Mazdakism Melanesian Mesopotamian Babylonian Sumerian Micronesian Nauruan Indigenous religion Olmec Paleo-Balkan Albanian Dacian Illyrian Thracian Proto-Indo-Iranian Iranian Vedic Rapa Nui Roman Cult of Magna Mater Gallo-Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Semitic Canaanite Punic Yahwism Scythian Slavic Somali Tongan Urartu Vainakh Zapotec TopicsAspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Call to prayer Clergy Covenant Conversion Deities Denomination Entheogens Ethnic Faith Fire Folk religion God Goddess Indigenous Meditation Monasticism Monk Novice Nun Mysticism Mythology Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Paganism Prayer Prophecy Religious experience Ritual Liturgy Purification Sacrifice Sacred space Bodies of water Groves Mountains Trees Soul Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Text Truth Water Worship Astral Nature Place Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religiousstudies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Evolutionary origin of religion Evolutionary psychology History Neurotheology Philosophy Psychology Sociology Soteriology Salvation Theology Theories about religion Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clergy / Laity Monasticism Ordination Priest Conversion Assimilation Missionary Proselytism Disability Education Fanaticism Freedom Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Fundamentalism Growth Happiness Homosexuality Minorities National church National religiosity levels Politics Populations Religiocentrism Schism Science State Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence Persecution Terrorism War Wealth Secularism and irreligion Agnosticism Antireligion Atheism Criticism Deconstruction Objectivism Secular humanism Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviewsand lists Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Index Mass gatherings Names of God New religious movements Organizations Outline Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Timeline Religion by countryAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Category Portal vte Religion in ChinaMajor religions in China Chinese folk religion Ancestor veneration Folk ritual ministries Chinese salvationist religions Confucianism Taoism Buddhism Chinese Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism Theravada Buddhism Christianity Protestant Roman Catholic Orthodox Islam Falun Gong Other religions Baháʼí Faith Benzhuism Bimoism Bon Dongbaism Hinduism Judaism Manchu shamanism Manichaeism Miao folk religion Mo Mongolian folk religion Qiang folk religion Sikhism Yao folk religion By region Hong Kong Macau Northeast Inner Mongolia Tibet Related Freedom of religion in China Heterodox teachings (Chinese law) Irreligion in China Regional Religious System Ghosts in Chinese culture Three Persian religions Huichang Persecution of Buddhism	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qiang_folk_religion%27s_Silver_Turtle_Temple_at_Qiangshan,_in_Mao,_Ngawa,_Sichuan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_County"},{"link_name":"Ngawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawa_Tibetan_and_Qiang_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"indigenous religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_religion"},{"link_name":"Qiang people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiang_people"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Han Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Tibetans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qiang2003-2"},{"link_name":"pantheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism"},{"link_name":"progenitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progenitor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qiang2003-2"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)"},{"link_name":"Tian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian"},{"link_name":"Jade Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qiang2002-3"},{"link_name":"shamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism"},{"link_name":"coming of age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qiang2003-2"},{"link_name":"lunar calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qiang2003-2"}],"text":"Silver Turtle Temple (銀龜神廟 Yínguīshénmiào) is a major centre of Qiang folk religion consecrated in 2013–2014, a complex of temples dedicated to various gods.[note 1] It is located on Qiangshan, in Mao, Ngawa, Sichuan.Qiang folk religion is the indigenous religion of the majority of the Qiang people, an ethnic group of Sichuan (China) tightly related to the Han Chinese and the Tibetans.[1]: 14 It is pantheistic, involving the worship of a variety of gods of nature and of human affairs, including Qiang progenitors. White stones are worshipped as it is believed they can be invested with the power of some gods through rituals.[1]: 14 They believe in an overarching God, called Mubyasei (\"God of Heaven\"), which is connected to the Chinese concept of Tian and clearly identified by the Qiang with the Taoist-originated Jade Emperor.[2]: 140–144Religious ceremonies and rituals are directed by priests called duāngōng in Chinese. They are shamans who acquire their position through years of training with a teacher. Duāngōng are the custodians of Qiang theology, history and mythology. They also administer the coming of age ceremony for 18-year-old boys, called the \"sitting on top of the mountain\", which involves the boy's entire family going to mountain tops to sacrifice a sheep or cow, and to plant three cypress trees.[1]: 14–15Two of the most important religious holidays are the Qiang New Year, falling on the 24th day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar (though now it is fixed on October 1), and the Mountain Sacrifice Festival, held between the second and the sixth month of the lunar calendar. The former festival is to give sacrifice to the God of Heaven, while the latter is dedicated to the god of mountains.[1]: 14","title":"Qiang folk religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Yandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Dayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Li Yuanhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yuanhao"}],"text":"^ Among the chapels of the Silver Turtle Temple (銀龜神廟 Yínguīshénmiào) there are a Great Temple of Yandi (炎帝大殿 Yándì dàdiǎn), a Great Temple of Dayu (大禹大殿 Dàyǔ dàdiàn) and a Great Temple of Li Yuanhao (李元昊大殿 Lǐyuánhào dàdiàn), considered the most important deities of the Qiang people.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Silver Turtle Temple (銀龜神廟 Yínguīshénmiào) is a major centre of Qiang folk religion consecrated in 2013–2014, a complex of temples dedicated to various gods.[note 1] It is located on Qiangshan, in Mao, Ngawa, Sichuan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Qiang_folk_religion%27s_Silver_Turtle_Temple_at_Qiangshan%2C_in_Mao%2C_Ngawa%2C_Sichuan.jpg/250px-Qiang_folk_religion%27s_Silver_Turtle_Temple_at_Qiangshan%2C_in_Mao%2C_Ngawa%2C_Sichuan.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Chinese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"},{"title":"Chinese shamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_shamanism"},{"title":"Dongbaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongbaism"},{"title":"Mongolian shamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism"},{"title":"Tibetan folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_folk_religion"}]	[{"reference":"LaPolla, Randy; Huang, Chenglong (2003). A Grammar of Qiang: With Annotated Texts and Glossary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 311017829X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/311017829X","url_text":"311017829X"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Mingke (2002). \"Searching for Qiang Culture in the First Half of the Twentieth Century\". Inner Asia. 4 (1–2). The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge: 134–148. doi:10.1163/146481702793647588.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F146481702793647588","url_text":"10.1163/146481702793647588"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IRoaV84omIcC&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"Chapter 1.3.6 \"Religion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F146481702793647588","external_links_name":"10.1163/146481702793647588"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ&q=mubyasei","external_links_name":"See excerpts"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_NVC_community_MC5	British NVC community MC5	["1 Community composition","2 Distribution","3 Subcommunities","4 References"]	UK plant community type British NVC community MC5 (Armeria maritima - Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum maritime therophyte community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities. This community is widespread on the western coasts of Britain, and localised on coasts elsewhere. There are four subcommunities. Community composition Six constant species are found in this community: Thrift (Armeria maritima) Buck's-horn Plantain (Plantago coronopus) Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) Sea Mouse-ear (Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum) English Stonecrop (Sedum anglicum) Biting Stonecrop (Sedum acre) The following rare species are associated with this community: Chives (Allium schoneoprasum) Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus) Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Common Centaury (Centaurium erythraea var. capitatum) Hairy Greenweed (Genista pilosa) Fringed Rupturewort (Herniaria ciliolata) Hairy bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus hispidus) Early Sand-grass (Mibora minima) Spring Sandwort (Minuartia verna) Small Restharrow (Ononis reclinata) Orange Bird's-foot (Ornithopus pinnatus) Bulbous Meadow-grass (Poa bulbosa) Early Meadow-grass (Poa infirma) Four-leaved Allseed (Polycarpon tetraphyllum) Sand Crocus (Romulea columnae) Autumn Squill (Scilla autumnalis) Spring Squill (Scilla verna) Field Fleawort (Senecio integrifolius ssp. maritimus) Western Clover (Trifolium occidentale) Suffocated Clover (Trifolium suffocatum) Distribution This community is found widely on the coast of the South West Peninsula, and on western coasts of Wales and Scotland. It is more localised on the eastern coast of Scotland, with one stand recorded from Sussex. Subcommunities There are four subcommunities: the Desmazeria marina subcommunity the Anthyllis vulneraria subcommunity the Aira praecox subcommunity the Arenaris serpyllifolia subcommunity References Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats ISBN 0-521-39167-9 (hardback), ISBN 0-521-64476-3 (paperback) vteThe British National Vegetation Classification : Maritime cliff communities MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC7 MC8 MC9 MC10 MC11 MC12	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maritime cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_cliff_communities_in_the_British_National_Vegetation_Classification_system"},{"link_name":"communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology_used_in_connection_with_the_British_National_Vegetation_Classification"},{"link_name":"British National Vegetation Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Vegetation_Classification"},{"link_name":"subcommunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology_used_in_connection_with_the_British_National_Vegetation_Classification"}],"text":"British NVC community MC5 (Armeria maritima - Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum maritime therophyte community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities.This community is widespread on the western coasts of Britain, and localised on coasts elsewhere. There are four subcommunities.","title":"British NVC community MC5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constant species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology_used_in_connection_with_the_British_National_Vegetation_Classification"},{"link_name":"Thrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeria_maritima"},{"link_name":"Buck's-horn Plantain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago_coronopus"},{"link_name":"Red Fescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fescue"},{"link_name":"Sea Mouse-ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Mouse-ear"},{"link_name":"English Stonecrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Stonecrop"},{"link_name":"Biting Stonecrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biting_Stonecrop"},{"link_name":"rare species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology_used_in_connection_with_the_British_National_Vegetation_Classification"},{"link_name":"Chives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chives"},{"link_name":"Purple Milk-vetch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Milk-vetch"},{"link_name":"Wild Cabbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Cabbage"},{"link_name":"Common Centaury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Centaury"},{"link_name":"Hairy Greenweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_Greenweed"},{"link_name":"Fringed Rupturewort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fringed_Rupturewort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hairy bird's-foot trefoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_bird%27s-foot_trefoil"},{"link_name":"Early Sand-grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Sand-grass"},{"link_name":"Spring Sandwort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spring_Sandwort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Small Restharrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Restharrow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orange Bird's-foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Bird%27s-foot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulbous Meadow-grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbous_Meadow-grass"},{"link_name":"Early Meadow-grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Meadow-grass"},{"link_name":"Four-leaved Allseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-leaved_Allseed"},{"link_name":"Sand Crocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sand_Crocus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Autumn Squill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Squill"},{"link_name":"Spring Squill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Squill"},{"link_name":"Field Fleawort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_Fleawort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Western Clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Clover"},{"link_name":"Suffocated Clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffocated_Clover"}],"text":"Six constant species are found in this community:Thrift (Armeria maritima)\nBuck's-horn Plantain (Plantago coronopus)\nRed Fescue (Festuca rubra)\nSea Mouse-ear (Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum)\nEnglish Stonecrop (Sedum anglicum)\nBiting Stonecrop (Sedum acre)The following rare species are associated with this community:Chives (Allium schoneoprasum)\nPurple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)\nWild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)\nCommon Centaury (Centaurium erythraea var. capitatum)\nHairy Greenweed (Genista pilosa)\nFringed Rupturewort (Herniaria ciliolata)\nHairy bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus hispidus)\nEarly Sand-grass (Mibora minima)\nSpring Sandwort (Minuartia verna)\nSmall Restharrow (Ononis reclinata)\nOrange Bird's-foot (Ornithopus pinnatus)\nBulbous Meadow-grass (Poa bulbosa)\nEarly Meadow-grass (Poa infirma)\nFour-leaved Allseed (Polycarpon tetraphyllum)\nSand Crocus (Romulea columnae)\nAutumn Squill (Scilla autumnalis)\nSpring Squill (Scilla verna)\nField Fleawort (Senecio integrifolius ssp. maritimus)\nWestern Clover (Trifolium occidentale)\nSuffocated Clover (Trifolium suffocatum)","title":"Community composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South West Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"}],"text":"This community is found widely on the coast of the South West Peninsula, and on western coasts of Wales and Scotland. It is more localised on the eastern coast of Scotland, with one stand recorded from Sussex.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subcommunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology_used_in_connection_with_the_British_National_Vegetation_Classification"}],"text":"There are four subcommunities:the Desmazeria marina subcommunity\nthe Anthyllis vulneraria subcommunity\nthe Aira praecox subcommunity\nthe Arenaris serpyllifolia subcommunity","title":"Subcommunities"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Lynne_Robinson	Maya Lynne Robinson	["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","2.3 Theatre roles","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"]	American actress, writer and producer Maya Lynne RobinsonBornCleveland, Ohio, U.S.Occupation(s)Actress, writer, producerYears active2017–presentWebsitewww.mayalynne.com Maya Lynne Robinson is an American actress, writer and producer. She is best known for her portrayal of Geena, D.J. Conner's wife, in the Roseanne television spin-off The Conners and the role of Michelle on the CBS series The Unicorn. Life and career Robinson was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio. In 2012, she moved from New York City to Los Angeles, where she co-starred in the play In the Red and Brown Water. In 2018, Robinson was cast in the series regular role of Geena on the Roseanne spinoff series The Conners. Geena is D.J. Conner's wife, the mother of their child Mary and a 2nd lieutenant in the Army recently returned from a tour in Afghanistan. She portrayed Geena for one season. In 2019, she joined the starring cast of the sitcom The Unicorn, where she portrayed Michelle. As of 2021, Robinson has a recurring role on the NBC comedy series Grand Crew. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes Refs 2018 Dead Women Walking Helen 2022 King Tweety Officer Siedes Television Year Title Role Notes Refs 2015 HTMAST Nysa Web series; also creator 2017 Mondays Marsha 1 episode 2018 Mom Amanda 1 episode 2018–2019, 2021 The Conners Geena Williams-Conner Main role (season 1); guest (season 3) 2017 Gurl. T Web series; also co-creator 2019–2021 The Unicorn Michelle Main role 2021–2023 Grand Crew Kristen Recurring role Theatre roles Year Title Role Company / Venue Refs 2007 Insurrection: Holding History Izzy Mae Theater Alliance of Washington, DC 2012 In the Red and Brown Water Nia The Fountain Theatre 2016 Echo Location Emmy B Street Theatre 2017 Disgraced Jory Coachella Valley Repertory 2017 Runaway Home Eunice The Fountain Theatre 2018 A Streetcar Named Desire Stella Boston Court Pasadena Theatre Company Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Result Refs 2008 Helen Hayes Award The Canadian Embassy Award for Outstanding Ensemble, Resident Production Insurrection: Holding History Nominated 2013 Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award Best Ensemble In the Red and Brown Water Nominated Ovation Award Best Ensemble in a Play In the Red and Brown Water Nominated References ^ a b c Petski, Denise (March 26, 2019). "'The Unicorn': Omar Benson Miller & Maya Lynne Robinson Cast In CBS Comedy Pilot". Deadline Hollywood. ^ Burke, Caroline (September 14, 2018). "Maya Lynne Robinson: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". ^ a b "For actress Maya Lynne Robinson, living comes front and center". Los Angeles Times. February 1, 2020. ^ a b "Spotlight: Actress Maya Lynne Robinson Moves from NY to LA and Lands 'In The Red and Brown Water'". Intimate Excellent. January 23, 2013. ^ "'The Conners' Adds Another Series Regular". The Hollywood Reporter. 14 September 2018. ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 6, 2019). "The Conners: Here's How 's Absence Will Be Explained in Season 2". ^ a b Actress Maya Lynne Robinson Discusses Her Role On 'The Unicorn'. KCAL (video). CBS. February 29, 2020. ^ a b "What's on TV Tuesday: 'black-ish,' ABC; 'American Auto,' 'Grand Crew' and 'This Is Us,' NBC". Los Angeles Times. 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-01-22. ^ Kiang, Jessica (December 14, 2018). "Film Review: 'Dead Women Walking'". ^ "HTMAST, the web series". Indiegogo. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (September 14, 2018). "'The Conners' Adds Another Series Regular". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ Petski, Denise (September 14, 2018). "'The Conners': Maya Lynne Robinson Joins ABC's 'Roseanne' Spinoff As Series Regular". ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Michael Fishman, Maya Lynne Robinson on 'The Conners' after Roseanne. YouTube. ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 14, 2018). "The Conners Recasts Key Roseanne Role". TVLine. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2018. ^ Ausiello, Michael (September 6, 2019). "The Conners: Here's How 's Absence Will Be Explained in Season 2". TVLine. Archived from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2019. ^ Otterson, Joe (September 14, 2018). "'The Conners' Adds Maya Lynne Robinson in Recasting". ^ "EXCLUSIVE \| Maya Lynne Robinson talks about her exit from 'The Conners' and spills secrets about 'The Unicorn'". Meaww. ^ "Insurrection: Holding History". DC Theatre Scene. March 7, 2007. ^ "Some edgy laughs in B Street Theatre's 'Echo Location'". January 20, 2016. ^ Gilgallon, Bonnie (11 March 2017). "Culture, Religion and Identity: CV Rep's Splendid Production of 'Disgraced' Couldn't Be More Timely". cvindependent.com. ^ "In 'Runaway Home' at the Fountain Theatre, hurricane-battered lives hang in the balance". Los Angeles Times. October 6, 2017. ^ "Fountain Theatre will donate portion of ticket sales from Katrina-set 'Runaway Home' to Hurricane Harvey relief". Park Labrea News/ Beverly Press. September 21, 2017. ^ "Review: Brilliant acting and direction drive a modern 'Streetcar Named Desire'". Los Angeles Times. February 28, 2018. ^ "Helen Hayes Awards Nominees and Recipients \| Washington Theatre Guide \| TheatreWashington \| Helen Hayes Awards". theatrewashington.org. ^ a b "Fountain Theatre Earns 8 Ovation Award Nominations, including Best Season and Best Production of a Play". Intimate Excellent. September 17, 2013. External links Official website Maya Lynne Robinson at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D.J. Conner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.J._Conner"},{"link_name":"Roseanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseanne_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Conners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conners"},{"link_name":"The Unicorn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unicorn_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deadline-1"}],"text":"Maya Lynne Robinson is an American actress, writer and producer. She is best known for her portrayal of Geena, D.J. Conner's wife, in the Roseanne television spin-off The Conners and the role of Michelle on the CBS series The Unicorn.[1]","title":"Maya Lynne Robinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heavy-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes_front_and_center-3"},{"link_name":"In the Red and Brown Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Red_and_Brown_Water"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intimate_excellent-4"},{"link_name":"Roseanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseanne_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Conners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conners"},{"link_name":"D.J. Conner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.J._Conner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unicorn_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deadline-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicorn_video-7"},{"link_name":"Grand Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Crew"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Robinson was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio.[2][3] In 2012, she moved from New York City to Los Angeles, where she co-starred in the play In the Red and Brown Water.[4]In 2018, Robinson was cast in the series regular role of Geena on the Roseanne spinoff series The Conners. Geena is D.J. Conner's wife, the mother of their child Mary and a 2nd lieutenant in the Army recently returned from a tour in Afghanistan.[5] She portrayed Geena for one season.[6]In 2019, she joined the starring cast of the sitcom The Unicorn, where she portrayed Michelle.[1][7]As of 2021, Robinson has a recurring role on the NBC comedy series Grand Crew.[8]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Theatre roles","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Petski, Denise (March 26, 2019). \"'The Unicorn': Omar Benson Miller & Maya Lynne Robinson Cast In CBS Comedy Pilot\". Deadline Hollywood.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/03/the-unicorn-omar-benson-miller-maya-lynne-robinson-cast-cbs-comedy-series-1202582999/","url_text":"\"'The Unicorn': Omar Benson Miller & Maya Lynne Robinson Cast In CBS Comedy Pilot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Caroline (September 14, 2018). \"Maya Lynne Robinson: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know\".","urls":[{"url":"https://heavy.com/entertainment/2018/09/maya-lynne-robinson/","url_text":"\"Maya Lynne Robinson: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"For actress Maya Lynne Robinson, living comes front and center\". Los Angeles Times. 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The Hollywood Reporter. 14 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/conners-adds-series-regular-1143522","url_text":"\"'The Conners' Adds Another Series Regular\""}]},{"reference":"Ausiello, Michael (September 6, 2019). \"The Conners: Here's How [Spoiler]'s Absence Will Be Explained in Season 2\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/2019/09/06/the-conners-maya-lynne-robinson-leaving-geena-season-2/","url_text":"\"The Conners: Here's How [Spoiler]'s Absence Will Be Explained in Season 2\""}]},{"reference":"Actress Maya Lynne Robinson Discusses Her Role On 'The Unicorn'. KCAL (video). CBS. February 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2020/02/29/actress-maya-lynne-robinson-discusses-her-role-on-the-unicorn/","url_text":"Actress Maya Lynne Robinson Discusses Her Role On 'The Unicorn'"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCAL-TV","url_text":"KCAL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS","url_text":"CBS"}]},{"reference":"\"What's on TV Tuesday: 'black-ish,' ABC; 'American Auto,' 'Grand Crew' and 'This Is Us,' NBC\". Los Angeles Times. 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-01-04/whats-on-tv-tuesday-black-ish-abc-american-auto-grand-crew-and-this-is-us-nbc","url_text":"\"What's on TV Tuesday: 'black-ish,' ABC; 'American Auto,' 'Grand Crew' and 'This Is Us,' NBC\""}]},{"reference":"Kiang, Jessica (December 14, 2018). \"Film Review: 'Dead Women Walking'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/dead-women-walking-review-1203019026/","url_text":"\"Film Review: 'Dead Women Walking'\""}]},{"reference":"\"HTMAST, the web series\". Indiegogo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/1158505/fblk","url_text":"\"HTMAST, the web series\""}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Lesley (September 14, 2018). \"'The Conners' Adds Another Series Regular\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/conners-adds-series-regular-1143522","url_text":"\"'The Conners' Adds Another Series Regular\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (September 14, 2018). \"'The Conners': Maya Lynne Robinson Joins ABC's 'Roseanne' Spinoff As Series Regular\".","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/09/the-conners-maya-lynne-robinson-abc-roseanne-spinoff-series-regular-1202465018/","url_text":"\"'The Conners': Maya Lynne Robinson Joins ABC's 'Roseanne' Spinoff As Series Regular\""}]},{"reference":"\"YouTube\". www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcdf7NtnsjM","url_text":"\"YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Fishman, Maya Lynne Robinson on 'The Conners' after Roseanne. 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Retrieved September 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/2019/09/06/the-conners-maya-lynne-robinson-leaving-geena-season-2/","url_text":"\"The Conners: Here's How [Spoiler]'s Absence Will Be Explained in Season 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190906222833/https://tvline.com/2019/09/06/the-conners-maya-lynne-robinson-leaving-geena-season-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Otterson, Joe (September 14, 2018). \"'The Conners' Adds Maya Lynne Robinson in Recasting\".","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/the-conners-maya-lynne-robinson-1202942857/","url_text":"\"'The Conners' Adds Maya Lynne Robinson in Recasting\""}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE \| Maya Lynne Robinson talks about her exit from 'The Conners' and spills secrets about 'The Unicorn'\". Meaww.","urls":[{"url":"https://meaww.com/maya-lynne-robinson-the-unicorn-character-cbs-show-the-conners-exit-interview-walton-goggins","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE \| Maya Lynne Robinson talks about her exit from 'The Conners' and spills secrets about 'The Unicorn'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Insurrection: Holding History\". DC Theatre Scene. March 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://dctheatrescene.com/2007/03/07/insurrection-holding-history/","url_text":"\"Insurrection: Holding History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Some edgy laughs in B Street Theatre's 'Echo Location'\". January 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.davisenterprise.com/arts/some-edgy-laughs-in-b-street-theatres-echo-location/","url_text":"\"Some edgy laughs in B Street Theatre's 'Echo Location'\""}]},{"reference":"Gilgallon, Bonnie (11 March 2017). \"Culture, Religion and Identity: CV Rep's Splendid Production of 'Disgraced' Couldn't Be More Timely\". cvindependent.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://cvindependent.com/index.php/en-US/arts-and-culture/theater/item/3682-culture-religion-and-identity-cv-rep-s-splendid-production-of-disgraced-couldn-t-be-more-timely","url_text":"\"Culture, Religion and Identity: CV Rep's Splendid Production of 'Disgraced' Couldn't Be More Timely\""}]},{"reference":"\"In 'Runaway Home' at the Fountain Theatre, hurricane-battered lives hang in the balance\". Los Angeles Times. October 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-runaway-home-review-20171006-story.html","url_text":"\"In 'Runaway Home' at the Fountain Theatre, hurricane-battered lives hang in the balance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fountain Theatre will donate portion of ticket sales from Katrina-set 'Runaway Home' to Hurricane Harvey relief\". Park Labrea News/ Beverly Press. September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://beverlypress.com/2017/09/fountain-theatre-will-donate-portion-of-ticket-sales-from-katrina-set-runaway-home-to-hurricane-harvey-relief/","url_text":"\"Fountain Theatre will donate portion of ticket sales from Katrina-set 'Runaway Home' to Hurricane Harvey relief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Brilliant acting and direction drive a modern 'Streetcar Named Desire'\". Los Angeles Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Girard	Adele Girard	["1 Biography","2 References","3 Sources"]	American jazz harpist This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Adele Girard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Adele GirardGirard and Joe MarsalaBackground informationBirth nameAdele Beatrice GirardBorn(1913-06-25)June 25, 1913Holyoke, Massachusetts, U.S.Died(1993-09-07)September 7, 1993 (aged 80)Denver, Colorado, U.S.GenresJazz, dixieland, swingOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)HarpSpouse(s)Joe Marsala (1937-1978; his death)Musical artist Adele Beatrice Girard Marsala (née Girard; June 25, 1913 – September 7, 1993) was a jazz harpist associated with dixieland and swing music. She is the first woman to bring the concert harp to prominence in jazz, with only Casper Reardon preceding her. As a musician she is known by her birth name Adele Girard, but she became Adele Girard Marsala after marrying clarinetist Joe Marsala. Biography Adele Girard's father, Leon, was a violinist who conducted and played in the pit orchestra for silent movies at the Bijou Theater in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He conducted the Holyoke City Band and the Springfield Broadcast Symphony. Girard's mother, Eleisa Noel Girard, was a pianist who studied opera and had been offered a scholarship to La Scala in Italy, though she turned it down because she was unable to afford the trip. She taught both her children, Adele and Don, how to play piano. When she was four, Girard accompanied her uncles as they sang "K-K-K-Katie" and "Over There", songs from the First World War. At age fourteen, she was given harp lessons by Alice Mikus, a family friend who played in the Springfield Broadcasting Symphony. In 1933, she got a job as a vocalist with the Harry Sosnik orchestra in Chicago. When Sosnik learned she could play the harp, he bought her one. She performed with the Dick Stabile orchestra in New York City in 1935 and in 1936 with the Three Ts, the Teagarden brothers (Jack and Charles) and Frankie Trumbauer at the Hickory House in New York City on 52nd Street. She replaced harpist Casper Reardon, who had been hired for a Broadway show. Girard in the 1930s at the Turkish Embassy in Washington, D.C. When the Ts toured, Girard worried that she would be unable to continue payments on her first harp. She asked the proprietor of Hickory House to keep her on, and he introduced her to Joe Marsala. In 1937 she wed Marsala and became a member of his band. Marsala's band included Eddie Condon and Buddy Rich. The Marsalas worked in the house band at Hickory House for ten years. He introduced her to Shelly Manne, Charlie Byrd, Gene DiNovi, and Neal Hefti. She had perfect pitch and could improvise any tune on the spot. In 1946, Marsala found a job at ABC as a studio musician while Girard worked for NBC. Although Marsala was unhappy with the work, he wrote the song "Don't Cry Joe" which became a hit when it was recorded by Frank Sinatra. Inspired by a photograph of Aspen in Life magazine, they bought a station wagon and moved to Colorado. Marsala co-wrote the musical I've Had It which made fun of Aspen's mixture of cowboys and classical musicians. Girard sang in the leading role. Although Marsala tried to take the show beyond Colorado, he was unsuccessful, and in 1954 the couple returned to New York City where Marsala helped start a music publishing company, Beatrice Music, that bore Adele Girard's first name. Girad returned to studio work. Beatrice Music was bought by Seeburg Music Corporation in 1962 and Marsala was hired as vice president. He helped organize the album Warm and Sentimental by clarinetist Bobby Gordon on which Girard recorded. Back in Chicago, Girard drifted out of music and spent her time restoring furniture, drawing, painting, and ice skating. When Seeburg struggled financially, she and Marsala moved to California, where she was hired to teach drama at the University of California. She played piano for some of the shows and occasionally filled an acting role. She and Marsala performed publicly for the last time in 1970 during a two-week residency at Donte's in North Hollywood, where visiting sidemen included Shelly Manne, Dick Cary, Neil Hefti, and Leonard Feather. After Marsala died in 1978, Girard performed at venues along the California coast, sometimes accompanied by Bobby Gordon. Despite having suffered two strokes, she agreed to record the album Don't Let It End (Arbors, 1991) with Gordon. The song was Joe Marsala's tribute to the swing era. Girard died from congestive heart failure in Denver, Colorado, in 1993. References ^ a b c d Atteberry, Phillip D. (April 1996). "Adele Girard and Joe Marsala: The Sweethearts of Swing". www.pitt.edu. Retrieved December 26, 2018. ^ Yanow, Scott. "Adele Girard". AllMusic. Retrieved September 3, 2018. ^ Levin, Floyd (2002). Kernfeld, Barry (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries. p. 42. ISBN 1-56159-284-6. Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adele Girard. Atteberry, Phillip D. "The Sweethearts of Swing: Adele Girard and Joe Marsala". The Mississippi Rag. April 1996 Marsala Trampler, Eleisa, "Don't Let It End Pt. I: Joe Marsala". The Clarinet. June 2007 Marsala Trampler, Eleisa, "Don't Let It End Pt. II: Bobby Gordon". The Clarinet. September 2007 Marsala-Trampler, Eleisa, "Adele Girard Marsala: First Lady of the Jazz Harp". The American Harp Journal. Winter 2005 Liner Notes: Bobby Gordon Plays Joe Marsala: Lower Register. Arbors. 2007 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dixieland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland"},{"link_name":"swing music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_music"},{"link_name":"Casper Reardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Reardon"},{"link_name":"Joe Marsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Marsala"}],"text":"Musical artistAdele Beatrice Girard Marsala (née Girard; June 25, 1913 – September 7, 1993) was a jazz harpist associated with dixieland and swing music. She is the first woman to bring the concert harp to prominence in jazz, with only Casper Reardon preceding her. As a musician she is known by her birth name Adele Girard, but she became Adele Girard Marsala after marrying clarinetist Joe Marsala.","title":"Adele Girard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pit orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_orchestra"},{"link_name":"Holyoke, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"La Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Scala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atteberry-1"},{"link_name":"Dick Stabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Stabile"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Teagarden"},{"link_name":"Frankie Trumbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Trumbauer"},{"link_name":"Casper Reardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Reardon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atteberry-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Portrait_of_Adele_Girard,_Turkish_Embassy,_Washington,_D.C.,_193-)_(LOC)_(4977085064).jpg"},{"link_name":"Joe Marsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Marsala"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanow-2"},{"link_name":"Eddie Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Condon"},{"link_name":"Buddy Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Rich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Grove-3"},{"link_name":"Shelly Manne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Manne"},{"link_name":"Charlie Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Gene DiNovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_DiNovi"},{"link_name":"Neal Hefti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Hefti"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atteberry-1"},{"link_name":"Dick Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cary"},{"link_name":"Leonard Feather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Feather"},{"link_name":"Arbors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbors_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atteberry-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Adele Girard's father, Leon, was a violinist who conducted and played in the pit orchestra for silent movies at the Bijou Theater in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He conducted the Holyoke City Band and the Springfield Broadcast Symphony. Girard's mother, Eleisa Noel Girard, was a pianist who studied opera and had been offered a scholarship to La Scala in Italy, though she turned it down because she was unable to afford the trip. She taught both her children, Adele and Don, how to play piano. When she was four, Girard accompanied her uncles as they sang \"K-K-K-Katie\" and \"Over There\", songs from the First World War.At age fourteen, she was given harp lessons by Alice Mikus, a family friend who played in the Springfield Broadcasting Symphony. In 1933, she got a job as a vocalist with the Harry Sosnik orchestra in Chicago.[1] When Sosnik learned she could play the harp, he bought her one. She performed with the Dick Stabile orchestra in New York City in 1935 and in 1936 with the Three Ts, the Teagarden brothers (Jack and Charles) and Frankie Trumbauer at the Hickory House in New York City on 52nd Street. She replaced harpist Casper Reardon, who had been hired for a Broadway show.[1]Girard in the 1930s at the Turkish Embassy in Washington, D.C.When the Ts toured, Girard worried that she would be unable to continue payments on her first harp. She asked the proprietor of Hickory House to keep her on, and he introduced her to Joe Marsala. In 1937 she wed Marsala and became a member of his band.[2]Marsala's band included Eddie Condon and Buddy Rich. The Marsalas worked in the house band at Hickory House for ten years.[3] He introduced her to Shelly Manne, Charlie Byrd, Gene DiNovi, and Neal Hefti. She had perfect pitch and could improvise any tune on the spot.[citation needed]In 1946, Marsala found a job at ABC as a studio musician while Girard worked for NBC. Although Marsala was unhappy with the work, he wrote the song \"Don't Cry Joe\" which became a hit when it was recorded by Frank Sinatra. Inspired by a photograph of Aspen in Life magazine, they bought a station wagon and moved to Colorado. Marsala co-wrote the musical I've Had It which made fun of Aspen's mixture of cowboys and classical musicians. Girard sang in the leading role.Although Marsala tried to take the show beyond Colorado, he was unsuccessful, and in 1954 the couple returned to New York City where Marsala helped start a music publishing company, Beatrice Music, that bore Adele Girard's first name. Girad returned to studio work. Beatrice Music was bought by Seeburg Music Corporation in 1962 and Marsala was hired as vice president. He helped organize the album Warm and Sentimental by clarinetist Bobby Gordon on which Girard recorded.[1]Back in Chicago, Girard drifted out of music and spent her time restoring furniture, drawing, painting, and ice skating. When Seeburg struggled financially, she and Marsala moved to California, where she was hired to teach drama at the University of California. She played piano for some of the shows and occasionally filled an acting role. She and Marsala performed publicly for the last time in 1970 during a two-week residency at Donte's in North Hollywood, where visiting sidemen included Shelly Manne, Dick Cary, Neil Hefti, and Leonard Feather. After Marsala died in 1978, Girard performed at venues along the California coast, sometimes accompanied by Bobby Gordon. Despite having suffered two strokes, she agreed to record the album Don't Let It End (Arbors, 1991) with Gordon.[1]The song was Joe Marsala's tribute to the swing era. Girard died from congestive heart failure in Denver, Colorado, in 1993.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adele Girard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adele_Girard"},{"link_name":"Arbors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbors_Records"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185204#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000367667814"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/233035307"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHbhFXDh8gmyfG6v7CQq"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX836282"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13924999w"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13924999w"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1089764138"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14309343"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no96059362"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/9f97c9b3-00c0-4591-859c-627d1beaba54"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nf0d8r"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adele Girard.Atteberry, Phillip D. \"The Sweethearts of Swing: Adele Girard and Joe Marsala\". The Mississippi Rag. April 1996\nMarsala Trampler, Eleisa, \"Don't Let It End Pt. I: Joe Marsala\". The Clarinet. June 2007\nMarsala Trampler, Eleisa, \"Don't Let It End Pt. II: Bobby Gordon\". The Clarinet. September 2007\nMarsala-Trampler, Eleisa, \"Adele Girard Marsala: First Lady of the Jazz Harp\". The American Harp Journal. Winter 2005\nLiner Notes: Bobby Gordon Plays Joe Marsala: Lower Register. Arbors. 2007Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nBelgium\nUnited States\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Girard in the 1930s at the Turkish Embassy in Washington, D.C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%28Portrait_of_Adele_Girard%2C_Turkish_Embassy%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_193-%29_%28LOC%29_%284977085064%29.jpg/220px-%28Portrait_of_Adele_Girard%2C_Turkish_Embassy%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.%2C_193-%29_%28LOC%29_%284977085064%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Atteberry, Phillip D. (April 1996). \"Adele Girard and Joe Marsala: The Sweethearts of Swing\". www.pitt.edu. Retrieved December 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pitt.edu/~atteberr/jazz/articles/Girard.html","url_text":"\"Adele Girard and Joe Marsala: The Sweethearts of Swing\""}]},{"reference":"Yanow, Scott. \"Adele Girard\". AllMusic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_motorway_(Portugal)	A1 motorway (Portugal)	["1 Exits","1.1 Lisbon - Porto","2 References"]	A1Portuguese: Auto-estrada do NorteRoute informationPart of E01 E80 Length303 km (188 mi)Major junctionsSouth endLisbonNorth endPorto LocationCountryPortugal Highway system Roads in Portugal The A 1—Autoestrada do Norte—is the biggest and the most important highway in Portugal. It connects the two largest cities in Portugal, Lisbon and Porto, also passing by some district capitals and industrial zones. Being the most important connection between two major cities, it was designed to be parallel to other roads, like the EN1. At 303 km long, the highway starts in Lisbon, in the interchange between the CRIL and the Vasco da Gama Bridge. Then the road goes along some cities near Lisbon, mainly Alverca do Ribatejo and Alenquer. Near Torres Novas it connects with the A23, a road that connects the A1 with Castelo Branco and Vilar Formoso, by the A25, near the border with Spain. This interchange marks the end of the 3x3 profile that started in Lisbon, to start a profile of 2 lanes. The highway is owned by Brisa. A trip between Lisbon and Porto using the A1 costs €22.20. Exits This article contains a bulleted list or table of intersections which should be presented in a properly formatted junction table. Please consult this guideline for information on how to create one. Please improve this article if you can. (December 2021) Lisbon - Porto Number of the exit Km Destinations Exit road 1 0 Algés / Odivelas Setúbal / Montijo A 12 IC 17 5 São João da Talha N 10 1A 8 Póvoa de Santa Iria / Vialonga Sacavém / Moscavide N 115-5 IC 2 2 14 Alverca do Ribatejo / Vialonga N 10 14 Praça de Portagem de Alverca (toll) 2 14 Cascais / Loures A 9 2A 20 Vila Franca de Xira (sul) / Alhandra N 10 3 25 Vila Franca de Xira (norte) / Porto Alto N 1 3A 29 Plataforma Logística de Lisboa Norte N 1 4 30 Carregado / Alenquer Arruda dos Vinhos Benavente / ALGARVE N 3 A 10 5 47 Aveiras / Alcoentre / Azambuja N 366 5A 57 Cartaxo N 114-2 6 65 Santarém ( A 13 ) N 114 6A 67 Caldas da Rainha / Rio Maior A 15 7 94 Torres Novas / Abrantes Castelo Branco / Tomar A 23 8 114 Fátima Ourém N 356 9 129 Leiria / Marinha Grande A 8 10 153 Pombal / Castelo Branco Figueira da Foz IC 8 10A 169 Soure N 348 11 181 Condeixa / Lousã IC 2 A 13-1 12 189 Coimbra (South) / Taveiro / Alfarelos N 341 13 197 Coimbra (North) / Viseu Fig. da Foz / Cantanhede IP 3 A 14 14 209 Mealhada / Cantanhede N 234 15 232 Aveiro (South) /Águeda N 235 16 247 Aveiro (North) Viseu A 25 17 258 Vale de Cambra / Oliveira de Azeméis N 224 18 274 Sta. Maria da Feira / São João da Madeira N 223 18A 284 Espinho (East) / Picoto A 41 285 Praça de Portagem de Grijó (toll) 18B* 288 Carvalhos / Grijó 19 291 Carvalhos Gaia via N1 N1 20** 292 Porto via Freixo Bridge Gondomar / Braga A 20 21* 294 Porto via Freixo Bridge Espinho / Canelas A 29 22 296 Gaia (Santo Ovídio) 23 298 Gaia (Coimbrões) Espinho / Valadares A 44 - VCI A 44 24 300 Gaia (Devesas) Canidelo 25 302 Gaia (Afurada) 302 Arrábida Bridge 303 Direction of Freixo Bridge A 28 * Exit only available on North-South side ** Exit only available on South-North side References ^ "Motorway toll Portugal - info for 2022 - Tolls.eu". www.tolls.eu. Retrieved 2022-10-30. A1 – Auto-estrada do Norte on BRISA - Auto-estradas de Portugal S. A. Web site vteMotorways in Portugal A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 (CREL) A10 A11 A12 A13 A13-1 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 (CRIP) A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 A29 A30 A31 A32 A33 A34 A35 A36 (CRIL) A37 A38 A39 A40 A41 (CREP) A42 A43 A44 A47 This Portuguese road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasco da Gama Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Alverca do Ribatejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alverca_do_Ribatejo"},{"link_name":"Alenquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alenquer,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Torres Novas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Novas"},{"link_name":"Castelo Branco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelo_Branco,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Vilar Formoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilar_Formoso"},{"link_name":"A25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A25_motorway_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The A 1—Autoestrada do Norte—is the biggest and the most important highway in Portugal. It connects the two largest cities in Portugal, Lisbon and Porto, also passing by some district capitals and industrial zones. Being the most important connection between two major cities, it was designed to be parallel to other roads, like the EN1.At 303 km long, the highway starts in Lisbon, in the interchange between the CRIL and the Vasco da Gama Bridge. Then the road goes along some cities near Lisbon, mainly Alverca do Ribatejo and Alenquer. Near Torres Novas it connects with the A23, a road that connects the A1 with Castelo Branco and Vilar Formoso, by the A25, near the border with Spain. This interchange marks the end of the 3x3 profile that started in Lisbon, to start a profile of 2 lanes.The highway is owned by Brisa. A trip between Lisbon and Porto using the A1 costs €22.20.[1]","title":"A1 motorway (Portugal)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exits"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lisbon - Porto","title":"Exits"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Motorway toll Portugal - info for 2022 - Tolls.eu\". www.tolls.eu. Retrieved 2022-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tolls.eu/portugal","url_text":"\"Motorway toll Portugal - info for 2022 - Tolls.eu\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A1_motorway_(Portugal)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.tolls.eu/portugal","external_links_name":"\"Motorway toll Portugal - info for 2022 - Tolls.eu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060628001106/http://www.brisa.pt/Brisa/vPT/Viajar%2Bna%2BRede/A%2BRede%2BBrisa/A1/","external_links_name":"A1 – Auto-estrada do Norte on BRISA - Auto-estradas de Portugal S. A. Web site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A1_motorway_(Portugal)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhardt_Design	Bernhardt Design	["1 History","2 Notable designers","3 References","4 External links"]	American furniture company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bernhardt Design" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Bernhardt Design" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bernhardt DesignCompany typePrivateIndustryContract Interiors: Contemporary office furniture and textiles for the contract market.Founded1983HeadquartersLenoir, North CarolinaUnited StatesProductsUpholstered seating, wood products, tables, wall units, wood seatingWebsitebernhardtdesign.com Bernhardt Design (a division of the Bernhardt Furniture Company) is an American modern furniture company based in Lenoir, North Carolina. The company is known for working with a wide variety of international designers, and for their investment in programs supporting young designers and design students. The company sponsors an interdisciplinary course at the Art Center College of Design that allows students the opportunity for their designs to go into production. Bernhardt Design also sponsors ICFF Studio, a yearly scholarship program that gives young designers exposure at the International Contemporary Furniture Fair (ICFF) in New York City. History Bernhardt Furniture Company was founded in 1889 by John M. Bernhardt. Orphaned at 13, John Bernhardt left for Oregon to become a government surveyor but returned home three years later to pursue a career as a logger and timber cutter. After buying a sawmill, he saw an opportunity to use timber in the manufacture of sturdy oak bedroom furniture. The company he started quickly found a market in such urban centers as Chicago and New York City. As the business grew under the leadership of the Bernhardt family, new product categories, dining room and living room furniture were added and additional facilities were built or purchased from other furniture manufacturers. Until the 1980s, the company was vertically integrated, having a veneer mill, lumber yard and numerous kilns as well as adhesives and particleboard plants. By 1981, Bernhardt began sourcing globally and now has offices in four Asian countries, staffed with 50 employees. The company still has a significant manufacturing operation in western North Carolina, with 12 facilities and 1500 employees. In 1983, Bernhardt Furniture added a line of commercial furniture, Bernhardt Design which offers conservatively styled casegoods, conference and occasional tables, guest, lounge and wood guest chairs. Gradually, the product line expanded, adding more contemporary products and multi-purpose tables and seating and conference chairs. In order to encourage student designers to make their products suitable for mass markets, Bernhardt Design sponsors an interdisciplinary course with the world-renowned Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. Selected students in program have their products in the standard product line. Bernhardt Design also sponsors ICFF Studio, a scholarship program which gives deserving designers global exposure to manufacturers, retailers and the media. Notable designers Bernhardt has worked with many notable artists and designers such as Chrissa Amuah, Ini Archibong, Fabien Baron, Anabela Chan, Terry Crews, Océane Delain, Joe Doucet, Noé Duchaufour-Lawrance, Monica Förster, Jaime Hayon, Patrick Jouin, Arik Levy, Ross Lovegrove, Tift Merritt, Ignacia Murtagh, Luca Nichetto, Charles Pollock, Kiki van Eijk, and Scott Wilson. The designer Jerry Helling is the company's creative director and president. References ^ "The Bernhardt Story". Bernhardt. Retrieved 2022-09-30. ^ "Designers Archive". Bernhardt Design. Retrieved 2022-09-30. ^ "In Praise of Real World Connection: A Design Conversation with Jerry Helling and Ini Archibong". WantedDesign. 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-09-30. ^ "Luca Nichetto collaborates with Bernhardt Design to create 'Jackson'". www.stirpad.com. Retrieved 2022-09-30. ^ "Top Schools in Industrial Design: ArtCenter College of Design". Azure Magazine. Retrieved 2022-09-30. ^ "Exhibitions at ArtCenter College of Design's Williamson Gallery Celebrate Rich History of Chairs". ArtCenter College of Design. Retrieved 2022-09-30. ^ "ICFF Studio". ICFF. Retrieved 2022-09-30. ^ "History". Bernhardt Design. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016. ^ "All the Designs to Watch Out for at NYCxDesign 2015". Metropolis Magazine. Retrieved 2 October 2016. ^ "History". Bernhardt Design. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016. ^ "Jerry Helling Brings Star Power to Bernhardt Design". Azure Magazine. 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2022-09-30. ^ "Bloomberg". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2022-09-30. External links Official website Bernhardt Furniture Company website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"modern furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_furniture"},{"link_name":"Lenoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenoir,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Art Center College of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Center_College_of_Design"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ICFF Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICFF_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"International Contemporary Furniture Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Contemporary_Furniture_Fair"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Bernhardt Design (a division of the Bernhardt Furniture Company)[1] is an American modern furniture company based in Lenoir, North Carolina. The company is known for working with a wide variety of international designers,[2] and for their investment in programs supporting young designers and design students.[3][4] The company sponsors an interdisciplinary course at the Art Center College of Design that allows students the opportunity for their designs to go into production.[5][6] Bernhardt Design also sponsors ICFF Studio,[7] a yearly scholarship program that gives young designers exposure at the International Contemporary Furniture Fair (ICFF) in New York City.[8][9]","title":"Bernhardt Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"western North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Art Center College of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Center_College_of_Design"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena"},{"link_name":"ICFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICFF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Bernhardt Furniture Company was founded in 1889 by John M. Bernhardt. Orphaned at 13, John Bernhardt left for Oregon to become a government surveyor but returned home three years later to pursue a career as a logger and timber cutter. After buying a sawmill, he saw an opportunity to use timber in the manufacture of sturdy oak bedroom furniture. The company he started quickly found a market in such urban centers as Chicago and New York City. As the business grew under the leadership of the Bernhardt family, new product categories, dining room and living room furniture were added and additional facilities were built or purchased from other furniture manufacturers.Until the 1980s, the company was vertically integrated, having a veneer mill, lumber yard and numerous kilns as well as adhesives and particleboard plants. By 1981, Bernhardt began sourcing globally and now has offices in four Asian countries, staffed with 50 employees. The company still has a significant manufacturing operation in western North Carolina, with 12 facilities and 1500 employees.[when?]In 1983, Bernhardt Furniture added a line of commercial furniture, Bernhardt Design which offers conservatively styled casegoods, conference and occasional tables, guest, lounge and wood guest chairs. Gradually, the product line expanded, adding more contemporary products and multi-purpose tables and seating and conference chairs. In order to encourage student designers to make their products suitable for mass markets, Bernhardt Design sponsors an interdisciplinary course with the world-renowned Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. Selected students in program have their products in the standard product line. Bernhardt Design also sponsors ICFF Studio, a scholarship program which gives deserving designers global exposure to manufacturers, retailers and the media.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chrissa Amuah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrissa_Amuah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ini Archibong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ini_Archibong"},{"link_name":"Fabien Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Baron"},{"link_name":"Anabela Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anabela_Chan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terry Crews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Crews"},{"link_name":"Océane Delain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oc%C3%A9ane_Delain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Noé Duchaufour-Lawrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%A9_Duchaufour-Lawrance"},{"link_name":"Monica Förster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monica_F%C3%B6rster_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jaime Hayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Hayon"},{"link_name":"Patrick Jouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Jouin"},{"link_name":"Arik Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arik_Levy"},{"link_name":"Ross Lovegrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Lovegrove"},{"link_name":"Tift Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tift_Merritt"},{"link_name":"Ignacia Murtagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignacia_Murtagh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pollock_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Kiki van Eijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiki_van_Eijk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Bernhardt has worked with many notable artists and designers such as Chrissa Amuah, Ini Archibong, Fabien Baron, Anabela Chan, Terry Crews, Océane Delain, Joe Doucet, Noé Duchaufour-Lawrance, Monica Förster, Jaime Hayon, Patrick Jouin, Arik Levy, Ross Lovegrove, Tift Merritt, Ignacia Murtagh, Luca Nichetto, Charles Pollock, Kiki van Eijk, and Scott Wilson. The designer Jerry Helling is the company's creative director and president.[11][12]","title":"Notable designers"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Bernhardt Story\". Bernhardt. Retrieved 2022-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bernhardt.com/company/the-bernhardt-story/","url_text":"\"The Bernhardt Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Designers Archive\". Bernhardt Design. Retrieved 2022-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://bernhardtdesign.com/designers/","url_text":"\"Designers Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Praise of Real World Connection: A Design Conversation with Jerry Helling and Ini Archibong\". WantedDesign. 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wanteddesignnyc.com/conversation-with-jerry-helling-bernhardt-design-and-ini-archibong/","url_text":"\"In Praise of Real World Connection: A Design Conversation with Jerry Helling and Ini Archibong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luca Nichetto collaborates with Bernhardt Design to create 'Jackson'\". www.stirpad.com. Retrieved 2022-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stirpad.com/news/designers/luca-nichetto-collaborates-with-bernhardt-design-to-create-jackson/","url_text":"\"Luca Nichetto collaborates with Bernhardt Design to create 'Jackson'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Schools in Industrial Design: ArtCenter College of Design\". Azure Magazine. Retrieved 2022-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azuremagazine.com/schools/artcenter-college-design/","url_text":"\"Top Schools in Industrial Design: ArtCenter College of Design\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibitions at ArtCenter College of Design's Williamson Gallery Celebrate Rich History of Chairs\". ArtCenter College of Design. Retrieved 2022-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artcenter.edu/connect/college-news/exhibitions-at-art-center-college-of-designs-williamson-gallery-celebrate-rich-history-of-chairs.html","url_text":"\"Exhibitions at ArtCenter College of Design's Williamson Gallery Celebrate Rich History of Chairs\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICFF Studio\". ICFF. Retrieved 2022-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://icff.com/fair/icff-studio/","url_text":"\"ICFF Studio\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Bernhardt Design. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012071635/http://www.bernhardtdesign.com/history.html","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.bernhardtdesign.com/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"All the Designs to Watch Out for at NYCxDesign 2015\". Metropolis Magazine. Retrieved 2 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metropolismag.com/May-2015/All-the-Designs-to-Watch-Out-for-at-NYCxDesign-2015/","url_text":"\"All the Designs to Watch Out for at NYCxDesign 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Bernhardt Design. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012071635/http://www.bernhardtdesign.com/history.html","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.bernhardtdesign.com/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Helling Brings Star Power to Bernhardt Design\". Azure Magazine. 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2022-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/jerry-helling-brings-star-power-to-bernhardt-design/","url_text":"\"Jerry Helling Brings Star Power to Bernhardt Design\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloomberg\". www.bloomberg.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelite_Water	Carmelite Water	["1 See also","2 References"]	Alcoholic extract You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (August 2016) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,445 articles in the main category, and specifying\|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Eau de mélisse}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Carmelite water is an alcoholic extract of lemon balm and other herbs. It was initially crafted in the 14th century by Carmelite nuns from the Abbey of St Just, and was commercialized under the name Eau de Carmes. It is used as an herbal tonic and toilet water. See also Klosterfrau Melissengeist References ^ Groom, Nigel (1997). The new perfume handbook. Springer. p. 448. ISBN 0751404039. ^ Hiller, Sabine (September 6, 2010). "FOOD Using lemon balm in the kitchen". The Mayo News. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2012. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts..., Volume 14, Part 1. 1797. ^ "Cream of the crop". The Guardian. April 26, 2003. Retrieved May 2, 2012. This article about alternative medicine is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vtevteAlcoholic beveragesHistory and productionHistory of alcohol History of alcoholic beverages History of beer History of wine History of Bordeaux wine History of Champagne History of Chianti History of Rioja wine History of Sherry Production Alcohol industry Bathtub gin Brewing Brewery Malting Lautering Wort Yeast Distillation Drinking establishments Fermentation Simple syrup Yeast in winemaking Winemaking Yeast in winemaking Fermented drinks by ingredientsFruit Apple Cider Banana Banana beer Banana wine Bignay Bignay wine Bokbunja Bokbunja-ju Grape Madeira wine Marsala wine Mistelle Moscatel de Setúbal Port wine Red wine Rosé wine Sherry Vermouth White wine Java plum Duhat wine Longan Longan wine Lychee Lychee wine Pear Perry Pineapple Tepache Plum Plum jerkum Pomegranate Rimon Prickly pear Colonche Various fruits Conditum Dubonnet Hippocras Jabol Mulled wine Nabidh Pruno Sangria Cereals Barley Barley wine Corn Mageu Pozol Tejuino Tesgüino Millet Oshikundu Tongba Rice Agkud Amazake Apo Beopju Brem Choujiu Chuak Dansul Gwaha-ju Hariya Makgeolli Mijiu Mirin Pangasi Rice wine Rượu cần Sake Sato Shaoxing wine Sonti Tapai Tapuy Rye Kvass Sorghum Pendhā Multiple grains Ale Ara Beer Boza Huangjiu Other Agave americana Pulque Coconut and other palms Bahalina Palm wine Tuak Tubâ Tuhak Tunggang Dairy Kumis Ginger Ginger wine Galangal Byais Honey Bais Byais Kabarawan Mead Sugar Kilju Sugarcane or molasses Basi Intus Palek Tea Fermented tea Kombucha Various starches Cauim Chicha Parakari Ibwatu Liquors by ingredientsFruit Apple Applejack Calvados Cashew apple Feni Cherry Kirschwasser Dates Araqi Fig Boukha Grape Arak Armagnac Brandy Cognac Pisco Zivania Juniper Gin Plum Slivovitz Țuică Pomace Chacha Grappa Marc Orujo Tsikoudia Tsipouro Zivania Various fruits Brandy Eau de vie Geist Himbeergeist Marillenschnaps Nalewka Oghi Pálinka Rakia Schnaps Cereals Barley Irish whiskey Japanese whisky Scotch whisky Beer Bierbrand Buckwheat Buckwheat whisky Maize Bourbon whiskey Corn whiskey Tennessee whiskey Rice Awamori Cheongju Cholai Lao-Lao Lihing Mixiang Baijiu Shochu Soju Sulai Rye Korn Rye whiskey Starka Sorghum Baijiu (Kaoliang liquor) Multiple grains Ara American whiskey Baijiu Canadian whisky Shōchū Whisky Other Agave Mezcal Tequila Coconut and other palms Arrack Laksoy Lambanog Sotol Dairy Arkhi Sugarcane or molasses Aguardiente Cachaça Clairin Desi daru Guaro Rum Seco Herrerano Sulai Sura Tharra Various starches Aguardiente Akvavit Bangla Horilka Poitín Shōchū Vodka Liqueurs and infused distilled drinks by ingredients Almond Amaretto Crème de Noyaux Anise Absinthe Anisado Anisado Mallorca Anisette Arak Hierbas Herbs de Majorca Mastika Ouzo Rakı Sambuca Beer Bierlikör Blackthorn shrub Patxaran Cherry Cherry Heering Maraschino Chili peppers Pertsivka Chocolate Chocolate liqueur Cinnamon Tentura Cloudberry Lakka Coconut Malibu Coffee Kahlúa Tia Maria Cream Cream liqueur Irish cream Egg Advocaat Eggnog Hazelnut Frangelico Herbs Aquavit Bénédictine Brennivín Crème de menthe Metaxa Unicum Honey Bärenjäger Drambuie Glayva Irish Mist Krupnik Juniper Gin Jenever Mammee apple flower Eau créole Orange Cointreau Curaçao Grand Marnier Triple sec Star anise Pastis Sassolino Sugarcane/molasses Charanda Vanilla Licor 43 Various fruits Campari Cedratine Crème de banane Crème de cassis Limoncello Schnapps Sloe gin Walnut Nocino List	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"lemon balm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_balm"},{"link_name":"Carmelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"herbal tonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_tonic"},{"link_name":"toilet water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_water"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Carmelite water is an alcoholic extract of lemon balm and other herbs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feliciano_Monti	Feliciano Monti	["1 References"]	Italian footballer and manager Feliciano Monti Personal informationFull name Feliciano MontiDate of birth (1902-12-19)19 December 1902Place of birth Fratta Polesine, ItalyDate of death 16 June 1990(1990-06-16) (aged 87)Place of death Padua, ItalyPosition(s) ForwardSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1919–1927 Padova 143 (32)1927–1933 Torino 161 (10)1933–1936 Padova 48 (3)International career1923–1924 Italy 3 (0)Managerial career1946 Padova Club domestic league appearances and goals Feliciano Monti (Italian pronunciation: ; 19 December 1902 – 16 June 1990) was an Italian association football manager and footballer who played as a forward. He played for the Italy national football team three times, the first being on 4 March 1923, the occasion of a friendly match against Hungary in a 0–0 home draw. He was also part of the Italy national squad for the football tournament at the 1924 Summer Olympics, but he did not play. References ^ "Monti, Feliciano" (in Italian). FIGC. 5 August 2020. ^ "Feliciano Monti". Olympedia. Retrieved 20 August 2021. vteItaly football squad – 1924 Summer Olympics GK Combi GK De Prà DF Bruna DF Caligaris DF De Vecchi (c) DF Martin DF Rosetta MF Aliberti MF Ardissone FW Baldi MF Barbieri MF Burlando MF Fayenz MF Janni MF Rosso FW Baloncieri FW Calvi FW Conti FW Della Valle FW Levratto FW Magnozzi FW Monti Coach: Pozzo vteCalcio Padova – managers Treves de'Bonfili (1910–11) Festa, Pedrina, Appiani (1913–14) Pedrina (1914–15) Peyer (1919–22) Burgess (1922–26) Peyer (1926) Fagiuoli (1926–27) Bell (1927–28) Burgess (1928–30) L. Kovács (1930–32) Vanicsek (1932–35) Colombati (1932) E. Kovács (1935–36) Wilheim (1936–38) Vereb (1938–39) Tansini (1939) Kőszegi (1939–40) Klein (1940–41) Bánás (1941–42) Zamberletti (1942–43) Tansini (1943–44) Dentelli (1945–46) Tansini (1946) Varglien (1946) Monti (1946) Serantoni (1946–47) Wilheim (1947–48) Serantoni (1948–49) Guttmann (1949–50) Serantoni (1950) Blasevich (1950–51) G. Ferrari (1951) Soo (1951–52) Prendato (1952) Pasinati (1952) Rava (1952–53) Czeizler (1953) Tansini (1953) Rava (1953–54) Rocco (1954–61) Mari (1961–62) Serantoni (1962) Del Grosso (1962–63) Maté (1963) Montez (1963–64) Maté (1964) Montarini (1964–66) Rosa (1966–69) Maté (1969–72) Bolognesi (1972) Perazzolo (1972) Bolognesi (1972) Gatti (1972–73) Bolognesi (1973–74) Trapanelli (1974–75) Cappello (1975) Beraldo (1975–76) Bergamasco (1976) Pin (1976–77) R. Mattè (1977) Foscarini & Longhin (1977) Pivatelli (1977–79) E. Mattè (1979) Mammi (1979–80) Caciagli (1980–82) Giorgi (1982–83) Sereni (1983) Agroppi (1983–84) Rambone (1984) Di Marzio (1984–85) Perani (1985–86) Mammi (1986) Buffoni (1986–89) E. Ferrari (1989) Colautti (1989–91) Mazzia (1991–92) Sandreani (1992–96) Materazzi (1996–97) Fedele (1997) Pillon (1997–98) Fedele (1998–99) Ottoni (1999) Beruatto (1999–00) Varrella (2000–01) Frosio (2001–03) Glerean (2003–04) Ulivieri (2004–05) Pellegrino (2005–06) Mandorlini (2006–07) Rossi (2007–08) Sabatini (2008–09) Tesser (2009) Sabatini (2009–10) Di Costanzo (2010) Sabatini (2010) Calori (2010–11) Dal Canto (2011–12) Pea (2012) Colomba (2012–13) Pea (2013) Marcolin (2013) Mutti (2013–14) Serena (2014) Parlato (2014–2015) Pillon (2015–2016) Brevi (2016–17) Bisoli (2017–18) Foscarini (2018) Bisoli (2018–19) Centurioni (2019) Sullo (2019–20) Mandorlini (2020–21) Pavanel (2021–22) Oddo (2022) Caneo (2022) Torrente (2022–24) Oddo (2024–) This biographical article related to association football in Italy, about a forward born in the 1900s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[feliˈtʃaːno ˈmonti]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Italy national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-figc-1"},{"link_name":"1924 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Feliciano Monti (Italian pronunciation: [feliˈtʃaːno ˈmonti]; 19 December 1902 – 16 June 1990) was an Italian association football manager and footballer who played as a forward. He played for the Italy national football team three times, the first being on 4 March 1923, the occasion of a friendly match against Hungary in a 0–0 home draw.[1] He was also part of the Italy national squad for the football tournament at the 1924 Summer Olympics, but he did not play.[2]","title":"Feliciano Monti"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Monti, Feliciano\" (in Italian). FIGC. 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.figc.it/it/nazionali/nazionali-in-cifre/dettaglio-convocato/?calciatoreId=46821&squadraId=12","url_text":"\"Monti, Feliciano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feliciano Monti\". Olympedia. Retrieved 20 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/700846","url_text":"\"Feliciano Monti\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.figc.it/it/nazionali/nazionali-in-cifre/dettaglio-convocato/?calciatoreId=46821&squadraId=12","external_links_name":"\"Monti, Feliciano\""},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/700846","external_links_name":"\"Feliciano Monti\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feliciano_Monti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guman_Mal_Lodha	Guman Mal Lodha	["1 Positions held","2 References","3 External links"]	Indian politician This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Guman Mal Lodha" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Guman Mal Lodha (1926 – 22 March 2009) was the chief justice of Gauhati High Court and former member of Lok Sabha. Born in 1926 in Didwana, Nagaur District in Rajasthan, India, Lodha graduated with BCom and LLB degrees at Jaswant College, Jodhpur. He participated in the freedom movement and was imprisoned in 1942. He joined politics and was the President of Rajasthan state unit of Jan Sangh from 1969 to 1971. Positions held 1969-71 President, Jan Sangh, Rajasthan 1972-77 Member, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly; chairman, Committee on Petitions and Committee on Delegated Legislation, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Member, Business Advisory Committee and Panel of chairman, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly; Leader, Jan Sangh Legislature Party, Rajasthan 1978-88 Judge, Rajasthan High Court 1988 Chief Justice, Gauhati High Court, Guwahati 1989 Elected to Lok Sabha (Ninth) 1989 onwards Member, National Executive, B.J.P. 1989-91 Chairman, Committee on Subordinate Legislation; Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Law and Justice 1990-91 Member, General Purposes Committee 1991 Re-elected to Lok Sabha (Tenth) 1992-94 Member, Committee on Subordinate Legislation 1992-96 Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Finance 1996 Elected to Lok Sabha (Eleventh) for the third time Lodha had been a judge in Rajasthan High court and retired as Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court. He had also been a worker for the cause of animals and cows in India. He served as the chairman for Animal Welfare Board of India and National Commission on Cattle. He died on 22 March 2009, in Ahmedabad (Gujarat) after suffering from cancer for five years. People for Animals (PFA) Haryana Chairman Naresh Kadyan, representative of OIPA in India, announced a "Justice Guman Mal Lodha Memorial National Award" to the former Superintendent of Faridabad Police Srikant Jadhav, IPS. References ^ "lsrj01". Parliamentofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 29 February 2012. External links Guman Mal Lodha's obituary Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States This Indian law–related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Bharatiya Janata Party politician from Rajasthan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gauhati High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauhati_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Didwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didwana"},{"link_name":"Nagaur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaur_District"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Jodhpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpur"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Jan Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sangh"}],"text":"Guman Mal Lodha (1926 – 22 March 2009) was the chief justice of Gauhati High Court and former member of Lok Sabha.Born in 1926 in Didwana, Nagaur District in Rajasthan, India, Lodha graduated with BCom and LLB degrees at Jaswant College, Jodhpur.[1] He participated in the freedom movement and was imprisoned in 1942. He joined politics and was the President of Rajasthan state unit of Jan Sangh from 1969 to 1971.","title":"Guman Mal Lodha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Commission on Cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_on_Cattle"}],"text":"1969-71\t\tPresident, Jan Sangh, Rajasthan\n1972-77\t\tMember, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly; chairman, Committee on Petitions and Committee on Delegated Legislation, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Member, Business Advisory Committee and Panel of chairman, Rajasthan Legislative Assembly; Leader, Jan Sangh Legislature Party, Rajasthan\n1978-88\t\tJudge, Rajasthan High Court\n1988\t\tChief Justice, Gauhati High Court, Guwahati\n1989\t\tElected to Lok Sabha (Ninth)\n1989 onwards\tMember, National Executive, B.J.P.\n1989-91\t\tChairman, Committee on Subordinate Legislation; Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Law and Justice\n1990-91\t\tMember, General Purposes Committee\n1991\t\tRe-elected to Lok Sabha (Tenth)\n1992-94\t\tMember, Committee on Subordinate Legislation\n1992-96\t\tMember, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Finance\n1996\t\tElected to Lok Sabha (Eleventh) for the third timeLodha had been a judge in Rajasthan High court and retired as Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court. He had also been a worker for the cause of animals and cows in India. He served as the chairman for Animal Welfare Board of India and National Commission on Cattle.He died on 22 March 2009, in Ahmedabad (Gujarat) after suffering from cancer for five years. People for Animals (PFA) Haryana Chairman Naresh Kadyan, representative of OIPA in India, announced a \"Justice Guman Mal Lodha Memorial National Award\" to the former Superintendent of Faridabad Police Srikant Jadhav, IPS.","title":"Positions held"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"lsrj01\". Parliamentofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 29 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok11/biodata/11rj20.htm","url_text":"\"lsrj01\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Guman+Mal+Lodha%22","external_links_name":"\"Guman Mal Lodha\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Guman+Mal+Lodha%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Guman+Mal+Lodha%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Guman+Mal+Lodha%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Guman+Mal+Lodha%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Guman+Mal+Lodha%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok11/biodata/11rj20.htm","external_links_name":"\"lsrj01\""},{"Link":"http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20090323/1205607.html","external_links_name":"Guman Mal Lodha's obituary"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/93569/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000082014940","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/16114628","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwdhfyrwCVtyVGM4R8cT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82077438","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guman_Mal_Lodha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guman_Mal_Lodha&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ber_Lopes	Héber Lopes	["1 Refereeing career","2 References"]	Brazilian football referee (born 1972) Héber Lopes Full name Héber Roberto LopesBorn (1972-07-13) 13 July 1972 (age 51)Londrina, Paraná, BrazilDomesticYears League Role Campeonato Brasileiro Série A RefereeInternationalYears League Role2002–17 FIFA listed Referee Héber Roberto Lopes (born 13 July 1972) is a Brazilian football referee. He refereed at 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and the Copa América Centenario Final. Refereeing career After taking up professional refereeing in 1995, he began officiating at national level in Brazil in 1997. Lopes was FIFA listed between 2002 and 2017. On 26 June 2016, Lopes was the referee of the Copa América Centenario Final, contested between Argentina and Chile. He sent off Chilean Marcelo Díaz in the 28th minute for a second bookable offence, before showing a straight red in the 43rd minute to Marcos Rojo of Argentina. References ^ "Heber Lopes". WorldReferee. Retrieved 27 April 2014. ^ "Brazil: Referees". FIFA. Archived from the original on 3 June 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2014. ^ Saviani, Rodrigo (20 June 2019). "Perto de "pendurar o apito", Heber quer bater recorde de Arnaldo Cezar Coelho no Brasileirão" . Globo Esporte (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 17 April 2020. This biographical article related to association football in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(CONMEBOL)"},{"link_name":"Copa América Centenario Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Centenario_Final"}],"text":"Héber Roberto Lopes (born 13 July 1972) is a Brazilian football referee. He refereed at 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers and the Copa América Centenario Final.","title":"Héber Lopes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"FIFA listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_listed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fifa-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Copa América Centenario Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_Centenario_Final"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"Marcos Rojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Rojo"}],"text":"After taking up professional refereeing in 1995, he began officiating at national level in Brazil in 1997.[1]Lopes was FIFA listed between 2002 and 2017.[2][3]On 26 June 2016, Lopes was the referee of the Copa América Centenario Final, contested between Argentina and Chile. He sent off Chilean Marcelo Díaz in the 28th minute for a second bookable offence, before showing a straight red in the 43rd minute to Marcos Rojo of Argentina.","title":"Refereeing career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Heber Lopes\". WorldReferee. Retrieved 27 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldreferee.com/site/copy.php?linkID=1034&linkType=referee&contextType=bio","url_text":"\"Heber Lopes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brazil: Referees\". FIFA. Archived from the original on 3 June 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070603175653/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/footballofficials/referees/peoplekind=ref.html","url_text":"\"Brazil: Referees\""},{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/footballofficials/referees/peoplekind=ref.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Saviani, Rodrigo (20 June 2019). \"Perto de \"pendurar o apito\", Heber quer bater recorde de Arnaldo Cezar Coelho no Brasileirão\" [Close to \"hanging up the whistle\", Heber wants to beat Arnaldo Cezar Coelho's Brasileirão record]. Globo Esporte (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://globoesporte.globo.com/pr/futebol/noticia/perto-de-pendurar-o-apito-heber-busca-recorde-de-arnaldo-cezar-coelho-no-brasileirao.ghtml","url_text":"\"Perto de \"pendurar o apito\", Heber quer bater recorde de Arnaldo Cezar Coelho no Brasileirão\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://worldreferee.com/site/copy.php?linkID=1034&linkType=referee&contextType=bio","external_links_name":"\"Heber Lopes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070603175653/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/footballofficials/referees/peoplekind=ref.html","external_links_name":"\"Brazil: Referees\""},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/footballofficials/referees/peoplekind=ref.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://globoesporte.globo.com/pr/futebol/noticia/perto-de-pendurar-o-apito-heber-busca-recorde-de-arnaldo-cezar-coelho-no-brasileirao.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Perto de \"pendurar o apito\", Heber quer bater recorde de Arnaldo Cezar Coelho no Brasileirão\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9ber_Lopes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg_(Kabul)	Arg, Kabul	["1 History","2 Construction","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References"]	Coordinates: 34°31′25″N 69°10′44″E / 34.52361°N 69.17889°E / 34.52361; 69.17889 Presidential palace of Afghanistan This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Arg, Kabul" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)34°31′25″N 69°10′44″E / 34.52361°N 69.17889°E / 34.52361; 69.17889 ArgFront of the palace in 2023General informationArchitectural styleAfghanTown or cityKabulCountryAfghanistanCurrent tenantsCabinet of AfghanistanConstruction started1880Technical detailsSizeApproximately 34 ha (83 acres)WebsiteOfficial website The Arg (Pashto: ارګ; Dari: ارگ; lit. 'citadel') is the presidential palace of Afghanistan, located in Kabul. Since the 2021 abolition of the Afghan presidency by the Taliban, it has served as the meeting place of the Cabinet of Afghanistan. The palace sits on a 34-hectare (83-acre) site in District 2, between Deh Afghanan and the affluent neighbourhood of Wazir Akbar Khan; it has historically been used by many Afghan heads of state, from Abdur Rahman Khan (who laid its foundation) to Ashraf Ghani. It was built after the destruction of the Bala Hissar in 1880. History The foundation of the Arg was laid by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in 1880 after assuming the throne. It was designed as a castle with a water-filled trench around it. Abdur Rahman Khan named it Arg-e-Shahi (Citadel of the King) and included, among other buildings, a residence for his family, an Afghan Army barracks, and the national treasury. Previously, the Bala Hissar served as the citadel or the headquarters of the emirs until it was destroyed by the Frontier Force Regiment during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80). The Arg has served as the royal and presidential palace for all of the kings and presidents of Afghanistan. Hafizullah Amin also used Tajbeg Palace as the residence for his family. It has undergone modifications and revitalization under the different rulers. During the 1978 Saur Revolution, Mohammad Daoud Khan and his family were assassinated by members of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) inside the Arg. On 15 August 2021, following the 2021 Taliban offensive and the near seizure of the capital, the Taliban occupied the Arg after president Ashraf Ghani fled the country, purportedly for peace and to avoid bloodshed. The Taliban has since been using the Arg to hold meetings of the Cabinet of Afghanistan, except those chaired by the Supreme Leader, which are held in Kandahar. Construction The Arg (up to 15 August 2021) consisted of the following: The Gul Khana, which served as the offices for President Ashraf Ghani and the President's Protocol Office; The Offices of the President's Chief of Staff; The National Security Advisor's building; and the Offices of the Spokesperson to the President. Offices for the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). Building for the Administrative Office of the President. Various buildings for receiving delegations or hosting large meetings. Gallery United States Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin at the palace on March 21, 2021 The front of the palace on February 29, 2020 NATO and Afghan officials in 2020 Afghan President Ashraf Ghani with John Kerry Overview of the Arg palace and several other palaces and gardens within the complex U.S. President Barack Obama and Afghan President Hamid Karzai during the May 2012 US-Afghan strategic agreement signing U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates and Karzai addressing international media in 2011 Karzai and Robert Gates in 2010 The Arg entrance in 1965 The palace when first built in the 1890s, during the reign of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan See also Other palaces in Kabul: Bagh-e Bala, a former royal palace in Kabul Bala Hissar, an ancient fortress located in the south of the old city of Kabul Darul Aman, former royal palace Herat Citadel, former main royal palace Tajbeg Palace, former royal palace References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arg (Kabul). ^ "Deputy prime minister visits senior members in Presidential Palace". Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan – Voice of Jihad. Kabul. 8 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. ^ "Travel and Tourism". 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. ^ Mishal Husain, Paul Adams, Malik Mudassir, Ben Wright, Jon Sopel (15 August 2021). Taliban seize power in Afghanistan as President flees country (Television production). London: BBC News. Retrieved 15 August 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Afghanistan Taliban Crisis Live Updates: Taliban seize Afghan presidential palace; reports of firing at Kabul airport". The Economic Times. Mumbai. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ "3-Day Cabinet Meeting Held in Kandahar". TOLOnews. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. vteKabul ProvinceCapital: KabulDistricts Bagrami Char Asiab Deh Sabz Farza Guldara Istalif Kabul Kalakan Khaki Jabbar Mir Bacha Kot Mussahi Paghman Qarabagh Shakardara Surobi Cities Bagrami Qalai Naeem Tarakhel Dehnawe Farza Guldara Istalif Kabul Kalakan Khak-i Jabbar Mir Bacha Kot Mussahi Paghman Qara Bagh Shakar Dara Surobi Landmarks Presidential Palace Darul Aman Palace Bagh-e Bala Palace Tajbeg Palace Chihil Sutun Palace Paghman Hill Castle Taq-e Zafar Bala Hissar Gardens of Babur InterContinental Hotel Safi Landmark Hotel Kabul City Center Kabul Serena Hotel Kabul's Irish Pub Kabul Library National Museum of Afghanistan Abdul Rahman Mosque Pul-e Khishti Mosque Id Gah Mosque Shah-Do Shamshira Mosque Gurdwara Karte Parwan Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°31′25″N 69°10′44″E / 34.52361°N 69.17889°E / 34.52361; 69.17889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arg,_Kabul&params=34_31_25_N_69_10_44_E_"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language"},{"link_name":"Dari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_language"},{"link_name":"presidential palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_palace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"the 2021 abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)"},{"link_name":"Afghan presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"District 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Deh Afghanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deh_Afghanan"},{"link_name":"Wazir Akbar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan,_Kabul"},{"link_name":"Afghan heads of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Abdur Rahman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani"},{"link_name":"Bala Hissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Kabul"}],"text":"Presidential palace of Afghanistan34°31′25″N 69°10′44″E / 34.52361°N 69.17889°E / 34.52361; 69.17889The Arg (Pashto: ارګ; Dari: ارگ; lit. 'citadel') is the presidential palace[1] of Afghanistan, located in Kabul. Since the 2021 abolition of the Afghan presidency by the Taliban, it has served as the meeting place of the Cabinet of Afghanistan. The palace sits on a 34-hectare (83-acre) site in District 2, between Deh Afghanan and the affluent neighbourhood of Wazir Akbar Khan; it has historically been used by many Afghan heads of state, from Abdur Rahman Khan (who laid its foundation) to Ashraf Ghani.It was built after the destruction of the Bala Hissar in 1880.","title":"Arg, Kabul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Abdur Rahman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Afghan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Army"},{"link_name":"Bala Hissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Kabul"},{"link_name":"Frontier Force Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Force_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Hafizullah Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin"},{"link_name":"Tajbeg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajbeg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Saur Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saur_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Daoud Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Daoud_Khan"},{"link_name":"People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"2021 Taliban offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive"},{"link_name":"near seizure of the capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Supreme Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The foundation of the Arg was laid by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan in 1880 after assuming the throne.[2] It was designed as a castle with a water-filled trench around it. Abdur Rahman Khan named it Arg-e-Shahi (Citadel of the King) and included, among other buildings, a residence for his family, an Afghan Army barracks, and the national treasury. Previously, the Bala Hissar served as the citadel or the headquarters of the emirs until it was destroyed by the Frontier Force Regiment during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80).The Arg has served as the royal and presidential palace for all of the kings and presidents of Afghanistan. Hafizullah Amin also used Tajbeg Palace as the residence for his family. It has undergone modifications and revitalization under the different rulers. During the 1978 Saur Revolution, Mohammad Daoud Khan and his family were assassinated by members of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) inside the Arg. On 15 August 2021, following the 2021 Taliban offensive and the near seizure of the capital, the Taliban occupied the Arg after president Ashraf Ghani fled the country, purportedly for peace and to avoid bloodshed.[3][4] The Taliban has since been using the Arg to hold meetings of the Cabinet of Afghanistan, except those chaired by the Supreme Leader, which are held in Kandahar.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashraf Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani"},{"link_name":"Afghan National Security Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces"}],"text":"The Arg (up to 15 August 2021) consisted of the following:The Gul Khana, which served as the offices for President Ashraf Ghani and the President's Protocol Office;\nThe Offices of the President's Chief of Staff;\nThe National Security Advisor's building; and the Offices of the Spokesperson to the President.\nOffices for the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF).\nBuilding for the Administrative Office of the President.\nVarious buildings for receiving delegations or hosting large meetings.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:210321-D-BN624-1041_(51061554791).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Austin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:200229-D-AP390-1535_(49603220748).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:200229-D-AP390-1555_(49603217428).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Afghan_President_Ghani_(26300077406).jpg"},{"link_name":"Afghan President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Ghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidential_Palace_-_panoramio_(8).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Hamid_Karzai_bilateral_meeting_in_Kabul_May_1,_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Hamid Karzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Karzai"},{"link_name":"US-Afghan strategic agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_110604-D-XH843-035.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Gates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_100308-D-7203C-010.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arg,_Kabul,_1965.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emir_Adb_or-Rahman%27s_garden_house,_Kabul._Wellcome_L0025012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Abdur Rahman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan"}],"text":"United States Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin at the palace on March 21, 2021\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe front of the palace on February 29, 2020\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNATO and Afghan officials in 2020\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAfghan President Ashraf Ghani with John Kerry\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOverview of the Arg palace and several other palaces and gardens within the complex\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tU.S. President Barack Obama and Afghan President Hamid Karzai during the May 2012 US-Afghan strategic agreement signing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tU.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates and Karzai addressing international media in 2011\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKarzai and Robert Gates in 2010\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Arg entrance in 1965\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe palace when first built in the 1890s, during the reign of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan","title":"Gallery"}]	[]	[{"title":"Bagh-e Bala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagh-e_Bala_Palace"},{"title":"Bala Hissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Kabul"},{"title":"Darul Aman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darul_Aman_Palace"},{"title":"Herat Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_Citadel"},{"title":"Tajbeg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajbeg_Palace"}]	[{"reference":"\"Deputy prime minister visits senior members in Presidential Palace\". Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan – Voice of Jihad. Kabul. 8 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://alemarahenglish.af/?p=51670","url_text":"\"Deputy prime minister visits senior members in Presidential Palace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul","url_text":"Kabul"}]},{"reference":"\"Travel and Tourism\". 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk/english/travel-and-tourism/","url_text":"\"Travel and Tourism\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170629215311/http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk:80/english/travel-and-tourism/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mishal Husain, Paul Adams, Malik Mudassir, Ben Wright, Jon Sopel (15 August 2021). Taliban seize power in Afghanistan as President flees country (Television production). London: BBC News. 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Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/latest-daily-news-and-updates-august-15/liveblog/85340907.cms","url_text":"\"Afghanistan Taliban Crisis Live Updates: Taliban seize Afghan presidential palace; reports of firing at Kabul airport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economic_Times","url_text":"The Economic Times"}]},{"reference":"\"3-Day Cabinet Meeting Held in Kandahar\". TOLOnews. 24 March 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_System	Physical system	["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Portion of the universe chosen for analysis Weather map as an example of a physical system A physical system is a collection of physical objects under study. The collection differs from a set: all the objects must coexist and have some physical relationship. In other words, it is a portion of the physical universe chosen for analysis. Everything outside the system is known as the environment, which is ignored except for its effects on the system. The split between system and environment is the analyst's choice, generally made to simplify the analysis. For example, the water in a lake, the water in half of a lake, or an individual molecule of water in the lake can each be considered a physical system. An isolated system is one that has negligible interaction with its environment. Often a system in this sense is chosen to correspond to the more usual meaning of system, such as a particular machine. In the study of quantum coherence, the "system" may refer to the microscopic properties of an object (e.g. the mean of a pendulum bob), while the relevant "environment" may be the internal degrees of freedom, described classically by the pendulum's thermal vibrations. Because no quantum system is completely isolated from its surroundings, it is important to develop a theoretical framework for treating these interactions in order to obtain an accurate understanding of quantum systems. In control theory, a physical system being controlled (a "controlled system") is called a "plant". See also Conceptual systems Phase space Physical phenomenon Physical ontology Signal-flow graph Systems engineering Systems science Thermodynamic system Open quantum system References ^ Belkind, Ori (2 February 2012). Physical Systems: Conceptual Pathways between Flat Space-time and Matter. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1. ISBN 978-94-007-2373-3. The notion of physical system is so ubiquitous it is mentioned in almost every work in physics. Scientists use the term, without much reflection, to refer to an aggregate of physical objects. ^ Bunge, Mario (1967). Foundations of Physics. Springer Tracts in Natural Philosophy. Vol. 10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-49287-7. ISBN 978-3-642-49289-1. ^ Breuer, H.-P.; Petruccione, F. (2007). The Theory of Open Quantum Systems. Oxford University Press. p. vii. Quantum mechanical systems must be considered as open systems Further reading Bunge, Mario (13 March 2013). Foundations of Physics. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-49287-7. Retrieved 21 June 2023. Bunge, Mario; Mahner, Martin (2004). Über die Natur der Dinge: Materialismus und Wissenschaft (in German). S. Hirzel. ISBN 978-3-7776-1321-5. Halloun, Ibrahim A. (25 January 2007). Modeling Theory in Science Education. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-2140-4. Retrieved 21 June 2023. Schmutzer, Ernst (29 August 2005). Grundlagen der Theoretischen Physik (in German). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-40555-8. Retrieved 21 June 2023. vteSystems scienceSystemtypes Art Biological Complex Coupled human–environment Ecological Economic Multi-agent Nervous Social Concepts Doubling time Leverage points Limiting factor Negative feedback Positive feedback Theoreticalfields Control theory Cybernetics Earth system science Living systems Sociotechnical system Systemics Urban metabolism World-systems theory Analysis Biology Dynamics Ecology Engineering Neuroscience Pharmacology Philosophy Psychology Theory (Systems thinking) Scientists Russell L. Ackoff Victor Aladjev William Ross Ashby Ruzena Bajcsy Béla H. Bánáthy Gregory Bateson Anthony Stafford Beer Richard E. Bellman Ludwig von Bertalanffy Margaret Boden Alexander Bogdanov Kenneth E. Boulding Murray Bowen Kathleen Carley Mary Cartwright C. West Churchman Manfred Clynes George Dantzig Edsger W. Dijkstra Fred Emery Heinz von Foerster Stephanie Forrest Jay Wright Forrester Barbara Grosz Charles A. S. Hall Mike Jackson Lydia Kavraki James J. Kay Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James Grier Miller Radhika Nagpal Howard T. Odum Talcott Parsons Ilya Prigogine Qian Xuesen Anatol Rapoport John Seddon Peter Senge Claude Shannon Katia Sycara Eric Trist Francisco Varela Manuela M. Veloso Kevin Warwick Norbert Wiener Jennifer Wilby Anthony Wilden Applications Systems theory in anthropology Systems theory in archaeology Systems theory in political science Organizations List Principia Cybernetica Category Portal Commons Authority control databases: National Germany This physics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Physical_systems-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Weather map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_map"},{"link_name":"physical objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_object"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"physical universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_universe"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(systems)"},{"link_name":"isolated system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system"},{"link_name":"system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System"},{"link_name":"quantum coherence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_coherence"},{"link_name":"pendulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum"},{"link_name":"degrees of freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"quantum systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_quantum_system"},{"link_name":"control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory"},{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"Weather map as an example of a physical systemA physical system is a collection of physical objects under study.[1] The collection differs from a set: all the objects must coexist and have some physical relationship.[2]\nIn other words, it is a portion of the physical universe chosen for analysis. Everything outside the system is known as the environment, which is ignored except for its effects on the system.The split between system and environment is the analyst's choice, generally made to simplify the analysis. For example, the water in a lake, the water in half of a lake, or an individual molecule of water in the lake can each be considered a physical system. An isolated system is one that has negligible interaction with its environment. Often a system in this sense is chosen to correspond to the more usual meaning of system, such as a particular machine.In the study of quantum coherence, the \"system\" may refer to the microscopic properties of an object (e.g. the mean of a pendulum bob), while the relevant \"environment\" may be the internal degrees of freedom, described classically by the pendulum's thermal vibrations. Because no quantum system is completely isolated from its surroundings,[3] it is important to develop a theoretical framework for treating these interactions in order to obtain an accurate understanding of quantum systems.In control theory, a physical system being controlled (a \"controlled system\") is called a \"plant\".","title":"Physical system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foundations of Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Alp-BgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-642-49287-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-49287-7"},{"link_name":"Über die Natur der Dinge: Materialismus und Wissenschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fTUkAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7776-1321-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7776-1321-5"},{"link_name":"Modeling Theory in Science Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Rn48Xb7CuD0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4020-2140-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2140-4"},{"link_name":"Grundlagen der Theoretischen Physik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a0YkRomfSjIC&pg=PA895"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-527-40555-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40555-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Systems_science"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_science"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_science"},{"link_name":"Systems science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_science"},{"link_name":"System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_art"},{"link_name":"Biological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_system"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system"},{"link_name":"Coupled human–environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system"},{"link_name":"Ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"Economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_system"},{"link_name":"Multi-agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_system"},{"link_name":"Nervous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system"},{"link_name":"Social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_system"},{"link_name":"Doubling time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubling_time"},{"link_name":"Leverage points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points"},{"link_name":"Limiting factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_factor"},{"link_name":"Negative feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_feedback"},{"link_name":"Positive feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_feedback"},{"link_name":"Control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory"},{"link_name":"Cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics"},{"link_name":"Earth system science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_science"},{"link_name":"Living systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_systems"},{"link_name":"Sociotechnical system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociotechnical_system"},{"link_name":"Systemics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemics"},{"link_name":"Urban metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_metabolism"},{"link_name":"World-systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology"},{"link_name":"Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dynamics"},{"link_name":"Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_ecology"},{"link_name":"Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering"},{"link_name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_neuroscience"},{"link_name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_psychology"},{"link_name":"Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory"},{"link_name":"Systems thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_thinking"},{"link_name":"Scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists"},{"link_name":"Russell L. 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Foundations of Physics. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-49287-7. Retrieved 21 June 2023.\nBunge, Mario; Mahner, Martin (2004). Über die Natur der Dinge: Materialismus und Wissenschaft (in German). S. Hirzel. ISBN 978-3-7776-1321-5.\nHalloun, Ibrahim A. (25 January 2007). Modeling Theory in Science Education. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-2140-4. Retrieved 21 June 2023.\nSchmutzer, Ernst (29 August 2005). Grundlagen der Theoretischen Physik (in German). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-40555-8. Retrieved 21 June 2023.vteSystems scienceSystemtypes\nArt\nBiological\nComplex\nCoupled human–environment\nEcological\nEconomic\nMulti-agent\nNervous\nSocial\nConcepts\nDoubling time\nLeverage points\nLimiting factor\nNegative feedback\nPositive feedback\nTheoreticalfields\nControl theory\nCybernetics\nEarth system science\nLiving systems\nSociotechnical system\nSystemics\nUrban metabolism\nWorld-systems theory\n\nAnalysis\nBiology\nDynamics\nEcology\nEngineering\nNeuroscience\nPharmacology\nPhilosophy\nPsychology\nTheory (Systems thinking)\nScientists\nRussell L. Ackoff\nVictor Aladjev\nWilliam Ross Ashby\nRuzena Bajcsy\nBéla H. Bánáthy\nGregory Bateson\nAnthony Stafford Beer\nRichard E. Bellman\nLudwig von Bertalanffy\nMargaret Boden\nAlexander Bogdanov\nKenneth E. Boulding\nMurray Bowen\nKathleen Carley\nMary Cartwright\nC. West Churchman\nManfred Clynes\nGeorge Dantzig\nEdsger W. Dijkstra\nFred Emery\nHeinz von Foerster\nStephanie Forrest\nJay Wright Forrester\nBarbara Grosz\nCharles A. S. Hall\nMike Jackson\nLydia Kavraki\nJames J. Kay\nFaina M. Kirillova\nGeorge Klir\nAllenna Leonard\nEdward Norton Lorenz\nNiklas Luhmann\nHumberto Maturana\nMargaret Mead\nDonella Meadows\nMihajlo D. Mesarovic\nJames Grier Miller\nRadhika Nagpal\nHoward T. Odum\nTalcott Parsons\nIlya Prigogine\nQian Xuesen\nAnatol Rapoport\nJohn Seddon\nPeter Senge\nClaude Shannon\nKatia Sycara\nEric Trist\nFrancisco Varela\nManuela M. Veloso\nKevin Warwick\nNorbert Wiener\nJennifer Wilby\nAnthony Wilden\nApplications\nSystems theory in anthropology\nSystems theory in archaeology\nSystems theory in political science\nOrganizations\nList\nPrincipia Cybernetica\n\n Category\n Portal\n CommonsAuthority control databases: National \nGermanyThis physics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Weather map as an example of a physical system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Physical_systems-en.svg/175px-Physical_systems-en.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Conceptual systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_systems"},{"title":"Phase space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_space"},{"title":"Physical phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_phenomenon"},{"title":"Physical ontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_ontology"},{"title":"Signal-flow graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-flow_graph"},{"title":"Systems engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering"},{"title":"Systems science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_science"},{"title":"Thermodynamic system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system"},{"title":"Open quantum system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_quantum_system"}]	[{"reference":"Belkind, Ori (2 February 2012). Physical Systems: Conceptual Pathways between Flat Space-time and Matter. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1. ISBN 978-94-007-2373-3. The notion of physical system is so ubiquitous it is mentioned in almost every work in physics. Scientists use the term, without much reflection, to refer to an aggregate of physical objects.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wo1kuGWhcEcC&q=Physical+system","url_text":"Physical Systems: Conceptual Pathways between Flat Space-time and Matter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2373-3","url_text":"978-94-007-2373-3"}]},{"reference":"Bunge, Mario (1967). Foundations of Physics. Springer Tracts in Natural Philosophy. Vol. 10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-49287-7. ISBN 978-3-642-49289-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-49287-7","url_text":"Foundations of Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-49287-7","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-49287-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-49289-1","url_text":"978-3-642-49289-1"}]},{"reference":"Breuer, H.-P.; Petruccione, F. (2007). The Theory of Open Quantum Systems. Oxford University Press. p. vii. Quantum mechanical systems must be considered as open systems","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bunge, Mario (13 March 2013). Foundations of Physics. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-49287-7. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Alp-BgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Foundations of Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-49287-7","url_text":"978-3-642-49287-7"}]},{"reference":"Bunge, Mario; Mahner, Martin (2004). Über die Natur der Dinge: Materialismus und Wissenschaft (in German). S. Hirzel. ISBN 978-3-7776-1321-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fTUkAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Über die Natur der Dinge: Materialismus und Wissenschaft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7776-1321-5","url_text":"978-3-7776-1321-5"}]},{"reference":"Halloun, Ibrahim A. (25 January 2007). Modeling Theory in Science Education. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-2140-4. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn48Xb7CuD0C","url_text":"Modeling Theory in Science Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2140-4","url_text":"978-1-4020-2140-4"}]},{"reference":"Schmutzer, Ernst (29 August 2005). Grundlagen der Theoretischen Physik (in German). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-40555-8. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0YkRomfSjIC&pg=PA895","url_text":"Grundlagen der Theoretischen Physik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-40555-8","url_text":"978-3-527-40555-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wo1kuGWhcEcC&q=Physical+system","external_links_name":"Physical Systems: Conceptual Pathways between Flat Space-time and Matter"},{"Link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-49287-7","external_links_name":"Foundations of Physics"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-49287-7","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-642-49287-7"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Alp-BgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Foundations of Physics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fTUkAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Über die Natur der Dinge: Materialismus und Wissenschaft"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn48Xb7CuD0C","external_links_name":"Modeling Theory in Science Education"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0YkRomfSjIC&pg=PA895","external_links_name":"Grundlagen der Theoretischen Physik"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4174610-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_system&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division	1991–92 League of Ireland Premier Division	["1 Overview","2 Final Table","3 Results","3.1 Matches 1–22","3.2 Matches 23–33","4 See also","5 References"]	Football league seasonLeague of Ireland Premier DivisionSeason1991–92ChampionsShelbourne F.C.RelegatedAthlone TownGalway UnitedEuropean CupShelbourne F.C.UEFA CupDerry CityUEFA Cup Winners' CupBohemian F.C.Top goalscorerJohn Caulfield: 16(Cork City)← 1990–91 1992–93 → The 1991–92 League of Ireland Premier Division was the seventh season of the League of Ireland Premier Division. The Premier Division was made up of 12 teams. Overview The Premier Division was contested by 12 teams and Shelbourne F.C. won the championship. Final Table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Shelbourne (C) 33 21 7 5 57 29 +28 49 Qualification to Champions League preliminary round 2 Derry City 33 17 10 6 49 21 +28 44 Qualification to UEFA Cup first round 3 Cork City 33 16 11 6 47 30 +17 43 4 Dundalk 33 14 12 7 44 31 +13 40 5 Bohemians 33 14 9 10 45 34 +11 37 Qualification to Cup Winners' Cup first round 6 Shamrock Rovers 33 9 15 9 33 30 +3 33 7 St Patrick's Athletic 33 9 11 13 38 46 −8 29 8 Bray Wanderers 33 8 10 15 17 37 −20 26 9 Sligo Rovers 33 7 11 15 33 42 −9 25 10 Drogheda United 33 6 13 14 23 46 −23 24 11 Athlone Town (R) 33 6 11 16 31 50 −19 23 Relegation to League of Ireland First Division 12 Galway United (R) 33 7 8 18 37 58 −21 22 Source: www.rsssf.com(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes: ^ Bohemians qualified for the 1991–92 European Cup Winners' Cup after winning the 1991–92 FAI Cup final. ^ Drogheda United were docked 1 point for a player registration irregularity. Results Matches 1–22 Home \ Away ATH BOH BRW COR DER DRO DUN GAL SHM SHE SLI StP Athlone Town — 0–0 0–0 0–0 0–1 1–1 1–2 2–1 2–2 0–2 0–0 2–3 Bohemians 2–0 — 2–0 2–1 0–1 2–0 1–2 2–1 1–1 0–0 1–1 2–1 Bray Wanderers 1–1 1–0 — 0–0 0–3 1–1 0–2 2–0 0–0 0–1 1–2 0–1 Cork City 1–1 1–1 2–0 — 0–0 0–0 4–0 2–0 0–0 2–2 1–0 3–1 Derry City 2–0 0–1 2–0 2–0 — 7–1 0–0 1–0 0–0 3–2 0–0 1–1 Drogheda United 2–1 0–3 0–1 1–3 0–2 — 2–2 0–0 0–0 0–3 1–1 0–0 Dundalk 4–1 0–1 4–0 3–0 1–1 1–1 — 2–1 0–0 0–2 1–0 1–0 Galway United 1–0 4–4 1–1 1–2 0–2 1–2 0–2 — 0–2 1–3 5–1 4–0 Shamrock Rovers 2–0 1–3 2–0 1–3 0–1 0–1 1–1 3–0 — 1–2 2–0 1–1 Shelbourne 2–0 1–2 3–0 3–3 1–0 1–0 1–1 1–1 0–1 — 1–0 1–0 Sligo Rovers 1–2 0–0 1–2 2–1 2–2 2–3 1–2 5–1 0–1 1–4 — 0–0 St Patrick's Athletic 1–1 3–2 2–1 2–4 0–1 3–1 1–0 1–1 1–1 1–1 1–1 — Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Matches 23–33 Home \ Away ATH BOH BRW COR DER DRO DUN GAL SHM SHE SLI StP Athlone Town — — — 3–2 — — 2–1 0–1 — 1–2 1–1 — Bohemians 1–0 — — — 1–2 1–1 2–3 — 0–0 — — — Bray Wanderers 0–1 1–0 — 2–1 — — — 0–2 — 0–2 — 0–0 Cork City — 1–0 — — — 0–0 — 2–1 1–0 — — 2–1 Derry City 2–2 — 0–0 0–1 — — 0–2 — 3–1 — 3–1 — Drogheda United 1–2 — 0–1 — 1–0 — — 1–0 0–0 — 0–3 — Dundalk — — 0–0 1–1 — 0–0 — — — 1–3 0–1 — Galway United — 3–2 — — 1–1 — 2–2 — 2–2 0–5 — 1–0 Shamrock Rovers 2–1 — 1–1 — — — 1–1 — — — 1–2 2–1 Shelbourne — 2–1 — 0–1 0–5 2–1 — — 2–1 — 0–0 — Sligo Rovers — 1–2 0–1 0–2 — — — 3–0 — — — 0–0 St Patrick's Athletic 6–3 1–3 — — 2–1 2–1 0–2 — — 1–2 — — Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. See also 1991–92 League of Ireland First Division References ^ "Ireland - List of Topscorers". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2016. ^ a b Graham, Alex. Football in the Republic of Ireland a Statistical Record 1921–2005. Soccer Books Limited. ISBN 1-86223-135-4. ^ "(Republic of) Ireland League Tables". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2016. vteLeague of Ireland Premier Division2024 clubs Bohemians Derry City Drogheda United Dundalk Galway United Shamrock Rovers Shelbourne Sligo Rovers St Patrick's Athletic Waterford SeasonsA Division 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 Premier Division 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Awards Player of the Year Young Player of the Year Manager of the Year Player of the Month Manager of the Month Team of the Year vte1991–92 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Estonia '91 '92 Faroe Islands '91 '92 Finland '91 '92 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '91 '92 Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia '91 '92 Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '91 '92 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Slovenia Soviet Union '91 '92 Spain Sweden '91 '92 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '91 '92 Finland '91 '92 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '91 '92 Israel Italy Latvia '91 '92 Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '91 '92 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Slovenia Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Israel Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Scotland Supercups England Germany UEFA competitions European Cup (first round, second round, group stage, Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Super Cup Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup Mitropa Cup	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League of Ireland Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland_Premier_Division"}],"text":"The 1991–92 League of Ireland Premier Division was the seventh season of the League of Ireland Premier Division. The Premier Division was made up of 12 teams.","title":"1991–92 League of Ireland Premier Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelbourne F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssfloe-3"}],"text":"The Premier Division was contested by 12 teams and Shelbourne F.C. won the championship. [2][3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"www.rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ierhist.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_CWCR10.29793116091654_4-0"},{"link_name":"Bohemians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_F.C."},{"link_name":"1991–92 European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"FAI Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAI_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_DRO0.29793116091654_5-0"},{"link_name":"Drogheda United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda_United_F.C."}],"text":"Source: www.rsssf.com(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Bohemians qualified for the 1991–92 European Cup Winners' Cup after winning the 1991–92 FAI Cup final.\n\n^ Drogheda United were docked 1 point for a player registration irregularity.","title":"Final Table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"BOH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_F.C."},{"link_name":"BRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"COR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"DER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"DRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"DUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_F.C."},{"link_name":"GAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"SHM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"SHE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C."},{"link_name":"SLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"StP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Athlone Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Bohemians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bray Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Drogheda United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Galway United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shamrock Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shelbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sligo Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Matches 1–22","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nATH\n\nBOH\n\nBRW\n\nCOR\n\nDER\n\nDRO\n\nDUN\n\nGAL\n\nSHM\n\nSHE\n\nSLI\n\nStP\n\n\nAthlone Town\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–3\n\n\nBohemians\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nBray Wanderers\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n\nCork City\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n\nDerry City\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n7–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nDrogheda United\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nDundalk\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nGalway United\n\n1–0\n\n4–4\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n1–3\n\n5–1\n\n4–0\n\n\nShamrock Rovers\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nShelbourne\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n3–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nSligo Rovers\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–3\n\n1–2\n\n5–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–4\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n\nSt Patrick's Athletic\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–4\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"BOH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_F.C."},{"link_name":"BRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"COR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"DER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"DRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"DUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_F.C."},{"link_name":"GAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"SHM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"SHE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C."},{"link_name":"SLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"StP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Athlone Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Bohemians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bray Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Drogheda United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Galway United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shamrock Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shelbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbourne_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sligo Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Matches 23–33","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nATH\n\nBOH\n\nBRW\n\nCOR\n\nDER\n\nDRO\n\nDUN\n\nGAL\n\nSHM\n\nSHE\n\nSLI\n\nStP\n\n\nAthlone Town\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n\nBohemians\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nBray Wanderers\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n\nCork City\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n\nDerry City\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n\nDrogheda United\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n0–3\n\n—\n\n\nDundalk\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n\nGalway United\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n0–5\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n\nShamrock Rovers\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n\nShelbourne\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n0–5\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n\nSligo Rovers\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n\nSt Patrick's Athletic\n\n6–3\n\n1–3\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n—\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"}]	[]	[{"title":"1991–92 League of Ireland First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_League_of_Ireland_First_Division"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ireland - List of Topscorers\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/iertops.html","url_text":"\"Ireland - List of Topscorers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406093820/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/iertops.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Graham, Alex. Football in the Republic of Ireland a Statistical Record 1921–2005. Soccer Books Limited. ISBN 1-86223-135-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86223-135-4","url_text":"1-86223-135-4"}]},{"reference":"\"(Republic of) Ireland League Tables\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ierhist.html","url_text":"\"(Republic of) Ireland League Tables\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080221000146/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/ierhist.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ierhist.html","external_links_name":"www.rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/iertops.html","external_links_name":"\"Ireland - List of Topscorers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406093820/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/iertops.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ierhist.html","external_links_name":"\"(Republic of) Ireland League Tables\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080221000146/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/ierhist.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lee_Buchanan	John Lee Buchanan	["1 Biography","2 Honors","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	John Lee Buchanan2nd President of Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical CollegeIn officeMarch 1, 1880 – January 17, 1882Preceded byCharles MinorSucceeded byThomas Nelson Conrad6th President of University of ArkansasIn office1894–1902Preceded byEdward H. MurfeeSucceeded byHenry S. Hartzog Personal detailsBorn(1831-06-19)June 19, 1831Rich Valley, VirginiaDiedJanuary 19, 1922(1922-01-19) (aged 90)Rich Valley, VirginiaAlma materEmory and Henry College John Lee Buchanan (June 19, 1831 – January 19, 1922) was the second president of Virginia Tech (then Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College) and sixth president of the University of Arkansas. Biography Buchanan was born to Patrick C. and Margaret Graham Buchanan in Rich Valley, Smyth County, Virginia. He received an A.B. in 1856 and an M.A. in 1858 or 1860, both from Emory and Henry College, where he was a member of the faculty until 1878 with the exception of the Civil War years when he served the Confederate States in the mining department. In 1879 he became the Latin chair at Vanderbilt University and later served as president of Emory and Henry College before being appointed VAMC president in 1880. The state legislature replaced the Board of Visitors, who in turn removed all university officials and faculty in June 1880. Buchanan re-assumed the presidency of VAMC in August 1881, but was removed for the second and final time in January 1882. At this time, Buchanan began teaching at Martha Washington College in Abingdon, Virginia, later becoming president there. In 1884 he served on a state committee that established the State Normal Female School in Farmville (now Longwood University). From 1885 to 1889 he served as state superintendent of public instruction (hence was ex officio member of the VAMC Board of Visitors). He began teaching at Randolph-Macon College in 1889, later becoming president. He resigned the presidency of Randolph-Macon in 1894 to assume presidency of what was then Arkansas Industrial University before he renamed it to University of Arkansas and where he remained until retiring in 1902. Buchanan died January 19, 1922, in Rich Valley, Virginia, at age 90. Honors Two residence halls at the University of Arkansas were named after Buchanan, including the Buchanan-Droke residence hall. Personal life Buchanan married Frances Elizabeth Wiley, with whom he had nine children. References ^ a b c d e "John L. Buchanan \| The Office of the Chancellor \| University of Arkansas". chancellor.uark.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-17. ^ a b c d e "Past Presidents". Virginia Tech. Retrieved 2020-04-17. ^ "Biographies of Washington County, VA". genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 2020-04-17. ^ a b c "Life & Times of Virginia Tech Presidents". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ a b "President John Lee Buchanan". Virginia Tech Special Collections. 29 July 1998. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2016. ^ Thomas, Grace Powers (1898). Where to educate, 1898-1899. A guide to the best private schools, higher institutions of learning, etc., in the United States. Boston: Brown and Company. p. 7. Retrieved August 17, 2012. External links The Buchanan-Shipp-Hart-Buchanan Years (1880-1882) vtePresidents of Virginia Tech Minor (1872–1879) Buchanan (1880–1882) Conrad (1882–1886) Lomax (1886–1891) McBryde (1891–1907) Barringer (1907–1913) Eggleston (1913–1919) Burruss (1919–1945) Hutcheson (1945–1947) Newman (1947–1962) Hahn (1962–1974) Lavery (1975–1987) McComas (1988–1994) Torgersen (1993–2000) Steger (2000–2014) Sands (2014– ) vtePresidents and Chancellors of the University of ArkansasPresidents Gates (1871–1873) Bishop (1873–1875) Gates (1875–1877) Hill (1877–1884) Murfee (1887–1894) Buchanan (1894-1902) Hartzog (1902–1905) Tillman (1905–1912) Futrall (1913–1939) Fulbright (1939–1941) Harding (1941–1947) Jones (1947–1951) Caldwell (1952–1959) Mullins (1960–1974) Bishop (1974–1980) Martin (1980–1982)* Chancellors Nugent (1982–1983) Gatewood (1984–1985) Ferritor (1986–1997) White (1997–2008) Gearhart (2008–2015) Steinmetz (2016–2021) Robinson (2023- ) *Martin continued as President of the University of Arkansas System after 1982. This Virginia biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biography of an American academic administrator born in 1830–1839 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Agricultural_and_Mechanical_College"},{"link_name":"University of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Arkansas"}],"text":"John Lee Buchanan (June 19, 1831 – January 19, 1922) was the second president of Virginia Tech (then Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College) and sixth president of the University of Arkansas.","title":"John Lee Buchanan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smyth County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyth_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Emory and Henry College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_and_Henry_College"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Martha Washington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Longwood University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Randolph-Macon College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph-Macon_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Industrial University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Industrial_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Buchanan was born to Patrick C. and Margaret Graham Buchanan in Rich Valley, Smyth County, Virginia.[1][2] He received an A.B. in 1856 and an M.A. in 1858[2] or 1860,[1] both from Emory and Henry College, where he was a member of the faculty until 1878 with the exception of the Civil War years when he served the Confederate States in the mining department.[3] In 1879 he became the Latin chair at Vanderbilt University and later served as president of Emory and Henry College before being appointed VAMC president in 1880.[2] The state legislature replaced the Board of Visitors, who in turn removed all university officials and faculty in June 1880.[4] Buchanan re-assumed the presidency of VAMC in August 1881, but was removed for the second and final time in January 1882.[4]At this time, Buchanan began teaching at Martha Washington College in Abingdon, Virginia, later becoming president there.[2] In 1884 he served on a state committee that established the State Normal Female School in Farmville (now Longwood University).[5] From 1885 to 1889 he served as state superintendent of public instruction (hence was ex officio member of the VAMC Board of Visitors).[4] He began teaching at Randolph-Macon College in 1889, later becoming president.[5] He resigned the presidency of Randolph-Macon in 1894 to assume presidency of what was then Arkansas Industrial University[6] before he renamed it to University of Arkansas and where he remained until retiring in 1902.[1]Buchanan died January 19, 1922, in Rich Valley, Virginia, at age 90.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Two residence halls at the University of Arkansas were named after Buchanan, including the Buchanan-Droke residence hall.[1]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Buchanan married Frances Elizabeth Wiley, with whom he had nine children.[1]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"John L. Buchanan \| The Office of the Chancellor \| University of Arkansas\". chancellor.uark.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://chancellor.uark.edu/about/presidents-chancellors/john-l-buchanan.php","url_text":"\"John L. Buchanan \| The Office of the Chancellor \| University of Arkansas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Presidents\". Virginia Tech. Retrieved 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://president.vt.edu/content/president_vt_edu/en/presidents.html","url_text":"\"Past Presidents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biographies of Washington County, VA\". genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogytrails.com/vir/washington/bios_b.html","url_text":"\"Biographies of Washington County, VA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Life & Times of Virginia Tech Presidents\". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173046/http://www.president.vt.edu/presidents/Buchanan.html","url_text":"\"Life & Times of Virginia Tech Presidents\""},{"url":"http://www.president.vt.edu/presidents/Buchanan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"President John Lee Buchanan\". Virginia Tech Special Collections. 29 July 1998. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180322162225/http://spec.lib.vt.edu/archives/125th/pres/buchan.htm","url_text":"\"President John Lee Buchanan\""},{"url":"http://spec.lib.vt.edu/archives/125th/pres/buchan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Grace Powers (1898). Where to educate, 1898-1899. A guide to the best private schools, higher institutions of learning, etc., in the United States. Boston: Brown and Company. p. 7. Retrieved August 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/wheretoeducate1800thomrich#page/7/mode/1up","url_text":"Where to educate, 1898-1899. A guide to the best private schools, higher institutions of learning, etc., in the United States"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://chancellor.uark.edu/about/presidents-chancellors/john-l-buchanan.php","external_links_name":"\"John L. 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A guide to the best private schools, higher institutions of learning, etc., in the United States"},{"Link":"https://history.unirel.vt.edu/historical_digest/buchanan_shipp_hart.html","external_links_name":"The Buchanan-Shipp-Hart-Buchanan Years (1880-1882)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lee_Buchanan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lee_Buchanan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Based_Learning	Educational game	["1 Video games","2 Game-based learning","3 Origins","3.1 Theory","3.2 Application","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 References","7 Further reading"]	Game genre For broader coverage of this topic, see Serious game. Educational games are games explicitly designed with educational purposes, or which have incidental or secondary educational value. All types of games may be used in an educational environment, however educational games are games that are designed to help people learn about certain subjects, expand concepts, reinforce development, understand a historical event or culture, or assist them in learning a skill as they play. Game types include board, card, and video games. As educators, governments, and parents realize the psychological need and benefits that gaming has on learning, this educational tool has become mainstream. Games are interactive play that teach goals, rules, adaptation, problem solving, interaction, all represented as a story. They satisfy a fundamental need to learn by providing enjoyment, passionate involvement, structure, motivation, ego gratification, adrenaline, creativity, social interaction and emotion in the game itself while the learning takes place. Video games Main articles: Educational video game and Video games in education Main listing: List of educational video games With the increase and availability of technological devices, there has been a shift in what types of games people play. Video or electronic gaming has become more widely used than traditional board games. Barab (2009) defines conceptual play as "a state of engagement that involves (a) projection into the role of character who, (b) engaged in a partly fictional problem context, (c) must apply conceptual understandings to make sense of, and ultimately, transform the context". The goal of such play spaces is to have the "gamer" engage in the narrative while learning cognitive and social skills. The ability to immerse oneself in the gaming process facilitates "empathetic embodiment" which occurs when a player learns to identify with the character they have chosen for the game and the virtual environment of the game (Barab, 2009). Educational video games have been divided into two major categories. "Edutainment" games are those that are typically based on drilling fundamental lessons in a linear progression, with added entertainment value. "Educational video games" are ones that encourage creative thinking and problem solving. Game-based learning Game-based learning (GBL) is a type of game play that has defined learning outcomes. Generally, game-based learning is designed to balance subject matter with gameplay and the ability of the player to retain, and apply said subject matter to the real world. Children tend to spend hours playing hide and seek, learning the steps of digital games, such as chess, and engaging in creative games. Therefore, it can be said that play and learning are synonymous, leading to cognitive and emotional development inside a social and cultural context. For instance, the game of hide and seek: Good hiders need visual and spatial perspective to define the best hiding places, while seekers must be skilled at searching for cues from the surroundings and choosing the most probable location for the hider among various possible places. A systematic review investigated the effects of educational games for mental health students: Educational game plus standard training compared to standard training for mental health professionals Summary Current very limited evidence suggests educational games could help mental health students gain more points in their tests, especially if they have left revision to the last minute. The one salient study should be refined and repeated. Outcome Findings in words Findings in numbers Quality of evidence Knowledge No significant improvement in test scores (> 10%) Students had a slightly improved chance of improvement in test scores when receiving educational game plus standard training. This finding is based on data of very low quality. OR 0.06 (0.01 to 0.27) Very low Average test score (high = good) On average, students receiving educational game plus standard training scored 6 higher than students with standard training. There was a clear difference between the groups. This finding is based on data of low quality. MD 6 higher (2.63 higher to 9.37 higher ) Low No study reported any data on outcomes such as adverse effects, mental state, quality of life and information relating to time in services Origins In his classical essay, "Upon the Aesthetic Education of Man", Friedrich Schiller discusses play as a force of civilization, which helps humans rise above their instincts and become members of enlightened communities. He states that "humans are only fully human when they play". While the text is limited by the author's beliefs in concepts such as freedom and beauty, it nevertheless sets the stage for Johan Huizinga's classical study, Homo Ludens. Games have long been employed as a means of education. Using the ancient game of chess, noblemen of the Middle Ages learned strategies of war. During the Civil War, volunteers from Rhode Island played American Kriegsspiel, which had originally been created in 1812 for training Prussian officers-of-war. Then, in the early 19th century, came the creation of Kindergarten by Friedrich Fröbel, which was based on learning through play. Children delighted in his Fröbel Gifts, simple educational toys such as blocks, sewing kits, clay, and weaving materials. Theory According to Richard N. Van Eck, there are three main approaches to creating software that stimulates cognitive growth in the gamer. These three approaches are: building games from scratch created by educators and programmers; integrate commercial off-the-shelf (COTS); and creating games from scratch by the students. The most time- and cost-effective approach to designing these educational games is to incorporate COTS games into the classroom with the understanding of the learning outcomes the instructor has for the course. This requires the teacher to buy into the positive results of using digital games for education. It also requires teachers to have adequate self-efficacy concerning the use of these games and their technology. The students usually have high amounts of self-efficacy in usage of digital games, while the lack of confidence teachers have in incorporating the digital games usually results in less effective educational use of the games. However, Gerber and Price (2013) have found that teachers' inexperience with digital games does not preclude them from the desire to incorporate them in class instruction, but districts must have in place support through regular professional development, supportive learning communities with their colleagues, and adequate financial support to implement game-based learning in their class instruction. Games often have a fantasy element that engages players in a learning activity through narrative or storylines. Educational video games can motivate children and allow them to develop an awareness of consequentiality. Children are allowed to express themselves as individuals while learning and engaging in social issues. Today's games are more social, with most teens playing games with others at least some of the time and can incorporate many aspects of civic and political life. In classrooms, social game-based learning platforms are increasing in popularity, as they purport to enable students to reinforce knowledge and develop social and leadership skills. The success of game-based learning strategies owes to active participation and interaction being at the center of the experience, and signals that current educational methods are not engaging students enough. Experience with and affinity for games as learning tools is an increasingly universal characteristic among those entering higher education and the workforce. Game-based learning is an expansive category, ranging from simple paper-and-pencil games like word searches all the way up to complex, massively multiplayer online (MMO) and role-playing games. The use of collaborative game-based role-play for learning provides an opportunity for learners to apply acquired knowledge and to experiment and get feedback in the form of consequences or rewards, thus getting the experiences in the "safe virtual world". The built-in learning process of games is what makes a game enjoyable. The progress a player makes in a game is through learning. It is the process of the human mind grasping and coming to understand a new system. The progress of understanding a new concept through gaming makes an individual feel a sense of reward whether the game is considered entertainment (Call of Duty) or serious (FAA-approved flight simulator). Well-designed games that motivate players are what make them ideal learning environments. Real-world challenges are easier faced within a game containing effective, interactive experiences that actively engage people in the learning process. In a successful game-based learning environment, choosing actions, experiencing consequences, and working toward goals allows players to make mistakes through experimentation in a risk-free environment. Games have rules and structure and goals that inspire motivation. Games are interactive and provide outcomes and feedback. Most games also have problem solving situations that spark creativity. Identification with the character within the video game is an important factor in the learning potential of the gamer. Some of the electronic games allow the gamer to create an avatar that is designed and “owned” by the gamer. This character is an expression of the human creating the virtual character. This has opened a new set of scientific possibilities. The virtual world can be used as a laboratory. The relationships and space within the games can simulate complex societies and relationships without having to truly participate. This application of an avatar in not limited to simulation exercises. According to Bainbridge, interviews and ethnographic research could be conducted within the reality of the game space. This could include experiments in social psychology and cognitive science. The fact that game creators and gamers are wanting new experiences within the games, the introduction of “experiments” could increase the level of play and engagement. Application Interactive multimedia educational game. Traditionally, technology used in school operates usually to solve problems in a fun way, particularly in mathematics. They usually make up case studies designed to introduce students to certain technologies in an effort to prepare them for a future major assignment that requires the aforementioned technology. They have also been developed to work in the virtual world. More recently educational egames have been developed for Higher Education students, combining real-world case studies in a virtual environment for students to have a consistent, 24/7 educational 'virtual' experience. In some public schools implementing Common Core Standards, game-based learning programs are utilized by educators to supplement their teaching programs. According to a recent case study by an ed tech-based nonprofit organization, teachers find some digital learning games help address issues with alignment in Common Core. In the future, technology and games are expected to be used in simulation environments to simulate real world issues. In the professional sector, such as flight training, simulations are already used in an effort to prepare pilots for training before actually going out into planes. These training sessions are used to replicate real life stresses without the risk factor associated with flying. Simulation-games are used in other professional areas as well; a spy-themed learning game has been used to improve sales skills at Avaya and a 3D simulation game has been used to train New York City emergency responders. Before deciding how to use game-based learning, the trainer must first determine what they would like the trainees to learn. A trainer that fails to focus training around a central idea runs the risk of using a game that fails to connect with the learners. To prevent this, tailor the material to the demographic (age group, familiarity, educational pre-text) so that the material is neither too difficult for, nor too familiar to the learner. Gathering ideas from children early in the design process has yielded useful insights into what children want in technology in general or in a specific type of application. Children's early involvement in requirements gathering has revealed clues about gender differences in preferences related to technology, children's navigation skills, ways of presenting textual information, application-specific content-related preferences, the variety of elements to be included in user interfaces and their structures, and children's desire to personalize their applications. Multiplayer role playing games (MMO's) provide opportunities for players to improve such skills as, “complex learning, thinking, and social practices”. MMO's also provide a social network which can favor collaborative gaming and learning and contribute to the formation of teams, communication within a group and help strengthen individual and communal identities. See also Educational toy Educational website Edutainment Games and learning Gamification of learning Genomics Digital Lab Global Challenge Award Mouse Practice Pora Ora (primary school) Quest Atlantis Reacting games Kahoot Footnotes ^ p. 991 ^ Barab, S. A.; Scott, B.; Siyahhan, S.; Goldstone, R.; Ingram-Goble, A.; Zuiker, S. J.; Warren, S. (2009). "Transformational Play as a Curricular Scaffold: Using Videogames to Support Science Education". Journal of Science Education and Technology. 18 (4): 305–320. doi:10.1007/s10956-009-9171-5. S2CID 16964887. ^ Dondlinger, Mary Jo (2007). "Educational Video Game Design: A Review of the Literature". Journal of Applied Educational Technology. 4 (1). ^ Team, Editorial. "What is GBL (Game-Based Learning)?". EdTechReview. Retrieved 2017-03-15. ^ Yang, Ya-Ting Carolyn (2012). "Building virtual cities, inspiring intelligent citizens: Digital games for developing students' problem solving and learning motivation". Computers & Education. 59 (2): 365–377. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.01.012. ^ a b Bhoopathi, P; Sheoran, R; Välimäki, M (2006). "Educational games for mental health professionals". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2 (2): CD001471.pub2. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001471.pub2. PMC 7028004. PMID 16625545. ^ "Institute of Play, History of Games & Learning". Retrieved 2014-03-17. ^ "Historical Perspectives on Games and Education". Archived from the original on 2014-03-22. Retrieved 2014-03-17. ^ Van Eck, R. (2006). Digital game-based learning: It’s not just the digital natives who are restless… Educase Review, 41,2, 1-16. ^ Gerber, H. R. & Price, D. P. (2013): "Fighting baddies and collecting bananas: Teachers' perceptions of game-based learning", Educational Media International. ^ "Making Learning Fun: Quest Atlantis, A Game Without Guns" Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine by Barab, Thomas, Dodge, Carteaux, Tuzun ^ "Teens, Video Games, and Civics" Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine by Lenhart, Pew Internet Project ^ a b c d e Bainbridge, W. S. (2007). "The Scientific Research Potential of Virtual Worlds". Science. 317 (5837): 472–476. doi:10.1126/science.1146930. PMID 17656715. S2CID 1179233. ^ Green, C. S.; Bavelier, D. (2012). "Learning, Attentional Control, and Action Video Games". Current Biology. 22 (6): R197–R206. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.012. PMC 3461277. PMID 22440805. ^ "'2009 Horizon Report' by The New Media Consortium and EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative". Nmc.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2013-05-02. ^ "2010 Horizon Report: The K12 Edition". Wp.nmc.org. 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2013-05-02. ^ "Game-based Learning or Game-based Teaching?" by Paul Pivec ^ Shearer, James D. "Development of a Digital Game-based Learning Best Practices Checklist". Etd.ohiolink.edu. Retrieved 2013-05-02. ^ Kim, B., Park, H., & Baek, Y. (2009). Not just for fun, but serious strategies: Using meta-cognitive strategies in game-based learning. Computers and Education, 52, 800-810. ^ Falloon, G (2011). "Using avatars and virtual environments in learning: what do they offer?". British Journal of Educational Technology. 41 (2): 108–122. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.00991.x. S2CID 2792744. ^ Pringle, JK (2014). "Educational egaming: the future for geoscience virtual learners?" (PDF). Geology Today. 30 (4): 147–150. doi:10.1111/gto.12058. S2CID 65022032. ^ "Game-Based Learning + Formative Assessment = A Perfect Pair - Classroom Inc". Classroom Inc. Archived from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2015-12-21. ^ Kapp, Karl (November 11, 2013). The Gamification of Learning and Instruction Fieldbook: Ideas into Practice Paperback. Pfeiffer. ISBN 978-1118674437. ^ Gronstedt, Anders. "The Five Superpowers of the Learning Age". E-Learning Council. ^ "How To Teach Using Games". Serc.carleton.edu. Retrieved 2013-05-02. ^ a b Nousiainen, Tuula; Kankaanranta, Marja (July 24, 2008). "Exploring Children's Requirements for Game-Based Learning Environments". Advances in Human-Computer Interaction. 2008: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2008/284056. ^ Barab, 2009, p. 990 ^ Klopfer, E, Osterweil, S and Salen, K. Moving Learning Games Forward: Obstacles, oppostunities & openness. The education Arcade. 2009 References Shatz, Itamar (2015). Using Gamification and Gaming in Order to Promote Risk Taking in the Language Learning Process (PDF). MEITAL National Conference. Haifa, Israel: Technion. pp. 227–232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2017. "Video games 'stimulate learning'". BBC News. March 18, 2002. Dostál, J. (2009). "Educational software and computer games - tools of modern education". Journal of Technology and Information Education. 1 (1). Palacký University, Olomouc: 24–28. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.164.4054. doi:10.5507/jtie.2009.003. ISSN 1803-537X. Lin, G. H. C.; Kung, T. W. T.; Chien, S. C. (2011). Computer Games Functioning as Motivation Stimulants (PDF). International Conference on Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Further reading James Paul Gee (2003). What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6169-3. Authority control databases: National Spain France BnF data Israel United States Latvia 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serious game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_game"},{"link_name":"games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game"},{"link_name":"educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"}],"text":"For broader coverage of this topic, see Serious game.Educational games are games explicitly designed with educational purposes, or which have incidental or secondary educational value. All types of games may be used in an educational environment, however educational games are games that are designed to help people learn about certain subjects, expand concepts, reinforce development, understand a historical event or culture, or assist them in learning a skill as they play. Game types include board, card, and video games.As educators, governments, and parents realize the psychological need and benefits that gaming has on learning, this educational tool has become mainstream. Games are interactive play that teach goals, rules, adaptation, problem solving, interaction, all represented as a story. They satisfy a fundamental need to learn by providing enjoyment, passionate involvement, structure, motivation, ego gratification, adrenaline, creativity, social interaction and emotion in the game itself while the learning takes place.","title":"Educational game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of educational video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_video_games"},{"link_name":"board games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Main listing: List of educational video gamesWith the increase and availability of technological devices, there has been a shift in what types of games people play. Video or electronic gaming has become more widely used than traditional board games. Barab (2009) defines conceptual play as \"a state of engagement that involves (a) projection into the role of character who, (b) engaged in a partly fictional problem context, (c) must apply conceptual understandings to make sense of, and ultimately, transform the context\".[1] The goal of such play spaces is to have the \"gamer\" engage in the narrative while learning cognitive and social skills. The ability to immerse oneself in the gaming process facilitates \"empathetic embodiment\" which occurs when a player learns to identify with the character they have chosen for the game and the virtual environment of the game (Barab, 2009).[2]Educational video games have been divided into two major categories. \"Edutainment\" games are those that are typically based on drilling fundamental lessons in a linear progression, with added entertainment value. \"Educational video games\" are ones that encourage creative thinking and problem solving.[3]","title":"Video games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_play"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"systematic review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_review"}],"text":"Game-based learning (GBL) is a type of game play that has defined learning outcomes. Generally, game-based learning is designed to balance subject matter with gameplay and the ability of the player to retain, and apply said subject matter to the real world.[4] Children tend to spend hours playing hide and seek, learning the steps of digital games, such as chess, and engaging in creative games. Therefore, it can be said that play and learning are synonymous, leading to cognitive and emotional development inside a social and cultural context. For instance, the game of hide and seek: Good hiders need visual and spatial perspective to define the best hiding places, while seekers must be skilled at searching for cues from the surroundings and choosing the most probable location for the hider among various possible places.[5] A systematic review investigated the effects of educational games for mental health students:","title":"Game-based learning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller"},{"link_name":"Johan Huizinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Huizinga"},{"link_name":"Homo Ludens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Ludens_(book)"},{"link_name":"American Kriegsspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsspiel_(wargame)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Fröbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel"},{"link_name":"Fröbel Gifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6bel_Gifts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In his classical essay, \"Upon the Aesthetic Education of Man\", Friedrich Schiller discusses play as a force of civilization, which helps humans rise above their instincts and become members of enlightened communities. He states that \"humans are only fully human when they play\". While the text is limited by the author's beliefs in concepts such as freedom and beauty, it nevertheless sets the stage for Johan Huizinga's classical study, Homo Ludens.Games have long been employed as a means of education. Using the ancient game of chess, noblemen of the Middle Ages learned strategies of war. During the Civil War, volunteers from Rhode Island played American Kriegsspiel, which had originally been created in 1812 for training Prussian officers-of-war.[7] Then, in the early 19th century, came the creation of Kindergarten by Friedrich Fröbel, which was based on learning through play. Children delighted in his Fröbel Gifts, simple educational toys such as blocks, sewing kits, clay, and weaving materials.[8]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"self-efficacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative"},{"link_name":"Educational video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_video_game"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_action"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bainbridge-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"massively multiplayer online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online"},{"link_name":"role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"virtual world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_world"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty"},{"link_name":"flight simulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_simulator"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bainbridge-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bainbridge-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bainbridge-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bainbridge-13"}],"sub_title":"Theory","text":"According to Richard N. Van Eck, there are three main approaches to creating software that stimulates cognitive growth in the gamer. These three approaches are: building games from scratch created by educators and programmers; integrate commercial off-the-shelf (COTS); and creating games from scratch by the students. The most time- and cost-effective approach to designing these educational games is to incorporate COTS games into the classroom with the understanding of the learning outcomes the instructor has for the course.[9] This requires the teacher to buy into the positive results of using digital games for education. It also requires teachers to have adequate self-efficacy concerning the use of these games and their technology. The students usually have high amounts of self-efficacy in usage of digital games, while the lack of confidence teachers have in incorporating the digital games usually results in less effective educational use of the games. However, Gerber and Price (2013) have found that teachers' inexperience with digital games does not preclude them from the desire to incorporate them in class instruction, but districts must have in place support through regular professional development, supportive learning communities with their colleagues, and adequate financial support to implement game-based learning in their class instruction.[10]Games often have a fantasy element that engages players in a learning activity through narrative or storylines. Educational video games can motivate children and allow them to develop an awareness of consequentiality.[11] Children are allowed to express themselves as individuals while learning and engaging in social issues. Today's games are more social, with most teens playing games with others at least some of the time and can incorporate many aspects of civic and political life.[12] In classrooms, social game-based learning platforms are increasing in popularity, as they purport to enable students to reinforce knowledge and develop social and leadership skills.[13][citation needed]The success of game-based learning strategies owes to active participation and interaction being at the center of the experience, and signals that current educational methods are not engaging students enough.[14] Experience with and affinity for games as learning tools is an increasingly universal characteristic among those entering higher education and the workforce.[15] Game-based learning is an expansive category, ranging from simple paper-and-pencil games like word searches all the way up to complex, massively multiplayer online (MMO) and role-playing games.[16] The use of collaborative game-based role-play for learning provides an opportunity\nfor learners to apply acquired knowledge and to experiment and get feedback in the form of consequences or rewards, thus getting the experiences in the \"safe virtual world\".[17]The built-in learning process of games is what makes a game enjoyable. The progress a player makes in a game is through learning. It is the process of the human mind grasping and coming to understand a new system. The progress of understanding a new concept through gaming makes an individual feel a sense of reward whether the game is considered entertainment (Call of Duty) or serious (FAA-approved flight simulator). Well-designed games that motivate players are what make them ideal learning environments.[citation needed] Real-world challenges are easier faced within a game containing effective, interactive experiences that actively engage people in the learning process. In a successful game-based learning environment, choosing actions, experiencing consequences, and working toward goals allows players to make mistakes through experimentation in a risk-free environment.[13] Games have rules and structure and goals that inspire motivation. Games are interactive and provide outcomes and feedback. Most games also have problem solving situations that spark creativity.[18]Identification with the character within the video game is an important factor in the learning potential of the gamer. Some of the electronic games allow the gamer to create an avatar that is designed and “owned” by the gamer. This character is an expression of the human creating the virtual character.[13] This has opened a new set of scientific possibilities. The virtual world can be used as a laboratory. The relationships and space within the games can simulate complex societies and relationships without having to truly participate. This application of an avatar in not limited to simulation exercises.[19] According to Bainbridge, interviews and ethnographic research could be conducted within the reality of the game space.[13] This could include experiments in social psychology and cognitive science. The fact that game creators and gamers are wanting new experiences within the games, the introduction of “experiments” could increase the level of play and engagement.[13]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interactive_multimedia_educational_game.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive"},{"link_name":"multimedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Common Core Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Core_State_Standards_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Avaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindawi-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindawi-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Application","text":"Interactive multimedia educational game.Traditionally, technology used in school operates usually to solve problems in a fun way, particularly in mathematics. They usually make up case studies designed to introduce students to certain technologies in an effort to prepare them for a future major assignment that requires the aforementioned technology. They have also been developed to work in the virtual world.[20] More recently educational egames have been developed for Higher Education students, combining real-world case studies in a virtual environment for students to have a consistent, 24/7 educational 'virtual' experience.[21] In some public schools implementing Common Core Standards, game-based learning programs are utilized by educators to supplement their teaching programs. According to a recent case study by an ed tech-based nonprofit organization, teachers find some digital learning games help address issues with alignment in Common Core.[22]In the future, technology and games are expected to be used in simulation environments to simulate real world issues. In the professional sector, such as flight training, simulations are already used in an effort to prepare pilots for training before actually going out into planes. These training sessions are used to replicate real life stresses without the risk factor associated with flying. Simulation-games are used in other professional areas as well; a spy-themed learning game has been used to improve sales skills at Avaya[23] and a 3D simulation game has been used to train New York City emergency responders.[24]Before deciding how to use game-based learning, the trainer must first determine what they would like the trainees to learn. A trainer that fails to focus training around a central idea runs the risk of using a game that fails to connect with the learners. To prevent this, tailor the material to the demographic (age group, familiarity, educational pre-text) so that the material is neither too difficult for, nor too familiar to the learner.[25] Gathering ideas from children early in the design process has yielded useful insights into what children want in technology in general or in a specific type of application.[26] Children's early involvement in requirements gathering has revealed clues about gender differences in preferences related to technology, children's navigation skills, ways of presenting textual information, application-specific content-related preferences, the variety of elements to be included in user interfaces and their structures, and children's desire to personalize their applications.[26] Multiplayer role playing games (MMO's) provide opportunities for players to improve such skills as, “complex learning, thinking, and social practices”.[27] MMO's also provide a social network which can favor collaborative gaming and learning and contribute to the formation of teams, communication within a group and help strengthen individual and communal identities.[28]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s10956-009-9171-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10956-009-9171-5"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16964887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16964887"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"What is GBL (Game-Based 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learners?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eprints.keele.ac.uk/837/1/pringle_Ed_gaming_GT.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/gto.12058","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fgto.12058"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"65022032","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:65022032"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Game-Based Learning + Formative Assessment = A Perfect Pair - Classroom Inc\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141018131225/http://www.classroominc.org/case_study/game-based-learning-formative-assessmenta-perfect-pair/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.classroominc.org/case_study/game-based-learning-formative-assessmenta-perfect-pair/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"The Gamification of Learning and Instruction Fieldbook: Ideas into Practice Paperback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bobmorris.biz/the-gamification-of-learning-and-instruction-fieldbook-a-book-review-by-bob-morris"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1118674437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118674437"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"The Five Superpowers of the Learning Age\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elearningcouncil.com/the-five-superpowers-of-the-learning-age/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"How To Teach Using Games\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/games/howtogbl.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hindawi_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hindawi_26-1"},{"link_name":"\"Exploring Children's Requirements for Game-Based Learning Environments\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1155%2F2008%2F284056"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1155/2008/284056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1155%2F2008%2F284056"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"}],"text":"^ p. 991\n\n^ Barab, S. 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Computers and Education, 52, 800-810.\n\n^ Falloon, G (2011). \"Using avatars and virtual environments in learning: what do they offer?\". British Journal of Educational Technology. 41 (2): 108–122. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.00991.x. S2CID 2792744.\n\n^ Pringle, JK (2014). \"Educational egaming: the future for geoscience virtual learners?\" (PDF). Geology Today. 30 (4): 147–150. doi:10.1111/gto.12058. S2CID 65022032.\n\n^ \"Game-Based Learning + Formative Assessment = A Perfect Pair - Classroom Inc\". Classroom Inc. Archived from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2015-12-21.\n\n^ Kapp, Karl (November 11, 2013). The Gamification of Learning and Instruction Fieldbook: Ideas into Practice Paperback. Pfeiffer. ISBN 978-1118674437.\n\n^ Gronstedt, Anders. \"The Five Superpowers of the Learning Age\". E-Learning Council.\n\n^ \"How To Teach Using Games\". Serc.carleton.edu. Retrieved 2013-05-02.\n\n^ a b Nousiainen, Tuula; Kankaanranta, Marja (July 24, 2008). \"Exploring Children's Requirements for Game-Based Learning Environments\". Advances in Human-Computer Interaction. 2008: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2008/284056.\n\n^ Barab, 2009, p. 990\n\n^ Klopfer, E, Osterweil, S and Salen, K. Moving Learning Games Forward: Obstacles, oppostunities & openness. The education Arcade. 2009","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/whatvideogamesha0000geej"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4039-6169-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6169-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140363#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527056"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11957171c"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11957171c"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533504905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85041126"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000076956&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000269237&P_CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"James Paul Gee (2003). What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6169-3.Authority control databases: National \nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\n2","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Interactive multimedia educational game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Interactive_multimedia_educational_game.jpg/220px-Interactive_multimedia_educational_game.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Educational toy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_toy"},{"title":"Educational website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_website"},{"title":"Edutainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edutainment"},{"title":"Games and learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_and_learning"},{"title":"Gamification of learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamification_of_learning"},{"title":"Genomics Digital Lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics_Digital_Lab"},{"title":"Global Challenge Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Challenge_Award"},{"title":"Mouse Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_Practice"},{"title":"Pora Ora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pora_Ora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Quest Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Atlantis"},{"title":"Reacting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacting_games"},{"title":"Kahoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoot"}]	[{"reference":"Barab, S. 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Archived from the original on 2014-03-22. Retrieved 2014-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140322023027/http://games.eduxtive.com/news/historical-perspectives-on-games-and-education","url_text":"\"Historical Perspectives on Games and Education\""},{"url":"http://games.eduxtive.com/news/historical-perspectives-on-games-and-education","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bainbridge, W. S. (2007). \"The Scientific Research Potential of Virtual Worlds\". Science. 317 (5837): 472–476. doi:10.1126/science.1146930. PMID 17656715. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epfig	Epfig	["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 48°21′35″N 7°27′50″E / 48.3597°N 7.4639°E / 48.3597; 7.4639Commune in Grand Est, FranceEpfig ApfigCommuneThe town hall in Epfig Coat of armsLocation of Epfig EpfigShow map of FranceEpfigShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 48°21′35″N 7°27′50″E / 48.3597°N 7.4639°E / 48.3597; 7.4639CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentBas-RhinArrondissementSélestat-ErsteinCantonObernaiGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Jean-Claude MandryArea121.9 km2 (8.5 sq mi)Population (2021)2,246 • Density100/km2 (270/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code67125 /67680Elevation160–311 m (525–1,020 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Epfig is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. On the outskirts of the village is the 11th century Chapel of Saint Margaret. Epfig station has rail connections to Strasbourg and Sélestat. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 1,666— 1975 1,691+0.21%1982 1,704+0.11%1990 1,753+0.36%1999 1,947+1.17%2007 2,130+1.13%2012 2,217+0.80%2017 2,267+0.45%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Bas-Rhin department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ INSEE commune file ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epfig. vte Communes of the Bas-Rhin department Achenheim Adamswiller Albé Alteckendorf Altenheim Altorf Altwiller Andlau Artolsheim Aschbach Asswiller Avolsheim Baerendorf Balbronn Baldenheim Barembach Barr Bassemberg Batzendorf Beinheim Bellefosse Belmont Benfeld Berg Bergbieten Bernardswiller Bernardvillé Bernolsheim Berstett Berstheim Betschdorf Bettwiller Biblisheim Bietlenheim Bilwisheim Bindernheim Bischheim Bischholtz Bischoffsheim Bischwiller Bissert Bitschhoffen Blaesheim Blancherupt Blienschwiller Bœrsch Bœsenbiesen Bolsenheim Boofzheim Bootzheim Bosselshausen Bossendorf Bourg-Bruche Bourgheim Bouxwiller Breitenau Breitenbach Breuschwickersheim La Broque Brumath Buhl Burbach Bust Buswiller Butten Châtenois Cleebourg Climbach Colroy-la-Roche Cosswiller Crastatt Crœttwiller Dachstein Dahlenheim Dalhunden Dambach Dambach-la-Ville Dangolsheim Daubensand Dauendorf Dehlingen Dettwiller Diebolsheim Diedendorf Dieffenbach-au-Val Dieffenbach-lès-Wœrth Dieffenthal Diemeringen Dimbsthal Dingsheim Dinsheim-sur-Bruche Domfessel Donnenheim Dorlisheim Dossenheim-Kochersberg Dossenheim-sur-Zinsel Drachenbronn-Birlenbach Drulingen Drusenheim Duntzenheim Duppigheim Durningen Durrenbach Durstel Duttlenheim Eberbach-Seltz Ebersheim Ebersmunster Eckartswiller Eckbolsheim Eckwersheim Eichhoffen Elsenheim Engwiller Entzheim Epfig Erckartswiller Ergersheim Ernolsheim-Bruche Ernolsheim-lès-Saverne Erstein Eschau Eschbach Eschbourg Eschwiller Ettendorf Eywiller Fegersheim Fessenheim-le-Bas Flexbourg Forstfeld Forstheim Fort-Louis Fouchy Fouday Friedolsheim Friesenheim Frœschwiller Frohmuhl Furchhausen Furdenheim Gambsheim Geispolsheim Geiswiller-Zœbersdorf Gerstheim Gertwiller Geudertheim Gœrlingen Gœrsdorf Gottenhouse Gottesheim Gougenheim Goxwiller Grandfontaine Grassendorf Grendelbruch Gresswiller Gries Griesheim-près-Molsheim Griesheim-sur-Souffel Gumbrechtshoffen Gundershoffen Gungwiller Gunstett Haegen Haguenausubpr Handschuheim Hangenbieten Harskirchen Hatten Hattmatt Hegeney Heidolsheim Heiligenberg Heiligenstein Hengwiller Herbitzheim Herbsheim Herrlisheim Hessenheim Hilsenheim Hindisheim Hinsbourg Hinsingen Hipsheim Hirschland Hochfelden Hochstett Hœnheim Hœrdt Hoffen Hohengœft Hohfrankenheim Le Hohwald Holtzheim Hunspach Hurtigheim Huttendorf Huttenheim Ichtratzheim Illkirch-Graffenstaden Ingenheim Ingolsheim Ingwiller Innenheim Issenhausen Ittenheim Itterswiller Jetterswiller Kaltenhouse Kauffenheim Keffenach Kertzfeld Keskastel Kesseldorf Kienheim Kilstett Kindwiller Kintzheim Kirchheim Kirrberg Kirrwiller Kleingœft Knœrsheim Kogenheim Kolbsheim Krautergersheim Krautwiller Kriegsheim Kurtzenhouse Kuttolsheim Kutzenhausen Lalaye Lampertheim Lampertsloch Landersheim Langensoultzbach Laubach Lauterbourg Lembach Leutenheim Lichtenberg Limersheim Lingolsheim Lipsheim Littenheim Lixhausen Lobsann Lochwiller Lohr Lorentzen Lupstein Lutzelhouse Mackenheim Mackwiller Maennolsheim Maisonsgoutte Marckolsheim Marlenheim Marmoutier Matzenheim Meistratzheim Melsheim Memmelshoffen Menchhoffen Merkwiller-Pechelbronn Mertzwiller Mietesheim Minversheim Mittelbergheim Mittelhausbergen Mittelschaeffolsheim Mollkirch Molsheimsubpr Mommenheim Monswiller Morsbronn-les-Bains Morschwiller Mothern Muhlbach-sur-Bruche Mulhausen Munchhausen Mundolsheim Mussig Muttersholtz Mutzenhouse Mutzig Natzwiller Neewiller-près-Lauterbourg Neubois Neugartheim-Ittlenheim Neuhaeusel Neuve-Église Neuviller-la-Roche Neuwiller-lès-Saverne Niederbronn-les-Bains Niederhaslach Niederhausbergen Niederlauterbach Niedermodern Niedernai Niederrœdern Niederschaeffolsheim Niedersoultzbach Niedersteinbach Nordheim Nordhouse Nothalten Obenheim Oberbronn Oberdorf-Spachbach Oberhaslach Oberhausbergen Oberhoffen-lès-Wissembourg Oberhoffen-sur-Moder Oberlauterbach Obermodern-Zutzendorf Obernai Oberrœdern Oberschaeffolsheim Obersoultzbach Obersteinbach Odratzheim Oermingen Offendorf Offwiller Ohlungen Ohnenheim Olwisheim Orschwiller Osthoffen Osthouse Ostwald Ottersthal Otterswiller Ottrott Ottwiller Petersbach La Petite-Pierre Pfalzweyer Pfulgriesheim Plaine Plobsheim Preuschdorf Printzheim Puberg Quatzenheim Rangen Ranrupt Ratzwiller Rauwiller Reichsfeld Reichshoffen Reichstett Reinhardsmunster Reipertswiller Retschwiller Reutenbourg Rexingen Rhinau Richtolsheim Riedseltz Rimsdorf Ringendorf Rittershoffen Rœschwoog Rohr Rohrwiller Romanswiller Roppenheim Rosenwiller Rosheim Rossfeld Rosteig Rothau Rothbach Rott Rottelsheim Rountzenheim-Auenheim Russ Saales Saasenheim Saessolsheim Saint-Blaise-la-Roche Saint-Jean-Saverne Saint-Martin Saint-Maurice Saint-Nabor Saint-Pierre Saint-Pierre-Bois Salmbach Sand Sarre-Union Sarrewerden Saulxures Savernesubpr Schaeffersheim Schaffhouse-près-Seltz Schalkendorf Scharrachbergheim-Irmstett Scheibenhard Scherlenheim Scherwiller Schillersdorf Schiltigheim Schirmeck Schirrhein Schirrhoffen Schleithal Schnersheim Schœnau Schœnbourg Schœnenbourg Schopperten Schweighouse-sur-Moder Schwenheim Schwindratzheim Schwobsheim Seebach Sélestatsubpr Seltz Sermersheim Sessenheim Siegen Siewiller Siltzheim Solbach Sommerau Souffelweyersheim Soufflenheim Soultz-les-Bains Soultz-sous-Forêts Sparsbach Stattmatten Steige Steinbourg Steinseltz Still Stotzheim Strasbourgpref Struth Stundwiller Stutzheim-Offenheim Sundhouse Surbourg Thal-Drulingen Thal-Marmoutier Thanvillé Tieffenbach Traenheim Triembach-au-Val Trimbach Truchtersheim Uhlwiller Uhrwiller Urbeis Urmatt Uttenheim Uttenhoffen Uttwiller Val-de-Moder Valff La Vancelle Vendenheim Villé Vœllerdingen Volksberg Wahlenheim Walbourg Waldersbach Waldhambach Waldolwisheim Waltenheim-sur-Zorn Wangen Wangenbourg-Engenthal La Wantzenau Wasselonne Weinbourg Weislingen Weitbruch Weiterswiller Westhoffen Westhouse Westhouse-Marmoutier Weyer Weyersheim Wickersheim-Wilshausen Wildersbach Willgottheim Wilwisheim Wimmenau Windstein Wingen Wingen-sur-Moder Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans Wintershouse Wintzenbach Wintzenheim-Kochersberg Wisches Wissembourg Witternheim Wittersheim Wittisheim Wiwersheim Wœrth Wolfisheim Wolfskirchen Wolschheim Wolxheim Zehnacker Zeinheim Zellwiller Zinswiller Zittersheim pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States This Bas-Rhin geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bas-Rhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chapel of Saint Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Margaret%27s_Chapel,_Epfig"},{"link_name":"Epfig station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epfig_station"}],"text":"Commune in Grand Est, FranceEpfig is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.[3]On the outskirts of the village is the 11th century Chapel of Saint Margaret. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuyugh	Tuyugh	["1 References"]	Form of Turkic poetry This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tuyugh" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A tuyugh is a classical form of poetry in Central Asia found in classical Turkic poetry. Poets to use this style include Ali-Shir Nava'i and Gadāʾī, who both wrote in Chaghatay. References ^ Öztoprak, Nihat (2012). "Tuyuğ" (PDF). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 41. pp. 450–451. Retrieved 2017-11-28. Authority control databases İslâm Ansiklopedisi This poetry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ali-Shir Nava'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i"},{"link_name":"Gadāʾī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gad%C4%81%CA%BE%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Chaghatay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaghatay"}],"text":"A tuyugh is a classical form of poetry in Central Asia found in classical Turkic poetry.[1] Poets to use this style include Ali-Shir Nava'i and Gadāʾī, who both wrote in Chaghatay.","title":"Tuyugh"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Öztoprak, Nihat (2012). \"Tuyuğ\" (PDF). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 41. pp. 450–451. Retrieved 2017-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/pdf/c41/c410256.pdf","url_text":"\"Tuyuğ\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tuyugh%22","external_links_name":"\"Tuyugh\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tuyugh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tuyugh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tuyugh%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tuyugh%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tuyugh%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/pdf/c41/c410256.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tuyuğ\""},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tuyug","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuyugh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribchester_(horse)	Ribchester (horse)	["1 Background","2 Racing career","2.1 2015: two-year-old season","2.2 2016: three-year-old season","2.3 2017: four-year-old season","3 Assessment","4 Stud career","4.1 Notable Progeny","5 Pedigree","6 References","7 External links"]	Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse Ribchester Racing silks ofDavid W Armstrong and GodolphinSireIffraajGrandsireZafonicDamMujarahDamsireMarjuSexColtFoaled25 March 2013CountryIrelandColourBayBreederAudrey Thompson & M O'BrienOwnerDavid W ArmstrongGodolphinTrainerRichard FaheyRecord14: 6-4-3Earnings£2,356,168Major winsMill Reef Stakes (2015)Jersey Stakes (2016)Prix Jacques Le Marois (2016)Lockinge Stakes (2017)Queen Anne Stakes (2017)Prix du Moulin (2017)AwardsTop-rated British-trained three-year-old (2016) Ribchester (foaled 25 March 2013) is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. As a two-year-old in 2015 he finished second in the Gimcrack Stakes on his second racecourse appearance and then won the Group Two Mill Reef Stakes. In 2016 he was rated the best British-trained colt of his generation and was one of the top milers in Europe, winning the Jersey Stakes at Royal Ascot and the Prix Jacques Le Marois in France as well as being placed in the 2000 Guineas, Sussex Stakes and Queen Elizabeth II Stakes. In 2017 he added further major victories in the Lockinge Stakes, Queen Anne Stakes and Prix du Moulin Background Ribchester is a bay colt with a small, oddly-shaped white star and white coronet markings on his hind legs bred by Audrey Thompson & M O'Brien of the County Tipperary-based Kilmore Stud. As a foal in November 2013 he was put up for auction at Goffs and sold for €78,000 to the bloodstock agent Jamie Railton. In October 2014 the yearling returned to the Goffs sales ring and was bought for €105,000 by David W Armstrong's Chorley-based Highfield Farm. The colt, who is named after the village of Ribchester, was sent into training with Richard Fahey at Malton in North Yorkshire. He was sired by Iffraaj, who won the Group 2 Park Stakes twice and the Lennox Stakes once, as well as finishing second in the 2006 July Cup. His other progeny have included Rizeena, Chriselliam, Hot Streak and Wootton Bassett. Ribchester's dam Mujarah showed no racing ability whatsoever, finishing unplaced in all five of her races. Her grand-dam Mehthaaf won the Irish 1,000 Guineas and was a half-sister to Elnadim as well as being closely related to Dubai Millennium and Timber Country. Racing career 2015: two-year-old season Ribchester made his racecourse debut in a maiden race over six furlongs at Doncaster Racecourse on 9 July. Starting at odds of 8/1 in an eight-runner field he took the lead a furlong out but was overtaken and beaten three quarters of a length by the William Haggas-trained Melabi. Despite his defeat, the colt was then stepped up sharply in class for the Group Two Gimcrack Stakes at York Racecourse and started a 25/1 outsider. Ridden as on his debut by Tony Hamilton he overcame a poor start and stayed on well in the closing stages to finish second behind Ajaya with Raucous in third place. After the race he was purchased privately by Sheikh Mohammed's Godolphin organisation but remained in training with Fahey. On his first appearance for his new owner Ribchester was partnered by James Doyle and started the 13/8 favourite for the Group Two Mill Reef Stakes at Newbury Racecourse on 19 September. The best of his five opponents appeared to be Raucous and the Godolphin second string Log Out Island (runner-up in the Norfolk Stakes). After racing towards the rear of the field he moved up on the outside, overtook Log Out Island approaching the final furlong and despite looking "green" (inexperienced) he stayed on to win by one and a quarter lengths. Doyle commented "It was a solid performance... he was just pricking his ears a bit in the end. He's a big, raw type with plenty of scope and I would imagine that he will be much better next year" whilst Fahey said "He's a big baby and it's amazing how a race can bring horses on. York verified how good we thought he was and today has confirmed it. If I've got a Guineas horse, it's him." 2016: three-year-old season Ribchester began his second season with a trip to France for the Prix Djebel over 1400 metres on heavy ground at Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse on 7 April. He finished second to Cheikeljack but was relegated to fifth for hampering the third-placed Attendu when veering to the left in the closing stages. Twenty-three days after his run in France, Ribchester started a 33/1 outsider for the 208th running of the 2000 Guineas over the Rowley Mile course at Newmarket. Ridden by William Buick he raced in mid-division before staying on in the last quarter mile to finish third of the thirteen runners behind Galileo Gold and Massaat. At Royal Ascot in June Ribchester was again partnered by Buick when he was dropped in distance for the seven-furlong Jersey Stakes in which, as a Group Two winner, he had to carry a five-pound weight penalty. The improving handicapper Castle Harbour started favourite with Ribchester joint second in the betting on 7/1 alongside the gelding Gifted Master (Autumn Stakes, Pavilion Stakes). Ribchester was always going well, moved up to join the leaders two furlongs out and drew away in the closing stages to win by two and a quarter lengths from the Michael Stoute-trained Thikriyaat. Fahey admitted that he had "chickened out" of running the colt in the more competitive St James's Palace Stakes but added "Mentally, the horse is a huge baby and still backward, and he's going to make a lovely four-year-old. I was worried because this race was quite competitive, but he destroyed them" The Sussex Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse on 27 July included some top-class older horses including Toormore and Lightning Spear but the betting was dominated by three-year-old colts with Ribchester starting the 8/1 fourth favourite behind The Gurkha, Galileo Gold and Awtaad. Ribchester produced a strong late run on the outside but in a very tight finish he was beaten into third place, a short head and a neck behind The Gurkha and Galileo Gold. On 14 August Ribchester was sent to France for the second time and started 2.75/1 second favourite behind Galileo Gold for the Prix Jacques Le Marois over 1600 metres at Deauville Racecourse. The other nine runners included Ervedya, Esoterique, Vadamos (Prix du Muguet), Lightning Spear, Stormy Atlantic (Craven Stakes), Dicton (Prix de Fontainebleau), Arod (Summer Mile Stakes) and Spectre (Prix Imprudence). Ribchester was restrained by Buick in mid-division as Galileo Gold and Arod disputed the early lead before making a forward move in the last 400 metres. Vadamos went to the front 300 metres out, but Ribchester overtook the French horse in the closing stages and won "readily" by half a length. After the race Fahey said "He is a horse with an awful lot of speed, very talented, and keeps improving with racing. He is getting stronger and better. He had to dig deep today and came out with flying colors." On his final run of the year, Ribchester started the 7/2 second favourite behind Minding for the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes over the straight mile course at Ascot Racecourse on 15 October. After tracking the leaders he moved into contention as Minding went to the front two furlongs out. He appeared to be outpaced by the favourite but kept on well to reduce the Irish filly's advantage and finished second, beaten half a length, with Lighting Spear in third. The other beaten horses included Awtaad, Galileo Gold, Jet Setting and Hit It A Bomb (Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf). 2017: four-year-old season For his first run of 2017 Ribchester was sent to the United Arab Emirates and moved up in trip for the Dubai Turf over nine furlong at Meydan Racecourse on 25 March. He was in contention from the start and was sent to the front by Buick approaching the last quarter mile. He maintained his advantage until the last hundred yards but was then overtaken and finished third to the Japanese filly Vivlos and the French colt Heshem. On his return to Europe the colt contested the Lockinge Stakes at Newbury in May and started 7/4 favourite in front of seven opponents headed by Galileo Gold and the Irish filly Somehow. Ribchester took the lead from the start and set a steady pace before accelerating in the last quarter mile. He drew away from the field in the closing stages and won by three and three quarter lengths from Lightning Spear. Richard Fahey admitted "I was quite nervous today and I don't do nerves", before adding "It was a big day, you just want to perform and, God, he did. This guy's special". At Royal Ascot on 20 June Ribchester started 11/10 favourite against fifteen opponents in the Queen Anne Stakes. After tracking the leaders he went to the front a furlong out and won by a length and a quarter from Mutakayyef in a new course record time of 1:36.60. Buick described the winner as "a fabulous horse... the best miler I've ridden". Ribchester was generally expected to add to his tally of Group 1 wins in the Sussex Stakes at Goodwood on 2 August especially after his main rival Churchill was withdrawn on account of the exceptionally testing conditions. Racing on soft, wet turf in heavy rain, Ribchester led for most of the way but was overtaken in the final furlong and despite rallying strongly in the closing strides he was beaten a neck by the 20/1 outsider Here Comes When. Ribchester returned to the track on 10 September and started favourite for the Prix du Moulin, run that year at Chantilly Racecourse. His opponents on this occasion were Lightning Spear, Taareef (Prix Messidor), Inns of Court (Prix de la Porte Maillot), Robin of Navan (Critérium de Saint-Cloud) Lady Frankel (Prix de Lieurey) and Masaat (Hungerford Stakes). After tracking the leader Robin of Navan, Ribchester went to the front 400 metres from the finish and stayed on well to win by three quarters of a length from Taareef. Assessment In the official ratings for European two-year-olds of 2015, Ribchester was given a rating of 113, making him the twelfth-best colt of the year, eleven pounds behind the champion Air Force Blue. In the 2016 edition of the World's Best Racehorse Rankings Ribchester was given a rating of 122, making him the 18th best racehorse in the world and the best three-year-old trained in Britain. In the 2017 World's Best Racehorse Rankings, Ribchester was rated the ninth-best horse in the world and the best miler in Europe. Stud career Ribchester was retired to stud in 2018 in Australia. He sired Plymstock, a stakes performer in Australia. In 2020, he relocated to Huanui Farm in New Zealand to replace his sire Iffraaj on their roster. Notable Progeny c = colt, f = filly, g = gelding Foaled Name Sex Major Wins 2019 Facteur Cheval g Dubai Turf Pedigree Pedigree of Ribchester, bay colt, 2013 SireIffraaj (GB)2001 Zafonic (USA)1990 Gone West Mr. Prospector Secrettame Zaizafon The Minstrel Mofida Pastorale (GB)1988 Nureyev Northern Dancer Special Park Appeal Ahonoora Balidaress DamMujarah (IRE)2008 Marju (IRE)1988 Last Tycoon Try My Best Mill Princess Flame of Tara Artaius Welsh Flame Tanaghum (GB)2000 Darshaan Shirley Heights Delsy Mehthaaf Nureyev Elle Seule (Family: 4-m) References ^ a b "Ribchester pedigree". Equineline. ^ "Goffs November Foals 2013". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. ^ "Goffs Orby Yearling Sale". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. ^ "Iffraaj progeny". Racing Post. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ "Mujarah – Record By Race Type". Racing Post. ^ a b "Magnolia – Family 4-m". Thoroughbred Bloodlines. Retrieved 2 June 2013. ^ "Mill Reef Stakes result". Timeform. 19 September 2015. ^ "Ribchester Delivers For Fahey". Sporting Life. 19 September 2015. ^ "Prix Djebel result". Timeform. 7 April 2016. ^ "Jersey Stakes result". Timeform. 15 June 2016. ^ Tom Richmond (16 June 2016). "Ribchester and Buick keep it 'simple' to seal Jersey Stakes victory". Yorkshire Post. ^ "Prix Jacques Le Marois result". Timeform. 14 August 2016. ^ Myra Lewyn (14 August 2016). "Ribchester Game in Marois Win". The Blood-Horse. ^ "Full Result 3.30 Newbury – 20 May 2017 – Racing Post". Timeform. ^ Chris Cook (20 May 2017). "Ribchester's Lockinge win a new Godolphin boost". The Guardian. ^ "Queen Anne Stakes result". Racing Post. 20 June 2017. ^ "Ribchester too much for Queen Anne foes". ESPN. 20 June 2017. ^ "Prix du Moulin result". Racing Post. 10 September 2017. ^ Authority. "Air Force Blue flies high as European Two-Year-Old Classification for 2015 is revealed". The British Horseracing Authority. ^ "The 2016 World Thoroughbred Rankings". International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities. Retrieved 19 January 2016. ^ "The 2017 World Thoroughbred Rankings". International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ "Profile". ^ "Haunui Farm stallion Parade \| NZ Racing News". External links Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart – Ribchester	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"Gimcrack Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimcrack_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Group Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_races"},{"link_name":"Mill Reef Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Reef_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Jersey Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Royal Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ascot"},{"link_name":"Prix Jacques Le Marois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Jacques_Le_Marois"},{"link_name":"2000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"Sussex Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Lockinge Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockinge_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Prix du Moulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_du_Moulin"}],"text":"Ribchester (foaled 25 March 2013) is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. As a two-year-old in 2015 he finished second in the Gimcrack Stakes on his second racecourse appearance and then won the Group Two Mill Reef Stakes. In 2016 he was rated the best British-trained colt of his generation and was one of the top milers in Europe, winning the Jersey Stakes at Royal Ascot and the Prix Jacques Le Marois in France as well as being placed in the 2000 Guineas, Sussex Stakes and Queen Elizabeth II Stakes. In 2017 he added further major victories in the Lockinge Stakes, Queen Anne Stakes and Prix du Moulin","title":"Ribchester (horse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(horse_marking)"},{"link_name":"coronet markings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_markings#Leg_markings"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"yearling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearling_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Chorley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ribchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribchester"},{"link_name":"Malton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malton,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Iffraaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iffraaj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Park Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Lennox Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox_Stakes"},{"link_name":"July Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rizeena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizeena"},{"link_name":"Chriselliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chriselliam"},{"link_name":"Wootton Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wootton_Bassett_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mehthaaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehthaaf"},{"link_name":"Irish 1,000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_1,000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"Elnadim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elnadim"},{"link_name":"Dubai Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Millennium"},{"link_name":"Timber Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Country"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbl-6"}],"text":"Ribchester is a bay colt with a small, oddly-shaped white star and white coronet markings on his hind legs bred by Audrey Thompson & M O'Brien of the County Tipperary-based Kilmore Stud. As a foal in November 2013 he was put up for auction at Goffs and sold for €78,000 to the bloodstock agent Jamie Railton.[2] In October 2014 the yearling returned to the Goffs sales ring and was bought for €105,000 by David W Armstrong's Chorley-based Highfield Farm.[3] The colt, who is named after the village of Ribchester, was sent into training with Richard Fahey at Malton in North Yorkshire.He was sired by Iffraaj, who won the Group 2 Park Stakes twice and the Lennox Stakes once, as well as finishing second in the 2006 July Cup. His other progeny have included Rizeena, Chriselliam, Hot Streak and Wootton Bassett.[4] Ribchester's dam Mujarah showed no racing ability whatsoever, finishing unplaced in all five of her races.[5] Her grand-dam Mehthaaf won the Irish 1,000 Guineas and was a half-sister to Elnadim as well as being closely related to Dubai Millennium and Timber Country.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maiden race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_race"},{"link_name":"furlongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlongs"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"8/1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_odds"},{"link_name":"William Haggas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Haggas"},{"link_name":"Group Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_races"},{"link_name":"Gimcrack Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimcrack_Stakes"},{"link_name":"York Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum"},{"link_name":"Godolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godolphin_Racing"},{"link_name":"James Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Doyle_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Newbury Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Stakes_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2015: two-year-old season","text":"Ribchester made his racecourse debut in a maiden race over six furlongs at Doncaster Racecourse on 9 July. Starting at odds of 8/1 in an eight-runner field he took the lead a furlong out but was overtaken and beaten three quarters of a length by the William Haggas-trained Melabi. Despite his defeat, the colt was then stepped up sharply in class for the Group Two Gimcrack Stakes at York Racecourse and started a 25/1 outsider. Ridden as on his debut by Tony Hamilton he overcame a poor start and stayed on well in the closing stages to finish second behind Ajaya with Raucous in third place. After the race he was purchased privately by Sheikh Mohammed's Godolphin organisation but remained in training with Fahey.On his first appearance for his new owner Ribchester was partnered by James Doyle and started the 13/8 favourite for the Group Two Mill Reef Stakes at Newbury Racecourse on 19 September. The best of his five opponents appeared to be Raucous and the Godolphin second string Log Out Island (runner-up in the Norfolk Stakes). After racing towards the rear of the field he moved up on the outside, overtook Log Out Island approaching the final furlong and despite looking \"green\" (inexperienced) he stayed on to win by one and a quarter lengths.[7] Doyle commented \"It was a solid performance... he was just pricking his ears a bit in the end. He's a big, raw type with plenty of scope and I would imagine that he will be much better next year\" whilst Fahey said \"He's a big baby and it's amazing how a race can bring horses on. York verified how good we thought he was and today has confirmed it. If I've got a Guineas horse, it's him.\"[8]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prix Djebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Djebel"},{"link_name":"heavy ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_(horse_racing)"},{"link_name":"Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisons-Laffitte_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Guineas"},{"link_name":"Newmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"William Buick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buick"},{"link_name":"Galileo Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Gold"},{"link_name":"Royal Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ascot"},{"link_name":"handicapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicap_(horse_racing)"},{"link_name":"gelding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelding"},{"link_name":"Autumn Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Stakes_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Pavilion Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Michael Stoute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stoute"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"St James's Palace Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sussex Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Goodwood Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwood_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Toormore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toormore"},{"link_name":"Lightning Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_Spear"},{"link_name":"The Gurkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gurkha"},{"link_name":"Awtaad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtaad"},{"link_name":"Deauville Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deauville_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Ervedya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervedya"},{"link_name":"Esoterique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoterique"},{"link_name":"Prix du Muguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_du_Muguet"},{"link_name":"Craven Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craven_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Prix de Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"Summer Mile Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Mile_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Prix Imprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Imprudence"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Minding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minding_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Ascot Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Jet Setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Setting"},{"link_name":"Hit It A Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hit_It_A_Bomb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile_Turf"}],"sub_title":"2016: three-year-old season","text":"Ribchester began his second season with a trip to France for the Prix Djebel over 1400 metres on heavy ground at Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse on 7 April. He finished second to Cheikeljack but was relegated to fifth for hampering the third-placed Attendu when veering to the left in the closing stages.[9] Twenty-three days after his run in France, Ribchester started a 33/1 outsider for the 208th running of the 2000 Guineas over the Rowley Mile course at Newmarket. Ridden by William Buick he raced in mid-division before staying on in the last quarter mile to finish third of the thirteen runners behind Galileo Gold and Massaat.At Royal Ascot in June Ribchester was again partnered by Buick when he was dropped in distance for the seven-furlong Jersey Stakes in which, as a Group Two winner, he had to carry a five-pound weight penalty. The improving handicapper Castle Harbour started favourite with Ribchester joint second in the betting on 7/1 alongside the gelding Gifted Master (Autumn Stakes, Pavilion Stakes). Ribchester was always going well, moved up to join the leaders two furlongs out and drew away in the closing stages to win by two and a quarter lengths from the Michael Stoute-trained Thikriyaat.[10] Fahey admitted that he had \"chickened out\" of running the colt in the more competitive St James's Palace Stakes but added \"Mentally, the horse is a huge baby and still backward, and he's going to make a lovely four-year-old. I was worried because this race was quite competitive, but he destroyed them\"[11]The Sussex Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse on 27 July included some top-class older horses including Toormore and Lightning Spear but the betting was dominated by three-year-old colts with Ribchester starting the 8/1 fourth favourite behind The Gurkha, Galileo Gold and Awtaad. Ribchester produced a strong late run on the outside but in a very tight finish he was beaten into third place, a short head and a neck behind The Gurkha and Galileo Gold. On 14 August Ribchester was sent to France for the second time and started 2.75/1 second favourite behind Galileo Gold for the Prix Jacques Le Marois over 1600 metres at Deauville Racecourse. The other nine runners included Ervedya, Esoterique, Vadamos (Prix du Muguet), Lightning Spear, Stormy Atlantic (Craven Stakes), Dicton (Prix de Fontainebleau), Arod (Summer Mile Stakes) and Spectre (Prix Imprudence). Ribchester was restrained by Buick in mid-division as Galileo Gold and Arod disputed the early lead before making a forward move in the last 400 metres. Vadamos went to the front 300 metres out, but Ribchester overtook the French horse in the closing stages and won \"readily\" by half a length.[12] After the race Fahey said \"He is a horse with an awful lot of speed, very talented, and keeps improving with racing. He is getting stronger and better. He had to dig deep today and came out with flying colors.\"[13]On his final run of the year, Ribchester started the 7/2 second favourite behind Minding for the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes over the straight mile course at Ascot Racecourse on 15 October. After tracking the leaders he moved into contention as Minding went to the front two furlongs out. He appeared to be outpaced by the favourite but kept on well to reduce the Irish filly's advantage and finished second, beaten half a length, with Lighting Spear in third. The other beaten horses included Awtaad, Galileo Gold, Jet Setting and Hit It A Bomb (Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf).","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dubai Turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Turf"},{"link_name":"Meydan Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meydan_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Chantilly Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Prix Messidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Messidor"},{"link_name":"Prix de la Porte Maillot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_la_Porte_Maillot"},{"link_name":"Critérium de Saint-Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crit%C3%A9rium_de_Saint-Cloud"},{"link_name":"Prix de Lieurey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Lieurey"},{"link_name":"Hungerford Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungerford_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"2017: four-year-old season","text":"For his first run of 2017 Ribchester was sent to the United Arab Emirates and moved up in trip for the Dubai Turf over nine furlong at Meydan Racecourse on 25 March. He was in contention from the start and was sent to the front by Buick approaching the last quarter mile. He maintained his advantage until the last hundred yards but was then overtaken and finished third to the Japanese filly Vivlos and the French colt Heshem. On his return to Europe the colt contested the Lockinge Stakes at Newbury in May and started 7/4 favourite in front of seven opponents headed by Galileo Gold and the Irish filly Somehow. Ribchester took the lead from the start and set a steady pace before accelerating in the last quarter mile. He drew away from the field in the closing stages and won by three and three quarter lengths from Lightning Spear.[14] Richard Fahey admitted \"I was quite nervous today and I don't do nerves\", before adding \"It was a big day, you just want to perform and, God, he did. This guy's special\".[15]At Royal Ascot on 20 June Ribchester started 11/10 favourite against fifteen opponents in the Queen Anne Stakes. After tracking the leaders he went to the front a furlong out and won by a length and a quarter from Mutakayyef in a new course record time of 1:36.60.[16] Buick described the winner as \"a fabulous horse... the best miler I've ridden\".[17] Ribchester was generally expected to add to his tally of Group 1 wins in the Sussex Stakes at Goodwood on 2 August especially after his main rival Churchill was withdrawn on account of the exceptionally testing conditions. Racing on soft, wet turf in heavy rain, Ribchester led for most of the way but was overtaken in the final furlong and despite rallying strongly in the closing strides he was beaten a neck by the 20/1 outsider Here Comes When.Ribchester returned to the track on 10 September and started favourite for the Prix du Moulin, run that year at Chantilly Racecourse. His opponents on this occasion were Lightning Spear, Taareef (Prix Messidor), Inns of Court (Prix de la Porte Maillot), Robin of Navan (Critérium de Saint-Cloud) Lady Frankel (Prix de Lieurey) and Masaat (Hungerford Stakes). After tracking the leader Robin of Navan, Ribchester went to the front 400 metres from the finish and stayed on well to win by three quarters of a length from Taareef.[18]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Blue"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2016 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_World%27s_Best_Racehorse_Rankings"},{"link_name":"World's Best Racehorse Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Best_Racehorse_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2017 World's Best Racehorse Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World%27s_Best_Racehorse_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In the official ratings for European two-year-olds of 2015, Ribchester was given a rating of 113, making him the twelfth-best colt of the year, eleven pounds behind the champion Air Force Blue.[19]In the 2016 edition of the World's Best Racehorse Rankings Ribchester was given a rating of 122, making him the 18th best racehorse in the world and the best three-year-old trained in Britain.[20]In the 2017 World's Best Racehorse Rankings, Ribchester was rated the ninth-best horse in the world and the best miler in Europe.[21]","title":"Assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Ribchester was retired to stud in 2018 in Australia. He sired Plymstock, a stakes performer in Australia. In 2020, he relocated to Huanui Farm in New Zealand to replace his sire Iffraaj on their roster. [22] [23]","title":"Stud career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_(horse)"},{"link_name":"filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filly"},{"link_name":"gelding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelding"}],"sub_title":"Notable Progeny","text":"c = colt, f = filly, g = gelding","title":"Stud career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pedigree"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ribchester pedigree\". Equineline.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm/=Ribchester%20(IRE)?page_state=DISPLAY_REPORT&reference_number=9568709&registry=T&horse_name==Ribchester%20(IRE)&dam_name==Mujarah%20(IRE)&foaling_year=2013&include_sire_line=N","url_text":"\"Ribchester pedigree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goffs November Foals 2013\". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170206024259/http://bloodstock.racingpost.com/sales/results/individual_home.sd?tab=&st=8&l=&i=1&ob=ln&od=ASC&page=1&fv=131072&df=2013-11-18&dt=2013-11-20&venue_id=3&hn=&s=&a=&sin=&dn=Mujarah&sdn=&vn=&b=&mip=&map=&lm=#individualResultsTabs=catalogue_3","url_text":"\"Goffs November Foals 2013\""},{"url":"http://bloodstock.racingpost.com/sales/results/individual_home.sd?tab=&st=8&l=&i=1&ob=ln&od=ASC&page=1&fv=131072&df=2013-11-18&dt=2013-11-20&venue_id=3&hn=&s=&a=&sin=&dn=Mujarah&sdn=&vn=&b=&mip=&map=&lm=#individualResultsTabs=catalogue_3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Goffs Orby Yearling Sale\". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170206022526/http://bloodstock.racingpost.com/sales/results/individual_home.sd?tab=&st=8&l=&i=1&ob=ln&od=ASC&page=1&fv=131072&df=2014-09-30&dt=2014-10-01&venue_id=3&hn=&s=&a=&sin=&dn=Mujarah&sdn=&vn=&b=&mip=&map=&lm=#individualResultsTabs=catalogue_3","url_text":"\"Goffs Orby Yearling Sale\""},{"url":"http://bloodstock.racingpost.com/sales/results/individual_home.sd?tab=&st=8&l=&i=1&ob=ln&od=ASC&page=1&fv=131072&df=2014-09-30&dt=2014-10-01&venue_id=3&hn=&s=&a=&sin=&dn=Mujarah&sdn=&vn=&b=&mip=&map=&lm=#individualResultsTabs=catalogue_3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iffraaj progeny\". Racing Post. Retrieved 10 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/584449/iffraaj/progeny","url_text":"\"Iffraaj progeny\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mujarah – Record By Race Type\". Racing Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/766683/mujarah","url_text":"\"Mujarah – Record By Race Type\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magnolia – Family 4-m\". Thoroughbred Bloodlines. Retrieved 2 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family4m.htm","url_text":"\"Magnolia – Family 4-m\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mill Reef Stakes result\". Timeform. 19 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/newbury/2015-09-19/0215/34/3","url_text":"\"Mill Reef Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ribchester Delivers For Fahey\". Sporting Life. 19 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportinglife.com/racing/report/693958/ribchester-gave-richard-fahey-a-second-winner-of-the-mill-reef-stakes","url_text":"\"Ribchester Delivers For Fahey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prix Djebel result\". Timeform. 7 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/maisons-laffitte/2016-04-07/0110/81/3","url_text":"\"Prix Djebel result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jersey Stakes result\". Timeform. 15 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/ascot/2016-06-15/0230/1/1","url_text":"\"Jersey Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Richmond (16 June 2016). \"Ribchester and Buick keep it 'simple' to seal Jersey Stakes victory\". Yorkshire Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/ribchester-and-buick-keep-it-simple-to-seal-jersey-stakes-victory-1-7966467","url_text":"\"Ribchester and Buick keep it 'simple' to seal Jersey Stakes victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Prix Jacques Le Marois result\". Timeform. 14 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/deauville/2016-08-14/0355/70/4","url_text":"\"Prix Jacques Le Marois result\""}]},{"reference":"Myra Lewyn (14 August 2016). \"Ribchester Game in Marois Win\". The Blood-Horse.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/214216/ribchester-game-in-marois-win","url_text":"\"Ribchester Game in Marois Win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blood-Horse","url_text":"The Blood-Horse"}]},{"reference":"\"Full Result 3.30 Newbury – 20 May 2017 – Racing Post\". Timeform.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/result/newbury/2017-05-20/0330/34/4","url_text":"\"Full Result 3.30 Newbury – 20 May 2017 – Racing Post\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Cook (20 May 2017). \"Ribchester's Lockinge win a new Godolphin boost\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/may/20/ribchester-godolphin-william-buick-derby-ban-lockinge-newbury-horse-racing","url_text":"\"Ribchester's Lockinge win a new Godolphin boost\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Anne Stakes result\". Racing Post. 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2017-06-20/672875","url_text":"\"Queen Anne Stakes result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ribchester too much for Queen Anne foes\". ESPN. 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.co.uk/horse-racing/story/_/id/19689232/ribchester-too-much-queen-anne-foes","url_text":"\"Ribchester too much for Queen Anne foes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Prix du Moulin result\". Racing Post. 10 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/204/chantilly/2017-09-10/684240","url_text":"\"Prix du Moulin result\""}]},{"reference":"Authority. \"Air Force Blue flies high as European Two-Year-Old Classification for 2015 is revealed\". The British Horseracing Authority.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishhorseracing.com/press_releases/air-force-blue-flies-high-as-european-two-year-old-classification-for-2015-is-revealed/","url_text":"\"Air Force Blue flies high as European Two-Year-Old Classification for 2015 is revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2016 World Thoroughbred Rankings\". International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities. Retrieved 19 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseracingintfed.com/resources/WTRRankings/2016_LWBRR_xZy.asp","url_text":"\"The 2016 World Thoroughbred Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2017 World Thoroughbred Rankings\". International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Fantasy	New Fantasy	["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]	1964 studio album by Lalo SchifrinNew FantasyStudio album by Lalo SchifrinReleased1964RecordedJune 9 & 10, 1964StudioVan Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJGenreJazzLength33:43LabelVerveV-8601ProducerCreed TaylorLalo Schifrin chronology Explorations(1964) New Fantasy(1964) Gone with the Wave(1964) New Fantasy is an album by Argentine composer, pianist and conductor Lalo Schifrin recorded in 1964 and released on the Verve label. Reception The Allmusic review states "Schifrin often succeeds brilliantly in his own big-band idiom, loaded with trademarks that would pop up in some of his better film and TV scores". Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Track listing "Prelude #2" (George Gershwin) - 5:00 "The Peanut Vendor" (Marion Sunshine, Moises Simons) - 6:00 "Bachianas Brasileiras #5 (Heitor Villa-Lobos) - 3:50 "New Fantasy" (Larry Green) - 2:30 "Slaughter on Tenth Avenue" (Richard Rodgers) - 3:07 "The Blues" (Duke Ellington) - 3:06 "Sabre Dance" (Aram Khachaturian) - 4:50 "El Salón México" (Aaron Copland) - 5:20 Recorded at Van Gelder Studios in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey on June 9 & 10, 1964 Personnel Lalo Schifrin - piano, arranger, conductor Marky Markowitz, Ernie Royal, Clark Terry, Snooky Young - trumpet Jimmy Cleveland, Kai Winding, J. J. Johnson, Urbie Green, Tony Studd - trombone Ray Alonge, Bob Northern, Richard Berg, Earl Chapin - French horn Don Butterfield - tuba Jerome Richardson - flute, tenor saxophone Mundell Lowe - guitar George Duvivier - bass Grady Tate - drums References ^ Lalo Schifrin website accessed March 7, 2012 ^ Discogs album entry accessed March 7, 2012 ^ Payne, D. Lalo Schifrin discography accessed March 7, 2012 ^ a b Ginell, R. S. Allmusic Review accessed March 7, 2012 vteLalo SchifrinAlbums Piano Español (1959) Piano, Strings and Bossa Nova (1962) Lalo = Brilliance (1962) Bossa Nova: New Brazilian Jazz (1962) Samba Para Dos (1963) Between Broadway & Hollywood (1963) Explorations (1964) New Fantasy (1964) Jazz Suite on the Mass Texts (1965) Once a Thief and Other Themes (1965) The Dissection and Reconstruction of Music from the Past as Performed by the Inmates of Lalo Schifrin's Demented Ensemble as a Tribute to the Memory of the Marquis De Sade (1966) Music from Mission: Impossible (1967) There's a Whole Lalo Schifrin Goin' On (1968) More Mission: Impossible (1969) Black Widow (1976) Towering Toccata (1977) Gypsies (1978) No One Home (1979) Ins and Outs (1982) Cantos Aztecas (1988) Jazz Meets the Symphony (1993) More Jazz Meets the Symphony (1994) Firebird: Jazz Meets the Symphony No. 3 (1995) Lili'uokalani Symphony (1995) Gillespiana In Cologne (1998) Metamorphosis: Jazz Meets the Symphony (1998) Intersections: Jazz Meets the Symphony (2001) Kaleidoscope: Jazz Meets the Symphony (2005) Invocation: Jazz Meets the Symphony No. 7 (2011) Soundtracks Gone with the Wave (1965) The Liquidator (1965) The Cincinnati Kid (1965) Murderer's Row (1965) Cool Hand Luke (1967) Mannix (1969) Bullitt (1969) Enter the Dragon (1973) Rollercoaster (1977) Rush Hour (1998) Related articles Discography vteJ.J. JohnsonYears indicated are for the recording(s), not first release(except for the film scores)Asleader orco-leader J. J. Johnson's Jazz Quintets (1946–49) Jay Jay Johnson with Clifford Brown/The Eminent Jay Jay Johnson Volume 1/The Eminent Jay Jay Johnson Volume 2 (1953–55) The Eminent Jay Jay Johnson Volume 3 (1955) J Is for Jazz (1956) First Place (1957) Blue Trombone (1957) Dial J. J. 5 (1957) Stan Getz and J. J. Johnson at the Opera House (1957) J. J. in Person! (1957) Really Livin' (1959) Trombone and Voices (1960) J.J. Inc. (1960) A Touch of Satin (1960–61) André Previn and J. J. Johnson (1961) J. J.'s Broadway (1963) Proof Positive (1964) J.J.! (1964) Goodies (1965) Broadway Express (1965) The Total J.J. Johnson (1966) The Yokohama Concert (with Nat Adderley, 1977) Chain Reaction: Yokohama Concert, Vol. 2 (with Nat Adderley, 1977) Pinnacles (1979) Concepts in Blue (1980) WithKai Winding K + J.J. (aka, Nuf Said, 1955) Trombone for Two (1955) Dave Brubeck and Jay & Kai at Newport (one side each, 1956) Jay and Kai + 6 (1956) Jay and Kai (1955–57) The Great Kai & J. J. (1960) Israel (1968) Betwixt & Between (1968) Stonebone (1969) Albumsassideman orarranger/composer Julian "Cannonball" Adderley (1955) Sayin' Somethin' (Nat Adderley, 1966) The Soul of the City (Manny Albam, 1966) Basie Jam (Count Basie, 1973) The Bosses (Count Basie/"Big Joe" Turner, 1973) Night Song (Kenny Burrell, 1969) I'm Tryin' to Get Home (Donald Byrd, 1964) New York Slick (Ron Carter, 1979) Birth of the Cool (Miles Davis, 1949–50) Young Man with a Horn/Miles Davis Volume 1/Miles Davis Volume 2 (1952) Summertime (Paul Desmond, 1968) Afro-Cuban (Kenny Dorham, 1955) At the Opera House (Ella Fitzgerald, 1957) The Complete RCA Victor Recordings (Dizzy Gillespie, 1949) Dee Gee Days: The Savoy Sessions (Dizzy Gillespie, 1951) Afro (Dizzy Gillespie, 1954) Dizzy and Strings (Dizzy Gillespie, 1954) Perceptions (Dizzy Gillespie, a/c only, 1960) The Modern Touch (Benny Golson, 1957) The Hawk Flies High (Coleman Hawkins, 1957) Lady in Satin (Billie Holiday, 1958) And Then Again (Elvin Jones, 1965) The Modern Jazz Society Presents a Concert of Contemporary Music (John Lewis, 1955) The Big Band (Jimmy McGriff, 1966) Happenings (Hank Jones & Oliver Nelson, 1966) Encyclopedia of Jazz (Oliver Nelson, 1965–66) Nine Flags (Chico O'Farrill, 1966) Charlie Parker on Dial (1947) Sonny Rollins, Vol. 2 (1957) Alfie (Sonny Rollins, 1966) Carnival of the Spirits (Moacir Santos, 1975) New Fantasy (Lalo Schifrin, 1964) Once a Thief and Other Themes (Lalo Schifrin, 1965) The Cape Verdean Blues (Horace Silver, 1965) Sonny Stitt Plays Arrangements from the Pen of Quincy Jones (1955) The Matadors Meet the Bull (Sonny Stitt, 1965) What's New!!! (Sonny Stitt, 1966) Joyride (Stanley Turrentine, 1965) Film scores Man and Boy (1971) Across 110th Street (1972) Top of the Heap (1972) Cleopatra Jones (1973) Willie Dynamite (1974) DiscographyvteClark TerryYears given are for the recording(s), not first release.Asleaderorco-leader Clark Terry (1955) Serenade to a Bus Seat (1957) Out on a Limb with Clark Terry (1957) Duke with a Difference (1957) In Orbit (1958) Top and Bottom Brass (1959) Tate-a-Tate (and Buddy Tate, 1960) Color Changes (1960) Everything's Mellow (1961) Clark Terry Plays the Jazz Version of All American (1962) Back in Bean's Bag (and Coleman Hawkins, 1962) 3 in Jazz (split album with Gary Burton & Sonny Rollins, 1963) Oscar Peterson Trio + One (1964) The Happy Horns of Clark Terry (1964) Tonight (and Bob Brookmeyer, 1964) The Power of Positive Swinging (and Bob Brookmeyer, 1965) Gingerbread Men (and Bob Brookmeyer, 1966) Mumbles (1966) Soul Duo (and Shirley Scott, 1966) Spanish Rice (and Chico O'Farrill, 1966) It's What's Happenin' (1967) Oscar Peterson and Clark Terry (1975) Ain't Misbehavin' (1979) Mother———! Mother———!! (1979) Memories of Duke (1980) WithDukeEllington Ellington Uptown (1952) Premiered by Ellington (1953) Ellington '55 (1953–54) Dance to the Duke! (1953–54) Ellington Showcase (1953–55) A Drum Is a Woman (1956) Blue Rose (1956) Ellington at Newport (1956) Such Sweet Thunder (1957) Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book (1957) All Star Road Band (1957) Ellington Indigos (1957) Black, Brown and Beige (1958) Blues in Orbit (1958–59) Duke Ellington at the Bal Masque (1958) The Cosmic Scene (1958) Festival Session (1959) The Ellington Suites (1959) The Greatest Jazz Concert in the World (1967) WithJohnnyHodges Creamy (1954) Ellingtonia '56 (1956) Duke's in Bed (1956) The Big Sound (1957) Big Bags (with Milt Jackson, 1962) For Someone I Love (with Milt Jackson, 1963) Ray Brown / Milt Jackson (1965) WithQuincyJones The Birth of a Band! (1959) I Dig Dancers (1960) The Quintessence (1961) Big Band Bossa Nova (1962) Quincy Jones Plays Hip Hits (1962–63) Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (1964) Quincy Plays for Pussycats (1959–65) The Hot Rock (1972) WithHerbieMann Our Mann Flute (1960–66) Latin Fever (1962–64) My Kinda Groove (1964) The Beat Goes On (1964–67) The Herbie Mann String Album (1964–67) WithOliverNelson Impressions of Phaedra (1962) Full Nelson (1962–63) Oliver Nelson Plays Michelle (1966) Happenings (with Hank Jones, 1966) Encyclopedia of Jazz (1965–66) The Sound of Feeling (1966–67) The Spirit of '67 (with Pee Wee Russell, 1967) Withothers My Kinda Swing (Ernestine Anderson, 1959) Gloomy Sunday and Other Bright Moments (Bob Brookmeyer, 1961) Soul Summit Vol. 2 (Gene Ammons, 1961) Late Hour Special (Gene Ammons, 1961–62) Velvet Soul (Gene Ammons, 1962) One Foot in the Gutter (Dave Bailey, 1960) Gettin' Into Somethin' (Dave Bailey, 1960) Goodies (George Benson, 1968) Bobo's Beat (Willie Bobo, 1968) Jam Session (Clifford Brown, 1954) Ruth Brown '65 (Ruth Brown, 1964) Who Is Gary Burton? (1962) Byrd at the Gate (Charlie Byrd, 1963) Son of Drum Suite (Al Cohn, 1960) The Magic Touch (Tadd Dameron, 1962) Afro-Jaws (Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, 1960) Trane Whistle (Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, 1960) Listen to Art Farmer and the Orchestra (1962) Ella Abraça Jobim (Ella Fitzgerald, 1980–81) Big Band Bossa Nova (Stan Getz, 1962) Stan Getz Plays Music from the Soundtrack of Mickey One (1965) Gillespiana (Dizzy Gillespie, 1960) Carnegie Hall Concert (Dizzy Gillespie, 1961) Cookin' (Paul Gonsalves, 1957) The Big Soul-Band (Johnny Griffin, 1960) White Gardenia (Johnny Griffin, 1961) Homage to Duke (Dave Grusin, 1993) The Further Adventures of El Chico (Chico Hamilton, 1966) It's About Time (Jimmy Hamilton, 1961) You Better Know It!!! (Lionel Hampton, 1964) Really Big! (Jimmy Heath, 1960) Friends Old and New (John Hicks, 1992) Yoyogi National Stadium, Tokyo 1983: Return to Happiness (JATP, 1983) Budd Johnson and the Four Brass Giants (1960) J.J.! (J.J. Johnson, 1964) Goodies (J.J. Johnson, 1965) Concepts in Blue (J.J. Johnson, 1980) Summit Meeting (Elvin Jones, 1977) Down Home (Sam Jones, 1962) At Newport '63 (Lambert, Hendricks & Bavan, 1963) The Centaur and the Phoenix (Yusef Lateef, 1960) Themes from Mr. Lucky, The Untouchables and Other TV Action Jazz (Mundell Lowe, 1960) Satan in High Heels (Mundell Lowe, 1961) The Soul of Hollywood (Junior Mance, 1962) The Jazz Version of "How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying" (Gary McFarland, 1961) Tijuana Jazz (Gary McFarland, 1965) Mingus Revisited/Pre-Bird (Charles Mingus, 1960) The Complete Town Hall Concert (Charles Mingus, 1962) Smooth as the Wind (Blue Mitchell, 1960–61) A Sure Thing (Blue Mitchell, 1962) Jazz Dialogue (Modern Jazz Quartet, 1965) Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band at the Village Vanguard (1960) Gerry Mulligan '63 (Gerry Mulligan, 1962) That's How I Love the Blues! (Mark Murphy, 1962) Nine Flags (Chico O'Farrill, 1966) Oscar Peterson and the Trumpet Kings – Jousts (1974) The Alternate Blues (Oscar Peterson, 1980) The Trumpet Summit Meets the Oscar Peterson Big 4 (1980) Basically Duke (Oscar Pettiford, 1954) The Trumpet Kings Meet Joe Turner (Big Joe Turner, 1974) Bossa Nova Carnival (Dave Pike, 1962) Jazz for the Jet Set (Dave Pike, 1965) Sonny Rollins and the Big Brass (1958) New Fantasy (Lalo Schifrin, 1964) Once a Thief and Other Themes (Lalo Schifrin, 1965) Hobo Flats (Jimmy Smith, 1963) The Matadors Meet the Bull (Sonny Stitt, 1965) I Keep Comin' Back! (Sonny Stitt, 1966) Taylor Made Jazz (Billy Taylor, 1959) New York City R&B (Cecil Taylor, 1961) Kwamina (Billy Taylor, 1961) Out of the Storm (Ed Thigpen, 1966) Devil May Care (Teri Thornton, 1960–61) Joyride (Stanley Turrentine, 1965) Live at Newport (McCoy Tyner, 1963) Dinah Jams (Dinah Washington, 1954) Uhuru Afrika (Randy Weston, 1960) At Newport '63 (with Joe Williams, 1963) New York, New Sound (Gerald Wilson, 2003) Kai Olé (Kai Winding, 1961) The Colorful Strings of Jimmy Woode (Jimmy Woode, 1957) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lalo Schifrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin"},{"link_name":"Verve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lalo_Schifrin_website-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lalo_Schifrin_discography-3"}],"text":"New Fantasy is an album by Argentine composer, pianist and conductor Lalo Schifrin recorded in 1964 and released on the Verve label.[1][2][3]","title":"New Fantasy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-4"}],"text":"The Allmusic review states \"Schifrin often succeeds brilliantly in his own big-band idiom, loaded with trademarks that would pop up in some of his better film and TV scores\".[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prelude #2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Preludes_(Gershwin)#2._Andante_con_moto_e_poco_rubato"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"The Peanut Vendor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peanut_Vendor"},{"link_name":"Marion Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Sunshine"},{"link_name":"Moises Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moises_Simons"},{"link_name":"Bachianas Brasileiras #5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachianas_Brasileiras#Bachianas_Brasileiras_No._5"},{"link_name":"Heitor Villa-Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos"},{"link_name":"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughter_on_Tenth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Sabre Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_Dance"},{"link_name":"Aram Khachaturian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian"},{"link_name":"El Salón México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Sal%C3%B3n_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"}],"text":"\"Prelude #2\" (George Gershwin) - 5:00\n\"The Peanut Vendor\" (Marion Sunshine, Moises Simons) - 6:00\n\"Bachianas Brasileiras #5 (Heitor Villa-Lobos) - 3:50\n\"New Fantasy\" (Larry Green) - 2:30\n\"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" (Richard Rodgers) - 3:07\n\"The Blues\" (Duke Ellington) - 3:06\n\"Sabre Dance\" (Aram Khachaturian) - 4:50\n\"El Salón México\" (Aaron Copland) - 5:20Recorded at Van Gelder Studios in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey on June 9 & 10, 1964","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"arranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting"},{"link_name":"Marky Markowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marky_Markowitz"},{"link_name":"Ernie Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Royal"},{"link_name":"Clark Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Terry"},{"link_name":"Snooky Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooky_Young"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Kai Winding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Winding"},{"link_name":"J. J. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Urbie Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbie_Green"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"Bob Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Northern"},{"link_name":"French horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"Don Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Butterfield"},{"link_name":"tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"Jerome Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Richardson"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Mundell Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundell_Lowe"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"George Duvivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Duvivier"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Grady Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady_Tate"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"Lalo Schifrin - piano, arranger, conductor\nMarky Markowitz, Ernie Royal, Clark Terry, Snooky Young - trumpet\nJimmy Cleveland, Kai Winding, J. J. Johnson, Urbie Green, Tony Studd - trombone\nRay Alonge, Bob Northern, Richard Berg, Earl Chapin - French horn\nDon Butterfield - tuba\nJerome Richardson - flute, tenor saxophone\nMundell Lowe - guitar\nGeorge Duvivier - bass\nGrady Tate - drums","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.schifrin.com/discography.htm","external_links_name":"Lalo Schifrin website"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Lalo-Schifrin-New-Fantasy/release/3451158","external_links_name":"Discogs album entry"},{"Link":"http://dougpayne.com/lsd55_65.htm#NEW","external_links_name":"Lalo Schifrin discography"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/new-fantasy-r147016","external_links_name":"Allmusic Review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/14708c37-c2b3-4d67-a1df-536830286149","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Alstyne	James Van Alstyne	["1 World Series of Poker Bracelets","2 References","3 External links"]	American poker player (born 1966) James Van AlstyneVan Alstyne in the 2007 World Series of PokerResidenceLas Vegas, Nevada, U.S.Born1966 (age 57–58)Columbus, Georgia, U.S.World Series of PokerBracelet(s)1Money finish(es)13Highest ITMMain Event finish16th, 1999World Poker TourTitle(s)NoneFinal table(s)2Money finish(es)10Information accurate as of February 23, 2010. James Gibson Van Alstyne (born 1966 in Columbus, Georgia) is an American professional poker player based in Las Vegas, Nevada. Van Alstyne grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana, and he graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School. After high school, Van Alstyne attended Stanford University, where he learned to play poker. Van Alstyne was formerly employed as an engineer before becoming a professional blackjack player, using card-counting techniques to give himself an edge. He wears a baseball cap to disguise himself from casino security, and continues to wear the cap whilst playing poker. Van Alstyne made three money finishes in Omaha poker tournaments at the World Series of Poker (WSOP) between 1994 and 1998. In 1999, he made his first money finish in the main event, finishing in 16th place. Van Alstyne finished in the "TV bubble" position (7th) of the World Poker Tour (WPT) Aruba Ultimate Poker Classic event in September 2005. He went on to make his first WPT TV final table in the season 4 championship event, finishing in 5th place, winning $439,475. In that event, James came in as the chip-leader, but lost the lead early—and almost 40% of his chips—on a bluff against Joe Bartholdi, who was second in chips. The bluff put Bartholdi in prohibitive chip position, and he eventually went on to win the event. A few more hits to Alstyne's stack followed, after which a visibly shaken Alstyne was knocked out in 5th place. In the post-game interview with Courtney Friel, Alstyne said, "I just feel horrible. This is the worst final table performance in the history of poker. This was just absolutely, unbelievably bad poker." As of 2023, his total live tournament winnings exceed $4,300,000. World Series of Poker Bracelets Year Tournament Prize (US$) 2009 $1,500 H.O.R.S.E. $247,033 References ^ "James Van Alstyne". WSOP.com. Retrieved March 30, 2024. ^ "30th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1999, No Limit Hold'em World Championship". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved March 30, 2024. ^ "2005 Ultimate Poker Classic, Championship Event - No Limit Hold'em". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved March 30, 2024. ^ "Fourth Annual Five-Star World Poker Classic, WPT Championship - No Limit Hold'em". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved March 30, 2024. ^ "James Van Alstyne's profile on The Hendon Mob". The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved December 24, 2023. External links Interview Card Player profile Hendon Mob profile WSOP profile vte2000s WSOP bracelet winners Note number in brackets represents the number of bracelets earned in that year 2000 Dave Alizadeth Jimmy Athanas Chris Björin Mike Carson Johnny Chan David Chiu Diego Cordovez Nani Dollison Ivo Donev Richard Dunberg Tim Ellis Chris Ferguson (2) Jennifer Harman Jay Heimowitz Randy Holland Phil Ivey Nat Koe Howard Lederer Tony Ma Huck Seed Michael Sohayegh Jerri Thomas Chris Tsiprailidis Joe Wynn 2001 Burt Boutin Allen Cunningham Paul Darden Nani Dollison (2) Chris Ferguson Jay Heimowitz Phil Hellmuth Berry Johnston Travis Jonas Galen Kester Rich Korbin Howard Lederer Jim Lester Carlos Mortensen Scotty Nguyen (2) David Pham Adam Roberts Eddy Scharf Barry Shulman Erik Seidel Hemish Shah Bob Slezak Cliff Yamagawa Steve Zolotow 2002 Billy Baxter Fred Berger Catherine Brown John Cernuto Johnny Chan Joel Chaseman Paul Clark Allen Cunningham Jack Duncan Eddie Fishman Layne Flack (2) Perry Friedman Thor Hansen Randal Heeb Jennifer Harman Dan Heimiller John Hennigan John Hom Phil Ivey (3) John Juanda Meng La Mike Majerus Mike Matusow John McIntosh Qushqar Morad Jay Sipelstein Jan Vang Sørensen Bill Swan Dan Torla Robert Varkonyi David Warga Robert Williamson III 2003 Mickey Appleman John Arrage Doyle Brunson Johnny Chan (2) Chris Ferguson (2) Layne Flack (2) Prahlad Friedman Phil Hellmuth (2) Mohammed Ibrahim Tom Jacobs John Juanda (2) Charles Keith Lehr Toto Leonidas O'Neil Longson David Lukaszewski Jim Meehan Chris Moneymaker Carlos Mortensen Daniel Negreanu Men Nguyen (2) Minh Nguyen Phi Nguyen Frankie O'Dell Ron Rose Barb Rugolo Michael Saltzburg Eddy Scharf Huck Seed Erik Seidel Amir Vahedi 2004 Joe Awada Eli Balas Curtis Bibb Farzad Bonyadi T. J. Cloutier Hung Doan Gerry Drehobl Annie Duke Antonio Esfandiari Scott Fischman (2) Ted Forrest (2) Chau Giang Gary Gibbs Barry Greenstein Gavin Griffin Hasan Habib John Hennigan Brett Jungblut Ted Lawson Kathy Liebert Aaron Katz Thomas Keller Norm Ketchum Carl Nessel Daniel Negreanu Minh Nguyen Phi Nguyen Greg Raymer Mike Sica Cyndy Violette James Vogl 2005 Rafi Amit Josh Arieh Randy Boman Farzad Bonyadi Andre Boyer Doyle Brunson Todd Brunson Johnny Chan Jiang Chen David Chiu T. J. Cloutier Allen Cunningham Quinn Do Denis Ethier Eric Froehlich Issac Galazan Lawrence Gosney Michael Gracz Barry Greenstein David Grey Joe Hachem Steve Hohn Phil Ivey Cliff Josephy Ron Kirk O'Neil Longson Paul McKinney Edward Moncada Anthony Nguyen Reza Payvar John Pires Pat Poels Anthony Reategui Dan Schmiech Erik Seidel Mark Seif (2) Jan Vang Sørensen Willie Tann Jennifer Tilly Thom Werthmann Brian Wilson Todd Witteles 2006 Kianoush Abolfathi Daniel Alaei Praz Bansi Dutch Boyd Jeff Cabanillas Brandon Cantu Bob Chalmers Bill Chen (2) Scott Clements Kevin Cover Allen Cunningham Sam Farha Eric Froehlich Jon Friedberg Rafe Furst John Gale Jamie Gold James Gorham Chris Gros Phil Hellmuth Anders Henriksson Ian Johns Eric Kesselman Paul Kobel Jason Lester Benjamin Lin Jeff Madsen (2) Mary Jones Meyer Clare Miller Jim Mitchell Kevin Nathan Victoriano Perches Ralph Perry Max Pescatori David Pham Pat Poels Mats Rahmn Chip Reese James Richburg Mark Vos Lee Watkinson David Williams Jack Zwerner 2007/2007 E Saif Ahmad Dario Alioto Rafi Amit Dao Bac Don Baruch Ernest Bennett Thomas Bihl Chandrasekhar Billavara Steve Billirakis Alexander Borteh Burt Boutin Sally Boyer Robert Cheung Michael Chu Scott Clements Hoyt Corkins Allen Cunningham Freddy Deeb Lukasz Dumanski Will Durkee Bill Edler Eli Elezra Saro Getzoyan Michael Graves Fred Goldberg John Guth Phil Hellmuth Greg Hopkins Ryan Hughes Michael Keiner Alexander Kravchenko Jeff Lisandro James Mackey Robert Mizrachi Frederick Narciso Annette Obrestad Frankie O'Dell Ciarán O'Leary Shankar Pillai Ben Ponzio Chris Reslock James Richburg Blair Rodman Francois Safieddine Tom Schneider (2) Dan Schreiber Ralph Schwartz Erik Seidel Alan Smurfit Mike Spegal David Stucke Gary Styczynski Katja Thater Jason Warner Ram Vaswani Jerry Yang Ryan Young 2008/2008 E Michael Banducci Duncan Bell David Benyamine Eric Brooks Andrew Brown Joe Commisso David Daneshgar Peter Eastgate Sherkhan Farnood Layne Flack Phil Galfond Frank Gary Alexandre Gomes Matt Graham Barry Greenstein Max Greenwood Svetlana Gromenkova Blair Hinkle Grant Hinkle Rob Hollink Jesper Hougaard (2) Ryan Hughes Theo Jørgensen John Juanda Matt Keikoan Davidi Kitai Jonathan Kotula Martin Klaser Dan Lacourse Erick Lindgren Vitaly Lunkin Thang Luu Mike Matusow Nenad Medić Dario Minieri Daniel Negreanu Scotty Nguyen Max Pescatori John Phan (2) Rep Porter Anthony Rivera Michael Rocco Freddy Rouhani Sebastian Ruthenberg James Schaff Scott Seiver Vanessa Selbst Jimmy Shultz David Singer Marty Smyth J. C. Tran Kenny Tran Phil Tom Sebastian Ruthenberg Luis Velador Jens Vortman David Woo Jason Young 2009/2009 E Bahador Ahmadi Daniel Alaei Ken Aldridge Tomas Alenius James Van Alstyne Jerrod Ankenman Richard Austin David Bach Eric Baldwin Rami Boukai Joe Cada Erik Cajelais Brandon Cantu Jeff Carris Andrew Cohen Michael Davis Mike Eise Freddie Ellis Zac Fellows Ray Foley Matt Graham Angel Guillén Lisa Hamilton David Halpern Anthony Harb Matt Hawrilenko Phil Ivey (2) Carsten Joh Travis Johnson John Kabbaj J. P. Kelly (2) Brian Lemke Jeff Lisandro (3) Vitaly Lunkin Thang Luu Jason Mercier Abe Mosseri Greg Mueller (2) Marc Naalden Brock Parker (2) Jorg Peisert Derek Raymond Barry Shulman Nick Schulman Jordan Smith Keven Stammen Steve Sung J. C. Tran Péter Traply Tony Veckey Peter Vilandos Jani Vilmunen Ville Wahlbeck Roland De Wolfe Leo Wolpert 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s vteUltimate Poker Challenge winners 1. James Van Alstyne 2. Andy Bloch 3. Amir Vahedi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_High_School_(New_Orleans,_Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"blackjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack"},{"link_name":"card-counting techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card-counting"},{"link_name":"baseball cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_cap"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold%27em"},{"link_name":"poker tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"World Series of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World Poker Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Poker_Tour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Joe Bartholdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bartholdi"},{"link_name":"Courtney Friel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Friel"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"James Gibson Van Alstyne (born 1966 in Columbus, Georgia) is an American professional poker player based in Las Vegas, Nevada.Van Alstyne grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana, and he graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School. After high school, Van Alstyne attended Stanford University, where he learned to play poker.Van Alstyne was formerly employed as an engineer before becoming a professional blackjack player, using card-counting techniques to give himself an edge. He wears a baseball cap to disguise himself from casino security, and continues to wear the cap whilst playing poker.Van Alstyne made three money finishes in Omaha poker tournaments at the World Series of Poker (WSOP) between 1994 and 1998.[1] In 1999, he made his first money finish in the main event, finishing in 16th place.[2] Van Alstyne finished in the \"TV bubble\" position (7th) of the World Poker Tour (WPT) Aruba Ultimate Poker Classic event in September 2005.[3] He went on to make his first WPT TV final table in the season 4 championship event, finishing in 5th place, winning $439,475.[4] In that event, James came in as the chip-leader, but lost the lead early—and almost 40% of his chips—on a bluff against Joe Bartholdi, who was second in chips. The bluff put Bartholdi in prohibitive chip position, and he eventually went on to win the event. A few more hits to Alstyne's stack followed, after which a visibly shaken Alstyne was knocked out in 5th place. In the post-game interview with Courtney Friel, Alstyne said, \"I just feel horrible. This is the worst final table performance in the history of poker. This was just absolutely, unbelievably bad poker.\"[This quote needs a citation]As of 2023, his total live tournament winnings exceed $4,300,000.[5]","title":"James Van Alstyne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Series of Poker Bracelets"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"James Van Alstyne\". WSOP.com. Retrieved March 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsop.com/players/profile/?playerid=482","url_text":"\"James Van Alstyne\""}]},{"reference":"\"30th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1999, No Limit Hold'em World Championship\". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved March 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/event.php?a=r&n=7797","url_text":"\"30th World Series of Poker - WSOP 1999, No Limit Hold'em World Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Ultimate Poker Classic, Championship Event - No Limit Hold'em\". The Hendon Mob. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Aubin-les-Forges	Saint-Aubin-les-Forges	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 47°08′29″N 3°12′08″E / 47.1414°N 3.2022°E / 47.1414; 3.2022 Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceSaint-Aubin-les-ForgesCommuneFrasnay-les-Chanoines, in Saint-Aubin-Les-ForgesLocation of Saint-Aubin-les-Forges Saint-Aubin-les-ForgesShow map of FranceSaint-Aubin-les-ForgesShow map of Bourgogne-Franche-ComtéCoordinates: 47°08′29″N 3°12′08″E / 47.1414°N 3.2022°E / 47.1414; 3.2022CountryFranceRegionBourgogne-Franche-ComtéDepartmentNièvreArrondissementCosne-Cours-sur-LoireCantonLa Charité-sur-LoireGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Bruno VerrainArea126.34 km2 (10.17 sq mi)Population (2021)383 • Density15/km2 (38/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code58231 /58130Elevation195–333 m (640–1,093 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Saint-Aubin-les-Forges (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France. See also Communes of the Nièvre department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ INSEE commune file Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Aubin-les-Forges. vte Communes of the Nièvre department Achun Alligny-Cosne Alligny-en-Morvan Alluy Amazy Anlezy Annay Anthien Arbourse Arleuf Armes Arquian Arthel Arzembouy Asnan Asnois Aunay-en-Bazois Authiou Avrée Avril-sur-Loire Azy-le-Vif Bazoches Bazolles Béard Beaulieu Beaumont-la-Ferrière Beaumont-Sardolles Beuvron Biches Billy-Chevannes Billy-sur-Oisy Bitry Blismes Bona Bouhy Brassy Breugnon Brèves Brinay Brinon-sur-Beuvron Bulcy Bussy-la-Pesle La Celle-sur-Loire La Celle-sur-Nièvre Cercy-la-Tour Cervon Cessy-les-Bois Chalaux Challement Challuy Champallement Champlemy Champlin Champvert Champvoux Chantenay-Saint-Imbert La Chapelle-Saint-André La Charité-sur-Loire Charrin Chasnay Château-Chinon (Campagne) Château-Chinon (Ville)subpr Châteauneuf-Val-de-Bargis Châtillon-en-Bazois Châtin Chaulgnes Chaumard Chaumot Chazeuil Chevannes-Changy Chevenon Chevroches Chiddes Chitry-les-Mines Chougny Ciez Cizely Clamecysubpr La Collancelle Colméry Corancy Corbigny Corvol-d'Embernard Corvol-l'Orgueilleux Cosne-Cours-sur-Loiresubpr Cossaye Coulanges-lès-Nevers Couloutre Courcelles Crux-la-Ville Cuncy-lès-Varzy Dampierre-sous-Bouhy Decize Devay Diennes-Aubigny Dirol Dommartin Dompierre-sur-Nièvre Donzy Dornecy Dornes Druy-Parigny Dun-les-Places Dun-sur-Grandry Empury Entrains-sur-Nohain Epiry Fâchin La Fermeté Fertrève Fléty Fleury-sur-Loire Flez-Cuzy Fourchambault Fours Frasnay-Reugny Gâcogne Garchizy Garchy Germenay Germigny-sur-Loire Gien-sur-Cure Gimouille Giry Glux-en-Glenne Gouloux Grenois Guérigny Guipy Héry Imphy Isenay Jailly Lamenay-sur-Loire Langeron Lanty Larochemillay Lavault-de-Frétoy Limanton Limon Livry Lormes Lucenay-lès-Aix Lurcy-le-Bourg Luthenay-Uxeloup Luzy Lys La Machine Magny-Cours Magny-Lormes La Maison-Dieu La Marche Marcy Marigny-l'Église Marigny-sur-Yonne Mars-sur-Allier Marzy Maux Menestreau Menou Mesves-sur-Loire Metz-le-Comte Mhère Millay Moissy-Moulinot Monceaux-le-Comte Montambert Montapas Montaron Montenoison Mont-et-Marré Montigny-aux-Amognes Montigny-en-Morvan Montigny-sur-Canne Montreuillon Montsauche-les-Settons Moraches Moulins-Engilbert Mouron-sur-Yonne Moussy Moux-en-Morvan Murlin Myennes Nannay Narcy Neuffontaines Neuilly Neuville-lès-Decize Neuvy-sur-Loire Neverspref La Nocle-Maulaix Nolay Nuars Oisy Onlay Ouagne Oudan Ougny Oulon Ouroux-en-Morvan Parigny-la-Rose Parigny-les-Vaux Pazy Perroy Planchez Poil Poiseux Pougny Pougues-les-Eaux Pouilly-sur-Loire Pouques-Lormes Pousseaux Prémery Préporché Raveau Rémilly Rix Rouy Ruages Saincaize-Meauce Saint-Agnan Saint-Amand-en-Puisaye Saint-Andelain Saint-André-en-Morvan Saint-Aubin-des-Chaumes Saint-Aubin-les-Forges Saint-Benin-d'Azy Saint-Benin-des-Bois Saint-Bonnot Saint-Brisson Saint-Didier Sainte-Colombe-des-Bois Saint-Éloi Sainte-Marie Saint-Firmin Saint-Franchy Saint-Germain-Chassenay Saint-Germain-des-Bois Saint-Gratien-Savigny Saint-Hilaire-en-Morvan Saint-Hilaire-Fontaine Saint-Honoré-les-Bains Saint-Jean-aux-Amognes Saint-Laurent-l'Abbaye Saint-Léger-de-Fougeret Saint-Léger-des-Vignes Saint-Loup-des-Bois Saint-Malo-en-Donziois Saint-Martin-d'Heuille Saint-Martin-du-Puy Saint-Martin-sur-Nohain Saint-Maurice Saint-Ouen-sur-Loire Saint-Parize-en-Viry Saint-Parize-le-Châtel Saint-Père Saint-Péreuse Saint-Pierre-du-Mont Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier Saint-Quentin-sur-Nohain Saint-Révérien Saint-Saulge Saint-Seine Saint-Sulpice Saint-Vérain Saizy Sardy-lès-Épiry Sauvigny-les-Bois Savigny-Poil-Fol Saxi-Bourdon Sémelay Sermages Sermoise-sur-Loire Sichamps Sougy-sur-Loire Suilly-la-Tour Surgy Taconnay Talon Tamnay-en-Bazois Tannay Tazilly Teigny Ternant Thaix Thianges Tintury Toury-Lurcy Toury-sur-Jour Tracy-sur-Loire Tresnay Trois-Vèvres Tronsanges Trucy-l'Orgueilleux Urzy Vandenesse Varennes-lès-Narcy Varennes-Vauzelles Varzy Vauclaix Vaux d'Amognes Verneuil Vielmanay Vignol Villapourçon Ville-Langy Villiers-le-Sec Villiers-sur-Yonne Vitry-Laché pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Nièvre geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[sɛ̃.t‿obɛ̃ le fɔʁʒ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Nièvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceSaint-Aubin-les-Forges (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.t‿obɛ̃ le fɔʁʒ]) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.[3]","title":"Saint-Aubin-les-Forges"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Nièvre department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ni%C3%A8vre_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmhouses_Among_Trees	Farmhouses Among Trees	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Painting by Vincent van Gogh Farmhouses Among TreesArtistVincent van GoghYear1883 (1883)Catalogue F18 JH397 MediumOil on canvasDimensions28.5 cm × 39.5 cm (11.2 in × 15.6 in)LocationPorczyński Gallery, Warsaw Farmhouses Among Trees is an oil painting created by Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh in September 1883. The painting is exhibited in the Museum of John Paul II Collection in Warsaw. In 2024, the authenticity of the painting was confirmed beyond all doubt after analyses by experts from the National Museum in Kraków and Van Gogh Museum. See also List of works by Vincent van Gogh References ^ Walther, Ingo F.; Metzger, Rainer (2012). Vincent van Gogh:The Complete Paintings. Köln: Taschen. p. 29. ISBN 978-3822896433. ^ Regina Łukasiewicz (26 March 2024). "Polska ma własnego van Gogha. Ekspertyzy potwierdziły autentyczność obrazu". dziendobry.tvn.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 31 March 2024. External links Media related to Farmhouse among trees by Vincent van Gogh at Wikimedia Commons vteVincent van GoghGeneral Biography List of works List of drawings Chronology The Letters of Vincent van Gogh Health Auberge Ravoux Death Nazi looting of artworks by Vincent van Gogh Posthumous fame Cultural depictions Lost Arles sketchbook Groups ofworks Early works (1881–82) Portraits (1881–1890) Peasant Character Studies (1881–1885) Van Gogh's family in his art (1881–1888) Sien (1882–83) Cottages (1883–1885) Water Mill at Gennep (1884) Still life paintings, Netherlands (1884–85) Old Church Tower at Nuenen (1884–85) Amsterdam (1885) Wheat Fields (1885–1890) Le Moulin de la Galette (1886) Still life paintings, Paris (1886–87) Montmartre (1886–87) Self portraits (1886–1889) Outskirts of Paris (1887) Asnières (1887) Seine (1887) Japonaiserie (1887) Sunflowers (1887–1889) Trees and Undergrowth (1887–1890) Copies by Vincent van Gogh (1887–1890) Langlois Bridge at Arles (1888) Saintes-Maries (1888) Boats du Rhône (1888) Décoration for the Yellow House (1888) The Roulin Family (1888–89) Hospital in Arles (1888–89) Flowering Orchards (1888–89) Almond Blossoms (1888–1890) Paintings of Children (1888–1890) The Wheat Field (1889) Reaper (1889) Olive Trees (1889) Wheat Fields (1889) Butterflies (1889–90) Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Rémy (1889–90) Auvers size 30 canvases (1890) Auvers Double-squares and Squares (1890) Lost works by Vincent van Gogh Display at Les XX, 1890 Oil paintings1882 Beach at Scheveningen in Stormy Weather Girl in White in the Woods Lying Cow A Girl in the Street, Two Coaches in the Background 1883 Cows in the Meadow Farmhouses Among Trees Bulb Fields Landscape with a Church at Twilight Landscape with Dunes Footbridge across a Ditch Marshy Landscape A Wind-Beaten Tree Farm with Stacks of Peat Farmhouses in Loosduinen near The Hague at Twilight Three Figures near a Canal with Windmill 1884 Two Rats Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen Landscape with Pollard Willows Cart with Black Ox Cart with Red and White Ox Lane in Autumn Water Mill at Opwetten Water Mill at Kollen Village at Sunset Avenue of Poplars in Autumn Avenue of Poplars at Sunset Head of an Old Farmer's Wife in a White Hat 1885 Still Life with Straw Hat The Potato Eaters Peasant Woman Digging Peasant Woman Digging Up Potatoes Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette 1886 Vase with Red Poppies Vase with White and Red Carnations The Kingfisher 1887 Poppy Flowers Wheat Field with a Lark View of Paris from Vincent's Room in the Rue Lepic Portrait of Père Tanguy A Woman Walking in a Garden Imperial Fritillaries in a Copper Vase Agostina Segatori Sitting in the Café du Tambourin Red Cabbages and Garlic 1888 Madame Roulin and Her Baby Landscape with Snow La Mousmé The Zouave Still Life: Vase with Oleanders The Night Café The Yellow House Van Gogh's Chair Café Terrace at Night Starry Night Over the Rhône Portrait of the Artist's Mother Bedroom in Arles The Painter on the Road to Tarascon Les Alyscamps A Lane in the Public Garden at Arles Falling Autumn Leaves L'Arlésienne The Red Vineyard Memory of the Garden at Etten (Ladies of Arles) Les Arènes Interior of a Restaurant in Arles A Lane near Arles Arles: View from the Wheat Fields Sunset at Montmajour Farmhouse in Provence Orchard with Cypresses 1889 Valley with Ploughman Seen from Above View of Arles, Flowering Orchards Portrait of Doctor Rey Crab on its Back Two Crabs Irises Lilac Bush The Starry Night The Gardener Self-portrait (1889) Self-portrait without beard Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear A Meadow in the Mountains: Le Mas de Saint-Paul A Road at Saint-Remy with Female Figure Enclosed Field with Peasant Rain Cypresses Wheat Field with Cypresses Green Wheat Field with Cypress The Diggers The Ravine of the Peyroulets Ivy View of the Asylum and Chapel of Saint-Rémy The Large Plane Trees 1890 The Siesta Road with Cypress and Star At Eternity's Gate Thatched Cottages and Houses Portrait of Dr. Gachet Doctor Gachet's Garden in Auvers Houses at Auvers White House at Night Landscape with a Carriage and a Train Girl in White The Church at Auvers Daubigny's Garden Farms near Auvers The Cows The Town Hall at Auvers Blossoming Chestnut Branches Peasant Woman Against a Background of Wheat Still Life: Vase with Pink Roses Portrait of Adeline Ravoux Plain near Auvers Wheatfield Under Thunderclouds Wheatfield with Crows Prisoners' Round (after Gustave Doré) Tree Roots Landscape at Auvers in the Rain Poppy Field Watercolours Boy Cutting Grass with a Sickle (1881) Meadows near Rijswijk and the Schenkweg (1882) The 'Laakmolen' near The Hague (1882) Church Pew with Worshippers (1882) Woman on Her Deathbed (1883) Landscape with Trees (1883) Peatery in Drenthe (1883) Landscape with Wheelbarrow (1883) Drawbridge in Nieuw-Amsterdam (1883) Breton Women (1888) Old Vineyard with Peasant Woman (1890) Drawings 87 Hackford Road (1873 or 1874) Marsh with Water Lilies (1881) Sorrow (1882) Portrait of a Man in a Top Hat (1882) Torso of Venus and a Landscape (1887) Head of a Girl (1888) Museums Van Gogh Museum Van Gogh House (Drenthe) Maison Van Gogh Kröller-Müller Museum Monastery of Saint-Paul de Mausole Portrayals Vincent van Gogh (1886 painting) Portrait of Vincent van Gogh (1887) The Painter of Sunflowers (1888 painting) Lust for Life (1934 novel) Van Gogh (1948 film) Lust for Life (1956 film) Van Gogh (1956 opera) Vincent and Theo van Gogh (1963 statue) "Vincent" (1971 song) Vincent (1987 film) Vincent & Theo (1990 film) Vincent and Me (1990 film) Dreams (1990 film) Vincent (1990 opera) Van Gogh (1991 film) Vincent in Brixton (2003 play) The Yellow House (2007 film) "Vincent and the Doctor" (2010 TV episode) Loving Vincent (2017 film) At Eternity's Gate (2018 film) Family Theo van Gogh Wil van Gogh Johanna van Gogh-Bonger Andries Bonger Theo van Gogh (film director) Anton Mauve Johannes Stricker Cataloguers Jacob Baart de la Faille (1928 and 1970; "F") Jan Hulsker (1978, revised 1989; "JH") Related The Vincent Award Van Gogh immersive experiences This article about a nineteenth-century painting is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walther-1"},{"link_name":"Museum of John Paul II Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_John_Paul_II_Collection"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"National Museum in Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum,_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Van Gogh Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Painting by Vincent van GoghFarmhouses Among Trees is an oil painting created by Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh in September 1883.[1]The painting is exhibited in the Museum of John Paul II Collection in Warsaw. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samatit	Samatit	["1 Geography","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 12°32′05″N 16°38′24″W / 12.53472°N 16.64000°W / 12.53472; -16.64000Village in Ziguinchor, SenegalSamatitVillageSamatitLocation in SenegalCoordinates: 12°32′05″N 16°38′24″W / 12.53472°N 16.64000°W / 12.53472; -16.64000CountrySenegalRegionZiguinchorDepartmentOussouye Samatit is a village in the rural community of Mlomp, Loudia Ouoloff, Oussouye, Ziguinchor, Casamance. Geography The nearest towns are Carabane, Kagnout, Loudia Diola, Elinkine, Santhiaba Ouolof. External links (in English) Maps, weather and airports for Samatit	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mlomp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlomp"},{"link_name":"Loudia Ouoloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loudia_Ouoloff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oussouye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oussouye_Department"},{"link_name":"Ziguinchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor_Region"},{"link_name":"Casamance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamance"}],"text":"Village in Ziguinchor, SenegalSamatit is a village in the rural community of Mlomp, Loudia Ouoloff, Oussouye, Ziguinchor, Casamance.","title":"Samatit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carabane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabane"},{"link_name":"Kagnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagnout"},{"link_name":"Loudia Diola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loudia_Diola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elinkine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinkine"},{"link_name":"Santhiaba Ouolof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santhiaba_Ouolof&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The nearest towns are Carabane, Kagnout, Loudia Diola, Elinkine, Santhiaba Ouolof.","title":"Geography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samatit&params=12_32_05_N_16_38_24_W_type:city_region:SN-ZG","external_links_name":"12°32′05″N 16°38′24″W / 12.53472°N 16.64000°W / 12.53472; -16.64000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samatit&params=12_32_05_N_16_38_24_W_type:city_region:SN-ZG","external_links_name":"12°32′05″N 16°38′24″W / 12.53472°N 16.64000°W / 12.53472; -16.64000"},{"Link":"http://www.fallingrain.com/world/SG/12/Samatit.html","external_links_name":"Maps, weather and airports for Samatit"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_De_France	Stade de France	["1 History","2 Architecture","2.1 Roof","3 Interior","3.1 Stands","3.2 Field","3.3 Giant screens","4 Major sports matches","4.1 1998 FIFA World Cup matches","4.2 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup matches","4.3 2007 Rugby World Cup matches","4.4 UEFA Euro 2016 matches","4.5 2023 Rugby World Cup matches","5 Concerts","6 Noise record","7 Tenants","7.1 Future developments","8 Access","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]	Coordinates: 48°55′28″N 2°21′36″E / 48.92444°N 2.36000°E / 48.92444; 2.36000Stadium in Saint-Denis, Paris, France Not to be confused with Stade Français. For other uses, see Stade de France (disambiguation). Stade de FranceUEFA Full nameStade de FranceAddressSaint-DenisFranceLocationZAC du Cornillon Nord Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, FranceCoordinates48°55′28″N 2°21′37″E / 48.9245°N 2.3602°E / 48.9245; 2.3602Public transit Saint-Denis – Porte de Paris Stade de France – Saint-Denis La Plaine – Stade de FranceOwnerConsortium Stade de FranceOperatorConsortium Stade de FranceTypeMultiuse stadiumExecutive suites172Capacity81,338 (football, rugby); 77,083 (athletics)Field size119 m × 75 m (130 yd × 82 yd)SurfaceGrassMaster by Tarkett SportsConstructionBroke ground2 May 1995; 29 years ago (1995-05-02)Built1995–1998Opened28 January 1998; 26 years ago (1998-01-28)Construction cost€364 millionArchitectMichel MacaryAymeric ZublenaMichel RegembalClaude ConstantiniTenantsFrance national football team (1998–present) France national rugby union team (1998–present)Stade Français (selected matches)Racing 92 (selected matches)Websitestadefrance.com Stade de France (French pronunciation: , lit. 'Stadium of France') is the national stadium of France, located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Its seating capacity of 80,698 makes it the largest stadium in France. The stadium is used by the French national football and rugby union teams for international competitions. It is the largest in Europe for athletics events, seating 78,338 in that configuration. During other events, the stadium's running track is mostly hidden under the football pitch. Originally built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, the stadium's name was recommended by Michel Platini, head of the organising committee. On 12 July 1998, France beat Brazil 3–0 in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final contested at the stadium. It will host the athletics events at the 2024 Summer Olympics and in the 2024 Summer Paralympics. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the 2022 UEFA Champions League Final was moved from the Gazprom Arena to Stade de France. Stade de France, listed as a Category 4 stadium by UEFA, hosted matches at the 1998 FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League finals in 2000, 2006 and 2022. It has as well hosted the 1999, 2007 and 2023 Rugby World Cups, making it one of only two stadia in the world to have hosted both a Football World Cup final and a rugby union World Cup final (along with Nissan Stadium in Yokohama). It also hosted seven matches at UEFA Euro 2016, including the final, where France lost to Portugal 1–0 after extra-time. The facility also hosted the Race of Champions auto race in 2004, 2005, and 2006. The stadium hosted the 2003 World Championships in Athletics and from 1999 to 2016 it hosted the annual Meeting Areva athletics meet. Domestically, Stade de France serves as a secondary home facility of Parisian rugby clubs Stade Français and Racing 92, hosting a few of their regular-season fixtures. The stadium also hosts the main French domestic cup finals, which include the Coupe de France (both football and rugby), Coupe de la Ligue, Challenge de France, and the Coupe Gambardella, as well as the Top 14 rugby union championship match. History Stade de France visible from central Paris behind the basilica of Sacré-Cœur. The discussion of a national stadium in France came about as a result of the country's selection to host the 1998 FIFA World Cup on 2 July 1992. As a result of the selection, the country and the French Football Federation made a commitment to construct an 80,000+ capacity all-seater stadium with every seat in the facility being covered. It was the first time in over 70 years since the construction of Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir that a stadium in France was being constructed for a specific event. Due to the magnitude and importance of the facility, the Council of State was allowed first hand approach to how the stadium would be constructed and paid for. The Council sought for the stadium to be built as close as possible to the capital of France, Paris, and that the constructor and operator of the facility would receive significant financial contribution for a period of 30 months following the completion of the stadium. The stadium's design was handled by the team of architects composed of Michel Macary, Aymeric Zublena, Michel Regembal, and Claude Constantini who were associated with CR SCAU Architecture. The stadium was officially ready for construction following the government's selection of manufacturers, Bouygues, Dumez, and SGE, and the signing of building permits on 30 April 1995. With only 31 months to complete the stadium, construction commenced on 2 May 1995. The laying of the first cornerstone took place five months later on 6 September. After over a year of construction, over 800,000 m2 (200 acres) of earthworks had been created and as much as 180,000 m3 (6,400,000 cu ft) of concrete had been poured. The installation of the roof, which cost €45 million, and the mobile platform also took more than a year to complete. During the developmental phase, the stadium was referred to in French as the Grand Stade ("large stadium" or "great stadium"). On 4 December 1995, the Ministry of Sport launched a design competition to decide on a name for the stadium. The stadium was officially named Stade de France after the Ministry heard a proposal from French football legend Michel Platini, who recommended the name. The total cost of the stadium was €364 million. The stadium was inaugurated on 28 January 1998 as it hosted a football match between France and Spain. The match was played in front of 78,368 spectators, which included President Jacques Chirac, with France winning the match 1–0 with Zinedine Zidane scoring the lone goal, and the first-ever at Stade de France, in the 20th minute. Six months later, France returned to the stadium and defeated Brazil in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final to earn their first World Cup title. Stade de France has hosted group, quarter-final, semi-final and the final match of 1998 FIFA World Cup. The national rugby team's first match in the facility was contested five days after its opening, on 2 February, with France earning a 24–17 win over England in front of 77,567 spectators. Philippe Bernat-Salles converted the first ever try at the stadium scoring it in the 11th minute of play. On 24 May 2000, Stade de France hosted the 2000 UEFA Champions League Final. In the match, which saw 78,759 spectators attend, Spanish club Real Madrid defeated fellow Spanish club Valencia 3–0. In 2003, Stade de France was the primary site of the 2003 World Championships in Athletics. Three years later, the facility hosted another UEFA Champions League final with another Spanish club Barcelona defeating England's Arsenal 2–1. On 9 May 2009, Stade de France set the national attendance record for a sporting match played in France with 80,832 showing up to watch Guingamp upset Brittany rivals Rennes 2–1 in the 2009 Coupe de France Final. On 22 May 2010, Stade de France hosted the 2010 Heineken Cup Final. On 11 February 2012, a Six Nations international rugby game between France and Ireland had to be cancelled just before kick-off due to the pitch freezing as the stadium lacks under-soil heating. On 13 November 2015, in one of a series of coordinated shootings and bombings across Paris, Stade de France was targeted. Two explosions occurred outside the stadium during an international friendly between France and Germany, with French President François Hollande in attendance. The terrorist, however, was unable to enter the stadium. The explosion was heard inside the stadium, and many thought it was a firework going off inside the stadium. The attacker wanted to infiltrate the stadium, but was scared away when he saw security and was forced to detonate outside the park. The authorities, aware of what had occurred outside the stadium, chose to continue the match out of concerns that cancelling it would have caused a panic. The stadium has since improved its counter-attack training and strengthened its security. There have since been new guidelines issued by the French police, with mixed reactions. The opening ceremony of the 2016 European Football Championship In 2016, Stade de France was used as the central stadium for the UEFA Euro 2016, hosting seven matches. The stadium was used for the opening ceremony of the tournament which saw French DJ David Guetta perform at the stadium. At the end of his set, Guetta invited Swedish singer Zara Larsson on stage to perform the tournament's official song "This One's for You". Following the ceremony the stadium was used for the tournament's opening game which saw France beat Romania 2–1. Across the next month, the stadium was used for six other tournament matches including the UEFA Euro 2016 Final between France and Portugal. The match followed the closing ceremony which again saw David Guetta perform. Portugal defeated France, 1–0 in extra time, winning the tournament for the first time. The 2022 UEFA Champions League Final, between Liverpool F.C. and Real Madrid CF, was delayed because of difficulties admitting fans, some of them having bogus tickets. Gérald Darmanin, the French interior minister, blamed only Liverpool fans for the delay and difficulties, claiming that Liverpool fans were out of control and trying to enter the stadium. French police used tear gas and pepper spray to try to break up crowds. Several cases of aggressions and robberies of fans attempting to leave the stadium occurred. Several supporters, journalists, and political figures have disputed French authorities' claims. Architecture Stade de France with uncovered athletics track during the 2003 World Championships Stade de France has a movable stand which can be retracted to uncover part of the athletics track. The stadium was notably designed with the assistance of a software simulation of crowd in order to get an accurate observation of how it would look fully developed. The facility was also intended to draw interest in and develop the area of the Plaine Saint-Denis, which straddle the communes of Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, and Saint-Ouen. The primary goal was to renovate the area by building new residential and tertiary sites. The stadium was built without any undersoil heating as noted when Ireland were due to play France in the Six Nations Tournament rugby union match of 2012, in which the game had to be canceled. In 2002, the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) awarded a prize recognizing the unique structure of the stadium, commenting that Stade de France exhibited "a construction of an attractive open architecture of the city, with an elegance and natural lightness". Roof The last part of the metallic construction of the roof, 1997 Construction of the stadium's roof cost over €45 million. Its elliptical shape symbolizes the universality of sport in France. Its area of six hectares and weight, 13,000 tons, is considered a technical marvel by many. It was designed to easily protect the 80,000 spectators without covering the playing field. All lighting and sound, which include 550 lights and 36 blocks of 5 speakers, are housed inside to avoid obstructing visibility. The tinted glass in the center reduces the contrast and distributes natural light. It filters out red and infrared radiation, however, it allows blue and green lights, due to their necessity involving the health of the turf. Interior Visitors' changing room Stands Stade de France is the biggest modular stadium in the world with three galleries. The forum is a low mobile platform of 25,000 seats. It is reached by level 1. It may fall 15 feet to reveal all of the running track and jumping pits. It then retains 22,000 seats. The movement lasts 80 hours, 40 people 20h/24h mobilized, and carried by ten distinct elements of 700 tons each. Access to the gallery is through with 22 bridges and can be found at level 3 with a concentration of restaurants, entertainment areas, shops and central station security. 18 staircases lead viewers to the upper gallery located at Level 6. The evacuation of 80,000 spectators on the porch out can occur in less than 15 minutes. Field Located at 11 meters below the court, the playing area measures 9,000 square meters (120 meters long and 75 meters wide) to a grassed area of 11,000 square meters. Nearly one billion seeds were sown to produce the first pitch in 1997. Today, the grass comes in rolls of 1.20 m x 8 m. Changing the pitch calls for three days of preparation and five days of installation. The change takes place several times a year, depending on the programming stage. Unlike many other stadiums, Stade de France was built without under pitch heating, as the stadium was constructed on the site of an old gasworks, and there were concerns it could cause an explosion. Giant screens As part of its policy of renewing its infrastructure, Stade de France added two new big screens in September 2006. The new displays have a surface 58% greater than the previous screens installed in 1998. The newer giant screens are each composed of 4,423,680 light emitting diodes. They have faster response time and are brighter than the previous screens. Major sports matches Sporting events held at Stade de France include matches (preliminary contests as well as finals) of the 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2007 Rugby World Cup and UEFA Euro 2016. The 2023 Rugby World Cup, including the final, and the MLB World Tour in 2025 is also planned for the venue. It also hosted the 2022 UEFA Champions League Final after being moved from the Gazprom Arena in Russia due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The following is the list of major matches held: 1998 FIFA World Cup matches Date Time (CET) Team #1 Res. Team #2 Round Attendance 10 June 1998 17:30 Brazil 2–1 Scotland Group A (opening match) 80,000 13 June 1998 21:00 Netherlands 0–0 Belgium Group E 75,000 18 June 1998 21:00 France 4–0 Saudi Arabia Group C 80,000 23 June 1998 16:00 Italy 2–1 Austria Group B 80,000 26 June 1998 21:00 Romania 1–1 Tunisia Group G 77,000 28 June 1998 21:00 Nigeria 1–4 Denmark Round of 16 77,000 3 July 1998 16:30 Italy 0–0 (3–4 pen.) France Quarter-final 77,000 8 July 1998 21:00 France 2–1 Croatia Semi-final 76,000 12 July 1998 21:00 Brazil 0–3 France Final 80,000 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup matches Date Time (CET) Team #1 Res. Team #2 Round Attendance 18 June 2003 18:00 New Zealand 0–3 Japan Group A (opening match) 36,038 19 June 2003 21:00 Brazil 0–1 Cameroon Group B 46,719 21 June 2003 19:00 Cameroon 1–0 Turkey Group B 43,743 22 June 2003 21:00 France 5–0 New Zealand Group A 36,842 26 June 2003 21:00 France 3–2 Turkey Semi-final 41,195 29 June 2003 21:00 France 1–0 (a.e.t.) Cameroon Final 51,985 2007 Rugby World Cup matches Date Time (CET) Team #1 Result Team #2 Round Attendance 7 September 2007 21:00 France 12–17 Argentina Group D (opening match) 77,523 14 September 2007 21:00 England 0–36 South Africa Group A 79,312 21 September 2007 21:00 France 25–3 Ireland Group D 80,267 7 October 2007 21:00 Argentina 19–13 Scotland Quarter-final 76,866 13 October 2007 21:00 England 14–9 France Semi-final 80,283 14 October 2007 21:00 South Africa 37–13 Argentina Semi-final 77,055 20 October 2007 21:00 South Africa 15–6 England Final 80,430 UEFA Euro 2016 matches Date Time (CET) Team #1 Res. Team #2 Round Attendance 10 June 2016 21:00 France 2–1 Romania Group A (opening match) 75,113 13 June 2016 18:00 Republic of Ireland 1–1 Sweden Group E 73,419 16 June 2016 21:00 Germany 0–0 Poland Group C 73,648 22 June 2016 18:00 Iceland 2–1 Austria Group F 68,714 27 June 2016 18:00 Italy 2–0 Spain Round of 16 76,165 3 July 2016 21:00 France 5–2 Iceland Quarter-final 76,833 10 July 2016 21:00 Portugal 1–0 (a.e.t.) France Final 75,868 2023 Rugby World Cup matches Date Team #1 Result Team #2 Round 8 September 2023 France 27-13 New Zealand Group A (opening match) 9 September 2023 Australia 35-15 Georgia Group C 23 September 2023 South Africa 8-13 Ireland Group B 7 October 2023 Ireland 36-14 Scotland Group B 14 October 2023 Ireland 24-28 New Zealand Quarter-final 15 October 2023 France 28-29 South Africa Quarter-final 21 October 2007 Argentina 6-14 New Zealand Semi-final 22 October 2007 England 15-16 South Africa Semi-final 27 October 2007 Argentina 23-26 England Third place 28 October 2007 New Zealand 11-12 South Africa Final Concerts The stadium is also used for music concerts. Global acts such as The Rolling Stones, Beyoncé, Coldplay, Depeche Mode, Muse, Metallica, Prince, U2, Mylène Farmer, Guns N' Roses, Rihanna, AC/DC, Justin Timberlake, Céline Dion, Tina Turner, Jay-Z, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Eminem, Lady Gaga, Paul McCartney, Madonna, The Police and BTS have performed here. Partial list of concerts Date Performer(s) Event Opening Act(s) Attendance Revenue Additional notes 25 July 1998 The Rolling Stones Bridges to Babylon Tour Jean-Louis Aubert 76,716 $4,406,313 First concert at the stadium 19 June 1999 Céline Dion Let's Talk About Love World Tour Dany Brillant 180,102 $10,393,539 The concerts were filmed for the singer's concert film Au cœur du stade and recorded for the live album with the same name. 20 June 1999 5 July 2000 Tina Turner Twenty Four Seven Tour Joe Cocker 22 June 2001 AC/DC Stiff Upper Lip World Tour The Offspring, Pure Rubbish 21 September 2002 Kery James Psy 4 de la Rime, Ärsenik, Fonky Family, Kool Shen, Joeystarr, B.O.S.S., Oxmo Puccino Urban Peace 24 May 2003 Bruce Springsteen The Rising Tour 9 July 2003 The Rolling Stones Licks Tour Stereophonics 24 June 2004 Paul McCartney 2004 Summer Tour 9 July 2005 U2 Vertigo Tour Starsailor, Snow Patrol 160,349 $11,822,645 10 July 2005 Snow Patrol, The Music 28 July 2006 The Rolling Stones A Bigger Bang Razorlight 16 June 2006 Starsailor 22 June 2006 George Michael 25 Live 63,583 $9,473,837 29 September 2007 The Police The Police Reunion Tour Fiction Plane 157,906 $15,319,076 30 September 2007 17 May 2008 Émile et Images RFM Party 80 Lio, Jean-Pierre Mader, Rose Laurens, Sabrina Salerno, Desireless, Jeanne Mas, Partenaire Particulier, Début de Soirée, Vivien Savage, Cookie Dingler, Jean Schultheis, Philippe Cataldo, Richard Sanderson, Murray Head, Opus, Léopold Nord & Vous, Kazino, Raft 5 July 2008 David Guetta Unighted 2008 Tiësto, Carl Cox, Joachim Garraud, Martin Solveig 29 August 2008 André Rieu 20 September 2008 Madonna Sticky & Sweet Tour Bob Sinclar 138,163 $17,583,211 21 September 2008 4 October 2008 Rohff Urban Peace 2 Kenza Farah, Sinik, Booba, Soprano, Psy4 de la Rime, TFL, Léa Castel, Kery James, Rim'K, Mala, Tunisiano, Sefyu 16 May 2009 Kassav' 12 June 2009 AC/DC Black Ice World Tour The Answer, Café Bertrand 74,549 $6,123,000 27 June 2009 Depeche Mode Tour of the Universe M83 The concert was recorded for the group's live albums project Recording the Universe. 4 July 2009 David Guetta Unighted Energized Armin van Buuren, Sven Vath, Axwell, Steve Angello, Cathy Guetta 11 July 2009 U2 U2 360° Tour Kaiser Chiefs 186,544 $20,902,760 The performance of I'll Go Crazy If I Don't Go Crazy Tonight from the concert was recorded for the group's live album From the Ground Up: Edge's Picks from U2360°. 12 July 2009 The performance of Angel of Harlem from the concert was recorded for the group's live album From The Ground Up: Edge's Picks from U2360°. 11 September 2009 Mylène Farmer Mylène Farmer en tournée The concerts were filmed and recorded for the singer's concert film and live album N°5 on Tour. 12 September 2009 11 June 2010 Muse The Resistance Tour Editors, The Big Pink, I Am Arrows 12 June 2010 Kasabian, White Lies, DeVotchKa The performance of Stockholm Syndrome was recorded for the group's live EP Summer Stadiums 2010 EP. It was also filmed and released on the band's official YouTube channel. 18 June 2010 AC/DC Black Ice World Tour Slash, Killing Machine 26 June 2010 Indochine Meteor Tour The concert was filmed and recorded for the group's concert film and live album Putain de stade. 18 September 2010 U2 U2 360° Tour Interpol 96,540 $10,175,248 The performance of Moment of Surrender from the concert was recorded for the group's live EP Wide Awake in Europe. 11 June 2011 Manu Dibango, Petit Pays, Fally Ipupa, Jessy Matador, Passi, Werrason, Patience Dabany, Sekouba Bambino, Mory Kanté, Alpha Blondy, Magic System, Meiway, Mokobé, Oumou Sangaré, Negro pou la vi, Coumba Gawlo, Baaba Maal Nuit Africaine 22 June 2011 The Black Eyed Peas The Beginning David Guetta 24 June 2011 Natalia Kills 25 June 2011 30 June 2011 Prince Welcome 2 12 May 2012 Metallica 2012 European Black Album Tour Gojira, The Kills 72,975 $6,431,760 Noise record (Gojira). 30 June 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers I'm With You World Tour The Vaccines The concert was recorded for the group's live albums project Red Hot Chili Peppers Official Bootlegs. 14 July 2012 Madonna MDNA Tour Martin Solveig, will.i.am 62,195 $7,195,799 2 September 2012 Coldplay Mylo Xyloto Tour Marina and the Diamonds, Charli XCX 77,813 $6,346,611 Part of the concert was filmed and recorded for the group's concert film and live album Live 2012. Rihanna appeared onstage for two songs. 22 September 2012 Lady Gaga The Born This Way Ball Lady Starlight, Rerelolewa Oyedele 70,617 $6,367,305 8 June 2013 Rihanna Diamonds World Tour David Guetta, WE ARE GTA 75,841 $6,488,029 15 June 2013 Depeche Mode The Delta Machine Tour Douglas McCarthy 67,103 $5,332,840 21 June 2013 Muse The 2nd Law World Tour Paramore, fun. 150,936 $12,311,700 22 June 2012 Biffy Clyro, Dizzie Rascal, Polly Money 29 June 2013 Bruce Springsteen Wrecking Ball World Tour 61,867 $5,785,660 22 August 2013 Eminem The Recovery Tour Kendrick Lamar, Earlwolf, Earl Sweatshirt, Tyler, The Creator, Slaughterhouse 21 September 2013 Roger Waters The Wall Live 69,119 $6,853,334 28 September 2013 Sexion d'Assaut Urban Peace 3 IAM, Orelsan, Psy 4 de la Rime, La Fouine, Youssoupha 26 April 2014 Justin Timberlake The 20/20 Experience World Tour 57,286 $5,241,720 13 June 2014 The Rolling Stones 14 On Fire 76,495 $10,042,426 20 June 2014 One Direction Where We Are Tour McBusted 114,172 $9,775,550 21 June 2014 27 June 2014 Indochine Black City Tour Two concerts were filmed and recorded for the group's concert film and live album Black City Concerts. 28 June 2014 12 September 2014 Beyoncé Jay-Z On the Run Tour 147,012 $13,631,722 The concerts were aired by HBO. Nicki Minaj appeared on stage for one song. 13 September 2014 23 May 2015 AC/DC Rock or Bust World Tour 26 May 2015 11 June 2015 Paul McCartney Out There 21 July 2016 Beyoncé The Formation World Tour Chloe x Halle, Ingrid 75,106 $6,258,954 30 July 2016 Rihanna Anti World Tour Big Sean, DJ Mustard 1 July 2017 Depeche Mode Global Spirit Tour Algiers 58,199 $4,664,546 7 July 2017 Guns N' Roses Not in This Lifetime... Tour Biffy Clyro 60,438 $5,439,491 15 July 2017 Coldplay A Head Full of Dreams Tour Tove LoLyves 235,611 $19,884,200 The shows grossed $19.8 million in total. 16 July 2017 18 July 2017 25 July 2017 U2 The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds 154,486 $17,277,631 26 July 2017 15 September 2017 Les Insus Dernier Appel 16 September 2017 30 June 2018 Bruno Mars 24K Magic World Tour DNCE, DJ Rashida 6 July 2018 Ed Sheeran ÷ Tour Anne Marie, Jamie Lawson 153,065 $9,308,969 7 July 2018 14 July 2018 Beyoncé Jay-Z On the Run II Tour 111,615 $10,905,089 15 July 2018 The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was broadcast live before the start of the concert. 12 May 2019 Metallica WorldWired Tour Ghost Bokassa 74,889 $6,917,057 7 June 2019 BTS BTS World Tour Love Yourself: Speak Yourself 107,328 $13,728,598 8 June 2019 29 June 2019 Rockin' 1000 5 July 2019 Muse Simulation Theory World Tour Weezer, Mini Mansions 131,321 $12,225,296 Clips of the performances of Propaganda, Thought Contagion and Algorithm were released on the group's official YouTube channel. 6 July 2019 SWMRS, Mini Mansions 29 November 2019 Maître Gims Fuego Tour 4 July 2020 Rockin' 1000 21 May 2022 Indochine Central Tour Coach Party 8 July 2022 Red Hot Chili Peppers 2022 Global Stadium Tour Anderson .Paak & the Free Nationals Thundercat 136,512 $12,851,604 9 July 2022 16 July 2022 Coldplay Music of the Spheres World Tour H.E.R.Gaumar 318,331 $28,035,164 Coldplay holds four records at the venue: Fastest sales of all time (over 200,000 tickets in one morning). First act in history to sell over 300,000 tickets on a single tour. First act in history to perform four shows on a single tour. Biggest attendance of all time, with 318,331 concert goers in total. 17 July 2022 19 July 2022 London GrammarLous and the Yakuza 20 July 2022 24 July 2022 Lady Gaga The Chromatica Ball 78,866 $7,844,680 29 July 2022 Ed Sheeran +–=÷x Tour Maisie Peters, Griff 166,764 $10,767,404 30 July 2022 3 September 2022 Booba SDM & Green Montana 17 May 2023 Metallica M72 World Tour Five Finger Death Punch Ice Nine Kills 96,376 $11,318,434 19 May 2023 Architects Mammoth WVH 26 May 2023 Beyoncé Renaissance World Tour 68,624 $9,402,605 1 June 2023 Harry Styles Love On Tour Wet Leg 132,880 $14,079,140 2 June 2023 24 June 2023 Depeche Mode Memento Mori World Tour Jehnny Beth 70,720 $5,725,938 8 July 2023 Muse Will of the People World Tour Royal Blood 15 July 2023 Blackpink Born Pink World Tour 22 July 2023 Rammstein Rammstein Stadium Tour 29 July 2023 The Weeknd After Hours til Dawn Tour KaytranadaMike Dean 150,610 $15,858,993 30 July 2023 27 September 2024 Mylène Farmer Nevermore 2023/2024 28 September 2024 1 October 2024 26 April 2025 Jul 2 May 2025 Ninho Jefe Airlines Tour 3 May 2025 10 May 2025 DJ Snake The Final Show Noise record On 12 May 2012, the French heavy metal band Gojira performed at the stadium as the opening act for Metallica during their European Black Album Tour. Gojira's concert was measured at 120 decibels in the corridors backstage, which broke the record for the loudest sound ever recorded at Stade de France. On 11 April 2015, the crowd noise produced by the 80,000 people at Stade de France during the 2015 Coupe de la Ligue Final reached 109 decibels, which set the world record for the noisiest stadium recorded during a final match of a football tournament. Tenants Stade de France has as a regular tenant only the national football and national rugby teams. Repeated attempts to persuade a professional football or rugby team to move there have failed so far. Upon the construction of the stadium, Paris Saint-Germain declined to move there, choosing to remain at the Parc des Princes under pressure from its then-owner (pay-TV network Canal Plus) and the Paris city government. However, the Paris rugby club Stade Français have now established themselves as a semi-regular tenant. They began by scheduling their Top 14 home fixture on 15 October 2005 against Toulouse at Stade de France. Stade Français's president, Max Guazzini, publicly said that the club would have to sell 25,000 to 30,000 tickets to break even. Three weeks before the match, 61,000 tickets had been sold, setting a French record for tickets sold to a league match for any sport, including football. The final attendance was 79,454, smashing the national attendance record for a league match in any sport by more than 20,000. Five minutes before the end of the Toulouse match, Guazzini announced to the crowd that Stade Français's scheduled home fixture against Biarritz in March 2006 would also be held at Stade de France. The Stade-Biarritz match broke the attendance record from earlier in the season, with 79,604 present. Guazzini then booked Stade de France for the same two league fixtures in 2006–07. The Biarritz match on 16 October 2006 drew 79,619, making this the third consecutive Stade Français fixture at Stade de France to set an all-time French attendance record. The record was broken yet again at a match against Toulouse on 27 January 2007, with 79,741 filling the stands. Stade Français went on to schedule three home matches at Stade de France in the 2007–08 season. For the 2008–09 season, they booked Stade de France for three home league matches and a Heineken Cup pool match. The number of Stade Français home matches at Stade de France increased again for 2009–10, with five Top 14 fixtures already announced for the stadium. Even with the lack of a regular league tenant, the stadium's revenue increased greatly in 2007, as it was used extensively during the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France, where it hosted numerous pool matches, a quarterfinal match, both of the semi-finals and the final. The Lille OSC football team played all its "home" games in European competition during the 2005–06 season, both in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup, at Stade de France because its own stadium was then under renovation, and the only nearer alternative on French soil, Stade Félix-Bollaert, was not available as that ground's occupant, Lille's local rival Lens, was also participating in the UEFA Cup. Stade de France has hosted the Champions League final on three occasions: 2000 (Real Madrid 3 Valencia 0), 2006 (Barcelona 2 Arsenal 1), and 2022 (Real Madrid 1 Liverpool 0), Future developments France's governing body for rugby union, the French Rugby Federation (FFR), announced in November 2010 that it would not renew its deal to use Stade de France for international rugby matches when it expires in 2013. FFR also stated that it planned to build a new stadium of its own in the Paris region. Reportedly, the FFR had become increasingly frustrated with several aspects of the deal. According to rugby journalist Ian Moriarty, "The deal with the Stade de France has been a disaster for the FFR financially over the years, forcing France's powerbrokers to look across the English channel at the RFU's Twickenham cash cow with ever increasing envy." Reports vary widely as to how much the FFR must spend to rent out the stadium, but estimates range from €3 million to €5 million per match. Although Stade de France and Twickenham are roughly the same size, the rental expense means that the FFR reportedly makes about one-third as much from a Stade de France sellout as does the RFU from a sellout at Twickenham. In addition, the national rugby team does not enjoy primacy at Stade de France; the national football team and major concerts take priority. FFR had to move two of its 2010–11 home Tests to Montpellier and Nantes due to fixture clashes with the national football team. Also, former FFR president Serge Blanco claimed that the 2009 Top 14 final had to be moved from May to June because of a conflict with a Johnny Hallyday rock concert. In June 2012, FFR announced that it had selected the site for its new ground, tentatively known as Grand Stade FFR. The 82,000-seat stadium, featuring a retractable roof and slide-out pitch, was to be built on a former horse racing track in Évry, about 25 km (16 mi) south of Paris. The new stadium, estimated to cost €600 million, was originally scheduled to open in 2017, but completion was later pushed back to the 2021/2022 time frame. FFR officially abandoned the stadium project in December 2016. Access Although located at the crossroads of auto-routes A1 and A86, it is not advisable to go there by car unless one has reserved parking. The stadium was built with a very limited number of parking spaces, which is why public transportation is considered the primary means of getting to the stadium. River shuttles are provided by the Canal Saint-Denis. As part of the Grand Paris Express project and 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games, a new station at Saint-Denis–Pleyel is under construction, connected by a bridge to the Stade de France–Saint-Denis station. Initially served by Line 14 in time for the Games, the station will eventually serve 4 different Métro lines. Public transport stations serving Stade de France Station Line La Plaine – Stade de France RER B Stade de France – Saint-Denis RER D Saint-Denis – Porte de Paris Paris Métro Line 13 and Tramway Line 8 La Plaine – Stade de France RATP 139, 153, 173, 239, 253 Saint-Denis – Porte de Paris RATP 153, 154, 168, 170, 239, 253, 254, 255, 256, 268 Delaunay-Rimet RATP 239, 253 See also List of tourist attractions in Paris List of football stadiums in France List of national stadiums List of rugby union stadiums by capacity Lists of stadiums References ^ a b c d "Zublena Macary Architects". e-Architect. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2021. ^ "Stade de France". Stadiumdb.com ^ Bouygues website: Stade de France Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "History". vinci.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. ^ "Un coût de 364 millions d'euros" . Le Journal du Net. Paris: CCM Benchmark. n.d. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2021. ^ Raynal, Adeline (27 September 2013). "Pourquoi le Stade de France coûte si cher au contribuable" . La Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2021. ^ "Equipes de France – FFF". Fédération Française de Football. ^ Amit. "Euro 2016 – How is Stade de France stadium?". Euro 2016. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. ^ France 24 – 17 England Archived 19 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ Edwards, Luke (February 2008). "6 Nation stadiums records". EMP-Sport. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2009. ^ "Toulouse outmuscle Biarritz to win uninspiring Heineken Cup final". The Guardian. 23 May 2010. ^ "Six Nations: France v Ireland match called off at last minute". BBC Sport. ^ Metro.co.uk, Tanveer Mann for (13 November 2015). "BREAKING: Two explosions heard in Stade de France during France v Germany game". Metro. Retrieved 13 November 2015. ^ Wire, S. I. "Stade de France security on watch before Euro 2016". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "Euro 2016 Terror Test-Run Didn't Go Exactly to Plan". NBC News. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ Tourisme, Seine-Saint-Denis. "Euro 2016 at Stade de France: Fixtures, Tickets and information". Uk.tourisme93.com. Retrieved 18 November 2018. ^ "Uefa Euro 2016: Opening ceremony at the Stade de France as it happened". International Business Times. 10 June 2016. ^ "David Guetta and 150 can-can dancers, welcome to the Euro 2016 opening ceremony". Independent.co.uk. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2018. ^ "France 2-1 Romania". Bbc.co.uk. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2018. ^ "Follow the Euro 2016 closing ceremony live". Standard.co.uk. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2018. ^ Smyth, Rob (10 July 2016). "Portugal 1-0 France: Euro 2016 final – as it happened". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 18 November 2018. ^ "Champions League: French minister says only English fans posed problems". BBC News. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Champions League: Disabled fans treated like animals - French Senate told". BBC News. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Stade de France – Key figures". Archived from the original on 24 November 2006. ^ Lichfield, John (3 February 1998). "French humiliated by frozen pitch". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. ^ UEFA.com (25 February 2022). "2022 UEFA Champions League final to be held at Stade de France in Paris". UEFA.com. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ "Homepage B2C". Stade de France (in French). 26 April 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023. ^ "ÉVÈNEMENTS PASSÉS". Stade de France (in French). Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "Vendredi du Stade : Céline Dion les 19 et 20 juin 1999". Stade de France. 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ^ a b c Bureau, Eric (12 May 2012). "Metallica embrase le Stade de France" . Le Parisien (in French). Paris. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ "Pollstar Year End Top 100 International Boxsoffice" (PDF). Pollstar. Fresno, California. 9 January 2015. ISSN 1067-6945. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. ^ "Billboard Boxscore :: Current Scores". Billboard. 9 August 2016. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "Current Boxscore – Europe 3". Billboard. 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2022. ^ "Current Boxscore \| Billboard". Billboard. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018. ^ "2022 GLOBAL STADIUM TOUR UPCOMING DATES". redhotchilipeppers.com. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ "Coldplay Le 20 Juillet 2022 – Billetterie Officielle" . Stade de France (in French). 25 October 2021. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022. ^ "Coldplay Enchante le Stade de France avec Quatre Soirées Spectaculaires et Festives" . France Info (in French). 20 July 2022. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2022. ^ "Coldplay: 320,000 Spectateurs pour les Concerts au Stade de France, Record pour le Groupe" . Pure Charts (in French). 21 July 2022. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022. ^ "Coldplay: Les Chiffres Fous des Quatre Concerts au Stade de France" . Pure Charts (in French). 5 August 2022. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022. ^ "Year-End Top 300 Concert Grosses" (PDF). Pollstar. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024. ^ Bureau, Eric; Guillo, Jean-Nicholas (27 April 2020) . "Le métal de Gojira fait trembler l'Amérique" . Le Parisien (in French). Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ "Le Stade de France bat un record du monde de décibels" . Le Figaro (in French). Paris. 11 April 2015. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ Plant Rugby news story Archived 19 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "French national rugby team plan to quit Stade de France". BBC Sport. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2012. ^ a b c d Moriarty, Ian (5 July 2012). "Money talks". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 6 July 2012. ^ a b "France announce plans for new stadium". ESPN Scrum. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2013. ^ "Projet Stade" (in French). French Rugby Federation. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012. ^ "Le Stade: Les dates clés" (in French). French Rugby Federation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016. ^ Bates, Charlotte (14 December 2016). "The French rugby federation abandon plans for new stadium". Sky Sports. Retrieved 12 February 2017. ^ "Saint-Denis Pleyel". Société du Grand Paris (in French). 3 May 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ "GARE SAINT-DENIS PLEYEL - LE CŒUR DU GRAND PARIS EXPRESS" (PDF). Société du Grand Paris (in French). July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stade de France. Official website Stadium Guide Article Stats for all rugby matches played at the Stade de France Rugby World Cup 2007 Le Stade de France 3D model (GoogleSketchup) Archived 1 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Events and tenants Preceded bySoldier FieldChicago FIFA World CupOpening venue 1998 Succeeded bySeoul World Cup StadiumSeoul Preceded byRose BowlLos Angeles (Pasadena) FIFA World CupFinal venue 1998 Succeeded byInternational StadiumYokohama Preceded byCamp NouBarcelona UEFA Champions LeagueFinal venue 2000 Succeeded bySan SiroMilan Preceded byInternational StadiumYokohama FIFA Confederations CupFinal venue 2003 Succeeded byWaldstadionFrankfurt Preceded byCommonwealth StadiumEdmonton IAAF World Championships in AthleticsMain venue 2003 Succeeded byHelsinki Olympic StadiumHelsinki Preceded byAtatürk Olympic StadiumIstanbul UEFA Champions LeagueFinal venue 2006 Succeeded byOlympic StadiumAthens Preceded byTelstra StadiumSydney Rugby World CupFinal venue 2007 Succeeded byEden ParkAuckland Preceded byNSC OlimpiyskiyKyiv UEFA European ChampionshipFinal venue 2016 Succeeded byWembley StadiumLondon Preceded byEstádio do DragãoPorto UEFA Champions LeagueFinal venue 2022 Succeeded byAtatürk Olympic StadiumIstanbul Preceded byInternational StadiumYokohama Rugby World CupFinal venue 2023 Succeeded byTBD Preceded byJapan National Stadium Tokyo Summer OlympicsAthletics competitionsMain venue 2024 Succeeded byLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum Links to related articles vteSaint-DenisPrimary and secondary schools Lycée Bartholdi Lycée Paul Éluard Lycée Suger Lycée d’application de l’E.N.N.A Ensemble Scolaire Jean-Baptiste De La Salle - Notre-Dame De La Compassion Collège et lycée Saint-Vincent de Paul Colleges and universities Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis École nationale supérieure Louis-Lumière Landmarks Stade de France Musée Bouilhet-Christofle Basilica of Saint-Denis Tour Pleyel Cité du Cinéma Paris Métro stations Carrefour Pleyel Saint-Denis–Porte de Paris Basilique de Saint-Denis Saint-Denis-Université Paris RER and Transilien stations La Plaine Stade de France Stade de France–Saint-Denis Saint-Denis Events Battle of Saint-Denis (1567) November 2015 Paris attacks Areas Le Franc-Moisin vteFrance national rugby union team French Rugby Federation History History Records USFSA Players All Players Home stadiums Stade de France Stade Vélodrome Parc des Princes Stade Yves-du-Manoir Competitions Rugby World Cup Six Nations Championship Grand Slam Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy Auld Alliance Trophy Trophée des Bicentenaires Dave Gallaher Trophy Olympics Fira Nations Cup Related teams Sevens France A Amateur U20s U18s MatchesWorld Cup finals 1987 1999 2011 By opponent Argentina Australia England Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales See also British Lions (1989) ToursArgentina 1949 1954 1960 1974 1977 1985 1986 1988 1992 1996 1998 2002 2003 2012 2016 2024 Asia 1978 Australia 1961 1968 1972 1981 1986 1990 1997 2002 2005 2008 2014 2021 Fiji 1979 1998 Japan 2022 New Zealand 1961 1968 1979 1984 1986 1989 1994 1999 2001 2003 2007 2013 2018 North America 1978 1991 1994 2004 Oceania 1999 Romania 2006 South Africa 1958 1964 1967 1971 1975 1980 1993 2001 2005 2006 2017 South America 1954 1974 1985 1988 vteFIFA World Cup final venues20th century Estadio Centenario (1930) Stadio Nazionale PNF (1934) Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir (1938) Maracanã Stadium (1950) Wankdorf Stadium (1954) Råsunda Stadium (1958) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos (1962) Wembley Stadium (1966) Estadio Azteca (1970) Olympiastadion (1974) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti (1978) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium (1982) Estadio Azteca (1986) Stadio Olimpico (1990) Rose Bowl (1994) Stade de France (1998) 21st century International Stadium Yokohama (2002) Olympiastadion (2006) Soccer City (2010) Maracanã Stadium (2014) Luzhniki Stadium (2018) Lusail Stadium (2022) MetLife Stadium (2026) vte1998 FIFA World Cup stadiums Parc Lescure (Bordeaux) Stade Félix-Bollaert (Lens) Stade de Gerland (Lyon) Stade Vélodrome (Marseille) Stade de la Mosson (Montpellier) Stade de la Beaujoire (Nantes) Parc des Princes (Paris) Stade de France (Saint-Denis/Paris) Stade Geoffroy-Guichard (Saint-Étienne) Stadium Municipal (Toulouse) vteVenues of the World Athletics Championships1980s 1983: Olympic Stadium (Helsinki) 1987: Olympic Stadium (Rome) 1990s 1991: National Stadium (Tokyo) 1993: Neckarstadium (Stuttgart) 1995: Ullevi (Gothenburg) 1997: Olympic Stadium (Athens) 1999: Estadio de La Cartuja (Seville) 2000s 2001: Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton) 2003: Stade de France (Paris) 2005: Olympic Stadium (Helsinki) 2007: Nagai Stadium (Osaka) 2009: Olympic Stadium (Berlin) 2010s 2011: Daegu Stadium 2013: Luzhniki Stadium (Moscow) 2015: Beijing National Stadium 2017: London Stadium 2019: Khalifa International Stadium (Doha) 2020s 2022: Hayward Field (Eugene) 2023: National Athletics Centre (Budapest) 2025: National Stadium (Tokyo) vteVenues of the 1999 Rugby World Cup Millennium Stadium (Cardiff) Stade de France (Saint-Denis) Twickenham Stadium (London) Murrayfield Stadium (Edinburgh) Hampden Park (Glasgow) Lansdowne Road (Dublin) Stade Félix Bollaert (Lens) Parc Lescure (Bordeaux) McAlpine Stadium (Huddersfield) Stade de Toulouse (Toulouse) Stade de la Méditerranée (Béziers) Ashton Gate (Bristol) Welford Road Stadium (Leicester) Racecourse Ground (Wrexham) Thomond Park (Limerick) Ravenhill Stadium (Belfast) Stradey Park (Llanelli) Netherdale (Galashiels) vteVenues of the 2007 Rugby World Cup Stade de France (Saint-Denis) Millennium Stadium (Cardiff) Murrayfield (Edinburgh) Parc des Princes (Paris) Stade Vélodrome (Marseille) Stade de Gerland (Lyon) La Beaujoire (Nantes) Stade Félix-Bollaert ( Lens) Stade Geoffroy-Guichard (Saint-Étienne) Stade Chaban-Delmas (Bordeaux) Stade de la Mosson (Montpellier) Stadium Municipal (Toulouse) vteEuropean Rugby Champions Cup Final venuesHeineken Cup era Cardiff Arms Park, Wales (1996) Cardiff Arms Park, Wales (1997) Parc Lescure, France(1998) Lansdowne Road, Ireland (1999) Twickenham, England (2000) Parc des Princes, France (2001) Millennium Stadium, Wales (2002) Lansdowne Road, Ireland (2003) Twickenham, England (2004) Murrayfield, Scotland (2005) Millennium Stadium, Wales (2006) Twickenham, England (2007) Millennium Stadium, Wales (2008) Murrayfield, Scotland (2009) Stade de France, France (2010) Millennium Stadium, Wales (2011) Twickenham, England (2012) Aviva Stadium, Ireland (2013) Millennium Stadium, Wales (2014) Champions Cup era Twickenham, England (2015) Parc Olympique Lyonnais, France (2016) Murrayfield, Scotland (2017) San Mamés, Spain (2018) St James' Park, England (2019) Ashton Gate, England (2020) Twickenham, England (2021) Stade Vélodrome, France (2022) Aviva Stadium, Ireland (2023) Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, England (2024) vteSix Nations ChampionshipTeams England France Ireland Italy Scotland Wales Stadia Twickenham Stadium Stade de France Aviva Stadium Stadio Olimpico Murrayfield Stadium Millennium Stadium SeasonsHome 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 Five 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 Home 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Five 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Six 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 SquadsFive 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Six 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Head-to-headrecordsEngland France Ireland Italy Scotland Wales France England Ireland Italy Scotland Wales Ireland England France Italy Scotland Wales Italy England France Ireland Scotland Wales Scotland England France Ireland Italy Wales Wales England France Ireland Italy Scotland Honours Triple Crown Grand Slam Auld Alliance Trophy Calcutta Cup Centenary Quaich Cuttitta Cup Doddie Weir Cup Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy Millennium Trophy Wooden Spoon Championship records Hat-tricks Players of the Championship Under 20s Championship Women's Championship vteRugby World Cup Final venues20th century Eden Park (Australia/New Zealand 1987) Twickenham Stadium (England 1991) Ellis Park (South Africa 1995) Millennium Stadium (Wales 1999) 21st century Telstra Stadium (Australia 2003) Stade de France (France 2007) Eden Park (New Zealand 2011) Twickenham Stadium (England 2015) International Stadium Yokohama (Japan 2019) Stade de France (France 2023) vteUEFA Euro 2016 stadiums Parc des Princes (Paris) Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux (Bordeaux) Stade de France (Saint-Denis) Stade de Nice (Nice) Parc Olympique Lyonnais (Lyon) Stade Bollaert-Delelis (Lens) Stade Geoffroy-Guichard (Saint-Étienne) Stade Pierre-Mauroy (Lille) Stade Vélodrome (Marseille) Stadium Municipal (Toulouse) vteUEFA European Championship final stadiums 1960: Parc des Princes (Paris) 1964: Santiago Bernabéu Stadium (Madrid) 1968: Stadio Olimpico (Rome) 1972: Heysel Stadium (Brussels) 1976: Red Star Stadium (Belgrade) 1980: Stadio Olimpico (Rome) 1984: Parc des Princes (Paris) 1988: Olympiastadion (Munich) 1992: Ullevi (Gothenburg) 1996: Wembley Stadium (London) 2000: Feijenoord Stadion (Rotterdam) 2004: Estádio da Luz (Lisbon) 2008: Ernst-Happel-Stadion (Vienna) 2012: Olympic Stadium (Kyiv) 2016: Stade de France (Saint-Denis) 2020: Wembley Stadium (London) 2024: Olympiastadion (Berlin) 2028: Wembley Stadium (London) vteEuropean Cup and UEFA Champions League final venuesEuropean Cup era, 1955–19921950s Parc des Princes (1956) Santiago Bernabéu (1957) Heysel Stadium (1958) Neckarstadion (1959) 1960s Hampden Park (1960) Wankdorf Stadium (1961) Olympisch Stadion (1962) Wembley Stadium (1963) Praterstadion (1964) San Siro (1965) Heysel Stadium (1966) Estádio Nacional (1967) Wembley Stadium (1968) Santiago Bernabéu (1969) 1970s San Siro (1970) Wembley Stadium (1971) De Kuip (1972) Red Star Stadium (1973) Heysel Stadium (1974) Parc des Princes (1975) Hampden Park (1976) Stadio Olimpico (1977) Wembley Stadium (1978) Olympiastadion (1979) 1980s Santiago Bernabéu (1980) Parc des Princes (1981) De Kuip (1982) Olympic Stadium (1983) Stadio Olimpico (1984) Heysel Stadium (1985) Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán (1986) Praterstadion (1987) Neckarstadion (1988) Camp Nou (1989) 1990s Praterstadion (1990) Stadio San Nicola (1991) Wembley Stadium (1992) UEFA Champions League era, 1992–present1990s Olympiastadion (Munich) (1993) Olympic Stadium (1994) Ernst-Happel-Stadion (1995) Stadio Olimpico (1996) Olympiastadion (Munich) (1997) Amsterdam Arena (1998) Camp Nou (1999) 2000s Stade de France (2000) San Siro (2001) Hampden Park (2002) Old Trafford (2003) Arena AufSchalke (2004) Atatürk Olympic Stadium (2005) Stade de France (2006) Olympic Stadium (2007) Luzhniki Stadium (2008) Stadio Olimpico (2009) 2010s Santiago Bernabéu (2010) Wembley Stadium (2011) Allianz Arena (2012) Wembley Stadium (2013) Estádio da Luz (2014) Olympiastadion (Berlin) (2015) San Siro (2016) Millennium Stadium (2017) NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium (2018) Metropolitano Stadium (2019) 2020s Estádio da Luz (2020) Estádio do Dragão (2021) Stade de France (2022) Atatürk Olympic Stadium (2023) Wembley Stadium (2024) Allianz Arena (2025) Puskás Aréna (2026) vteVenues for the 2023 Rugby World Cup Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux (Bordeaux) Stade de France (Saint-Denis) Stade de Nice (Nice) Parc Olympique Lyonnais (Lyon) Stade de la Beaujoire (Nantes) Stade Geoffroy-Guichard (Saint-Étienne) Stade Pierre-Mauroy (Lille) Stade Vélodrome (Marseille) Stadium de Toulouse (Toulouse) vteSummer Olympic stadiums19th century Panathenaic Stadium (Athens 1896) Vélodrome de Vincennes (Paris 1900) 20th century Francis Olympic Field (St Louis 1904) White City Stadium (London 1908) Stockholm Olympic Stadium (Stockholm 1912) Olympisch Stadion (Antwerp 1920) Stade Yves-du-Manoir (Paris 1924) Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam 1928) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (Los Angeles 1932) Olympiastadion (Berlin 1936) Wembley Stadium (London 1948) Helsinki Olympic Stadium (Helsinki 1952) Melbourne Cricket Ground (Melbourne 1956) Stadio Olimpico (Rome 1960) National Stadium (Tokyo 1964) Estadio Olímpico Universitario (Mexico City 1968) Olympiastadion (Munich 1972) Olympic Stadium (Montreal 1976) Luzhniki Stadium (Moscow 1980) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (Los Angeles 1984) Seoul Olympic Stadium (Seoul 1988) Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys (Barcelona 1992) Centennial Olympic Stadium (Atlanta 1996) Stadium Australia (Sydney 2000) 21st century Olympic Stadium (Athens 2004) Beijing National Stadium (Beijing 2008) London Stadium (London 2012) Maracanã Stadium (Rio de Janeiro 2016) Japan National Stadium (Tokyo 2020) Stade de France (Paris 2024) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum/SoFi Stadium (Los Angeles 2028) Lang Park (Brisbane 2032) vteOlympic venues in athletics19th century 1896: Marathon (city), Panathenaic Stadium 20th century 1900: Croix-Catelan Stadium 1904: Francis Field 1908: White City Stadium 1912: Stockholm Olympic Stadium 1920: Olympisch Stadion 1924: Stade Yves-du-Manoir 1928: Olympic Stadium 1932: Olympic Stadium, Riverside Drive at Griffith Park 1936: Avus Motor Road, Olympic Stadium 1948: Empire Stadium 1952: Olympic Stadium 1956: Melbourne Cricket Ground 1960: Arch of Constantine, Raccordo Anulare, Stadio Olimpico, Via Appia Antica, Via Cristoforo Colombo 1964: Fuchu City, Karasuyama-machi, National Stadium, Sasazuka-machi, Shinjuku 1968: Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Zócalo 1972: Olympiastadion 1976: Montreal Botanical Garden, Olympic Stadium, Streets of Montreal 1980: Grand Arena, Streets of Moscow 1984: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Santa Monica College, Streets of Los Angeles, Streets of Santa Monica 1988: Seoul Olympic Stadium, Streets of Seoul 1992: Estadi Olímpic de Monjuïc, Marathon course, Mataró, Walking course 1996: Marathon course, Olympic Stadium, Walking course 21st century 2000: Marathon course, North Sydney, Olympic Stadium 2004: Marathon (city), Olympic Stadium, Panathenaic Stadium, Stadium at Olympia 2008: Beijing National Stadium, Olympic Green Promenade Walking course, Streets of Beijing Marathon course 2012: Marathon Course, Olympic Stadium 2016: Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, Pontal, Sambódromo 2020: Japan National Stadium, Odori Park 2024: Stade de France, Champs-Élysées 2028: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, BMO Stadium, Grand Park 2032: Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre, Alexandra Headland vteOlympic venues in rugby sevens 2016: Deodoro Stadium 2020: Tokyo Stadium 2024: Stade de France 2028: Dignity Health Sports Park 2032: Lang Park vteVenues of the 2024 Summer Olympics (Paris)Grand Paris Zone Arena Paris Nord and Villepinte PMC Range Le Bourget Urban Sports Park Paris Aquatic Centre Paris La Défense Arena Porte de La Chapelle Arena Stade de France Stade Yves-du-Manoir Paris Centre Zone Bercy Arena Eiffel Tower Stadium Champ de Mars Grand Palais Éphémère Les Invalides Hôtel de Ville Paris Expo Porte de Versailles Place de la Concorde Pont Alexandre III Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court Simonne-Mathieu Trocadéro (Pont d'Iéna) Versailles Zone Élancourt Hill Le Golf National Palace of Versailles Vélodrome National Stand-alone venues National Shooting Centre, Châteauroux National Olympic Nautical Stadium of Île-de-France, Vaires-sur-Marne Roucas Blanc Olympic Marina, Marseille Stade Pierre-Mauroy, Lille Teahupo'o, Tahiti Football stadia Allianz Riviera, Nice Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Parc des Princes Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon–Décines-Charpieu Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, Saint-Étienne Stade Vélodrome, Marseille vteTourism in ParisLandmarks Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Arènes de Lutèce Bourse Catacombs Conciergerie Eiffel Tower Gare d'Austerlitz Gare de l'Est Gare de Lyon Gare du Nord Gare Montparnasse Gare Saint-Lazare Grand Palais and Petit Palais Institut de France Jeanne d'Arc Les Invalides Louvre Pyramid Luxor Obelisk Odéon Opéra Bastille Opéra Garnier Panthéon Philharmonie de Paris Place Diana Flame of Liberty Porte Saint-Denis Porte Saint-Martin Sorbonne Tour Montparnasse Museums(list) Army Museum Bibliothèque nationale Carnavalet Centre Pompidou Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume Louis Vuitton Foundation Musée des Arts décoratifs Musée des Arts et Métiers Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris Maison de Balzac Musée Bourdelle Musée de la Cinémathèque Musée Cognacq-Jay Musée Grévin Musée Guimet Maison de Victor Hugo Musée Jacquemart-André Musée du Louvre Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de Montmartre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée national des Monuments Français Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Pasteur Musée Picasso Musée du Quai Branly Musée Rodin Palais de la Légion d'Honneur Musée de la Légion d'honneur Musée de la Vie romantique Religious buildings Alexander Nevsky Cathedral American Cathedral American Church Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Chapelle expiatoire Grand Mosque Grand Synagogue Synagogue de Nazareth La Madeleine Notre-Dame de Paris Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle Notre-Dame-de-Lorette Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Sacré-Cœur Saint Ambroise Saint-Augustin Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Saint-Eustache Saint-François-Xavier Saint-Germain-des-Prés Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais Tour Saint-Jacques Saint-Jean de Montmartre Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis Saint-Pierre de Montmartre Saint-Roch Saint-Sulpice Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Sainte-Chapelle Sainte-Clotilde Sainte-Trinité Temple du Marais Val-de-Grâce Hôtels particuliersand palaces Élysée Palace Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Charost Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel d'Estrées Hôtel de la Païva Hôtel de Pontalba Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel de Sully Hôtel de Ville Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Luxembourg Palace Petit Luxembourg Palais Bourbon Palais de Justice Palais de la Cité Palais-Royal Bridges, streets,areas, squaresand waterways Avenue de l'Opéra Avenue Foch Avenue George V Boulevard de la Madeleine Boulevard de Sébastopol Canal de l'Ourcq Canal Saint-Martin Champ de Mars Champs-Élysées Covered passages Galerie Véro-Dodat Choiseul Panoramas Galerie Vivienne Havre Jouffroy Brady Latin Quarter Le Marais Montmartre Montparnasse Place Diana Place Dauphine Place de la Bastille Place de la Concorde Place de la Nation Place de la République Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall Place des États-Unis Place des Pyramides Place des Victoires Place des Vosges Place du Carrousel Place du Châtelet Place du Tertre Place Saint-Michel Place Vendôme Pont Alexandre III Pont d'Iéna Pont de Bir-Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Port du Louvre Rive Gauche Rue Basse Rue Bonaparte Rue Charlemagne Rue d'Argenteuil Rue de la Ferronnerie Rue de la Paix Rue de la Sourdière Rue de Montmorency Rue de Richelieu Rue de Rivoli Rue de Vaugirard Rue des Francs-Bourgeois Rue des Lombards Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré Rue Elzévir Rue Foyatier Rue Molière Rue Montorgueil Rue Radziwill Rue Rambuteau Rue Mondétour Rue Pastourelle Rue des Rosiers Rue Saint-Honoré Rue Saint-Denis Rue Sainte-Anne Saint-Germain-des-Prés Trocadéro Viaduc d'Austerlitz Parks and gardens Bois de Boulogne Jardin d'Acclimatation Bois de Vincennes Parc floral Jardin du Luxembourg Parc André-Citroën Parc Clichy-Batignolles Parc de Belleville Parc de Bercy Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Georges-Brassens Parc Monceau Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Coulée verte René-Dumont Sport venues Accor Arena Auteuil Hippodrome Halle Georges Carpentier Longchamp Hippodrome Parc des Princes Piscine Molitor Porte de La Chapelle Arena Stade Jean Bouin Stade Pershing Stade Pierre de Coubertin Stade Roland Garros Stade Sébastien Charléty Vélodrome de Vincennes Vincennes Hippodrome Cemeteries Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery Oscar Wilde's tomb Picpus Cemetery Région parisienne Basilica of Saint-Denis Château d'Écouen Château de Chantilly Château de Fontainebleau Château de Malmaison Château de Rambouillet Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Château de Sceaux Château and Gardens of Versailles (Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon, including the Fresh pavilion) Château de Vincennes La Défense Grande Arche Paris La Défense Arena Disneyland Paris Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park Exploradôme Fort Mont-Valérien Mémorial de la France combattante Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial France Miniature Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Parc de Saint-Cloud Provins La Roche-Guyon Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Stade de France Vaux-le-Vicomte Culture and events Bastille Day military parade Dîner en Blanc Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris Fashion Week Paris-Plages Republican Guard Solidays Other Axe historique Bateau-Lavoir Bateaux Mouches Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Folies Bergère Fountains in Paris La Ruche Les Deux Magots Maxim's Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Paris Métro entrances Montmartre Funicular Paris Musées Paris syndrome Paris Zoological Park Pyramide inversée World Heritage Centre Related List of tourist attractions in Paris Art in Paris Paris syndrome vteNovember 2015 Paris attacksMain locations Bataclan theatre Boulevard Voltaire Rue Alibert Stade de France Aftermath Reactions to the attacks 2015 Saint-Denis raid Opération Chammal Brussels lockdown 2016 Brussels police raids Paris attacks trial Perpetrators Abdelhamid Abaaoud Salah Abdeslam Related events January 2015 Île-de-France attacks Opération Sentinelle Metrojet Flight 9268 2015 Beirut bombings 2015 Bamako hotel attack 2016 Brussels bombings Terrorism in France List of terrorist incidents in France Islamic terrorism in Europe List of Islamist terrorist attacks vte Diamond League venuesCurrent (2024) Xiamen Egret Stadium Suzhou Olympic Sports Centre Suheim bin Hamad Stadium Stade de Marrakech Hayward Field Bislett Stadium Stockholm Olympic Stadium Stade Sébastien Charléty Stade Louis II London Stadium Silesian Stadium Stade Olympique de la Pontaise Stadio Olimpico Letzigrund King Baudouin Stadium Former Alexander Stadium Cobb Track and Angell Field Crystal Palace National Sports Centre Gateshead International Stadium Hampden Park Icahn Stadium Khalifa International Stadium Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium Shanghai Stadium Stade de France Stadio Luigi Ridolfi Portals: France Association football Sports Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Geographic MusicBrainz place StadiumDB Structurae 48°55′28″N 2°21′36″E / 48.92444°N 2.36000°E / 48.92444; 2.36000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stade Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"Stade de France (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[stad də fʁɑ̃s]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"national stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_stadium"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"},{"link_name":"largest stadium in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_France"},{"link_name":"French national football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"rugby union teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics"},{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Michel Platini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Platini"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"2024 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2024 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"2022 UEFA Champions League Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Gazprom Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom_Arena"},{"link_name":"Category 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_stadium_categories"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_winners"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rugby World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Football World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"rugby union World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Nissan Stadium in Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Stadium_(Yokohama)"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_Final"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Race of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Race_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Race_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Race_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"2003 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Meeting Areva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_Areva"},{"link_name":"Stade Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais_Paris"},{"link_name":"Racing 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_92"},{"link_name":"cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"Challenge de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_de_France"},{"link_name":"Coupe Gambardella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_Gambardella"},{"link_name":"Top 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_14"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"}],"text":"Stadium in Saint-Denis, Paris, FranceNot to be confused with Stade Français. For other uses, see Stade de France (disambiguation).Stade de France (French pronunciation: [stad də fʁɑ̃s], lit. 'Stadium of France') is the national stadium of France, located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Its seating capacity of 80,698 makes it the largest stadium in France. The stadium is used by the French national football and rugby union teams for international competitions. It is the largest in Europe for athletics events, seating 78,338 in that configuration. During other events, the stadium's running track is mostly hidden under the football pitch.Originally built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, the stadium's name was recommended by Michel Platini, head of the organising committee. On 12 July 1998, France beat Brazil 3–0 in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final contested at the stadium. It will host the athletics events at the 2024 Summer Olympics and in the 2024 Summer Paralympics. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the 2022 UEFA Champions League Final was moved from the Gazprom Arena to Stade de France.Stade de France, listed as a Category 4 stadium by UEFA, hosted matches at the 1998 FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League finals in 2000, 2006 and 2022. It has as well hosted the 1999, 2007 and 2023 Rugby World Cups, making it one of only two stadia in the world to have hosted both a Football World Cup final and a rugby union World Cup final (along with Nissan Stadium in Yokohama). It also hosted seven matches at UEFA Euro 2016, including the final, where France lost to Portugal 1–0 after extra-time. The facility also hosted the Race of Champions auto race in 2004, 2005, and 2006. The stadium hosted the 2003 World Championships in Athletics and from 1999 to 2016 it hosted the annual Meeting Areva athletics meet.Domestically, Stade de France serves as a secondary home facility of Parisian rugby clubs Stade Français and Racing 92, hosting a few of their regular-season fixtures. The stadium also hosts the main French domestic cup finals, which include the Coupe de France (both football and rugby), Coupe de la Ligue, Challenge de France, and the Coupe Gambardella, as well as the Top 14 rugby union championship match.","title":"Stade de France"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacrecoeur_stadedefrance.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sacré-Cœur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris"},{"link_name":"national stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_stadium"},{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"French Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Olympique_Yves-du-Manoir"},{"link_name":"Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bouygues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouygues"},{"link_name":"Dumez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinci_SA"},{"link_name":"SGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinci_SA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"earthworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Youth_Affairs_and_Sports_(France)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Michel Platini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Platini"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"Zinedine Zidane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Philippe Bernat-Salles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Bernat-Salles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2000 UEFA Champions League Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"2003 World Championships in Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Guingamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Avant_de_Guingamp"},{"link_name":"Brittany rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Breton"},{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Rennais_F.C."},{"link_name":"2009 Coupe de France Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Coupe_de_France_Final"},{"link_name":"2010 Heineken Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Heineken_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"a series of coordinated shootings and bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks"},{"link_name":"François Hollande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uefa_Euro_2016_Opening_Ceremony.jpg"},{"link_name":"2016 European Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"Zara Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Larsson"},{"link_name":"This One's for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_One%27s_for_You_(David_Guetta_song)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2016 Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016_Final"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2022 UEFA Champions League Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Liverpool F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Real Madrid CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"Gérald Darmanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Darmanin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2022-06-01-22"},{"link_name":"tear gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tear_gas"},{"link_name":"pepper spray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2022-06-21-23"}],"text":"Stade de France visible from central Paris behind the basilica of Sacré-Cœur.The discussion of a national stadium in France came about as a result of the country's selection to host the 1998 FIFA World Cup on 2 July 1992.[citation needed] As a result of the selection, the country and the French Football Federation made a commitment to construct an 80,000+ capacity all-seater stadium with every seat in the facility being covered. It was the first time in over 70 years since the construction of Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir that a stadium in France was being constructed for a specific event. Due to the magnitude and importance of the facility, the Council of State was allowed first hand approach to how the stadium would be constructed and paid for. The Council sought for the stadium to be built as close as possible to the capital of France, Paris, and that the constructor and operator of the facility would receive significant financial contribution for a period of 30 months following the completion of the stadium. The stadium's design was handled by the team of architects composed of Michel Macary, Aymeric Zublena, Michel Regembal, and Claude Constantini who were associated with CR SCAU Architecture.[citation needed]The stadium was officially ready for construction following the government's selection of manufacturers, Bouygues, Dumez, and SGE, and the signing of building permits on 30 April 1995.[3][4] With only 31 months to complete the stadium, construction commenced on 2 May 1995. The laying of the first cornerstone took place five months later on 6 September. After over a year of construction, over 800,000 m2 (200 acres) of earthworks had been created and as much as 180,000 m3 (6,400,000 cu ft) of concrete had been poured. The installation of the roof, which cost €45 million, and the mobile platform also took more than a year to complete.During the developmental phase, the stadium was referred to in French as the Grand Stade (\"large stadium\" or \"great stadium\"). On 4 December 1995, the Ministry of Sport launched a design competition to decide on a name for the stadium. The stadium was officially named Stade de France after the Ministry heard a proposal from French football legend Michel Platini, who recommended the name. The total cost of the stadium was €364 million.[5][6]The stadium was inaugurated on 28 January 1998 as it hosted a football match between France and Spain. The match was played in front of 78,368 spectators, which included President Jacques Chirac, with France winning the match 1–0 with Zinedine Zidane scoring the lone goal, and the first-ever at Stade de France, in the 20th minute.[7] Six months later, France returned to the stadium and defeated Brazil in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final to earn their first World Cup title. Stade de France has hosted group, quarter-final, semi-final and the final match of 1998 FIFA World Cup.[8] The national rugby team's first match in the facility was contested five days after its opening, on 2 February, with France earning a 24–17 win over England in front of 77,567 spectators.[9] Philippe Bernat-Salles converted the first ever try at the stadium scoring it in the 11th minute of play.[10]On 24 May 2000, Stade de France hosted the 2000 UEFA Champions League Final. In the match, which saw 78,759 spectators attend, Spanish club Real Madrid defeated fellow Spanish club Valencia 3–0. In 2003, Stade de France was the primary site of the 2003 World Championships in Athletics. Three years later, the facility hosted another UEFA Champions League final with another Spanish club Barcelona defeating England's Arsenal 2–1. On 9 May 2009, Stade de France set the national attendance record for a sporting match played in France with 80,832 showing up to watch Guingamp upset Brittany rivals Rennes 2–1 in the 2009 Coupe de France Final. On 22 May 2010, Stade de France hosted the 2010 Heineken Cup Final.[11] On 11 February 2012, a Six Nations international rugby game between France and Ireland had to be cancelled just before kick-off due to the pitch freezing as the stadium lacks under-soil heating.[12]On 13 November 2015, in one of a series of coordinated shootings and bombings across Paris, Stade de France was targeted. Two explosions occurred outside the stadium during an international friendly between France and Germany, with French President François Hollande in attendance. The terrorist, however, was unable to enter the stadium.[13] The explosion was heard inside the stadium, and many thought it was a firework going off inside the stadium. The attacker wanted to infiltrate the stadium, but was scared away when he saw security and was forced to detonate outside the park. The authorities, aware of what had occurred outside the stadium, chose to continue the match out of concerns that cancelling it would have caused a panic. The stadium has since improved its counter-attack training and strengthened its security.[14] There have since been new guidelines issued by the French police, with mixed reactions.[15]The opening ceremony of the 2016 European Football ChampionshipIn 2016, Stade de France was used as the central stadium for the UEFA Euro 2016, hosting seven matches.[16] The stadium was used for the opening ceremony of the tournament which saw French DJ David Guetta perform at the stadium. At the end of his set, Guetta invited Swedish singer Zara Larsson on stage to perform the tournament's official song \"This One's for You\".[17][18] Following the ceremony the stadium was used for the tournament's opening game which saw France beat Romania 2–1.[19] Across the next month, the stadium was used for six other tournament matches including the UEFA Euro 2016 Final between France and Portugal. The match followed the closing ceremony which again saw David Guetta perform.[20] Portugal defeated France, 1–0 in extra time, winning the tournament for the first time.[21]The 2022 UEFA Champions League Final, between Liverpool F.C. and Real Madrid CF, was delayed because of difficulties admitting fans, some of them having bogus tickets. Gérald Darmanin, the French interior minister, blamed only Liverpool fans for the delay and difficulties, claiming that Liverpool fans were out of control and trying to enter the stadium.[22] French police used tear gas and pepper spray to try to break up crowds. Several cases of aggressions and robberies of fans attempting to leave the stadium occurred.[23] Several supporters, journalists, and political figures have disputed French authorities' claims.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_championships_in_athletics_2003_Paris_Saint-Denis_stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"2003 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"movable stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_seating"},{"link_name":"athletics track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_track"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Aubervilliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubervilliers"},{"link_name":"Saint-Ouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Ouen,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Six Nations Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_Tournament"},{"link_name":"International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Bridge_and_Structural_Engineering"}],"text":"Stade de France with uncovered athletics track during the 2003 World ChampionshipsStade de France has a movable stand which can be retracted to uncover part of the athletics track.[24] The stadium was notably designed with the assistance of a software simulation of crowd in order to get an accurate observation of how it would look fully developed. The facility was also intended to draw interest in and develop the area of the Plaine Saint-Denis, which straddle the communes of Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, and Saint-Ouen. The primary goal was to renovate the area by building new residential and tertiary sites.The stadium was built without any undersoil heating as noted when Ireland were due to play France in the Six Nations Tournament rugby union match of 2012, in which the game had to be canceled.In 2002, the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE) awarded a prize recognizing the unique structure of the stadium, commenting that Stade de France exhibited \"a construction of an attractive open architecture of the city, with an elegance and natural lightness\".","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pose_du_dernier_troncon_de_la_toiture_du_stade_de_france.jpg"},{"link_name":"sport in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_France"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"}],"sub_title":"Roof","text":"The last part of the metallic construction of the roof, 1997Construction of the stadium's roof cost over €45 million. Its elliptical shape symbolizes the universality of sport in France. Its area of six hectares and weight, 13,000 tons, is considered a technical marvel by many. It was designed to easily protect the 80,000 spectators without covering the playing field. All lighting and sound, which include 550 lights and 36 blocks of 5 speakers, are housed inside to avoid obstructing visibility. The tinted glass in the center reduces the contrast and distributes natural light. It filters out red and infrared radiation, however, it allows blue and green lights, due to their necessity involving the health of the turf.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stade_De_France_Vestiaires_Visiteurs.jpg"}],"text":"Visitors' changing room","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Stands","text":"Stade de France is the biggest modular stadium in the world with three galleries.The forum is a low mobile platform of 25,000 seats. It is reached by level 1. It may fall 15 feet to reveal all of the running track and jumping pits. It then retains 22,000 seats. The movement lasts 80 hours, 40 people 20h/24h mobilized, and carried by ten distinct elements of 700 tons each.Access to the gallery is through with 22 bridges and can be found at level 3 with a concentration of restaurants, entertainment areas, shops and central station security.18 staircases lead viewers to the upper gallery located at Level 6.The evacuation of 80,000 spectators on the porch out can occur in less than 15 minutes.[citation needed]","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"sub_title":"Field","text":"Located at 11 meters below the court, the playing area measures 9,000 square meters (120 meters long and 75 meters wide) to a grassed area of 11,000 square meters. Nearly one billion seeds were sown to produce the first pitch in 1997. Today, the grass comes in rolls of 1.20 m x 8 m. Changing the pitch calls for three days of preparation and five days of installation. The change takes place several times a year, depending on the programming stage.\nUnlike many other stadiums, Stade de France was built without under pitch heating, as the stadium was constructed on the site of an old gasworks,[25] and there were concerns[by whom?] it could cause an explosion.","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light emitting diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Giant screens","text":"As part of its policy of renewing its infrastructure, Stade de France added two new big screens in September 2006. The new displays have a surface 58% greater than the previous screens installed in 1998. The newer giant screens are each composed of 4,423,680 light emitting diodes. They have faster response time and are brighter than the previous screens.[citation needed]","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2003 FIFA Confederations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_FIFA_Confederations_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016"},{"link_name":"2023 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"MLB World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_games_played_outside_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"2022 UEFA Champions League Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Gazprom Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krestovsky_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Sporting events held at Stade de France include matches (preliminary contests as well as finals) of the 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2007 Rugby World Cup and UEFA Euro 2016. The 2023 Rugby World Cup, including the final, and the MLB World Tour in 2025 is also planned for the venue. It also hosted the 2022 UEFA Champions League Final after being moved from the Gazprom Arena in Russia due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[26]The following is the list of major matches held:","title":"Major sports matches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1998 FIFA World Cup matches","title":"Major sports matches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2003 FIFA Confederations Cup matches","title":"Major sports matches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2007 Rugby World Cup matches","title":"Major sports matches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"UEFA Euro 2016 matches","title":"Major sports matches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2023 Rugby World Cup matches","title":"Major sports matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Coldplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"Muse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse_(band)"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Mylène Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myl%C3%A8ne_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"AC/DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC"},{"link_name":"Justin Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake"},{"link_name":"Céline Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Dion"},{"link_name":"Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Eminem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"The Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Police"},{"link_name":"BTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The stadium is also used for music concerts. Global acts such as The Rolling Stones, Beyoncé, Coldplay, Depeche Mode, Muse, Metallica, Prince, U2, Mylène Farmer, Guns N' Roses, Rihanna, AC/DC, Justin Timberlake, Céline Dion, Tina Turner, Jay-Z, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Eminem, Lady Gaga, Paul McCartney, Madonna, The Police and BTS have performed here. [27]","title":"Concerts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gojira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojira_(band)"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"European Black Album Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_European_Black_Album_Tour"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bureau2012-05-12-30"},{"link_name":"measured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_level_meter"},{"link_name":"decibels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibels"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bureau2012-05-12-30"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"2015 Coupe de la Ligue Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Coupe_de_la_Ligue_Final"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"On 12 May 2012, the French heavy metal band Gojira performed at the stadium as the opening act for Metallica during their European Black Album Tour.[30] Gojira's concert was measured at 120 decibels in the corridors backstage,[30] which broke the record for the loudest sound ever recorded at Stade de France.[41]On 11 April 2015, the crowd noise produced by the 80,000 people at Stade de France during the 2015 Coupe de la Ligue Final reached 109 decibels, which set the world record for the noisiest stadium recorded during a final match of a football tournament.[42]","title":"Noise record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"national rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Parc des Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_des_Princes"},{"link_name":"Canal Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_provider)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stade Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"Max Guazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Guazzini"},{"link_name":"Biarritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarritz_Olympique"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006-07_Top_14_season"},{"link_name":"2007–08 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007-08_Top_14_season"},{"link_name":"home league matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008-09_Top_14_season"},{"link_name":"a Heineken Cup pool match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008-09_Heineken_Cup_pool_stage#Pool_4"},{"link_name":"Top 14 fixtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Top_14_season"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lille OSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_OSC"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Stade Félix-Bollaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_F%C3%A9lix-Bollaert"},{"link_name":"Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Lens"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."}],"text":"Stade de France has as a regular tenant only the national football and national rugby teams. Repeated attempts to persuade a professional football or rugby team to move there have failed so far. Upon the construction of the stadium, Paris Saint-Germain declined to move there, choosing to remain at the Parc des Princes under pressure from its then-owner (pay-TV network Canal Plus) and the Paris city government.[citation needed]However, the Paris rugby club Stade Français have now established themselves as a semi-regular tenant. They began by scheduling their Top 14 home fixture on 15 October 2005 against Toulouse at Stade de France. Stade Français's president, Max Guazzini, publicly said that the club would have to sell 25,000 to 30,000 tickets to break even. Three weeks before the match, 61,000 tickets had been sold, setting a French record for tickets sold to a league match for any sport, including football. The final attendance was 79,454, smashing the national attendance record for a league match in any sport by more than 20,000. Five minutes before the end of the Toulouse match, Guazzini announced to the crowd that Stade Français's scheduled home fixture against Biarritz in March 2006 would also be held at Stade de France.[43] The Stade-Biarritz match broke the attendance record from earlier in the season, with 79,604 present.[citation needed]Guazzini then booked Stade de France for the same two league fixtures in 2006–07. The Biarritz match on 16 October 2006 drew 79,619, making this the third consecutive Stade Français fixture at Stade de France to set an all-time French attendance record. The record was broken yet again at a match against Toulouse on 27 January 2007, with 79,741 filling the stands. Stade Français went on to schedule three home matches at Stade de France in the 2007–08 season. For the 2008–09 season, they booked Stade de France for three home league matches and a Heineken Cup pool match. The number of Stade Français home matches at Stade de France increased again for 2009–10, with five Top 14 fixtures already announced for the stadium.[citation needed]Even with the lack of a regular league tenant, the stadium's revenue increased greatly in 2007, as it was used extensively during the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France, where it hosted numerous pool matches, a quarterfinal match, both of the semi-finals and the final.[citation needed]The Lille OSC football team played all its \"home\" games in European competition during the 2005–06 season, both in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup, at Stade de France because its own stadium was then under renovation, and the only nearer alternative on French soil, Stade Félix-Bollaert, was not available as that ground's occupant, Lille's local rival Lens, was also participating in the UEFA Cup. Stade de France has hosted the Champions League final on three occasions: 2000 (Real Madrid 3 Valencia 0), 2006 (Barcelona 2 Arsenal 1), and 2022 (Real Madrid 1 Liverpool 0),","title":"Tenants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Rugby Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Rugby_Federation"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_FFR_stadium3-44"},{"link_name":"English channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"RFU's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moriarty3-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moriarty3-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN_Scrum_FFR_plans3-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN_Scrum_FFR_plans3-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moriarty3-45"},{"link_name":"Serge Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Blanco"},{"link_name":"2009 Top 14 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Top_14_season#Final"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hallyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_FFR_stadium3-44"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Évry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vry,_Essonne"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moriarty3-45"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Future developments","text":"France's governing body for rugby union, the French Rugby Federation (FFR), announced in November 2010 that it would not renew its deal to use Stade de France for international rugby matches when it expires in 2013. FFR also stated that it planned to build a new stadium of its own in the Paris region.[44]Reportedly, the FFR had become increasingly frustrated with several aspects of the deal. According to rugby journalist Ian Moriarty, \"The deal with the Stade de France has been a disaster for the FFR financially over the years, forcing France's powerbrokers to look across the English channel at the RFU's Twickenham cash cow with ever increasing envy.\"[45] Reports vary widely as to how much the FFR must spend to rent out the stadium, but estimates range from €3 million[45] to €5 million[46] per match. Although Stade de France and Twickenham are roughly the same size, the rental expense means that the FFR reportedly makes about one-third as much from a Stade de France sellout as does the RFU from a sellout at Twickenham.[46] In addition, the national rugby team does not enjoy primacy at Stade de France; the national football team and major concerts take priority. FFR had to move two of its 2010–11 home Tests to Montpellier and Nantes due to fixture clashes with the national football team.[45] Also, former FFR president Serge Blanco claimed that the 2009 Top 14 final had to be moved from May to June because of a conflict with a Johnny Hallyday rock concert.[44]In June 2012, FFR announced that it had selected the site for its new ground, tentatively known as Grand Stade FFR.[47] The 82,000-seat stadium, featuring a retractable roof and slide-out pitch, was to be built on a former horse racing track in Évry, about 25 km (16 mi) south of Paris. The new stadium, estimated to cost €600 million, was originally scheduled to open in 2017,[45] but completion was later pushed back to the 2021/2022 time frame.[48] FFR officially abandoned the stadium project in December 2016.[49]","title":"Tenants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation"},{"link_name":"Canal Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Grand Paris Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Paris_Express"},{"link_name":"2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis–Pleyel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis%E2%80%93Pleyel_station"},{"link_name":"Stade de France–Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France%E2%80%93Saint-Denis_(Paris_RER)"},{"link_name":"Line 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_14"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-51"}],"text":"Although located at the crossroads of auto-routes A1 and A86, it is not advisable to go there by car unless one has reserved parking. The stadium was built with a very limited number of parking spaces, which is why public transportation is considered the primary means of getting to the stadium. River shuttles are provided by the Canal Saint-Denis.As part of the Grand Paris Express project and 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games, a new station at Saint-Denis–Pleyel is under construction, connected by a bridge to the Stade de France–Saint-Denis station. Initially served by Line 14 in time for the Games, the station will eventually serve 4 different Métro lines.[50][51]","title":"Access"}]	[{"image_text":"Stade de France visible from central Paris behind the basilica of Sacré-Cœur.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sacrecoeur_stadedefrance.JPG/220px-Sacrecoeur_stadedefrance.JPG"},{"image_text":"The opening ceremony of the 2016 European Football Championship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Uefa_Euro_2016_Opening_Ceremony.jpg/220px-Uefa_Euro_2016_Opening_Ceremony.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stade de France with uncovered athletics track during the 2003 World Championships","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_championships_in_athletics_2003_Paris_Saint-Denis_stadium.jpg/220px-World_championships_in_athletics_2003_Paris_Saint-Denis_stadium.jpg"},{"image_text":"The last part of the metallic construction of the roof, 1997","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pose_du_dernier_troncon_de_la_toiture_du_stade_de_france.jpg/220px-Pose_du_dernier_troncon_de_la_toiture_du_stade_de_france.jpg"},{"image_text":"Visitors' changing room","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Stade_De_France_Vestiaires_Visiteurs.jpg/220px-Stade_De_France_Vestiaires_Visiteurs.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of tourist attractions in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Paris"},{"title":"List of football stadiums in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_France"},{"title":"List of national stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_stadiums"},{"title":"List of rugby union stadiums by capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rugby_union_stadiums_by_capacity"},{"title":"Lists of stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_stadiums"}]	[{"reference":"\"Zublena Macary Architects\". e-Architect. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-architect.com/architects/zublena-macary","url_text":"\"Zublena Macary Architects\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". vinci.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001122543/http://www.vinci.com/vinci.nsf/en/history-sites.htm?OpenAgent&stade_de_france","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.vinci.com/vinci.nsf/en/history-sites.htm?OpenAgent&stade_de_france","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Un coût de 364 millions d'euros\" [A cost of 364 million euros]. Le Journal du Net. Paris: CCM Benchmark. n.d. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.journaldunet.com/economie/services/business-de/stade-de-france-10-ans-chiffres-extraordinaires/5.shtml","url_text":"\"Un coût de 364 millions d'euros\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130629135828/http://www.journaldunet.com/economie/services/business-de/stade-de-france-10-ans-chiffres-extraordinaires/5.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Raynal, Adeline (27 September 2013). \"Pourquoi le Stade de France coûte si cher au contribuable\" [Why the Stade de France is so expensive for the taxpayer]. La Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/services/tourisme-loisirs/20130927trib000787568/pourquoi-le-stade-de-france-coute-si-cher-au-contribuable.html","url_text":"\"Pourquoi le Stade de France coûte si cher au contribuable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tribune","url_text":"La Tribune"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20150415175611/http://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/services/tourisme-loisirs/20130927trib000787568/pourquoi-le-stade-de-france-coute-si-cher-au-contribuable.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Equipes de France – FFF\". Fédération Française de Football.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fff.fr/servfff/historique/match_detail.php?nomatch=556","url_text":"\"Equipes de France – FFF\""}]},{"reference":"Amit. \"Euro 2016 – How is Stade de France stadium?\". Euro 2016. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925152625/http://eurocup2016news.com/2015/09/01/euro-2016-how-is-stade-de-france-stadium/","url_text":"\"Euro 2016 – How is Stade de France stadium?\""},{"url":"http://eurocup2016news.com/2015/09/01/euro-2016-how-is-stade-de-france-stadium/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Luke (February 2008). \"6 Nation stadiums records\". EMP-Sport. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008231915/http://www.thebeautifulgame.co.uk/ss_viewarticlecall12.php?id=509","url_text":"\"6 Nation stadiums records\""},{"url":"http://www.thebeautifulgame.co.uk/ss_viewarticlecall12.php?id=509","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Toulouse outmuscle Biarritz to win uninspiring Heineken Cup final\". The Guardian. 23 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/may/23/toulouse-biarritz-heineken-cup-final","url_text":"\"Toulouse outmuscle Biarritz to win uninspiring Heineken Cup final\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Six Nations: France v Ireland match called off at last minute\". BBC Sport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/16969821","url_text":"\"Six Nations: France v Ireland match called off at last minute\""}]},{"reference":"Metro.co.uk, Tanveer Mann for (13 November 2015). \"BREAKING: Two explosions heard in Stade de France during France v Germany game\". Metro. Retrieved 13 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://metro.co.uk/2015/11/13/two-explosions-heard-in-stade-de-france-during-france-v-germany-game-5500399/","url_text":"\"BREAKING: Two explosions heard in Stade de France during France v Germany game\""}]},{"reference":"Wire, S. I. \"Stade de France security on watch before Euro 2016\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2016/05/23/stade-de-france-security-euro-2016-paris","url_text":"\"Stade de France security on watch before Euro 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Euro 2016 Terror Test-Run Didn't Go Exactly to Plan\". NBC News. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/euro-2016-terror-test-run-causes-chaos-stade-de-france-n578571","url_text":"\"Euro 2016 Terror Test-Run Didn't Go Exactly to Plan\""}]},{"reference":"Tourisme, Seine-Saint-Denis. \"Euro 2016 at Stade de France: Fixtures, Tickets and information\". Uk.tourisme93.com. Retrieved 18 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.tourisme93.com/euro-2016-at-stade-de-france.html","url_text":"\"Euro 2016 at Stade de France: Fixtures, Tickets and information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uefa Euro 2016: Opening ceremony at the Stade de France as it happened\". International Business Times. 10 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/euro-2016-opening-ceremony-live-coverage-pre-tournament-show-stade-de-france-1564846","url_text":"\"Uefa Euro 2016: Opening ceremony at the Stade de France as it happened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"\"David Guetta and 150 can-can dancers, welcome to the Euro 2016 opening ceremony\". Independent.co.uk. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Island	Credit Island	["1 War of 1812","1.1 Preparations for battle","1.2 Opening moves","1.3 Black Hawk","2 Modern times","3 Other names for Credit Island","3.1 Offerman's Island: 1868 - 1903","3.2 Suburban Island: 1904 - 1918?","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Island in the Mississippi River Credit IslandWar of 1812 Memorial on Credit IslandTypePublic parkLocationDavenport, Scott County, Iowa, USCoordinates41°29′45″N 90°36′56″W / 41.49583°N 90.61556°W / 41.49583; -90.61556Area420-acre (1.7 km2)Operated byDavenport Parks and Recreation DepartmentOpenAll year Davenport Register of Historic PropertiesDesignatedFebruary 3, 1999Reference no.27 Credit Island in present-day Scott County, Iowa Credit Island from an 1838 GLO map The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812. 1: Fort Belle Fontaine U.S. headquarters; 2: Fort Osage; 3: Fort Madison; 4: Fort Shelby; 5: Battle of Rock Island Rapids, July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island, Sept. 1814; 6: Fort Johnson; 7: Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole, May 1815. Battle of Credit IslandPart of the War of 1812DateSeptember 4–5, 1814LocationNear Davenport, Scott County, United StatesResult Decisive British-Indian victoryBelligerents United Kingdom Sauk United StatesCommanders and leaders Black Hawk Zachary TaylorStrength 1,230 350Casualties and losses None 2 killed; 11 wounded vteGreat Lakes /Old Northwest theater 1811 Tippecanoe 1812 River Canard Fort Mackinac (1812) Brownstown Maguaga Fort Dearborn Detroit Credit Island Fort Harrison Copus massacre Fort Wayne Wild Cat Creek Mississinewa 1813 Frenchtown Africa Point Tipton's Island Fort Meigs Fort Stephenson Lake Erie Thames McCrae's House 1814 Longwoods Prairie du Chien Rock Island Rapids Mackinac Island (1814) Lake Huron Malcolm's Mills Credit Island is an island in the Mississippi River on the south west side of Davenport, Iowa within the Quad Cities area. Its name was derived by the use of the island as an early Indian trading post. Credit could be obtained on the promise of hides and skins to be delivered at a later time, hence the name. It was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties on February 3, 1999. War of 1812 It has been suggested that this section be merged with Battle of Rock Island Rapids#Battle of Credit Island. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2024. On September 4–5, 1814 the Battle of Credit Island, one of the westernmost battles of the War of 1812 was fought here between Sauk Indians with British support and a regiment under the command of Major Zachary Taylor. Preparations for battle Historical reference provided by Sara James Childers British Captain Thomas G Anderson's Journal contains the following entries: Saturday August 27, 1814 — At eight the expedition for the Rock river marched. We gave them three shots from the six pounder. At two the Feuille or Leaf (Wabasha) with fifty Sioux arrived on their way to join the expedition. Shortly after, forty Renards arrived for the same purpose. I gave them fifteen loaves of bread and sent to procure a beef that I knew was for sale but the owner sent me word if I would send him two milch cow I might get his ox. I then inquired of Mr Brisbois, from whom I have had every assistance he could possibly give, even to the distressing of his own family. He furnished a pair of two-year-old bulls which I gave to the whole of the warriors. The Feuille brought word that he had met a Renard canoe with two men in it who informed him that a Renard messenger was sent from the Illinois by the Americans with a notice to the Indians that they the Americans were on their way up here mainly to take possession of their fort at Prairie du Chien and not to hurt the Indians, that they the Indians were requested to keep out of the way, that the Americans like hunters in the wood had wounded a deer they had wounded the English and were following the track till they should ruin or destroy the whole. The Feuille heard this report too late to authorize him to take the Renard. The Feuille does not understand the Renard language himself but this was interpreted to him some time after passing the Renard canoe. Sunday August 28 — Gave the Feuille ten bushels of wheat to take him with the Renards to the Rock River. A young lad of this place by the name of Antoine du Bois volunteered his service and embarked with the Sioux interpreter. I gave the Feuille a few articles he was absolutely in want of. Fifty Sioux of the Feuille band (The Leaf or Wabasha) with forty-five Renards left this place at two o'clock singing the war song and at six about sixteen puants arrived from above, debarked at the upper end of the village, and walked down to the lower end singing the war-song, then immediately embarked and went off. Wrote a note to Capt Grignon to prepare himself to go off express to Mackinaw to-morrow at ten o'clock. Monday August 29 — Finished the dispatches at ten and Capt Grignon being detained in expectation of Mr Antoine Brisbois arriving from below, did not set off till four in the afternoon. Mr Brisbois did not arrive Prairie du Chien Captain Anderson dispatched the following message, addressed to Lieutenant Colonel McDougall from Fort McKay on that same day: Sir, the command of this post having been left to me by Lieut Col McKay, I have the honor to communicate to you that on the 27th instant I sent off a small detachment under the command of Lieut Graham of the Indian department for the Rock river, consisting of thirty men, one brass three pounder, and two swivels. Having sent Lieut Graham to that place on the 15th inst in order to get a party of Sauks to proceed with him to within two miles of the enemy's abandoned fort Madison to take possession of and if possible bring away a gun-boat that the enemy had got sunk by the fall of a tree last spring on their way up here and at the same time to get information of the enemy. Opening moves American Major Taylor led a force of more than 350 U.S. regulars and militia to relieve Prairie du Chien and evacuate the garrison. When Taylor's command reached the Rock River on the evening of September 4, Taylor encamped. That night, Black Hawk attacked Taylor's pickets and killed two of his men. At dawn, Taylor was preparing to land when three British guns opened fire on his boats. Under heavy fire, Taylor withdrew downstream, with a further loss of 11 men wounded. Black Hawk The following is Black Hawk's recollection of Campbell's Island. Black Hawk participated in parts of this battle, really a series of small skirmishes on the island and on the river extending from Rock Island to Credit Island; he later wrote about it in his autobiography, perhaps conflating different episodes: I discovered that one boat was badly managed, and was suffered to be drawn ashore by the wind. They landed by running hard aground and lowered their sail. The others passed on. This boat the Great Spirit gave to us. All that could, hurried aboard, but they were unable to push off, being fast aground. We advanced to the river's bank undercover, and commenced firing on the boat. I encouraged my braves to continue firing. Several guns were fired from the boat, but without effect. I prepared my bow and arrows to throw fire to the sail, which was lying on the boat. After two or three attempts, I succeeded in setting it on fire. The boat was soon in flames. About this time, one of the boats that had passed returned, dropped anchor and swung in close to one which was on fire, taking off all the people except those who were killed or badly wounded. We could distinctly see them passing from one boat to the other, and fired on them with good effect. We wounded the war chief in this way. Another boat now came down, dropped her anchor, which did not take hold, and drifted ashore. The other boat cut her cable and drifted down the river, leaving their comrades without attempting to assist them. We then commenced an attack upon this boat, firing several rounds, which was not returned. We thought they were afraid or only had a few aboard. I therefore ordered a rush toward the boat, but when we got near enough they fired, killing two of our braves-- these being all we lost in the engagement. Some of their men jumped out and shoved the boat off, and thus got away without losing a man. I had a good opinion of this war chief, as he managed so much better than the others. It would give me pleasure to shake him by the hand. We now put out the fire on the captured boat to save the cargo, when a skiff was seen coming down the river. Some of our people cried out, "Here comes an express from Prairie du Chien." We hoisted the British flag, but they would not land. They turned their little boat around, and rowed up the river. We directed a few shots at them, but they were so far off that we could not hurt them. I found several barrels of whisky on the captured boat, knocked in the heads and emptied the bad medicine late the river. I next found a box full of small bottles and packages, which appeared to be bad medicine also, such as the medicine men kill the white people with when they are sick. This I threw into the river. Continuing my search for plunder, I found several guns, some large barrels filled with clothing, and a number of cloth lodges, all of which I distributed among my warriors. We now disposed of the dead, and returned to the Fox village opposite the lower end of Rock Island, where we put up our new lodges, and hoisted the British flag. A great many of our braves were dressed in the uniform clothing which we had taken from the Americans, which gave our encampment the appearance of a regular camp of soldiers. We placed out sentinels and commenced dancing over the scalps we had taken. Soon after several boats passed down, among them a very large one carrying big guns. Our young men followed them some distance, but could do them no damage more than scare them. We were now certain that the fort at Prairie du Chien had been taken, as this large boat went up with the first party who built the fort. In the course of the day some of the British came down in a small boat. They had followed the large one, thinking it would get fast in the rapids, in which case they were sure of taking her. They had summoned her on her way down to surrender, but she refused to do so, and now, that she had passed the rapids in safety, all hope of taking her had vanished. The British landed a big gun and gave us three soldiers to manage it. They complimented us for our bravery in taking the boat, and told us what they had done at Prairie do Chien. They gave us, a keg of rum, and joined with us in our dancing and feasting. We gave them some things which we had taken from the boat, particularly books and papers. They started the next morning, promising to return in a few days with a large body of soldiers. We went to work under the direction of the men left with us, and dug up the ground in two places to put the big gun in, that the men might remain in with it and be safe. We then sent spies down the river to reconnoitre, who sent word by a runner that several boats were coming up filled with men. I marshalled my forces and was soon ready for their arrival. I resolved to fight, as we had not yet had a fair fight with the Americans during the war. The boats arrived in the evening, stopping at a small willow island, nearly opposite to us. During the night we removed our big gun further down, and at daylight next morning commenced firing. We were pleased to see that almost every shot took effect. The British being good gunners, rarely missed. They pushed off as quickly as possible, although I had expected they would land and give us battle. I was fully prepared to meet them but was sadly disappointed by the boats all sailing down the river. A party of braves followed to watch where they landed, but they did not stop until they got below the Des Moines Rapids, where they came ashore and commenced building a fort. Modern times Davenport as viewed from Credit Island across the Mississippi River. The 2014 bicentennial of the Battle of Credit Island spurred renewed interest in the battlefield, including a research project to try to identify the location of fighting on the island. Today, Credit Island is a 420-acre (1.7 km2) community park under the jurisdiction of Davenport Parks and Recreation. It features: a disc golf course, rugby, soccer, baseball and softball fields. There is also fishing, picnic shelters, a bicycle trail and is the scene of many public events. Credit Island is also popular for sight-seeing and eagle watching. In May 2010, the city of Davenport received a grant from the State Historical Society of Iowa to conduct an archaeological study of one of the Mississippi River islands near the Iowa shoreline. In 2012, construction began on a bridge on the west side of the island, linking the Mississippi River Trail bike path to Concord Street in Davenport. On May 2, 2013 Credit Island Lodge caught fire. The lodge was restored in 2015. Other names for Credit Island As seen on the 1838 map included on this page, Credit Island has been the official name of this island on government maps from the early years of Illinois statehood. However, as the island has changed hands and been developed and promoted as a site for entertainment through the years, other names have been attached to the island. Offerman's Island: 1868 - 1903 John and Dorothea Offerman had four sons in about 1868 when they moved from a farm between Slopertown road and Harrison street northwest of Davenport, IA and bought the island and renamed it Offerman's Island. In 1894 the county land ownership maps still showed John as the owner of Credit Island. The Mississippi River Commission's Survey of the Mississippi River maps show it called Offerman's Island, survey date August 7, 1895 Offerman's Island was part of Rockingham Township in Scott County, Iowa, United States. Before the purchase it was also named Suburban Island, Grand Island, and Manhattan Island. In 1901, it was sold to Claus Kuehl for $22,500. In 1903, it was renamed The Grand Isle. Suburban Island: 1904 - 1918? The island was purchased by private owners, renamed Suburban Island, and was used as a recreational spot for swimming and sports prior to World War I. The city of Davenport bought the island in 1918, and held a naming contest: Credit Island was the clear winner. A golf course eventually replaced the picnic grounds and swimming facilities. In the 1890s, amusement parks opened up on Campbell's Island, Prospect Park, and Black Hawk State Park on the Illinois side and Suburban Island and Schutzen Park on the Iowa side. In the fall of 1904, the name of Credit Island was changed to Suburban Island because of the railroad that ran to the island. In 1918, the City of Davenport bought the island. Davenport Park Board meeting minutes started being documented in 1918, and no mention of the amusement park was made so it likely was gone by then. The island also had a Figure 8 roller coaster from 1905 until an unknown date. The amusement park existed until at least 1917. Notes ^ a b Historic Preservation Commission. "Davenport Register of Historic Properties and Local Landmarks". City of Davenport. Retrieved 2023-03-21. (Click on "Historic Preservation Commission" and then click on "Davenport Register of Historic Properties and Local Landmarks.") ^ a b Gilpin, p. 251 ^ Major Taylors battle ^ "Wisconsin Historical Collections, Volume IX (1882) :: Wisconsin Historical Collections 1855-1915". Content.wisconsinhistory.org. Retrieved 2014-08-06. ^ Gilpin, p. 250 ^ Black Hawk (1882) Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk. Edited by J. B. Patterson. Continental Printing, St. Louis. Originally published 1833. ^ Credit Island: A battlefield and a trading post, Quad-City Times, 13 July 2010, http://qctimes.com/lifestyles/announcements/article_4467952c-8de7-11df-86e9-001cc4c03286.html ^ "Credit Island bridge construction begins early". Qctimes.com. 2011-12-23. Retrieved 2014-08-06. ^ Steven Martens (3 May 2013). "Fire damages Credit Island Lodge". Quad City Times. Retrieved 27 September 2013. It is a pretty sad day for Credit Island," First Ward Alderman Nathan Brown said. "That lodge has been there forever and a day. ^ a b Hissem, Steve. "The Hissem-Montague Family". Retrieved 23 October 2012. ^ "Rockingham Township 1894 No. 77 N. Range No. 3 East of the 5th Meridian". Scott County Iowa Genealogy. Retrieved 23 October 2012. ^ 1890s Map Plates - Georeferenced Images of Maps Produced by the Mississippi River Commission ^ "Island Brings $22500". The Daily Dispatch. April 6, 1901. p. 5. ^ "Interurban Men Purchase Island". The Dispatch. July 21, 1903. p. 1. ^ "Credit Island: The Unknown Battlefield". Primary Selections from Special Collections. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2012. ^ a b c "Ancestry.com hosted by rootsweb". Retrieved 1 October 2012. References Gilpin, Alec R. (1968) . The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest (Reprint ed.). East Lansing, MI: The Michigan State University Press. Further reading http://iagenweb.org/history/rivers/JC/Gilchrist_I.htm http://www.celticcousins.net/scott/rockinghamplat1882.htm External links Credit Island: The Unknown Battlefield The Forgotten Battle: The 1814 Battle of Credit Island, Iowa and Illinois vteConflicts of the War of 1812Battles of the War of 1812 Timeline of the War of 1812 United StatesDelaware Lewes District of Columbia Washington Georgia Peter Louisiana New Orleans St. Philip Maryland Havre de Grace St. Michaels Bladensburg Caulk's Field North Point Baltimore Maine Hampden New York Big Sandy Creek Buffalo Ogdensburg Plattsburgh Niagara Black Rock Sacket's Harbor North Carolina Ocracoke Ohio Stephenson Copus Meigs Virginia Rappahannock Craney Island Alexandria Farnham Church U.S. territoriesIllinois Dearborn Rock Island Rapids Prairie du Chien Indiana Mississinewa Tippecanoe Wild Cat Creek Harrison Wayne Michigan Brownstown Frenchtown Mackinac Island Maguaga Detroit Mackinac Mississippi Bashi Autossee Burnt Corn Callabee Creek Canoe Fight Holy Ground Horseshoe Bend Talladega Tallushatchee Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek Fort Bowyer Mims Sinquefield Missouri Credit Island Sink Hole British EmpireLower Canada Chateauguay 1st Lacolle Mills 2nd Lacolle Mills Upper Canada Beaver Dams Chippawa Cook's Mills Crysler's Farm George Frenchman's Creek Longwoods Lundy's Lane Malcolm's Mills Queenston Heights Stoney Creek Thames York 1st Erie Elizabethtown Port Dover Gananoque 2nd Erie Spanish EmpireFlorida Pensacola Naval battlesAtlantic Ocean HMS Boxer HMS Cyane HMS Epervier HMS Frolic HMS Penguin HMS Dominica USS Argus USS Chesapeake USS President Chesapeake Bay Flotilla USS Constitution vs HMS Java HMS Avon Fayal HMS Peacock HMS Reindeer USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere USS United States vs HMS Macedonian Caribbean Sea La Guaira Great Lakes Lake Erie Oswego Lake Huron Lake Ontario Sacket's Harbor Gulf Coast Lake Borgne Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Valparaiso See also: American Indian Wars, Creek War, Napoleonic Wars, and Tecumseh's War Category definition textbooks quotes source texts media news stories vteQuad Cities and surrounding metropolitan area of Iowa and IllinoisIowa Scott County Muscatine County Clinton County Davenport Bettendorf Blue Grass Buffalo Dixon Donahue Eldridge Le Claire Long Grove Maysville McCausland New Liberty Panorama Park Park View Pleasant Valley Township Princeton Riverdale Illinois Henry County Mercer County Rock Island County Moline Rock Island East Moline Aledo Andalusia Annawan Barstow Bishop Hill Buffalo Prairie Cambridge Carbon Cliff Cleveland Coal Valley Colona Coyne Center Dayton Edgington Galva Geneseo Green River Hampton Hillsdale Hooppole Kewanee Illinois City Matherville Milan North Henderson Nekoma Oak Grove Ophiem Orion Osco Port Byron Reynolds Sherrard Silvis Swedona Woodhull Attractions American Pickers Ballet Quad Cities Bally's Quad Cities Bix 7 Road Race Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival Credit Island Davenport Skybridge Downtown Davenport Festival of Trees Figge Art Museum Iowa 80 Rhythm City Casino Resort John Deere World Headquarters John Deere Classic Lock and Dam No. 14 Lock and Dam No. 15 Mississippi River Modern Woodmen Park Moline station Niabi Zoo NorthPark Mall Putnam Museum Quad Cities Waterfront Convention Center Quad City Air Show Quad City Botanical Center Quad City Downs Quad Cities International Airport Quad City-style pizza Quad City Symphony Orchestra River Music Experience RiverCenter Rock Island Arsenal SouthPark Mall Vibrant Arena at The MARK The Freight House TPC at Deere Run Village of East Davenport Walnut Grove Pioneer Village Colleges Augustana College Black Hawk College Kaplan University Palmer College of Chiropractic St. Ambrose University Scott Community College Western Illinois University-Quad Cities Historical Places Illinois Henry County Mercer County Rock Island County Iowa Scott County Davenport vteDavenport, IowaCity and government History Central Fire Station Davenport City Hall Davenport Public Library Davenport Register of Historic Properties National Register of Historic Places: Downtown, East, West Neighborhoods Scott County Court House U.S. Court House Landmarks Figge Art Museum Modern Woodmen Park Northpark Mall Oakdale Memorial Gardens Outing Club Putnam Museum RiverCenter River Music Experience Skybridge Sacred Heart Cathedral Trinity Episcopal Cathedral Education Davenport Community School District Kaplan University Palmer College of Chiropractic St. Ambrose University Marycrest College Historic District Central High School Mid City High School North High School West High School Assumption High School Transportation Davenport Municipal Airport Sergeant John F. Baker, Jr. Bridge Citibus Crescent Rail Bridge Government Bridge Rock Island Centennial Bridge Neighborhoods College Square Cork Hill Crescent Warehouse Hamburg McClellan Heights Prospect Park Riverview Terrace Vander Veer Park West Third Street Village of East Davenport Parks Centennial Park Credit Island Duck Creek Park and Golf Course Duck Creek Parkway Emeis Park and Golf Course Indian Springs Park Fejervary Park LeClaire Park Lindsay Park Riverfront Parkway Schuetzen Park Sunderbruch Park Vander Veer Botanical Park Veterans Memorial Park Other African Americans Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival Bix 7 Road Race Duck Creek Lock and Dam No. 15 Northpark Mall Quad City Air Show vteDavenport Register of Historic PropertiesDavenport Register of Historic PropertiesNational Register of Historic Places E. P. Adler House Miles Collins House Davenport Bag and Paper Company Building Davenport City Hall Dillon Memorial First Federal and Savings and Loan Association Germania Miller/Standard Hotel Hamburg Historic District Hillside Hose Station No. 1 Iowa Reform Building Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home Jackson School/School No. 6 Antoine LeClaire House The Linograph Company Building John Littig House Marycrest College Campus Mississippi Hotel Oakdale Cemetery Octagon House Old St. Luke's Hospital J.H.C. Petersen's Sons Building W.D. Petersen Memorial Music Pavilion Renwick Building Riverview—Abner Davison Homestead Saengerfest Halle St. Anthony's Church Square St. Joseph's Church & Rectory Dr. Kuno Struck House Taylor School Davenport Register of Historic Properties Historic District contributing properties Anken Flats Frank & John Bredow House Peter Bruchmann House Davenport Public Library-Edward Durell Stone Building Henry Deutsch House Hose Station No. 4 House at 821 Ripley St. Indian Springs Park Christian Jipp Home & Grocery Lambrite–Iles–Petersen House Lindsay Park Henry Lischer House Dr. Heinrich Matthey House J. Monroe Parker-Ficke House Prospect Park Charles F. Ranzow and Sons Building Riverview Terrace Soldier's Monument Vander Veer Park Woeber Carriage Works Davenport Register of Historic Properties Claim House Credit Island Decker French House Johnson School Mother Goose Municipal Inn Schuetzen Park Street Car Pavilion see also:National Register of Historic Places listings in Davenport, Iowa vteZachary Taylor 12th President of the United States (1849–1850) Life Hare Forest Farm 7th Infantry Regiment Cypress Grove Plantation Forts of Vincennes, Indiana Fort Harrison, Indiana Battle of Wild Cat Creek Credit Island Fort Johnson Fort Howard Fort Jesup Fort Snelling Fort Crawford 1st Infantry Regiment Fort Gardiner Fort Basinger Battle of Lake Okeechobee Army of Occupation Battle of Palo Alto Battle of Resaca de la Palma Battle of Monterrey Battle of Buena Vista Congressional Gold Medal 1848 United States presidential election 1848 Whig National Convention Zachary Taylor and slavery Presidency Inauguration of Zachary Taylor Mexican Cession State of Deseret Compromise of 1850 Washington Monument Public image Zachary Taylor National Cemetery Camp Taylor, Louisville Fort Zachary Taylor Historic State Park SS Zachary Taylor Taylor County, Georgia Taylor County, Iowa Taylor County, Kentucky Rough and Ready, California Taylor, Michigan Taylor Street Family Margaret Taylor (wife) Sarah Knox Taylor (daughter) Mary Elizabeth Bliss (daughter) Richard Taylor (son) John Taylor Wood (grandson) Zachary Taylor Wood (great-grandson) Charles Carroll Wood (great-grandson) Stuart Wood (great-great-grandson) Richard Taylor (father) Joseph Pannell Taylor (brother) Isaac Allerton Jr. (great-great-grandfather) ← James K. Polk Millard Fillmore → Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Scott_County.svg"},{"link_name":"Scott County, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_County,_Iowa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Credit_Island_Iowa_1838.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Mississippi_1812.png"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Fort Belle Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Belle_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"Fort Osage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Osage"},{"link_name":"Fort Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Madison"},{"link_name":"Fort Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Shelby_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rock Island Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids"},{"link_name":"Battle of Credit Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Credit_Island"},{"link_name":"Fort Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Fort Cap au Gris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Cap_au_Gris"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sink Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Scott County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(chief)"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilpin251-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Old_Northwest"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Old_Northwest"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Old_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Tippecanoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe"},{"link_name":"River Canard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_River_Canard"},{"link_name":"Fort Mackinac (1812)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac"},{"link_name":"Brownstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown"},{"link_name":"Maguaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga"},{"link_name":"Fort Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit"},{"link_name":"Credit Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Credit_Island"},{"link_name":"Fort Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Copus massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copus_massacre"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Wild Cat Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek"},{"link_name":"Mississinewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa"},{"link_name":"Frenchtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown"},{"link_name":"Africa Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Africa_Point"},{"link_name":"Tipton's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tipton%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Fort Meigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs"},{"link_name":"Fort Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames"},{"link_name":"McCrae's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmish_at_McCrae%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Longwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods"},{"link_name":"Prairie du Chien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien"},{"link_name":"Rock Island Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids"},{"link_name":"Mackinac Island (1814)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Lake Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron"},{"link_name":"Malcolm's Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Davenport, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Quad Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_Cities"},{"link_name":"Davenport Register of Historic Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport_Register_of_Historic_Properties"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRHP-1"}],"text":"Credit Island in present-day Scott County, IowaCredit Island from an 1838 GLO mapThe Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812. 1: Fort Belle Fontaine U.S. headquarters; 2: Fort Osage; 3: Fort Madison; 4: Fort Shelby; 5: Battle of Rock Island Rapids, July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island, Sept. 1814; 6: Fort Johnson; 7: Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole, May 1815.Battle of Credit IslandPart of the War of 1812DateSeptember 4–5, 1814LocationNear Davenport, Scott County, United StatesResult\nDecisive British-Indian victoryBelligerents\n United Kingdom Sauk\n United StatesCommanders and leaders\n Black Hawk\n Zachary TaylorStrength\n1,230\n350Casualties and losses\nNone\n2 killed; 11 wounded [2]vteGreat Lakes /Old Northwest theater\n1811\nTippecanoe\n1812\nRiver Canard\nFort Mackinac (1812)\nBrownstown\nMaguaga\nFort Dearborn\nDetroit\nCredit Island\nFort Harrison\nCopus massacre\nFort Wayne\nWild Cat Creek\nMississinewa\n1813\nFrenchtown\nAfrica Point\nTipton's Island\nFort Meigs\nFort Stephenson\nLake Erie\nThames\nMcCrae's House\n1814\nLongwoods\nPrairie du Chien\nRock Island Rapids\nMackinac Island (1814)\nLake Huron\nMalcolm's MillsCredit Island is an island in the Mississippi River on the south west side of Davenport, Iowa within the Quad Cities area. Its name was derived by the use of the island as an early Indian trading post. Credit could be obtained on the promise of hides and skins to be delivered at a later time, hence the name. It was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties on February 3, 1999.[1]","title":"Credit Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On September 4–5, 1814 the Battle of Credit Island, one of the westernmost battles of the War of 1812 was fought here between Sauk Indians with British support and a regiment under the command of Major Zachary Taylor.[3]","title":"War of 1812"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Preparations for battle","text":"Historical reference provided by Sara James ChildersBritish Captain Thomas G Anderson's Journal contains the following entries:Saturday August 27, 1814 — At eight the expedition for the Rock river marched. We gave them three shots from the six pounder. At two the Feuille or Leaf (Wabasha) with fifty Sioux arrived on their way to join the expedition. Shortly after, forty Renards arrived for the same purpose. I gave them fifteen loaves of bread and sent to procure a beef that I knew was for sale but the owner sent me word if I would send him two milch cow I might get his ox. I then inquired of Mr Brisbois, from whom I have had every assistance he could possibly give, even to the distressing of his own family. He furnished a pair of two-year-old bulls which I gave to the whole of the warriors. The Feuille brought word that he had met a Renard canoe with two men in it who informed him that a Renard messenger was sent from the Illinois by the Americans with a notice to the Indians that they the Americans were on their way up here mainly to take possession of their fort at Prairie du Chien and not to hurt the Indians, that they the Indians were requested to keep out of the way, that the Americans like hunters in the wood had wounded a deer they had wounded the English and were following the track till they should ruin or destroy the whole. The Feuille heard this report too late to authorize him to take the Renard. The Feuille does not understand the Renard language himself but this was interpreted to him some time after passing the Renard canoe.Sunday August 28 — Gave the Feuille ten bushels of wheat to take him with the Renards to the Rock River. A young lad of this place by the name of Antoine du Bois volunteered his service and embarked with the Sioux interpreter. I gave the Feuille a few articles he was absolutely in want of. Fifty Sioux of the Feuille band (The Leaf or Wabasha) with forty-five Renards left this place at two o'clock singing the war song and at six about sixteen puants arrived from above, debarked at the upper end of the village, and walked down to the lower end singing the war-song, then immediately embarked and went off. Wrote a note to Capt Grignon to prepare himself to go off express to Mackinaw to-morrow at ten o'clock.Monday August 29 — Finished the dispatches at ten and Capt Grignon being detained in expectation of Mr Antoine Brisbois arriving from below, did not set off till four in the afternoon. Mr Brisbois did not arrive Prairie du ChienCaptain Anderson dispatched the following message, addressed to Lieutenant Colonel McDougall from Fort McKay on that same day:Sir, the command of this post having been left to me by Lieut Col McKay, I have the honor to communicate to you that on the 27th instant I sent off a small detachment under the command of Lieut Graham of the Indian department for the Rock river, consisting of thirty men, one brass three pounder, and two swivels. Having sent Lieut Graham to that place on the 15th inst in order to get a party of Sauks to proceed with him to within two miles of the enemy's abandoned fort Madison to take possession of and if possible bring away a gun-boat that the enemy had got sunk by the fall of a tree last spring on their way up here and at the same time to get information of the enemy.[4]","title":"War of 1812"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilpin250-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilpin251-2"}],"sub_title":"Opening moves","text":"American Major Taylor led a force of more than 350 U.S. regulars and militia to relieve Prairie du Chien and evacuate the garrison.[5] When Taylor's command reached the Rock River on the evening of September 4, Taylor encamped. That night, Black Hawk attacked Taylor's pickets and killed two of his men. At dawn, Taylor was preparing to land when three British guns opened fire on his boats. Under heavy fire, Taylor withdrew downstream, with a further loss of 11 men wounded.[2]","title":"War of 1812"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(chief)"},{"link_name":"Rock Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Armstrong,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Prairie du Chien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskwaki"},{"link_name":"Rock Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Des Moines Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_Rapids"},{"link_name":"fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Black Hawk","text":"The following is Black Hawk's recollection of Campbell's Island.Black Hawk participated in parts of this battle, really a series of small skirmishes on the island and on the river extending from Rock Island to Credit Island; he later wrote about it in his autobiography, perhaps conflating different episodes:I discovered that one [U.S.] boat was badly managed, and was suffered to be drawn ashore by the wind. They landed by running hard aground and lowered their sail. The others passed on. This boat the Great Spirit gave to us. All that could, hurried aboard, but they were unable to push off, being fast aground. We advanced to the river's bank undercover, and commenced firing on the boat. I encouraged my braves to continue firing. Several guns were fired from the boat, but without effect. I prepared my bow and arrows to throw fire to the sail, which was lying on the boat. After two or three attempts, I succeeded in setting it on fire. The boat was soon in flames. About this time, one of the boats that had passed returned, dropped anchor and swung in close to [the] one which was on fire, taking off all the people except those who were killed or badly wounded. We could distinctly see them passing from one boat to the other, and fired on them with good effect. We wounded the war chief in this way. Another boat now came down, dropped her anchor, which did not take hold, and drifted ashore. The other boat cut her cable and drifted down the river, leaving their comrades without attempting to assist them. We then commenced an attack upon this boat, firing several rounds, which was not returned. We thought they were afraid or only had a few aboard. I therefore ordered a rush toward the boat, but when we got near enough they fired, killing two of our braves-- these being all we lost in the engagement. Some of their men jumped out and shoved the boat off, and thus got away without losing a man. I had a good opinion of this war chief, as he managed so much better than the others. It would give me pleasure to shake him by the hand. \t \t\nWe now put out the fire on the captured boat to save the cargo, when a skiff was seen coming down the river. Some of our people cried out, \"Here comes an express from Prairie du Chien.\" We hoisted the British flag, but they would not land. They turned their little boat around, and rowed up the river. We directed a few shots at them, but they were so far off that we could not hurt them. I found several barrels of whisky on the captured boat, knocked in the heads and emptied the bad medicine late the river. I next found a box full of small bottles and packages, which appeared to be bad medicine also, such as the medicine men kill the white people with when they are sick. This I threw into the river. Continuing my search for plunder, I found several guns, some large barrels filled with clothing, and a number of cloth lodges, all of which I distributed among my warriors. We now disposed of the dead, and returned to the Fox village opposite the lower end of Rock Island, where we put up our new lodges, and hoisted the British flag. A great many of our braves were dressed in the uniform clothing which we had taken from the Americans, which gave our encampment the appearance of a regular camp of soldiers. We placed out sentinels and commenced dancing over the scalps we had taken. Soon after several boats passed down, among them a very large one carrying big guns. Our young men followed them some distance, but could do them no damage more than scare them. We were now certain that the fort at Prairie du Chien had been taken, as this large boat went up with the first party who built the fort. \t \nIn the course of the day some of the British came down in a small boat. They had followed the large one, thinking it would get [stuck] fast in the rapids, in which case they were sure of taking her. They had summoned her on her way down to surrender, but she refused to do so, and now, that she had passed the rapids in safety, all hope of taking her had vanished. The British landed a big gun and gave us three soldiers to manage it. They complimented us for our bravery in taking the boat, and told us what they had done at Prairie do Chien. They gave us, a keg of rum, and joined with us in our dancing and feasting. We gave them some things which we had taken from the boat, particularly books and papers. They started the next morning, promising to return in a few days with a large body of soldiers. \t \t\n\nWe went to work under the direction of the men left with us, and dug up the ground in two places to put the big gun in, that the men might remain in with it and be safe. We then sent spies down the river to reconnoitre, who sent word by a runner that several boats were coming up filled with men. I marshalled my forces and was soon ready for their arrival. I resolved to fight, as we had not yet had a fair fight with the Americans during the war. The boats arrived in the evening, stopping at a small willow island, nearly opposite to us. During the night we removed our big gun further down, and at daylight next morning commenced firing. We were pleased to see that almost every shot took effect. The British being good gunners, rarely missed. They pushed off as quickly as possible, although I had expected they would land and give us battle. I was fully prepared to meet them but was sadly disappointed by the boats all sailing down the river. A party of braves followed to watch where they landed, but they did not stop until they got below the Des Moines Rapids, where they came ashore and commenced building a fort.[6]","title":"War of 1812"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davenport_from_Credit_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"State Historical Society of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Historical_Society_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River_Trail"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Davenport as viewed from Credit Island across the Mississippi River.The 2014 bicentennial of the Battle of Credit Island spurred renewed interest in the battlefield, including a research project to try to identify the location of fighting on the island.[7]Today, Credit Island is a 420-acre (1.7 km2) community park under the jurisdiction of Davenport Parks and Recreation. It features: a disc golf course, rugby, soccer, baseball and softball fields. There is also fishing, picnic shelters, a bicycle trail and is the scene of many public events. Credit Island is also popular for sight-seeing and eagle watching.In May 2010, the city of Davenport received a grant from the State Historical Society of Iowa to conduct an archaeological study of one of the Mississippi River islands near the Iowa shoreline.In 2012, construction began on a bridge on the west side of the island, linking the Mississippi River Trail bike path to Concord Street in Davenport.[8]On May 2, 2013 Credit Island Lodge caught fire.[9] The lodge was restored in 2015.[citation needed]","title":"Modern times"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As seen on the 1838 map included on this page, Credit Island has been the official name of this island on government maps from the early years of Illinois statehood. However, as the island has changed hands and been developed and promoted as a site for entertainment through the years, other names have been attached to the island.","title":"Other names for Credit Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Davenport, IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_IA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hissem-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rockingham Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham_Township,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Scott County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hissem-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Offerman's Island: 1868 - 1903","text":"John and Dorothea Offerman had four sons in about 1868 when they moved from a farm between Slopertown road and Harrison street northwest of Davenport, IA and bought the island and renamed it Offerman's Island.In 1894 the county land ownership maps still showed John as the owner of Credit Island.[10][11]The Mississippi River Commission's Survey of the Mississippi River maps show it called Offerman's Island, survey date August 7, 1895[12]Offerman's Island was part of Rockingham Township in Scott County, Iowa, United States. Before the purchase it was also named Suburban Island, Grand Island, and Manhattan Island.[10] In 1901, it was sold to Claus Kuehl for $22,500.[13] In 1903, it was renamed The Grand Isle.[14]","title":"Other names for Credit Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Campbell's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell%27s_Island,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Schutzen Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuetzen_Park_(Iowa)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roots_Web-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roots_Web-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roots_Web-16"}],"sub_title":"Suburban Island: 1904 - 1918?","text":"The island was purchased by private owners, renamed Suburban Island, and was used as a recreational spot for swimming and sports prior to World War I. The city of Davenport bought the island in 1918, and held a naming contest: Credit Island was the clear winner. A golf course eventually replaced the picnic grounds and swimming facilities.[15]In the 1890s, amusement parks opened up on Campbell's Island, Prospect Park, and Black Hawk State Park on the Illinois side and Suburban Island and Schutzen Park on the Iowa side.[16]In the fall of 1904, the name of Credit Island was changed to Suburban Island because of the railroad that ran to the island. In 1918, the City of Davenport bought the island. Davenport Park Board meeting minutes started being documented in 1918, and no mention of the amusement park was made so it likely was gone by then.[16]The island also had a Figure 8 roller coaster from 1905 until an unknown date.[16] The amusement park existed until at least 1917.","title":"Other names for Credit Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DRHP_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DRHP_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Davenport Register of Historic Properties and Local Landmarks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.davenportiowa.com/government/boards_commissions"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gilpin251_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gilpin251_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Major Taylors battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.illinoisgenealogy.org/rock-island/major_taylors_battle.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Wisconsin Historical Collections, Volume IX (1882) :: Wisconsin Historical Collections 1855-1915\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/whc/id/3357/show/3057/rec/2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gilpin250_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"http://qctimes.com/lifestyles/announcements/article_4467952c-8de7-11df-86e9-001cc4c03286.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//qctimes.com/lifestyles/announcements/article_4467952c-8de7-11df-86e9-001cc4c03286.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Credit Island bridge construction begins early\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//qctimes.com/news/local/credit-island-bridge-construction-begins-early/article_a00fc9c4-2de8-11e1-9f78-0019bb2963f4.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Fire damages Credit Island Lodge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//qctimes.com/news/local/fire-damages-credit-island-lodge/article_454e0e17-c48b-55ee-b8c0-f696f206c90e.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hissem_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hissem_10-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Hissem-Montague Family\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//shissem.com/Hissem_Offerman_Family.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Rockingham Township 1894 No. 77 N. Range No. 3 East of the 5th Meridian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.celticcousins.net/scott/rockinghamplat1894.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"The Daily Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dispatch_/_The_Rock_Island_Argus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"The Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dispatch_/_The_Rock_Island_Argus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Credit Island: The Unknown Battlefield\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blogs.davenportlibrary.com/sc/2010/07/13/credit-island-the-unknown-battlefield/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Roots_Web_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Roots_Web_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Roots_Web_16-2"},{"link_name":"\"Ancestry.com hosted by rootsweb\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~howardlake/amusement17/suburbanislandia.html"}],"text":"^ a b Historic Preservation Commission. \"Davenport Register of Historic Properties and Local Landmarks\". City of Davenport. Retrieved 2023-03-21. (Click on \"Historic Preservation Commission\" and then click on \"Davenport Register of Historic Properties and Local Landmarks.\")\n\n^ a b Gilpin, p. 251\n\n^ Major Taylors battle\n\n^ \"Wisconsin Historical Collections, Volume IX (1882) :: Wisconsin Historical Collections 1855-1915\". Content.wisconsinhistory.org. Retrieved 2014-08-06.\n\n^ Gilpin, p. 250\n\n^ Black Hawk (1882) Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk. Edited by J. B. Patterson. Continental Printing, St. Louis. Originally published 1833.\n\n^ Credit Island: A battlefield and a trading post, Quad-City Times, 13 July 2010, http://qctimes.com/lifestyles/announcements/article_4467952c-8de7-11df-86e9-001cc4c03286.html\n\n^ \"Credit Island bridge construction begins early\". Qctimes.com. 2011-12-23. Retrieved 2014-08-06.\n\n^ Steven Martens (3 May 2013). \"Fire damages Credit Island Lodge\". Quad City Times. Retrieved 27 September 2013. It is a pretty sad day for Credit Island,\" First Ward Alderman Nathan Brown said. \"That lodge has been there forever and a day.\n\n^ a b Hissem, Steve. \"The Hissem-Montague Family\". Retrieved 23 October 2012.\n\n^ \"Rockingham Township 1894 No. 77 N. Range No. 3 East of the 5th Meridian\". Scott County Iowa Genealogy. Retrieved 23 October 2012.\n\n^ 1890s Map Plates - Georeferenced Images of Maps Produced by the Mississippi River Commission\n\n^ \"Island Brings $22500\". The Daily Dispatch. April 6, 1901. p. 5.\n\n^ \"Interurban Men Purchase Island\". The Dispatch. July 21, 1903. p. 1.\n\n^ \"Credit Island: The Unknown Battlefield\". Primary Selections from Special Collections. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2012.\n\n^ a b c \"Ancestry.com hosted by rootsweb\". Retrieved 1 October 2012.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://iagenweb.org/history/rivers/JC/Gilchrist_I.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//iagenweb.org/history/rivers/JC/Gilchrist_I.htm"},{"link_name":"http://www.celticcousins.net/scott/rockinghamplat1882.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.celticcousins.net/scott/rockinghamplat1882.htm"}],"text":"http://iagenweb.org/history/rivers/JC/Gilchrist_I.htm\nhttp://www.celticcousins.net/scott/rockinghamplat1882.htm","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Credit Island in present-day Scott County, Iowa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Scott_County.svg/250px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Scott_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Credit Island from an 1838 GLO map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Credit_Island_Iowa_1838.jpg/225px-Credit_Island_Iowa_1838.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812. 1: Fort Belle Fontaine U.S. headquarters; 2: Fort Osage; 3: Fort Madison; 4: Fort Shelby; 5: Battle of Rock Island Rapids, July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island, Sept. 1814; 6: Fort Johnson; 7: Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole, May 1815.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Upper_Mississippi_1812.png/190px-Upper_Mississippi_1812.png"},{"image_text":"Davenport as viewed from Credit Island across the Mississippi River.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Davenport_from_Credit_Island.jpg/250px-Davenport_from_Credit_Island.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Historic Preservation Commission. \"Davenport Register of Historic Properties and Local Landmarks\". City of Davenport. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.davenportiowa.com/government/boards_commissions","url_text":"\"Davenport Register of Historic Properties and Local Landmarks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisconsin Historical Collections, Volume IX (1882) :: Wisconsin Historical Collections 1855-1915\". Content.wisconsinhistory.org. Retrieved 2014-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/whc/id/3357/show/3057/rec/2","url_text":"\"Wisconsin Historical Collections, Volume IX (1882) :: Wisconsin Historical Collections 1855-1915\""}]},{"reference":"\"Credit Island bridge construction begins early\". Qctimes.com. 2011-12-23. Retrieved 2014-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/credit-island-bridge-construction-begins-early/article_a00fc9c4-2de8-11e1-9f78-0019bb2963f4.html","url_text":"\"Credit Island bridge construction begins early\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Martens (3 May 2013). \"Fire damages Credit Island Lodge\". Quad City Times. Retrieved 27 September 2013. It is a pretty sad day for Credit Island,\" First Ward Alderman Nathan Brown said. \"That lodge has been there forever and a day.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/fire-damages-credit-island-lodge/article_454e0e17-c48b-55ee-b8c0-f696f206c90e.html","url_text":"\"Fire damages Credit Island Lodge\""}]},{"reference":"Hissem, Steve. \"The Hissem-Montague Family\". Retrieved 23 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://shissem.com/Hissem_Offerman_Family.html","url_text":"\"The Hissem-Montague Family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rockingham Township 1894 No. 77 N. Range No. 3 East of the 5th Meridian\". Scott County Iowa Genealogy. Retrieved 23 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.celticcousins.net/scott/rockinghamplat1894.htm","url_text":"\"Rockingham Township 1894 No. 77 N. Range No. 3 East of the 5th Meridian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Island Brings $22500\". The Daily Dispatch. April 6, 1901. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dispatch_/_The_Rock_Island_Argus","url_text":"The Daily Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"\"Interurban Men Purchase Island\". The Dispatch. July 21, 1903. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dispatch_/_The_Rock_Island_Argus","url_text":"The Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"\"Credit Island: The Unknown Battlefield\". Primary Selections from Special Collections. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.davenportlibrary.com/sc/2010/07/13/credit-island-the-unknown-battlefield/","url_text":"\"Credit Island: The Unknown Battlefield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ancestry.com hosted by rootsweb\". Retrieved 1 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~howardlake/amusement17/suburbanislandia.html","url_text":"\"Ancestry.com hosted by rootsweb\""}]},{"reference":"Gilpin, Alec R. (1968) [1958]. The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest (Reprint ed.). East Lansing, MI: The Michigan State University Press.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Credit_Island&params=41_29_45_N_90_36_56_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°29′45″N 90°36′56″W / 41.49583°N 90.61556°W / 41.49583; -90.61556"},{"Link":"https://www.davenportiowa.com/government/boards_commissions","external_links_name":"\"Davenport Register of Historic Properties and Local Landmarks\""},{"Link":"http://www.illinoisgenealogy.org/rock-island/major_taylors_battle.htm","external_links_name":"Major Taylors battle"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/whc/id/3357/show/3057/rec/2","external_links_name":"\"Wisconsin Historical Collections, Volume IX (1882) :: Wisconsin Historical Collections 1855-1915\""},{"Link":"https://qctimes.com/lifestyles/announcements/article_4467952c-8de7-11df-86e9-001cc4c03286.html","external_links_name":"http://qctimes.com/lifestyles/announcements/article_4467952c-8de7-11df-86e9-001cc4c03286.html"},{"Link":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/credit-island-bridge-construction-begins-early/article_a00fc9c4-2de8-11e1-9f78-0019bb2963f4.html","external_links_name":"\"Credit Island bridge construction begins early\""},{"Link":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/fire-damages-credit-island-lodge/article_454e0e17-c48b-55ee-b8c0-f696f206c90e.html","external_links_name":"\"Fire damages Credit Island Lodge\""},{"Link":"http://shissem.com/Hissem_Offerman_Family.html","external_links_name":"\"The Hissem-Montague Family\""},{"Link":"http://www.celticcousins.net/scott/rockinghamplat1894.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rockingham Township 1894 No. 77 N. Range No. 3 East of the 5th Meridian\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.davenportlibrary.com/sc/2010/07/13/credit-island-the-unknown-battlefield/","external_links_name":"\"Credit Island: The Unknown Battlefield\""},{"Link":"https://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~howardlake/amusement17/suburbanislandia.html","external_links_name":"\"Ancestry.com hosted by rootsweb\""},{"Link":"http://iagenweb.org/history/rivers/JC/Gilchrist_I.htm","external_links_name":"http://iagenweb.org/history/rivers/JC/Gilchrist_I.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.celticcousins.net/scott/rockinghamplat1882.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.celticcousins.net/scott/rockinghamplat1882.htm"},{"Link":"http://blogs.davenportlibrary.com/sc/2010/07/13/credit-island-the-unknown-battlefield/","external_links_name":"Credit Island: The Unknown Battlefield"},{"Link":"http://warof1812archaeology.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-forgotten-battle-1814-battle-of.html","external_links_name":"The Forgotten Battle: The 1814 Battle of Credit Island, Iowa and Illinois"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_System_(album)	Sound System (album)	["1 Remastering","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Bonus DVD","5 Personnel","6 Charts","7 References","8 External links"]	For other albums with similar titles, see Sound-System (album), Soundsystem (311 album), and Sound System: The Final Releases. 2013 box set by The ClashSound SystemBox set by The ClashReleased9 September 2013 (2013-09-09)Recorded1977–1982GenrePunk rockLabelSony LegacyProducerThe Clash, Micky Foote, Sandy Pearlman, Bill Price, Guy Stevens, Jose Unidos, Lee "Scratch" Perry, Julian Temple, Don LettsThe Clash compilations and lives chronology Live at Shea Stadium(2008) Sound System(2013) The Clash Hits Back(2013) Sound System is a box set collection by the Clash released in September 2013. The box contains the band's studio albums (but excludes the post-breakup album Cut the Crap) newly re-mastered by Mick Jones, with a further three discs featuring demos, non-album singles, rarities and B-sides, a DVD with previously unseen footage by both Don Letts and Julien Temple, original promo videos and live footage, plus an owner's manual booklet, reprints of the band's original 'Armagideon Times' fanzine and merchandise including dog tags, badges, stickers and a poster. The boom box packaging was designed by Paul Simonon. The set was released simultaneously with 5 Album Studio Set, which contains only the five studio albums, and a greatest hits package titled The Clash Hits Back. In a September 2013 interview, Mick Jones announced the box sets and hits package will be the final time he works on anything involving the Clash and their music. "I'm not even thinking about any more Clash releases. This is it for me, and I say that with an exclamation mark," Jones said. Remastering Mick Jones said, "The concept of the whole thing is best box set ever. Re-mastering's a really amazing thing. That was the musical point of it all, because there's so much there that you wouldn't have heard before. It was like discovering stuff, because the advances in mastering are so immense since the last time was remastered in the 90s." All the music has been remastered from the original tapes, Jones said. "We had to bake the tapes beforehand – the oxide on them is where the music is, so if you don't put them in the oven and bake them, that all falls off, because they're so old." Bassist Simonon highlighted a guitar line on "Safe European Home", from the band's second album Give 'Em Enough Rope, saying he'd never even heard it before. "It's probably some session musician, while I was asleep," Jones joked. Reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic97/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicClassic RockDrowned in Sound9/10MojoPaste9.5/10QRolling StoneSpin9/10The TelegraphUnder the Radar9/10 PopMatters journalist J.C. Maçek III wrote "The initial interest may come in the fact that the packaging looks like a classic Boom Box emblazoned with 'THE CLASH' in a military stencil with the overall box decorated in a Combat Rock reminiscent camouflage. This is definitely a visual treat for Clash fans to add to their mantle." Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone said "It takes a band as myth-saturated as the Clash to live up to a career-summing box as ambitious as this one. But Joe Strummer and his crew of London gutter-punk romantics fit the bill." The Telegraph's Patrick Sawer wrote "The tracks, remastered by the band’s guitarist Mick Jones and Tim Young (who won a Grammy for his work on the Beatles 2006 Love album), sound fresh as ever, crisper even. Jones, the official muso of the band, said that during the remastering process he discovered guitar lines he couldn’t remember and previously buried instrumental details certainly stand out – along with Strummer’s biting ad-libs." Track listing All tracks are written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted.The Clash (UK Version) (1 CD)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1."Janie Jones"Strummer2:032."Remote Control"Jones, Strummer3:003."I'm So Bored with the U.S.A."Strummer2:254."White Riot"Strummer1:565."Hate & War"Jones, Strummer2:056."What's My Name?" (written by Strummer, Jones, Keith Levene)Strummer1:407."Deny"Strummer3:038."London's Burning"Strummer2:129."Career Opportunities"Strummer1:5210."Cheat"Strummer2:0611."Protex Blue"Jones1:4212."Police & Thieves" (written by Junior Murvin, Lee Perry)Strummer6:0113."48 Hours"Strummer1:3414."Garageland"Strummer3:12 All tracks are written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted. All lead vocals by Strummer, except "Stay Free" by Jones.Give 'Em Enough Rope (1 CD)No.TitleLength1."Safe European Home"3:502."English Civil War" (Traditional; arranged by Jones and Strummer)2:353."Tommy Gun"3:174."Julie's Been Working for the Drug Squad"3:035."Last Gang in Town"5:146."Guns on the Roof" (written by Topper Headon, Jones, Paul Simonon, Strummer)3:157."Drug-Stabbing Time"3:438."Stay Free"3:409."Cheapskates"3:2510."All the Young Punks (New Boots and Contracts)"4:55 All tracks are written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where notedLondon Calling (2 CDs)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1."London Calling"Strummer3:192."Brand New Cadillac" (written and originally performed by Vince Taylor)Strummer2:093."Jimmy Jazz"Strummer3:524."Hateful"Strummer2:455."Rudie Can't Fail"Strummer, Jones3:266."Spanish Bombs"Strummer, Jones3:197."The Right Profile"Strummer3:568."Lost in the Supermarket"Jones3:479."Clampdown"Strummer, Jones3:4910."The Guns of Brixton" (written by Paul Simonon)Simonon3:0711."Wrong 'Em Boyo" (written by Clive Alphonso; originally performed by the Rulers; including Stagger Lee)Strummer3:1012."Death or Glory"Strummer3:5513."Koka Kola"Strummer1:4614."The Card Cheat"Jones3:5115."Lover's Rock"Strummer4:0116."Four Horsemen"Strummer2:5617."I'm Not Down"Jones3:0018."Revolution Rock" (written by Jackie Edwards, Danny Ray; originally performed by Danny Ray and the Revolutionaries)Strummer5:3719."Train in Vain"Jones3:09 All tracks are written by The Clash, except where notedSandinista! (3 CDs)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1."The Magnificent Seven"Joe Strummer5:282."Hitsville U.K."Mick Jones, Ellen Foley4:203."Junco Partner" ("writer, at present, unknown" on liner notes)Joe Strummer4:534."Ivan Meets G.I. Joe"Topper Headon3:055."The Leader"Joe Strummer1:416."Something About England"Mick Jones, Joe Strummer3:427."Rebel Waltz"Joe Strummer3:258."Look Here" (written by Mose Allison)Joe Strummer2:449."The Crooked Beat"Paul Simonon5:2910."Somebody Got Murdered"Mick Jones3:3411."One More Time" (written by The Clash and Mikey Dread)Joe Strummer3:3212."One More Dub" (Dub version of "One More Time"; written by The Clash and Dread)Instrumental3:3413."Lightning Strikes (Not Once but Twice)"Joe Strummer4:5114."Up in Heaven (Not Only Here)"Mick Jones4:3115."Corner Soul"Joe Strummer2:4316."Let's Go Crazy"Joe Strummer4:2517."If Music Could Talk" (written by The Clash and Dread)Joe Strummer4:3618."The Sound of Sinners"Joe Strummer4:0019."Police on My Back" (written by Eddy Grant; originally performed by The Equals)Mick Jones3:1520."Midnight Log"Joe Strummer2:1121."The Equaliser"Joe Strummer5:4722."The Call Up"Joe Strummer5:2523."Washington Bullets"Joe Strummer3:5124."Broadway" (Features an Epilogue of "The Guns of Brixton" sung by Maria Gallagher)Joe Strummer5:4525."Lose This Skin" (written by Tymon Dogg)Tymon Dogg5:0726."Charlie Don't Surf"Joe Strummer, Mick Jones4:5527."Mensforth Hill" ("Something About England" backwards with overdubs)Instrumental3:4228."Junkie Slip"Joe Strummer2:4829."Kingston Advice"Joe Strummer2:3630."The Street Parade"Joe Strummer3:2631."Version City"Joe Strummer4:2332."Living in Fame" (Dub Version of "If Music Could Talk"; written by The Clash and Dread)Mikey Dread4:3633."Silicone on Sapphire" (Dub version of "Washington Bullets")Joe Strummer4:3234."Version Pardner" (Dub version of "Junco Partner")Joe Strummer5:2235."Career Opportunities"Luke Gallagher, Ben Gallagher2:3036."Shepherds Delight" (Dub Version of "Police & Thieves")Instrumental3:25 All tracks are written by The Clash, except where notedCombat Rock (1 CD)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1."Know Your Rights" (Strummer/Jones)Joe Strummer3:392."Car Jamming"Joe Strummer3:583."Should I Stay or Should I Go"Mick Jones3:064."Rock the Casbah" (Headon/The Clash)Joe Strummer3:445."Red Angel Dragnet"Paul Simonon/Kosmo Vinyl3:486."Straight to Hell"Joe Strummer5:307."Overpowered by Funk"Joe Strummer/Futura 20004:558."Atom Tan"Mick Jones/Joe Strummer2:329."Sean Flynn"Joe Strummer4:3010."Ghetto Defendant"Joe Strummer/Allen Ginsberg4:4511."Inoculated City"Mick Jones2:4312."Death Is a Star"Joe Strummer/Mick Jones3:13 Sound System extras (1 CD)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1.""White Riot"" (Single version)Joe Strummer1:592."1977"Joe Strummer1:403."Listen/Interviews"Instrumental11:084."Capital Radio"Joe Strummer2:085."London's Burning"Joe Strummer2:116."Complete Control"Joe Strummer3:137."City of the Dead"Joe Strummer2:228."Clash City Rockers"Joe Strummer3:579."Jail Guitar Doors"Mick Jones3:0410."(White Man) in Hammersmith Palais"Joe Strummer4:0111."The Prisoner"Mick Jones3:0312."1–2 Crush on You"Mick Jones2:5913."Time Is Tight" (Booker T. Jones)Instrumental4:0414."Pressure Drop" (Toots Hibbert)Joe Strummer3:2515."I Fought The Law" (Sonny Curtis)Joe Strummer2:4316."Groovy Times"Joe Strummer3:2617."Gates of the West"Mick Jones3:2518."Capital Radio Two"Joe Strummer3:2019."Armagideon Time" (Willi Williams)Joe Strummer3:5220."Bankrobber"Joe Strummer4:3321."Rockers Galore...UK Tour" (written by The Clash and Mikey Dread)Mikey Dread4:39 Sound System extras disc 2 (1 CD)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1."The Magnificent Dance" (Dance remix of "The Magnificent Seven")Joe Strummer5:362."Midnight To Stevens"Joe Strummer4:363."Radio One"Mikey Dread6:174."Stop The World"Joe Strummer2:325."The Cool Out" (Dub version of "The Call Up")Instrumental3:536."This Is Radio Clash"Joe Strummer4:117."Radio Clash"Joe Strummer4:118."First Night Back in London"Joe Strummer2:599."Rock The Casbah" (Bob Clearmountain 12" mix)Joe Strummer3:4210."Long Time Jerk"Joe Strummer5:0811."The Beautiful People Are Ugly Too" (Combat Rock outtake; Previously Unreleased)Joe Strummer3:4612."Idle in Kangaroo Court" (Combat Rock outtake listed as Kill Time; Previously Unreleased)Joe Strummer5:0413."Ghetto Defendant" (Unedited version; Previously Unreleased)Joe Strummer/Allen Ginsberg6:1314."Cool Confusion"Joe Strummer3:1215."Sean Flynn" (Extended 'Marcus Music' version; Previously Unreleased)Joe Strummer7:2216."Straight to Hell" (Extended unedited version from Clash on Broadway)Joe Strummer6:50 Sound System extras disc 3 (1 CD)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1."I'm So Bored with the U.S.A." (first ever recording session at Beaconsfield Film School 1976 produced by Julian Temple)Joe Strummer2:222."London's Burning" (first ever recording session at Beaconsfield Film School 1976 produced by Julian Temple (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer1:573."White Riot" (first ever recording session at Beaconsfield Film School 1976 produced by Julian Temple)Joe Strummer1:534."1977" (first ever recording session at Beaconsfield Film School 1976 produced by Julian Temple (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer1:505."Janie Jones" (second ever recording session November 1976, Polydor demos produced by Guy Stevens)Joe Strummer2:056."Career Opportunities" (second ever recording session November 1976, Polydor demos produced by Guy Stevens)Joe Strummer1:537."London's Burning" (second ever recording session November 1976, Polydor demos produced by Guy Stevens (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer1:588."1977" (second ever recording session November 1976, Polydor demos produced by Guy Stevens (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer1:409."White Riot" (second ever recording session November 1976, Polydor demos produced by Guy Stevens (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer1:5810."City of the Dead" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978)Joe Strummer2:5511."Jail Guitar Doors" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978 (Previously Unreleased))Mick Jones3:0212."English Civil War" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978)Joe Strummer2:3113."Stay Free" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978 (Previously Unreleased))Mick Jones3:2714."Cheapskates" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978 (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer3:1215."I Fought the Law" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978)Joe Strummer2:25 Tracks 10–15 from Sound System extras disc 3 are incorrectly credited as dating from December 1979. All tracks are written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where notedLive at Shea Stadium (iTunes only)No.TitleLength1."Kosmo Vinyl Introduction" (Concert introduction)1:102."London Calling"3:293."Police on My Back" (written by Eddy Grant; originally performed by The Equals)3:284."The Guns of Brixton" (written by Paul Simonon)4:065."Tommy Gun"3:196."The Magnificent Seven" (written by The Clash)2:337."Armagideon Time" (written by Willi Williams and Jackie Mittoo; originally performed by Willi Williams)2:558."The Magnificent Seven (Return)" (written by The Clash)2:239."Rock the Casbah" (written by The Clash)3:2110."Train in Vain"3:4511."Career Opportunities"2:0512."Spanish Bombs"3:1813."Clampdown"4:2614."English Civil War" (Traditional; arranged by Strummer and Jones)2:3915."Should I Stay or Should I Go" (written by The Clash)2:4416."I Fought the Law" (written by Sonny Curtis)3:22 All tracks are written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where notedFrom Here to Eternity: Live (iTunes only)No.TitleRecordedLength1."Complete Control"13 June 1981 at Bonds International Casino in New York City3:452."London's Burning"30 April 1978 at Victoria Park, East London2:033."What's My Name" (written by Strummer, Jones, Keith Levene)27 July 1978 at Music Machine in London1:434."Clash City Rockers"7 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston3:305."Career Opportunities"13 October 1982 at Shea Stadium in New York City2:066."(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais"7 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston4:287."Capital Radio"18 February 1980 at the Lewisham Odeon in London2:588."City of the Dead"28 December 1978 at the Lyceum Theatre, London2:479."I Fought the Law" (written by Sonny Curtis)28 December 1978 at the Lyceum Theatre, London2:3610."London Calling"7 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston3:2911."Armagideon Time" (written by Willie Williams and Jackie Mittoo)18 February 1980 at the Lewisham Odeon in London5:0512."Train in Vain"13 June 1981 at Bonds International Casino in New York City4:4313."The Guns of Brixton" (written by Paul Simonon)13 June 1981 at Bonds International Casino in New York City3:3614."The Magnificent Seven" (written by The Clash)7 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston6:0915."Know Your Rights" (written by The Clash)7 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston4:0416."Should I Stay or Should I Go" (written by The Clash)8 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston3:1417."Straight to Hell" (written by The Clash)8 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston7:0818."Drug-Stabbing Time" (bonus track)28 December 1978 at the Lyceum Theatre, London3:3319."Janie Jones" (bonus track)8 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston2:46 Bonus DVD Julien Temple Archive – 6:15 White Riot Promo Film (Promo and interview with Tony Parsons) – 7:11 1977 White Riot London's Burning Sussex University '77 – 8:29 (previously unreleased) I'm So Bored with the USA Hate & War Career Opportunities Remote Control Don Letts Super 8 Medley – 11:45 White Riot Janie Jones City of the Dead Clash City Rockers White Man in Hammersmith Palais 1977 Clash on Broadway – 22:31 London Calling This Is Radio Clash The Magnificent Seven The Guns of Brixton Safe European Home Promo Videos – 37:37 Tommy Gun London Calling Bankrobber Clampdown (Live) Train in Vain (Live) The Call Up Rock the Casbah Radio Clash Should I Stay or Should I Go (Live at Shea Stadium) Career Opportunities (Live at Shea Stadium) Personnel The Clash Joe Strummer − backing vocals, bass guitar, lead guitar, lead vocals, piano, rhythm guitar, vocals Mick Jones − backing vocals, harmonica, lead guitar, lead vocals, piano, vocals Paul Simonon − backing vocals, bass guitar, lead vocals, rhythm guitar, vocals Topper Headon − bass guitar, drums, percussion, piano, vocals Tory Crimes (Terry Chimes) − drums Featured artists Mikey Dread – backing vocals, lead vocals, vocals Tymon Dogg – piano, vocals, violin Ellen Foley – backing vocals, lead vocals, vocals Futura 2000 – vocals Luke & Ben Gallagher – vocals Maria Gallagher – vocals Allen Ginsberg – vocals Den Hegarty (Darts) – vocals Joe Ely – backing vocals Kosmo Vinyl – vocals Ivan Julian – guitar Noel "Tempo" Bailey (aka Sowell) – guitar Allen Lanier – piano Mickey Gallagher – keyboards, Organ, piano Poly Mandell (Tommy Mandel) – keyboards Norman Watt-Roy – bass The Irish Horns – brass Gary Barnacle – saxophone Davey Payne – saxophone Arthur Edward "Bill" Barnacle – trumpet Lew Lewis – harmonica Band Sgt. Dave Yates Battersea Gerald Baxter-Warman Tim Curry Ray Gasconne Rudolph Adolphus Jordan Terry McQuade Anthony Nelson Steelie Jody Winscott Composers: Mose Allison, Clive Alphonso, Michael Campbell, The Clash, Sonny Curtis, Clement Dodd, Tymon Dogg, Mikey Dread, Jackie Edwards, Robert Ellen, Eddy Grant, Topper Headon, Frederick Hibbert, FBooker T. Jones, Mick Jones, Keith Levine, Jackie Mittoo, Junior Murvin, Lee "Scratch" Perry, Danny Ray, Paul Simonon, Joe Strummer, Vince Taylor, Wilbert Williams Production Engineering: Joe Blaney, Gregg Caruso, Kevin Dalimore, Dennis Ferranti, Eddie Garcia, Jerry Green, Simon Humphreys, Glyn Johns, Lancelot "Maxie" McKenzie, Chris Mingo, J.P. Nickolson, Bill Price, Corky Stasiak, Paul Subblebine, and Julien Temple Editing: Robin Banks, Pablo D'Ambrosie, and Kris Needs Mixing: Mikey Dread, Glyn Johns, Bill Price, Corky Stasiak, and Richard Whittaker Remastering: The Clash, Mick Jones, Paul Stubblebine, and Tim Young Sound Effects: Steve Bell Art Editor: Robert Gordon McHarg III Artwork: Mikey Dread, Eddie, Gene Greif, Jules, Robert Gordon McHarg III, Chris Musto, Kate Simon, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer Design: Hugh Brown, The Clash, Wes Geral, Gene Greif, Jules, Ray Lowry, Robert Gordon McHarg III, Robbin Panks, Terry Razor, and Paul Simonon Liner Notes: The Baker, Robin Banks, John Cooper Clarke, Mikey Dread, Johnny Green, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Ray Jordan, Don Letts, Alex Michon, Bill Price, Chris Salewicz, Paul Simonon, Pennie Smith, Joe Strummer, Julien Temple, Tim Young, and Kosmo Vinyl Photography: M. Arscott, Jane Ashley, Hugh Brown, Caroline Coon, Bob Gruen, Sho Kikuchi, Krystyna Kolowska, Grzegorz Lepiarz, Des Letts, Rocco Macauley, Kate Simon, Paul Slattery, Pennie Smith, Joe Strummer, Julien Temple, and Julian Yewdall Cartoonist: Steve Bell Layout: Chris Musto Executive Producer: Don Letts Producers: Ama Chana, The Clash, Micky Foote, Sandy Pearlman, and Guy Stevens Project Manager: Joanna Kalli Project Consultant: Andy Street Consultant: Bill Price Assistants: Steve Levine, Joe Pullen A&R: Bruce Dickinson and Matt Gibbon Charts Chart performance for Sound System Chart Peakposition Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 99 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 99 UK Albums (OCC) 53 References ^ Hann, Michael (21 May 2013). "The Clash to release new box set of remastered albums and rarities: Sound System set to be accompanied by best-of album, sequenced to copy a 1982 Brixton show". The Guardian. ^ "The Clash Announce Deluxe "Sound System" Box Set". Yahoo! Finance. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2017. ^ Greene, Andy (30 August 2013). "The Clash's Mick Jones: 'This Is It for Me': Expects the band's huge new box set to be last reissue project". Rolling Stone. ^ "Sound System". Metacritic. Retrieved 15 October 2013. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Sound System at AllMusic. Retrieved 9 September 2013. ^ Sound System is quite the piece of work. ^ Dom, Gourlay. "The Clash - Sound System". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved 16 September 2013. ^ There are many extras here to pique the completist's interest.... But the real punch rests in the unprecedented clarity of the remastered original tracks, and the audacious creativity and humour of the packaging. ^ Heselgrave, Douglas. "The Clash: Sound System Box Set". Paste. Retrieved 24 September 2013. ^ Sound System gives the full, eclectic picture. ^ a b Sheffield, Rob (10 September 2013). "The Clash: Sound System (Album Review)". Rolling Stone. ^ Aswad, Jem (10 September 2013). "New Clash, Sly & the Family Stone Box Sets Clean the Vaults, Test Fans' Boundaries". Spin. ^ a b Sawer, Patrick (21 July 2013). "The Clash Sound System, box set review". The Telegraph. ^ The immersive experience of sinking into the lovingly detailed Sound System will serve as a reminder of why fans agree with their label's slogan, "The Only Band That Matters." ^ Maçek III, J.C. (20 September 2013). "The Clash: Sound System". PopMatters. ^ "Ultratop.be – The Clash – Sound System" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. ^ "Ultratop.be – The Clash – Sound System" (in French). Hung Medien. ^ "CLASH \| Artist \| Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. External links Greene, Andy (6 June 2013). "Clash Bassist Paul Simonon on New Box Set, Recording With Bob Dylan: 'I had no interest in being part of any reformation of the Clash'". Rolling Stone. vteThe Clash Joe Strummer Mick Jones Paul Simonon Topper Headon Terry Chimes Keith Levene Rob Harper Pete Howard Nick Sheppard Vince White Studio albums The Clash Give 'Em Enough Rope London Calling Sandinista! Combat Rock Cut the Crap Live albums From Here to Eternity: Live Live at Shea Stadium Compilations Black Market Clash The Story of the Clash, Volume 1 1977 Revisited Clash on Broadway The Singles (1991) Super Black Market Clash The Essential Clash Singles Box The Singles (2007) Sound System The Clash Hits Back 5 Album Studio Set Extended plays Capital Radio The Cost of Living Singles "White Riot" "Remote Control" "Complete Control" "Clash City Rockers" "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais" "Tommy Gun" "English Civil War" "I Fought the Law" "Groovy Times" "London Calling" "Clampdown" "Train in Vain" "Bankrobber" "The Call Up" "Hitsville U.K." "The Magnificent Seven" "This Is Radio Clash" "Know Your Rights" "Should I Stay or Should I Go" "Rock the Casbah" "Straight to Hell" "This Is England" "Return to Brixton" Other songs "Career Opportunities" "Capital Radio One" "Garageland" "I'm So Bored with the USA" "Janie Jones" "London's Burning" "Police and Thieves" "Jail Guitar Doors" "Brand New Cadillac" "Death or Glory" "Lost in the Supermarket" "Revolution Rock" "Rudie Can't Fail" "Spanish Bombs" "Junco Partner" "Washington Bullets" "Overpowered by Funk" Films Rude Boy Concert for Kampuchea Westway to the World Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten London Town Related articles Discography Songs Band members The 101ers London SS Public Image Ltd Big Audio Dynamite Havana 3am The Latino Rockabilly War The Pogues The Mescaleros Carbon/Silicon The Good, the Bad & the Queen Gorillaz Spirit of St. Louis Rock Against Racism The Joe Strummer Foundation Bernard Rhodes Don Letts Alex Michon Caroline Coon Sandy Pearlman Guy Stevens Kosmo Vinyl Mick Gallagher Norman Watt-Roy Tymon Dogg Mikey Dread Ellen Foley Futura 2000 Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sound-System (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-System_(album)"},{"link_name":"Soundsystem (311 album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundsystem_(311_album)"},{"link_name":"Sound System: The Final Releases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_System:_The_Final_Releases"},{"link_name":"the Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cut the Crap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_the_Crap"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash_guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Don Letts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Letts"},{"link_name":"Julien Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Temple"},{"link_name":"boom box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_box"},{"link_name":"Paul Simonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simonon"},{"link_name":"5 Album Studio Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Album_Studio_Set"},{"link_name":"The Clash Hits Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_Hits_Back"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other albums with similar titles, see Sound-System (album), Soundsystem (311 album), and Sound System: The Final Releases.2013 box set by The ClashSound System is a box set collection by the Clash released in September 2013.[1][2] The box contains the band's studio albums (but excludes the post-breakup album Cut the Crap) newly re-mastered by Mick Jones, with a further three discs featuring demos, non-album singles, rarities and B-sides, a DVD with previously unseen footage by both Don Letts and Julien Temple, original promo videos and live footage, plus an owner's manual booklet, reprints of the band's original 'Armagideon Times' fanzine and merchandise including dog tags, badges, stickers and a poster. The boom box packaging was designed by Paul Simonon. The set was released simultaneously with 5 Album Studio Set, which contains only the five studio albums, and a greatest hits package titled The Clash Hits Back.In a September 2013 interview, Mick Jones announced the box sets and hits package will be the final time he works on anything involving the Clash and their music. \"I'm not even thinking about any more Clash releases. This is it for me, and I say that with an exclamation mark,\" Jones said.[3]","title":"Sound System (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Safe European Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_European_Home"},{"link_name":"Give 'Em Enough Rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_%27Em_Enough_Rope"}],"text":"Mick Jones said, \"The concept of the whole thing is best box set ever. Re-mastering's a really amazing thing. That was the musical point of it all, because there's so much there that you wouldn't have heard before. It was like discovering stuff, because the advances in mastering are so immense since the last time [the Clash catalogue] was remastered in the 90s.\"All the music has been remastered from the original tapes, Jones said. \"We had to bake the tapes beforehand – the oxide on them is where the music is, so if you don't put them in the oven and bake them, that all falls off, because they're so old.\"Bassist Simonon highlighted a guitar line on \"Safe European Home\", from the band's second album Give 'Em Enough Rope, saying he'd never even heard it before. \"It's probably some session musician, while I was asleep,\" Jones joked.","title":"Remastering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PM-15"},{"link_name":"Rob Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2013-09-10-11"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TG-13"}],"text":"PopMatters journalist J.C. Maçek III wrote \"The initial interest may come in the fact that the packaging looks like a classic Boom Box emblazoned with 'THE CLASH' in a military stencil with the overall box decorated in a Combat Rock reminiscent camouflage. This is definitely a visual treat for Clash fans to add to their mantle.\"[15]Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone said \"It takes a band as myth-saturated as the Clash to live up to a career-summing box as ambitious as this one. But Joe Strummer and his crew of London gutter-punk romantics fit the bill.\"[11]The Telegraph's Patrick Sawer wrote \"The tracks, remastered by the band’s guitarist Mick Jones and Tim Young (who won a Grammy for his work on the Beatles 2006 Love album), sound fresh as ever, crisper even. Jones, the official muso of the band, said that during the remastering process he discovered guitar lines he couldn’t remember and previously buried instrumental details certainly stand out – along with Strummer’s biting ad-libs.\"[13]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash)"},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_(album)"},{"link_name":"Janie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janie_Jones_(song)"},{"link_name":"Remote Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Control_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"I'm So Bored with the U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_So_Bored_with_the_USA"},{"link_name":"White Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Riot"},{"link_name":"Keith Levene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Levene"},{"link_name":"London's Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%27s_Burning_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"Career Opportunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_Opportunities_(song)"},{"link_name":"Police & Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_Thieves"},{"link_name":"Junior Murvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Murvin"},{"link_name":"Lee Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry"},{"link_name":"Garageland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garageland_(song)"},{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash)"},{"link_name":"Give 'Em Enough Rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_%27Em_Enough_Rope"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War_(song)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Gun_(song)"},{"link_name":"Topper Headon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper_Headon"},{"link_name":"Paul Simonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simonon"},{"link_name":"All the Young Punks (New Boots and Contracts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Young_Punks"},{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash)"},{"link_name":"London Calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Calling"},{"link_name":"London Calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Calling_(song)"},{"link_name":"Brand New Cadillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Cadillac"},{"link_name":"Vince Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Rudie Can't Fail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudie_Can%27t_Fail"},{"link_name":"Spanish Bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Bombs"},{"link_name":"Lost in the Supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_the_Supermarket"},{"link_name":"Clampdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clampdown"},{"link_name":"The Guns of Brixton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guns_of_Brixton"},{"link_name":"Paul Simonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simonon"},{"link_name":"Stagger Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagger_Lee_(song)"},{"link_name":"Death or Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_or_Glory_(song)"},{"link_name":"Revolution Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_Rock"},{"link_name":"Jackie Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Edwards_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Danny Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ray_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Train in Vain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_in_Vain"},{"link_name":"Sandinista!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandinista!"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven_(song)"},{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Hitsville U.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitsville_U.K."},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash)"},{"link_name":"Ellen Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Foley"},{"link_name":"Junco Partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junco_Partner#Posterior_covers"},{"link_name":"Topper Headon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper_Headon"},{"link_name":"Mose Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mose_Allison"},{"link_name":"Paul Simonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simonon"},{"link_name":"Mikey Dread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Dread"},{"link_name":"Dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music"},{"link_name":"Eddy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Grant"},{"link_name":"The Equals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Equals"},{"link_name":"The Call Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_Up"},{"link_name":"Washington Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Bullets_(song)"},{"link_name":"Tymon Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymon_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Career Opportunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_Opportunities_(song)"},{"link_name":"Combat Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Rock"},{"link_name":"Know Your Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Your_Rights"},{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Should I Stay or Should I Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Should_I_Stay_or_Should_I_Go"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash)"},{"link_name":"Rock the Casbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_the_Casbah"},{"link_name":"Paul Simonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simonon"},{"link_name":"Kosmo Vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmo_Vinyl"},{"link_name":"Straight to Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_to_Hell_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"Overpowered by Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpowered_by_Funk"},{"link_name":"Futura 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futura_2000"},{"link_name":"Allen Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg"},{"link_name":"White Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Riot"},{"link_name":"Complete Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Control"},{"link_name":"Clash City Rockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_City_Rockers"},{"link_name":"(White Man) in Hammersmith Palais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(White_Man)_in_Hammersmith_Palais"},{"link_name":"Booker T. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Jones"},{"link_name":"Pressure Drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_Drop_(song)"},{"link_name":"Toots Hibbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toots_Hibbert"},{"link_name":"I Fought The Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Fought_The_Law"},{"link_name":"Sonny Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Armagideon Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagideon_Time"},{"link_name":"Willi Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Williams"},{"link_name":"Bankrobber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankrobber"},{"link_name":"Mikey Dread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Dread"},{"link_name":"This Is Radio Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Radio_Clash"},{"link_name":"Rock The Casbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_The_Casbah"},{"link_name":"Ghetto Defendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_Defendant"},{"link_name":"Allen Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg"},{"link_name":"Straight to Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_to_Hell_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"Clash on Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_on_Broadway"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor"},{"link_name":"Polydor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor"},{"link_name":"The Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"The Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"The Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"The Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"The Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"The Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash)"},{"link_name":"Live at Shea Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Shea_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kosmo Vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmo_Vinyl"},{"link_name":"London Calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Calling_(song)"},{"link_name":"Eddy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_Grant"},{"link_name":"The Equals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Equals"},{"link_name":"The Guns of Brixton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guns_of_Brixton"},{"link_name":"Paul Simonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simonon"},{"link_name":"Tommy Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Gun_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven_(song)"},{"link_name":"Willi Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Williams"},{"link_name":"Jackie Mittoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Mittoo"},{"link_name":"Rock the Casbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_the_Casbah"},{"link_name":"Train in Vain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_in_Vain"},{"link_name":"Career Opportunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_Opportunities_(song)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Bombs"},{"link_name":"Clampdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clampdown"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War_(song)"},{"link_name":"Should I Stay or Should I Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Should_I_Stay_or_Should_I_Go"},{"link_name":"I Fought the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Fought_the_Law#The_Clash_version"},{"link_name":"Sonny Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash)"},{"link_name":"From Here to Eternity: Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity:_Live"},{"link_name":"Complete Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Control"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"London's Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%27s_Burning_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"Victoria Park, East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Park,_East_London"},{"link_name":"Keith Levene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Levene"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Clash City Rockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_City_Rockers"},{"link_name":"The Orpheum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Boston,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Career Opportunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_Opportunities_(song)"},{"link_name":"Shea Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Stadium"},{"link_name":"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(White_Man)_In_Hammersmith_Palais"},{"link_name":"Capital Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Radio_One"},{"link_name":"Lewisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham"},{"link_name":"Lyceum Theatre, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"I Fought the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Fought_the_Law"},{"link_name":"Sonny Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Curtis"},{"link_name":"London Calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Calling_(song)"},{"link_name":"Willie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Williams_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Mittoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Mittoo"},{"link_name":"Train in Vain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_in_Vain"},{"link_name":"The Guns of Brixton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guns_of_Brixton"},{"link_name":"Paul Simonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simonon"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven_(song)"},{"link_name":"Know Your Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Your_Rights"},{"link_name":"Should I Stay or Should I Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Should_I_Stay_or_Should_I_Go"},{"link_name":"Straight to Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_to_Hell_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"Drug-Stabbing Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug-Stabbing_Time"},{"link_name":"Janie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janie_Jones_(song)"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted.The Clash (UK Version) (1 CD)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1.\"Janie Jones\"Strummer2:032.\"Remote Control\"Jones, Strummer3:003.\"I'm So Bored with the U.S.A.\"Strummer2:254.\"White Riot\"Strummer1:565.\"Hate & War\"Jones, Strummer2:056.\"What's My Name?\" (written by Strummer, Jones, Keith Levene)Strummer1:407.\"Deny\"Strummer3:038.\"London's Burning\"Strummer2:129.\"Career Opportunities\"Strummer1:5210.\"Cheat\"Strummer2:0611.\"Protex Blue\"Jones1:4212.\"Police & Thieves\" (written by Junior Murvin, Lee Perry)Strummer6:0113.\"48 Hours\"Strummer1:3414.\"Garageland\"Strummer3:12All tracks are written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted. All lead vocals by Strummer, except \"Stay Free\" by Jones.Give 'Em Enough Rope (1 CD)No.TitleLength1.\"Safe European Home\"3:502.\"English Civil War\" (Traditional; arranged by Jones and Strummer)2:353.\"Tommy Gun\"3:174.\"Julie's Been Working for the Drug Squad\"3:035.\"Last Gang in Town\"5:146.\"Guns on the Roof\" (written by Topper Headon, Jones, Paul Simonon, Strummer)3:157.\"Drug-Stabbing Time\"3:438.\"Stay Free\"3:409.\"Cheapskates\"3:2510.\"All the Young Punks (New Boots and Contracts)\"4:55All tracks are written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where notedLondon Calling (2 CDs)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1.\"London Calling\"Strummer3:192.\"Brand New Cadillac\" (written and originally performed by Vince Taylor)Strummer2:093.\"Jimmy Jazz\"Strummer3:524.\"Hateful\"Strummer2:455.\"Rudie Can't Fail\"Strummer, Jones3:266.\"Spanish Bombs\"Strummer, Jones3:197.\"The Right Profile\"Strummer3:568.\"Lost in the Supermarket\"Jones3:479.\"Clampdown\"Strummer, Jones3:4910.\"The Guns of Brixton\" (written by Paul Simonon)Simonon3:0711.\"Wrong 'Em Boyo\" (written by Clive Alphonso; originally performed by the Rulers; including Stagger Lee)Strummer3:1012.\"Death or Glory\"Strummer3:5513.\"Koka Kola\"Strummer1:4614.\"The Card Cheat\"Jones3:5115.\"Lover's Rock\"Strummer4:0116.\"Four Horsemen\"Strummer2:5617.\"I'm Not Down\"Jones3:0018.\"Revolution Rock\" (written by Jackie Edwards, Danny Ray; originally performed by Danny Ray and the Revolutionaries)Strummer5:3719.\"Train in Vain\"Jones3:09All tracks are written by The Clash, except where notedSandinista! (3 CDs)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1.\"The Magnificent Seven\"Joe Strummer5:282.\"Hitsville U.K.\"Mick Jones, Ellen Foley4:203.\"Junco Partner\" (\"writer, at present, unknown\" on liner notes)Joe Strummer4:534.\"Ivan Meets G.I. Joe\"Topper Headon3:055.\"The Leader\"Joe Strummer1:416.\"Something About England\"Mick Jones, Joe Strummer3:427.\"Rebel Waltz\"Joe Strummer3:258.\"Look Here\" (written by Mose Allison)Joe Strummer2:449.\"The Crooked Beat\"Paul Simonon5:2910.\"Somebody Got Murdered\"Mick Jones3:3411.\"One More Time\" (written by The Clash and Mikey Dread)Joe Strummer3:3212.\"One More Dub\" (Dub version of \"One More Time\"; written by The Clash and Dread)Instrumental3:3413.\"Lightning Strikes (Not Once but Twice)\"Joe Strummer4:5114.\"Up in Heaven (Not Only Here)\"Mick Jones4:3115.\"Corner Soul\"Joe Strummer2:4316.\"Let's Go Crazy\"Joe Strummer4:2517.\"If Music Could Talk\" (written by The Clash and Dread)Joe Strummer4:3618.\"The Sound of Sinners\"Joe Strummer4:0019.\"Police on My Back\" (written by Eddy Grant; originally performed by The Equals)Mick Jones3:1520.\"Midnight Log\"Joe Strummer2:1121.\"The Equaliser\"Joe Strummer5:4722.\"The Call Up\"Joe Strummer5:2523.\"Washington Bullets\"Joe Strummer3:5124.\"Broadway\" (Features an Epilogue of \"The Guns of Brixton\" sung by Maria Gallagher)Joe Strummer5:4525.\"Lose This Skin\" (written by Tymon Dogg)Tymon Dogg5:0726.\"Charlie Don't Surf\"Joe Strummer, Mick Jones4:5527.\"Mensforth Hill\" (\"Something About England\" backwards with overdubs)Instrumental3:4228.\"Junkie Slip\"Joe Strummer2:4829.\"Kingston Advice\"Joe Strummer2:3630.\"The Street Parade\"Joe Strummer3:2631.\"Version City\"Joe Strummer4:2332.\"Living in Fame\" (Dub Version of \"If Music Could Talk\"; written by The Clash and Dread)Mikey Dread4:3633.\"Silicone on Sapphire\" (Dub version of \"Washington Bullets\")Joe Strummer4:3234.\"Version Pardner\" (Dub version of \"Junco Partner\")Joe Strummer5:2235.\"Career Opportunities\"Luke Gallagher, Ben Gallagher2:3036.\"Shepherds Delight\" (Dub Version of \"Police & Thieves\")Instrumental3:25All tracks are written by The Clash, except where notedCombat Rock (1 CD)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1.\"Know Your Rights\" (Strummer/Jones)Joe Strummer3:392.\"Car Jamming\"Joe Strummer3:583.\"Should I Stay or Should I Go\"Mick Jones3:064.\"Rock the Casbah\" (Headon/The Clash)Joe Strummer3:445.\"Red Angel Dragnet\"Paul Simonon/Kosmo Vinyl3:486.\"Straight to Hell\"Joe Strummer5:307.\"Overpowered by Funk\"Joe Strummer/Futura 20004:558.\"Atom Tan\"Mick Jones/Joe Strummer2:329.\"Sean Flynn\"Joe Strummer4:3010.\"Ghetto Defendant\"Joe Strummer/Allen Ginsberg4:4511.\"Inoculated City\"Mick Jones2:4312.\"Death Is a Star\"Joe Strummer/Mick Jones3:13Sound System extras (1 CD)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1.\"\"White Riot\"\" (Single version)Joe Strummer1:592.\"1977\"Joe Strummer1:403.\"Listen/Interviews\"Instrumental11:084.\"Capital Radio\"Joe Strummer2:085.\"London's Burning\"Joe Strummer2:116.\"Complete Control\"Joe Strummer3:137.\"City of the Dead\"Joe Strummer2:228.\"Clash City Rockers\"Joe Strummer3:579.\"Jail Guitar Doors\"Mick Jones3:0410.\"(White Man) in Hammersmith Palais\"Joe Strummer4:0111.\"The Prisoner\"Mick Jones3:0312.\"1–2 Crush on You\"Mick Jones2:5913.\"Time Is Tight\" (Booker T. Jones)Instrumental4:0414.\"Pressure Drop\" (Toots Hibbert)Joe Strummer3:2515.\"I Fought The Law\" (Sonny Curtis)Joe Strummer2:4316.\"Groovy Times\"Joe Strummer3:2617.\"Gates of the West\"Mick Jones3:2518.\"Capital Radio Two\"Joe Strummer3:2019.\"Armagideon Time\" (Willi Williams)Joe Strummer3:5220.\"Bankrobber\"Joe Strummer4:3321.\"Rockers Galore...UK Tour\" (written by The Clash and Mikey Dread)Mikey Dread4:39Sound System extras disc 2 (1 CD)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1.\"The Magnificent Dance\" (Dance remix of \"The Magnificent Seven\")Joe Strummer5:362.\"Midnight To Stevens\"Joe Strummer4:363.\"Radio One\"Mikey Dread6:174.\"Stop The World\"Joe Strummer2:325.\"The Cool Out\" (Dub version of \"The Call Up\")Instrumental3:536.\"This Is Radio Clash\"Joe Strummer4:117.\"Radio Clash\"Joe Strummer4:118.\"First Night Back in London\"Joe Strummer2:599.\"Rock The Casbah\" (Bob Clearmountain 12\" mix)Joe Strummer3:4210.\"Long Time Jerk\"Joe Strummer5:0811.\"The Beautiful People Are Ugly Too\" (Combat Rock outtake; Previously Unreleased)Joe Strummer3:4612.\"Idle in Kangaroo Court\" (Combat Rock outtake listed as Kill Time; Previously Unreleased)Joe Strummer5:0413.\"Ghetto Defendant\" (Unedited version; Previously Unreleased)Joe Strummer/Allen Ginsberg6:1314.\"Cool Confusion\"Joe Strummer3:1215.\"Sean Flynn\" (Extended 'Marcus Music' version; Previously Unreleased)Joe Strummer7:2216.\"Straight to Hell\" (Extended unedited version from Clash on Broadway)Joe Strummer6:50Sound System extras disc 3 (1 CD)No.TitleLead vocalsLength1.\"I'm So Bored with the U.S.A.\" (first ever recording session at Beaconsfield Film School 1976 produced by Julian Temple)Joe Strummer2:222.\"London's Burning\" (first ever recording session at Beaconsfield Film School 1976 produced by Julian Temple (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer1:573.\"White Riot\" (first ever recording session at Beaconsfield Film School 1976 produced by Julian Temple)Joe Strummer1:534.\"1977\" (first ever recording session at Beaconsfield Film School 1976 produced by Julian Temple (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer1:505.\"Janie Jones\" (second ever recording session November 1976, Polydor demos produced by Guy Stevens)Joe Strummer2:056.\"Career Opportunities\" (second ever recording session November 1976, Polydor demos produced by Guy Stevens)Joe Strummer1:537.\"London's Burning\" (second ever recording session November 1976, Polydor demos produced by Guy Stevens (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer1:588.\"1977\" (second ever recording session November 1976, Polydor demos produced by Guy Stevens (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer1:409.\"White Riot\" (second ever recording session November 1976, Polydor demos produced by Guy Stevens (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer1:5810.\"City of the Dead\" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978)Joe Strummer2:5511.\"Jail Guitar Doors\" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978 (Previously Unreleased))Mick Jones3:0212.\"English Civil War\" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978)Joe Strummer2:3113.\"Stay Free\" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978 (Previously Unreleased))Mick Jones3:2714.\"Cheapskates\" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978 (Previously Unreleased))Joe Strummer3:1215.\"I Fought the Law\" (Live at The Lyceum, London 28 December 1978)Joe Strummer2:25Tracks 10–15 from Sound System extras disc 3 are incorrectly credited as dating from December 1979.All tracks are written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where notedLive at Shea Stadium (iTunes only)No.TitleLength1.\"Kosmo Vinyl Introduction\" (Concert introduction)1:102.\"London Calling\"3:293.\"Police on My Back\" (written by Eddy Grant; originally performed by The Equals)3:284.\"The Guns of Brixton\" (written by Paul Simonon)4:065.\"Tommy Gun\"3:196.\"The Magnificent Seven\" (written by The Clash)2:337.\"Armagideon Time\" (written by Willi Williams and Jackie Mittoo; originally performed by Willi Williams)2:558.\"The Magnificent Seven (Return)\" (written by The Clash)2:239.\"Rock the Casbah\" (written by The Clash)3:2110.\"Train in Vain\"3:4511.\"Career Opportunities\"2:0512.\"Spanish Bombs\"3:1813.\"Clampdown\"4:2614.\"English Civil War\" (Traditional; arranged by Strummer and Jones)2:3915.\"Should I Stay or Should I Go\" (written by The Clash)2:4416.\"I Fought the Law\" (written by Sonny Curtis)3:22All tracks are written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where notedFrom Here to Eternity: Live (iTunes only)No.TitleRecordedLength1.\"Complete Control\"13 June 1981 at Bonds International Casino in New York City3:452.\"London's Burning\"30 April 1978 at Victoria Park, East London2:033.\"What's My Name\" (written by Strummer, Jones, Keith Levene)27 July 1978 at Music Machine in London1:434.\"Clash City Rockers\"7 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston3:305.\"Career Opportunities\"13 October 1982 at Shea Stadium in New York City2:066.\"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\"7 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston4:287.\"Capital Radio\"18 February 1980 at the Lewisham Odeon in London2:588.\"City of the Dead\"28 December 1978 at the Lyceum Theatre, London2:479.\"I Fought the Law\" (written by Sonny Curtis)28 December 1978 at the Lyceum Theatre, London2:3610.\"London Calling\"7 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston3:2911.\"Armagideon Time\" (written by Willie Williams and Jackie Mittoo)18 February 1980 at the Lewisham Odeon in London5:0512.\"Train in Vain\"13 June 1981 at Bonds International Casino in New York City4:4313.\"The Guns of Brixton\" (written by Paul Simonon)13 June 1981 at Bonds International Casino in New York City3:3614.\"The Magnificent Seven\" (written by The Clash)7 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston6:0915.\"Know Your Rights\" (written by The Clash)7 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston4:0416.\"Should I Stay or Should I Go\" (written by The Clash)8 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston3:1417.\"Straight to Hell\" (written by The Clash)8 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston7:0818.\"Drug-Stabbing Time\" (bonus track)28 December 1978 at the Lyceum Theatre, London3:3319.\"Janie Jones\" (bonus track)8 September 1982 at The Orpheum in Boston2:46","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Parsons_(British_journalist)"},{"link_name":"Shea Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Stadium"}],"text":"Julien Temple Archive – 6:15White Riot Promo Film (Promo and interview with Tony Parsons) – 7:111977\nWhite Riot\nLondon's BurningSussex University '77 – 8:29 (previously unreleased)I'm So Bored with the USA\nHate & War\nCareer Opportunities\nRemote ControlDon Letts Super 8 Medley – 11:45White Riot\nJanie Jones\nCity of the Dead\nClash City Rockers\nWhite Man in Hammersmith Palais\n1977Clash on Broadway – 22:31London Calling\nThis Is Radio Clash\nThe Magnificent Seven\nThe Guns of Brixton\nSafe European HomePromo Videos – 37:37Tommy Gun\nLondon Calling\nBankrobber\nClampdown (Live)\nTrain in Vain (Live)\nThe Call Up\nRock the Casbah\nRadio Clash\nShould I Stay or Should I Go (Live at Shea Stadium)\nCareer Opportunities (Live at Shea Stadium)","title":"Bonus DVD"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash)"},{"link_name":"Paul Simonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simonon"},{"link_name":"Topper Headon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper_Headon"},{"link_name":"Terry Chimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Chimes"},{"link_name":"Mikey Dread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Dread"},{"link_name":"Tymon Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymon_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Ellen Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Foley"},{"link_name":"Futura 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futura_2000"},{"link_name":"Allen Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg"},{"link_name":"Den Hegarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Hegarty"},{"link_name":"Joe Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ely"},{"link_name":"Kosmo Vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmo_Vinyl"},{"link_name":"Ivan Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Julian"},{"link_name":"Allen Lanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Lanier"},{"link_name":"Mickey Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Tommy Mandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Mandel"},{"link_name":"Norman Watt-Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Watt-Roy"},{"link_name":"Gary Barnacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Barnacle"},{"link_name":"Davey Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Payne"},{"link_name":"Lew Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Tim Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Curry"},{"link_name":"Glyn Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Johns"},{"link_name":"Bill Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Price_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"Steve Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bell_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Kate Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Simon_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Ray Lowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lowry"},{"link_name":"Pennie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Sandy Pearlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Pearlman"},{"link_name":"Guy Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Stevens"}],"text":"The Clash\n\nJoe Strummer − backing vocals, bass guitar, lead guitar, lead vocals, piano, rhythm guitar, vocals\nMick Jones − backing vocals, harmonica, lead guitar, lead vocals, piano, vocals\nPaul Simonon − backing vocals, bass guitar, lead vocals, rhythm guitar, vocals\nTopper Headon − bass guitar, drums, percussion, piano, vocals\nTory Crimes (Terry Chimes) − drums\nFeatured artists\n\nMikey Dread – backing vocals, lead vocals, vocals\nTymon Dogg – piano, vocals, violin\nEllen Foley – backing vocals, lead vocals, vocals\nFutura 2000 – vocals\nLuke & Ben Gallagher – vocals\nMaria Gallagher – vocals\nAllen Ginsberg – vocals\nDen Hegarty (Darts) – vocals\nJoe Ely – backing vocals\nKosmo Vinyl – vocals\nIvan Julian – guitar\nNoel \"Tempo\" Bailey (aka Sowell) – guitar\nAllen Lanier – piano\nMickey Gallagher – keyboards, Organ, piano\nPoly Mandell (Tommy Mandel) – keyboards\nNorman Watt-Roy – bass\nThe Irish Horns – brass\nGary Barnacle – saxophone\nDavey Payne – saxophone\nArthur Edward \"Bill\" Barnacle – trumpet\nLew Lewis – harmonica\nBand Sgt. Dave Yates\nBattersea\nGerald Baxter-Warman\nTim Curry\nRay Gasconne\nRudolph Adolphus Jordan\nTerry McQuade\nAnthony Nelson Steelie\nJody Winscott\n\n\nComposers: Mose Allison, Clive Alphonso, Michael Campbell, The Clash, Sonny Curtis, Clement Dodd, Tymon Dogg, Mikey Dread, Jackie Edwards, Robert Ellen, Eddy Grant, Topper Headon, Frederick Hibbert, FBooker T. Jones, Mick Jones, Keith Levine, Jackie Mittoo, Junior Murvin, Lee \"Scratch\" Perry, Danny Ray, Paul Simonon, Joe Strummer, Vince Taylor, Wilbert Williams\nProduction\n\nEngineering: Joe Blaney, Gregg Caruso, Kevin Dalimore, Dennis Ferranti, Eddie Garcia, Jerry Green, Simon Humphreys, Glyn Johns, Lancelot \"Maxie\" McKenzie, Chris Mingo, J.P. Nickolson, Bill Price, Corky Stasiak, Paul Subblebine, and Julien Temple\nEditing: Robin Banks, Pablo D'Ambrosie, and Kris Needs\nMixing: Mikey Dread, Glyn Johns, Bill Price, Corky Stasiak, and Richard Whittaker\nRemastering: The Clash, Mick Jones, Paul Stubblebine, and Tim Young\nSound Effects: Steve Bell\nArt Editor: Robert Gordon McHarg III\nArtwork: Mikey Dread, Eddie, Gene Greif, Jules, Robert Gordon McHarg III, Chris Musto, Kate Simon, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer\nDesign: Hugh Brown, The Clash, Wes Geral, Gene Greif, Jules, Ray Lowry, Robert Gordon McHarg III, Robbin Panks, Terry Razor, and Paul Simonon\nLiner Notes: The Baker, Robin Banks, John Cooper Clarke, Mikey Dread, Johnny Green, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Ray Jordan, Don Letts, Alex Michon, Bill Price, Chris Salewicz, Paul Simonon, Pennie Smith, Joe Strummer, Julien Temple, Tim Young, and Kosmo Vinyl\nPhotography: M. Arscott, Jane Ashley, Hugh Brown, Caroline Coon, Bob Gruen, Sho Kikuchi, Krystyna Kolowska, Grzegorz Lepiarz, Des Letts, Rocco Macauley, Kate Simon, Paul Slattery, Pennie Smith, Joe Strummer, Julien Temple, and Julian Yewdall\nCartoonist: Steve Bell\nLayout: Chris Musto\nExecutive Producer: Don Letts\nProducers: Ama Chana, The Clash, Micky Foote, Sandy Pearlman, and Guy Stevens\nProject Manager: Joanna Kalli\nProject Consultant: Andy Street\nConsultant: Bill Price\nAssistants: Steve Levine, Joe Pullen\nA&R: Bruce Dickinson and Matt Gibbon","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hann, Michael (21 May 2013). \"The Clash to release new box set of remastered albums and rarities: Sound System set to be accompanied by best-of album, sequenced to copy a 1982 Brixton show\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/may/21/the-clash-box-set-remastered-albums-rarities","url_text":"\"The Clash to release new box set of remastered albums and rarities: Sound System set to be accompanied by best-of album, sequenced to copy a 1982 Brixton show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"The Clash Announce Deluxe \"Sound System\" Box Set\". Yahoo! Finance. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204026/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/clash-announce-deluxe-sound-system-144500531.html","url_text":"\"The Clash Announce Deluxe \"Sound System\" Box Set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance","url_text":"Yahoo! Finance"},{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/clash-announce-deluxe-sound-system-144500531.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (30 August 2013). \"The Clash's Mick Jones: 'This Is It for Me': Expects the band's huge new box set to be last reissue project\". Rolling Stone.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-clashs-mick-jones-this-is-it-for-me-20130830?print=true","url_text":"\"The Clash's Mick Jones: 'This Is It for Me': Expects the band's huge new box set to be last reissue project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Sound System\". Metacritic. Retrieved 15 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/sound-system-box-set/the-clash","url_text":"\"Sound System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Dom, Gourlay. \"The Clash - Sound System\". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved 16 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://drownedinsound.com/releases/17941/reviews/4147047","url_text":"\"The Clash - Sound System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound","url_text":"Drowned in Sound"}]},{"reference":"Heselgrave, Douglas. \"The Clash: Sound System Box Set\". Paste. Retrieved 24 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/the-clash-sound-system-box-set","url_text":"\"The Clash: Sound System Box Set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)","url_text":"Paste"}]},{"reference":"Sheffield, Rob (10 September 2013). \"The Clash: Sound System (Album Review)\". Rolling Stone.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield","url_text":"Sheffield, Rob"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/sound-system-20130910","url_text":"\"The Clash: Sound System (Album Review)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Aswad, Jem (10 September 2013). \"New Clash, Sly & the Family Stone Box Sets Clean the Vaults, Test Fans' Boundaries\". Spin.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spin.com/reviews/the-clash-sound-system-sly-and-the-family-stone-higher-box-set/","url_text":"\"New Clash, Sly & the Family Stone Box Sets Clean the Vaults, Test Fans' Boundaries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"Sawer, Patrick (21 July 2013). \"The Clash Sound System, box set review\". The Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/10176732/The-Clash-Sound-System-box-set-review.html","url_text":"\"The Clash Sound System, box set review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(UK)","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Maçek III, J.C. (20 September 2013). \"The Clash: Sound System\". PopMatters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/the-clashsound-system/","url_text":"\"The Clash: Sound System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (6 June 2013). \"Clash Bassist Paul Simonon on New Box Set, Recording With Bob Dylan: 'I had no interest in being part of any reformation of the Clash'\". Rolling Stone.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/clash-bassist-paul-simonon-on-new-box-set-recording-with-bob-dylan-20130606?print=true","url_text":"\"Clash Bassist Paul Simonon on New Box Set, Recording With Bob Dylan: 'I had no interest in being part of any reformation of the Clash'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/may/21/the-clash-box-set-remastered-albums-rarities","external_links_name":"\"The Clash to release new box set of remastered albums and rarities: Sound System set to be accompanied by best-of album, sequenced to copy a 1982 Brixton show\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204026/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/clash-announce-deluxe-sound-system-144500531.html","external_links_name":"\"The Clash Announce Deluxe \"Sound System\" Box Set\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/clash-announce-deluxe-sound-system-144500531.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-clashs-mick-jones-this-is-it-for-me-20130830?print=true","external_links_name":"\"The Clash's Mick Jones: 'This Is It for Me': Expects the band's huge new box set to be last reissue project\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/sound-system-box-set/the-clash","external_links_name":"\"Sound System\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/sound-system-mw0002548672","external_links_name":"Sound System"},{"Link":"https://drownedinsound.com/releases/17941/reviews/4147047","external_links_name":"\"The Clash - Sound System\""},{"Link":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/the-clash-sound-system-box-set","external_links_name":"\"The Clash: Sound System Box Set\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/sound-system-20130910","external_links_name":"\"The Clash: Sound System (Album Review)\""},{"Link":"http://www.spin.com/reviews/the-clash-sound-system-sly-and-the-family-stone-higher-box-set/","external_links_name":"\"New Clash, Sly & the Family Stone Box Sets Clean the Vaults, Test Fans' Boundaries\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/10176732/The-Clash-Sound-System-box-set-review.html","external_links_name":"\"The Clash Sound System, box set review\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/review/the-clashsound-system/","external_links_name":"\"The Clash: Sound System\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Clash&titel=Sound+System&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – The Clash – Sound System\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Clash&titel=Sound+System&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – The Clash – Sound System\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/CLASH/","external_links_name":"\"CLASH \| Artist \| Official Charts\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/clash-bassist-paul-simonon-on-new-box-set-recording-with-bob-dylan-20130606?print=true","external_links_name":"\"Clash Bassist Paul Simonon on New Box Set, Recording With Bob Dylan: 'I had no interest in being part of any reformation of the Clash'\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Singaporean_presidential_election	1993 Singaporean presidential election	["1 Background","1.1 Constitution amendments","2 Candidates","2.1 Eligible","2.2 Declared Ineligible","2.3 Declined to be candidates","3 Nomination Day","3.1 Chua's Campaign","4 Results","5 References","6 External links"]	1993 Singaporean presidential election ← 1989 28 August 1993 1999 → Registered1,756,517Turnout94.48% Nominee Ong Teng Cheong Chua Kim Yeow Party Independent Independent Popular vote 952,513 670,358 Percentage 58.69% 41.31% President before election Wee Kim Wee Independent Elected President Ong Teng Cheong Independent This article is part of a series onPolitics of Singapore Government Constitution of Singapore Law Human rights Legislature Parliament Speaker Seah Kian Peng (PAP) Leader of the House Indranee Rajah (PAP) Leader of the Opposition Pritam Singh (WP) 14th Parliament Constituencies Executive President of Singapore Tharman Shanmugaratnam (I) Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong (PAP) Cabinet Ministries The Reserves Judiciary Supreme Court of Singapore Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Court of Appeal Prakash Tay Chong Ang High Court State Courts Elections Presidential elections General elections Singapore portal Other countries vte Presidential elections were held in Singapore on 28 August 1993. Following amendments to the Constitution in 1991, presidential elections since then are to be directly elected by citizens. Incumbent president Wee Kim Wee, who had been elected by Parliament in 1989, did not seek re-election. A non-partisan position, the candidates contesting in the election were Ong Teng Cheong and Chua Kim Yeow, who were all independents or had resigned from any political parties that they had previously been members of. They were all issued the Certificate of Eligibility (COE) as well as a community certificate to be able to contest in the election as per the eligibility requirements. The 1993 presidential election was the only presidential election to date with only two candidates. Ong won with 59% of the vote, winning by a record margin and becoming the first president to have received a majority of the popular vote. He was inaugurated on 1 September as the fifth president of Singapore. Background Constitution amendments In January 1991, the Constitution of Singapore was amended to provide for the popular election of the President for a six-year term. The creation of the elected presidency was a major constitutional and political change in Singapore's history. Under the revision, the president has veto powers over the spending of the national reserves, monetary policies and appointments in the civil service, government companies and the statutory boards. The president's veto powers checks the government by preventing the misuse of the national reserves and ensuring that the public service is impartial. The president must consult the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA) on matters relating to past reserves and the appointment and removal of key office holders. The president may veto the government's proposals in the following areas: Changes to the investment powers of the Central Provident Fund Board, Restraining orders under the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act, Continued detention under the Internal Security Act, and Refusal of investigations by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau. There are strict requirements for prospective election candidates, and whether a candidate meets the qualifications or not is decided by the Presidential Elections Committee (PEC). In short, candidates must satisfy either the public sector or private sector requirements. The public sector requirement has an automatic track where the candidate has held either a designated public office or chief executive position of a key statutory board or government company. The private sector requirement also has an automatic track where the candidate has held a chairmanship or CEO position of a company with S$100 million paid-up capital. Not withstanding the automatic tracks of the aforementioned, candidates could also be qualified on a deliberative track where their abilities and experiences have been assessed by the PEC to be equivalent to either of the public or private sector automatic track requirements. By virtue of the transitional provisions in the Constitution of Singapore, Ong's predecessor Wee Kim Wee exercised, performed and discharged all the functions, powers and duties of an elected president as if he had been elected to the office of President by the citizens of Singapore. Candidates Eligible Candidates Background Outcome Ong Teng Cheong A former member of the governing People's Action Party, he was the Chairman of the People's Action Party and served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Labour and was the Member of Parliament (MP) of Toa Payoh GRC between 1988 and 1993 and Kim Keat SMC between 1972 and 1988. He had resigned as Deputy Prime Minister and his role from the PAP before submitting his presidential eligibility forms. Application for the Certificate of Eligibility Accepted. Chua Kim Yeow Chua served as the first auditor-general of Singapore. He was a reluctant candidate and had to be persuaded by the government to stand for the presidential election and avoid an uncontested walkover. Declared Ineligible Candidates Background Outcome J. B. Jeyaretnam The Secretary-General of the Workers' Party, he became the first opposition politician since Singapore's independence in 1965, when he won Anson SMC in a by-election. He was re-elected during the 1984 general election, but lost his seat in Parliament in 1986 following a conviction for falsely accounting the party's funds. His presidential eligibility forms was rejected. Application for the Certificate of Eligibility rejected. Tan Soo Phuan A member of the opposition Workers' Party. He submitted his presidential eligibility forms but were ruled ineligible. Declined to be candidates Wee Kim Wee — the incumbent and fourth president of Singapore, he decided not to seek re-election and retired after his second term had ended. Chia Shi Teck — he was a nominated Member of Parliament who threw his hat in to help avert an uncontested walkover, but subsequently withdrew his application after Chua Kim Yeow stood in. Nomination Day Candidates needed to obtain a Certificate of Eligibility from the Presidential Elections Committee, and pay an election deposit of S$18,000, three times that of a Parliamentary candidate, in order to file their nomination papers. Ong had earlier resigned as Deputy Prime Minister, MP for Toa Payoh GRC, and party member of the People's Action Party (PAP) in order to contest in the election. Ong was backed by influential leaders such as Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong and Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew. One of the assentors for Ong was Halimah Yacob, who would later go on to become the 8th President of Singapore 24 years later. However, some members of the Cabinet and the PAP supported Chua, including Minister for Finance Richard Hu and Chairman and CEO of OCBC Bank Tony Tan, who would later go on to become the 7th President of Singapore 18 years later in 2011. Workers' Party members J. B. Jeyaretnam and Tan Soo Phuan also applied for the nomination, but were not awarded the Certificate of Eligibility. Chua's Campaign Chua was a reluctant candidate and had to be persuaded by the government to stand in, so that the election would not be an uncontested walkover, and at the same time, the electorate could choose between two good candidates. The 10-day campaign was supposed to be a "gentlemen's election", free of flag-waving and noisy rallies. However, Chua took it to the extreme, unconventionally urging supporters not to campaign for him. He appeared on TV only twice – once avoiding any mention of himself or his views, and even announced on polling day that Ong was the better candidate. Even so, Chua did surprisingly well, garnering 41.3% of the vote, as it is likely that voters who would often not vote for the PAP in general elections settled for Chua. Results After polls closed, the Returning Officer Ong Kok Min declared Ong Teng Cheong as Singapore's first president-elect with 58.69% of the valid votes cast at the Singapore Conference Hall. CandidateVotes%Ong Teng Cheong952,51358.69Chua Kim Yeow670,35841.31Total1,622,871100.00Valid votes1,622,87197.79Invalid/blank votes36,6112.21Total votes1,659,482100.00Registered voters/turnout1,756,51794.48Source: Elections Department References ^ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1999 Reprint). ^ https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Acts-Supp/5-1991/Published/19910125?DocDate=19910125 ^ Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Cap. 167A, 2001 Rev. Ed.). ^ Internal Security Act (Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.). ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 163(1). ^ "The role of Singapore's Elected President". YouTube. Retrieved 22 August 2023. ^ South China Morning Post, "Voters yearn for real presidential contest, survey finds" p 123, 20 July 1999 ^ Seow, Bei Yi (21 August 2016). "Chua Kim Yeow, Singapore's first local accountant-general, dies at age of 90". The Straits Times. Retrieved 21 August 2016. ^ South China Morning Post, "Voters yearn for real presidential contest, survey finds" p 123, 9 July 1999 ^ "Returning Officer Ong Kok Min announcing result of the first presidential election at Singapore Conference Hall". www.nas.gov.sg. 28 August 1993. Retrieved 5 September 2023. External links Government Gazette on Presidential Elections Committee Elections Department – Singapore Singapore Window – Singapore Portals: Politics Singapore vte Singaporean presidential electionsIndirect elections 1967 1970 1974 1978 1981 1985 1989 Direct elections 1993 1999‡ 2005‡ 2011 2017‡ 2023 ‡ uncontested vte Elections and referendums in SingaporeGeneral elections 1948 1951 1955 1959 1963 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1991 1997 2001 2006 2011 2015 2020 Next By-elections 1948 1952 1957 1961 1965 1966 1967 1970 1977 1979 1981 1992 2012 2013 2016 Presidential elections 1993 1999‡ 2005‡ 2011 2017‡ 2023 Local elections 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1949 (Apr) 1949 (Dec) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1957 1958 Referendums 1962 ‡ uncontested	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Wee Kim Wee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Kim_Wee"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Singaporean_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Ong Teng Cheong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong"}],"text":"Presidential elections were held in Singapore on 28 August 1993. Following amendments to the Constitution in 1991, presidential elections since then are to be directly elected by citizens. Incumbent president Wee Kim Wee, who had been elected by Parliament in 1989, did not seek re-election.A non-partisan position, the candidates contesting in the election were Ong Teng Cheong and Chua Kim Yeow, who were all independents or had resigned from any political parties that they had previously been members of. They were all issued the Certificate of Eligibility (COE) as well as a community certificate to be able to contest in the election as per the eligibility requirements.The 1993 presidential election was the only presidential election to date with only two candidates. Ong won with 59% of the vote, winning by a record margin and becoming the first president to have received a majority of the popular vote. He was inaugurated on 1 September as the fifth president of Singapore.","title":"1993 Singaporean presidential election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"popular election of the President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"civil service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Central Provident Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund"},{"link_name":"Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_of_Religious_Harmony_Act"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Internal Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau"},{"link_name":"strict requirements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Presidential Elections Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Elections_Committee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wee Kim Wee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Kim_Wee"}],"sub_title":"Constitution amendments","text":"In January 1991, the Constitution of Singapore[1] was amended to provide for the popular election of the President for a six-year term. The creation of the elected presidency was a major constitutional and political change in Singapore's history. Under the revision, the president has veto powers over the spending of the national reserves, monetary policies and appointments in the civil service, government companies and the statutory boards.[2] The president's veto powers checks the government by preventing the misuse of the national reserves and ensuring that the public service is impartial. The president must consult the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA) on matters relating to past reserves and the appointment and removal of key office holders. The president may veto the government's proposals in the following areas:Changes to the investment powers of the Central Provident Fund Board,\nRestraining orders under the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act,[3]\nContinued detention under the Internal Security Act,[4] and\nRefusal of investigations by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau.There are strict requirements for prospective election candidates, and whether a candidate meets the qualifications or not is decided by the Presidential Elections Committee (PEC). In short, candidates must satisfy either the public sector or private sector requirements. The public sector requirement has an automatic track where the candidate has held either a designated public office or chief executive position of a key statutory board or government company. The private sector requirement also has an automatic track where the candidate has held a chairmanship or CEO position of a company with S$100 million paid-up capital. Not withstanding the automatic tracks of the aforementioned, candidates could also be qualified on a deliberative track where their abilities and experiences have been assessed by the PEC to be equivalent to either of the public or private sector automatic track requirements.By virtue of the transitional provisions in the Constitution of Singapore,[5] Ong's predecessor Wee Kim Wee exercised, performed and discharged all the functions, powers and duties of an elected president as if he had been elected to the office of President by the citizens of Singapore.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Eligible","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Declared Ineligible","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wee Kim Wee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Kim_Wee"}],"sub_title":"Declined to be candidates","text":"Wee Kim Wee — the incumbent and fourth president of Singapore, he decided not to seek re-election and retired after his second term had ended.\nChia Shi Teck — he was a nominated Member of Parliament who threw his hat in to help avert an uncontested walkover, but subsequently withdrew his application after Chua Kim Yeow stood in.","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Toa Payoh GRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toa_Payoh_GRC"},{"link_name":"People's Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"Goh Chok Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong"},{"link_name":"Lee Kuan Yew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew"},{"link_name":"Halimah Yacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halimah_Yacob"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Richard Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hu"},{"link_name":"OCBC Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCBC_Bank"},{"link_name":"Tony Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Tan"},{"link_name":"J. B. Jeyaretnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Jeyaretnam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Candidates needed to obtain a Certificate of Eligibility from the Presidential Elections Committee, and pay an election deposit of S$18,000, three times that of a Parliamentary candidate, in order to file their nomination papers. Ong had earlier resigned as Deputy Prime Minister, MP for Toa Payoh GRC, and party member of the People's Action Party (PAP) in order to contest in the election. Ong was backed by influential leaders such as Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong and Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew. One of the assentors for Ong was Halimah Yacob, who would later go on to become the 8th President of Singapore 24 years later.[6]However, some members of the Cabinet and the PAP supported Chua, including Minister for Finance Richard Hu and Chairman and CEO of OCBC Bank Tony Tan, who would later go on to become the 7th President of Singapore 18 years later in 2011. Workers' Party members J. B. Jeyaretnam[7] and Tan Soo Phuan also applied for the nomination, but were not awarded the Certificate of Eligibility.","title":"Nomination Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Chua's Campaign","text":"Chua was a reluctant candidate and had to be persuaded by the government to stand in, so that the election would not be an uncontested walkover, and at the same time, the electorate could choose between two good candidates.[8]The 10-day campaign was supposed to be a \"gentlemen's election\", free of flag-waving and noisy rallies. However, Chua took it to the extreme, unconventionally urging supporters not to campaign for him. He appeared on TV only twice – once avoiding any mention of himself or his views, and even announced on polling day that Ong was the better candidate. Even so, Chua did surprisingly well, garnering 41.3% of the vote, as it is likely that voters who would often not vote for the PAP in general elections settled for Chua.[9]","title":"Nomination Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ong Teng Cheong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Teng_Cheong"},{"link_name":"Singapore Conference Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Conference_Hall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"After polls closed, the Returning Officer Ong Kok Min declared Ong Teng Cheong as Singapore's first president-elect with 58.69% of the valid votes cast at the Singapore Conference Hall.[10]","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The role of Singapore's Elected President\". YouTube. Retrieved 22 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1_lGdqoK3g&t=503s","url_text":"\"The role of Singapore's Elected President\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Seow, Bei Yi (21 August 2016). \"Chua Kim Yeow, Singapore's first local accountant-general, dies at age of 90\". The Straits Times. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapores-first-local-accountant-general-dies-at-age-of-90","url_text":"\"Chua Kim Yeow, Singapore's first local accountant-general, dies at age of 90\""}]},{"reference":"\"Returning Officer Ong Kok Min announcing result of the first presidential election at Singapore Conference Hall\". www.nas.gov.sg. 28 August 1993. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/4edd8d2f-1162-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad","url_text":"\"Returning Officer Ong Kok Min announcing result of the first presidential election at Singapore Conference Hall\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.eld.gov.sg/elections_past_results_presidential.html#Y1993","external_links_name":"Elections Department"},{"Link":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963","external_links_name":"1999 Reprint"},{"Link":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Acts-Supp/5-1991/Published/19910125?DocDate=19910125","external_links_name":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Acts-Supp/5-1991/Published/19910125?DocDate=19910125"},{"Link":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MRHA1990","external_links_name":"Cap. 167A, 2001 Rev. Ed."},{"Link":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ISA1960","external_links_name":"Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1_lGdqoK3g&t=503s","external_links_name":"\"The role of Singapore's Elected President\""},{"Link":"http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapores-first-local-accountant-general-dies-at-age-of-90","external_links_name":"\"Chua Kim Yeow, Singapore's first local accountant-general, dies at age of 90\""},{"Link":"https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/4edd8d2f-1162-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad","external_links_name":"\"Returning Officer Ong Kok Min announcing result of the first presidential election at Singapore Conference Hall\""},{"Link":"http://www.elections.gov.sg/past_presidential1993.htm","external_links_name":"Government Gazette on Presidential Elections Committee Elections Department – Singapore"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110828135936/http://www.singapore-window.org/sw99/90709sc.htm","external_links_name":"Singapore Window – Singapore"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbach_Urban_District	Sandbach Urban District	[]	Coordinates: 53°08′46″N 2°22′01″W / 53.146°N 2.367°W / 53.146; -2.367Geography This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sandbach Urban District" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sandbach UD within Cheshire in 1970 Sandbach Urban District is a former urban district in Cheshire, based in the market town of Sandbach. It was created in 1894 and abolished in 1974 when it was incorporated into the Borough of Congleton, which was itself abolished in 2009. 53°08′46″N 2°22′01″W / 53.146°N 2.367°W / 53.146; -2.367	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandbach_Urban_District,_Cheshire_(1970).svg"},{"link_name":"urban district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Sandbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbach"},{"link_name":"Congleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congleton_(borough)"},{"link_name":"53°08′46″N 2°22′01″W / 53.146°N 2.367°W / 53.146; -2.367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sandbach_Urban_District&params=53.146_N_2.367_W_"}],"text":"GeographySandbach UD within Cheshire in 1970Sandbach Urban District is a former urban district in Cheshire, based in the market town of Sandbach. It was created in 1894 and abolished in 1974 when it was incorporated into the Borough of Congleton, which was itself abolished in 2009.53°08′46″N 2°22′01″W / 53.146°N 2.367°W / 53.146; -2.367","title":"Sandbach Urban District"}]	[{"image_text":"Sandbach UD within Cheshire in 1970","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sandbach_Urban_District%2C_Cheshire_%281970%29.svg/250px-Sandbach_Urban_District%2C_Cheshire_%281970%29.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sandbach_Urban_District&params=53.146_N_2.367_W_","external_links_name":"53°08′46″N 2°22′01″W / 53.146°N 2.367°W / 53.146; -2.367"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sandbach+Urban+District%22","external_links_name":"\"Sandbach Urban District\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sandbach+Urban+District%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sandbach+Urban+District%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sandbach+Urban+District%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sandbach+Urban+District%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sandbach+Urban+District%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sandbach_Urban_District&params=53.146_N_2.367_W_","external_links_name":"53°08′46″N 2°22′01″W / 53.146°N 2.367°W / 53.146; -2.367"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_progesterone_receptor_modulator	Selective progesterone receptor modulator	["1 History","2 Progesterone receptor","2.1 Receptor","2.2 G protein-coupled receptor","2.3 Downstream mechanisms","2.4 SPRM interaction with receptor binding pockets","3 Mechanism of action","4 Structure-activity relationships","4.1 Steroidal SPRMs","4.2 Nonsteroidal SPRMs","5 Drugs","5.1 Ulipristal acetate","5.2 Asoprisnil","5.3 Telapristone","6 Uses","7 Future","8 See also","9 References"]	Drug affecting hormone receptors Selective progesterone receptor modulatorDrug classUlipristal acetate, an SPRM that is used as an emergency contraceptive and in the treatment of uterine fibroids.Class identifiersSynonymsSPRMUseEmergency contraception, uterine fibroidsATC codeG03XBBiological targetProgesterone receptorChemical classSteroidalLegal statusIn Wikidata A selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) is an agent that acts on the progesterone receptor (PR), the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. A characteristic that distinguishes such substances from full receptor agonists (e.g., progesterone, progestins) and full antagonists (e.g., aglepristone) is that their action differs in different tissues, i.e. agonist in some tissues while antagonist in others. This mixed profile of action leads to stimulation or inhibition in tissue-specific manner, which further raises the possibility of dissociating undesirable adverse effects from the development of synthetic PR-modulator drug candidates. History Ever since the discovery of the progesterone hormone in the mid-1930s. and especially after the discovery of its receptor in 1970 there has been a significant interest in developing an antagonistic agent for therapeutic use. Various progesterone analogs, known as progestins, were synthesized and in 1981 the first progesterone receptor antagonist was introduced by the name RU 38486 (RU 486, mifepristone). However, the clinical limitation of mifepristone due to its relatively high binding affinity for glucocorticoid receptor compared to the progesterone receptor has sparked the demand for more selective progesterone antagonist to minimize risk of adverse effects. As a contribution, so-called Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators (SPRMs) have been developed. They have been described as agents with mixed antagonistic and agonistic effects on progesterone receptors in a tissue specific manner, while minimizing interactions with other steroidal receptors. Opposed to progesterone antagonists, the mixed agonist-antagonist SPRM, due to their intrinsic progesterone agonistic activity, have an absent or only a minimal effect on pregnancy termination and are thus ideal for treating gynecological conditions without eliminating the potential of pregnancy. Both steroidal and non steroidal SPRMs have been described and the most notable examples are asoprisnil, which failed phase 3 clinical trial in 2008, and ulipristal acetate, the first SPRM on the market (2009 in Europe). Progesterone receptor Receptor Figure 1: Progesterone Receptor As a protein, the progesterone receptor (Fig. 1) is a member of the ligand-dependent nuclear hormone receptor family. Two major progesterone receptor isoforms, A and B, as well as some other less common splice variants have been identified and they are all encoded by the same 8 exons gene. Like other steroid nuclear receptors, the full-length protein, isoform B, can be divided into 4 functional regions, namely a variable N-terminal region followed by a highly conserved DNA-binding domain, variable hinge region and moderately conserved ligand binding domain. The ligand binding site, known as AF2 domain , is expressed by exons 4-8, corresponding to 253 amino acids, and its structure is of great interest to SPRM development. It consists of 10 α-helices (H1, H3-H12) forming 3 layered bundle entwined with 4 β-sheets . H12 is a condensed contiguous unit composed of helices 10 and 11, which has been suggested to participate in the process of co-activator binding. The ligand binding domain of the receptor is in equilibrium between two different conformations. The first is an agonist conformation which favors the binding of coactivator proteins which in turn favors upregulation of gene transcription. The second is an antagonistic conformation which in contrast favors the binding of corepressors and as a consequence down regulation of gene expression. Full agonists such as progesterone, which display agonist properties in all tissues, strongly shift the conformational equilibrium in the agonist direction. Conversely full antagonists such as aglepristone strongly shift the equilibrium in the antagonist direction. Finally, the overall ratio of concentrations of coactivator to corepressor may differ in different cell types. G protein-coupled receptor At the turn of the millennium it was apparent that progesterone activity was not mediated only via transcription factor, but also by a membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptor designated as 7TMPR. When the receptor is activated it blocks adenylyl cyclase, leading to decreased biosynthesis of the intracellular second-messenger cAMP. Downstream mechanisms Since the 1990s it has been evident that the two major receptor isomers, A and B, are functionally distinct within the female reproductive system. Researches aimed at expression profile of the isomers suggests that the isomers are expressed in different tissues at different times throughout the menstrual cycle. The PR-B has been found to be upregulated in the stroma and glandular epithelium during follicular phase, but is down-regluated in both tissues during luteal phase. On the contrary, PR-A is upregulated in both tissue types in the follicular phase and persists in the stromal tissue during the late luteal phase. Studies have shown that PR-B activation is important for growth and development of the mammary gland, whereas PR-A has a significant role in normal reproductive function and ovulation. As well, in vitro researches have demonstrated that under identical conditions, the PR-B works as stronger transactivator of reporter genes, while PR-A is able to transrepress PR-B and other steroid receptors. Various reasons have been found for this variety of function between the isoforms. First to mention is that progesterone receptor isoform A lacks 164 N-terminal amino acids compared to isomer B, depriving it of the AF-3 activation function due to loss of B-upstream segment, which leaves it with only 2 activation functions. Also, studies of mechanism have shown difference in cofactor recruitment between the isoforms. Due to these functional differences, one can see why there is an interest of developing a drug that can selectively target the receptor isoforms. Development of SPRMs has, in some cases, been focused on targeting these two different isoforms. SPRM interaction with receptor binding pockets Certain interactions between ligand and progesterone receptor have been described to be important for ligand binding (Fig. 2). Crystallography studies of progesterone bound to its receptor have revealed an important hydrogen bond interaction between the progesterone electron-withdrawing 3-keto group and the residues Gln725 of helix-3 and Arg766 of helix-5, which are held in position by a structural water molecule. This interaction has been shown to be present in interaction with various other ligands, e.g. mifepristone, tanaproget and asoprisnil and thus can be considered to be vital interaction for function of both agonists and antagonists. Furthermore, progesterone and tanaproget, have been found to make a hydrogen bond with Asn719 in helix-3, giving an opportunity of higher selectivity and affinity, however, the SPRM asoprisnil has been found not to interact with this residue. Even though the polar residue Thr894 is in close proximity to the C20 carbonyl group of progesterone there is not formed any hydrogen bond between these chemical groups. It is important to note the Thr894 has been found to interact with other ligands. Helix-3 stabilizes helix-12 in the progesterone receptorIncreased stabilization of helix-12 caused by agonistic interaction of asoprisnilDestabilization of helix-12 and helix-3 interaction caused by antagonist binding of mifepristone to progesterone receptorFigure 2: Ligand-progesterone receptor binding interaction Various studies have described the presence of a hydrophobic pocket, referred as 17α pocket, which consists of Leu715, Leu718, Phe794, Leu797, Met801 and Tyr890 and appears to provide additional room for ligand expansion irrespective of agonism or antagonism. The 17α pocket, along with Met756 and Met759 within helix-5, as well as Met909, show a surprising flexibility in accommodation of various ligands, making the progesterone receptor very adaptive when it comes to binding. Studies comparing the conformational changes in helix-12 contributing to agonistic and antagonistic effects have shown an important hydrogen interaction with Glu723 residue of helix-3. At inactive state the Glu723 stabilizes conformation of helix-12 by forming a hydrogen bond to main chain amines in Met908 and Met909. When a ligand conducts an agonist effect, such as the oxime group of asoprisnil interacting with agonist binding pocket, then the hydrogen bond interaction between the previously mentioned residues in helix-12 and helix-3 strengthens, leading to docking and recruitment of coactivators. However, when an antagonist, e.g. mifepristone, interacts with this hydrogen bond system then its dimethylamine group clashes in to Met909 and destabilizes helix-12, causing a conformational change, which promotes the recruitment of corepressors. Figure 3: Mechanism of action of SPRMs. In this figure, the SPRM is designated a hormone and the progesterone receptor is designated NR (nuclear receptor). Mechanism of action When SPRMs bind to the progesterone receptor, the equilibrium between the two conformational states is more closely balanced and hence more easily perturbed by differences in the cellular environment. In tissues where the concentration of coactivators is higher than corepressors, the excess coactivators drive the equilibrium in the agonist direction. Conversely in tissues where corepressor concentration is higher the equilibrium is driven in the antagonist direction. Hence SPRMs display agonist activity in tissues where coactivators predominate and antagonist activity where corepressors are in excess. When inactive the progesterone receptor, as for other steroid receptor, forms a complex consisting of itself, heat shock proteins (hsp70, hsp90) and immunophilins. Upon activation, due to hormone binding to ligand binding pocket, the receptor complex has been shown to dissociate, triggering nuclear import and giving the receptor the property of dimerisation (Fig. 3). In the nucleus the dimer interacts with progesterone hormone response element in the DNA causing upregulation or downregulation of the gene. Various studies have demonstrated that it affects expression of up to 100 different genes, depending on receptor isomer. In the action of agonism there occur conformational changes, where alpha helices 3, 4 and 12 create a docking surface for coactivator proteins, which act as bridging factors between the receptor and the general transcription machinery. However, the antagonist prevents proper packing of alpha helix 12 against helices 3 and 4, impairing the receptor’s ability to interact with coactivators, which allows recruitment of corepressor, such as SMRT and NCoR. Due to the minimal recruitment of corepressors during agonist binding then there has been postulated by Liu et al., 2002, that the ratio between coactivators vs. corepressors recruitment might be the determinant whether compound is considered to be an agonist, antagonist or mixed agonist-antagonist. The selective progesterone receptor modulators have been described as agents with mixed agonist-antagonist activity and thus the mechanism of action must be due to a balance of these functions. Structure-activity relationships Steroidal SPRMs Figure 4: Structure–activity relationships in mifepristone analogs The research on mifepristone analogs, mainly focused on the improvement of the ratio of antiprogestational/antiglucocorticoid activity, led to the discovery of SPRMs. Modifications of or near the 17-alpha propinyl group (Fig. 4) on the D ring play a key role in binding to the progesterone receptor and/or glucocorticoid receptor. Minor changes in the 17-alpha region generate antiprogestins with reduced antiglucocorticoidal activity, where alpha refers to an absolute steroidal stereodescriptor. It seems that hydrophobic 17-alpha substituents such as 17-alpha ethyl and 17-alpha (1´-pentynyl) give rise to antiprogestational activity superior to that of mifepristone. Substitution on the 17-alpha position involving phenyl group with small, electron-withdrawing substituents, such as F and CF3, on the para-position was also found to greatly increase the selectivity over glucocorticoid receptor as well as the potency of resulting compounds. Same substitution at the ortho- or meta- position led to decrease in selectivity. Bulky substituents, such as tert-butyl, in this region decrease the progesterone potency. The available biological and X-ray data suggest that the substitution of 4-(dimethylamino) phenyl group at the C11 (Fig. 4) position determines the degree of agonistic and antagonistic activity. Small substituents like methyl or vinyl give rise to potent progesterone receptor-agonistic properties whereas substituted phenyl derivatives show different degrees of antagonistic activity. There is an indication, when substituted by various nitrogen heterocycles, that the most agonistic are compounds with a clear maximum in the negative electric potential in the region of the meta- and para- atoms of the aryl ring whereas compounds that lack a center of electronegativity in this region have the highest antagonistic activity. Modification of the core steroidal structure affects the mode of binding to the progesterone receptor. The substitution of C7 (Fig. 4) by oxygen atom has been investigated and these mifepristone-like oxasteroids showed increased selectivity over glucocorticoid receptor but were less potent than mifepristone. Nonsteroidal SPRMs Progesterone receptor modulators with unique nonsteroidal structures are currently in the early stages of development (Fig. 5-12). Variety of new types of progesterone receptor antagonists with different degree of potency has been reported and show a remarkable structural diversity which can be seen in table below. Various lead compounds have also been identified as new progesterone receptor agonists. They can also be viewed in the table. Antagonists Figure 5: Progesterone receptor antagonists based on a pyrazole core Figure 6: Trisubstituted thiophenes as PR antagonists with low potency Figure 7: Indole derivatives as PR antagonists with preference of electron withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring Figure 8: 6-aryl-1,3dihydrobenzimidazol -2ones substituent at the 1-position of the benzimidazolone Figure 9: PR antagonists with an aryl group inked to benzoxazin-2-one core through an amino group at the 6-position Agonists Figure 10: 6-(5-cyanopyrrol-2-yl) benzoxazine- 2-thiones Figure 11: Tetrahydrobenzindolone lead compound with high selectivity Figure 12: Arylpyrazolines and aryldiazepines as PR modulators Drugs Members include: Ulipristal acetate ("Ella") Asoprisnil (J867; status uncertain) Telapristone (CDB-4124; Proellex, Progenta; under development) SPRM have been suggested for multiple gynaecological applications, such as contraception and emergency contraception, treatment for endometriosis, uterine leiomyoma and as a hormone replacing therapy in post-menopausal women. SPRM activity is mainly mediated via the progesterone receptor, where the endometrium is the major target tissue. In contrast to conventional progesterone antagonists, the SPRMs eliminate the ability to terminate pregnancy due to their mixed antagonist/agonist profile. Since SPRMs have a low affinity for the estrogen receptor, they are not thought to induce post-menopausal associated bone loss. SPRMs use has been associated with endometrial metaplasia , which calls for the need for a long-term safety assessment. Compound Chemical structure Ulipristal acetate Figure 13: Ulipristal acetate skeletal Figure 13 Asoprisnil Asoprisnil Figure 14 Telapristone Telapristone Figure 15 Ulipristal acetate Ulipristal acetate (also known as CDB-2914) (Fig. 13) is an 11-β aryl substituted SPRM that has been available as an emergency contraception in Europe since 2009 and was FDA approved in 2010. It’s also marketed as a treatment for uterine leiomyoma in North America and Europe. As an emergency contraception ulipristal acetate has shown to be potent up to 120h after unprotected intercourse, compared to 72h potency of current emergency contraceptions. In post-menopausal endometrium the compound seems to have antagonistic effect or progesterone receptor, indicating potential use in menopausal treatment but this has yet to be confirmed. Asoprisnil Asoprisnil (J867) is a steroidal 11β-benzaldoxime substituted SPRM (Fig. 14). The geometry of its oxime group is suggested to play a major role in the in vitro potency. It has been suggested as a treatment for leiomyoma and endometriosis and it is the first SPRM in the clinical development of endometriosis treatment to reach an advanced phase. Telapristone Telapristone (CDB-4124), also known as Proellex (Fig. 15), entered phase II clinical trial for in treatment uterine fibroids in 2014 and has a planned phase II clinical trial for alleviation of symptoms of endometriosis in early 2016. It has also been suggested to have chemopreventive effects. Uses SPRMs are under development for the following uses: Asoprisnil and telapristone are both under investigation (2005) for the medical treatment of uterine leiomyoma. Proellex has completed a number of clinical trials to treat endometriosis and uterine fibroids. While these SPRMs have been effective for the treatment of uterine fibroids, development of side effects such as endometrial thickening has limited their administration to no longer than three to four months. Future Due to its antiglucocorticoidal activity, mifepristone is investigated for its therapeutical potential in indications like Cushing's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease or psychosis. Beside that SPRMs are under development for various gynecological applications, including estrogen-free contraception, uterine leiomyoma and endometriosis. 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PMID 21944187. vteProgestogens and antiprogestogensProgestogens(and progestins)PRTooltip Progesterone receptor agonists Progesterone derivatives: Progesterone Quingestrone Retroprogesterone derivatives: Dydrogesterone Trengestone 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (and closely related) derivatives: 17α-Hydroxylated: Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate) Algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide) Anagestone acetate Chlormadinone acetate Chlormethenmadinone acetate Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone acetate Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate) Flumedroxone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone caproate Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate Medroxyprogesterone acetate# Megestrol acetate Melengestrol acetate Methenmadinone acetate Osaterone acetate Pentagestrone acetate Proligestone; 17α-Methylated: Medrogestone; Others: Haloprogesterone 19-Norprogesterone derivatives: 17α-Hydroxylated: Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate) Nomegestrol acetate Norgestomet Segesterone acetate (nestorone, elcometrine); 17α-Methylated: Demegestone Promegestone Trimegestone Testosterone derivatives: Estranes: Danazol Dimethisterone Ethisterone 19-Nortestosterone derivatives: Estranes: Allylestrenol Altrenogest Dienogest Etynodiol diacetate Lynestrenol Norethisterone (norethindrone)# Norethisterone acetate Norethisterone enanthate Noretynodrel Norgesterone Norgestrienone Normethandrone (methylestrenolone) Norvinisterone Oxendolone Quingestanol acetate Tibolone; Gonanes: Desogestrel Etonogestrel Gestodene Gestrinone Levonorgestrel# Norelgestromin Norgestimate Norgestrel Spirolactone derivatives: Drospirenone Others: Anabolic–androgenic steroids (e.g., nandrolone and esters, trenbolone and esters, ethylestrenol, norethandrolone, others) AntiprogestogensSPRMsTooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators Telapristone§ Ulipristal acetate PRTooltip Progesterone receptor antagonists Aglepristone Mifepristone #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III See also Progesterone receptor modulators Androgens and antiandrogens Estrogens and antiestrogens List of progestogens vteProgesterone receptor modulatorsPRTooltip Progesterone receptorAgonists Progesterone derivatives: 3β-Dihydroprogesterone 5α-Dihydroprogesterone 6α-Methylprogesterone 9α-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone 11-Dehydroprogesterone 11-Deoxycorticosterone 16α-Hydroxyprogesterone 17α-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone acetate 20α-Dihydroprogesterone 20β-Dihydroprogesterone Dimepregnen Diosgenin P1-185 Progesterone Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether Quingestrone Retroprogesterone derivatives: 20α-Dihydrodydrogesterone 20α-Dihydrotrengestone DU-41164 DU-41165 Dydrogesterone Retroprogesterone Ro 6-3129 Trengestone 17α-Substituted progesterone derivatives: 6α-Methyl-17α-bromoprogesterone 15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate 16-Methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate 17α-Bromoprogesterone 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone) 17α-Methylprogesterone Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate) Algestone Algestone acetonide Algestone acetophenide Anagestone Anagestone acetate Bromethenmadinone Bromethenmadinone acetate Butagest (buterol) Chlormadinone Chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone caproate Chlormethenmadinone Chlormethenmadinone acetate Cismadinone Cismadinone acetate Clogestone Clogestone acetate Clomegestone Clomegestone acetate Cymegesolate Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone Delmadinone acetate Edogestrone Flugestone Flugestone acetate Fluorometholone Fluorometholone acetate Flumedroxone Flumedroxone acetate Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate Gestaclone Gestobutanoyl Haloprogesterone Hydromadinone Hydromadinone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate) Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate (hydroxyprogesterone enanthate) Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone Mecigestone (pentarane B) Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Medroxyprogesterone caproate Megestrol Megestrol acetate Megestrol caproate Melengestrol Melengestrol acetate Methenmadinone Methenmadinone acetate Methenmadinone caproate Mometasone Mometasone furoate Osaterone Osaterone acetate Pentagestrone Pentagestrone acetate Pentarane A Proligestone Triamcinolone acetonide 19-Norprogesterone derivatives: 17α-Methyl-19-norprogesterone 18-Methylsegesterone acetate 19-Norprogesterone Amadinone Amadinone acetate Demegestone Fluoro ethyl norprogesterone Fluoro furanyl norprogesterone Gestadienol Gestadienol acetate Gestonorone acetate (gestronol acetate) Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate) Gestronol (gestonorone) Nomegestrol Nomegestrol acetate Norgestomet ORG-2058 Oxogestone Oxogestone phenpropionate (xinogestone) Promegestone Segesterone Segesterone acetate (nestorone) Trimegestone Testosterone derivatives: Progestins: 6,6-Difluoronorethisterone 6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate 17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone Allylestrenol Altrenogest Chloroethynylnorgestrel Cingestol Danazol Desogestrel Dienogest Ethinylandrostenediol Ethandrostate Ethisterone Ethynerone Etonogestrel Etynodiol Etynodiol diacetate Gestodene Gestrinone Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel esters (e.g., levonorgestrel butanoate) Lynestrenol Lynestrenol phenylpropionate Metynodiol Metynodiol diacetate Norelgestromin Norethisterone (norethindrone) Norethisterone esters (e.g., norethisterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate) Noretynodrel Norgesterone Norgestimate Norgestrel Norgestrienone Norvinisterone Oxendolone Quingestanol Quingestanol acetate Tibolone Tigestol Tosagestin; Anabolic–androgenic steroids: 11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone 11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate 19-Nor-5-androstenediol 19-Nor-5-androstenedione 19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone Bolandiol Bolandiol dipropionate Bolandione Dimethisterone Dienedione Dienolone Dimethandrolone Dimethandrolone buciclate Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate Dimethandrolone undecanoate Dimethyldienolone Dimethyltrienolone Ethyldienolone Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol) Methyldienolone Metribolone (R-1881) Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene) Mibolerone Nandrolone Nandrolone esters (e.g., nandrolone decanoate, nandrolone phenylpropionate) Norethandrolone Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethandrolone, normethisterone) RU-2309 Tetrahydrogestrinone Trenbolone (trienolone) Trenbolone esters (e.g., trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate) Trendione Trestolone Trestolone acetate Spirolactone derivatives: Canrenoic acid Canrenone Drospirenone Mespirenone Potassium canrenoate Prorenone SC-5233 (spirolactone) SC-8109 Spironolactone Spirorenone Nonsteroidal: 3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide LG-2527 LG-100128 Riligustilide RWJ-26819 RWJ-49853 RWJ-60130 Tanaproget ZM-182345 Unknown: ORG-47241 ORG-201745 Mixed(SPRMsTooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators) Steroidal: Dihydroethisterone 5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel 5α-Dihydronorethisterone Asoprisnil Asoprisnil ecamate Guggulsterone J1042 LG-120838 Metapristone (RU-42633) Mifepristone (RU-486) ORF-9371 ORF-9326 ORG-31710 ORG-33628 RMI-12936 Telapristone Ulipristal acetate Vilaprisan ZK-137316 Nonsteroidal: Apigenin Kaempferol LG-120920 Naringenin PRA-910 Syringic acid Antagonists Steroidal: Aglepristone Lilopristone Lonaprisan Onapristone ORG-31710 ORG-31806 ORG-33628 RTI 3021–022 Toripristone Zanoterone Nonsteroidal: Darolutamide LG-001447 LG-100127 LG-100128 LG-120830 LG-121046 Valproic acid ZM-150271 ZM-172406 mPRTooltip Membrane progesterone receptor(PAQRTooltip Progestin and adipoQ receptor)Agonists 5α-Dihydroprogesterone 5β-Dihydroprogesterone 11-Deoxycortisone (21-hydroxyprogesterone) 11-Deoxycortisol (17α,21-dihydroxyprogesterone) 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Allopregnanolone Mifepristone Pregnenolone Progesterone Antagonists Mifepristone See also Receptor/signaling modulators Progestogens and antiprogestogens Androgen receptor modulators Estrogen receptor modulators List of progestogens	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"progesterone receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor"},{"link_name":"biological target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_target"},{"link_name":"progestogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen"},{"link_name":"progesterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone"},{"link_name":"agonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"progestins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestin"},{"link_name":"antagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist"},{"link_name":"aglepristone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglepristone"},{"link_name":"tissues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"drug candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_candidate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chwalisz_2005-1"}],"text":"A selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) is an agent that acts on the progesterone receptor (PR), the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. A characteristic that distinguishes such substances from full receptor agonists (e.g., progesterone, progestins) and full antagonists (e.g., aglepristone) is that their action differs in different tissues, i.e. agonist in some tissues while antagonist in others. This mixed profile of action leads to stimulation or inhibition in tissue-specific manner, which further raises the possibility of dissociating undesirable adverse effects from the development of synthetic PR-modulator drug candidates.[1]","title":"Selective progesterone receptor modulator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misrahi_1988-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen_1935-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karrer_1970-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherman_1970-5"},{"link_name":"analogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_analog"},{"link_name":"progestins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestins"},{"link_name":"progesterone receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor"},{"link_name":"mifepristone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mifepristone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philibert_1981-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Groyer_1985-7"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoid receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Groyer_1985-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gass_1998-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L%C3%A1z%C3%A1r_1995-9"},{"link_name":"steroidal receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormone_receptor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spitz_2000-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chem_2006-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chabbert-Buffet_2005-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elger_2000-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer_2000-14"},{"link_name":"asoprisnil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoprisnil"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeManno_2003-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"ulipristal acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donne_2014-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Ever since the discovery of the progesterone hormone in the mid-1930s.[2][3] and especially after the discovery of its receptor in 1970[4][5] there has been a significant interest in developing an antagonistic agent for therapeutic use. Various progesterone analogs, known as progestins, were synthesized and in 1981 the first progesterone receptor antagonist was introduced by the name RU 38486 (RU 486, mifepristone).[6][7] However, the clinical limitation of mifepristone due to its relatively high binding affinity for glucocorticoid receptor compared to the progesterone receptor has sparked the demand for more selective progesterone antagonist to minimize risk of adverse effects.[7][8][9] As a contribution, so-called Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators (SPRMs) have been developed. They have been described as agents with mixed antagonistic and agonistic effects on progesterone receptors in a tissue specific manner, while minimizing interactions with other steroidal receptors.[10][11] Opposed to progesterone antagonists, the mixed agonist-antagonist SPRM, due to their intrinsic progesterone agonistic activity, have an absent or only a minimal effect on pregnancy termination and are thus ideal for treating gynecological conditions without eliminating the potential of pregnancy.[12] Both steroidal[13] and non steroidal SPRMs[14] have been described and the most notable examples are asoprisnil,[15] which failed phase 3 clinical trial in 2008,[16] and ulipristal acetate,[17] the first SPRM on the market (2009 in Europe[18]).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Progesterone receptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_PGR_PDB_1a28.png"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"progesterone receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor"},{"link_name":"nuclear hormone receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_hormone_receptor"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mangelsdorf_1995-19"},{"link_name":"isoforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoforms"},{"link_name":"splice variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_splicing"},{"link_name":"exons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conneely_1987-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kastner_1990-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirata_2002-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirata_2003-23"},{"link_name":"nuclear receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptors"},{"link_name":"N-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-terminus"},{"link_name":"DNA-binding domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-binding_domain"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conneely_1987-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kastner_1990-21"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acids"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brinton_2008-24"},{"link_name":"α-helices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-helices"},{"link_name":"β-sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-sheets"},{"link_name":"co-activator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-activator"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellmann_2009-25"},{"link_name":"coactivator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coactivator_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellmann_2009-25"},{"link_name":"corepressors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corepressor_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellmann_2009-25"},{"link_name":"aglepristone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglepristone"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellmann_2009-25"}],"sub_title":"Receptor","text":"Figure 1: Progesterone ReceptorAs a protein, the progesterone receptor (Fig. 1) is a member of the ligand-dependent nuclear hormone receptor family.[19] Two major progesterone receptor isoforms, A and B, as well as some other less common splice variants have been identified and they are all encoded by the same 8 exons gene.[20][21][22][23] Like other steroid nuclear receptors, the full-length protein, isoform B, can be divided into 4 functional regions, namely a variable N-terminal region followed by a highly conserved DNA-binding domain, variable hinge region and moderately conserved ligand binding domain.[20][21] The ligand binding site, known as AF2 domain , is expressed by exons 4-8, corresponding to 253 amino acids, and its structure is of great interest to SPRM development.[24] It consists of 10 α-helices (H1, H3-H12) forming 3 layered bundle entwined with 4 β-sheets . H12 is a condensed contiguous unit composed of helices 10 and 11, which has been suggested to participate in the process of co-activator binding.[25] The ligand binding domain of the receptor is in equilibrium between two different conformations. The first is an agonist conformation which favors the binding of coactivator proteins which in turn favors upregulation of gene transcription.[25] The second is an antagonistic conformation which in contrast favors the binding of corepressors and as a consequence down regulation of gene expression. Full agonists such as progesterone, which display agonist properties in all tissues, strongly shift the conformational equilibrium in the agonist direction.[25] Conversely full antagonists such as aglepristone strongly shift the equilibrium in the antagonist direction. Finally, the overall ratio of concentrations of coactivator to corepressor may differ in different cell types.[25]","title":"Progesterone receptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G protein-coupled receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor"},{"link_name":"7TMPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_progesterone_receptor"},{"link_name":"adenylyl cyclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase"},{"link_name":"cAMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brinton_2008-24"}],"sub_title":"G protein-coupled receptor","text":"At the turn of the millennium it was apparent that progesterone activity was not mediated only via transcription factor, but also by a membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptor designated as 7TMPR. When the receptor is activated it blocks adenylyl cyclase, leading to decreased biosynthesis of the intracellular second-messenger cAMP.[24]","title":"Progesterone receptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"female reproductive system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_reproductive_system"},{"link_name":"menstrual cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chabbert-Buffet_2005-12"},{"link_name":"stroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma_of_ovary"},{"link_name":"glandular epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandular_epithelium"},{"link_name":"follicular phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_phase"},{"link_name":"luteal phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteal_phase"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chabbert-Buffet_2005-12"},{"link_name":"mammary gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary_gland"},{"link_name":"ovulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"},{"link_name":"reporter genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter_gene"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brinton_2008-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards_1995-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brinton_2008-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards_1995-27"}],"sub_title":"Downstream mechanisms","text":"Since the 1990s it has been evident that the two major receptor isomers, A and B, are functionally distinct within the female reproductive system. Researches aimed at expression profile of the isomers suggests that the isomers are expressed in different tissues at different times throughout the menstrual cycle.[12] The PR-B has been found to be upregulated in the stroma and glandular epithelium during follicular phase, but is down-regluated in both tissues during luteal phase. On the contrary, PR-A is upregulated in both tissue types in the follicular phase and persists in the stromal tissue during the late luteal phase.[12] Studies have shown that PR-B activation is important for growth and development of the mammary gland, whereas PR-A has a significant role in normal reproductive function and ovulation. As well, in vitro researches have demonstrated that under identical conditions, the PR-B works as stronger transactivator of reporter genes, while PR-A is able to transrepress PR-B and other steroid receptors.[24] Various reasons have been found for this variety of function between the isoforms.[26] First to mention is that progesterone receptor isoform A lacks 164 N-terminal amino acids compared to isomer B, depriving it of the AF-3 activation function due to loss of B-upstream segment, which leaves it with only 2 activation functions.[27] Also, studies of mechanism have shown difference in cofactor recruitment between the isoforms. Due to these functional differences, one can see why there is an interest of developing a drug that can selectively target the receptor isoforms. Development of SPRMs has, in some cases, been focused on targeting these two different isoforms.[24][26][27]","title":"Progesterone receptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ligand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"Crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"keto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"link_name":"Gln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine"},{"link_name":"Arg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusher_2012-28"},{"link_name":"tanaproget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaproget"},{"link_name":"Asn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusher_2012-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stabilization_of_helixes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asoprisnil-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mifepristone.jpg"},{"link_name":"hydrophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic"},{"link_name":"Leu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine"},{"link_name":"Phe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine"},{"link_name":"Met","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine"},{"link_name":"Tyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"Glu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid"},{"link_name":"amines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amines"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusher_2012-28"},{"link_name":"oxime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxime"},{"link_name":"dimethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylamine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusher_2012-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuclear_receptor_action.png"}],"sub_title":"SPRM interaction with receptor binding pockets","text":"Certain interactions between ligand and progesterone receptor have been described to be important for ligand binding (Fig. 2). Crystallography studies of progesterone bound to its receptor have revealed an important hydrogen bond interaction between the progesterone electron-withdrawing 3-keto group and the residues Gln725 of helix-3 and Arg766 of helix-5, which are held in position by a structural water molecule.[26] This interaction has been shown to be present in interaction with various other ligands, e.g. mifepristone, tanaproget and asoprisnil and thus can be considered to be vital interaction for function of both agonists and antagonists.[28] Furthermore, progesterone and tanaproget, have been found to make a hydrogen bond with Asn719 in helix-3, giving an opportunity of higher selectivity and affinity, however, the SPRM asoprisnil has been found not to interact with this residue.[26] Even though the polar residue Thr894 is in close proximity to the C20 carbonyl group of progesterone there is not formed any hydrogen bond between these chemical groups. It is important to note the Thr894 has been found to interact with other ligands.[26][28]Helix-3 stabilizes helix-12 in the progesterone receptorIncreased stabilization of helix-12 caused by agonistic interaction of asoprisnilDestabilization of helix-12 and helix-3 interaction caused by antagonist binding of mifepristone to progesterone receptorFigure 2: Ligand-progesterone receptor binding interactionVarious studies have described the presence of a hydrophobic pocket, referred as 17α pocket, which consists of Leu715, Leu718, Phe794, Leu797, Met801 and Tyr890 and appears to provide additional room for ligand expansion irrespective of agonism or antagonism. The 17α pocket, along with Met756 and Met759 within helix-5, as well as Met909, show a surprising flexibility in accommodation of various ligands, making the progesterone receptor very adaptive when it comes to binding.[26] Studies comparing the conformational changes in helix-12 contributing to agonistic and antagonistic effects have shown an important hydrogen interaction with Glu723 residue of helix-3. At inactive state the Glu723 stabilizes conformation of helix-12 by forming a hydrogen bond to main chain amines in Met908 and Met909.[26][28] When a ligand conducts an agonist effect, such as the oxime group of asoprisnil interacting with agonist binding pocket, then the hydrogen bond interaction between the previously mentioned residues in helix-12 and helix-3 strengthens, leading to docking and recruitment of coactivators. However, when an antagonist, e.g. mifepristone, interacts with this hydrogen bond system then its dimethylamine group clashes in to Met909 and destabilizes helix-12, causing a conformational change, which promotes the recruitment of corepressors.[26][28]Figure 3: Mechanism of action of SPRMs. In this figure, the SPRM is designated a hormone and the progesterone receptor is designated NR (nuclear receptor).","title":"Progesterone receptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conformational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_ensembles"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jackson_1997-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_2004-30"},{"link_name":"heat shock proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_proteins"},{"link_name":"immunophilins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunophilins"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O%C3%B1ate_1991-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_1992-32"},{"link_name":"nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMarzo_1991-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guiochon-Mantel_1989-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Malley_1992-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bagchi_1992-36"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKenna_2002-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O%C3%B1ate_1995-38"},{"link_name":"alpha helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helix"},{"link_name":"corepressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corepressor"},{"link_name":"SMRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_coregulators"},{"link_name":"NCoR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_co-repressor_1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagner_1998-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu_2002-40"},{"link_name":"agonist-antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist-Antagonist"}],"text":"When SPRMs bind to the progesterone receptor, the equilibrium between the two conformational states is more closely balanced and hence more easily perturbed by differences in the cellular environment. In tissues where the concentration of coactivators is higher than corepressors, the excess coactivators drive the equilibrium in the agonist direction. Conversely in tissues where corepressor concentration is higher the equilibrium is driven in the antagonist direction.[29][30] Hence SPRMs display agonist activity in tissues where coactivators predominate and antagonist activity where corepressors are in excess.When inactive the progesterone receptor, as for other steroid receptor, forms a complex consisting of itself, heat shock proteins (hsp70, hsp90) and immunophilins.[31][32] Upon activation, due to hormone binding to ligand binding pocket, the receptor complex has been shown to dissociate, triggering nuclear import and giving the receptor the property of dimerisation (Fig. 3). In the nucleus the dimer interacts with progesterone hormone response element in the DNA causing upregulation or downregulation of the gene.[33][34][35][36] Various studies have demonstrated that it affects expression of up to 100 different genes, depending on receptor isomer.[26] In the action of agonism there occur conformational changes, where alpha helices 3, 4 and 12 create a docking surface for coactivator proteins, which act as bridging factors between the receptor and the general transcription machinery.[37][38] However, the antagonist prevents proper packing of alpha helix 12 against helices 3 and 4, impairing the receptor’s ability to interact with coactivators, which allows recruitment of corepressor, such as SMRT and NCoR.[39] Due to the minimal recruitment of corepressors during agonist binding then there has been postulated by Liu et al., 2002, that the ratio between coactivators vs. corepressors recruitment might be the determinant whether compound is considered to be an agonist, antagonist or mixed agonist-antagonist.[40] The selective progesterone receptor modulators have been described as agents with mixed agonist-antagonist activity and thus the mechanism of action must be due to a balance of these functions.","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structure-activity relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SAR_of_Mifepristone_analogs.png"},{"link_name":"Structure–activity relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%E2%80%93activity_relationship"},{"link_name":"analogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_analog"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chwalisz_2005-1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickisch_2013-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickisch_2014-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickisch_2013-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickisch_2014-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rao_1998-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickisch_2013-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickisch_2014-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rao_1998-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagner_1996-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kan_2007b-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kan_2007a-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rao_1998-43"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kan_2007b-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickisch_2013-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickisch_2014-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickisch_2014-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nickisch_2014-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rao_1998-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagner_1996-44"},{"link_name":"heterocycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rewinkel_2008-47"},{"link_name":"electronegativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronegativity"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rewinkel_2008-47"},{"link_name":"steroidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidal"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kan_2007b-45"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jain_2009-48"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kan_2007b-45"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kang_2008-49"}],"sub_title":"Steroidal SPRMs","text":"Figure 4: Structure–activity relationships in mifepristone analogsThe research on mifepristone analogs, mainly focused on the improvement of the ratio of antiprogestational/antiglucocorticoid activity,[1][41] led to the discovery of SPRMs.[42] Modifications of or near the 17-alpha propinyl group (Fig. 4) on the D ring play a key role in binding to the progesterone receptor and/or glucocorticoid receptor.[41][42][43] Minor changes in the 17-alpha region generate antiprogestins with reduced antiglucocorticoidal activity, where alpha refers to an absolute steroidal stereodescriptor.[41][42][43][44][45][46] It seems that hydrophobic 17-alpha substituents such as 17-alpha ethyl and 17-alpha (1´-pentynyl) give rise to antiprogestational activity superior to that of mifepristone.[43] Substitution on the 17-alpha position involving phenyl group with small, electron-withdrawing substituents, such as F and CF3, on the para-position was also found to greatly increase the selectivity over glucocorticoid receptor as well as the potency of resulting compounds. Same substitution at the ortho- or meta- position led to decrease in selectivity. Bulky substituents, such as tert-butyl, in this region decrease the progesterone potency.[45]The available biological and X-ray data suggest that the substitution of 4-(dimethylamino) phenyl group at the C11 (Fig. 4) position determines the degree of agonistic and antagonistic activity.[41][42] Small substituents like methyl or vinyl give rise to potent progesterone receptor-agonistic properties[42] whereas substituted phenyl derivatives show different degrees of antagonistic activity.[42][43][44] There is an indication, when substituted by various nitrogen heterocycles, that the most agonistic are compounds with a clear maximum in the negative electric potential in the region of the meta- and para- atoms of the aryl ring[47] whereas compounds that lack a center of electronegativity in this region have the highest antagonistic activity.[26][47]Modification of the core steroidal structure affects the mode of binding to the progesterone receptor.[45][48] The substitution of C7 (Fig. 4) by oxygen atom has been investigated and these mifepristone-like oxasteroids showed increased selectivity over glucocorticoid receptor but were less potent than mifepristone.[45][49]","title":"Structure-activity relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lead compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_compound"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"}],"sub_title":"Nonsteroidal SPRMs","text":"Progesterone receptor modulators with unique nonsteroidal structures are currently in the early stages of development (Fig. 5-12). Variety of new types of progesterone receptor antagonists with different degree of potency has been reported and show a remarkable structural diversity which can be seen in table below. Various lead compounds have also been identified as new progesterone receptor agonists. They can also be viewed in the table.[26]","title":"Structure-activity relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulipristal acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate"},{"link_name":"Asoprisnil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoprisnil"},{"link_name":"Telapristone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telapristone"},{"link_name":"endometriosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometriosis"},{"link_name":"uterine leiomyoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_fibroid"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benagiano_2014-50"},{"link_name":"endometrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chabbert-Buffet_2005-12"},{"link_name":"metaplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaplasia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chabbert-Buffet_2005-12"}],"text":"Members include:Ulipristal acetate (\"Ella\")\nAsoprisnil (J867; status uncertain)\nTelapristone (CDB-4124; Proellex, Progenta; under development)SPRM have been suggested for multiple gynaecological applications, such as contraception and emergency contraception, treatment for endometriosis, uterine leiomyoma and as a hormone replacing therapy in post-menopausal women.[50] SPRM activity is mainly mediated via the progesterone receptor, where the endometrium is the major target tissue. In contrast to conventional progesterone antagonists, the SPRMs eliminate the ability to terminate pregnancy due to their mixed antagonist/agonist profile. Since SPRMs have a low affinity for the estrogen receptor, they are not thought to induce post-menopausal associated bone loss.[12] SPRMs use has been associated with endometrial metaplasia , which calls for the need for a long-term safety assessment.[12]","title":"Drugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brache_2010-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aiken_2003-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benagiano_2014-50"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chabbert-Buffet_2005-12"}],"sub_title":"Ulipristal acetate","text":"Ulipristal acetate (also known as CDB-2914)[51] (Fig. 13) is an 11-β aryl substituted SPRM that has been available as an emergency contraception in Europe since 2009 and was FDA approved in 2010.[52] It’s also marketed as a treatment for uterine leiomyoma in North America and Europe. As an emergency contraception ulipristal acetate has shown to be potent up to 120h after unprotected intercourse, compared to 72h potency of current emergency contraceptions.[50] In post-menopausal endometrium the compound seems to have antagonistic effect or progesterone receptor, indicating potential use in menopausal treatment but this has yet to be confirmed.[12]","title":"Drugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asoprisnil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoprisnil"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeManno_2003-15"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winneker_2008-26"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spitz_2003-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lindsay_2015-54"}],"sub_title":"Asoprisnil","text":"Asoprisnil (J867) is a steroidal 11β-benzaldoxime substituted SPRM (Fig. 14).[15] The geometry of its oxime group is suggested to play a major role in the in vitro potency.[26] It has been suggested as a treatment for leiomyoma and endometriosis[53] and it is the first SPRM in the clinical development of endometriosis treatment to reach an advanced phase.[54]","title":"Drugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telapristone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telapristone"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eckstein_2014-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_2015-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pabla_2015-58"}],"sub_title":"Telapristone","text":"Telapristone (CDB-4124), also known as Proellex (Fig. 15), entered phase II clinical trial for in treatment uterine fibroids in 2014[55] and has a planned phase II clinical trial for alleviation of symptoms of endometriosis in early 2016.[56][57] It has also been suggested to have chemopreventive effects.[58]","title":"Drugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leiomyoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiomyoma"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18754282-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19602929-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proellex_ClinicalTrials.gov-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19602929-60"}],"text":"SPRMs are under development for the following uses:Asoprisnil and telapristone are both under investigation (2005) for the medical treatment of uterine leiomyoma.[59][60]\nProellex has completed a number of clinical trials to treat endometriosis and uterine fibroids.[61]While these SPRMs have been effective for the treatment of uterine fibroids, development of side effects such as endometrial thickening has limited their administration to no longer than three to four months.[60]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cushing's syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouchard_2011-62"}],"text":"Due to its antiglucocorticoidal activity, mifepristone is investigated for its therapeutical potential in indications like Cushing's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease or psychosis. Beside that SPRMs are under development for various gynecological applications, including estrogen-free contraception, uterine leiomyoma and endometriosis.[62]","title":"Future"}]	[{"image_text":"Figure 1: Progesterone Receptor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Protein_PGR_PDB_1a28.png/350px-Protein_PGR_PDB_1a28.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 3: Mechanism of action of SPRMs. In this figure, the SPRM is designated a hormone and the progesterone receptor is designated NR (nuclear receptor).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nuclear_receptor_action.png/475px-Nuclear_receptor_action.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 4: Structure–activity relationships in mifepristone analogs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SAR_of_Mifepristone_analogs.png/350px-SAR_of_Mifepristone_analogs.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 5: Progesterone receptor antagonists based on a pyrazole core","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Progesterone_receptor_antagonists_based_on_a_pyrazole_core_with_small_lipophilic_substituents.png/134px-Progesterone_receptor_antagonists_based_on_a_pyrazole_core_with_small_lipophilic_substituents.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 6: Trisubstituted thiophenes as PR antagonists with low potency","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trisubstituted_thiophenes_as_PR_antagonists_with_low_potency.png/142px-Trisubstituted_thiophenes_as_PR_antagonists_with_low_potency.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 7: Indole derivatives as PR antagonists with preference of electron withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Indole_derivatives_as_PR_antagonists_with_preference_of_electron_withdrawing_groups_on_the_aromatic_ring.png/144px-Indole_derivatives_as_PR_antagonists_with_preference_of_electron_withdrawing_groups_on_the_aromatic_ring.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 8: 6-aryl-1,3dihydrobenzimidazol -2ones substituent at the 1-position of the benzimidazolone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/6-aryl-1%2C3_dihydrobenzimidazol-2ones_with_lipophilic_substituent_at_the_1-position_of_the.png/143px-6-aryl-1%2C3_dihydrobenzimidazol-2ones_with_lipophilic_substituent_at_the_1-position_of_the.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 9: PR antagonists with an aryl group inked to benzoxazin-2-one core through an amino group at the 6-position","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PR_antagonists_with_an_aryl_group_inked_to_benzoxazin-2-one_core_through_an_amino_group_at.png/178px-PR_antagonists_with_an_aryl_group_inked_to_benzoxazin-2-one_core_through_an_amino_group_at.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 10: 6-(5-cyanopyrrol-2-yl) benzoxazine- 2-thiones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/6-%285-cyanopyrrol-2-yl%29_benzoxazine-_2-thiones%2C_a_class_of_potent_and_selective_PR_agonists.png/172px-6-%285-cyanopyrrol-2-yl%29_benzoxazine-_2-thiones%2C_a_class_of_potent_and_selective_PR_agonists.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 11: Tetrahydrobenzindolone lead compound with high selectivity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tetrahydrobenzindolone_lead_compound_with_high_selectivity.png/148px-Tetrahydrobenzindolone_lead_compound_with_high_selectivity.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 12: Arylpyrazolines and aryldiazepines as PR modulators","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Arylpyrazolines_and_aryldiazepines_as_PR_modulators.png/179px-Arylpyrazolines_and_aryldiazepines_as_PR_modulators.png"},{"image_text":"Figure 13: Ulipristal acetate skeletal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ulipristal_acetate_skeletal.svg/150px-Ulipristal_acetate_skeletal.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Asoprisnil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asoprisnil.svg/150px-Asoprisnil.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Telapristone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Telapristone.svg/150px-Telapristone.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Phytoprogestogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoprogestogen"},{"title":"Selective androgen receptor modulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator"},{"title":"Selective estrogen receptor modulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator"},{"title":"Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_glucocorticoid_receptor_agonist"},{"title":"Selective receptor modulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_receptor_modulator"}]	[{"reference":"Chwalisz K, Perez MC, Demanno D, Winkel C, Schubert G, Elger W (May 2005). \"Selective progesterone receptor modulator development and use in the treatment of leiomyomata and endometriosis\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisc_Ambrus	Ferencz Ambruş	["1 References","2 External links"]	Romanian boxer Ferencz AmbruşAmbruş (right) in 1955Personal informationBorn2 March 1930Cluj, RomaniaSportSportBoxing Medal record Men's amateur boxing Representing Romania Romania National Amateur Boxing Championships 1948 Bucharest -62 kg 1949 Bucharest -62 kg 1952 Bucharest -63.5 kg 1956 Bucharest -63.5 kg European Amateur Championships 1953 Warsaw -63.5 kg Ferencz Ambruş (born 2 March 1930, date of death unknown) was a Romanian light-welterweight boxer. He competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics, but was eliminated in the second bout. He won two Romanian National Amateur Boxing Championship at the light-welterweight division in 1948 and 1949. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ferencz Ambruş. ^ Ferencz Ambruş. sports-reference.com External links Ferencz Ambruș at Olympedia This biographical article related to a Romanian boxer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light-welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-welterweight"},{"link_name":"1952 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"light-welterweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-welterweight"}],"text":"Ferencz Ambruş (born 2 March 1930, date of death unknown) was a Romanian light-welterweight boxer. He competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics, but was eliminated in the second bout.[1] He won two Romanian National Amateur Boxing Championship at the light-welterweight division in 1948 and 1949.","title":"Ferencz Ambruş"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418032246/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/co/robson-conceicao-1.html","external_links_name":"Ferencz Ambruş"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/7884","external_links_name":"Ferencz Ambruș"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9259067#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferencz_Ambru%C5%9F&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Sanchez_(swimmer)	Francisco Sánchez (swimmer)	["1 References"]	Venezuelan swimmer (born 1976) For other people with the same name, see Francisco Sanchez (disambiguation). Francisco SánchezPersonal informationFull nameFrancisco Demetrio Sánchez BetancourtNational team VenezuelaBorn (1976-09-06) September 6, 1976 (age 47)Cumaná, Sucre, VenezuelaHeight1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)Weight90 kg (198 lb)SportSportSwimmingStrokesButterfly and FreestyleClubLázaro HernándezCollege teamArizona State University (USA) (1995-'99) Medal record Men's swimming Representing Venezuela World Championships (SC) 1995 Rio de Janeiro 50 m freestyle 1997 Gothenburg 50 m freestyle 1997 Gothenburg 100 m freestyle 1995 Rio de Janeiro 100 m freestyle Pan American Games 1999 Winnipeg 100 m butterfly 1995 Mar del Plata 4×100 m freestyle 1999 Winnipeg 4×100 m freestyle Francisco Demetrio Sánchez Betancourt (born September 6, 1976) is a former butterfly and freestyle swimmer from Venezuela, who won the 50 meter freestyle at the 1995 FINA Short Course World Championships (25 meter pool) in Rio de Janeiro. Two years later, at the third edition of the event, he won the 50 meter and the 100 meter freestyle. He swam collegiately for the USA's Arizona State University in the late 1990s. At the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games, he set a Championship Record in the 100 fly (53.86). This record stood until the 2006 Games where it was bettered by fellow Venezuelan Albert Subirats. References ^ 1996-97 Men's Swimming and Diving Highlights Archived 2006-10-28 at the Wayback Machine from the ASU Athletics website (www.thesundevils.com). Retrieved 2009-06-21. ^ Men's 100 fly results from the 2006 CACs. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Francisco Sánchez". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2008-12-23. vteWorld short-course champions in men's 50 m freestyle 1993: Mark Foster (GBR) 1995: Francisco Sánchez (VEN) 1997: Francisco Sánchez (VEN) 1999: Mark Foster (GBR) 2000: Mark Foster (GBR) 2002: José Meolans (ARG) 2004: Mark Foster (GBR) 2006: Duje Draganja (CRO) 2008: Duje Draganja (CRO) 2010: César Cielo (BRA) 2012: Vladimir Morozov (RUS) 2014: Florent Manaudou (FRA) 2016: Jesse Puts (NED) 2018: Vladimir Morozov (RUS) 2021: Ben Proud (GBR) 2022: Jordan Crooks (CAY) vteWorld short-course champions in men's 100 m freestyle 1993: Fernando Scherer (BRA) 1995: Fernando Scherer (BRA) 1997: Francisco Sánchez (VEN) 1999: Lars Frölander (SWE) 2000: Lars Frölander (SWE) 2002: Ashley Callus (AUS) 2004: Jason Lezak (USA) 2006: Ryk Neethling (RSA) 2008: Nathan Adrian (USA) 2010: César Cielo (BRA) 2012: Vladimir Morozov (RUS) 2014: César Cielo (BRA) 2016: Simonas Bilis (LTU) 2018: Caeleb Dressel (USA) 2021: Alessandro Miressi (ITA) 2022: Kyle Chalmers (AUS) vtePan American Champions in Men's 100 m butterfly 1967: Mark Spitz (USA) 1971: Frank Heckl (USA) 1975: Mike Currington (USA) 1979: Robert Placak (USA) 1983: Matt Gribble (USA) 1987: Anthony Nesty (SUR) 1991: Anthony Nesty (SUR) 1995: Mark Henderson (USA) 1999: Francisco Sánchez (VEN) 2003: Ben Michaelson (USA) 2007: Kaio de Almeida (BRA) 2011: Albert Subirats (VEN) 2015: Giles Smith (USA) 2019: Tom Shields (USA) 2023: Lukas Miller (USA) vteCentral American and Caribbean Games Champions in Men's 50 m freestyle 1990: Abel Hernández (CUB) 1993: Francisco Sánchez (VEN) 1998 – 2002: Ricardo Busquets (PUR) 2006 – 2014: George Bovell (TRI) 2018: Renzo Tjon-A-Joe (SUR) vteCentral American and Caribbean Games Champions in Men's 100 m freestyle 1926: Gonzalo Silverio (CUB) 1930: Pablo la Rosa (CUB) 1935: Luis Alcívar (CUB) 1938: Francisco Escobar (CUB) 1946 – 1950: Alberto Isaac (MEX) 1954: Otilio Olguín (MEX) 1959: César Uribe (MEX) 1962: Jorge Escalante (MEX) 1966: Salvador Ruíz (MEX) 1970: Gary Goodner (PUR) 1974: Guillermo García (MEX) 1978: Fernando Cañales (PUR) 1982 – 1986: Alberto Mestre (VEN) 1990: Rodrigo González (MEX) 1993 – 1998: Francisco Sánchez (VEN) 2002: Ricardo Busquets (PUR) 2006 – 2010: Albert Subirats (VEN) 2014: Hanser García (CUB) 2018: Dylan Carter (TTO) vteCentral American and Caribbean Games Champions in Men's 100 m butterfly 1966: José Ferraioli (PUR) 1970: Gary Goodner (PUR) 1974: Jorge Jaramillo (COL) 1978: Ramón Volcán (VEN) 1982: Rafael Vidal (VEN) 1986: Anthony Nesty (SUR) 1990: David Monasterio (PUR) 1993: Diego Perdomo (COL) 1998: Francisco Sánchez (VEN) 2002: Joshua Ilika (MEX) 2006 – 2014: Albert Subirats (VEN) 2018: Luis Martínez (GUA) vteCentral American and Caribbean Games Champions in Men's 4x100 m freestyle relay 1926: Cuba (Smith, González, Gou, Silverio) 1930: Cuba (Silverio, Carol, Smith, La Rosa) 1935 – 1962: not held 1966: Puerto Rico (C. Pérez, Chenaux, G. Goodner, Ferraioli) 1970: Puerto Rico (J. Pérez, Ferraioli, M. Goodner, G. Goodner) 1974: Venezuela (Sochasky, Goicoechea, Herretes, Volcán) 1978: Puerto Rico (Cañales, Pérez, de Jesús, Berrocal) 1982: Venezuela (Vidal, Barrios, François, Mestre) 1986: Cuba (Bello, Herrera, Peralta, Franki) 1990: Mexico (Gutiérrez, Escamilla, Holtz, González) 1993: Mexico (Pérez, Vargas, Castellanos, Sotelo) 1998: Venezuela (Quevedo, Páez, Rojas, Sánchez) 2002: Venezuela (Quevedo, Páez, Subirats, Sánchez) 2006: Venezuela (Subirats, Acuña, Alesi, Rojas) 2010: Venezuela (Acuña, Quintero, Goméz, Subirats) 2014: Venezuela (Quintero, Acuña, López, Subirats) 2018: Mexico (Ramírez, Briseño, Iga, Gutiérrez) vtePac-12 Swimmer of the Year winnersMale 1976: Naber (USC) 1977: Naber (USC) 1978: Goodell (UCLA) 1979: Goodell (UCLA) 1980: Barrett (UCLA) 1981: Barrett (UCLA) 1982: Barrett (UCLA) 1983: Bottom (Stanford) & Orn (ASU) 1984: DiCarlo (Arizona) & Jager (UCLA) 1985: Morales (Stanford) 1986: Morales (Stanford) 1987: Biondi (Cal) 1988: Wharton (USC) 1989: Wharton (USC) 1990: Wharton (USC) 1991: Wharton (USC) 1992: Rouse (Stanford) 1993: Pepper (Arizona) 1994: Carvin (Arizona) & Weatherford (Stanford) 1995: Retterer (Stanford) 1996: Sánchez & Taner (Cal) 1997: Neethling (Arizona) 1998: Neethling (Arizona) 1999: Neethling (Arizona) 2000: Neethling (Arizona) 2001: Keller (USC) 2002: Ervin (Cal) 2003: Vendt (USC) 2004: Marshall (Stanford) 2005: Draganja (Cal) 2006: Burnett (Arizona) 2007: Wildman-Tobriner (Stanford) 2008: Kornfeld (Stanford) 2009: Adrian (Cal) 2010: Godsoe (Stanford) 2011: Adrian (Cal) & Staab (Stanford) 2012: Shields (Cal) 2013: Cordes (Arizona) 2014: Cordes (Arizona) 2015: Murphy (Cal) 2016: Murphy (Cal) 2017: Murphy (Cal) 2018: DeVine (Stanford) 2019: Seliskar (Cal) 2020: Hoffer (Cal) 2021: Hoffer (Cal) 2022: Marchand (ASU) 2023: Marchand (ASU) Female 1987: Meagher (Cal) 1988: Simmons (Arizona) & Johnson (Stanford) 1989: Griglione (Stanford) & Anderson (Cal) 1990: Evans (Stanford) 1991: Ahmann-Leighton (Arizona) & Sanders (Stanford) 1992: Sanders (Stanford) 1993: Jorgenson (Stanford) 1994: Quance (USC) 1995: Kaszuba (ASU) & Thompson (Stanford) 1996: Quance (USC) 1997: Quance (USC) 1998: Hyman (Stanford) 1999: Chiang (Cal) 2000: Cope (Cal) 2001: Coughlin (Cal) 2002: Coughlin (Cal) 2003: Coughlin (Cal) 2004: Kirk (Stanford) 2005: Bruce (Stanford) 2006: Myers (Arizona) 2007: Nymeyer (Arizona) 2008: Nymeyer (Arizona) 2009: Vollmer (Cal) 2010: Smit (Stanford) 2011: Hosszú (USC) 2012: Leverenz (Cal) 2013: Pelton (Cal) 2014: DiRado (Stanford) 2015: Franklin (Cal) 2016: Eastin (Stanford) 2017: Manuel (Stanford) 2018: Eastin (Stanford) 2019: Weitzeil (Cal) 2020: Hansson (USC) 2021: Ivey (Cal) 2022: Smith (Stanford) 2023: Huske (Stanford) This biographical article related to a Venezuelan swimmer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francisco Sanchez (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Sanchez_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_stroke"},{"link_name":"freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_swimming"},{"link_name":"swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"1995 FINA Short Course World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_FINA_Short_Course_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"the event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_FINA_Short_Course_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1998 Central American and Caribbean Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games"},{"link_name":"Championship Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games_records_in_swimming"},{"link_name":"2006 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2006_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games"},{"link_name":"Albert Subirats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Subirats"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see Francisco Sanchez (disambiguation).Francisco Demetrio Sánchez Betancourt (born September 6, 1976) is a former butterfly and freestyle swimmer from Venezuela, who won the 50 meter freestyle at the 1995 FINA Short Course World Championships (25 meter pool) in Rio de Janeiro. Two years later, at the third edition of the event, he won the 50 meter and the 100 meter freestyle.He swam collegiately for the USA's Arizona State University in the late 1990s.[1]At the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games, he set a Championship Record in the 100 fly (53.86). This record stood until the 2006 Games where it was bettered by fellow Venezuelan Albert Subirats.[2]","title":"Francisco Sánchez (swimmer)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Francisco Sánchez\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFC_Zuchwil_05	FFC Zuchwil 05	["1 Honours","1.1 Record in UEFA competitions","2 References","3 External links"]	Swiss association football club Football clubFFC Zuchwil 05Full nameFrauen Fussball Club Zuchwil 05Founded13 March 2005GroundSportzentrum ZuchwilCapacity1,000LeagueNationalliga B2010-11Nationalliga A, 9th (relegated)WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours FFC Zuchwil 05 is a women's football club from Zuchwil, Switzerland. Founded in 1970 in Solothurn as the women's section of DFC Solothurn, which moved to Zuchwil twenty years later, the team was refounded in 2005 as FFC Zuchwil 05 after the Swiss Football Association allowed pure women's football clubs, taking its current name. Zuchwil played in the Nationalliga A, the country's top category, from 2000 to 2011. Standing in the top positions of the table since 2002, it won the Nationalliga in 2007 and was the championship's runner-up in 2004, 2006 and 2008, taking part three times in the UEFA Women's Cup. However, the team declined in subsequent seasons, ending 3rd to last in 2010 and 2nd to last the following year. Zuchwil couldn't make it into the top spots of the ensuing promotion round, and was relegated to the Nationalliga B for the 2011-12 season. As of the end of 2011 the team is last in the category's table. Honours 1 Swiss League (2007) Other results in the Nat. A Position Years 2 2004, 2006, 2008 3 2002 4 2003 5 2005, 2009 6 2001 8 2000, 2010 9 2011 (r) Record in UEFA competitions Season Competition Stage Result Opponent 2004-05 UEFA Women's Cup Qualifying Stage 4-0 Sarajevo 13-1 PAOK Ledra 0-1 Aegina 2006-07 UEFA Women's Cup Qualifying Stage 0-2 HJK 3-1 Skiponjat 2-2 Wrocław 2007-08 UEFA Women's Cup Qualifying Stage 5-1 Glentoran 6-0 Gintra Universitetas 0-5 Everton References ^ List of champions and tables in RSSSF.com ^ Women's Cup under way again. UEFA ^ 2010-11 table Archived 2012-07-08 at archive.today in Soccerway ^ 2011-12 Nat.B table in Soccerway External links Official website vte Football in SwitzerlandSwiss Football Association • Swiss Football LeagueNational teamsMen National team B U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Beach Women National team U-20 U-17 Beach League systemMen Super League (play-off) Challenge League Promotion League 1. Liga 2. Liga Interregional 2. Liga 3. Liga 4. Liga 5. Liga Women Women's Super League Nationalliga B 1. Liga 2. Liga 3. Liga 4. Liga Domestic cupsMen Swiss Cup Swiss League Cup Swiss Super Cup (defunct) Uhrencup Cup of the Alps Women Swiss Women's Cup Others Uhrencup List of champions List of clubs List of stadiums Authority control databases VIAF This article about a Swiss association football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zuchwil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuchwil"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Solothurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solothurn"},{"link_name":"DFC Solothurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DFC_Solothurn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swiss Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Nationalliga A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalliga_A_(women%27s_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nationalliga B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalliga_B_(women%27s_football)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Football clubFFC Zuchwil 05 is a women's football club from Zuchwil, Switzerland. Founded in 1970 in Solothurn as the women's section of DFC Solothurn, which moved to Zuchwil twenty years later, the team was refounded in 2005 as FFC Zuchwil 05 after the Swiss Football Association allowed pure women's football clubs, taking its current name.Zuchwil played in the Nationalliga A, the country's top category, from 2000 to 2011. Standing in the top positions of the table since 2002, it won the Nationalliga in 2007 and was the championship's runner-up in 2004, 2006 and 2008,[1] taking part three times in the UEFA Women's Cup.[2]However, the team declined in subsequent seasons, ending 3rd to last in 2010 and 2nd to last the following year. Zuchwil couldn't make it into the top spots of the ensuing promotion round, and was relegated to the Nationalliga B for the 2011-12 season.[3] As of the end of 2011 the team is last in the category's table.[4]","title":"FFC Zuchwil 05"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalliga_A_(women%27s_football)"}],"text":"1 Swiss League (2007)","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Record in UEFA competitions","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.ffczuchwil05.ch/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwit-womchamp.html","external_links_name":"List of champions and tables"},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=442642.html","external_links_name":"Women's Cup under way again."},{"Link":"http://es.women.soccerway.com/national/switzerland/nationalliga-a/2010-2011/relegation-round/","external_links_name":"2010-11 table"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120708083752/http://es.women.soccerway.com/national/switzerland/nationalliga-a/2010-2011/relegation-round/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://es.women.soccerway.com/national/switzerland/nationalliga-b/2011-2012/regular-season/","external_links_name":"2011-12 Nat.B table"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100625013822/http://www.ffczuchwil05.ch/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7295148947779754950003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FFC_Zuchwil_05&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Blackwood	Margaret Blackwood	["1 Early life","2 Military career","3 Academic career","4 Death and legacy","5 References"]	Australian botanist and geneticist For the Scottish activist, see Margaret Blackwood (activist). Dame Margaret BlackwoodDBESquadron Officer Margaret Blackwood, Commanding Officer of No.1 WAAF Training Depot, Larundel, 1944Born(1909-04-26)26 April 1909South Yarra, VictoriaDied1 June 1986(1986-06-01) (aged 77)East Melbourne, VictoriaNationalityAustralianEducationMelbourne Girls' Grammar SchoolAlma materUniversity of MelbourneScientific careerFieldsbotany, geneticsInstitutionsUniversity of Melbourne Dame Margaret Blackwood DBE (26 April 1909 – 1 June 1986) was an Australian botanist and geneticist. She attended the University of Melbourne and lectured there for the majority of her career, becoming deputy chancellor after her academic retirement. She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1981 and was inducted posthumously into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001. Early life Margaret Blackwood was born in 1909 in South Yarra, a suburb of Melbourne. Her parents were Robert Leslie Blackwood and Muriel Pearl (née Henry), both teachers, and her older brother was the engineer Sir Robert Blackwood. She attended Melbourne Girls Grammar School and, after qualifying as a teacher, taught at Lowther Hall Anglican Grammar School and Korowa Anglican Girls' School. She enrolled at the University of Melbourne in 1934 and studied part-time, continuing to teach to support herself. She completed a Bachelor of Science in 1938 and a Master of Science in botany in 1939. Her postgraduate research focused on dieback in the pine species Pinus radiata. From 1939 until 1941, she was a research scholar and demonstrator at the university in the field of plant cytology and genetics. Military career During the Second World War, Blackwood enrolled in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) in 1941. She first worked as a drill instructor before working on the creation of a cipher for the Royal Australian Air Force. She was promoted to the rank of Wing Officer in January 1945 and was discharged in January 1946. Academic career Blackwood returned to the University of Melbourne upon her discharge from the WAAAF in 1946 as a biology lecturer and dean of women. She was awarded a scholarship to study at the University of Cambridge's Newnham College from 1948 to 1950. There, she studied the genetics of maize with David Catcheside and received a doctorate for her work in 1954. She returned to the University of Melbourne in 1951 as a senior lecturer in botany and received a travelling scholarship to attend the University of Wisconsin in 1958 and a research fellowship at the University of Birmingham in 1959. After being promoted to reader (professor), Blackwood retired from academia in 1974. Following her retirement, she was elected to the university council in 1976 and became its first female deputy chancellor in 1980. Blackwood was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1964 and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1981. She was made a fellow of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science and the Australian Genetics Society in 1979. She was also a fellow of two of the University of Melbourne's residential colleges, Janet Clarke Hall and Trinity College. She was awarded an honorary Legum Doctor (doctorate in law) by the University of Melbourne in 1983. Death and legacy Blackwood died in 1986, three years after retiring as deputy chancellor of the University of Melbourne. In 1989, a new species of the fungi genus Phyllosticta, P. blackwoodiae, was described and named after her. She was inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001. A collection of her papers is held by the University of Melbourne. References ^ a b c d e f Carey, Jane (2007). "Blackwood, Dame Margaret (1909–1986)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ a b c d e "Margaret Blackwood, Dame – Biography". University of Melbourne. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ a b Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001). "Margaret Blackwood". International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. ABC-CLIO. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1. ^ a b c McCarthy, G.J. (1993). "Blackwood, Margaret (1909–1986)". Encyclopedia of Australian Science. Retrieved 26 July 2016. ^ Yip, Hin-Yuen (1989). "Five new species of Phyllosticta on Australian native plants". Mycological Research. 93 (4): 489–496. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80041-3. ^ "2016 Victorian Honour Roll of Women" (PDF) (Press release). Women and Royal Commission Branch. 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016. Authority control databases: People Australia Australian Women's Register Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margaret Blackwood (activist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Blackwood_(activist)"},{"link_name":"DBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"geneticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticist"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Victorian Honour Roll of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Honour_Roll_of_Women"}],"text":"For the Scottish activist, see Margaret Blackwood (activist).Dame Margaret Blackwood DBE (26 April 1909 – 1 June 1986) was an Australian botanist and geneticist. She attended the University of Melbourne and lectured there for the majority of her career, becoming deputy chancellor after her academic retirement. 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Her parents were Robert Leslie Blackwood and Muriel Pearl (née Henry), both teachers, and her older brother was the engineer Sir Robert Blackwood. She attended Melbourne Girls Grammar School and, after qualifying as a teacher, taught at Lowther Hall Anglican Grammar School and Korowa Anglican Girls' School.[1] She enrolled at the University of Melbourne in 1934 and studied part-time, continuing to teach to support herself. She completed a Bachelor of Science in 1938 and a Master of Science in botany in 1939.[2] Her postgraduate research focused on dieback in the pine species Pinus radiata.[3] From 1939 until 1941, she was a research scholar and demonstrator at the university in the field of plant cytology and genetics.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"drill instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_instructor"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melb-2"},{"link_name":"Wing Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Officer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"}],"text":"During the Second World War, Blackwood enrolled in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF) in 1941. She first worked as a drill instructor before working on the creation of a cipher for the Royal Australian Air Force.[2] She was promoted to the rank of Wing Officer in January 1945 and was discharged in January 1946.[1]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Newnham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"David Catcheside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Catcheside"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eoas-4"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melb-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eoas-4"},{"link_name":"Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Janet Clarke Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Clarke_Hall"},{"link_name":"Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_(University_of_Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melb-2"},{"link_name":"Legum Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legum_Doctor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"}],"text":"Blackwood returned to the University of Melbourne upon her discharge from the WAAAF in 1946 as a biology lecturer and dean of women.[1] She was awarded a scholarship to study at the University of Cambridge's Newnham College from 1948 to 1950. There, she studied the genetics of maize with David Catcheside and received a doctorate for her work in 1954.[1][4] She returned to the University of Melbourne in 1951 as a senior lecturer in botany and received a travelling scholarship to attend the University of Wisconsin in 1958 and a research fellowship at the University of Birmingham in 1959.[2] After being promoted to reader (professor), Blackwood retired from academia in 1974. Following her retirement, she was elected to the university council in 1976 and became its first female deputy chancellor in 1980.[1]Blackwood was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1964 and was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1981.[4] She was made a fellow of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science and the Australian Genetics Society in 1979. She was also a fellow of two of the University of Melbourne's residential colleges, Janet Clarke Hall and Trinity College.[2] She was awarded an honorary Legum Doctor (doctorate in law) by the University of Melbourne in 1983.[1]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melb-2"},{"link_name":"Phyllosticta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllosticta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Victorian Honour Roll of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Honour_Roll_of_Women"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haines-3"}],"text":"Blackwood died in 1986, three years after retiring as deputy chancellor of the University of Melbourne.[2] In 1989, a new species of the fungi genus Phyllosticta, P. blackwoodiae, was described and named after her.[5] She was inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001.[6] A collection of her papers is held by the University of Melbourne.[3]","title":"Death and legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Carey, Jane (2007). \"Blackwood, Dame Margaret (1909–1986)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praskovya_Bruce	Praskovya Bruce	["1 Life","2 Portrayal","3 See also","4 References"]	Russian lady-in-waiting and noblewoman (1729–1785) Praskovya BrucePortrait, c. 1756Born1729Died1785 (aged 55–56)Spouse(s)Count James BruceOccupationLady-in-waiting Countess Praskovya Aleksandrovna Bruce (Russian: Прасковья Александровна Брюс; née Rumyantseva; 1729–1785) was a Russian lady-in-waiting and noblewoman who was a confidante of Catherine the Great. Life This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Praskovya Bruce" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Countess Praskovya Aleksandrovna Rumyantseva was born into the noble Rumyantsev family. She was the sister of Marshal Count Pyotr Rumyantsev and married to Count James Bruce, governor of Saint Petersburg. She became the lady-in-waiting of Catherine soon after Catherine's arrival in Russia in 1744 and continued in that position after Catherine's elevation to the throne in 1762. Bruce was described as an attractive woman and as the "right hand" of Catherine. Bruce was called "Brussja" by Catherine, who entrusted her with her most intimate personal affairs. Catherine said that Bruce was "the person to whom I can say everything, without fear of the consequences". Bruce was described as Catherine's closest confidante in her private affairs. Bruce is best known in history as l'éprouveuse for the role that she allegedly played in Catherine's love life. According to legend, Bruce would "test" any prospective lovers sexually before they became the lovers of Catherine after they had been suggested by Grigory Potemkin, chosen by Catherine and examined by a doctor. The same role has been attributed to Bruce's successor as lady-in-waiting, Anna Protasova. That is unconfirmed, and it is unknown how much truth there is, despite that being a well-reported story. Bruce played an important role in developing the relationship between Catherine and Potemkin, notably as a messenger, and played that role until the relationship was consummated in 1773. Bruce was then given the task persuading Potemkin to leave his exile and enter a relationship with Catherine. In 1779, Catherine was directed into a room, where she witnessed her latest lover, Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov, having sex with Bruce. The person who directed her is believed to have been Aleksandra von Engelhardt, on the order of Potemkin, who wished for the removal of both Korsakov and Bruce from court. That resulted in the fall of both Korsakov and Bruce. Korsakov was sent in exile to Moscow. Bruce soon followed him, but their relationship soon ended. She returned to her spouse and was dismissed as a lady-in-waiting and replaced by Anna Protasova (1745–1826), the cousin of Alexej Orlov, who is mentioned as l'éprouveuse in the poems of Lord Byron. Portrayal Bruce was played by Gina McKee in the 2019 TV miniseries Catherine the Great. See also Maria Choglokova References Simon Sebag-Montefiore : Potemkin och Katarina den stora (2005) Marie Tetzlaff : Katarina den stora (1998)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"lady-in-waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady-in-waiting_of_the_Imperial_Court_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"noblewoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nobility"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"}],"text":"Countess Praskovya Aleksandrovna Bruce (Russian: Прасковья Александровна Брюс; née Rumyantseva; 1729–1785) was a Russian lady-in-waiting and noblewoman who was a confidante of Catherine the Great.","title":"Praskovya Bruce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rumyantsev family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumyantsev_family"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Rumyantsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Rumyantsev"},{"link_name":"James Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bruce_(1732%E2%80%931791)"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Grigory Potemkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Potemkin"},{"link_name":"Anna Protasova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Protasova"},{"link_name":"Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Rimsky-Korsakov"},{"link_name":"Aleksandra von Engelhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_von_Engelhardt"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Orlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlov_(family)"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"}],"text":"Countess Praskovya Aleksandrovna Rumyantseva was born into the noble Rumyantsev family. She was the sister of Marshal Count Pyotr Rumyantsev and married to Count James Bruce, governor of Saint Petersburg.She became the lady-in-waiting of Catherine soon after Catherine's arrival in Russia in 1744 and continued in that position after Catherine's elevation to the throne in 1762. Bruce was described as an attractive woman and as the \"right hand\" of Catherine. Bruce was called \"Brussja\" by Catherine, who entrusted her with her most intimate personal affairs. Catherine said that Bruce was \"the person to whom I can say everything, without fear of the consequences\". Bruce was described as Catherine's closest confidante in her private affairs.Bruce is best known in history as l'éprouveuse for the role that she allegedly played in Catherine's love life. According to legend, Bruce would \"test\" any prospective lovers sexually before they became the lovers of Catherine after they had been suggested by Grigory Potemkin, chosen by Catherine and examined by a doctor. The same role has been attributed to Bruce's successor as lady-in-waiting, Anna Protasova. That is unconfirmed, and it is unknown how much truth there is, despite that being a well-reported story.Bruce played an important role in developing the relationship between Catherine and Potemkin, notably as a messenger, and played that role until the relationship was consummated in 1773. Bruce was then given the task persuading Potemkin to leave his exile and enter a relationship with Catherine.In 1779, Catherine was directed into a room, where she witnessed her latest lover, Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov, having sex with Bruce. The person who directed her is believed to have been Aleksandra von Engelhardt, on the order of Potemkin, who wished for the removal of both Korsakov and Bruce from court. That resulted in the fall of both Korsakov and Bruce. Korsakov was sent in exile to Moscow. Bruce soon followed him, but their relationship soon ended.She returned to her spouse and was dismissed as a lady-in-waiting and replaced by Anna Protasova (1745–1826), the cousin of Alexej Orlov, who is mentioned as l'éprouveuse in the poems of Lord Byron.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gina McKee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_McKee"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great_(miniseries)"}],"text":"Bruce was played by Gina McKee in the 2019 TV miniseries Catherine the Great.","title":"Portrayal"}]	[]	[{"title":"Maria Choglokova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Choglokova"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Praskovya+Bruce%22","external_links_name":"\"Praskovya Bruce\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Praskovya+Bruce%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Praskovya+Bruce%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Praskovya+Bruce%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Praskovya+Bruce%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Praskovya+Bruce%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seen_Between_the_Lines	Seen Between the Lines	["1 Track listing","2 Credits","3 References"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Seen Between the Lines" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Seen Between the Lines" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1991 video by TestamentSeen Between the LinesVideo by TestamentReleasedJune 25, 1991Recorded1990GenreThrash metalLength65:00LabelAtlantic Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic link Seen Between the Lines is a live Testament home video that was released June 25, 1991, on VHS and re-released to DVD on March 8, 2005. Track listing "Eerie Inhabitants" "Face in the Sky" "Greenhouse Effect" "Souls of Black" "Sins of Omission" "Disciples of the Watch" "Nobody's Fault" (music video) "Practice What You Preach" (music video) "Souls of Black" (music video) "The Legacy" (music video) Credits Chuck Billy: vocals Alex Skolnick: lead guitar Eric Peterson: Rhythm/lead guitar Greg Christian: bass Louie Clemente: drums References ^ "Testament: 'Seen Between The Lines' DVD Details Revealed". blabbermouth.net. 13 January 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2024. vteTestament Eric Peterson Chuck Billy Alex Skolnick Steve Di Giorgio Chris Dovas Greg Christian Steve Souza Louie Clemente Glen Alvelais Paul Bostaph John Tempesta James Murphy Jon Dette Chris Kontos Gene Hoglan Dave Lombardo Steve Smyth Asgeir Mickelson "Metal" Mike Chlasciak Nick Barker Glen Drover Alex Bent Studio albums The Legacy The New Order Practice What You Preach Souls of Black The Ritual Low Demonic The Gathering First Strike Still Deadly The Formation of Damnation Dark Roots of Earth Brotherhood of the Snake Titans of Creation Live albums Live at Eindhoven (EP) Seen Between the Lines Return to the Apocalyptic City (EP) Live at the Fillmore Live in London Live at Eindhoven '87 Dark Roots of Thrash Compilations The Best of Testament Signs of Chaos: The Best of Testament The Very Best of Testament Days of Darkness The Spitfire Collection Songs "Practice What You Preach" Tours Clash of the Titans Metal Masters Tour American Carnage Tour The Bay Strikes Back Related articles Discography Members Metal Allegiance Murder in the Front Row Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_(band)"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1991 video by TestamentSeen Between the Lines is a live Testament home video that was released June 25, 1991, on VHS and re-released to DVD on March 8, 2005.[1]","title":"Seen Between the Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Practice What You Preach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_What_You_Preach"}],"text":"\"Eerie Inhabitants\"\n\"Face in the Sky\"\n\"Greenhouse Effect\"\n\"Souls of Black\"\n\"Sins of Omission\"\n\"Disciples of the Watch\"\n\"Nobody's Fault\" (music video)\n\"Practice What You Preach\" (music video)\n\"Souls of Black\" (music video)\n\"The Legacy\" (music video)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuck Billy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Billy"},{"link_name":"Alex Skolnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Skolnick"},{"link_name":"Eric Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Peterson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Greg Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Christian"},{"link_name":"Louie Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Clemente"}],"text":"Chuck Billy: vocals\nAlex Skolnick: lead guitar\nEric Peterson: Rhythm/lead guitar\nGreg Christian: bass\nLouie Clemente: drums","title":"Credits"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Testament: 'Seen Between The Lines' DVD Details Revealed\". blabbermouth.net. 13 January 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://blabbermouth.net/news/testament-seen-between-the-lines-dvd-details-revealed","url_text":"\"Testament: 'Seen Between The Lines' DVD Details Revealed\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22","external_links_name":"\"Seen Between the Lines\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22","external_links_name":"\"Seen Between the Lines\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Seen+Between+the+Lines%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r131882","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://blabbermouth.net/news/testament-seen-between-the-lines-dvd-details-revealed","external_links_name":"\"Testament: 'Seen Between The Lines' DVD Details Revealed\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Bih-hwang	Tsai Bih-hwang	["1 Education and early career","2 Political career","3 References"]	Taiwanese politician (born 1945) Tsai Bih-hwangMLY蔡璧煌Chairperson of the Civil Service Protection and Training CommissionIn officeOctober 2010 – 20 May 2016Preceded byChang Ming-jueSucceeded byLee I-yangMember of the Legislative YuanIn office1 February 1996 – 31 January 1999ConstituencyRepublic of ChinaIn office1 February 1990 – 31 January 1993ConstituencyEducationLeader of the Institute of Revolutionary PracticeIn office1997–2002Preceded byChuang Huai-yi (1994)Succeeded byJohn Kuan Personal detailsBorn1945 (age 78–79)NationalityTaiwanesePolitical partyKuomintangAlma materNational Taiwan Normal UniversityOccupationpoliticianProfessionprofessor, schoolteacher Tsai Bih-hwang (Chinese: 蔡璧煌; born 1945) is a Taiwanese politician. He was elected to two nonconsecutive terms on the Legislative Yuan, serving from 1990 to 1993, and 1996 to 1999. Tsai was subsequently appointed to the Examination Yuan in 2002, and led the Examination Yuan's Civil Service Protection and Training Commission between 2010 and 2016. Education and early career Tsai completed a bachelor's and master's degrees in education at National Taiwan Normal University, then obtained a doctorate in the same subject at Stanford University. He has published research articles in the Journal of National Taiwan Normal University, and editorials in the Taipei Times. Tsai taught at the primary and high school levels, was a professor at National Taiwan Normal University, and served as a member or executive or executive on several organizations, including the Wenshan Rotary Club, the Republic of China Recreation Association, Ke-Tsai Family Association in Taipei, the Cerebral Palsy Association of the Republic of China, the National Education Association of the Republic of China, and the Consumer Foundation. Political career Tsai was a member of the Legislative Yuan from 1990 to 1993. He did not win reelection in December 1992, but stood for election in December 1995 as a member of the Kuomintang proportional representation party list, and returned to the legislature. In the midst of the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, Tsai was interviewed by The Independent about the status of Cross-Strait relations. Tsai, a member of the Kuomintang, served the party as leader of the Institute of Revolutionary Practice and headed the Culture Working Group of the Central Committee . In 2002, Tsai was named a minister without portfolio and member of the Examination Yuan. In his Examination Yuan role, Tsai announced the passage of a new pension program for civil servants in November 2005. He was renominated for a second term in 2008. During his reconfirmation hearing, legislator Kuan Bi-ling noted that Tsai and several other nominees held a Permanent Resident Card issued by the United States. The Ma Ying-jeou presidential administration confirmed that Tsai had relinquished his residency in the United States, and he was reappointed to the Examination Yuan as a minister without portfolio. After the National Academy of Civil Service replaced the National Civil Service Institute on 26 March 2010, Tsai led the NACS as president. In October 2010, Tsai was appointed chairperson of the Civil Service Protection and Training Commission. He was renominated to lead the commission for a second term, which began on 1 September 2014. Tsai resigned from the commission in May 2016. References ^ a b c d "Tsai Bih-hwang (3)". Legislative Yuan. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ Tsai, Bih-hwang (1989). "A Study of Teacher Stress in Elementary and Secondary Schools". Journal of National Taiwan Normal University. 34. ^ Tsai, Bih-hwang (4 August 2009). "Education never free from politics". Taipei Times. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "The Battle Of The Bulge". Free China Review. 1 August 1992. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "Bridging Two Worlds". Free China Review. 1 August 1993. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ a b Vines, Stephen (3 October 1995). "Taiwan and China do the sabre dance". The Independent. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "Chronology:10th Term (September 2002 to August 2008)". Examination Yuan. 23 January 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ Chuang, Jimmy; Ko, Shu-ling (11 November 2005). "Examination Yuan passes pension proposal". Taipei Times. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ Mo, Yan-chih (21 June 2008). "Su Chi accused over green card". Taipei Times. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ Mo, Yan-chih; Ko, Shu-ling; Chuang, Jimmy (25 June 2008). "Ma nominees face more checks". Taipei Times. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ Shih, Hsiu-chuan (28 June 2008). "Control, Examination yuan nominees reveal status". Taipei Times. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ a b "Chronology: 11th Term (September 2008 to August 2014)". Examination Yuan. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "Taiwan upgrades training programs for civil servants". Taiwan Today. 4 December 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ "Taiwan, Poland ink pact on civil servant training". Taiwan Today. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ a b "Chronology: 12th term (September 2014 to August 2020)". Examination Yuan. 8 March 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2020. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Taiwan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Legislative Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Examination Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examination_Yuan"},{"link_name":"Civil Service Protection and Training Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_Protection_and_Training_Commission"}],"text":"Tsai Bih-hwang (Chinese: 蔡璧煌; born 1945) is a Taiwanese politician. He was elected to two nonconsecutive terms on the Legislative Yuan, serving from 1990 to 1993, and 1996 to 1999. Tsai was subsequently appointed to the Examination Yuan in 2002, and led the Examination Yuan's Civil Service Protection and Training Commission between 2010 and 2016.","title":"Tsai Bih-hwang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ly3-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Taipei Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wenshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenshan_District"},{"link_name":"Rotary Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ly3-1"}],"text":"Tsai completed a bachelor's and master's degrees in education at National Taiwan Normal University, then obtained a doctorate in the same subject at Stanford University.[1] He has published research articles in the Journal of National Taiwan Normal University,[2] and editorials in the Taipei Times.[3] Tsai taught at the primary and high school levels, was a professor at National Taiwan Normal University, and served as a member or executive or executive on several organizations, including the Wenshan Rotary Club, the Republic of China Recreation Association, Ke-Tsai Family Association in Taipei, the Cerebral Palsy Association of the Republic of China, the National Education Association of the Republic of China, and the Consumer Foundation.[1]","title":"Education and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legislative Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Yuan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ly3-1"},{"link_name":"Third Taiwan Strait Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"Cross-Strait relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-6"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-6"},{"link_name":"Institute of Revolutionary Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Revolutionary_Practice"},{"link_name":"Central Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Committee_of_the_Kuomintang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ly3-1"},{"link_name":"Examination Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examination_Yuan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kuan Bi-ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuan_Bi-ling"},{"link_name":"Permanent Resident Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_card"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ma Ying-jeou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c11-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Civil Service Protection and Training Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_Protection_and_Training_Commission"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c11-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c12-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c12-15"}],"text":"Tsai was a member of the Legislative Yuan from 1990 to 1993.[4] He did not win reelection in December 1992,[5] but stood for election in December 1995 as a member of the Kuomintang proportional representation party list, and returned to the legislature.[1] In the midst of the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, Tsai was interviewed by The Independent about the status of Cross-Strait relations.[6] Tsai, a member of the Kuomintang,[6] served the party as leader of the Institute of Revolutionary Practice and headed the Culture Working Group of the Central Committee [zh].[1]In 2002, Tsai was named a minister without portfolio and member of the Examination Yuan.[7] In his Examination Yuan role, Tsai announced the passage of a new pension program for civil servants in November 2005.[8] He was renominated for a second term in 2008. During his reconfirmation hearing, legislator Kuan Bi-ling noted that Tsai and several other nominees held a Permanent Resident Card issued by the United States.[9][10] The Ma Ying-jeou presidential administration confirmed that Tsai had relinquished his residency in the United States,[11] and he was reappointed to the Examination Yuan as a minister without portfolio.[12] After the National Academy of Civil Service replaced the National Civil Service Institute on 26 March 2010,[13] Tsai led the NACS as president.[14] In October 2010, Tsai was appointed chairperson of the Civil Service Protection and Training Commission.[12] He was renominated to lead the commission for a second term, which began on 1 September 2014.[15] Tsai resigned from the commission in May 2016.[15]","title":"Political career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tsai Bih-hwang (3)\". Legislative Yuan. 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Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/06/25/2003415676","url_text":"\"Ma nominees face more checks\""}]},{"reference":"Shih, Hsiu-chuan (28 June 2008). \"Control, Examination yuan nominees reveal status\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/06/28/2003415957","url_text":"\"Control, Examination yuan nominees reveal status\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology: 11th Term (September 2008 to August 2014)\". Examination Yuan. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.exam.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1395&s=24166","url_text":"\"Chronology: 11th Term (September 2008 to August 2014)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taiwan upgrades training programs for civil servants\". Taiwan Today. 4 December 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://taiwantoday.tw/print.php?unit=10&post=18831","url_text":"\"Taiwan upgrades training programs for civil servants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taiwan, Poland ink pact on civil servant training\". Taiwan Today. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2,23,45&post=2032","url_text":"\"Taiwan, Poland ink pact on civil servant training\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology: 12th term (September 2014 to August 2020)\". Examination Yuan. 8 March 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Dub_Vol._2	Living Dub Vol. 2	["1 Track listing","2 Credits","3 Personnel","4 References"]	1980 studio album by Burning SpearLiving Dub Volume 2Studio album by Burning SpearReleased1980Recorded1980GenreReggaeLabelBurning SpearProducerWinston RodneyBurning Spear chronology Hail H.I.M.(1980) Living Dub Volume 2(1980) Farover(1982) Alternative coverBurning Music release Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Encyclopedia of Popular Music Living Dub is a dub album by the Jamaican artist Burning Spear, his third overall and second under the name "Living Dub". Track listing Cry Africa (Cry Blood Africans) Telegram In Dub (African Postman) Teacher (African Teacher) Offensive Dub (Jah A Guh Raid) Majestic Dub (Hail H.I.M.) Pirate's Dub (Columbus) Foggy (Road Foggy) Marcus Dub (Follow Marcus Garvey) World Dub (Bad To Worst) Over All Dub (Civilized Reggae) Credits All songs written and arranged by Winston Rodney Published by Burning Music Recorded at Tuff Gong Recording Studio, Kingston Jamaica Engineered by Dennis Thompson and Errol Brown Remixed in November 1992 at Grove Recording Studio, Ocho Rios, Jamaica by Barry O'Hare and Nelson Miller Reissue supervision: Chris Wilson Original artwork and photography by Neville Garrick Personnel Winston Rodney - vocals, percussion, congos Aston "Family Man" Barrett - bass, percussion Nelson Miller - drums Junior Marvin - guitar Tyrone "Organ D" Downie - keyboards Earl "Wire" Lindo - keyboards Herman Marquis – alto saxophone Bobby Ellis - trumpet Egbert Evans - trombone References ^ Living Dub Vol. 2 at AllMusic ^ Colin Larkin (1998). "Burning Spear". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. II (3rd ed.). Muze. p. 840–1. ISBN 0-333-74134-X. vteBurning SpearDiscographyStudio albums Studio One Presents Burning Spear Rocking Time Marcus Garvey Garvey's Ghost Man in the Hills Dry & Heavy Social Living Hail H.I.M. Farover The Fittest of the Fittest Resistance People of the World Mistress Music Mek We Dweet Jah Kingdom The World Should Know Rasta Business Appointment with His Majesty Calling Rastafari Free Man Our Music The Burning Spear Experience Jah Is Real No Destroyer Remix albums Living Dub Vol. 1 Living Dub Vol. 2 Living Dub Vol. 3 Living Dub Vol. 4 Living Dub Vol. 6 Live albums Live Live in Paris Zenith '88 Love & Peace: Burning Spear Live! (A)live in Concert 97 Live in South Africa 2000 Compilation albums Harder Than the Best Reggae Greats 100th Anniversary The Fittest Selection The Original Chant Down Babylon: The Island Anthology Best of Burning Spear Ultimate Collection Best of the Fittest Rare and Unreleased Spear Burning Jah No Dead Creation Rebel The Burning Spear Experience Portal WikiProject Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burning Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Spear"}],"text":"Living Dub is a dub album by the Jamaican artist Burning Spear, his third overall and second under the name \"Living Dub\".","title":"Living Dub Vol. 2"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cry Africa (Cry Blood Africans)\nTelegram In Dub (African Postman)\nTeacher (African Teacher)\nOffensive Dub (Jah A Guh Raid)\nMajestic Dub (Hail H.I.M.)\nPirate's Dub (Columbus)\nFoggy (Road Foggy)\nMarcus Dub (Follow Marcus Garvey)\nWorld Dub (Bad To Worst)\nOver All Dub (Civilized Reggae)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuff Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff_Gong"},{"link_name":"Errol Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Brown_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"Grove Recording Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grove_Recording_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barry O'Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_O%27Hare&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nelson Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Miller"},{"link_name":"Neville Garrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Garrick"}],"text":"All songs written and arranged by Winston Rodney\nPublished by Burning Music\nRecorded at Tuff Gong Recording Studio, Kingston Jamaica\nEngineered by Dennis Thompson and Errol Brown\nRemixed in November 1992 at Grove Recording Studio, Ocho Rios, Jamaica by Barry O'Hare and Nelson Miller\nReissue supervision: Chris Wilson\nOriginal artwork and photography by Neville Garrick","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winston Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Aston \"Family Man\" Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Nelson Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Miller"},{"link_name":"Junior Marvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Marvin"},{"link_name":"Tyrone \"Organ D\" Downie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_Downie"},{"link_name":"Earl \"Wire\" Lindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Lindo"},{"link_name":"Herman Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Marquis"},{"link_name":"Bobby Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Egbert Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egbert_Evans&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Winston Rodney - vocals, percussion, congos\nAston \"Family Man\" Barrett - bass, percussion\nNelson Miller - drums\nJunior Marvin - guitar\nTyrone \"Organ D\" Downie - keyboards\nEarl \"Wire\" Lindo - keyboards\nHerman Marquis – alto saxophone\nBobby Ellis - trumpet\nEgbert Evans - trombone","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Colin Larkin (1998). \"Burning Spear\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir_na_n%C3%93g	Tír na nÓg	["1 Description, themes, and symbolism","2 Literary appearances","2.1 Oisín and Niamh","2.2 Oisín in Tír na nÓg","2.3 Cormac's adventure in the Land of Promise","2.4 The pursuit of the Gilla Decair and his horse","3 See also","4 References"]	Land of eternal youth, beauty, health, abundance and joy in Irish mythology This article is about the land of eternal youth in Irish mythology. For other uses, see Tír na nÓg (disambiguation). In Irish mythology, Tír na nÓg (/ˌtɪərnæˈnoʊɡ/ TEER-nan-OHG, Irish: ; Scottish Gaelic: Tìr nan Òg ; lit. 'Land of the Young') or Tír na hÓige ('Land of Youth') is one of the names for the Celtic Otherworld, or perhaps for a part of it. Tír na nÓg is best known from the tale of Oisín and Niamh. Other Old Irish names for the Otherworld include Tír Tairngire ('Land of Promise'/'Promised Land'), Tír fo Thuinn ('Land under the Wave'), Mag Mell ('Plain of Delight'/'Delightful Plain'), Ildathach ('Multicoloured Place'), and Emain Ablach ('Isle of Apple Trees'). Similar myths in the northern Celtic cultures include these of Annwn, Fairyland, Avalon and Hy Brasil. Description, themes, and symbolism Tír na nÓg is depicted as an island paradise and supernatural realm of everlasting youth, beauty, health, abundance and joy. Its inhabitants are described as the Tuatha Dé Danann or the warriors of the Tuatha Dé, the gods of pre-Christian Ireland, who engage in poetry, music, entertainment, and the feast of Goibniu, which grants immortality to the participants. In the echtrae (adventure) and immram (voyage) tales, various Irish mythical heroes visit Tír na nÓg after a voyage or an invitation from one of its residents. They reach it by entering ancient burial mounds or caves, by journeying through a mist, by going under water, or by travelling across the sea for three days on an enchanted boat or Manannán's horse. The tales of mortals who visit the Otherworld are referred to as echtrai (adventures) and baili (visions, ecstasies). The path across the sea is called Mag Mell (Plain of Honey). It is the golden path made by the sun on the ocean and to travel, "far over the green meadows of the waters where the horses of Lir have their pastures." The god that rules this region in the surviving tales is almost always named as Manannán mac Lir. In the tales, Manannán is usually described as a warrior and is sometimes accompanied by his golden-haired wife or daughter, who sometimes wears a golden helmet. Tír na nÓg is described as a beautiful place (a forested wilderness or flowery meadow), but it is usually dangerous or hostile to human visitors (such as Ossian, Diarmuid, the Fianna, the King of Greece), who remain on the island for a period of time that is typically a multiple of three (three days or years). The women of Tír na nÓg are very beautiful - and maybe the only residents - and sometimes leave to visit mortal men or otherwise establish a presence. There is a salmon-inhabited well or fountain in Tír na nÓg that is found near an enormous tree or grove of nine hazels - or a lady's bower, "where bloom was on every bough, and the air heavy with the sweetness of orchards" and a lake area (perhaps Dulcinea). Typically an enormous tree lies at the centre of the island, and birds singing beautiful music in its branches are stated in the echtrai to be the souls of the dead. A drinking horn suspended near the well or an enchanted cup is also present in some of the tales along with a silver branch containing golden apples (perhaps even somewhere an enchanted herb and a false war). There are cities and fortresses made of precious metals and feather thatch in Tír na nÓg, although their exact number is not clear. In some stories there is a multicoloured flowered plain full of bees in or underneath the forested wilderness of Tír na nÓg and a parting "is sweet as honey" and maybe forever. Literary appearances Oisín and Niamh Oisín and Niamh travelling to Tír na nÓg, illustration by Stephen Reid in T. W. Rolleston's The High Deeds of Finn (1910) In the tale, Oisín (a human hero) and Niamh (a woman of the Otherworld) fall in love. She brings him to Tír na nÓg on a magical horse that can travel over water. After spending what seems to be three years there, Oisín becomes homesick and wants to return to Ireland. Niamh reluctantly lets him return on the magical horse, but warns him never to touch the ground. When he returns, he finds that 300 years have passed in Ireland. Oisín falls from the horse. He instantly becomes elderly, as the years catch up with him, and he quickly dies of old age. The story of Oisín and Niamh bears a striking similarity to many other tales, e.g. the Japanese tale of Urashima Tarō. Another version concerns King Herla, a legendary king of the ancient Britons, who visited the Otherworld, only to return some 200 years later after the lands had been settled by Anglo-Saxons. The "Seven Sleepers of Ephesus", a group of Christian youths who hid in a cave outside the city of Ephesus around 250, purportedly awoke about 180 years later during the reign of Theodosius II. Oisín in Tír na nÓg There is a king of Tír na nÓg who held the crown for many years. The tradition of the land is that every seven years champions come to run against the king in order to rule. They run up a hill to a throne and the first person to sit on the throne becomes king until a champion replaces him. The king begins to fear that someone else will replace him as king. He visits a Druid and asks about his fate as a monarch. The Druid tells him that he will always be king unless his son-in law runs against him. Since the king's daughter is not yet married he decides to use the Druid's magic to turn his daughter's head into that of a pig. The Druid then tells the king's daughter that she will get her own head back if she marries a son of Fionn mac Cumhaill. The king's daughter finds one of the sons, Oisín, and tells him what the Druid told her. They marry and she transforms back into herself. They then go back to Tír na nÓg and Oisín enters the challenge for the throne. He wins the throne and no one ever runs against him again. Kings are given a pig's head and pigs are a common symbol in Irish mythology. For the culture they were a vital meat source and they were smaller and fiercer than the modern domesticated pig. Early in Celtic culture, the pig was used as a funeral animal and pigs were an important aspect of trade between the Celts and Romans. They also represent a connection to the warrior class and are said to be good luck to the person who catches them. Cormac's adventure in the Land of Promise A grey-haired warrior visits King Cormac mac Airt carrying a silver branch with three golden apples that creates a soothing music. The warrior, later revealed to be Manannán mac Lir, is described as wearing a purple fringed mantle, a golden ribbed shirt, and white bronze shoes or sandals. When Cormac asks from what land Manannán has come, he responds that he comes from a land where there is no age or decay, falsehood, sadness, gloom, hatred, envy, or haughtiness. Cormac asks to make an alliance, and when Manannán agrees, he demands the branch, which Manannán gives him in exchange for three favours. Those favours later turn out to be Cormac's daughter, his son, and his wife. After Cormac's wife is taken, he follows her abductor, and is magically transported to a land in a heavy mist. The land is described as a vast plain containing two fortresses. The first fortress consists of a bronze wall with a white silver house thatched in white bird's wings; there are horseman stationed there and a man is constantly burning an oak fire. The other fortress consists of four silver houses thatched in white bird's wings with a bronze wall surrounding it. He enters the fortress and finds a palace made with bronze beams and silver wattle. Also in the fortress there is a shining fountain with five streams running from it; the fountain is surrounded by the nine purple hazels of Buan (an Ulster goddess). The hazels drop their nuts into the fountains where five salmon eat them and send their husks down the five streams. The residents of the palace drink water from the fountain, and the sound of the cascading water is more melodious than any music known to man. When Cormac enters the palace, he meets a couple – the warrior who has stolen his wife and a beautiful yellow-haired woman wearing a golden helmet, whose feet are being warmed or washed without anyone else being present. This time the warrior is described as having a beautiful shape, a comely form, and a wondrous countenance. A cook enters the palace with a log, an axe, and a pig, and begins to prepare a meal in a cauldron. Manannán tells the cook to turn the pig, but the cook responds that the pig will not cook until four truths have been told. The cook tells his tale first, recounting that he once stole cattle from a man, and when the man asked him to return them, he did so in exchange for the pig, the axe, and the wood he now carries; he has been cooking the same pig ever since. Then the warrior tells a tale of harvesting wheat, indicating that when the people of his land wished to plow, plant, and harvest the wheat, each step had been completed as soon as they desired it, and that they have been eating from that harvest ever since. The woman in the gold helmet then tells her story, saying that she has seven cows and seven sheep, and that the milk and wool they produce is enough for all the people in the Land of Promise. Then Cormac is asked to tell his truth, so he recounts his story with the silver branch up to the present. With the four truths told, the pig is ready and Cormac is served a portion. Cormac says he cannot eat without fifty men in his presence, so the warrior sings a song that puts Cormac to sleep and when he re-awakens, he finds fifty warriors along with his daughter, son, and wife. Then the warrior places an enchanted cup of intricate and unusual workmanship and tells Cormac that when three falsehoods are spoken it will break into three pieces and then when three truths are told, it can mend itself whole. The warrior then tells Cormac that his true name is Manannán son of Ler, and that his whole purpose was to bring him to the Land of Promise, but that after Cormac's death, all that he has returned to Cormac (his son, daughter, wife, and cup) will be returned to the Land of Promise. Manannán then explains what Cormac has witnessed. The horsemen at the first fortress are the “men of art” in Ireland who collect cattle and wealth that pass away into nothing. The man collecting and burning the oak wood is a young lord who pays for everything he consumes. The Fountain is the Fountain of Knowledge, and the five streams are the senses through which knowledge is obtained, and that no one has knowledge who does not drink from the fountain or its streams. Finally, as like the salmon, were the people Cormac saw at the Fountain of Knowledge. The pursuit of the Gilla Decair and his horse In the story of the Gilla Decair and His Horse, the Fianna follow the Gilla across the sea to retrieve fifteen of their number who were taken to the Gilla's island on the back of his gigantic horse. Finn leads the Fianna to Ben-Edair, where the Tuatha Dé Danann made a solemn oath to the Gaels that if they are ever in a time of need to leave Ireland, ships will be provided. There, they encounter two heroic brothers, who offer to serve Finn for a year and create a fleet of ships for transporting the Fianna across the sea. Finn and the remaining Fianna travel for three days until they spot an island with a sheer cliff and cylindrical rock perched atop it, where they pick up the Gilla's track. Dermot is then selected to scale the cliff (more slippery than an eel) because of his cowardly behavior and because he was raised on the Isle of Promise by Manannán and also taught by the Dagda's son Angus Og. Embarrassed by the scathing words of Fergus Truelips, Dermot grabs the two staves of Manannán and vaults onto the cliff. Once on the island, Dermot encounters a vast tract of dense forest where he is surrounded by the melodious sound of streams, wind, birds, and bees. In the midst of the forest, he crosses a plain and spots an immense tree with interlacing branches. Beside the tree is a stone well topped by a pointed drinking horn. The water is pure, so Dermot stoops to drink it, and no sooner does he do so then folderol enters his head and a loud rumbling noise approaches him. When Dermot looks up, he encounters a wizard, who castigates Dermot for roaming through his forest and drinking his pure water. The two men come to blows and fight until dusk, when the wizard dives into the well. Dermot kills and eats a deer that evening, and when he awakes the next morning, the Dermot finds the wizard waiting for him; he upbraids Dermot for eating his deer, then the same episode from the previous day occurs (fighting until dusk when the wizard disappears into the well). On the third day, Dermot grabs onto the wizard when he leaps into the well, and finds himself on the other side. Dermot finds himself in a beautiful and flowery plane facing a regal city. He chases after the wizard through a multitude of people until he crosses through the city gate, and there, the gates close behind him, and he is attacked by the people of the city. He fights fiercely until his assailants flee further into the city and out into the forest, leaving Dermot broken in a pool of his own blood. A burly wizard then approaches Dermot and kicks him in the side. The burly wizard tells Dermot that he is in a dangerous place but will transport him to another location where he will sleep much better. The wizard takes Dermot on a long journey to another fortress, where Dermot is greeted by 150 men and their ladies as well as the lady of the fortress, who all greet him by name. At the wizard's fortress, Dermot is placed in an infirmary and completely healed with salves of herbs. Once healed, he engages with the company in feasting, drinking, and intelligent entertainment each night. After three nights, Dermot asks his host in what land he is, and who is in charge of it. The burly wizard tells Dermot he is in Tir fo thuinn and that the man with whom he battled is the Wizard of the Well who is the king of the land with whom he himself, the Wizard of Chivalry has a blood feud. Growing tired of waiting for Dermot, Finn and the Fianna scale the cliff, and on the same plane encounter a horseman who kisses Finn three times and asks the men to follow him to his fortress. There, the Fianna encounter an army and a well-armed keep and are entertained with feasting for three nights. After three days Finn asks about the land and its ruler and is told that he is in the land of Sorcha, and that his host is the king of that land. A female messenger then comes to the King of Sorcha and tells him that his island is being invaded by the Greeks. The Fianna and the King of Sorcha then sally out to meet the Greeks and slaughter them in great carnage. The King of Greece has a beautiful daughter who steals off to be with Finn. This upsets the Greek King more than the loss of his men, and declares that whoever can retrieve her will be given many precious things. A captain from his company explains that he has a magic branch that when waved releases beautiful music that will put people to sleep and promises to retrieve the King's daughter. He does so, and the Greeks return to Athens. The company splits up and some go to Greece to retrieve the King's daughter, while others meet the King of the Island, the Wizard of the Well, whose name is revealed to be Abartach son of Allchad. When confronted by the Fianna, Abartach asks Finn what he is owed, to which Finn requests single combat. Abartach indicates it is not in his interest to fight Finn, and requests what his wronged Fianna would like. Conán declares he wants fourteen women and Abartach's own wife to ride his horse back to Ireland. Abartach assents to this. The Fianna return to Ireland and have a wedding feast. Comparative mythologist Alexander Haggerty Krappe suggested that the "Gilla" character, a "horrible giant" who owned a demonic horse, was the ruler of the Otherworld realm of Tir fa Thuinn and was the "Celtic" Hades. See also Asgard Avalon Fiddler's Green Fortunate Isles Elysium Hesperides Valinor Nanog, the gene involved in the self-renewal ability and pluripotency maintenance of embryonic stem cells, is named after Tír na nÓg. Baby Follies, children's animated series dubbed into Irish as Tír na hÓige References ^ Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010) . "Tir-na-nog". Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199571123 – via Oxford Reference. ^ Chì Mi / I See: Bàrdachd Dhòmhnaill Iain Dhonnchaidh / The Poetry of Donald John MacDonald, edited by Bill Innes. Acair, Stornoway, 2021. Pages 362-365. ^ T.A. Rolleston (1990). Celtic Myths and Legends Courier Dover Publications. ^ a b c d e f Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO, 2006. pp.1671 ^ James MacKillop (1998). A dictionary of Celtic mythology Oxford University Press. ^ a b Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. pp.358, 368 ^ The Celts: history, life and culture, J. Koch general editor. ^ a b Monaghan, Patricia (2008). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Checkmark Books. ^ "The Fosterage of the House of the Two Pails". www.ancienttexts.org. ^ Dillon, Myles (2003). The Celtic realms. Castle Books. ISBN 0760742847. OCLC 52527112. ^ Smyth, Daragh (1996). A guide to Irish mythology (2nd ed.). Dublin: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 0716526123. OCLC 36338076. ^ Shah, Idries (1991). World tales : the extraordinary coincidence of stories told in all times, in all places. London: Octagon. p. 359. ISBN 978-0863040368. ^ Tatar, Maria (2017). Beauty and the beast : classic tales about animal brides and grooms from around the world. New York. ISBN 9780143111696. OCLC 952384463.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Hull, Eleanor. The Cuchullin Saga in Irish Literature (1898), p 94. ^ "The Irish ordeals, Cormac's adventure in the Land of Promise, and the decision as to Cormac's sword". celt.ucc.ie. Retrieved 4 July 2019. ^ a b "The Pursuit of the Gilla Decair and his Horse". celt.ucc.ie. Retrieved 4 July 2019. ^ Krappe, Alexander Haggerty, “La poursuite du Gilla Dacker et les Dioscures celtiques”. In: Revue Celtique 49 (1932): 96-108. ^ "Cells Of The Ever Young: Getting Closer To The Truth". ScienceDaily. 2 June 2003. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018. vteTopics in Celtic mythologyCreation Beira Cailleach Ancient Gaulish and Brythonic deities Abandinus Abellio Abnoba Adsullata Agronā Alaunus Alisanos Ambisagrus Ancamna Ancasta Andarta Andraste Anextiomarus Arduinna Arnemetia Artio Arvernus Aufaniae Aveta Belatucadros Belenus Belisama Bergusia Bormana Borvo Bricta Brigantia Britannia Buxenus Camma Camulus Cathubodua Cernunnos Cissonius Clota Cocidius Condatis Contrebis Coventina Damona Dea Latis Dea Matrona Dīs Pater Divona Dusios Epona Erecura Esus Fagus Grannus Hooded Spirits Herecura Icaunus Icovellauna Inciona Litavis Loucetios Lugus Luxovius Maponos Matres Nantosuelta Naria Nemetona Nemausus Nicnevin Nodens Ogmios Ricagambeda Ritona Robor Rosmerta Rudianos Segomo Senua Sequana Sirona Smertrios Sucellus Suleviae Sulis Tamesis Taranis Toutatis Verbeia Visucius Vosegus Irish mythological characters Abartach Abhean Aengus Alastir Ai Aibell Aimend Áine Airmed Anu Badb Balor Banba Beag Béḃinn Bé Chuille Birog Boann Bodb Derg Brea Breg Bres Brigid Bronach Buarainech Caer Canola Carman Cenn Cruaich Cessair Cethlenn Cian Cliodhna Corb Creidhne Crom Cruach Cú Roí mac Daire The Dagda Danu Donn Dian Cecht Elatha Étaín Ethniu Ethne Ériu Fand Fionnuala Fódla Goibniu Lir Luchtaine Lugh Macha Manannán mac Lir Miach Midir Mog Ruith Morrígan Neit Nemain Niamh Nuada Ogma Plor na mBan Sheela na gig Tailtiu Tethra Irish rulers and warriors Caílte Conall Cernach Conchobar Conán mac Morna Conn of the Hundred Battles Cormac mac Airt Cúchulainn Cumhal Deichtine Deirdre Diarmuid Emer Ferdiad Fergus mac Róich Fionn mac Cumhaill Lugaid Medb Oisín Oscar Scottish mythological creaturesBeasts Gigelorum Loch Ness Monster Monster of Glamis Wulver Birds Boobrie Fairies/Spirits Bean-nighe Bodach Brownie Caoineag Cat-sìth Changeling Cù-sìth Dunnie Each-uisge Ghillie Dhu Glaistig Meg Mullach Nuckelavee Selkie Seonaidh Shellycoat Wirry-cow Fish Ceasg Gnomes Peck Goblins Bauchan Scottish rulers and warriors Aífe Connla Scáthach Uathach Welsh mythological characters Amaethon Arawn Arianrhod King Arthur Afallach Beli Mawr Blodeuwedd Brân the Blessed Branwen Caswallawn Ceridwen Cigfa Creiddylad Culhwch Cyhyraeth Dewi Dôn Dwyn Dylan Ail Don Efnysien Elen Euroswydd Gofannon Gwydion Gwyn ap Nudd Hafgan Lleu Llaw Gyffes Llŷr Lludd Mabon Manawydan Math fab Mathonwy Modron Nisien Ogyruan Olwen Penarddun Pryderi Pwyll Rhiannon Taliesin Locations Annwn Mag Mell Sídhe Tír na nÓg Drom Asail Hy-Brasil Weapons Caledfwlch Dyrnwyn Claíomh Solais Fragarach Gáe Bulg Spear Lúin Festivals Samhain/Calan Gaeaf Imbolc/Gŵyl Fair Beltane/Calan Mai Lughnasadh/Calan Awst vteGaelsGeneral history Gaelic Ireland Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups High King of Ireland Irish kingdoms Dál Riata Alba Nine Years' War Statutes of Iona Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster 1641 Rebellion Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 Jacobitism Jacobite rising of 1745 Penal Laws Great Hunger Irish diaspora Highland Clearances Gaelic Revival Gaeltacht Gàidhealtachd Gaelic culture Ogham Brehon law Gaelic mythology Lebor Gabála Érenn Gaelic warfare Gaelic astrology Gaelic kinship Bardic poetry Gaelic literature (Early Irish, Modern Irish, Scottish Gaelic & Manx) Gaelic type Insular script Fáinne Gaelic folk music Sean-nós singing Oireachtas na Gaeilge Am Mòd Gaelic games Highland games Túath Insular Christianity Gaelic Christian mission Language Primitive Irish Old Irish Middle Irish Classical Gaelic Irish Manx Scottish Gaelic ClansIrish Royal families Kings Medical families Nobility Genealogy List Connachta (incl. Uí Néill, Clan Colla, Clan Donald, Uí Mháine, etc) Dalcassians (incl. Déisi) Eóganachta Érainn (incl. Dál Riata, Corcu Loígde, Dál Fiatach, etc) Laigin Ulaid (incl. Dál nAraidi, Conmaicne, and Cíarraige) Ulster Scottish ListRelatedorganisations Údarás na Gaeltachta Foras na Gaeilge Bòrd na Gàidhlig Culture Vannin Conradh na Gaeilge An Comunn Gàidhealach Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh Seachtain na Gaeilge Gael Linn ULTACH Trust Comunn na Gàidhlig Columba Project Clans of Ireland An Coimisinéir Teanga Related subjects Haplogroup R-M269 (human genetics) Celts Norse–Gaels (incl. Uí Ímair and Clan MacLeod) Kingdom of Munster Kingdom of the Isles Gaelicisation Category vteAfterlife locationsAbrahamicreligionsJudaism Gan Eden Gehinnom Sheol Christianity Heaven Seven heavens Third Heaven Throne of God Hell Limbo Kingdom of God Garden of Eden Paradise Purgatory New Jerusalem Pearly gates Hades Islam Araf As-Sirāt Barzakh Jahannam Jannah Malakut Sidrat al-Muntaha Mormonism Celestial Kingdom Terrestrial Kingdom Telestial Kingdom Spirit world Mandaeism World of Light World of Darkness EuropeanmythologiesCeltic Otherworld Annwn Tír na nÓg Mag Mell Tech Duinn Finnic Tuonela Germanic Asgard Fólkvangr Valhalla Neorxnawang Gimlé Hel Greek Hades Elysium Erebus Orcus Asphodel Meadows Myth of Er Empyrean Tartarus Fortunate Isles Slavic Vyraj Eastern/AsianreligionsBuddhism Desire Realm Hell Pretaloka Animal world Human world Asura Heaven Yāma Form Realm Brahmā worlds Formless Realm Nirvana Pure land Sukhavati Hinduism 14 planetary systems Ādi Śeṣa Svarga Naraka Vaikuntha Kailash Goloka Akshardham Jainism Three Worlds Urdhva Loka Madhya Loka Adho Loka Sikhism Sach Khand Taoism Grotto-heavens Chinese Tian Diyu Youdu Japanese Yomi Zoroastrianism Chinvat Bridge Hamistagan Tengrism Uçmag Tamağ OthersMesoamerican Mictlān Tamoanchan Thirteen Heavens Tlālōcān Xibalba Plains Indians Happy hunting ground Tupi Land without evil Wicca The Summerland Theosophy Summerland Devachan Nirvana Ancient Egyptian Aaru Duat Avalon Existential planes Guf Heaven Millennialism Mythological places Otherworld Spirits in prison Underworld Utopianism Well of Souls vteIrish mythology: the Mythological CycleSupernaturalfiguresTuatha DéDanann Abcán Aed Aengus Anu-Danu-Danand Áine Bé Chuille Béḃinn Boann Bodb Derg Bres Brian Brigid Cermait Cian Clídna Dagda Delbáeth-Tuirenn Dian Cecht-Miach-Airmed Ecne Ernmas Étaín Ériu-Banba-Fódla Fiacha Flidais Fuamnach Lén Lir Lug Mac Gréine-Mac Cuill-Mac Cecht Macha Manannán Midir Morrígan (Badb, Nemain) Neit Nuada (Nechtan, Elcmar) Ogma Trí Dé Dána (Goibniu, Credne, Luchta) Fomhoraigh Balor Bres Cethlenn Cichol Conand Elatha Ethniu Tethra Others Caillech Carman Crom Cruach Donn Mug Ruith Tailtiu Tlachtga Tuan mac Cairill Settlers Cesair Partholón Nemed Fir Bolg Aengus mac Umor Eochaid mac Eirc Fiacha Cennfinnán Fodbgen Gann-Genann-Sengann Rinnal Rudraige Sláine Sreng Milesians Amergin Glúingel Breogán Éber Donn Éber Finn Érimón Fénius Farsaid Goídel Glas Lámfhind Míl Scota Creatures Aes Síde Enbarr Failinis Glas Gaibhnenn Items Areadbhar Four Treasures Fragarach Lúin of Celtchar Uaithne Places Otherworld Mag Mell Tír na nÓg Tech Duinn Brú na Bóinne Connla's Well Emain Ablach Fintan's Grave Teamhair Toraigh Uisneach Texts Lebor Gabála Érenn Cath Maige Tuired Tochmarc Étaíne Aided Chlainne Lir Aided Chlainne Tuirenn Immram Brain Dindsenchas part of a series on Celtic mythology	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tír na nÓg (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADr_na_n%C3%93g_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Irish mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythology"},{"link_name":"/ˌtɪərnæˈnoʊɡ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"TEER-nan-OHG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[ˌtʲiːɾʲ n̪ˠə ˈn̪ˠoːɡ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[ˌtʲʰiːɾʲ nən̪ˠ ˈɔːk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"Celtic Otherworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld"},{"link_name":"Oisín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ois%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Niamh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamh_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Old Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irish"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koch1671-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koch1671-4"},{"link_name":"Mag Mell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag_Mell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koch1671-4"},{"link_name":"Ildathach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ildathach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monaghan-6"},{"link_name":"Emain Ablach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emain_Ablach"},{"link_name":"Annwn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annwn"},{"link_name":"Fairyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairyland"},{"link_name":"Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon"},{"link_name":"Hy Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_(mythical_island)"}],"text":"This article is about the land of eternal youth in Irish mythology. For other uses, see Tír na nÓg (disambiguation).In Irish mythology, Tír na nÓg (/ˌtɪərnæˈnoʊɡ/ TEER-nan-OHG,[1] Irish: [ˌtʲiːɾʲ n̪ˠə ˈn̪ˠoːɡ]; Scottish Gaelic: Tìr nan Òg[2] [ˌtʲʰiːɾʲ nən̪ˠ ˈɔːk]; lit. 'Land of the Young') or Tír na hÓige ('Land of Youth') is one of the names for the Celtic Otherworld, or perhaps for a part of it. Tír na nÓg is best known from the tale of Oisín and Niamh.[3]Other Old Irish names for the Otherworld include Tír Tairngire ('Land of Promise'/'Promised Land'),[4][5] Tír fo Thuinn ('Land under the Wave'),[4] Mag Mell ('Plain of Delight'/'Delightful Plain'),[4] Ildathach ('Multicoloured Place'),[6] and Emain Ablach ('Isle of Apple Trees'). Similar myths in the northern Celtic cultures include these of Annwn, Fairyland, Avalon and Hy Brasil.","title":"Tír na nÓg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koch1671-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tuatha Dé Danann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann"},{"link_name":"Tuatha Dé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Goibniu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goibniu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koch1671-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monaghan_2008-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"echtrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echtra"},{"link_name":"immram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immram"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koch1671-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mag Mell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag_Mell"},{"link_name":"Manannán mac Lir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manann%C3%A1n_mac_Lir"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ossian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossian"},{"link_name":"Diarmuid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid_Ua_Duibhne"},{"link_name":"silver branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Branch"}],"text":"Tír na nÓg is depicted as an island paradise and supernatural realm of everlasting youth, beauty, health, abundance and joy.[4][7] Its inhabitants are described as the Tuatha Dé Danann or the warriors of the Tuatha Dé, the gods of pre-Christian Ireland, who engage in poetry, music, entertainment, and the feast of Goibniu, which grants immortality to the participants.[4][8][9] In the echtrae (adventure) and immram (voyage) tales, various Irish mythical heroes visit Tír na nÓg after a voyage or an invitation from one of its residents. They reach it by entering ancient burial mounds or caves, by journeying through a mist, by going under water, or by travelling across the sea for three days on an enchanted boat or Manannán's horse.[4] The tales of mortals who visit the Otherworld are referred to as echtrai (adventures) and baili (visions, ecstasies).[10] The path across the sea is called Mag Mell (Plain of Honey). It is the golden path made by the sun on the ocean and to travel, \"far over the green meadows of the waters where the horses of Lir have their pastures.\"The god that rules this region in the surviving tales is almost always named as Manannán mac Lir.[11] In the tales, Manannán is usually described as a warrior and is sometimes accompanied by his golden-haired wife or daughter, who sometimes wears a golden helmet.Tír na nÓg is described as a beautiful place (a forested wilderness or flowery meadow), but it is usually dangerous or hostile to human visitors (such as Ossian, Diarmuid, the Fianna, the King of Greece), who remain on the island for a period of time that is typically a multiple of three (three days or years). The women of Tír na nÓg are very beautiful - and maybe the only residents - and sometimes leave to visit mortal men or otherwise establish a presence.There is a salmon-inhabited well or fountain in Tír na nÓg that is found near an enormous tree or grove of nine hazels - or a lady's bower, \"where bloom was on every bough, and the air heavy with the sweetness of orchards\" and a lake area (perhaps Dulcinea). Typically an enormous tree lies at the centre of the island, and birds singing beautiful music in its branches are stated in the echtrai to be the souls of the dead. A drinking horn suspended near the well or an enchanted cup is also present in some of the tales along with a silver branch containing golden apples (perhaps even somewhere an enchanted herb and a false war). There are cities and fortresses made of precious metals and feather thatch in Tír na nÓg, although their exact number is not clear. In some stories there is a multicoloured flowered plain full of bees in or underneath the forested wilderness of Tír na nÓg and a parting \"is sweet as honey\" and maybe forever.","title":"Description, themes, and symbolism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Literary appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:15_They_rode_up_to_a_stately_palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oisín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ois%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Niamh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamh_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Reid_(artist)"},{"link_name":"T. W. Rolleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._W._Rolleston"},{"link_name":"Oisín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ois%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Niamh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamh_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monaghan-6"},{"link_name":"Urashima Tarō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urashima_Tar%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Herla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herla"},{"link_name":"Seven Sleepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sleepers"},{"link_name":"Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Theodosius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_II"}],"sub_title":"Oisín and Niamh","text":"Oisín and Niamh travelling to Tír na nÓg, illustration by Stephen Reid in T. W. Rolleston's The High Deeds of Finn (1910)In the tale, Oisín (a human hero) and Niamh (a woman of the Otherworld) fall in love. She brings him to Tír na nÓg on a magical horse that can travel over water. After spending what seems to be three years there, Oisín becomes homesick and wants to return to Ireland. Niamh reluctantly lets him return on the magical horse, but warns him never to touch the ground. When he returns, he finds that 300 years have passed in Ireland. Oisín falls from the horse. He instantly becomes elderly, as the years catch up with him, and he quickly dies of old age.[6]The story of Oisín and Niamh bears a striking similarity to many other tales, e.g. the Japanese tale of Urashima Tarō.[12] Another version concerns King Herla, a legendary king of the ancient Britons, who visited the Otherworld, only to return some 200 years later after the lands had been settled by Anglo-Saxons. The \"Seven Sleepers of Ephesus\", a group of Christian youths who hid in a cave outside the city of Ephesus around 250, purportedly awoke about 180 years later during the reign of Theodosius II.","title":"Literary appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Druid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid"},{"link_name":"Fionn mac Cumhaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monaghan_2008-8"}],"sub_title":"Oisín in Tír na nÓg","text":"There is a king of Tír na nÓg who held the crown for many years. The tradition of the land is that every seven years champions come to run against the king in order to rule. They run up a hill to a throne and the first person to sit on the throne becomes king until a champion replaces him. The king begins to fear that someone else will replace him as king. He visits a Druid and asks about his fate as a monarch. The Druid tells him that he will always be king unless his son-in law runs against him.\nSince the king's daughter is not yet married he decides to use the Druid's magic to turn his daughter's head into that of a pig. The Druid then tells the king's daughter that she will get her own head back if she marries a son of Fionn mac Cumhaill. The king's daughter finds one of the sons, Oisín, and tells him what the Druid told her. They marry and she transforms back into herself. They then go back to Tír na nÓg and Oisín enters the challenge for the throne. He wins the throne and no one ever runs against him again.[13]Kings are given a pig's head and pigs are a common symbol in Irish mythology. For the culture they were a vital meat source and they were smaller and fiercer than the modern domesticated pig. Early in Celtic culture, the pig was used as a funeral animal and pigs were an important aspect of trade between the Celts and Romans. They also represent a connection to the warrior class and are said to be good luck to the person who catches them.[8]","title":"Literary appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cormac mac Airt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt"},{"link_name":"Buan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boann"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Cormac's adventure in the Land of Promise","text":"A grey-haired warrior visits King Cormac mac Airt carrying a silver branch with three golden apples that creates a soothing music. The warrior, later revealed to be Manannán mac Lir, is described as wearing a purple fringed mantle, a golden ribbed shirt, and white bronze shoes or sandals. When Cormac asks from what land Manannán has come, he responds that he comes from a land where there is no age or decay, falsehood, sadness, gloom, hatred, envy, or haughtiness. Cormac asks to make an alliance, and when Manannán agrees, he demands the branch, which Manannán gives him in exchange for three favours. Those favours later turn out to be Cormac's daughter, his son, and his wife.After Cormac's wife is taken, he follows her abductor, and is magically transported to a land in a heavy mist. The land is described as a vast plain containing two fortresses. The first fortress consists of a bronze wall with a white silver house thatched in white bird's wings; there are horseman stationed there and a man is constantly burning an oak fire. The other fortress consists of four silver houses thatched in white bird's wings with a bronze wall surrounding it. He enters the fortress and finds a palace made with bronze beams and silver wattle. Also in the fortress there is a shining fountain with five streams running from it; the fountain is surrounded by the nine purple hazels of Buan (an Ulster goddess).[14] The hazels drop their nuts into the fountains where five salmon eat them and send their husks down the five streams. The residents of the palace drink water from the fountain, and the sound of the cascading water is more melodious than any music known to man.When Cormac enters the palace, he meets a couple – the warrior who has stolen his wife and a beautiful yellow-haired woman wearing a golden helmet, whose feet are being warmed or washed without anyone else being present. This time the warrior is described as having a beautiful shape, a comely form, and a wondrous countenance. A cook enters the palace with a log, an axe, and a pig, and begins to prepare a meal in a cauldron. Manannán tells the cook to turn the pig, but the cook responds that the pig will not cook until four truths have been told.The cook tells his tale first, recounting that he once stole cattle from a man, and when the man asked him to return them, he did so in exchange for the pig, the axe, and the wood he now carries; he has been cooking the same pig ever since. Then the warrior tells a tale of harvesting wheat, indicating that when the people of his land wished to plow, plant, and harvest the wheat, each step had been completed as soon as they desired it, and that they have been eating from that harvest ever since. The woman in the gold helmet then tells her story, saying that she has seven cows and seven sheep, and that the milk and wool they produce is enough for all the people in the Land of Promise. Then Cormac is asked to tell his truth, so he recounts his story with the silver branch up to the present. With the four truths told, the pig is ready and Cormac is served a portion.Cormac says he cannot eat without fifty men in his presence, so the warrior sings a song that puts Cormac to sleep and when he re-awakens, he finds fifty warriors along with his daughter, son, and wife. Then the warrior places an enchanted cup of intricate and unusual workmanship and tells Cormac that when three falsehoods are spoken it will break into three pieces and then when three truths are told, it can mend itself whole. The warrior then tells Cormac that his true name is Manannán son of Ler, and that his whole purpose was to bring him to the Land of Promise, but that after Cormac's death, all that he has returned to Cormac (his son, daughter, wife, and cup) will be returned to the Land of Promise.Manannán then explains what Cormac has witnessed. The horsemen at the first fortress are the “men of art” in Ireland who collect cattle and wealth that pass away into nothing. The man collecting and burning the oak wood is a young lord who pays for everything he consumes. The Fountain is the Fountain of Knowledge, and the five streams are the senses through which knowledge is obtained, and that no one has knowledge who does not drink from the fountain or its streams. Finally, as like the salmon, were the people Cormac saw at the Fountain of Knowledge.[15]","title":"Literary appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-celt.ucc.ie-16"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill"},{"link_name":"Ben-Edair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howth"},{"link_name":"Tuatha Dé Danann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann"},{"link_name":"Dagda's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagda"},{"link_name":"Angus Og","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aengus"},{"link_name":"Sorcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcha"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill"},{"link_name":"Conán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con%C3%A1n_mac_Morna"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-celt.ucc.ie-16"},{"link_name":"Alexander Haggerty Krappe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Haggerty_Krappe"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"The pursuit of the Gilla Decair and his horse","text":"In the story of the Gilla Decair and His Horse, the Fianna follow the Gilla[16] across the sea to retrieve fifteen of their number who were taken to the Gilla's island on the back of his gigantic horse. Finn leads the Fianna to Ben-Edair, where the Tuatha Dé Danann made a solemn oath to the Gaels that if they are ever in a time of need to leave Ireland, ships will be provided. There, they encounter two heroic brothers, who offer to serve Finn for a year and create a fleet of ships for transporting the Fianna across the sea. Finn and the remaining Fianna travel for three days until they spot an island with a sheer cliff and cylindrical rock perched atop it, where they pick up the Gilla's track. Dermot is then selected to scale the cliff (more slippery than an eel) because of his cowardly behavior and because he was raised on the Isle of Promise by Manannán and also taught by the Dagda's son Angus Og. Embarrassed by the scathing words of Fergus Truelips, Dermot grabs the two staves of Manannán and vaults onto the cliff.Once on the island, Dermot encounters a vast tract of dense forest where he is surrounded by the melodious sound of streams, wind, birds, and bees. In the midst of the forest, he crosses a plain and spots an immense tree with interlacing branches. Beside the tree is a stone well topped by a pointed drinking horn. The water is pure, so Dermot stoops to drink it, and no sooner does he do so then folderol enters his head and a loud rumbling noise approaches him. When Dermot looks up, he encounters a wizard, who castigates Dermot for roaming through his forest and drinking his pure water. The two men come to blows and fight until dusk, when the wizard dives into the well. Dermot kills and eats a deer that evening, and when he awakes the next morning, the Dermot finds the wizard waiting for him; he upbraids Dermot for eating his deer, then the same episode from the previous day occurs (fighting until dusk when the wizard disappears into the well). On the third day, Dermot grabs onto the wizard when he leaps into the well, and finds himself on the other side.Dermot finds himself in a beautiful and flowery plane facing a regal city. He chases after the wizard through a multitude of people until he crosses through the city gate, and there, the gates close behind him, and he is attacked by the people of the city. He fights fiercely until his assailants flee further into the city and out into the forest, leaving Dermot broken in a pool of his own blood. A burly wizard then approaches Dermot and kicks him in the side. The burly wizard tells Dermot that he is in a dangerous place but will transport him to another location where he will sleep much better. The wizard takes Dermot on a long journey to another fortress, where Dermot is greeted by 150 men and their ladies as well as the lady of the fortress, who all greet him by name. At the wizard's fortress, Dermot is placed in an infirmary and completely healed with salves of herbs. Once healed, he engages with the company in feasting, drinking, and intelligent entertainment each night. After three nights, Dermot asks his host in what land he is, and who is in charge of it. The burly wizard tells Dermot he is in Tir fo thuinn and that the man with whom he battled is the Wizard of the Well who is the king of the land with whom he himself, the Wizard of Chivalry has a blood feud.Growing tired of waiting for Dermot, Finn and the Fianna scale the cliff, and on the same plane encounter a horseman who kisses Finn three times and asks the men to follow him to his fortress. There, the Fianna encounter an army and a well-armed keep and are entertained with feasting for three nights. After three days Finn asks about the land and its ruler and is told that he is in the land of Sorcha, and that his host is the king of that land. A female messenger then comes to the King of Sorcha and tells him that his island is being invaded by the Greeks. The Fianna and the King of Sorcha then sally out to meet the Greeks and slaughter them in great carnage.The King of Greece has a beautiful daughter who steals off to be with Finn. This upsets the Greek King more than the loss of his men, and declares that whoever can retrieve her will be given many precious things. A captain from his company explains that he has a magic branch that when waved releases beautiful music that will put people to sleep and promises to retrieve the King's daughter. He does so, and the Greeks return to Athens.The company splits up and some go to Greece to retrieve the King's daughter, while others meet the King of the Island, the Wizard of the Well, whose name is revealed to be Abartach son of Allchad. When confronted by the Fianna, Abartach asks Finn what he is owed, to which Finn requests single combat. Abartach indicates it is not in his interest to fight Finn, and requests what his wronged Fianna would like. Conán declares he wants fourteen women and Abartach's own wife to ride his horse back to Ireland. Abartach assents to this. The Fianna return to Ireland and have a wedding feast.[16]Comparative mythologist Alexander Haggerty Krappe suggested that the \"Gilla\" character, a \"horrible giant\" who owned a demonic horse, was the ruler of the Otherworld realm of Tir fa Thuinn and was the \"Celtic\" Hades.[17]","title":"Literary appearances"}]	[{"image_text":"Oisín and Niamh travelling to Tír na nÓg, illustration by Stephen Reid in T. W. Rolleston's The High Deeds of Finn (1910)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/15_They_rode_up_to_a_stately_palace.jpg/220px-15_They_rode_up_to_a_stately_palace.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Asgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard"},{"title":"Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon"},{"title":"Fiddler's Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler%27s_Green"},{"title":"Fortunate Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunate_Isles"},{"title":"Elysium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysium"},{"title":"Hesperides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides"},{"title":"Valinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valinor"},{"title":"Nanog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox_protein_NANOG"},{"title":"pluripotency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_potency#Pluripotency"},{"title":"embryonic stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell"},{"title":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"title":"Baby Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Follies"}]	[{"reference":"Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010) [1998]. \"Tir-na-nog\". Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199571123 – via Oxford Reference.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001/m_en_gb0866820","url_text":"\"Tir-na-nog\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199571123","url_text":"9780199571123"}]},{"reference":"Monaghan, Patricia (2008). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Checkmark Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Fosterage of the House of the Two Pails\". www.ancienttexts.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/celtic/ctexts/fosterage.html","url_text":"\"The Fosterage of the House of the Two Pails\""}]},{"reference":"Dillon, Myles (2003). The Celtic realms. Castle Books. ISBN 0760742847. OCLC 52527112.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0760742847","url_text":"0760742847"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52527112","url_text":"52527112"}]},{"reference":"Smyth, Daragh (1996). A guide to Irish mythology (2nd ed.). Dublin: Irish Academic Press. ISBN 0716526123. OCLC 36338076.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/guidetoirishmyth00smyt_0","url_text":"A guide to Irish mythology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716526123","url_text":"0716526123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36338076","url_text":"36338076"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Idries (1991). World tales : the extraordinary coincidence of stories told in all times, in all places. London: Octagon. p. 359. ISBN 978-0863040368.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863040368","url_text":"978-0863040368"}]},{"reference":"Tatar, Maria (2017). Beauty and the beast : classic tales about animal brides and grooms from around the world. New York. ISBN 9780143111696. OCLC 952384463.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143111696","url_text":"9780143111696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952384463","url_text":"952384463"}]},{"reference":"\"The Irish ordeals, Cormac's adventure in the Land of Promise, and the decision as to Cormac's sword\". celt.ucc.ie. Retrieved 4 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T302000/index.html","url_text":"\"The Irish ordeals, Cormac's adventure in the Land of Promise, and the decision as to Cormac's sword\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pursuit of the Gilla Decair and his Horse\". celt.ucc.ie. Retrieved 4 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T303025/index.html","url_text":"\"The Pursuit of the Gilla Decair and his Horse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cells Of The Ever Young: Getting Closer To The Truth\". ScienceDaily. 2 June 2003. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/06/030602024530.htm","url_text":"\"Cells Of The Ever Young: Getting Closer To The Truth\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152106/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/06/030602024530.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001/m_en_gb0866820","external_links_name":"\"Tir-na-nog\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4CUS2j5fw-QC&lpg=PA1","external_links_name":"Celtic Myths and Legends"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U-O0wzFcu2gC&pg=PA406","external_links_name":"A dictionary of Celtic mythology"},{"Link":"http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/celtic/ctexts/fosterage.html","external_links_name":"\"The Fosterage of the House of the Two Pails\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52527112","external_links_name":"52527112"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/guidetoirishmyth00smyt_0","external_links_name":"A guide to Irish mythology"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36338076","external_links_name":"36338076"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952384463","external_links_name":"952384463"},{"Link":"https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T302000/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The Irish ordeals, Cormac's adventure in the Land of Promise, and the decision as to Cormac's sword\""},{"Link":"https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T303025/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The Pursuit of the Gilla Decair and his Horse\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/06/030602024530.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cells Of The Ever Young: Getting Closer To The Truth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152106/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/06/030602024530.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vllaznia_Shkod%C3%ABr	KF Vllaznia Shkodër	["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Early history","1.3 Championships of World War II","1.4 2000s","1.5 GEA Sport Era","2 Stadium","3 Fans","4 Rivalries","5 Honors","6 KF Vllaznia Shkodër statistics in Kategoria Superiore","6.1 Recent seasons","7 Records","8 KF Vllaznia in Europe","9 World & European Rankings","9.1 UEFA club coefficient ranking","10 Players","10.1 Current squad","10.2 Out on loan","11 Current staff","12 List of managers","12.1 Title winning Managers","13 Notable players","14 Women's team","15 References"]	Albanian football club Not to be confused with KF Vllaznia Shkodër (women). Soccer clubVllazniaFull nameKlubi i Futbollit VllazniaNickname(s)Kuq e Blutë (Red & Blues)Djepi i Futbollit Shqiptar (Cradle of Albanian football)Founded16 February 1919; 105 years ago (1919-02-16)as Shoqëria Sportive Vllaznia (Vllaznia Sports Society)GroundLoro Boriçi Stadium,Shkodër, AlbaniaCapacity16,000PresidentAlban XhaferriManagerThomas BrdarićLeagueKategoria Superiore2023–24Kategoria Superiore, 4thWebsiteClub website Home colors Away colors Third colors Current season Active branches of Vllaznia Shkodër Football(Men's) Football(Women's) Basketball Futsal Volleyball(Men's) Volleyball(Women's) Klubi I Futbollit Vllaznia Shkodër, commonly known as Vllaznia is an Albanian football club based in the city of Shkodër. It is the association football branch of the Vllaznia Sports Club, which was founded on 16 February 1919. It is also the oldest club in Albania which means it is the first club created in Albania. The club have competed in every edition of Kategoria Superiore since 1930, which is the top tier of football in Albania, besides in the 1956–57, 1961–62 and 2018–19 football seasons. Vllaznia is one of the most successful football clubs in Albania, having won nine Kategoria Superiore titles, eight Albanian Cups and two Albanian Supercups. They have only been relegated from the Kategoria Superiore three times in 1956 due to a disqualification, in 1961, and for the last time in decades in 2018. The club's ground has been the Loro Boriçi Stadium since it was built in 1952, which is named after former Vllaznia and Albania national team captain. In 2016, the stadium was rebuilt into modern all-seater at the cost of €17 million, and it now has a capacity of 16,022, making it the second largest stadium in Albania. History Background A 2003 postal stamp dedicated to the 1913 match between Austro-Hungarian Navy and Indipendenca Shkodër teams Football was introduced to the city of Shkodër in 1908, when a Maltese priest, Father Gut Ruter, brought a football into the city, which is considered to be the first time football was played in the country. The first football club formed in Albania was Indipendenca Shkodër, which began operating in 1912 under the guidance of founder Palokë Nika, who was also the captain of the team. The first football game organised in city took place in October 1913 between Indipendenca Shkodër and the occupying Austro-Hungarian Imperial Navy. It was the first time a football team composed of Albanians had played foreigners, making it the first international game to ever take place involving an Albanian team, as well as being the first 90-minute football game to be played with two 45 minute halves in the country. Indipendenca Shkodër lost the game 2–1, with the captain Palokë Nika scoring the only goal for the home side. Early history Left-right: Kin Bushati (goalkeeper), Ernest Halepiani, Gjelosh Gjeka, Pjeter Gjoka, Qazim Dervishi (captain), Muhamet Halili, Asim Golemi, Luigj Radoja, Gjon Kiri, Myzafer Pipa, Hile Staka, and Luigj Shala (coach) in 1935 Following the rise in popularity of football in the city, this prompted Palokë Nika along with other sportspeople in the city to form a club that would cater for many sports including football and on 16 February 1919 the Vllaznia Sports Society was formed. Vllaznia is a concept in Albanian culture often translated as "brotherhood;" it refers to loyalty to one's fis (clan, tribe). They played games against other Albanian teams, notably playing KF Tirana in their first ever game in October 1920. The club also played international games, the first of which was against the occupying Italian troops on 23 May, who beat Vllaznia 1–0. Later in the year for Albanian Independence Day on 28 November Vllaznia organised another football game against an Italian selection again, this time losing 5–1. The club's first game outside of Albania was played on 31 August 1922 in Montenegro against FK Lovćen Cetinje, a match which they lost 4–0. The club would continue to play domestic friendly games until the creation of the Albanian Football Association in 1930 and the start of the Kategoria e Parë in the same year. Championships of World War II During the peak of World War II, between the years 1939 and 1942, Albanian Football Association organized three championships, in 1939, 1940 and 1942. According to all information gathered in years from Albanian and foreign historians, players and veterans who lived these events, clear evidence proves the existence of these championships at that time, as well as the existence of three trophies given from Albanian Football Association officials themselves. One must not forget that 1942 Albanian Superliga had a nationwide participation – the first and the only one so far involving teams from both countries as Albania and Kosovo. KS Vllaznia won one such championship whilst KF Tirana won the other two championships in 1939 & 1942. This would update the championship trophies won by these clubs to respectively 10 and 26 at the present time. After years of silence, Albanian Football Association have appointed a dedicated commission with 5 members, which is involved in gathering enough evidence in this regard. And finally, after a significant amount of evidence has been produced, it has been given an official date, when Albanian Football Association intend to officially recognize these 3 championships in their next General Assembly, to be held in February 2013. In 1958 the club was renamed "KS Vllaznia". In the European Cup for Champions 1978/79 they beat Austrian team Austria Wien (who went on to the semifinals) 2–0 at home but lost 3–4 on aggregate. In the Cup Winners Cup of 1987/88 they reached the Round of 16 after beating Sliema Wanderes from Malta in both games (aggregate 6–0). In the 2001/2002 UEFA Champions league qualifying they beat KR Reykjavik from Iceland 2–1 in Reykjavik and 1–0 in Tirana with two goals from Klodian Duro. In next round KF Vllaznia were eliminated by the Turkish club Galatasaray 2–0 in Istanbul and 1–4 in Tirana. German Uli Schulze, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winner with 1. FC Magdeburg in 1974, was appointed as new coach in summer 2006. He was later replaced by Mirel Josa who is currently at his third spell coaching the team. 2000s In the 2000s, Vllaznia went through changes. In 2003 the President of Vllaznia, Myftar Cela, was shot in Montenegro. The President was loved by every Vllaznia fan due to his generosity and his love for the team. After Cela died, a group of businessmen gathered to help the team. In 2006, an Albanian businessman, Valter Fushaj, became Vllaznia President. Since then he has been criticized by the fans for corruption and not wanting the best for the team. In the 2009–2010 season Vllaznia went through some rough changes; having to change 3 coaches and also replace players. Vllaznia dropped to the bottom of the table, and having been criticized by the fans, Vllaznia went through some bad times. On 17 April 2010, Vllaznia won 3–2 against Skënderbeu Korçë but the result was changed to a 2–0 loss for Vllaznia. This was because the player Ansi Nika wasn't on the team roster but was picked for the team anyway. This led to protests by the fans, making accusations that the Vllaznia staff and the President Valter Fushaj specifically did it for bribing reasons. GEA Sport Era Roberto Nava, the president of GEA Sport SA, bought 50% of KF Vllaznia and in July, Nava negotiated with Napoli to loan Sebastián Sosa on a one-year term in Shkodër. After successful negotiations with Napoli, Nava went on to buy Sebastián Rodríguez from Almería and Giorginho Aguirre from Corona Brasov. Vllaznia were relegated from the Albanian Superliga in the 2017/18 season, a club that suffered their last demotion almost six decades ago in the early 1960s. However, during the 2018/19 season, the team managed to gain promotion to the Superliga while also being crowned champions of the Albanian First Division (the second tier of Albanian Football), beating second-placed Erzeni to the title by a whopping 12 points. In the 2019/20 season, Vllaznia finished eighth in the Superliga. They were then placed in the relegation play-off final against KF Besëlidhja Lezhë, but won 3–1 to secure their status as a top-flight club for another season. The 2020/21 season saw Vllaznia jump up the table and have a very successful season, finishing on an impressive 66 points and securing a second-place finish that booked them a spot in the Europa Conference League Qualifiers. Teuta, the team that won the league, beat Vllaznia on goal difference. Vllaznia also secured European football in the 2021/22 and 2022/23 seasons. In the 2023/24 Europa Conference League Qualifiers, they played the highly successful Northern Irish club Linfield F.C., but lost 3–2 on aggregate. Stadium Main article: Loro Boriçi Stadium Loro Boriçi Stadium after reconstruction The home ground of the club is called "Loro Borici". The name comes from one of the club's and Albania's greatest footballer to ever play, Loro played with some of the biggest teams at that time, with Roma and Lazio. The striker was known for his goalscoring abilities which he displayed in the Serie A after he left Vllaznia in the 1930s. Loro Boriçi stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Shkodër, Albania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Vllaznia Shkodër. The stadium holds about 16,000 spectators and was reconstructed in 2001. It is named in honour of Loro Boriçi, famous player in the 1940s and 1950s. It is also the second largest stadium in Albania behind the Qemal Stafa Stadium in Tirana which seats 19,600. In October 2014, Edi Rama, prime minister of Albania, promised the reconstruction of the stadium, which was last renovated in 2001. He said that the stadium will be with a renewed capacity of about 20,000 spectators. On 3 May 2015, construction works officially started, bringing the stadium to a renewed capacity of 17,500 seats. During the 2015–16 Albanian Superliga season, Loro Boriçi Stadium was under re-construction, therefore Vllaznia used Ismail Xhemali Stadium in Pukë at the beginning of the season and then switched to Reshit Rusi Stadium in Shkodër for much of the season. Fans Vllaznit UltrasAbbreviationV-UEstablished2005TypeUltrasMottoNjë jetë, dy ngjyra, një skuader.HeadquartersShkodër, AlbaniaAffiliations Ultras BeverenWebsitehttps://www.facebook.com/vllaznit05/ Vllaznia is one of the most popular and recognised teams amongst Albanian football fans in Albania, Kosovo and North Macedonia. The Ultras group of Vllaznia are known as 'Vllaznit Ultras' and were the first official ultras fan base in Albania who were created in 2005. They have strong ties with other Albanian Ultra groups such as the Ultras Guerrils who support KF Partizani Tirana and Armata E Veriut of FK Kukësi. It is known that Vllaznit Ultras meet up with opposition fans to greet each other before and after a game. Vllaznit Ultras are not just present in the football scene, they also attend Vllaznia's basketball matches to show their full support and love for Vllaznia at any sporting level. Fans of Vllaznia have always attended matches in high quantities, but in recent years the number of fans attending games has decreased due to the poor management and loss of confidence in the team. In the last 3 seasons the team has made a good performance in the league pretending for the title and also winning two Albanian Cups. This good performance has risen the passion and confidence among the fans, which has grown the number of fans in the stadium. They have ties with Ultras Beveren, the supporters of Belgian team Waasland-Beveren Despite the low number of fans at Vllaznia's football games, they have recently turned up in strong numbers for the clubs basketball team, BC Vllaznia, due to their outstanding form in the past few years, having won the 3 Albanian Basketball League championships from 2014 to 2016. Rivalries Vllaznia's all time enemies are KF Tirana who are the most successful side in Albanian football. Both teams had been the only two in Albania to not have been relegated from the top tier of Albanian football, until on the final match day of 2017, where both sides fought out who would survive and go down in front of a full crowd (Vllaznia 0–0 Tirana), Tirana were relegated. This rivalry is known as the "All-time Albanian derby". The rivalry is mainly in existence because both sides were the first two football teams to be found in Albania, where Vllaznia was found in 1919, whilst KF Tirana was found in 1920. Another reason why this rivalry potentially exists is due to the historic popularity between these two sides. Vllaznia and Tirana were the only sides in Albania to have never been relegated in the Albanian Superliga, they both hold 78 official seasons and 81 unofficial seasons (including three unofficial championships during World War II) in Albanian top flight football going into the 2016-17 Albanian Superliga season. Both ultra groups, the Vllaznit Ultras and Tirona Fanatics are known for their fierce rivalry in the stands and off the pitch, which was shown in a match played in Loro Boriçi Stadium in Shkodër on 11 September 2014. During this game there was a lot of tension which began in the second half of the game. The game was interrupted when Tirana's fans started throwing bottles and other objects to show their anger towards the referee's decisions. Late on, Tirana grabbed an equaliser through Ervin Bulku to level 1–1, and this sparked a huge brawl between the fans. Tirana fans ran onto the pitch and seemingly started throwing chairs and bottles at Vllaznia fans. From then on Vllaznia fans started attacking Tirana fans inside and outside of the stadium. Vllaznia's fans gave an official statement on Vllaznia's official Facebook page where they stated that what Tirana fans did was seen as an embarrassment and an insult to people of Shkodra and Albanian football, therefore action was needed. Amongst some of the injured people was Tirana's president, Refik Halili who was hit by a fan of Tirana with a stone. Vllaznia fans were given a 10 match ban from attending home games, whilst Tirana were given 15. Vllaznia has a fierce rivalry with Flamurtari Vlorë too. This rivalry dates back to the 70s when the two sides were the best teams in Albania. This is also the rivalry between the main clubs from the north and the south of Albania. This game is one of the most attended matches in Albanian football. The relations between fans of the clubs in and out of field are rude and supporters usually have troubles and violence. Other derbies include the North Albanian derbies against Laçi and Kukësi. Laçi fans insist that the North Albanian derby is between Laçi and Vllaznia, whereas fans of Kukësi believe it is between Kukësi and Vllaznia. However history suggests that Besëlidhja Lezhë and Vllaznia were the most popular Northern Albanian sides decades ago. Honors Kategoria Superiore Winners (9):1940*, 1945, 1946, 1971–72, 1973–74, 1977–78, 1982–83, 1991–92, 1997–98, 2000–01 Runners-up (11): 1932, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1947, 1949, 1974–75, 1996–97, 1998–99, 2002–03, 2008–09, 2020–21 Kategoria e Parë Winners (2): 1957, 1962 Runners-up (1): 2018–19 Albanian Cup Winners (8): 1964–65, 1971–72, 1978–79, 1980–81, 1986–87, 2007–08, 2020–21, 2021–22 Runners-up (8): 1938–39, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1985–86, 1998–99, 2005–06, 2009–10 Albanian Supercup Winners (2): 1998, 2001 Runners-up (4): 1992, 2008, 2021, 2022 KF Vllaznia Shkodër statistics in Kategoria Superiore Since the Kategoria Superiore began in 1930, KF Vllaznia have played 1991 Superliga matches, scored 3181 goals and conceded 2053. The club has collected so far 2638 points, won 911 games, drawn 470 and lost 612. The club's goal difference is -106 and the winning difference is +1128. Historical Goals Wins Draws Losses +/-Goals +/- Wins Points Matches TOTAL 3181–2053 911 470 612 +1128 +1372 2638 1991 Recent seasons Season Division Pos. Pl. W D L GS GA P Cup Supercup Europe Top Scorer 1998–99 Kategoria Superiore 2nd 30 18 6 6 57 18 60 RU — UCL 1QR Vioresin Sinani 14 1999–00 Kategoria Superiore 4th 26 11 4 11 29 28 37 QF — UC 1QR Edi Martini 8 2000–01 Kategoria Superiore 1st 26 17 5 4 51 22 56 SF — UIC 1R Vioresin Sinani 15 2001–02 Kategoria Superiore 5th 26 12 4 10 44 27 40 QF W UCL 2QR Vioresin Sinani 11 2002–03 Kategoria Superiore 2nd 26 15 4 7 51 32 49 SF — — — Vioresin Sinani 17 2004–05 Kategoria Superiore 3rd 36 21 5 10 77 51 68 SF — UC 1QR Vioresin Sinani 36 2004–05 Kategoria Superiore 4th 36 19 4 13 80 47 61 SF — UIC 2R Abílio 20 2005–06 Kategoria Superiore 6th 36 13 6 17 39 45 45 RU — — — Vioresin Sinani 13 2006–07 Kategoria Superiore 3rd 33 18 9 6 46 28 63 QF — UIC 2R Klevis Dalipi 9 Suad Liçi 9 2007–08 Kategoria Superiore 7th 33 12 9 12 46 46 45 W — — — Vioresin Sinani 20 2008–09 Kategoria Superiore 2nd 33 19 7 7 49 29 64 SF RU UC 2QR Vioresin Sinani 14 2009–10 Kategoria Superiore 6th 33 13 7 13 34 39 46 RU — UEL 2QR Bekim Balaj 8 2010–11 Kategoria Superiore 3rd 33 17 8 8 41 27 59 SF — — — Vioresin Sinani 11 2011–12 Kategoria Superiore 6th 26 10 5 11 38 32 35 SR — UEL 2QR Xhevahir Sukaj 9 2012–13 Kategoria Superiore 6th 26 11 5 10 30 26 38 SR — — — Dritan Smajli 7 2013–14 Kategoria Superiore 8th 33 12 9 12 42 36 45 QF — — — Tomislav Bušić 13 2014–15 Kategoria Superiore 7th 36 11 5 20 27 41 35 QF — — — Sebastián Sosa 7 2015–16 Kategoria Superiore 6th 36 11 6 19 36 42 39 QF — — — Eraldo Çinari 6 2016–17 Kategoria Superiore 7th 36 8 16 12 29 35 40 QF — — — Elis Bakaj 6 Ndriçim Shtubina 6 2017–18 Kategoria Superiore 9th 36 12 8 16 38 42 44 SR — — — Xhevahir Sukaj 10 2018–19 Kategoria e Parë ↑2nd 26 20 3 3 44 11 63 SR — — — Sílvio Júnior 9 2019–20 Kategoria Superiore 8th 36 12 10 14 36 41 46 SR — — — Gilman Lika 10 2020–21 Kategoria Superiore 2nd 36 19 9 8 44 22 66 W — — — Ardit Hoxhaj 12 2021–22 Kategoria Superiore 5th 36 13 16 7 47 38 55 W RU UECL 2QR Liridon Latifi 12 2022–23 Kategoria Superiore 4th 36 13 11 12 39 39 50 SF RU UECL 2QR Herald Marku 7 2023–24 Kategoria Superiore 4th 36 16 11 9 41 34 59 SF — UECL 1QR Bekim Balaj 18 Records Biggest ever home league victory: Vllaznia Shkodër 8–0 Flamurtari Vlorë – 6 February 1999 Biggest ever home league defeat: Vllaznia Shkodër 0–4 Dinamo Tirana – 25 September 2010 Biggest ever away league victory: KF Laçi 1–7 Vllaznia Shkodër – 18 December 2004 / KF Tirana 0–6 Vllaznia Shkodër - (1947) kf apolonia-KF VLLAZNIA 0-6 18.04.2021 Biggest ever away league defeat: KF Tirana 5–1 Vllaznia Shkodër – 28 February 2004 Biggest ever European home victory: Vllaznia Shkodër 3–0 Široki Brijeg – 15 July 2021 Biggest ever European home defeat: Vllaznia Shkodër 0–4 Trabzonspor – 14 July 2007 Biggest ever European away victory: Sliema Wanderers 0–4 Vllaznia Shkodër – 30 September 1987 Biggest ever European away defeat: Trabzonspor 6–0 Vllaznia Shkodër – 8 July 2007 Albanian records from September 1997 KF Vllaznia in Europe As of 20 July 2023. Season Competition Round Country Club Home Away 1967–68 Balkans Cup Group A Beroe Stara Zagora 4–0 0–2 2nd Gençlerbirliği 1–0 1–1 Farul Constanța 2–1 1–2 1971–72 UEFA Cup 1R Rapid Wien n.d. n.d. 1977 Balkans Cup Group B Panathinaikos 1–1 0–3 3rd Budućnost Titograd 1–1 0–2 1978–79 UEFA European Cup 1R Austria Wien 2–0 1–4 1979–80 European Cup Winners' Cup 1R Dynamo Moscow n.d. n.d. 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup 1R Hamburger SV n.d. n.d. 1986 Balkans Cup QF Gloria Buzău 0–0 0–3 1987–88 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1R Sliema Wanderers 2–0 4–0 2R RoPS 0–1 0–1 1991–92 UEFA Cup 1R AEK Athens 0–1 0–2 1998–99 UEFA Champions League QR Dinamo Tbilisi 3–1 0–3 1999–00 UEFA Cup QR Spartak Trnava 1–1 0–2 2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1R Nea Salamis 1–2 1–4 2001–02 UEFA Champions League 1QR KR 1–0 1–2 2QR Galatasaray 1–4 0–2 2003–04 UEFA Cup QR Dundee 0–2 0–4 2004 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1R Hapoel Be'er Sheva 1–2 3–0 2R Slaven Belupo 1–0 0–2 2007 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1R Zagreb 1–0 1–2 2R Trabzonspor 0–4 0–6 2008–09 UEFA Cup 1QR Koper 0–0 2–1 2QR Napoli 0–3 0–5 2009–10 UEFA Europa League 1QR Sligo Rovers 1–1 2–1 2QR Rapid Wien 0–3 0–5 2011–12 UEFA Europa League 1QR Birkirkara 1–1 1–0 2QR Thun 0–0 1–2 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League 1QR Široki Brijeg 3–0 1–3 2QR AEL Limassol 0−1 0–1 2022–23 UEFA Europa Conference League 2QR Universitatea Craiova 1–1 0−3 2023–24 UEFA Europa Conference League 1QR Linfield 1−0 1−3 2024–25 UEFA Conference League 1QR Valur QR = Qualifying Round 1R = 1st Round 2R = 2nd Round World & European Rankings (As of 3 August 2023) UEFA club coefficient ranking Rank Team Points 294 FC Ordabasy 4.000 295 Knattspyrnufélagið Víkingur 4.000 296 St Patrick's Athletic F.C. 4.000 297 KF Vllaznia Shkodër 4.000 298 FK Partizani Tirana 4.000 299 Puskás Akadémia FC 4.000 300 St Joseph's F.C. 4.000 Players Current squad As of 1 February 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK ALB Kristi Qarri 2 DF ALB Erdenis Gurishta 3 DF ALB Gledjan Pusi 4 DF CRO Marko Jurić 5 DF ALB Dritmir Beci 6 MF ALB Ardit Krymi 7 DF ALB Ildi Gruda 8 DF ALB Eslit Hajri Kallamoqi (Eslit Sala) 9 FW ALB Bekim Balaj (captain) 10 MF CRO Amir Kahrimanović 11 FW ALB Mehdi Çoba 12 GK ALB Aron Jukaj No. Pos. Nation Player 13 MF ALB Antonio Delaj 17 MF ALB Klinti Qato 19 DF ALB Flori Spahija 20 MF ALB Esat Mala 21 MF ALB Ardit Deliu 22 FW ALB Kevin Dodaj 29 MF BRA Andrey Yago 34 DF SRB Miloš Stojanović 66 MF ALB Ersi Zaganjori 77 MF ALB Rejan Alivoda — DF KOS Melos Bajrami Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — MF ALB Elidon Dulaj (at Burreli until 30 June 2024) Current staff Position Name Head Coach Thomas Brdarić Assistant Manager Ergi Borshi Goalkeeping Coach Ideal Lekiqi Sporting director Tefik Osmani Academy director Sead Halilagić Athletic Training Coach Aurel Locaj Video Analyst Ardit Mani Team doctor Zyhdi Coba Fiziotherapist Ilirjan Haxhaja Fiziotherapist Armir Dibra Masseur Brian Ferhati List of managers Palokë Nika (1920s) Ibrahim Dizdari (1945) Ernest Halepiani (1946) Skënder Jareci (1964–1965) Xhevdet Shaqiri (1966–1979) Medin Zhega (1980–1982) Ramazan Rragami (1982–1985) Astrit Hafizi (1985–1988) Ramazan Rragami (1988–1990) Astrit Hafizi (1990–1995) Sabah Bizi (1995) Hysen Dedja (1996–1998) Vasil Bici (1998–1999) Ramazan Rragami (1999–2000) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (2000–2001) Astrit Hafizi (2002) Hysen Dedja (2002) Ramadan Shehu (2003) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (2003–2004) Vasil Bici ( - 6 March 2005) Agim Medja (6 Mar 2005 - Jun 2005) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (Jul 2005 - 5 October 2005) Hysen Dedja (5 Oct 2005 - Jun 2006) Ulrich Schulze (Jul 2006 - 13 November 2006) Mirel Josa (13 Nov 2006 – 8 March 2008) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (8 Mar 2008 – Jun 2008) Agim Canaj (Jul 2008 – 2 March 2009) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (2 Mar 2009 – Jun 2009) Hasan Lika (Jul 2009 – 4 October 2009) Roland Luçi (4 Oct 2009 – 22 December 2009) Edi Martini (22 Dec 2009 – Jun 2010) Mojaš Radonjić (Jul 2010 – 26 October 2010) Mirel Josa (26 Oct 2010 – 25 October 2011) Elvis Plori (Oct 2011) Rudi Vata (25 Oct 2011 – 10 April 2012) Armir Grimaj (10 Apr 2012 - Jun 2012) Shpëtim Duro (Jul 2012 - 20 December 2012) Artan Bushati (20 Dec 2012 - Jun 2013) Agim Canaj (Jul 2013 – 9 March 2014) Samuel Nikaj (Mar 2014) Derviš Hadžiosmanović (9 Mar 2014 - Jun 2014) Baldo Raineri (Jul 2014 - 3 March 2015) Luan Zmijani (3 Mar 2015 – 27 September 2015) Armir Grimaj (27 Sep 2015 – 9 January 2016) Armando Cungu (9 Jan 2016 - Oct 2017) Ernest Gjoka (Oct 2017 – May 2018) Ervis Kraja (May 2018 - Jun 2018) Hasan Lika (Aug 2018 - Mar 2019) Agim Canaj (Mar 2019 – Jul 2019) Mirsad Jonuz (Jul 2019 – Jun 2020) Hysen Dedja (Jun 2020 – Aug 2020) Thomas Brdarić (Sep 2020 – Mar 2022) Elvis Plori (Mar 2022 – May 2022) Mirel Josa (May 2022 – Mar 2023) Auron Miloti (Mar 2023 – Apr 2023) Goce Sedloski (Apr 2023 – May 2023) Migen Memelli (Jun 2023 – Oct 2023) Qatip Osmani (Oct 2023 – Apr 2024) Thomas Brdarić (Apr 2024 –) Title winning Managers Name Period Trophies Ibrahim Dizdari 1945 National Championship Ernest Halepiani 1946 National Championship Xhevdet Shaqiri 1971–1978 3 National Championships Ramazan Rragami 1982–1983 National Championship Astrit Hafizi 1991–1992 Albanian Superliga Hysen Dedja 1997–1998 Albanian Superliga,Albanian Supercup Derviš Hadžiosmanović 2000–2001 Albanian Superliga,Albanian Supercup Derviš Hadžiosmanović 2008 Albanian Cup Thomas Brdarić 2020–2022 Albanian Cup Mirel Josa 2022–2023 Albanian Cup Notable players Hamdi Salihi Xhevahir Sukaj Vioresin Sinani Armando Vajushi Bekim Balaj Elseid Hysaj Rudi Vata Loro Boriçi Admir Teli Gilman Lika Erjon Vucaj Edon Hasani Dodë Tahiri Armando Cungu Palokë Nika Edi Martini Luan Zmijani Armir Grimaj Ramazan Rragami Elvin Beqiri Paulin Ndoja Amarildo Belisha Suad Lici Medin Zhega Women's team A women's team was created in 2013. When three time Albanian champion KF Ada Velipojë disestablished their women's team, the whole team moved to Vllaznia and formed a new women's section. The team then won the 2013–14 Albanian women's football championship and competed in the 2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League. Vllaznia was the first Albanian team draw or win a match when they beat Faroes side KI 2–1. UEFA considers them as a successor team and credits Ada's results to them. References ^ "World Stadiums – Stadiums in Albania". World Stadiums. Retrieved 30 July 2010. ^ a b c Gjergj Kola. "Palokë Nika – personazhi historik i sportit Shqiptar" (in Albanian). Shkodra Sport. Retrieved 5 February 2014. ^ a b "Një historik i shkurtër i futbollit në Shkodër" (in Albanian). Vllaznia.al. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014. ^ Congress, Library of (28 October 1968). "The Quarterly journal of the Library of Congress" – via Google Books. ^ "Unofficial Site of Albanian Football since 1913: National Championship since 1930". giovanniarmillotta.it. ^ "K.F. Tirana Legjenda Bardhë e Blu". kftirana.info. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012. ^ "AFA's General Assembly to consider the 3 war championships". Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. ^ "Vllaznia kalon në duart e "Gea Sport", Roberto Nava është trajneri i kuqebluve". balkanweb.com. 20 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014. ^ "NOA – Ju lutemi prisni..." noa.al. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2014. ^ "Edi Rama: Doshi, Frroku e Çela, merrni Vllazninë. "Loro Boriçi", arenë europiane". Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. ^ Panorama (24 October 2014). "Edi Rama: UEFA nuk dha drejtësi, Serbinë e presim në "Loro Boricin" 20 mijë vendesh". Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014. ^ "Nisin punimet në "Loro Boriçi". Rama: Gati për ndeshjen me Serbinë – Lajme – Top Channel". top-channel.tv. ^ "RIOTS: Vllaznia Shkodër – Tirana 11.09.2014". ultras-tifo.net. 11 September 2014. ^ "Vllaznia dhe Tirana, ja sa kushton dhuna". albeu.com. 17 September 2014. ^ "Member associations - UEFA rankings - Club coefficients – UEFA.com". UEFA.com. ^ Vllaznia prezantohet nesër, bashkia do Nikajn zv.trajner - Panorama (in Albanian) ^ "Vllaznia is winter champion" (in Albanian). albaniansport.net. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Team Shkodra, which in fact is the Ada Velipojë last season ^ "Surprises as qualifying round opens season". UEFA. 9 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014. Wikimedia Commons has media related to KS Vllaznia Shkodër. vteKlubi i Futbollit Vllaznia Shkodër Players Managers Seasons Current season Home stadium Loro Boriçi Stadium (1952–present) Reshit Rusi Stadium (other teams) Other teams B team Ladies Other In Europe Vllaznit Ultras All articles Seasons 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 Category:KF Vllaznia Shkodër Portal:Association football Commons:KF Vllaznia Shkodër vteKategoria Superiore clubsCurrent (2024–25) Bylis Dinamo City Egnatia AF Elbasani Laçi Partizani Skënderbeu Teuta Tirana Vllaznia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KF Vllaznia Shkodër (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Vllaznia_Shkod%C3%ABr_(women)"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Shkodër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Kategoria Superiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria_Superiore"},{"link_name":"Kategoria Superiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria_Superiore"},{"link_name":"Albanian Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Albanian Supercups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"Kategoria Superiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria_Superiore"},{"link_name":"Loro Boriçi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loro_Bori%C3%A7i_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Albania national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"all-seater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-seater_stadium"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Not to be confused with KF Vllaznia Shkodër (women).Soccer clubKlubi I Futbollit Vllaznia Shkodër, commonly known as Vllaznia is an Albanian football club based in the city of Shkodër. It is the association football branch of the Vllaznia Sports Club, which was founded on 16 February 1919. It is also the oldest club in Albania which means it is the first club created in Albania. The club have competed in every edition of Kategoria Superiore since 1930, which is the top tier of football in Albania, besides in the 1956–57, 1961–62 and 2018–19 football seasons.Vllaznia is one of the most successful football clubs in Albania, having won nine Kategoria Superiore titles, eight Albanian Cups and two Albanian Supercups. They have only been relegated from the Kategoria Superiore three times in 1956 due to a disqualification, in 1961, and for the last time in decades in 2018.The club's ground has been the Loro Boriçi Stadium since it was built in 1952, which is named after former Vllaznia and Albania national team captain. In 2016, the stadium was rebuilt into modern all-seater at the cost of €17 million, and it now has a capacity of 16,022, making it the second largest stadium in Albania.[citation needed]","title":"KF Vllaznia Shkodër"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1st_International_Football_Match_in_Albania_2003_stampsheet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shkodër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Palokë Nika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palok%C3%AB_Nika"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shkodra_Sport-2"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Imperial Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shkodra_Sport-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vllaznia-3"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"A 2003 postal stamp dedicated to the 1913 match between Austro-Hungarian Navy and Indipendenca Shkodër teamsFootball was introduced to the city of Shkodër in 1908, when a Maltese priest, Father Gut Ruter, brought a football into the city, which is considered to be the first time football was played in the country. The first football club formed in Albania was Indipendenca Shkodër, which began operating in 1912 under the guidance of founder Palokë Nika, who was also the captain of the team.[2] The first football game organised in city took place in October 1913 between Indipendenca Shkodër and the occupying Austro-Hungarian Imperial Navy. It was the first time a football team composed of Albanians had played foreigners, making it the first international game to ever take place involving an Albanian team, as well as being the first 90-minute football game to be played with two 45 minute halves in the country. Indipendenca Shkodër lost the game 2–1, with the captain Palokë Nika scoring the only goal for the home side.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bashkimi_Shkodran_1935.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albanian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_culture"},{"link_name":"fis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_tribes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"KF Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Tirana"},{"link_name":"Albanian Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Independence_Day"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"FK Lovćen Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Lov%C4%87en_Cetinje"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shkodra_Sport-2"},{"link_name":"Albanian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Kategoria e Parë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vllaznia-3"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Left-right: Kin Bushati (goalkeeper), Ernest Halepiani, Gjelosh Gjeka, Pjeter Gjoka, Qazim Dervishi (captain), Muhamet Halili, Asim Golemi, Luigj Radoja, Gjon Kiri, Myzafer Pipa, Hile Staka, and Luigj Shala (coach) in 1935Following the rise in popularity of football in the city, this prompted Palokë Nika along with other sportspeople in the city to form a club that would cater for many sports including football and on 16 February 1919 the Vllaznia Sports Society was formed. Vllaznia is a concept in Albanian culture often translated as \"brotherhood;\" it refers to loyalty to one's fis (clan, tribe).[4] They played games against other Albanian teams, notably playing KF Tirana in their first ever game in October 1920. The club also played international games, the first of which was against the occupying Italian troops on 23 May, who beat Vllaznia 1–0. Later in the year for Albanian Independence Day on 28 November Vllaznia organised another football game against an Italian selection again, this time losing 5–1. The club's first game outside of Albania was played on 31 August 1922 in Montenegro against FK Lovćen Cetinje, a match which they lost 4–0.[2] The club would continue to play domestic friendly games until the creation of the Albanian Football Association in 1930 and the start of the Kategoria e Parë in the same year.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albanian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Albanian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"1942 Albanian Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"KS Vllaznia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KS_Vllaznia"},{"link_name":"championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"KF Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Tirana"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Albanian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Albanian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Austria Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_Wien"},{"link_name":"Klodian Duro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klodian_Duro"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(football)"},{"link_name":"Mirel Josa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirel_Josa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Championships of World War II","text":"During the peak of World War II, between the years 1939 and 1942, Albanian Football Association organized three championships, in 1939, 1940 and 1942.[5]\nAccording to all information gathered in years from Albanian and foreign historians, players and veterans who lived these events, clear evidence proves the existence of these championships at that time, as well as the existence of three trophies given from Albanian Football Association officials themselves. One must not forget that 1942 Albanian Superliga had a nationwide participation – the first and the only one so far involving teams from both countries as Albania and Kosovo. KS Vllaznia won one such championship whilst KF Tirana won the other two championships in 1939 & 1942.[6] This would update the championship trophies won by these clubs to respectively 10 and 26 at the present time.[citation needed]After years of silence, Albanian Football Association have appointed a dedicated commission with 5 members, which is involved in gathering enough evidence in this regard. And finally, after a significant amount of evidence has been produced, it has been given an official date, when Albanian Football Association intend to officially recognize these 3 championships in their next General Assembly, to be held in February 2013.[7]In 1958 the club was renamed \"KS Vllaznia\". In the European Cup for Champions 1978/79 they beat Austrian team Austria Wien (who went on to the semifinals) 2–0 at home but lost 3–4 on aggregate. In the Cup Winners Cup of 1987/88 they reached the Round of 16 after beating Sliema Wanderes from Malta in both games (aggregate 6–0). In the 2001/2002 UEFA Champions league qualifying they beat KR Reykjavik from Iceland 2–1 in Reykjavik and 1–0 in Tirana with two goals from Klodian Duro. In next round KF Vllaznia were eliminated by the Turkish club Galatasaray 2–0 in Istanbul and 1–4 in Tirana. German Uli Schulze, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winner with 1. FC Magdeburg in 1974, was appointed as new coach in summer 2006. He was later replaced by Mirel Josa who is currently at his third spell coaching the team.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Skënderbeu Korçë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ABnderbeu_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"In the 2000s, Vllaznia went through changes. In 2003 the President of Vllaznia, Myftar Cela, was shot in Montenegro. The President was loved by every Vllaznia fan due to his generosity and his love for the team. After Cela died, a group of businessmen gathered to help the team.[citation needed]In 2006, an Albanian businessman, Valter Fushaj, became Vllaznia President. Since then he has been criticized by the fans for corruption and not wanting the best for the team.[citation needed]In the 2009–2010 season Vllaznia went through some rough changes; having to change 3 coaches and also replace players. Vllaznia dropped to the bottom of the table, and having been criticized by the fans, Vllaznia went through some bad times.[citation needed]On 17 April 2010, Vllaznia won 3–2 against Skënderbeu Korçë but the result was changed to a 2–0 loss for Vllaznia. This was because the player Ansi Nika wasn't on the team roster but was picked for the team anyway. This led to protests by the fans, making accusations that the Vllaznia staff and the President Valter Fushaj specifically did it for bribing reasons.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Sosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Sosa_(footballer,_born_1994)"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Giorginho Aguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorginho_Aguirre"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"KF Besëlidhja Lezhë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Bes%C3%ABlidhja_Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Europa Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Linfield F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"GEA Sport Era","text":"Roberto Nava, the president of GEA Sport SA, bought 50% of KF Vllaznia [8] and in July, Nava negotiated with Napoli to loan Sebastián Sosa on a one-year term in Shkodër. After successful negotiations with Napoli, Nava went on to buy Sebastián Rodríguez from Almería and Giorginho Aguirre from Corona Brasov.[9]Vllaznia were relegated from the Albanian Superliga in the 2017/18 season, a club that suffered their last demotion almost six decades ago in the early 1960s.However, during the 2018/19 season, the team managed to gain promotion to the Superliga while also being crowned champions of the Albanian First Division (the second tier of Albanian Football), beating second-placed Erzeni to the title by a whopping 12 points.[citation needed]In the 2019/20 season, Vllaznia finished eighth in the Superliga. They were then placed in the relegation play-off final against KF Besëlidhja Lezhë, but won 3–1 to secure their status as a top-flight club for another season.[citation needed]The 2020/21 season saw Vllaznia jump up the table and have a very successful season, finishing on an impressive 66 points and securing a second-place finish that booked them a spot in the Europa Conference League Qualifiers. Teuta, the team that won the league, beat Vllaznia on goal difference.[citation needed]Vllaznia also secured European football in the 2021/22 and 2022/23 seasons. In the 2023/24 Europa Conference League Qualifiers, they played the highly successful Northern Irish club Linfield F.C., but lost 3–2 on aggregate.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loro-Borici-Stadion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Lazio"},{"link_name":"Qemal Stafa Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qemal_Stafa_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Edi Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edi_Rama"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panorama1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2015–16 Albanian Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"Loro Boriçi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loro_Bori%C3%A7i_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ismail Xhemali Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Xhemali_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Pukë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puk%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Reshit Rusi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshit_Rusi_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Shkodër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"}],"text":"Loro Boriçi Stadium after reconstructionThe home ground of the club is called \"Loro Borici\". The name comes from one of the club's and Albania's greatest footballer to ever play, Loro played with some of the biggest teams at that time, with Roma and Lazio. The striker was known for his goalscoring abilities which he displayed in the Serie A after he left Vllaznia in the 1930s.Loro Boriçi stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Shkodër, Albania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Vllaznia Shkodër. The stadium holds about 16,000 spectators and was reconstructed in 2001. It is named in honour of Loro Boriçi, famous player in the 1940s and 1950s. It is also the second largest stadium in Albania behind the Qemal Stafa Stadium in Tirana which seats 19,600.In October 2014, Edi Rama, prime minister of Albania, promised the reconstruction of the stadium, which was last renovated in 2001.[10] He said that the stadium will be with a renewed capacity of about 20,000 spectators.[11]On 3 May 2015, construction works officially started, bringing the stadium to a renewed capacity of 17,500 seats.[12]During the 2015–16 Albanian Superliga season, Loro Boriçi Stadium was under re-construction, therefore Vllaznia used Ismail Xhemali Stadium in Pukë at the beginning of the season and then switched to Reshit Rusi Stadium in Shkodër for much of the season.","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"KF Partizani Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Partizani_Tirana"},{"link_name":"FK Kukësi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Kuk%C3%ABsi"},{"link_name":"Albanian Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Waasland-Beveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waasland-Beveren"},{"link_name":"BC Vllaznia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Vllaznia"},{"link_name":"Albanian Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_League"}],"text":"Vllaznia is one of the most popular and recognised teams amongst Albanian football fans in Albania, Kosovo and North Macedonia. The Ultras group of Vllaznia are known as 'Vllaznit Ultras' and were the first official ultras fan base in Albania who were created in 2005. They have strong ties with other Albanian Ultra groups such as the Ultras Guerrils who support KF Partizani Tirana and Armata E Veriut of FK Kukësi. It is known that Vllaznit Ultras meet up with opposition fans to greet each other before and after a game. Vllaznit Ultras are not just present in the football scene, they also attend Vllaznia's basketball matches to show their full support and love for Vllaznia at any sporting level. Fans of Vllaznia have always attended matches in high quantities, but in recent years the number of fans attending games has decreased due to the poor management and loss of confidence in the team. In the last 3 seasons the team has made a good performance in the league pretending for the title and also winning two Albanian Cups. This good performance has risen the passion and confidence among the fans, which has grown the number of fans in the stadium. They have ties with Ultras Beveren, the supporters of Belgian team Waasland-BeverenDespite the low number of fans at Vllaznia's football games, they have recently turned up in strong numbers for the clubs basketball team, BC Vllaznia, due to their outstanding form in the past few years, having won the 3 Albanian Basketball League championships from 2014 to 2016.","title":"Fans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KF Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Tirana"},{"link_name":"Albanian Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"2016-17 Albanian Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016-17_Albanian_Superliga"},{"link_name":"Loro Boriçi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loro_Bori%C3%A7i_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Shkodër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ervin Bulku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervin_Bulku"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Flamurtari Vlorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamurtari_Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Laçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_La%C3%A7i"},{"link_name":"Kukësi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Kuk%C3%ABsi"},{"link_name":"Besëlidhja Lezhë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bes%C3%ABlidhja_Lezh%C3%AB"}],"text":"Vllaznia's all time enemies are KF Tirana who are the most successful side in Albanian football. Both teams had been the only two in Albania to not have been relegated from the top tier of Albanian football, until on the final match day of 2017, where both sides fought out who would survive and go down in front of a full crowd (Vllaznia 0–0 Tirana), Tirana were relegated. This rivalry is known as the \"All-time Albanian derby\". The rivalry is mainly in existence because both sides were the first two football teams to be found in Albania, where Vllaznia was found in 1919, whilst KF Tirana was found in 1920. Another reason why this rivalry potentially exists is due to the historic popularity between these two sides. Vllaznia and Tirana were the only sides in Albania to have never been relegated in the Albanian Superliga, they both hold 78 official seasons and 81 unofficial seasons (including three unofficial championships during World War II) in Albanian top flight football going into the 2016-17 Albanian Superliga season.Both ultra groups, the Vllaznit Ultras and Tirona Fanatics are known for their fierce rivalry in the stands and off the pitch, which was shown in a match played in Loro Boriçi Stadium in Shkodër on 11 September 2014.[13] During this game there was a lot of tension which began in the second half of the game. The game was interrupted when Tirana's fans started throwing bottles and other objects to show their anger towards the referee's decisions. Late on, Tirana grabbed an equaliser through Ervin Bulku to level 1–1, and this sparked a huge brawl between the fans. Tirana fans ran onto the pitch and seemingly started throwing chairs and bottles at Vllaznia fans. From then on Vllaznia fans started attacking Tirana fans inside and outside of the stadium. Vllaznia's fans gave an official statement on Vllaznia's official Facebook page where they stated that what Tirana fans did was seen as an embarrassment and an insult to people of Shkodra and Albanian football, therefore action was needed. Amongst some of the injured people was Tirana's president, Refik Halili who was hit by a fan of Tirana with a stone. Vllaznia fans were given a 10 match ban from attending home games, whilst Tirana were given 15.[14]Vllaznia has a fierce rivalry with Flamurtari Vlorë too. This rivalry dates back to the 70s when the two sides were the best teams in Albania. This is also the rivalry between the main clubs from the north and the south of Albania. This game is one of the most attended matches in Albanian football. The relations between fans of the clubs in and out of field are rude and supporters usually have troubles and violence.Other derbies include the North Albanian derbies against Laçi and Kukësi. Laçi fans insist that the North Albanian derby is between Laçi and Vllaznia, whereas fans of Kukësi believe it is between Kukësi and Vllaznia. However history suggests that Besëlidhja Lezhë and Vllaznia were the most popular Northern Albanian sides decades ago.","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kategoria Superiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria_Superiore"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Albanian_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Kategoria_Superiore"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Kategoria_Superiore"},{"link_name":"Kategoria e Parë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria_e_Par%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Kategoria_e_Par%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Kategoria_e_Par%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Kategoria_e_Par%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Albanian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1964–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1938–39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1965–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Albanian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Albanian Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Albanian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Albanian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Albanian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Albanian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Albanian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Albanian_Supercup"}],"text":"Kategoria Superiore\nWinners (9):1940, 1945, 1946, 1971–72, 1973–74, 1977–78, 1982–83, 1991–92, 1997–98, 2000–01\nRunners-up (11): 1932, 1933, 1936, 1937, 1947, 1949, 1974–75, 1996–97, 1998–99, 2002–03, 2008–09, 2020–21\nKategoria e Parë\nWinners (2): 1957, 1962\nRunners-up (1): 2018–19\nAlbanian Cup\nWinners (8): 1964–65, 1971–72, 1978–79, 1980–81, 1986–87, 2007–08, 2020–21, 2021–22\nRunners-up (8): 1938–39, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1985–86, 1998–99, 2005–06, 2009–10\nAlbanian Supercup\nWinners (2): 1998, 2001\nRunners-up (4): 1992, 2008, 2021, 2022","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kategoria Superiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria_Superiore"}],"text":"Since the Kategoria Superiore began in 1930, KF Vllaznia have played 1991 Superliga matches, scored 3181 goals and conceded 2053. The club has collected so far 2638 points, won 911 games, drawn 470 and lost 612. The club's goal difference is -106 and the winning difference is +1128.","title":"KF Vllaznia Shkodër statistics in Kategoria Superiore"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Recent seasons","title":"KF Vllaznia Shkodër statistics in Kategoria Superiore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flamurtari Vlorë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamurtari_Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Dinamo Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamo_Tirana"},{"link_name":"KF Laçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_La%C3%A7i"},{"link_name":"KF Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Tirana"},{"link_name":"KF Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Tirana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Široki Brijeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_%C5%A0iroki_Brijeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Trabzonspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzonspor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Sliema Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliema_Wanderers_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Trabzonspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzonspor"}],"text":"Biggest ever home league victory: Vllaznia Shkodër 8–0 Flamurtari Vlorë – 6 February 1999\nBiggest ever home league defeat: Vllaznia Shkodër 0–4 Dinamo Tirana – 25 September 2010\nBiggest ever away league victory: KF Laçi 1–7 Vllaznia Shkodër – 18 December 2004 / KF Tirana 0–6 Vllaznia Shkodër - (1947) kf apolonia-KF VLLAZNIA 0-6 18.04.2021\nBiggest ever away league defeat: KF Tirana 5–1 Vllaznia Shkodër – 28 February 2004\nBiggest ever European home victory: Vllaznia Shkodër 3–0 Široki Brijeg – 15 July 2021\nBiggest ever European home defeat: Vllaznia Shkodër 0–4 Trabzonspor – 14 July 2007\nBiggest ever European away victory: Sliema Wanderers 0–4 Vllaznia Shkodër – 30 September 1987\nBiggest ever European away defeat: Trabzonspor 6–0 Vllaznia Shkodër – 8 July 2007Albanian records from September 1997","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 20 July 2023.QR = Qualifying Round\n1R = 1st Round\n2R = 2nd Round","title":"KF Vllaznia in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"(As of 3 August 2023)[15]","title":"World & European Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"UEFA club coefficient ranking","title":"World & European Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 1 February 2024Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Palokë Nika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palok%C3%AB_Nika"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Dizdari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Dizdari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Ernest Halepiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Halepiani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Skënder Jareci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ABnder_Jareci"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Xhevdet Shaqiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhevdet_Shaqiri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Medin Zhega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medin_Zhega"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Ramazan Rragami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan_Rragami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Astrit Hafizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrit_Hafizi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Ramazan Rragami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan_Rragami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Astrit Hafizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrit_Hafizi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Sabah Bizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Bizi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Hysen Dedja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysen_Dedja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Vasil Bici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Bici"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Ramazan Rragami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan_Rragami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Derviš Hadžiosmanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervi%C5%A1_Had%C5%BEiosmanovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Astrit Hafizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrit_Hafizi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Hysen Dedja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysen_Dedja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Ramadan Shehu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_Shehu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Derviš Hadžiosmanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervi%C5%A1_Had%C5%BEiosmanovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Vasil Bici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Bici"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Agim Medja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agim_Medja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Derviš Hadžiosmanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervi%C5%A1_Had%C5%BEiosmanovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Hysen Dedja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysen_Dedja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Schulze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Schulze"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Mirel Josa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirel_Josa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Derviš Hadžiosmanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervi%C5%A1_Had%C5%BEiosmanovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Agim Canaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agim_Canaj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Derviš Hadžiosmanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervi%C5%A1_Had%C5%BEiosmanovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Hasan Lika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Lika"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Roland Luçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Lu%C3%A7i"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Edi Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edi_Martini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Mojaš Radonjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moja%C5%A1_Radonji%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Mirel Josa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirel_Josa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Elvis Plori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Plori"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Rudi Vata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Vata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Armir Grimaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armir_Grimaj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Shpëtim Duro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shp%C3%ABtim_Duro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Artan Bushati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artan_Bushati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Agim Canaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agim_Canaj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Samuel Nikaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Nikaj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Derviš Hadžiosmanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervi%C5%A1_Had%C5%BEiosmanovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Baldo Raineri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baldo_Raineri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Luan Zmijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luan_Zmijani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Armir Grimaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armir_Grimaj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Armando Cungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Cungu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Ernest Gjoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gjoka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Ervis Kraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervis_Kraja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Hasan Lika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Lika"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Agim Canaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agim_Canaj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Mirsad Jonuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirsad_Jonuz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Hysen Dedja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysen_Dedja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Thomas Brdarić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brdari%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Elvis Plori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Plori"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Mirel Josa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirel_Josa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Auron Miloti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auron_Miloti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Goce Sedloski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goce_Sedloski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Migen Memelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migen_Memelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Qatip Osmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatip_Osmani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Thomas Brdarić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brdari%C4%87"}],"text":"Palokë Nika (1920s)\n Ibrahim Dizdari (1945)\n Ernest Halepiani (1946)\n Skënder Jareci (1964–1965)\n Xhevdet Shaqiri (1966–1979)\n Medin Zhega (1980–1982)\n Ramazan Rragami (1982–1985)\n Astrit Hafizi (1985–1988)\n Ramazan Rragami (1988–1990)\n Astrit Hafizi (1990–1995)\n Sabah Bizi (1995)\n Hysen Dedja (1996–1998)\n Vasil Bici (1998–1999)\n Ramazan Rragami (1999–2000)\n Derviš Hadžiosmanović (2000–2001)\n Astrit Hafizi (2002)\n Hysen Dedja (2002)\n Ramadan Shehu (2003)\n Derviš Hadžiosmanović (2003–2004)\n Vasil Bici ( - 6 March 2005)\n Agim Medja (6 Mar 2005 - Jun 2005)\n Derviš Hadžiosmanović (Jul 2005 - 5 October 2005)\n Hysen Dedja (5 Oct 2005 - Jun 2006)\n Ulrich Schulze (Jul 2006 - 13 November 2006)\n Mirel Josa (13 Nov 2006 – 8 March 2008)\n Derviš Hadžiosmanović (8 Mar 2008 – Jun 2008)\n Agim Canaj (Jul 2008 – 2 March 2009)\n Derviš Hadžiosmanović (2 Mar 2009 – Jun 2009)\n Hasan Lika (Jul 2009 – 4 October 2009)\n Roland Luçi (4 Oct 2009 – 22 December 2009)\n Edi Martini (22 Dec 2009 – Jun 2010)\n Mojaš Radonjić (Jul 2010 – 26 October 2010)\n Mirel Josa (26 Oct 2010 – 25 October 2011)\n Elvis Plori (Oct 2011)\n Rudi Vata (25 Oct 2011 – 10 April 2012)\n Armir Grimaj (10 Apr 2012 - Jun 2012)\n Shpëtim Duro (Jul 2012 - 20 December 2012)\n Artan Bushati (20 Dec 2012 - Jun 2013)\n Agim Canaj (Jul 2013 – 9 March 2014)\n Samuel Nikaj (Mar 2014)\n Derviš Hadžiosmanović (9 Mar 2014 - Jun 2014)\n Baldo Raineri (Jul 2014 - 3 March 2015)[16]\n Luan Zmijani (3 Mar 2015 – 27 September 2015)\n Armir Grimaj (27 Sep 2015 – 9 January 2016)\n Armando Cungu (9 Jan 2016 - Oct 2017)\n Ernest Gjoka (Oct 2017 – May 2018)\n Ervis Kraja (May 2018 - Jun 2018)\n Hasan Lika (Aug 2018 - Mar 2019)\n Agim Canaj (Mar 2019 – Jul 2019)\n Mirsad Jonuz (Jul 2019 – Jun 2020)\n Hysen Dedja (Jun 2020 – Aug 2020)\n Thomas Brdarić (Sep 2020 – Mar 2022)\n Elvis Plori (Mar 2022 – May 2022)\n Mirel Josa (May 2022 – Mar 2023)\n Auron Miloti (Mar 2023 – Apr 2023)\n Goce Sedloski (Apr 2023 – May 2023)\n Migen Memelli (Jun 2023 – Oct 2023)\n Qatip Osmani (Oct 2023 – Apr 2024)\n Thomas Brdarić (Apr 2024 –)","title":"List of managers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Title winning Managers","title":"List of managers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamdi Salihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdi_Salihi"},{"link_name":"Xhevahir Sukaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhevahir_Sukaj"},{"link_name":"Vioresin Sinani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vioresin_Sinani"},{"link_name":"Armando Vajushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Vajushi"},{"link_name":"Bekim Balaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekim_Balaj"},{"link_name":"Elseid Hysaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elseid_Hysaj"},{"link_name":"Rudi Vata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Vata"},{"link_name":"Loro Boriçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loro_Bori%C3%A7i"},{"link_name":"Admir Teli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admir_Teli"},{"link_name":"Gilman Lika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilman_Lika"},{"link_name":"Erjon Vucaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erjon_Vucaj"},{"link_name":"Edon Hasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edon_Hasani"},{"link_name":"Dodë Tahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dod%C3%AB_Tahiri"},{"link_name":"Armando Cungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Cungu"},{"link_name":"Palokë Nika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palok%C3%AB_Nika"},{"link_name":"Edi Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edi_Martini"},{"link_name":"Luan Zmijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luan_Zmijani"},{"link_name":"Armir Grimaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armir_Grimaj"},{"link_name":"Ramazan Rragami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramazan_Rragami"},{"link_name":"Elvin Beqiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvin_Beqiri"},{"link_name":"Amarildo Belisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarildo_Belisha"},{"link_name":"Suad Lici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suad_Lici"},{"link_name":"Medin Zhega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medin_Zhega"}],"text":"Hamdi Salihi\nXhevahir Sukaj\nVioresin Sinani\nArmando Vajushi\nBekim Balaj\nElseid Hysaj\nRudi Vata\nLoro Boriçi\nAdmir Teli\nGilman Lika\nErjon Vucaj\nEdon Hasani\nDodë Tahiri\nArmando Cungu\nPalokë Nika\nEdi Martini\nLuan Zmijani\nArmir Grimaj\nRamazan Rragami\nElvin Beqiri\nPaulin Ndoja\nAmarildo Belisha\nSuad Lici\nMedin Zhega","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KF Ada Velipojë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Ada_Velipoj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Albanian women's football championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_women%27s_football_championship"},{"link_name":"2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"A women's team was created in 2013. When three time Albanian champion KF Ada Velipojë disestablished their women's team, the whole team moved to Vllaznia and formed a new women's section.[17] The team then won the 2013–14 Albanian women's football championship and competed in the 2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League. Vllaznia was the first Albanian team draw or win a match when they beat Faroes side KI 2–1. UEFA considers them as a successor team and credits Ada's results to them.[18]","title":"Women's team"}]	[{"image_text":"A 2003 postal stamp dedicated to the 1913 match between Austro-Hungarian Navy and Indipendenca Shkodër teams","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1st_International_Football_Match_in_Albania_2003_stampsheet.jpg/240px-1st_International_Football_Match_in_Albania_2003_stampsheet.jpg"},{"image_text":"Left-right: Kin Bushati (goalkeeper), Ernest Halepiani, Gjelosh Gjeka, Pjeter Gjoka, Qazim Dervishi (captain), Muhamet Halili, Asim Golemi, Luigj Radoja, Gjon Kiri, Myzafer Pipa, Hile Staka, and Luigj Shala (coach) in 1935","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bashkimi_Shkodran_1935.jpg/240px-Bashkimi_Shkodran_1935.jpg"},{"image_text":"Loro Boriçi Stadium after reconstruction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Loro-Borici-Stadion.jpg/1000px-Loro-Borici-Stadion.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"World Stadiums – Stadiums in Albania\". World Stadiums. Retrieved 30 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldstadiums.com/europe/countries/albania.shtml","url_text":"\"World Stadiums – Stadiums in Albania\""}]},{"reference":"Gjergj Kola. \"Palokë Nika – personazhi historik i sportit Shqiptar\" (in Albanian). Shkodra Sport. Retrieved 5 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shkodrasport.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3848%3A-paloke-nika-personazhi-historik-i-sportit-shqiptar&catid=45%3Apersonazhe&Itemid=108&lang","url_text":"\"Palokë Nika – personazhi historik i sportit Shqiptar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Një historik i shkurtër i futbollit në Shkodër\" (in Albanian). Vllaznia.al. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150520/http://www.vllaznia.al/index.php/historia-e-vllaznise-shkoder/83-2013-09-13-19-54-09","url_text":"\"Një historik i shkurtër i futbollit në Shkodër\""},{"url":"http://www.vllaznia.al/index.php/historia-e-vllaznise-shkoder/83-2013-09-13-19-54-09","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Congress, Library of (28 October 1968). \"The Quarterly journal of the Library of Congress\" – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7HyFAAAAIAAJ&q=Vllaznia+Brotherhood","url_text":"\"The Quarterly journal of the Library of Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unofficial Site of Albanian Football since 1913: National Championship since 1930\". giovanniarmillotta.it.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.giovanniarmillotta.it/albania/calcio/championship.html","url_text":"\"Unofficial Site of Albanian Football since 1913: National Championship since 1930\""}]},{"reference":"\"K.F. Tirana Legjenda Bardhë e Blu\". kftirana.info. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121124044748/http://www.kftirana.info/history.html","url_text":"\"K.F. Tirana Legjenda Bardhë e Blu\""},{"url":"http://www.kftirana.info/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AFA's General Assembly to consider the 3 war championships\". Archived from the original on 31 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121231010432/http://www.sportishqiptar.com.al/newsite/2012/12/19/do-te-njihen-kampionatet-e-luftes/#comment-177840","url_text":"\"AFA's General Assembly to consider the 3 war championships\""},{"url":"http://www.sportishqiptar.com.al/newsite/2012/12/19/do-te-njihen-kampionatet-e-luftes/#comment-177840","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vllaznia kalon në duart e \"Gea Sport\", Roberto Nava është trajneri i kuqebluve\". balkanweb.com. 20 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115559/http://www.balkanweb.com/sport/2692/vllaznia-kalon-ne-duart-e-gea-sport-roberto-nava-eshte-trajneri-i-kuqebluve-201966.html","url_text":"\"Vllaznia kalon në duart e \"Gea Sport\", Roberto Nava është trajneri i kuqebluve\""},{"url":"http://www.balkanweb.com/sport/2692/vllaznia-kalon-ne-duart-e-gea-sport-roberto-nava-eshte-trajneri-i-kuqebluve-201966.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NOA – Ju lutemi prisni...\" noa.al. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160327104939/http://www.noa.al/artikull/mediat-italiane-sebastian-sosa-te-vllaznia/435389.html","url_text":"\"NOA – Ju lutemi prisni...\""},{"url":"http://www.noa.al/artikull/mediat-italiane-sebastian-sosa-te-vllaznia/435389.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Edi Rama: Doshi, Frroku e Çela, merrni Vllazninë. \"Loro Boriçi\", arenë europiane\". Archived from the original on 14 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141014194631/http://www.panorama-sport.com/ballina/rama-loro-borici-arena-e-dyte-europiane-doshi-frroku-e-cela-merrni-vllaznine/","url_text":"\"Edi Rama: Doshi, Frroku e Çela, merrni Vllazninë. \"Loro Boriçi\", arenë europiane\""},{"url":"http://www.panorama-sport.com/ballina/rama-loro-borici-arena-e-dyte-europiane-doshi-frroku-e-cela-merrni-vllaznine/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Panorama (24 October 2014). \"Edi Rama: UEFA nuk dha drejtësi, Serbinë e presim në \"Loro Boricin\" 20 mijë vendesh\". Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141024142436/http://www.panorama-sport.com/ballina/edi-rama-serbine-e-presim-ne-loro-boricin-20-mije-vendesh/","url_text":"\"Edi Rama: UEFA nuk dha drejtësi, Serbinë e presim në \"Loro Boricin\" 20 mijë vendesh\""},{"url":"http://www.panorama-sport.com/ballina/edi-rama-serbine-e-presim-ne-loro-boricin-20-mije-vendesh/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nisin punimet në \"Loro Boriçi\". Rama: Gati për ndeshjen me Serbinë – Lajme – Top Channel\". top-channel.tv.","urls":[{"url":"http://top-channel.tv/lajme/artikull.php?id=298201#k1","url_text":"\"Nisin punimet në \"Loro Boriçi\". Rama: Gati për ndeshjen me Serbinë – Lajme – Top Channel\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIOTS: Vllaznia Shkodër – Tirana 11.09.2014\". ultras-tifo.net. 11 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultras-tifo.net/news/2772-riots-vllaznia-shkoder-tirana-11092014.html","url_text":"\"RIOTS: Vllaznia Shkodër – Tirana 11.09.2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vllaznia dhe Tirana, ja sa kushton dhuna\". albeu.com. 17 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://sport.albeu.com/shqiperi/vllaznia-dhe-tirana-ja-sa-kushton-dhuna/170428/","url_text":"\"Vllaznia dhe Tirana, ja sa kushton dhuna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Member associations - UEFA rankings - Club coefficients – UEFA.com\". UEFA.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/index.html","url_text":"\"Member associations - UEFA rankings - Club coefficients – UEFA.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vllaznia is winter champion\" (in Albanian). albaniansport.net. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2014. Team Shkodra, which in fact is the Ada Velipojë last season","urls":[{"url":"http://albaniansport.net/?fq=brenda&m=shfaqart&aid=12102","url_text":"\"Vllaznia is winter champion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surprises as qualifying round opens season\". UEFA. 9 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=2130488.html","url_text":"\"Surprises as qualifying round opens season\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://vllaznia.al/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/vllaznit05/","external_links_name":"https://www.facebook.com/vllaznit05/"},{"Link":"http://www.worldstadiums.com/europe/countries/albania.shtml","external_links_name":"\"World Stadiums – Stadiums in Albania\""},{"Link":"http://www.shkodrasport.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3848%3A-paloke-nika-personazhi-historik-i-sportit-shqiptar&catid=45%3Apersonazhe&Itemid=108&lang","external_links_name":"\"Palokë Nika – personazhi historik i sportit Shqiptar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222150520/http://www.vllaznia.al/index.php/historia-e-vllaznise-shkoder/83-2013-09-13-19-54-09","external_links_name":"\"Një historik i shkurtër i futbollit në Shkodër\""},{"Link":"http://www.vllaznia.al/index.php/historia-e-vllaznise-shkoder/83-2013-09-13-19-54-09","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7HyFAAAAIAAJ&q=Vllaznia+Brotherhood","external_links_name":"\"The Quarterly journal of the Library of Congress\""},{"Link":"http://www.giovanniarmillotta.it/albania/calcio/championship.html","external_links_name":"\"Unofficial Site of Albanian Football since 1913: National Championship since 1930\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121124044748/http://www.kftirana.info/history.html","external_links_name":"\"K.F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diedrich_Coffee	Diedrich Coffee	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	American coffee company Diedrich Coffee, IncDiedrich Coffee logoCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryRestaurantsFoundedIn 1972; 52 years ago (1972) in Irvine, CaliforniaHeadquartersIrvine, CaliforniaKey peopleJ. Russell Philips, President and CEOSean McCarthy, Chief Financial OfficerProductsWhole Bean Coffee Food Beverages MerchandiseRevenue$52.5 mill. (FY2004 net) ($14.6 mill)Number of employees815 as of February 25, 2005ParentGreen Mountain Coffee RoastersSubsidiariesDiedrich Coffee, IncCoffee PeopleWebsiteDiedrich.com Diedrich Coffee was a coffee company based in Irvine, CA. Its first coffee house in Orange County, California was opened in 1972. History The history of the company started with Charlotte Diedrich inheriting a coffee plantation in Costa Rica in 1916. Her son, Carl Diedrich joined the business in 1946 and purchased a coffee plantation in Antigua, Guatemala, in 1966. The first coffeehouse, a roastery, opened in Newport Beach in 1972. Diedrich Coffee, a neighborhood coffeehouse, was founded by Martin Diedrich in 1983. He took over the retail, roasting and importing facets of the family business from retiring Carl. In September 1996, Diedrich Coffee went public. The company bought rival chain Coffee People, which also held the franchise rights to Gloria Jean's Coffees in the United States, in July 1999. In June 2004, Martin Diedrich resigned his position at Diedrich Coffee. In September 2006, Diedrich Coffee announced plans to close its company-owned retail stores under the Diedrich and Coffee People brands, with 40 locations being sold to rival Starbucks and reopened under that brand. The company continued as a roaster and wholesaler of coffee beans and as the franchisor of the Coffee People and Gloria Jean's brands. The company also retained ownership of Coffee People stores inside the Portland International Airport. In 2009, Diedrich Coffee sold its US Gloria Jean's franchises to the Australian-owned Gloria Jean’s Coffees International. As part of the deal, Diedrich retained the rights to use the Gloria Jean's brand in North America for wholesaling and Keurig coffee pods. On November 3, 2009, California-based Peet's Coffee announced that it was buying Diedrich. On December 8, 2009, Vermont-based Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Inc. trumped the offer from Peet's Coffee and agreed to buy Diedrich for $290 million. See also List of coffeehouse chains Coffee portal References ^ "Celebrating The Rich Legacy Of Diedrich Coffee: A Journey From 1916 To Today - The Golden Lamb". 2023-12-24. Retrieved 2023-12-25. ^ Heritage Coffee people website. Retrieved October 10, 2008. ^ Diedrich Coffee of Irvine, Calif., to Buy Coffee People of Beaverton, Ore., Tribune News, February 12, 1999 courtesy link. ^ "Starbucks buys Coffee People stores, hippies mourn". AOL. 2006-09-18. Archived from the original on 2006-10-24. Retrieved 2006-09-18. ^ "Diedrich Coffee gives up fight". Orange County Register. 2006-09-14. Retrieved 2006-09-14. ^ "Starbucks buys Coffee People stores, hippies mourn". AOL. 2006-09-18. Archived from the original on 2006-10-24. Retrieved 2006-09-18. ^ "Diedrich Coffee Completes Sale of Gloria Jean's Coffees Domestic Franchise Operations". Istockanalyst.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-08-11. ^ "Diedrich Coffee Completes Sale of Gloria Jean's Coffees Domestic Franchise Operations". Istockanalyst.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-08-11. ^ "Notable Mergers and Acquisitions of the Day 11/3: BRK-BBNI, SWK-BDK, PEET-DDRX". StreetInsider.com. 2009-11-03. Retrieved 2009-11-03. ^ "Green Mountain Coffee to buy Diedrich for $290 Million". LATimes.com. 2009-12-08. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-08. External links Diedrich Coffee Archived 2006-05-17 at the Wayback Machine Coffee People Archived 2008-08-04 at the Wayback Machine Gloria Jean's vteKeurig Dr Pepper brandsSoda 50/50 7 Up A&W Cactus Cooler Canada Dry Canfield's Crush Dr Pepper Hires Root Beer IBC Root Beer RC Cola Diet Rite Nehi Schweppes Squirt Stewart's Fountain Classics Sun Drop Sunkist Sussex Golden Venom Energy Vernors Wink Coffees Diedrich Coffee Green Mountain Timothy's World Coffee Tully's Coffee Van Houtte Juice, teas and others Dejà Blue Hawaiian Punch Mott's Nantucket Nectars Peñafiel ReaLemon/ReaLime Snapple Yoo-hoo Beverage mixers Clamato Mr & Mrs T Rose's	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irvine, CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_CA"},{"link_name":"Orange County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"}],"text":"Diedrich Coffee was a coffee company based in Irvine, CA. Its first coffee house in Orange County, California was opened in 1972.","title":"Diedrich Coffee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Antigua, Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua,_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Newport Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gloria Jean's Coffees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Jean%27s_Coffees"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Starbucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Portland International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gloria Jean’s Coffees International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Jean%27s_Coffees"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Keurig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurig"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Peet's Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peet%27s_Coffee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain_Coffee_Roasters_Inc."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The history of the company started with Charlotte Diedrich inheriting a coffee plantation in Costa Rica in 1916. Her son, Carl Diedrich joined the business in 1946 and purchased a coffee plantation in Antigua, Guatemala, in 1966. The first coffeehouse, a roastery, opened in Newport Beach in 1972.[1]Diedrich Coffee, a neighborhood coffeehouse, was founded by Martin Diedrich in 1983. He took over the retail, roasting and importing facets of the family business from retiring Carl. In September 1996, Diedrich Coffee went public.[citation needed]The company bought rival chain Coffee People, which also held the franchise rights to Gloria Jean's Coffees in the United States, in July 1999.[2][3] In June 2004, Martin Diedrich resigned his position at Diedrich Coffee.[citation needed]In September 2006, Diedrich Coffee announced plans to close its company-owned retail stores under the Diedrich and Coffee People brands, with 40 locations being sold to rival Starbucks and reopened under that brand.[4] The company continued as a roaster and wholesaler of coffee beans and as the franchisor of the Coffee People and Gloria Jean's brands.[5] The company also retained ownership of Coffee People stores inside the Portland International Airport.[6]In 2009, Diedrich Coffee sold its US Gloria Jean's franchises to the Australian-owned Gloria Jean’s Coffees International.[7] As part of the deal, Diedrich retained the rights to use the Gloria Jean's brand in North America for wholesaling and Keurig coffee pods.[8]On November 3, 2009, California-based Peet's Coffee announced that it was buying Diedrich.[9] On December 8, 2009, Vermont-based Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Inc. trumped the offer from Peet's Coffee and agreed to buy Diedrich for $290 million.[10]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Diedrich Coffee logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2e/Diedrichlogo.png"}]	[{"title":"List of coffeehouse chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg"},{"title":"Coffee portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Coffee"}]	[{"reference":"\"Celebrating The Rich Legacy Of Diedrich Coffee: A Journey From 1916 To Today - The Golden Lamb\". 2023-12-24. 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Retrieved 2006-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_1275961.php","url_text":"\"Diedrich Coffee gives up fight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register","url_text":"Orange County Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Starbucks buys Coffee People stores, hippies mourn\". AOL. 2006-09-18. Archived from the original on 2006-10-24. Retrieved 2006-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061024032307/http://www.bloggingstocks.com/2006/09/18/starbucks-buys-coffee-people-stores-hippies-mourn/","url_text":"\"Starbucks buys Coffee People stores, hippies mourn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL","url_text":"AOL"},{"url":"http://www.bloggingstocks.com/2006/09/18/starbucks-buys-coffee-people-stores-hippies-mourn/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diedrich Coffee Completes Sale of Gloria Jean's Coffees Domestic Franchise Operations\". Istockanalyst.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322113835/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3288200","url_text":"\"Diedrich Coffee Completes Sale of Gloria Jean's Coffees Domestic Franchise Operations\""},{"url":"http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3288200","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diedrich Coffee Completes Sale of Gloria Jean's Coffees Domestic Franchise Operations\". Istockanalyst.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322113835/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3288200","url_text":"\"Diedrich Coffee Completes Sale of Gloria Jean's Coffees Domestic Franchise Operations\""},{"url":"http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3288200","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Notable Mergers and Acquisitions of the Day 11/3: BRK-BBNI, SWK-BDK, PEET-DDRX\". StreetInsider.com. 2009-11-03. Retrieved 2009-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.streetinsider.com/Special+Reports/Notable+Mergers+and+Acquisitions+of+the+Day+113:+BRK.BBNI,+SWKBDK,+PEETDDRX/5068885.html","url_text":"\"Notable Mergers and Acquisitions of the Day 11/3: BRK-BBNI, SWK-BDK, PEET-DDRX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=StreetInsider.com&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"StreetInsider.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Mountain Coffee to buy Diedrich for $290 Million\". LATimes.com. 2009-12-08. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091213005710/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-diedrich9-2009dec09,0,2387981.story","url_text":"\"Green Mountain Coffee to buy Diedrich for $290 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LATimes.com","url_text":"LATimes.com"},{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-diedrich9-2009dec09,0,2387981.story","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.diedrich.com/","external_links_name":"Diedrich.com"},{"Link":"https://thegoldenlamb.com/coffee-shops/diedrich-coffee/","external_links_name":"\"Celebrating The Rich Legacy Of Diedrich Coffee: A Journey From 1916 To Today - The Golden Lamb\""},{"Link":"http://www.coffeepeople.com/companypages.tpl?cart=12236693624258855&comppage=aboutus&tname=companyhistory","external_links_name":"Heritage"},{"Link":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-6617302_ITM","external_links_name":"courtesy link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061024032307/http://www.bloggingstocks.com/2006/09/18/starbucks-buys-coffee-people-stores-hippies-mourn/","external_links_name":"\"Starbucks buys Coffee People stores, hippies mourn\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloggingstocks.com/2006/09/18/starbucks-buys-coffee-people-stores-hippies-mourn/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_1275961.php","external_links_name":"\"Diedrich Coffee gives up fight\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061024032307/http://www.bloggingstocks.com/2006/09/18/starbucks-buys-coffee-people-stores-hippies-mourn/","external_links_name":"\"Starbucks buys Coffee People stores, hippies mourn\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloggingstocks.com/2006/09/18/starbucks-buys-coffee-people-stores-hippies-mourn/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322113835/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3288200","external_links_name":"\"Diedrich Coffee Completes Sale of Gloria Jean's Coffees Domestic Franchise Operations\""},{"Link":"http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3288200","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322113835/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3288200","external_links_name":"\"Diedrich Coffee Completes Sale of Gloria Jean's Coffees Domestic Franchise Operations\""},{"Link":"http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3288200","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.streetinsider.com/Special+Reports/Notable+Mergers+and+Acquisitions+of+the+Day+113:+BRK.BBNI,+SWKBDK,+PEETDDRX/5068885.html","external_links_name":"\"Notable Mergers and Acquisitions of the Day 11/3: BRK-BBNI, SWK-BDK, PEET-DDRX\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091213005710/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-diedrich9-2009dec09,0,2387981.story","external_links_name":"\"Green Mountain Coffee to buy Diedrich for $290 Million\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-diedrich9-2009dec09,0,2387981.story","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.diedrich.com/","external_links_name":"Diedrich Coffee"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060517102826/http://www.diedrich.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.coffeepeople.com/","external_links_name":"Coffee People"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080804012701/http://www.coffeepeople.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gloriajeans.com/","external_links_name":"Gloria Jean's"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dita_plovidba	Večita plovidba	["1 Track listing","2 Credits"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Večita plovidba" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1991 compilation album by GalijaVečita plovidbaCompilation album by GalijaReleased1991Recorded1979–1991GenreRockProgressive rockFolk rockLength75:39LabelPGP-RTSRaglas RecordsProducerVariousGalija chronology Trinaest(1996) Večita plovidba(1991) Voleti voleti(1997) Večita plovidba (Serbian Cyrillic: Вечита пловидба, trans. Eternal sail) is a compilation album by Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Galija, released in 1997. Track listing "Avanturista" - 4:26 "Decimen" - 4:53 "Gospi" - 3:43 "Digni ruku" - 3:12 "Još uvek sanjam" - 4:41 "Put" - 5:54 "Burna pijana noć" - 4:11 "Da li si spavala" - 3:09 "Kad me pogledaš" - 4:38 "Zebre i bizoni" - 2:59 "Mi znamo sudbu" - 3:26 "Žena koje nema" - 4:11 "Na tvojim usnama" - 3:12 "Korak do slobode" - 2:52 "Skadarska" - 4:13 "Trube" - 3:35 "Seti se maja" - 3:17 "Pravo slavlje" - 4:15 Credits Nenad Milosavljević - vocals Predrag Milosavljević - vocals Jean Jacques Roscam - guitar Bata Zlatković - flute Dušan Karadžić - bass guitar Boban Pavlović - drums Zoran Radosavljević - bass guitar Predrag Milanović - bass guitar vteGalija Nenad Milosavljević Predrag Milosavljević Boban Pavlović Dragutin Jakovljević Slaviša Pavlović Ivan Ilić Goran Antović Goran Ljubisavljević Predrag Branković Nenad Tančić Bratislav Stamenković Zoran Stanković Ljubodrag Vukadinović Zoran Radosavljević Dušan Radivojević Nebojša Marković Zoran Stamenković Branislav Radulović Saša Lokner Aleksandar Ralev Jean Jacques Roskam Bratislav Zlatković Dušan Karadžić Oliver Jezdić Bratislav Milošević Saša Ranđelović Jan Vrba Studio albums Prva plovidba Druga plovidba Ipak verujem u sebe Bez naglih skokova Digni ruku Daleko je Sunce Korak do slobode Istorija, ti i ja Karavan Trinaest Voleti voleti Južnjačka uteha Dobro jutro, to sam ja Mesto pored prozora U raju iznad oblaka Compilation albums Još uvek sanjam (Najveći hitovi) Ni rat ni mir (Odlomci iz trilogije) Večita plovidba The Best Of Oženiše me muzikom Live albums Ja jesam odavde Singles "Pravo slavlje" Jednom u sto godina Associated acts Bajaga i Instruktori Machiavel Peđa D'Boy Band Neverne Bebe Related articles Galija discography SFR Yugoslav pop and rock scene Serbian rock Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"former Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Galija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galija"}],"text":"1991 compilation album by GalijaVečita plovidba (Serbian Cyrillic: Вечита пловидба, trans. Eternal sail) is a compilation album by Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Galija, released in 1997.","title":"Večita plovidba"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Avanturista\" - 4:26\n\"Decimen\" - 4:53\n\"Gospi\" - 3:43\n\"Digni ruku\" - 3:12\n\"Još uvek sanjam\" - 4:41\n\"Put\" - 5:54\n\"Burna pijana noć\" - 4:11\n\"Da li si spavala\" - 3:09\n\"Kad me pogledaš\" - 4:38\n\"Zebre i bizoni\" - 2:59\n\"Mi znamo sudbu\" - 3:26\n\"Žena koje nema\" - 4:11\n\"Na tvojim usnama\" - 3:12\n\"Korak do slobode\" - 2:52\n\"Skadarska\" - 4:13\n\"Trube\" - 3:35\n\"Seti se maja\" - 3:17\n\"Pravo slavlje\" - 4:15","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nenad Milosavljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Milosavljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Predrag Milosavljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predrag_Milosavljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Galija"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Galija"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galija"},{"link_name":"Galija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galija"},{"link_name":"Nenad Milosavljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Milosavljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Prva plovidba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_plovidba"},{"link_name":"Druga plovidba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_plovidba"},{"link_name":"Ipak verujem u sebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipak_verujem_u_sebe"},{"link_name":"Bez naglih skokova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bez_naglih_skokova"},{"link_name":"Digni ruku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digni_ruku"},{"link_name":"Daleko je Sunce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daleko_je_Sunce"},{"link_name":"Korak do slobode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korak_do_slobode"},{"link_name":"Istorija, ti i ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorija,_ti_i_ja"},{"link_name":"Karavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karavan_(album)"},{"link_name":"Trinaest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinaest"},{"link_name":"Voleti voleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voleti_voleti"},{"link_name":"Južnjačka uteha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEnja%C4%8Dka_uteha"},{"link_name":"Dobro jutro, to sam ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobro_jutro,_to_sam_ja"},{"link_name":"Mesto pored prozora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesto_pored_prozora"},{"link_name":"Još uvek sanjam (Najveći hitovi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%A1_uvek_sanjam_(Najve%C4%87i_hitovi)"},{"link_name":"Ni rat ni mir (Odlomci iz trilogije)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni_rat_ni_mir_(Odlomci_iz_trilogije)"},{"link_name":"Večita plovidba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Oženiše me muzikom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%BEeni%C5%A1e_me_muzikom"},{"link_name":"Ja jesam odavde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja_jesam_odavde"},{"link_name":"Jednom u sto godina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednom_u_sto_godina"},{"link_name":"Bajaga i Instruktori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaga_i_Instruktori"},{"link_name":"Machiavel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavel_(band)"},{"link_name":"Peđa D'Boy Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%91a_D%27Boy"},{"link_name":"Neverne Bebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverne_Bebe"},{"link_name":"Galija discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galija_discography"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslav pop and rock scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_pop_and_rock_scene"},{"link_name":"Serbian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_rock"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7924265#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/5db0daa4-1f6e-4526-8787-f2dbd04d6b96"}],"text":"Nenad Milosavljević - vocals\nPredrag Milosavljević - vocals\nJean Jacques Roscam - guitar\nBata Zlatković - flute\nDušan Karadžić - bass guitar\nBoban Pavlović - drums\nZoran Radosavljević - bass guitar\nPredrag Milanović - bass guitarvteGalija\nNenad Milosavljević\nPredrag Milosavljević\nBoban Pavlović\nDragutin Jakovljević\nSlaviša Pavlović\nIvan Ilić\nGoran Antović\nGoran Ljubisavljević\nPredrag Branković\nNenad Tančić\nBratislav Stamenković\nZoran Stanković\nLjubodrag Vukadinović\nZoran Radosavljević\nDušan Radivojević\nNebojša Marković\nZoran Stamenković\nBranislav Radulović\nSaša Lokner\nAleksandar Ralev\nJean Jacques Roskam\nBratislav Zlatković\nDušan Karadžić\nOliver Jezdić\nBratislav Milošević\nSaša Ranđelović\nJan Vrba\nStudio albums\nPrva plovidba\nDruga plovidba\nIpak verujem u sebe\nBez naglih skokova\nDigni ruku\nDaleko je Sunce\nKorak do slobode\nIstorija, ti i ja\nKaravan\nTrinaest\nVoleti voleti\nJužnjačka uteha\nDobro jutro, to sam ja\nMesto pored prozora\nU raju iznad oblaka\nCompilation albums\nJoš uvek sanjam (Najveći hitovi)\nNi rat ni mir (Odlomci iz trilogije)\nVečita plovidba\nThe Best Of\nOženiše me muzikom\nLive albums\nJa jesam odavde\nSingles\n\"Pravo slavlje\"\nJednom u sto godina\nAssociated acts\nBajaga i Instruktori\nMachiavel\nPeđa D'Boy Band\nNeverne Bebe\nRelated articles\nGalija discography\nSFR Yugoslav pop and rock scene\nSerbian rockAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group","title":"Credits"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ve%C4%8Dita+plovidba%22","external_links_name":"\"Večita plovidba\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ve%C4%8Dita+plovidba%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ve%C4%8Dita+plovidba%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ve%C4%8Dita+plovidba%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ve%C4%8Dita+plovidba%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ve%C4%8Dita+plovidba%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/5db0daa4-1f6e-4526-8787-f2dbd04d6b96","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyteuthidinae	Trachyteuthis	["1 Taxonomy","2 Distribution","3 History","4 References","5 External links"]	Genus of fossil cephalopod TrachyteuthisTemporal range: Callovian–Cenomanian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Reconstruction of Trachyteuthis hastiformis Trachyteuthis hastiformis, Jura Museum Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda Subclass: Coleoidea Superorder: Octopodiformes Order: incertae sedis Family: TrachyteuthididaeNaef, 1922 Subfamily: TrachyteuthidinaeNaef, 1921 Genus: TrachyteuthisMeyer, 1846 Species T. chilensisRiccardi, 2016 T. covacevichiFuchs, 2008 T. hastiformis(Rüppel, 1828) T. latipinnis(Owen, 1855) T. nusplingensisFuchs, 2007 T. teudopsiformisFuchs, 2007 Trachyteuthis is a genus of extinct octopodiform cephalopods, comprising six species: T. hastiformis, T. latipinnis, T. nusplingensis, T. teudopsiformis, T. covacevichi and T. chilensis. Taxonomy The taxonomic placement of Trachyteuthis is uncertain. Though often assigned to the order Vampyromorphida, the discovery of fossilised Trachyteuthis beaks in the Upper Jurassic limestone of Germany suggests a close phylogenetic relation to the Octopoda. It is clear that it does at least belong in the Coleoidea. It is thought to be very closely related to Teudopsis. Distribution Fossils are scarce but have been reported from the Kimmeridge clay of the UK; the Solnhofen limestone of Germany, Jurassic deposits in Antarctica, and Oxfordian deposits in Chile. History Fossilised gladius structure of T. hastiformis First described in 1773 as the remnants of a fish, Trachyteuthis was considered comparable to a Sepia cuttlebone by Rüppell in 1829. A separate genus was erected for the material in 1846 by Meyer. English material discovered in 1855 was termed Coccoteuthis latipinnis; this was later synonymised with the identical Solnhofen deposits. A 2007 survey of museum collection established that there were ground for the erection of three species within the genus. References ^ a b Alberto C. Riccardi (2016). "Callovian and Oxfordian (Jurassic) teuthids (Coleoidea, Cephalopoda) from Chile". Journal of Paleontology. 90 (5): 910–922. Bibcode:2016JPal...90..910R. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.110. S2CID 132913234. ^ a b c d Fuchs, D.; Engeser, T.; Keupp, H. (2007). "Gladius shape variation in coleoid cephalopod Trachyteuthis from the Upper Jurassic Nusplingen and Solnhofen Plattenkalks" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52 (3): 575–589. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-23. ^ a b c Fuchs, D.; Schultze, H.-P. (2008). "Trachyteuthis covacevichin. Sp., a Late Jurassic Palaeopacific coleoid cephalopod". Fossil Record. 11 (1): 39. Bibcode:2008FossR..11...39F. doi:10.1002/mmng.200700012. ^ Klug, C.; Schweigert, G.; Dietl, G.; Fuchs, D. (2005). "Coleoid beaks from the nusplingen Lithographic Limestone (Upper Kimmeridgian, SW Germany)". Lethaia. 38 (3): 173. Bibcode:2005Letha..38..173K. doi:10.1080/00241160510013303. ^ Fischer, J.; Riou, B. (2002). "Vampyronassa rhodanica nov. gen. nov sp., vampyromorphe (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) du Callovien inférieur de la Voulte-sur-Rhône (Ardèche, France)". Annales de Paléontologie. 88 (1): 1. Bibcode:2002AnPal..88....1F. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(02)01037-6. ^ Doyle, P. (1991). "Teuthid cephalopods from the Upper Jurassic of Antarctica" (PDF). Palaeontology. 34 (1): 169–178. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24. External links Fischerverlag Jena aus Adolf Naef "Die Fossilen Tintenfische" 1922 The Taxonomicon: Order Vampyromorphida Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Vampyromorpha Taxon identifiersTrachyteuthis Wikidata: Q4119964 GBIF: 3247167 IRMNG: 1370727 Open Tree of Life: 2868818 Paleobiology Database: 15975	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"octopodiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopodiformes"},{"link_name":"cephalopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuchs2007-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuchs2008-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riccardi2016-1"}],"text":"Trachyteuthis is a genus of extinct octopodiform cephalopods, comprising six species: T. hastiformis, T. latipinnis, T. nusplingensis, T. teudopsiformis,[2] T. covacevichi[3] and T. chilensis.[1]","title":"Trachyteuthis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Vampyromorphida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyromorphida"},{"link_name":"Upper Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetics"},{"link_name":"Octopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopoda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Coleoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoidea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuchs2007-2"},{"link_name":"Teudopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teudopsis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuchs2008-3"}],"text":"The taxonomic placement of Trachyteuthis is uncertain. Though often assigned to the order Vampyromorphida, the discovery of fossilised Trachyteuthis beaks in the Upper Jurassic limestone of Germany suggests a close phylogenetic relation to the Octopoda.[4][5] It is clear that it does at least belong in the Coleoidea.[2] It is thought to be very closely related to Teudopsis.[3]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kimmeridge clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimmeridge_clay"},{"link_name":"Solnhofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solnhofen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doyle1991-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuchs2008-3"}],"text":"Fossils are scarce but have been reported from the Kimmeridge clay of the UK; the Solnhofen limestone of Germany, Jurassic deposits in Antarctica,[6] and Oxfordian deposits in Chile.[3]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trachyteuthis_hastiformis_fossil.jpg"},{"link_name":"gladius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladius_(cephalopod)"},{"link_name":"Sepia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepia_(genus)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuchs2007-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuchs2007-2"}],"text":"Fossilised gladius structure of T. hastiformisFirst described in 1773 as the remnants of a fish, Trachyteuthis was considered comparable to a Sepia cuttlebone by Rüppell in 1829. A separate genus was erected for the material in 1846 by Meyer.[2] English material discovered in 1855 was termed Coccoteuthis latipinnis; this was later synonymised with the identical Solnhofen deposits. A 2007 survey of museum collection established that there were ground for the erection of three species within the genus.[2]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Fossilised gladius structure of T. hastiformis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Trachyteuthis_hastiformis_fossil.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Alberto C. Riccardi (2016). \"Callovian and Oxfordian (Jurassic) teuthids (Coleoidea, Cephalopoda) from Chile\". Journal of Paleontology. 90 (5): 910–922. Bibcode:2016JPal...90..910R. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.110. S2CID 132913234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPal...90..910R","url_text":"2016JPal...90..910R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjpa.2016.110","url_text":"10.1017/jpa.2016.110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132913234","url_text":"132913234"}]},{"reference":"Fuchs, D.; Engeser, T.; Keupp, H. (2007). \"Gladius shape variation in coleoid cephalopod Trachyteuthis from the Upper Jurassic Nusplingen and Solnhofen Plattenkalks\" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52 (3): 575–589. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app52/app52-575.pdf","url_text":"\"Gladius shape variation in coleoid cephalopod Trachyteuthis from the Upper Jurassic Nusplingen and Solnhofen Plattenkalks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Palaeontologica_Polonica","url_text":"Acta Palaeontologica Polonica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323030110/http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app52/app52-575.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fuchs, D.; Schultze, H.-P. (2008). \"Trachyteuthis covacevichin. Sp., a Late Jurassic Palaeopacific coleoid cephalopod\". Fossil Record. 11 (1): 39. Bibcode:2008FossR..11...39F. doi:10.1002/mmng.200700012.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmmng.200700012","url_text":"\"Trachyteuthis covacevichin. 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Bibcode:2005Letha..38..173K. doi:10.1080/00241160510013303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethaia","url_text":"Lethaia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Letha..38..173K","url_text":"2005Letha..38..173K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00241160510013303","url_text":"10.1080/00241160510013303"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, J.; Riou, B. (2002). \"Vampyronassa rhodanica nov. gen. nov sp., vampyromorphe (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) du Callovien inférieur de la Voulte-sur-Rhône (Ardèche, France)\". Annales de Paléontologie. 88 (1): 1. Bibcode:2002AnPal..88....1F. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(02)01037-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_de_Pal%C3%A9ontologie","url_text":"Annales de Paléontologie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AnPal..88....1F","url_text":"2002AnPal..88....1F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0753-3969%2802%2901037-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0753-3969(02)01037-6"}]},{"reference":"Doyle, P. (1991). \"Teuthid cephalopods from the Upper Jurassic of Antarctica\" (PDF). Palaeontology. 34 (1): 169–178. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324051634/http://palaeontology.palass-pubs.org/pdf/Vol%2034/Pages%20169-178.pdf","url_text":"\"Teuthid cephalopods from the Upper Jurassic of Antarctica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeontology_(journal)","url_text":"Palaeontology"},{"url":"http://palaeontology.palass-pubs.org/pdf/Vol%2034/Pages%20169-178.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPal...90..910R","external_links_name":"2016JPal...90..910R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjpa.2016.110","external_links_name":"10.1017/jpa.2016.110"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132913234","external_links_name":"132913234"},{"Link":"http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app52/app52-575.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gladius shape variation in coleoid cephalopod Trachyteuthis from the Upper Jurassic Nusplingen and Solnhofen Plattenkalks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323030110/http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app52/app52-575.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmmng.200700012","external_links_name":"\"Trachyteuthis covacevichin. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playhouse_Disney_Scandinavia	Disney Junior (Scandinavian TV channel)	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2023) Scandinavian television channel This article is about Disney Junior in Scandinavia. For the original, American version, see Disney Junior. For other international versions, see List of Disney Junior TV channels. Television channel Disney JuniorCountryUnited KingdomBroadcast areaNordic countriesHeadquarters3 Queen Caroline Street, Hammersmith, London W6 9PE, United KingdomProgrammingLanguage(s) English Danish Finnish Norwegian Russian (2012-2023) Swedish Picture formatSDTV 576iOwnershipOwner The Walt Disney Company Limited Disney Branded Television (Disney Entertainment) Sister channelsDisney ChannelHistoryLaunched2006; 18 years ago (2006)Closed28 February 2023; 15 months ago (2023-02-28) (on Allente)1 March 2024; 3 months ago (2024-03-01) (Denmark)1 April 2024; 2 months ago (2024-04-01)Replaced byDisney ChannelFormer namesPlayhouse Disney (2006-2011) Fox Kids Play (2003-2004) Jetix Play (2005-2006) (Baltic states only)AvailabilityTerrestrialdna Welho (Finland)Channel 89 Disney Junior was a Scandinavian television channel owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company Limited; targeted for preschoolers targeting the Nordic countries. It does not screen advertising and is funded by subscriptions instead. History It was launched in 2006 on the Canal Digital and Viasat satellite platforms. Cable networks launched it later on. Com Hem, the largest cable network in Sweden, launched it on 2 April 2007. Before 10 September 2011, this channel was called Playhouse Disney; the last show as Playhouse Disney was Special Agent Oso at 6:30 PM. The network closed on Allente on 28 February 2023; however, it remains in other providers. On 19 January 2024, The Walt Disney Company Nordic announced that Disney Junior in Denmark would be closed on 1 March 2024 and its content would be moved to Disney Channel; while in February 2024, the company announced that Disney Junior would be shut down and merged with Disney Channel, at the same time to relaunch a new version of the main channel on 1 April 2024 and would also include a Disney Junior branded block during mornings and at weekends. References ^ "Television Broadcast Licensing Update September 2011". Ofcom. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2023. ^ "Disneykanaler utgår – Allente". 4 March 2023. Archived from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Norlys varsler prisstigning og kanalændringer på tv-pakker fra 1. marts - den lille tv-pakke stiger med 45,- / måned". digitalt.tv (in Danish). 19 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ "Disney combines Junior with Disney Channel in the Nordics". Broadband TV News. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024. ^ "Ny Disney-kanal lanseras i Sverige i april". MovieZine. Retrieved 11 February 2024. External links Sweden portalMedia portal Disney Junior Gateway Archived 23 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine vteDisney Branded TelevisionPart of The Walt Disney CompanyNetworks & blocks Disney Channel programming Disney Junior programming block list Disney XD programming Disney Channel Canada English French Central Europe Czech Republic Hungary France Belgium Germany Scandinavia Netherlands Poland Eastern Europe Bulgaria Czech Republic Romania Portugal Spain India Hungama TV Disney International HD Japan Latin America Europe, Middle East and Africa Israel Disney Jr. Europe, Middle East and Africa Canada India Israel Latin America (Spanish) Spain Portugal France Belgium Flanders Japan Disney XD Canada Netherlands Poland DefunctDisney Channel Australia and NZ Southeast Asia South Korea Italy Turkey UK and Ireland Russia Ukraine Disney Junior Asia Brazil Hungary Netherlands Australia and NZ Italy Germany UK and Ireland Scandinavia Disney XD Africa, MENA, Balkans, and Greece Southeast Asia Australia and NZ India Latin America Italy Spain France and Switzerland Germany UK and Ireland Scandinavia and Baltic Japan Other ABC1 Disney Cinemagic Disney Cinema Disney in English Toon Disney Jetix Jetix Play Soapnet Studios Disney Television Animation It's a Laugh Productions Disney Original Documentary See also History of Disney Channel Disney General Entertainment Content Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution Disney TV programming blocks vte Television in NorwayNRK NRK1 NRK2 NRK3 NRK Super NRK Tegnspråk TV 2 Group TV 2 Direkte TV 2 Zebra TV 2 Livsstil TV 2 Nyheter TV 2 Sport 1 & 2 TV 2 Sport Premium 1 & 2 Warner Bros. Discovery TVNorge FEM REX VOX Discovery Channel Discovery Science Investigation Discovery Animal Planet Eurosport 1 Eurosport Norge TLC Norge Travel Channel Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN International Viaplay Group TV3 TV3+ TV6 V Sport V Sport+ V Sport 1 V Sport 2 V Sport 3 V Sport Golf V Film V Film Premiere V Film Action V Film Hits V Film Family V Series The Walt Disney Company Disney Channel National Geographic National Geographic Wild C More Entertainment C More First C More Hits C More Stars SF-kanalen Paramount Global MTV MTV Live HD Club MTV MTV 80s MTV 90s MTV 00s MTV Hits MTV Music Nickelodeon Nick Jr. Nicktoons BBC BBC Brit BBC Earth Other Frikanalen GOD TV History Hope Channel H2 Kanal 10 Norge Rikstoto Direkte TV 12 Bedehuskanalen TVL VGTV Visjon Norge Defunct 3+ BBC World News Canal9 Canal M C More Action C More Extreme C More Fotball C More Hockey C More Live C More Tennis Discovery HD Showcase Discovery World Disney Junior Disney XD Eurosport 2 Fox Matkanalen Metropol TV Norsk TV1 Sportkanalen Turner Classic Movies The Voice TV Norway TNT TV+ TV 2 Bliss TV 2 Filmkanalen TV 2 Humor TV 2 Science Fiction TV4 Norge TV 6 Norge Viasat Film Comedy Viasat Fotball Viasat Hockey Viasat Motor Viasat Plus Viasat Sport N ZTV Norge vte Television channels in DenmarkDR DR1 DR2 DR Ramasjang TV 2 TV 2 TV 2 Echo TV 2 Charlie TV 2 Sport TV 2 Sport X TV 2 News TV 2 Fri TV 2 Regional Viaplay Group TV3 TV3+ TV3 Puls TV3 Max TV3 Sport See V Sport Golf V Sport Ultra HD V Sport Live V Film (Premiere, Action, Family, Hits) V Series Viasat Explore Viasat Nature Viasat History Warner Bros. Discovery Kanal 4 Kanal 5 6'eren Investigation Discovery Canal 9 Discovery Channel TLC Animal Planet Discovery Science Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Travel Channel Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN International The Walt Disney Company Disney Channel National Geographic National Geographic Wild Paramount Global MTV Nickelodeon Nick Jr. Nicktoons NickMusic MTV Live MTV Hits Club MTV MTV 80s MTV 90s MTV 00s BBC Studios BBC Nordic BBC News Others Folketing TV dk4 History H2 Defunct 7'eren (2013–14) Comedy Central (2014–19) Discovery World (1998–2019) Disney XD (2009–20) DR HD (2009–13) DR K (2009–20) DR Ultra (2013–20) DR Update (2007–13) DR3 (2013–20) Nat Geo People (?–2019) Paramount Network (2019–22) TCM (1993–2017) TNT (2006–19) TV3 Sport 2 (2013–17) VH1 Europe (2001–08, 2020–21) Xee (2019–21) TV 2 Zulu (2000-23) BBC World News (2008–2023) BBC Brit (2015-23) BBC Earth (2015-23) C More First C More Series C More Hits SF-kanalen VH1 Denmark (2008–24) Disney Junior (?-2024) vte Television channels in GreenlandKNR KNR1 KNR2 Nanoq Media Nanoq Media Lokal DR DR1 DR2 DR Ramasjang TV 2 TV 2 TV 2 Echo TV 2 Charlie TV 2 Sport TV 2 Sport X TV 2 News TV 2 Fri Viaplay Group TV3 TV3+ TV3 Puls TV3 MAX TV3 Sport See Viasat Film Premiere Viasat Film Action Viasat Film Family Viasat Film Hits Viasat Series Viasat Explore Viasat Nature Viasat History Warner Bros. Discovery Kanal 4 Kanal 5 6'eren Investigation Discovery Canal 9 Discovery TLC Animal Planet Discovery Science Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN International Disney Nordic Disney Channel Disney Junior National Geographic Paramount MTV MTV 80s VH1 Denmark Nickelodeon Nick Jr. BBC BBC Nordic BBC News Others History H2 dk4 Sport Live NRK1 SVT1 TV 2 (Norway) KvF RÚV TV4 CNBC Europe Bloomberg Television vte Television channels in SwedenSveriges Television SVT1 SVT2 SVT24 SVT Barn Kunskapskanalen Viaplay Group TV3 TV6 TV8 TV10 V Film Premiere V Film Action V Film Hits V Film Family V Series V Sport V Sport Football V Sport Motor V Sport Hockey V Sport Golf V Sport Extra Telia Company (TV4 Media) TV4 AB TV4 Sjuan TV12 TV4 Film TV4 Fakta TV4 Guld C More Entertainment C More First C More Hits C More Stars C More Series Sport Kanalen C More Golf C More Fotboll C More Hockey C More Live C More Live 2 C More Live 3 C More Live 4 C More Live 5 SF-kanalen Warner Bros. Discovery Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN International Kanal 5 Kanal 9 Kanal 11 Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Discovery TLC Animal Planet Investigation Discovery Discovery Science Paramount Global MTV Nickelodeon Nick Jr Nicktoons Paramount Network MTV Hits MTV 00s The Walt Disney Company Disney Channel National Geographic Viasat World Viasat Nature Viasat Explore Viasat History Others Axess History BBC Nordic BBC News Defunct C More Action C More Emotion C More Kids C More Series C More Series HD C More Tennis Comedy Central Discovery World Disney Junior Disney XD Star! SVT Extra SVT World TCM TNT TV4 News Viasat Film Comedy ZTV vte Television in FinlandYleisradio Yle TV1 Yle TV2 Yle Teema & Fem Telia Company (MTV Oy) MTV3 MTV Ava MTV Sub MTV Viihde MTV Aitio MTV Juniori MTV Urheilu 1 MTV Urheilu 2 MTV Urheilu 3 MTV Max Sanoma (Nelonen Media) Nelonen Jim Liv Hero The Walt Disney Company Disney Channel Star Channel National Geographic National Geographic Wild Warner Bros. Discovery Cartoon Network Cartoonito Discovery Discovery Science Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Frii Kutonen Investigation Discovery TLC Travel Channel TV5 Paramount Global MTV Club MTV MTV 00s MTV 80s MTV 90s MTV Hits MTV Live Nickelodeon Nick Jr. Viaplay Group V Sport + Suomi 1 Suomi 2 Suomi 1 Football Golf Premium Vinter V Sport Ultra HD V Sport Live 1 2 3 4 5 V Film Premiere Action Family Hits Nationwide Finnish Estradi INEZ Livechat.fi Taivas TV7 onniTV Viasat World Viasat Explore Viasat Nature Viasat History Defunct 0700 11111 deitti Aito Iskelmä Harju & Pöntinen AlfaTV DIGIVIIHDE.fi Diggari EsportsTV HD Life HUVI1 & HUVI2 SoMeTv Turun TES-TV Viasat NHL Xtra ATV Discovery HD Showcase Discovery World Disney Junior Disney XD Kolmoskanava MTV Finland MTV Nordic MTV Fakta XL MTV Fakta MTV Komedia MTV Leffa MTV Sarja MTV3 Scifi MoonTV PTV4 Ruutu+ Leffat ja Sarjat Ruutu+ Urheilu 1 Ruutu+ Urheilu 2 Tesvisio Urheilukanava Viasat Film Comedy YLE Extra YLE24 Yle Fem YLE TV1+ Yle Teema Yle HD (2011–14) 3D–TV AdultTV.fi Ruutu+ Dokkarit Ruutu+ Lapset SuomiTV Tamvisio URHOtv Urheilu+Kanava klubi.tv	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Junior"},{"link_name":"List of Disney Junior TV channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Disney_Junior_TV_channels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Scandinavian television channelThis article is about Disney Junior in Scandinavia. For the original, American version, see Disney Junior. For other international versions, see List of Disney Junior TV channels.Television channelDisney Junior was a Scandinavian television channel owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company Limited;[1] targeted for preschoolers targeting the Nordic countries. It does not screen advertising and is funded by subscriptions instead.","title":"Disney Junior (Scandinavian TV channel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canal Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Digital"},{"link_name":"Viasat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viasat_(Nordic_television_service)"},{"link_name":"Com Hem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com_Hem"},{"link_name":"Special Agent Oso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Agent_Oso"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Allente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allente"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Scandinavia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Scandinavia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"It was launched in 2006 on the Canal Digital and Viasat satellite platforms. Cable networks launched it later on. Com Hem, the largest cable network in Sweden, launched it on 2 April 2007. Before 10 September 2011, this channel was called Playhouse Disney; the last show as Playhouse Disney was Special Agent Oso at 6:30 PM.[citation needed]The network closed on Allente on 28 February 2023; however, it remains in other providers.[2]On 19 January 2024, The Walt Disney Company Nordic announced that Disney Junior in Denmark would be closed on 1 March 2024 and its content would be moved to Disney Channel;[3] while in February 2024, the company announced that Disney Junior would be shut down and merged with Disney Channel, at the same time to relaunch a new version of the main channel on 1 April 2024 and would also include a Disney Junior branded block during mornings and at weekends.[4][5]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Television Broadcast Licensing Update September 2011\". Ofcom. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_E	Level E	["1 Plot","2 Characters","3 Production","4 Media","4.1 Manga","4.2 Anime","4.3 Merchandise","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]	Japanese manga series Level EFirst tankōbon volume cover, featuring Prince BakaレベルE(Reberu Ī)GenreScience fiction comedy MangaWritten byYoshihiro TogashiPublished byShueishaImprintJump ComicsMagazineWeekly Shōnen JumpDemographicShōnenOriginal runOctober 2, 1995 – January 15, 1997Volumes3 Anime television seriesDirected byToshiyuki KatōProduced byHatsuo NaraKen HaginoKōji KajitaWritten byJukki HanadaMusic byYang Bang-eanStudioPierrotDavid ProductionLicensed byNA: FunimationOriginal networkTV TokyoEnglish networkUS: Funimation ChannelOriginal run January 11, 2011 – April 5, 2011Episodes13 Level E (Japanese: レベル E, Hepburn: Reberu Ī) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Togashi. The plot follows the misadventures of alien Prince Baka Ki El Dogra, who crash-lands on Earth and forcibly begins living with high school student and baseball player Yukitaka Tsutsui. However, Prince Baka gradually realizes that he is targeted by aliens from other planets, and he uses his clever wits to somehow maintain world peace each time. Along with its short length and more realistic art style, the story of Level E focuses much more heavily on humor than Togashi's more famous series Yu Yu Hakusho and Hunter × Hunter. Level E was serialized for sixteen chapters in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1995 to 1997 for a total of 16 chapters, collected in three tankōbon volumes. A 13-episode anime television series adaptation, directed by Toshiyuki Katō and produced by Pierrot and David Production, aired on TV Tokyo in 2011. Plot Earth has been populated by thousands of aliens from all over the galaxy. While all the other aliens are aware of their presence, it is a secret only from the Earthlings. Baka, the prince of the planet Dogra, crash lands on Earth and loses his memory. He forcibly moves in with Yukitaka Tsutsui, a first year high school student who had just moved out on his own. The normal life he once knew is quickly pulled away as he becomes the target of the prince's torment. Characters Prince Baka (バカ王子, Baka-ōji, lit. "stupid prince") Voiced by: Daisuke Namikawa (Japanese); Vic Mignogna (English) The effeminate-looking first prince of the planet Dogura. He has an exceptionally high IQ and has little interest other than using it to torment those around him for his own amusement. His real name is Baka Ki El Dogra (バカ＝キ＝エル・ドグラ, Baka Ki Eru Dogura), but everybody refers to him solely as Prince or Prince Baka. Yukitaka Tsutsui (筒井雪隆, Tsutsui Yukitaka) Voiced by: Yoshimasa Hosoya (Japanese); Micah Solusod (English) High school student and the Prince's roommate. Plays baseball. A former punk. Miho Edogawa (江戸川美歩, Edogawa Miho) Voiced by: Satomi Akesaka (Japanese); Lindsay Seidel (English) Yukitaka's next door neighbor and school mate. Miho's father is a researcher studying alien life on Earth. Has been taught to notice hidden cameras, tracking devices and secret guards. Captain Craft (クラフト隊長, Kurafuto-taichō) Voiced by: Takehito Koyasu (Japanese); Jason Douglas (English) Captain of the Royal Guard Army. He is in his tenth year. His top priority is that of the Prince Baka's bodyguard. Fifth year guard, Sado, and first year guard, Colin, work under him. Production Level E was written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Togashi, who had established himself as a prominent manga artist with his popular action series YuYu Hakusho. When the decision was made to serialize Level E, Togashi had only created the first chapter. Because the story involved the protagonist as an alien changing each chapter, he titled the manga "Alien Crises". He quickly changed it to its final name after being told the former title was too explicit. After renting a videotape called Level 4, he affirmed to himself that he should name the series using the first English language letter of the word "alien". He was informed that the first letter was "A" and not "E", but he replied that he always associated the term with E.T.. Togashi has stated that he is a fan of the horror genre of films and has cited visual effects designer H. R. Giger (of the Alien franchise) as a major influence. Togashi based the setting of Level E on his own hometown of Yamagata with close attention to detail. For the humor, Togashi took inspiration from the gag manga Gaki Deka. Media Manga Written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Togashi, Level E was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from October 2, 1995, to January 15, 1997. A total of sixteen chapters were collected into three volumes tankōbon. The first was released on March 4, 1996, the second on October 3, 1996, and the third on May 1, 1997. In addition, Level E was re-released as part of the Shueisha Jump Remix series of magazine-style books, with two volumes being released in 2009. It was also re-published by Shueisha into two bunkoban volumes released on September 17, and October 15, 2010. Level E has been translated into Chinese, serialized in the magazine Formosa Youth, and released in volume format by Tong Li Publishing in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It was also published in Brazil by Editora JBC, in France by Kazé, and Spain by Planeta DeAgostini Comics. No. Title Release date ISBN 1An alien on the planetMarch 4, 19964-08-872071-7 1. An alien on the planet 2. Run after the man! 3. Risky game! 4. From the darkness 5. Crime of nature...! 2Here comes color ranger!!October 3, 19964-08-872072-5 6. Here come color ranger!! 7. Dancing in the trap!! 8. The crying game 9. Game over...!? 10. You're my darling! 3Full moon...!May 1, 19974-08-872073-3 11. Love me tender 12. Field of dreams! 13. Escape from!! 14. Boy meets girl 15. Full moon...! 16. Honeymoon...! Anime A 13-episode anime adaptation of Level E was produced by TV Tokyo, Pierrot and David Production and directed by Toshiyuki Katō, with Jukki Hanada handling series scripts, Itsuko Takeda designing the characters and Yang Bang-ean composing the music. The series originally aired on Japan's TV Tokyo from January 11, 2011 to April 5, 2011. The show's opening theme, "Cold Finger Girl" (コールドフィンガーガール, Kōrudo Fingā Gāru), is performed by Chiaki Kuriyama, and its ending theme, "(Yume) ~Mugennokanata~" (｢夢｣〜ムゲンノカナタ〜), is performed by ViViD. Crunchyroll has simulcast the series on their streaming website in other parts of the world one hour after each initial TV Tokyo airing. As stated by Kun Geo, the website's CEO, “TV Tokyo's streaming of Level E shows their commitment to bringing anime to a global audience. We are honored to be able to present this title from one of the greatest manga creators of all-time, and to be able to say that Crunchyroll's streaming of this title will directly contribute to the financial viability of all parties involved in the production, from broadcaster to animator to creator.” Funimation has announced that they have licensed the TV series at Katsucon 2012. The anime sets the story in the modern era, with flat-screen TVs and smartphones, which were not available when the original manga was released, appearing in the story. All chapters except for the final chapter of the manga, "Honeymoon...!", have been adapted. The narration was done by Fumihiko Tachiki. No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"An alien on the planet"Toshiyuki KatōJukki HanadaJanuary 11, 2011 (2011-01-11) High school student and baseball player Yukitaka Tsutsui moves into his apartment, shocked that an alien named Prince Baka has already invited himself inside. Prince Baka explains that his escape pod crash-landed on Earth two nights ago. As further proof that he is an alien, Prince Baka even gives Yukitaka a controller to make the escape pod explode from a distance. Miho Edogawa swings by from next door and gives Yukitaka a welcoming gift. As the news later reports that there were no casualties, Yukitaka allows Prince Baka to stay overnight. After Prince Baka retrieves an orb seen on the news, Yukitaka witnesses him oozing blue blood. However, Prince Baka heals his wounds near a tree, causing it to bloom. The next day after Yukitaka has baseball practice, the police shows up at Yukitaka's apartment looking for Prince Baka. With Yukitaka playing it down, the police leaves after telling him that Prince Baka is wanted for murder. Prince Baka later shows Yukitaka a holographic image from the orb, an arthropod from the planet Jacqueline S known as a Clive, which is extremely adept in mimicry. 2"Run after the man"Toshikazu YoshizawaJukki HanadaJanuary 18, 2011 (2011-01-18) Prince Baka surprises Yukitaka by saying that the Clive is simply his pet and reflects on what he is as an alien. Captain Craft, Sado and Colin of the Royal Guard Army have landed on Earth with the sole mission of protecting Prince Baka. Miho stops by Yukitaka's apartment to check for hidden cameras. However, Prince Baka secretly escapes from his bedroom, much to Yukitaka's annoyance. Meanwhile, Captain Craft and Sado pass by monk Jinpachi Sakamoto in Konan Town to look for answers. Afterwards, Sado points out to Captain Craft that Earth is the only planet where the Diskunians coexist with the Ellerians. Colin has traced Prince Baka's distress signal to Yukitaka's apartment, while Yukitaka and Miho end up finding Prince Baka in a cafe wearing a different outfit. Prince Baka explains that he killed a thug named Lafferty in an alleyway, disposing the body in a trash can. Prince Baka, Yukitaka and Miho return to the apartment and encounter Captain Craft, Sado and Colin. When Prince Baka retrieves Lafferty's body inside the trash can, Sado realizes that Lafferty is of Diskunian origin. 3"Risky Game!"Masahiro MukaiJukki HanadaJanuary 25, 2011 (2011-01-25) Lafferty immediately jumps out of the trash can and departs from the balcony after warning everyone in Yukitaka's apartment that his Diskunian brethren will come after Prince Baka. The Diskunians soon corner the apartment complex, with Jinpachi demanding that Prince Baka must be handed over to the Diskunians by sundown. Sado suggests Captain Craft to jog Prince Baka's memory, but this knocks Prince Baka unconscious. As soon as sundown approaches, Colin tries to access information about the Diskunians using the crystal data system within the orb, while Jinpachi orders the Diskunians to raid Yukitaka's apartment. However, the jig is up, and Captain Craft reveals that the infiltration was actually staged by Prince Baka himself. It is shown that Prince Baka kept a secret video diary of a mock rescue operation. When Prince Baka wakes up, Captain Craft, Sado and Colin chase him out of Yukitaka's apartment to their spaceship. The Diskunians ask Yukitaka for his autograph due to being baseball fans. Three months later, Yukitaka shows Miho a letter written by Prince Baka, saying that Earth is now part of Dogra's domain, thanks to his involvement. 4"From the DARKNESS"Yasufumi SoejimaJukki HanadaFebruary 1, 2011 (2011-02-01) In their shed, four classmates named Higashio, Itakura, Yamada and Nozaki secretly witness a girl named Yasuda being devoured by an unknown boy. The four of them soon list three possible suspects in their class. When Higashio does not show up to school the next day, Itakura, Yamada and Nozaki seek help from music store clerk Ungo Sakamoto. He gives them a business card addressed to Kyūshirō Yumeno, a detective who works at a rundown hospital. At the hospital, Yumeno explains to Itakura, Yamada and Nozaki that they saw an alien, which requires a large investigation fee. When Itakura goes missing several days later, Yamada and Nozaki finally contact Yumeno, giving up their parents' rings as payment and signing a contract. When Yamada and Nozaki find Higashio and Itakura in an isolated room, it turns out that Ungo tricked all of them into meeting Yumeno. Fortunately, Yumeno reveals that their lead suspect Yamamoto was the culprit, given that aliens do not leave behind fingerprints. Yumeno lets them go after showing them recorded footage of his incredible investigation. They happily share a box of fried chicken the following day. Surprisingly, Prince Baka was behind the production of this short film. 5"Here come Color ranger!!"Yui UmemotoKazuyuki FudeyasuFebruary 8, 2011 (2011-02-08) After school, five boys named Yoshiki Shimizu, Taiyo Akagawa, Kunimitsu Yokota, Osamu Momochi and Mayo Mayuzumi are suddenly kidnapped by Prince Baka against their wills. Prince Baka deems the five boys worthy of justice despite their excuses of everyday life. The next day, they all receive bracelets that transform them into color rangers. When Akagawa accidentally activates his red color ranger suit at school, Shimizu and Yokota carry him to the boys' restroom, crossing paths with homeroom teacher Tachibana. Akagawa tells Shimizu and Yokota that he saw Tachibana as an alien. Shimizu and Yokota are ordered to return to class when Tachibana enters, but they pull the fire alarm when Tachibana tries to confront Akagawa, in which Tachibana demands that they see her after school. In the classroom after school, all five color rangers meet using an instructional guide given by Prince Baka to learn about fighting techniques. As Tachibana finally shows up in her alien form, she realizes that the bracelets came from Prince Baka himself. Despite the fact that Tachibana is an assassin, her dream was to become a teacher. Sadly, the key to the bracelets is in the hands of Captain Craft. 6"Dancing in the trap!!"Shigeru KimiyaKazuyuki FudeyasuFebruary 15, 2011 (2011-02-15) With only Akagawa reaching level ten in training, the color rangers travel by train to prepare for a showdown against Captain Craft. Upon arrival at Captain Craft's "safe house", the color rangers are invited in for some watermelons. Captain Craft types to them that Prince Baka can eavesdrop through their bracelets, asking them to play along to make it sound like a fight. He secretly gives up the key, but the color rangers have no idea how to use it. With no other options left, Captain Craft, Sado and Colin team up to help the color rangers properly use the key to reveal their school crushes and unlock their bracelets. Nonetheless, only Akagawa and Momochi are unable to unlock their bracelets. On the following day at school, the color rangers are trapped in a role-playing game on the planet Calvary created by Prince Baka himself. Their mission is to go to the castle and defeat the Demon King. However, they decide that they must train to reach level thirty before going there. Meanwhile, Tachibana shows concern for the color rangers day and night. After awhile, the color rangers end up surpassing their expectations in reaching their levels. 7"Game over...!?"Fumiaki KōdaKazuyuki FudeyasuFebruary 22, 2011 (2011-02-22) At the castle, the color rangers encounter King Iidachi saying that the dark dragon knight General Luch, who serves directly under the Demon King, is determined to wed King Iidachi's daughter. He will offer his daughter's hand in marriage to anyone who can vanquish General Luch. Prince Baka is introduced as King Iidachi's daughter named Princess Apparel, much to the annoyance of the color rangers. Unfortunately, Prince Baka says that General Luch is at a much higher level than the color rangers. When General Luch enters the castle, Prince Baka tells the color rangers to head east to the Saint's Shrine in order to be safe from monsters, before he willingly departs with General Luch. Prince Baka manages to steal a rocket skateboard under General Luch's bed after some "bedroom role-play". The color rangers and Prince Baka each make it to the Saint's Shrine. The Demon King, a younger form of Prince Baka, approaches them with his desire to make Calvary a safe haven. The color rangers use a "golden hammer punch" to blast Prince Baka into outer space for being against this idea. Although the color rangers soon return to Earth, their quest on Calvary is not quite over. 8"You're my darling!"Tetsuo IchimuraMasashi SuzukiMarch 1, 2011 (2011-03-01) Captain Craft, Sado and Colin discuss that Princess Saki of the Macbac Kingdom will be visiting Earth to search for a potential mate with the consequence that humankind will go extinct within a few generations. While Captain Craft, Sado and Colin are formally introduced to Princess Saki, it is shown that Prince Baka is busy collecting flora samples in a forest. Captain Craft, Sado and Colin escort Princess Saki with her two friends to a hotel so she can find a suitable mate there. At the hotel, a girl named Satomi leaves a boy named Mikihisa because their hotel room had separate beds. When Princess Saki and Mikihisa cross paths outside, it is double love at first sight, much to Captain Craft's frustration. Captain Craft tries to stretch the truth in order to prevent Princess Saki and Mikihisa from being together, but Saki's friends manage to outsmart Colin and allow Princess Saki to run away with Mikihisa. After failing to pursue Princess Saki and Mikihisa using snowmobiles, Captain Craft, Sado and Colin catch them at the end of a ride on an aerial lift. Captain Craft claims that Mikihisa is really a girl, based on his hotel sign-in sheet. 9"Love me tender"Yukio NishimotoMasashi SuzukiMarch 8, 2011 (2011-03-08) After Captain Craft explains that Mikihisa's first name is Kyōko and therefore female, Princess Saki sadly parts ways with Mikihisa. Princess Saki and her two friends leave Earth, much to Captain Craft's relief. However, Prince Baka returns from his travels, already aware that Princess Saki has recently visited Earth. After Prince Baka finds a listening device in Colin's hair, which Captain Craft immediately destroys, Prince Baka, Captain Craft, Sado and Colin realize that Mikihisa has left her hotel room, in which Prince Baka believes that Princess Saki plans to turn Mikihisa into a male. Captain Craft, Sado and Colin follow Mikihisa's snowmobile tracks deep in the woods, but they are too late when Mikihisa is abducted into Princess Saki's spaceship. Princess Saki injects an unknown virus into Mikihisa. When Mikihisa suddenly wakes up at her house the next day, Prince Baka, Captain Craft, Sado and Colin closely monitor any possible changes, since the four of them cannot inject a vaccine into Mikihisa. Several months later, Mikihisa and Princess Saki reunite under the cherry blossoms, but Prince Baka, Captain Craft, Sado and Colin only created a clone of Mikihisa in order to preserve humankind. 10"Boy meets girl"Yoshimichi HiraiKazuyuki FudeyasuMarch 15, 2011 (2011-03-15) Tachibana announces at school that Shimizu will be moving to America with his family due to his father's job. The other four color rangers become upset since Shimizu will be leaving in two days. In the woods, Shimizu comes across an injured woman named Lorelei, who admits that she is a mermaid alien. She urges him to come back with help, despite his falling out with his friends. Shimizu brings the other color rangers back to the woods, but Lorelei is nowhere to be found. After the color rangers resolve their conflict, they begin their search for Lorelei and end up finding her in a lair. Surprisingly, she is treated as merchandise by three poachers. However, when Lorelei believes that Shylock, the leader of the poachers, will take her to her mermaid roommates, the color rangers instinctively attack the poachers to protect Lorelei. After the color rangers tie up the poachers, Shylock shockingly reveals that Lorelei's mermaid roommates were already sold and probably dead. Lorelei shoots the poachers to death in tears. The color rangers introduce themselves by name to Lorelei, before she changes into her mermaid form and swims off into the ocean to reunite with her mermaid roommates. 11"Field of dreams!"Toshiya ShinoharaMasashi SuzukiMarch 22, 2011 (2011-03-22) Yukitaka and the Kisaragi High School baseball team seemingly arrive at Koushien Stadium during their semi-final match, but it appears to be built in the middle of nowhere. Captain Craft, Sado and Colin are informed by Lafferty that the charter bus disappeared on the way to the stadium, in which it is deduced that the charter bus underwent spontaneous spatial translocation, otherwise being sucked into another dimension. When Prince Baka later appears at Koushien Stadium, the Kisaragi High School baseball team notices that only the locker room looks like Konan Municipal Stadium, leading Prince Baka to conclude that the Kisaragi High School baseball team is trapped inside someone's mind. Eliminating the source of the stress will get them back to the real world, but any member of the Kisaragi High School baseball team could be the suspect. Suddenly, the Matsukawa Commercial High School baseball team arrive to face off against the Kisaragi High School baseball team. Miho, Captain Craft, Sado, Colin and Lafferty meet up at the real stadium, where they realize that the answer is concentration instead of stress. Everything returns to normal after bulky right fielder Captain Iwata wakes up from his so-called dream. 12"Half moon...!"Naokatsu TsudaJukki HanadaMarch 29, 2011 (2011-03-29) Prince Mohan and Princess Luna, who are respectively Prince Baka's younger brother and fiancée, meet with Captain Craft, Sado and Colin. Prince Baka, who takes refuge in Yukitaka's apartment, explains to Yukitaka that he convinced Dogra's succession assembly to pass a ridiculous bill that would keep him from getting married and taking the throne as king. After an intrigued Miho shows up at Yukitaka's apartment, Prince Mohan and Princess Luna suddenly appear outside Yukitaka's apartment in their escape pod. Princess Luna confesses her love for Prince Baka, but Prince Baka hightails it out of the apartment, riding off with Captain Craft, Sado and Colin. The next day in a canyon, Prince Baka, Captain Craft, Sado and Colin find a hidden spaceship creating a barrier in the atmosphere. The spaceship actually belongs to Prince Mohan, who may have feelings for Princess Luna, according to Prince Baka. During baseball practice, Yukitaka and Miho are told by Princess Luna that her arranged marriage with Prince Baka was to maintain peace between Dogra and Magura, proving her love by solving a difficult math problem. Prince Baka later finds hidden bugs in Yukitaka's apartment, soon realizing that Colin was a spy for Princess Luna. 13"Full moon...!"Toshiyuki KatōJukki HanadaApril 5, 2011 (2011-04-05) Prince Baka shows Yukitaka and Miho an encoded message written by Princess Luna. The decoded message reveals that Princess Luna has prepared a fun quiz for Prince Baka at the peak of Mount Honeo underneath the perfectly round moon. Captain Craft and Sado confirm with Prince Baka that all lines of communication have been cut. Prince Baka realizes that both Prince Mohan and Princess Luna are impostors belonging to the Magura Freedom Alliance. At nighttime, Prince Baka brings Yukitaka and Miho to the hidden spaceship, where he concludes that Magura is behind his surveillance on Earth. In order to have a bloodless revolution, Prince Baka plans to catch the impostors in the act. Captain Craft and Sado are captured, but they eventually find the real Prince Mohan and Princess Luna imprisoned inside the spaceship. On the peak of Mount Honeo, Prince Baka confronts the impostors, catching the fake Princess Luna in the act and evading the sword of the fake Prince Mohan. Captain Craft and Sado suddenly arrive with the real Prince Mohan and Princess Luna in escape pods. However, after Prince Baka agrees to marry the fake Princess Luna, it turns out that the impostors were the real deal. Merchandise Several pieces of merchandise that tie into the anime have been released. These include CD singles for the opening and closing themes, apparel, and towels. Aniplex released Level E on DVD in Japan beginning on February 23, 2011, concluding with the sixth volume on July 27, 2011. It included as between two and three episodes apiece, as well as extra features. Reception Carl Kimlinger of the Anime News Network gave an average grade to the first six episodes of the series, though he found that the artwork, animation, and music were good, and that its writing was "undeniably clever, even audacious". However, the reviewer felt the series to be less and less endearing to watch, particularly after the first three episodes, the absence of character Yukitaka Tsutsui, and the use of mini-story arcs. "There's a quixotic dignity in its use of entire story-arcs to set up single gags and a laudable courage in its willingness to experiment (check out the aged atmosphere created by episode four's thick lines and faded colors)," Kimlinger summarized. "That doesn't make it fun to watch, however. In fact, each successive episode leaves one feeling emptier and less charitable towards Prince than the last." Erin Finnegan of the same website made similar comments regarding the narrative progression of Level E. Finnegan stated, "Maybe it's just me. I can't get attached to characters who are only going to be around for a few episodes unless they make an incredible impression, otherwise it's very hard to write loveable characters that will only last for three or four episodes. In Level E, it's hard to get attached to the Prince, who doesn't appear at all in some episodes, and in other episodes he gets very little screen time. Plus he's such a jerk, it's hard to like him or care about his shenanigans." References ^ a b Sevakis, Justin (February 18, 2012). "Funimation Licenses Level E Sci-Fi Comedy TV Anime". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012. ^ a b c d Rojas, Justin (September 19, 2012). "Level E - Cast Announcement". Funimation.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021. ^ a b Togashi, Yoshihiro (2003). "Interview: Yoshihiro Togashi". Shonen Jump. 1 (5). San Francisco, CA: Viz Media. UPC 071486018476. ^ a b c Togashi, Yoshihiro (January 3, 2006). History of Titles No. 2 ~ Level E ~. Hunter × Hunter. Vol. 6. Viz Media. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4215-0185-7. ^ Fujimaki Tadatoshi (July 4, 2012). Kuroko no Basuke Characters Bible. Shueisha. p. 174. ISBN 978-4-08-870574-3. ^ 週刊少年ジャンプレベルE(冨樫義博). Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019. ^ a b レベルE/1 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2009. ^ a b レベルE/2 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2009. ^ a b レベルE/3 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2009. ^ レベルE Vol.1 Close encounters of the third kind (SHUEISHA JUMP REMIX) (in Japanese). ASIN 4081097682. ^ レベルE Vol.2 They Live (SHUEISHA JUMP REMIX) (in Japanese). ASIN 4081097763. ^ レベルE（上） (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2014. ^ レベルE （下） (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2014. ^ 東立漫遊網出版查詢-書目資訊 (in Chinese). Tong Li Publishing. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2011. ^ "Level E #03" (in Portuguese). Editora JBC. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015. ^ "Level-E - Tome 3" (in French). Kazé. November 24, 2014. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2014. ^ "Level E, Editorial Planeta-DeAgostini, S.A., Barcelona, 1998 - 1999" (in Spanish). Planeta DeAgostini. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011. ^ "Yoshihiro Togashi's Level E Manga Gets Anime in 2011". Anime News Network. October 25, 2010. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2010. ^ 放送局情報 (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2010. ^ a b c d e "レベルE" (in Japanese). Web Newtype. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2011. ^ "Staff and Cast" (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2010. ^ "Crunchyroll to Stream Level E". Anime News Network. January 6, 2011. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2011. ^ a b c d e "レベルE" (in Japanese). Anime Newtype Channel. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2011. ^ a b c d "レベルE" (in Japanese). Anime Newtype Channel. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2011. ^ "Goods" (in Japanese). TV Tokyo. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2011. ^ "レベルE" (in Japanese). Aniplex. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2011. ^ Kimlinger, Carl (March 11, 2011). "Level E Episodes 1–6 Streaming - Review". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2011. ^ Finnegan, Erin (March 21, 2011). "Level Up - Shelf Life". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2011. External links Level E at Pierrot (in Japanese) Level E at TV Tokyo (in Japanese) Level E at Aniplex (in Japanese) Level E (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteWeekly Shōnen Jump: 1990–19991990 Hana no Keiji New Jungle King Tar-chan Slam Dunk YuYu Hakusho 1992 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Diamond Is Unbreakable Hareluya Kyūkyoku!! Hentai Kamen Hareluya II Boy 1993 Ninku Tottemo! Luckyman DNA² Jigoku Sensei Nūbē 1994 Bomber Girl Captain Tsubasa: World Youth Rurouni Kenshin Midori no Makibaō 1995 Karakurizōshi Ayatsuri Sakon Shadow Lady Level E Sexy Commando Gaiden JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Golden Wind 1996 Hoshin Engi Yu-Gi-Oh! 1997 Butsu Zone I"s Seikimatsu Leader den Takeshi! One Piece Cowa! 1998 Rookies Whistle! Hunter × Hunter Shaman King Kajika Rising Impact Hikaru no Go 1999 Neko Majin The Prince of Tennis Zombiepowder. Naruto JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Stone Ocean 1968–19791980–19891990–19992000–20092010–20192020–present vteWorks directed by Toshiyuki KatoAnime television series Full Moon o Sagashite (2002–2003) Ginga Densetsu Weed (2005–2006) Code-E (2007) Mission-E (2008) Maria-sama ga Miteru (2009) Level E (2011) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable (2016) Captain Tsubasa (2018–2019) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stone Ocean (2021–2022) Original video animation Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe (2017–2020) vteAnimation works by screenwriter Jukki Hanada A Few Moments of Cheers A Place Further than the Universe Aki Sora Atri: My Dear Moments Beyond the Boundary Campione! Girls Band Cry Granbelm H2O: Footprints in the Sand Hanaukyo Maid Team La Verite Idolmaster: Xenoglossia Kantai Collection Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl Level E Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions Love Live! School Idol Project Love Live! Sunshine!! Love Live! Superstar!! Mahoromatic: Something More Beautiful Medalist Nichijou No Game No Life Petite Princess Yucie Popotan Princess Jellyfish Robotics;Notes Rozen Maiden Sengoku Youko Sound! Euphonium Student Council's Discretion S · A: Special A Sola Steins;Gate Steins;Gate 0 The Dangers in My Heart The Girl Who Leapt Through Space Wakaba Girl Yozakura Quartet vtePierrot television series1980s The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1980–1981) Miss Machiko (1981–1983) Urusei Yatsura (1981–1984) The Mysterious Cities of Gold (1982–1983) Mrs. Pepper Pot (1983–1984) Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel (1983–1984) Chikkun Takkun (1984) Persia, the Magic Fairy (1984–1985) Star Musketeer Bismarck / Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs (1984–1985 / 1987–1988) Magical Emi, the Magic Star (1985–1986) Ninja Senshi Tobikage (1985–1986) Pastel Yumi, the Magic Idol (1986) Anmitsu Hime: From Amakara Castle (1986–1987) Ganbare, Kickers! (1986–1987) Kimagure Orange Road (1987–1988) Norakuro-kun (1987–1988) Osomatsu-kun (1988–1989) The Burning Wild Man (1988) Magical Hat (1989–1990) 1990s Heisei Genius Bakabon (1990) Musashi, the Samurai Lord (1990–1991) Tasuke, the Samurai Cop (1990–1991) Chiisana Obake Acchi, Kocchi, Socchi (1991–1992) Marude Dameo (1991–1992) Yu Yu Hakusho (1992–1994) Tottemo! Luckyman (1994–1995) Ninku (1995–1996) Fushigi Yûgi (1995–1996) Midori no Makibaō (1996–1997) First Human Gon (1996–1997) Baby & Me (1996–1997) Hyper Police (1997) Clamp School Detectives (1997) Flame of Recca (1997–1998) Takoyaki Mantoman (1998–1999) Fancy Lala (1998) Neo Ranga (1998–1999) Dokkiri Doctor (1998–1999) Yoiko (1998–1999) Microman, The Little Giant (1999) Power Stone (1999) I'm Gonna Be An Angel! (1999) Great Teacher Onizuka (1999–2000) Rerere no Tensai Bakabon (1999–2000) 2000s OH! Super Milk Chan (2000) Gensomaden Saiyuki (2000–2001) Ceres, Celestial Legend (2000) Ghost Stories (2000–2001) Super Gals! Kotobuki Ran (2001–2002) Kaze no Yojimbo (2001–2002) Hikaru no Go (2001–2003) Kogepan (2001) Tokyo Underground (2002) Tokyo Mew Mew (2002–2003) The Twelve Kingdoms (2002–2003) Naruto (2002–2007) E's Otherwise (2003) Detective School Q (2003–2004) Saiyuki ReLoad (2003–2004) Hikaru no Go: Journey to the North Star Cup (2004) Saiyuki Reload Gunlock (2004) Midori Days (2004) Bleach (2004–2012) Emma – A Victorian Romance (2005) Sugar Sugar Rune (2005–2006) Naruto: Shippuden (2007–2017) Blue Dragon (2007–2008) Blue Dragon: Trials of the Seven Shadows (2008–2009) Hanasakeru Seishōnen (2009–2010) Yumeiro Patissiere (2009–2010) 2010s Yumeiro Patissiere SP Professional (2010) Level E (2011) Naruto: Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals (2012–2013) Polar Bear Café (2012–2013) Kingdom (2012–present) Gaist Crusher (2013–2014) Baby Steps (2014–2015) The World Is Still Beautiful (2014) Tokyo Ghoul (2014) Yona of the Dawn (2014–2015) Tokyo Ghoul √A (2015) Mr. Osomatsu (2015–2021) Divine Gate (2016) Twin Star Exorcists (2016–2017) Onigiri (2016) Puzzle & Dragons X (2016–2018) Tsukiuta. THE ANIMATION (2016) Soul Buster (2016) ĒlDLIVE (2017) Boruto: Naruto Next Generations (2017–2023) Convenience Store Boy Friends (2017) Black Clover (2017–2021) Dynamic Chord (2017) Sanrio Boys (2018) Tokyo Ghoul:re (2018) 2020s Akudama Drive (2020) Play It Cool, Guys (2022–2023) Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War (2022–present) Yatagarasu: The Raven Does Not Choose Its Master (2024) Category vteDavid ProductionTelevision series Ristorante Paradiso (2009) Tatakau Shisho: The Book of Bantorra (2009–2010) Level E (2011) Ben-To (2011) Inu × Boku SS (2012) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (2012–2013) Hyperdimension Neptunia: The Animation (2013) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders (2014–2015) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable (2016) Monster Hunter Stories: Ride On (2016–2018) Sagrada Reset (2017) Captain Tsubasa (2018–2019) Cells at Work! (2018–2021) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind (2018–2019) Fire Force (2019–2020) Ensemble Stars! (2019) Strike Witches: The Road to Berlin (2020) 2.43: Seiin High School Boys Volleyball Team (2021) Urusei Yatsura (2022–2024) Undead Unluck (2023–present) OVAs/ONAs Dogs: Stray Dogs Howling in the Dark (2009) Inu × Boku SS (2012) Hyperdimension Neptunia: The Animation (2013) Planetarian: The Reverie of a Little Planet (2016) Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan (2017–2019) JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stone Ocean (2021–2022) Spriggan (2022) Films Planetarian: Storyteller of the Stars (2016) "Hataraku Saibō!!" Saikyō no Teki, Futatabi. Karada no Naka wa "Chō" Ōsawagi! (2020) The House of the Lost on the Cape (2021) Ensemble Stars!! Road to Show!! (2022) Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Yoshihiro Togashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Togashi"},{"link_name":"alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"link_name":"Yu Yu Hakusho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Yu_Hakusho"},{"link_name":"Hunter × Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_%C3%97_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"},{"link_name":"shōnen manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Pierrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrot_(company)"},{"link_name":"David Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Production"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"}],"text":"Level E (Japanese: レベル E, Hepburn: Reberu Ī) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Togashi. The plot follows the misadventures of alien Prince Baka Ki El Dogra, who crash-lands on Earth and forcibly begins living with high school student and baseball player Yukitaka Tsutsui. However, Prince Baka gradually realizes that he is targeted by aliens from other planets, and he uses his clever wits to somehow maintain world peace each time. Along with its short length and more realistic art style, the story of Level E focuses much more heavily on humor than Togashi's more famous series Yu Yu Hakusho and Hunter × Hunter.Level E was serialized for sixteen chapters in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1995 to 1997 for a total of 16 chapters, collected in three tankōbon volumes. A 13-episode anime television series adaptation, directed by Toshiyuki Katō and produced by Pierrot and David Production, aired on TV Tokyo in 2011.","title":"Level E"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Earth has been populated by thousands of aliens from all over the galaxy. While all the other aliens are aware of their presence, it is a secret only from the Earthlings. Baka, the prince of the planet Dogra, crash lands on Earth and loses his memory. He forcibly moves in with Yukitaka Tsutsui, a first year high school student who had just moved out on his own. The normal life he once knew is quickly pulled away as he becomes the target of the prince's torment.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daisuke Namikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Namikawa"},{"link_name":"Vic Mignogna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Mignogna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funicast1-2"},{"link_name":"Yoshimasa Hosoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshimasa_Hosoya"},{"link_name":"Micah Solusod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micah_Solusod"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funicast1-2"},{"link_name":"Satomi Akesaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satomi_Akesaka"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Seidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Seidel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funicast1-2"},{"link_name":"Takehito Koyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takehito_Koyasu"},{"link_name":"Jason Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funicast1-2"}],"text":"Prince Baka (バカ王子, Baka-ōji, lit. \"stupid prince\")\nVoiced by: Daisuke Namikawa (Japanese); Vic Mignogna (English)[2]\nThe effeminate-looking first prince of the planet Dogura. He has an exceptionally high IQ and has little interest other than using it to torment those around him for his own amusement. His real name is Baka Ki El Dogra (バカ＝キ＝エル・ドグラ, Baka Ki Eru Dogura), but everybody refers to him solely as Prince or Prince Baka.\nYukitaka Tsutsui (筒井雪隆, Tsutsui Yukitaka)\nVoiced by: Yoshimasa Hosoya (Japanese); Micah Solusod (English)[2]\nHigh school student and the Prince's roommate. Plays baseball. A former punk.\nMiho Edogawa (江戸川美歩, Edogawa Miho)\nVoiced by: Satomi Akesaka (Japanese); Lindsay Seidel (English)[2]\nYukitaka's next door neighbor and school mate. Miho's father is a researcher studying alien life on Earth. Has been taught to notice hidden cameras, tracking devices and secret guards.\nCaptain Craft (クラフト隊長, Kurafuto-taichō)\nVoiced by: Takehito Koyasu (Japanese); Jason Douglas (English)[2]\nCaptain of the Royal Guard Army. He is in his tenth year. His top priority is that of the Prince Baka's bodyguard. Fifth year guard, Sado, and first year guard, Colin, work under him.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yoshihiro Togashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Togashi"},{"link_name":"YuYu Hakusho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YuYu_Hakusho"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-title-4"},{"link_name":"Level 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-title-4"},{"link_name":"E.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-title-4"},{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"H. R. Giger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Giger"},{"link_name":"Alien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-3"},{"link_name":"Yamagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamagata_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Gaki Deka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8C%E3%81%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%AB"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Level E was written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Togashi, who had established himself as a prominent manga artist with his popular action series YuYu Hakusho.[3] When the decision was made to serialize Level E, Togashi had only created the first chapter. Because the story involved the protagonist as an alien changing each chapter, he titled the manga \"Alien Crises\".[4] He quickly changed it to its final name after being told the former title was too explicit. After renting a videotape called Level 4, he affirmed to himself that he should name the series using the first English language letter of the word \"alien\".[4] He was informed that the first letter was \"A\" and not \"E\", but he replied that he always associated the term with E.T..[4] Togashi has stated that he is a fan of the horror genre of films and has cited visual effects designer H. R. Giger (of the Alien franchise) as a major influence.[3] Togashi based the setting of Level E on his own hometown of Yamagata with close attention to detail. For the humor, Togashi took inspiration from the gag manga Gaki Deka.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yoshihiro Togashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Togashi"},{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"},{"link_name":"shōnen manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"tankōbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%C5%8Dbon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volume1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volume2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volume3-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"bunkoban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkoban"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Tong Li Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Li_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Editora JBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editora_JBC"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kazé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Planeta DeAgostini Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_DeAgostini"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Manga","text":"Written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Togashi, Level E was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from October 2, 1995, to January 15, 1997.[6] A total of sixteen chapters were collected into three volumes tankōbon. The first was released on March 4, 1996, the second on October 3, 1996, and the third on May 1, 1997.[7][8][9] In addition, Level E was re-released as part of the Shueisha Jump Remix series of magazine-style books, with two volumes being released in 2009.[10][11] It was also re-published by Shueisha into two bunkoban volumes released on September 17, and October 15, 2010.[12][13] Level E has been translated into Chinese, serialized in the magazine Formosa Youth, and released in volume format by Tong Li Publishing in the Republic of China (Taiwan).[14] It was also published in Brazil by Editora JBC,[15] in France by Kazé,[16] and Spain by Planeta DeAgostini Comics.[17]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Pierrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrot_(company)"},{"link_name":"David Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Production"},{"link_name":"Jukki Hanada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukki_Hanada"},{"link_name":"Yang Bang-ean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Bang-ean"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WN-March-20"},{"link_name":"Chiaki Kuriyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaki_Kuriyama"},{"link_name":"ViViD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivid_(band)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Crunchyroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Funimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funimation"},{"link_name":"Katsucon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsucon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funimationlicense-1"},{"link_name":"flat-screen TVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-panel_display"},{"link_name":"Fumihiko Tachiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumihiko_Tachiki"}],"sub_title":"Anime","text":"A 13-episode anime adaptation of Level E was produced by TV Tokyo, Pierrot and David Production and directed by Toshiyuki Katō, with Jukki Hanada handling series scripts, Itsuko Takeda designing the characters and Yang Bang-ean composing the music.[18] The series originally aired on Japan's TV Tokyo from January 11, 2011 to April 5, 2011.[19][20] The show's opening theme, \"Cold Finger Girl\" (コールドフィンガーガール, Kōrudo Fingā Gāru), is performed by Chiaki Kuriyama, and its ending theme, \"(Yume) ~Mugennokanata~\" (｢夢｣〜ムゲンノカナタ〜), is performed by ViViD.[21] Crunchyroll has simulcast the series on their streaming website in other parts of the world one hour after each initial TV Tokyo airing. As stated by Kun Geo, the website's CEO, “TV Tokyo's streaming of Level E shows their commitment to bringing anime to a global audience. We are honored to be able to present this title from one of the greatest manga creators of all-time, and to be able to say that Crunchyroll's streaming of this title will directly contribute to the financial viability of all parties involved in the production, from broadcaster to animator to creator.”[22] Funimation has announced that they have licensed the TV series at Katsucon 2012.[1]The anime sets the story in the modern era, with flat-screen TVs and smartphones, which were not available when the original manga was released, appearing in the story. All chapters except for the final chapter of the manga, \"Honeymoon...!\", have been adapted. The narration was done by Fumihiko Tachiki.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CD singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_single"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Aniplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniplex"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Merchandise","text":"Several pieces of merchandise that tie into the anime have been released. These include CD singles for the opening and closing themes, apparel, and towels.[25] Aniplex released Level E on DVD in Japan beginning on February 23, 2011, concluding with the sixth volume on July 27, 2011. It included as between two and three episodes apiece, as well as extra features.[26]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anime News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Carl Kimlinger of the Anime News Network gave an average grade to the first six episodes of the series, though he found that the artwork, animation, and music were good, and that its writing was \"undeniably clever, even audacious\". However, the reviewer felt the series to be less and less endearing to watch, particularly after the first three episodes, the absence of character Yukitaka Tsutsui, and the use of mini-story arcs. \"There's a quixotic dignity in its use of entire story-arcs to set up single gags and a laudable courage in its willingness to experiment (check out the aged atmosphere created by episode four's thick lines and faded colors),\" Kimlinger summarized. \"That doesn't make it fun to watch, however. In fact, each successive episode leaves one feeling emptier and less charitable towards Prince than the last.\"[27] Erin Finnegan of the same website made similar comments regarding the narrative progression of Level E. Finnegan stated, \"Maybe it's just me. I can't get attached to characters who are only going to be around for a few episodes unless they make an incredible impression, otherwise it's very hard to write loveable characters that will only last for three or four episodes. [...] In Level E, it's hard to get attached to the Prince, who doesn't appear at all in some episodes, and in other episodes he gets very little screen time. Plus he's such a jerk, it's hard to like him or care about his shenanigans.\"[28]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sevakis, Justin (February 18, 2012). \"Funimation Licenses Level E Sci-Fi Comedy TV Anime\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-02-18/funimation-licenses-level-e-sci-fi-comedy-tv-anime","url_text":"\"Funimation Licenses Level E Sci-Fi Comedy TV Anime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120219234314/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-02-18/funimation-licenses-level-e-sci-fi-comedy-tv-anime","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rojas, Justin (September 19, 2012). \"Level E - Cast Announcement\". Funimation.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210131012708/https://www.funimation.com/rojas/blog/level-e-cast-announcement/5223031","url_text":"\"Level E - Cast Announcement\""},{"url":"https://www.funimation.com/rojas/blog/level-e-cast-announcement/5223031","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Togashi, Yoshihiro (2003). \"Interview: Yoshihiro Togashi\". Shonen Jump. 1 (5). San Francisco, CA: Viz Media. UPC 071486018476.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Togashi, Yoshihiro (January 3, 2006). History of Titles No. 2 ~ Level E ~. Hunter × Hunter. Vol. 6. Viz Media. p. 66. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Patna	List of shopping malls in India	["1 Largest malls","2 Andhra Pradesh","3 Bihar","4 Chandigarh","5 Chhattisgarh","6 Delhi","7 Goa","8 Gujarat","9 Haryana","10 Jharkhand","11 Karnataka","12 Kerala","13 Madhya Pradesh","14 Maharashtra","15 Odisha","16 Punjab","17 Rajasthan","18 Tamil Nadu","19 Telangana","20 Uttar Pradesh","21 Uttarakhand","22 West Bengal","23 References"]	This is a list of shopping malls in India, sortable by name, location, year opened and gross leasable area. Largest malls Name Location Year Size (total area) Source Sarath City Capital Mall Hyderabad 2018 2,700,000 sq ft (250,000 m2) Lulu Mall Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram 2021 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) Lulu Mall Lucknow Lucknow 2022 2,200,000 sq ft (200,000 m2) DLF Mall of India Noida 2016 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) Ambience Mall Gurgaon Gurgaon 2007 1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2) DB City Mall, Bhopal Bhopal 2010 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) World Trade Park, Jaipur Jaipur 2012 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) Hilite Mall, Calicut Kozhikode 2015 1,260,000 sq ft (117,000 m2) Amanora Mall Pune 2008 1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2) Ambience Mall, Vasant Kunj Delhi 2008 1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2) Phoenix Mall of Asia Bengaluru 2023 1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2) R City Mall Mumbai 2009 1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2) Phoenix Marketcity Pune 2011 1,190,000 sq ft (111,000 m2) Elante Mall Chandigarh 2013 1,150,000 sq ft (107,000 m2) Phoenix Marketcity Mumbai 2011 1,140,000 sq ft (106,000 m2) Texvalley Erode 2014 1,130,000 sq ft (105,000 m2) Phoenix Mall of Millennium Wakad, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Pune 2023 1,100,000 sq ft (100,000 m2) Magneto the mall Raipur 2010 1,035,000 sq ft (96,200 m2) Mantri Square Bengaluru 2010 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Phoenix Citadel Indore 2022 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Phoenix Marketcity Bengaluru 2011 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Phoenix Marketcity Chennai 2013 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) South City Mall Kolkata 2008 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) The Great India Place Noida 2007 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Viviana Mall Thane 2013 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) VR Ambarsar (formerly Trilium Mall) Amritsar 2013 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) VR Chennai Chennai 2018 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) VR Punjab (formerly North Country Mall) Mohali 2012 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Seawoods Grand Central Navi Mumbai 2017 971,742 sq ft (90,277.8 m2) Esplanade One Bhubaneswar 2018 950,000 sq ft (88,000 m2) The Grand Venice Mall Greater Noida 2015 947,000 sq ft (88,000 m2) City Centre, Nashik Nashik 2009 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) Express Avenue Chennai 2010 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) Phoenix Palassio Lucknow 2020 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) Z Square Mall Kanpur 2010 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) Nexus Ahmedabad One Ahmedabad 2011 885,000 sq ft (82,200 m2) Gaur City Mall, Greater Noida Greater Noida 2019 861,000 sq ft (80,000 m2) Infiniti Mall, Malad Mumbai 2011 850,000 sq ft (79,000 m2) Orion Mall Bengaluru 2012 850,000 sq ft (79,000 m2) Nexus Hyderabad Mall Hyderabad 2014 820,000 sq ft (76,000 m2) Acropolis Mall Kolkata 2015 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) Inorbit Cyberabad Hyderabad 2009 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) MGF Metropolis Mall Gurgaon 2011 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) Elpro City Square Pimpri-Chinchwad, Pune 2019 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) Jio World Drive Mumbai 2021 762,300 sq ft (70,820 m2) Ansal Plaza, Greater Noida Greater Noida 2009 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2) Growel's 101 Mumbai 2010 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2) Jio World Plaza Mumbai 2023 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2) Palladium Ahmedabad Ahmedabad 2023 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2) Lulu Mall Kochi Kochi 2013 731,946 sq ft (68,000.0 m2) Mani Square Kolkata 2008 700,000 sq ft (65,000 m2) Quest Mall Kolkata 2013 700,000 sq ft (65,000 m2) Nexus Fiza Mall Mangalore 2014 660,000 sq ft (61,000 m2) Nexus Vijaya Mall Chennai 2013 650,000 sq ft (60,000 m2) Vegas Mall Delhi 2019 650,000 sq ft (60,000 m2) Forum Mall, Kochi Kochi 2023 647,000 sq ft (60,100 m2) https://forummalls.in/portfolio/forum-kochi/ Centre Square Mall, Kochi Kochi 2013 630,000 sq ft (59,000 m2) VR Surat Surat 2013 615,000 sq ft (57,100 m2) Parsvnath Mall, Azadpur Delhi 2005 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Select Citywalk Delhi 2007 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Prozone Mall Aurangabad Aurangabad 2010 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Royal Meenakshi Mall Bengaluru 2011 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Pacific Mall, Tagore Garden Delhi 2011 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Moments Mall Delhi 2011 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Bhawani Mall Bhubaneswar 2012 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Avani Riverside Mall Howrah 2012 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) World Square Mall Ghaziabad 2014 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) VR Bengaluru Bengaluru 2015 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Logix City Centre Noida 2016 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall Jamshedpur 2017 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Nexus Shantiniketan Bengaluru 2018 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Fun Republic Mall Lucknow 2007 580,000 sq ft (54,000 m2) Omaxe Connaught Place Greater Noida 2015 572,000 sq ft (53,100 m2) Metro Junction Mall Kalyan 2008 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m2) Inorbit Mall, Vashi Navi Mumbai 2008 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m2) TDI Mall, Sonipat Sonipat 2011 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m2) Chennai Marina Mall Chennai 2019 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m2) City Centre, Mangalore Mangaluru 2010 540,000 sq ft (50,000 m2) Mall of Amritsar (formerly Alpha One Mall, Amritsar) Amritsar 2010 535,241 sq ft (49,725.5 m2) Spencer Plaza Chennai 1863 530,000 sq ft (49,000 m2) DLF Avenue (formerly DLF Place) Delhi 2009 519,596 sq ft (48,272.0 m2) MGF Metropolitan Mall, Gurgaon Gurgaon 1998 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Inorbit Mall, Malad Mumbai 2004 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Pacific Mall, Ghaziabad Ghaziabad 2005 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Crown Interiorz Mall Faridabad 2007 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) City Centre, New Town (City Centre 2) New Town, Kolkata 2009 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Axis Mall New Town, Kolkata 2010 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) City Centre, Siliguri Siliguri 2010 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) MSX Mall Greater Noida 2013 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Unity One, Janakpuri Delhi 2015 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Lodha Xperia Mall Dombivali 2016 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Prozone Mall Coimbatore 2017 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Andhra Pradesh PVP Square Mall, Vijayawada Phoenix Boorugu Mall, Guntur Name Location Year Size (total area) Source Phoenix Boorugu Mall GT road, Guntur 2023 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) MGB Felicity Mall Nellore 2018 320,000 sq ft (30,000 m2) CMR Central Maddilapalem, Visakhapatnam 2010 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Trendset Mall Benz Circle, Vijayawada 2015 450,000 sq ft (42,000 m2) PVP Square Mall MG Road, Vijayawada 2014 427,000 sq ft (39,700 m2) Visakhapatnam Central Suryabagh, Visakhapatnam 2011 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) Bihar Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source P&M Mall Patliputra colony, Patna 2011 225,000 sq ft (20,900 m2) The Mall Frazer Road, Patna 2014 170,000 sq ft (16,000 m2) City Centre Patna Buddha marg, Patna 2021 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Patna one mall Dak bungalow, Patna 2017 90,000 sq ft Gravity mall Kankarbagh, Patna 2021 150,000 sq ft Vasundhra metro mall Boring Road Patna 2013 140,000 sq ft J D mall Exhibition Road, Patna 2018 100,000 sq ft Grand mall Muzaffarpur 2017 200,000 sq ft DRB mall Muzaffarpur 2019 150,000 sq ft P&M Mall, Patna Central Mall, Patna Patna One Mall, Patna another view of Patna One Mall Chandigarh Elante Mall is the largest mall of Chandigarh Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Elante Mall Phase-1, Industrial Area 2013 1,150,000 sq ft (107,000 m2) DLF City Centre, Chandigarh (DT Mall) Rajiv Gandhi IT Park, Sector 13 2008 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) Centra Mall Phase-1, Industrial Area 2008 146,000 sq ft (13,600 m2) TDI Jagat Mall Sector-17 2016 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) Chhattisgarh Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source City Center-Raipur Devendra Nagar, Pandri, Raipur 2009 1,100,000 sq ft (100,000 m2) Magneto the mall, Raipur Labhandi, NH 53, Raipur 2010 1,035,000 sq ft (96,200 m2) Avinash Times Square Sector-19, Naya Raipur 2018 87,187 sq ft (8,099.9 m2) Ambuja City Center Vidhan sabha road, Mowa, Raipur 2013 277,082 sq ft (25,741.8 m2) Surya Treasure Island Smriti Nagar, Bhilai Bhilai 2011 546,402 sq ft (50,762.4 m2) Rama Magneto Mall Srikant verma marg, Link rd Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 2013 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) The Palm mall Transport Nagar road, Korba 2017 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) City Mall 36 Mangla chowk, Mungeli naka Bilaspur 2016 450,000 sq ft (42,000 m2) Avinash Times Square, Naya Raipur The Palm mall, Korba Delhi Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Ambience Mall, Vasant Kunj Nelson Mandela Road, Vasant Kunj 2008 1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2) Vegas Mall Sector-14, Dwarka 2019 650,000 sq ft (60,000 m2) Parsvnath Mall, Azadpur Azadpur metro station 2005 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Select Citywalk Sector-6, Pushp Vihar, Saket 2007 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Pacific Mall, Tagore Garden Tagore Garden, Subhash Nagar 2011 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Moments Mall Kirti Nagar 2011 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) DLF Avenue (formerly DLF Place) Sector-6, Pushp Vihar, Saket 2009 (revamped in 2019) 519,596 sq ft (48,272.0 m2) Unity One, Janakpuri Janakpuri 2015 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) DLF Promenade Nelson Mandela Road, Vasant Kunj 2009 460,000 sq ft (43,000 m2) MGF City Square Shivaji Place, Rajouri Garden 2007 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) Unity One, Rohini Sector-10, Rohini 2016 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) Ambience Mall, Rohini Sector-10, Rohini 2014 360,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) D Mall, Pitampura Netaji Subhash Place, Pitampura 2010 325,000 sq ft (30,200 m2) DLF Emporio Nelson Mandela Road, Vasant Kunj 2008 304,000 sq ft (28,200 m2) D Mall, Rohini Sector-10, Rohini 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) V3S East Centre Mall Nirman Vihar, Laxmi Nagar 2011 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) WorldMark (The Walk) Delhi Aerocity 2013 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) Pacific D21 Mall Dwarka Sector 21 metro station 2019 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) Parsvnath Mall, Akshardham Akshardham metro station 2005 298,160 sq ft (27,700 m2) DT City Centre, Delhi Shalimar Bagh 2009 260,000 sq ft (24,000 m2) Cross River Mall Vishwas Nagar, Shahdara 2006 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Vasant Square Mall Sector-B, Vasant Kunj 2008 225,000 sq ft (20,900 m2) Metro Walk Sector-10, Rohini 2007 221,000 sq ft (20,500 m2) Parsvnath Mall, Netaji Subhash Place Netaji Subhash Place metro station 2005 208,809 sq ft (19,399.0 m2) MGF Metropolitan Mall, Delhi Sector-6, Pushp Vihar, Saket 2005 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) Aggarwal City Mall, Pitampura Sant Nagar, Rani Bagh, Pitampura 2007 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) City Centre, Rohini Sector-10, Rohini 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) North Gate Orbit Plaza Gujranwala Town, Model Town 2011 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) City Centre, Dwarka Sector-12, Dwarka 2016 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) The Chanakya Mall Chanakyapuri 2017 189,000 sq ft (17,600 m2) Ansal Plaza, Delhi Khel Gaon Marg, Andrews Ganj 1999 178,000 sq ft (16,500 m2) JMD Kohinoor Mall Greater Kailash 2006 175,000 sq ft (16,300 m2) Kings Mall Sector-10, Rohini 2012 162,000 sq ft (15,100 m2) Westend Mall, Delhi Janakpuri 2008 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) Parsvnath Mall, Inderlok Inderlok metro station 2005 142,091 sq ft (13,200.7 m2) North Square Mall Netaji Subhash Place, Pitampura 2006 130,000 sq ft (12,000 m2) Unity One Mall, CBD, Shahdara (formerly Aggarwal Funcity Mall) Vishwas Nagar, Shahdara 2008 125,000 sq ft (11,600 m2) D Mall, Paschim Vihar Sunder Vihar, Paschim Vihar 106,000 sq ft (9,800 m2) Aditya Mega Mall Vishwas Nagar, Shahdara 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) TDI Paragon Mall Shivaji Place, Rajouri Garden 2007 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) Select Citywalk, Saket MGF City Square, Shivaji Place, Rajouri Garden TDI Paragon Mall, Shivaji Place, Rajouri Garden Goa Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Mall De Goa Porvorim, Goa 2016 180,000 sq ft (17,000 m2) Caculo Mall Panaji, Goa 2011 82,000 sq ft (7,600 m2) Gujarat Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Nexus Ahmedabad One (formerly Alpha One, Ahmedabad) Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 2011 885,000 sq ft (82,200 m2) Phoenix Palladium Thaltej, Ahmedabad 2023 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2) VR Surat Dumas Road, Surat 2013 615,000 sq ft (57,100 m2) Inorbit Mall, Vadodara Gorwa, Vadodara 2013 474,000 sq ft (44,000 m2) RahulRaj Mall Dumas Road, Surat 2011 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) Himalaya Mall Drive in Road, Ahmedabad 2007 270,000 sq ft (25,000 m2) Crystal Mall Rajkot Kalawad Road, Rajkot 2009 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) RahulRaj Mall road view Crystal Mall Rajkot road view Crystal Mall Rajkot inside view Haryana Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Ambience Mall Gurgaon NH-8, Ambience Island, Sector-24, Gurgaon 2007 1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2) MGF Metropolis Mall Sector-28, MG Road, Gurgaon 2011 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) TDI Mall, Sonipat Sector-58, Kundli, Sonipat 2011 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m2) MGF Metropolitan Mall, Gurgaon Sector-25, MG Road, Gurgaon 1998 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Crown Interiorz Mall Sarai Khwaja, Sector-35, Mathura Road, Faridabad 2007 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Parker Mall Sector-62, Kundli, Sonipat 2014 425,000 sq ft (39,500 m2) MGF Megacity Mall Sector-28, MG Road, Gurgaon 2017 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) Ansal Crown Plaza Ajronda, Sector-15A, Mathura Road, Faridabad 2003 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) DT Mega Mall Bristol Chowk, Sector-28, Golf Course Road, Gurgaon 2003 290,000 sq ft (27,000 m2) Raheja Mall Sohna Road, Malibu Town, Sector-47, Gurgaon 2009 290,000 sq ft (27,000 m2) DLF South Point Mall Genpact Chowk, Sector-53, Golf Course Road, Gurgaon 278,853 sq ft (25,906.3 m2) Omaxe Gurgaon Mall Sector-49, Sohna Road, Gurgaon 2006 265,000 sq ft (24,600 m2) DLF City Centre, Gurgaon Sector-28, MG Road, Gurgaon 2003 260,000 sq ft (24,000 m2) Ansal Plaza, Gurgaon Rezang La Chowk, Palam Vihar, Sector-23, Gurgaon 2007 260,000 sq ft (24,000 m2) Airia Mall Sohna Road, Badshahpur, Sector-68, Gurgaon 2020 253,505 sq ft (23,551.4 m2) Ansal Highway Plaza Sector-62, Kundli, Sonipat 2008 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Ardee Mall Ardee City, Sector-52, Gurgaon 2017 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Sahara Mall Sector-28, MG Road, Gurgaon 2001 230,000 sq ft (21,000 m2) Star Mall, Gurgaon NH-8, Jal Vayu Vihar, Sector-30, Gurgaon 2007 219,000 sq ft (20,300 m2) DLF Grand Mall Sector-28, MG Road, Gurgaon 2005 210,507 sq ft (19,556.7 m2) Gold Souk Mall, Gurgaon Vyaper Kendra Road, Kanhai, Sector-43, Gurgaon 2004 180,000 sq ft (17,000 m2) Mittal's Mega Mall Huda Sector-25, Panipat 2007 160,000 sq ft (15,000 m2) Omaxe Celebration Mall Subhash Chowk, Sector-48, Sohna Road, Gurgaon 2010 155,000 sq ft (14,400 m2) Eldeco Station 1 Mall Sector-12, Mathura Road, Faridabad 2010 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) SRS Mall, Faridabad Sector-12, Faridabad 2002 137,970 sq ft (12,818 m2) Eros EF3 Mall Sector-20A, Faridabad 2008 130,000 sq ft (12,000 m2) Gurgaon Central Sector-25, MG Road, Gurgaon 2009 125,000 sq ft (11,600 m2) Central Plaza, Gurgaon Sector-53, Golf Course Road, Gurgaon 2003 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) Kessel Mall, Kurukshetra Sector-17, Thanesar, Kurukshetra 2009 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) Pristine Mall, Faridabad Inder Colony, Sector-31, Faridabad 2007 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) Jharkhand Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall Bistupur, Jamshedpur 2017 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Nucleus Shopping Mall Lalpur, Ranchi After 2010 Mall E Decor Lalpur, Ranchi 2013 The Bokaro Mall Sector 3, Bokaro Steel City 2016 230,000 sq ft (21,000 m2) Ozone Galleria Mall Dhanbad 2015 City Centre, Dhanbad Dhanbad 1999 Prabhatam Complex Mall Dhanbad 2021 Harsh Vardhan Plaza City Centre, Sector 4, Bokaro Shri Ram Plaza, Dhanbad Bank More, Dhanbad Center Point Mall Katras Road, Bank More, Dhanbad Ozone Galleria Mall, Dhanbad The Bokaro Mall, Bokaro City Centre, Dhanbad JD Hi Street Mall, Ranchi Harsh Vardhan Plaza, Bokaro Karnataka Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Mantri Square Malleswara, Bengaluru 2010 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Phoenix Marketcity Whitefield, Bengaluru 2011 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Lotus Mall Nanthoor, Mangaluru 2021 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) Orion Mall Malleswara-Rajajinagara, Bengaluru 2012 850,000 sq ft (79,000 m2) Nexus Fiza Mall Pandeshwar, Mangaluru 2014 660,000 sq ft (61,000 m2) Royal Meenakshi Mall Hulimavu, Bengaluru 2011 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) VR Bengaluru Whitefield, Bengaluru 2015 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Nexus Shantiniketan Whitefield, Bangaluru 2018 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) City Centre, Mangalore K S Rao Road, Mangaluru 2010 540,000 sq ft (50,000 m2) Park Square Mall Whitefield, Bangaluru 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) Urban Oasis Mall Gokul Road, Hubballi 2012 375,000 sq ft (34,800 m2) Nexus Koramangala Koramangala, Bengaluru 2004 365,000 sq ft (33,900 m2) Nexus Centr City Mall Nazarbad, Mysuru 2018 347,000 sq ft (32,200 m2) Inorbit Mall, Bangalore Whitefield, Bengaluru 2012 339,000 sq ft (31,500 m2) Nexus Whitefield Whitefield, Bengaluru 2009 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) Garuda Mall Magrath Road, Bengaluru 2005 280,000 sq ft (26,000 m2) Mall of Mysore M.G.Road, Mysuru 2012 262,000 sq ft (24,300 m2) Elements Mall Thanisandra Main Road, Nagavara, Bengaluru 2012 260,000 sq ft (24,000 m2) BM Habitat Mall Jayalakshmipura, Mysuru 2012 240,000 sq ft (22,000 m2) S Mall TUDA Layout, Tumakuru 2021 230,565 sq ft (21,420.2 m2) Bharat Mall, Mangalore Bejai, Mangaluru 2006 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) Garuda Swagath Mall Jayanagar, Bengaluru 2008 130,000 sq ft (12,000 m2) Bangalore Central J. P. Nagar, Bangaluru 2004 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) UB City Mall Vittal Mallya Road, Bengaluru 2008 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) City Centre Mall, Shimoga KSTRC Bus Station, Shivamogga 2014 85,000 sq ft (7,900 m2) Mak Mall Kankanady, Mangaluru 2013 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m2) Phoenix Mall of Asia Byatarayapura, Bangalore 2023 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) Mantri Square top floor Mantri Square Food court seating Mantri Square food court stalls Phoenix Market City (Bangalore) Phoenix Market City (Bangalore) inside view Orion Mall is the second largest mall in Bangaluru Inside view of Orion Mall Internal view of Orion Mall Interior view of Orion Mall Interior view of Nexus Fiza Mall, Mangaluru Inside view of Nexus Fiza Mall, Mangaluru Aerial view of Nexus Koramangala, Bengaluru Inside Nexus Koramangala, Bengaluru Outside view of Nexus Koramangala, Bengaluru Nexus Whitefield Mall, Bengaluru Garuda Mall Entrance, Bengaluru Kerala Name Location Year Size (GLA) Source Lulu Mall, Thiruvananthapuram Aakkulam, Thiruvananthapuram 2021 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) Hilite Mall, Calicut Poovangal, Kozhikode 2015 1,260,000 sq ft (117,000 m2) Lulu Mall, Kochi Edapally, Kochi 2013 731,946 sq ft (68,000.0 m2) Mall of Travancore Chacka, Thiruvananthapuram 2018 650,000 sq ft (60,000 m2) Forum Mall, Kochi Maradu, Kochi 2023 647,000 sq ft (60,100 m2) Centre Square Mall, Kochi MG Road, Kochi 2013 630,000 sq ft (59,000 m2) Gold Souk Grande, Kochi Vytilla, Kochi 2011 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Oberon Mall Edapally, Kochi 2008 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Sobha City Mall Puzhakkal, Thrissur 2015 450,000 sq ft (42,000 m2) Mall of Joy, Thrissur Sakthan Thampuran Nagar, Thrissur 2014 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) Selex Mall, Thrissur East Fort, Thrissur 2014 215,000 sq ft (20,000 m2) Y Mall, Thriprayar Triprayar, Thrissur 2018 205,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) Mall of Joy, Kottayam Baker Junction, Kottayam 2016 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) Abad Nucleus Mall Maradu, Kochi 2010 125,000 sq ft (11,600 m2) H&J Mall Karunagapally, Kollam 2015 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) Reliance Centro Mall(Artech World Mall) Vanchiyoor, Thiruvananthapuram 2018 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) RP Mall, Calicut Mavoor Road, Kozhikode 2012 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) RP Mall, Kollam Chinnakada, Kollam 2012 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) Hala Mall, Puthanathani Puthanathani, Malappuram 2022 80,000 sq ft (7,400 m2) Mall of Travancore in Chacka, Thiruvananthapuram RP Mall in Downtown, Kollam Abad Nucleus Mall in Maradu, Kochi HiLITE Mall, Calicut is the largest mall in northern Kerala Sobha City Mall in Puzhakkal, Thrissur City Centre Mall Thrissur - The First Mall of Kerala since 1998 Madhya Pradesh Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source DB City Mall, Bhopal Maharana Pratap Nagar, Bhopal 2010 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) Maharashtra Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Amanora Mall Hadapsar, Pune 2008 1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2) R City Mall Ghatkopar, Mumbai 2009 1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2) Phoenix Mall of Millennium Wakad, Pimpri-Chinchwad 2023 1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2) Phoenix Marketcity Vimannagar, Pune 2011 1,190,000 sq ft (111,000 m2) Phoenix Marketcity Kurla, Mumbai 2011 1,140,000 sq ft (106,000 m2) Neptune Magnet Mall Bhandup, Mumbai 2011 1,056,000 sq ft (98,100 m2) Viviana Mall Thane 2013 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Seawoods Grand Central Nerul, Navi Mumbai 2017 971,742 sq ft (90,277.8 m2) City Centre, Nashik Untwadi, Nashik 2009 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) Infiniti Mall, Malad Malad, Mumbai 2011 850,000 sq ft (79,000 m2) Elpro City Square Chinchwad, Pimpri-Chinchwad 2019 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) Growel's 101 Kandivali, Mumbai 2010 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2) Prozone Mall Aurangabad Chikalthana, Aurangabad 2010 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Metro Junction Mall Kalyan 2008 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m2) Inorbit Mall, Vashi Vashi, Navi Mumbai 2008 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m2) Inorbit Mall, Pune (permanently closed) Wadgaon Sheri, Pune 2011 547,000 sq ft (50,800 m2) Inorbit Mall, Malad Malad, Mumbai 2004 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Lodha Xperia Mall Dombivali 2016 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) High Street Phoenix Lower Parel, Mumbai 2008 490,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Korum Mall Thane 2009 450,000 sq ft (42,000 m2) Koregaon Park Plaza (Nitesh Hub Mall) - closed in November 2018 Koregaon Park 2012 446,000 sq ft (41,400 m2) Khandesh Central Mall, Jalgaon Jalgaon 2010 445,000 sq ft (41,300 m2) Raghuleela Mega Mall Kandivali, Mumbai 2009 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) Raghuleela Mall, Vashi Vashi, Navi Mumbai 2007 375,000 sq ft (34,800 m2) Pinnacle Mall Nashik 2011 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) Palladium Mall Lower Parel, Mumbai 2008 280,000 sq ft (26,000 m2) R-Mall Mulund, Mumbai 2003 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Infiniti Mall, Andheri Andheri, Mumbai 2004 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Crossroads Mall Worli, Mumbai 1999 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) R City Mall, Mumbai Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai), one of the largest malls in India Khandesh Central Mall, Jalgaon Prozone Mall Aurangabad Prozone Mall Aurangabad Palladium Mall, Mumbai Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai) night view Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai) Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai) Metro Junction Mall, Kalyan East, as seen from across the street Infiniti Mall, Andheri, Mumbai Infiniti Mall, Malad, Mumbai Inorbit Mall, Malad, Mumbai Inorbit Mall, Malad, Mumbai night view Inorbit Mall, Malad, Mumbai inside view Raghuleela Mall, Navi Mumbai Korum Mall, outside view Korum Mall, inside view Odisha Bhawani Mall, Bhubaneswar is one of the largest malls in Bhubaneswar Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Esplanade One Rasulgarh, Bhubaneswar 2018 950,000 sq ft (88,000 m2) Bhawani Mall Saheed Nagar, Bhubaneswar 2012 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Bhubaneswar 1 Bhubaneswar 2018 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) DN Regalia Bhubaneswar 2018 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Forum Galleria Mall Rourkela 2020 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Plutone Mall Rourkela 2023 349,173 sq ft (32,439.2 m2) SGBL Mega Mart CDA Area, Cuttack 2022 217,800 sq ft (20,230 m2) Forum Mart Janpath, Bhubaneswar 2004 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) Pal Heights Jayadev Vihar, Bhubaneswar 2008 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Arcade Dargah Bazaar, Cuttack 2007 170,000 sq ft (16,000 m2) Utkal Centre Point Chorda Bypass Square, Byasanagar (Jajpur Road) 2019 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) City Centre Mall, Sambalpur Sambalpur 2012 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) SGBL Square Mall Rajabagicha, Cuttack 2018 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) Symphony Mall Rudrapur, Bhubaneswar 2019 48,000 sq ft (4,500 m2) Punjab Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source VR Punjab (formerly North Country Mall) Sector-118, Mohali 2012 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) VR Ambarsar (formerly Trilium Mall ) Circular Road, Amritsar 2013 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Mall of Amritsar (formerly Alpha One Mall, Amritsar) Grand Trunk Road, Amritsar 2010 535,241 sq ft (49,725.5 m2) Cosmo Plaza Mall Zirakpur 2018 420,000 sq ft (39,000 m2) Paras Downtown Square Zirakpur 2007 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Bestech Square Sector-66, Mohali 2018 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Flamez High Street Urban Estate, Jalandhar 2018 3,50,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Celebration Mall Batala Road, Amritsar 2011 319,000 sq ft (29,636 m2) Celebration Mall Gobindgarh Khanna 2017 300,000 sq ft (27,870 m2) Silver Arc Mall Ferozpur Road, Gurdev Nagar, Ludhiana 2012 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Ansal Plaza, Ludhiana Ferozpur Road, Gurdev Nagar, Ludhiana 2005 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) HBN Peninsula Mall Adarsh Nagar, Bhatinda 2016 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Omaxe Mall Mall Road, Patiala 2016 230,000 sq ft (21,136 m2) Soul Space Spirit Mall Grand Trunk Road, Amritsar 2018 200,000 sq ft (18,580 m^2) Omaxe Novelty Mall Lawrence Road, Amritsar 2019 123,000 sq ft (11,427 m^2) City Centre Mall Civil Lines, Bhatinda 2009 100,000 sqft (9,290 m2) Aerial View of Mall of Amritsar Silver Arc Mall, Ludhiana Rajasthan Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source World Trade Park, Jaipur Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur 2012 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) Ansal Royal Plaza Nai Sarak Chauraha, High Court Road, Jodhpur 2007 136,000 sq ft (12,600 m2) World Trade Park Mall World Trade Park Mall Aerial View Tamil Nadu Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Phoenix Marketcity Velachery, Chennai 2013 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) VR Chennai Anna Nagar West, Chennai 2018 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Express Avenue Whites Road, Royapettah, Chennai 2010 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) Nexus Vijaya Arcot Road, Vadapalani, Chennai 2013 650,000 sq ft (60,000 m2) Gold Souk Grandé Mall Chennai GST Road, Vandalur, Chennai 2015 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) The Marina Mall Old Mahabalipuram Road, Egattur, Chennai 2019 540,000 sq ft (50,000 m2) Spencer Plaza Anna Salai, Chennai 1895 530,000 sq ft (49,000 m2) Prozone Mall Sivanandapuram, Coimbatore 2017 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Brookefields Mall Brooke Bond Road, Coimbatore 2009 450,000 sq ft (42,000 m2) Fun Republic Mall Avinashi Road, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 2012 325,000 sq ft (30,200 m2) Ampa Skywalk Poonamallee High Road, Aminjikarai, Chennai 2009 315,000 sq ft (29,300 m2) Coromandel Plaza Navalur, OMR, Chennai 2011 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) Ramee Mall Anna Salai, Teynampet, Chennai 2012 225,000 sq ft (20,900 m2) Palladium Mall, Chennai Velachery, Chennai 2008 220,000 sq ft (20,000 m2) Vishaal de Mal Chinna Chockikulam, Madurai 2012 220,000 sq ft (20,000 m2) Spectrum Mall (formerly Grand Venus Mall) Paper Mills Road, Perambur, Chennai 2011 160,000 sq ft (15,000 m2) Chennai Citi Centre Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai, Mylapore, Chennai 2006 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) Chandra Mall Arcot Road, Virugambakkam, Chennai 2011 143,130 sq ft (13,297 m2) Milan'em Mall K.K. Nagar, Madurai 2009 90,000 sq ft (8,400 m2) Bergamo Khader Nawaz Khan Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 2011 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) Express Avenue is the second largest mall Chennai Nexus Vijaya Mall, Chennai Inside Nexus Vijaya shopping mall, Vadapalani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Phoenix Marketcity dusk view Inside view of Phoenix Marketcity Interior view of Phoenix Marketcity Nexus Vijaya Mall central atrium Nexus Vijaya Mall inside view Spencer Plaza, Chennai Inside the Nexus Vijaya, Chennai Telangana Inside view, Inorbit Mall, Hyderabad Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Sarath City Capital Mall Kondapur, Hyderabad 2018 2,700,000 sq ft (250,000 m2) Nexus Hyderabad Mall Kukatpally, Hyderabad 2014 820,000 sq ft (76,000 m2) Inorbit Mall, Cyberabad Mindspace, Madhapur, Hitech City, Hyderabad 2009 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) Manjeera Mall Kukatpally, Hyderabad 2018 450,000 sq ft (42,000 m2) GVK One Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 2009 320,000 sq ft (30,000 m2) City Centre Mall Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 2011 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) PVR Next Galleria Mall Panjagutta, Hyderabad 2018 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) Hyderabad Central Panjagutta, Hyderabad 2004 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) Prasads Mall Khairatabad, Hyderabad 2003 110,000 sq ft (10,000 m2) Venu mall Pragathi nagar, Nizambad 2020 110,000 sq ft (10,000 sq.m) Uttar Pradesh Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Lulu Mall, Lucknow Sushant Golf City, Sector B Ansal API, Lucknow 2022 2,200,000 sq ft (200,000 m2) DLF Mall of India Sector-18, Noida 2016 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) Phoenix Palassio Sector-7, Shaheed Path, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow 2020 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) The Great India Place Sector-38, Noida 2007 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Fun Republic Mall Vipin Khand, Lohia Path, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow 2007 947,000 sq ft (88,000 m2) The Grand Venice Mall Kasna Gol Chakkar, Surajpur-Kasna Road, Greater Noida 2015 947,000 sq ft (88,000 m2) Z Square Mall Bada Chauraha, Kanpur 2010 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) Gaur City Mall, Greater Noida Gaur Chowk, Sector-4, Greater Noida 2019 861,000 sq ft (80,000 m2) Ansal Plaza, Greater Noida Pari Chowk, Amit Nagar, Greater Noida 2009 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2) Logix City Centre Wave City Centre, Sector-32, Noida 2016 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Pacific Mall, Ghaziabad Sahibabad, Ghaziabad 2005 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) MSX Mall Swarn Nagari, Greater Noida 2013 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) World Square Mall Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad 2014 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) Omaxe Connaught Place Jangra Chowk, Beta II, Greater Noida 2011 572,000 sq ft (53,100 m2) Mahagun Metro Mall Sector-3, Vaishali, Ghaziabad 2011 455,000 sq ft (42,300 m2) Shopprix Mall, Meerut Surya Place Colony, Meerut 2013 450,000 sq ft (42,000 m2) Sahara Ganj Mall Prem Nagar, Shahnajaf Road, Hazratganj, Lucknow 2005 440,000 sq ft (41,000 m2) One Awadh Center Vibhuti Khand, Shaheed Path, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow 2015 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) East Delhi Mall Kaushambi, Ghaziabad 2004 392,000 sq ft (36,400 m2) Gardens Galleria, Noida Sector-38, Noida 2015 385,000 sq ft (35,800 m2) Shipra Mall Vaibhav Khand, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad 2007 360,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Phoenix United, Lucknow Sector-B, LDA Colony, Kanpur Road, Lucknow 2010 330,000 sq ft (31,000 m2) Wave Mall, Lucknow (formerly West End Mall, Lucknow) Vibhuti Khand, Lohia Path, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow 2004 314,500 sq ft (29,220 m2) Phoenix United, Bareily Pilibhit Bypass Road, Mahanagar Colony, Bareily 2016 310,000 sq ft (29,000 m2) Eros Marketplace Niti Khand, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad 2011 265,000 sq ft (24,600 m2) Wave Mall, Noida (formerly Centre Stage Mall, Noida) Sector-18, Noida 2003 256,000 sq ft (23,800 m2) Ashok Cosmos Mall Sanjay Place, Agra 2000 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Rave@Moti Mall Rawatpur, Kanpur 2007 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Aditya City Centre Vaibhav Khand, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad 2010 240,000 sq ft (22,000 m2) Ansal Plaza, Ghaziabad Dabur Chowk, Vaishali, Ghaziabad 2005 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) Omaxe SRK Mall (Sarv Multiplex) Khandari, Agra 2010 199,000 sq ft (18,500 m2) Great Mall of Aligarh (formerly Great Value Mall) Ramghat Road, Sukhravali, Aligarh 2013 180,000 sq ft (17,000 m2) South X Mall Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur 2009 163,475 sq ft (15,187.3 m2) Smart Bharat Mall Sector-25A, Noida 2013 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) Singapore Mall Viraj Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow 2016 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) Gardens Galleria, Lucknow South City, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 2019 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) The Opulent Mall GT Road, Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 2009 145,000 sq ft (13,500 m2) Habitech Crystal Mall Gujarpur, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida 2016 130,000 sq ft (12,000 m2) Shopprix Mall, Ghaziabad Sector-5, Vaishali, Ghaziabad 2009 125,000 sq ft (11,600 m2) TDI Mall, Agra Fatehabad Road, Agra 2007 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) Umaro Mall, Lucknow Badshahnagar metro station, Mahanagar, Faizabad Road, Lucknow 2019 113,222 sq ft (10,518.7 m2) The Great India Place is one of the largest malls in Noida, National Capital Region Fun Republic Mall, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow Saharaganj Mall, Lucknow Uttarakhand Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source Pacific Mall Dehradun 2013 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) West Bengal Name Location Year Size (gross leasable area) Source South City Mall Prince Anwar Shah Road, Jodhpur Park, Kolkata 2008 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Acropolis Mall, Kolkata Kasba, Kolkata 2015 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) Mani Square Kankurgachi, EM Bypass, Kolkata 2008 700,000 sq ft (65,000 m2) Quest Mall Beckbagan, Park Circus, Kolkata 2013 700,000 sq ft (65,000 m2) Avani Riverside Mall Shibpur, Howrah 2012 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2) City Centre, New Town (City Centre 2) Action Area-2, New Town, Kolkata 2009 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Axis Mall Action Area-1, New Town, Kolkata 2010 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) City Centre, Siliguri Uttorayon Township, Siliguri 2010 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) Junction Mall, Durgapur City Center, Durgapur 2011 420,000 sq ft (39,000 m2) 22 Camac Street Mall Camac Street, Kolkata 2003 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) City Centre, Salt Lake Sector-1, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 2004 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) Cosmos Mall, Siliguri Sevoke Road, Siliguri 2008 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Diamond Plaza, Kolkata Amarpalli, Jessore Road, Kolkata 2012 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Rangoli Mall Belur, Howrah 2015 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Vega Circle Mall Sevoke Road, Siliguri 2016 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) Downtown Retail, Uniworld Action Area-3, Uniworld City, New Town, Kolkata 2016 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) Galaxy Mall, Asansol Burnpur, Asansol 2010 260,000 sq ft (24,000 m2) City Centre, Haldia Balughata Road, Haldia 2014 260,000 sq ft (24,000 m2) Lake Mall Rashbehari Avenue, Kalighat, Kolkata 2009 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Sentrum Mall, Asansol Sristi Nagar, Asansol 2012 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2) Star Mall, Kolkata Madhyamgram, Kolkata 2008 237,000 sq ft (22,000 m2) AMP Baishakhi (Vaishaakkhi) Mall Sector-2, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 2014 202,150 sq ft (18,780 m2) Metropolis Mall, Kolkata Hiland Park, EM Bypass, Kolkata 2004 175,000 sq ft (16,300 m2) Sentrum Mall, Krishnanagar Krishnanagar 2015 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) Forum Mall (Forum Courtyard) Elgin Road, Bhawanipore, Kolkata 2003 125,000 sq ft (11,600 m2) Downtown Mall, Salt Lake Sector-3, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 2009 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) Wood Square Mall Narendrapur, Kolkata 2015 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) Aurobindo Mall Salkia, Howrah 2017 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) Gariahat Mall Gariahat, Ballygunge, Kolkata 2005 103,000 sq ft (9,600 m2) Dreamplex Mall City Center, Durgapur 2005 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) RD Mall Liluah, Howrah 2011 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) Central Mall, New Town Action Area-1, New Town, Kolkata 2017 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) E Mall, Kolkata Chandni Chowk, Dharmatala, Kolkata 80,000 sq ft (7,400 m2) Silver Arcade Mathpukur, EM Bypass, Kolkata 80,000 sq ft (7,400 m2) Homeland Mall Ashutosh Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 8,000 sq ft (740 m2) Metro Central Mall New Market, Dharmatala, Kolkata 2019 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2) South City Mall is the largest shopping mall in East India Quest Mall is one of the largest malls of Kolkata Mani Square is situated on Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Kolkata Avani Riverside Mall is the largest mall in Howrah Forum Mall was the first conventional mall-cum-multiplex to have been built in Kolkata South City Mall at night South City Mall atrium view South City Mall interior view South City Mall inside view South City Mall Panorama Quest Mall outside view Quest Mall inside view Quest Mall internal view Quest Mall interior view Mani Square aerial view Mani Square inside view Mani Square interior view Avani Mall inside view Avani Mall interior view City Centre, New Town (City Centre 2) Axis Mall City Centre, Siliguri 22 Camac Street Mall, Kolkata is an upscale mall in the Marwari-dominated neighborhood of the same name in Kolkata. City Centre, Salt Lake Diamond Plaza, Kolkata Lake Mall in Rashbehari Avenue is a compact mall in South Kolkata, built on the premises of the century-old Lake Market. AMP Baishakhi Mall Metropolis Mall, Kolkata Forum & Forum Courtyard Mall Forum & Forum Courtyard night view Forum Mall inside view Wood Square Mall Silver Arcade References ^ a b "About us – Sarath city capital mall". Sarathcitycapitalmall.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023. It rises 8 floors into the sky and each floor is a humongous 27,00,000 square feet in expanse. That makes the mall retail space 19,31,000 square feet. The largest in the nation of India! ^ "Lulu Mall Thiruvananthapuram - Kerala's biggest shopping mall inaugurated". /. Retrieved 8 August 2022. ^ Daily, Keralakaumudi. "Lulu Mall in Thiruvananthapuram, one of largest shopping malls in country, will be inaugurated on December 16; these are main attractions". Keralakaumudi Daily. 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The Economic Times. ^ "Central Mall In Rajarhat Is Going To Be Your New Fave Shopping Destination \| LBB". LBB, Kolkata. ^ "E Mall, Kolkata". ^ "Silver Arcade EM Bypass". ^ "Merlin Homeland Mall : Home". www.merlinhomeland.com. ^ "Metro Central Mall". 16 February 2019. ^ "Metro first day, first show in mall avatar". www.telegraphindia.com. vte Shopping malls in IndiaBihar Maurya Lok The Mall P&M Mall Delhi NCR Ambience Ansal Plaza Mall of India Metro Walk Select Citywalk GujaratVR SuratKarnatakaBangalore Central The Forum Garuda Mall Mantri Square Orion Mall Phoenix Marketcity Russell Market VR Bengaluru Elsewhere BM Habitat Mall City Centre, Mangalore City Centre Mall, Shimoga Lotus Mall Mall of Mysore Urban Oasis Mall KeralaKochi Abad Nucleus Mall Centre Square Mall Forum Thomsun Mall Gold Souk Grande LuLu International Shopping Mall Oberon Mall Nippon Q1 Mall Elsewhere H&J Mall Hilite Mall LuLu Mall Trivandrum Mall of Joy, Thrissur Mall of Travancore RP Mall, Kozhikode RP Mall, Kollam Sobha City Mall Taurus Zentrum MaharashtraMumbai Metropolitan Region Central Crossroads Mall High Street Phoenix Infiniti Mall, Andheri Infiniti Mall, Malad Inorbit Mall, Malad Inorbit Mall, Vashi Korum Mall Metro Junction Mall Phoenix Marketcity R City Mall R-Mall Raghuleela Mall, Kandivali Raghuleela Mall, Vashi Seawoods Grand Central Viviana Mall Elsewhere Nitesh HUB Phoenix Marketcity (Pune) Prozone Mall Aurangabad Odisha Esplanade One Bhubaneswar 1 Bhawani Mall Forum Mart Pal Heights City Centre Mall Puducherry Providence Mall Punjab Paras Downtown Square Rajasthan World Trade Park Tamil NaduChennai Alsa Mall Ampa Skywalk Bergamo Chandra Mall Chennai Citi Centre Coromandel Plaza Express Avenue Gold Souk Grande Mall Mayajaal Nexus Vijaya Mall Phoenix Marketcity Ramee Mall Spectrum Mall Spencer Plaza VR Chennai Mall Elsewhere Brookefields Mall Fun Republic Mall Prozone Mall TexValley Vishaal de Mal Telangana GVK One Hyderabad Central Inorbit Mall West Bengal Dakshinapan shopping center Forum Mani Square Quest Mall South City Mall Uttar Pradesh Fun Republic Mall The Great India Place Rave@Moti Mall Z Square Mall Elsewhere DB City Mall P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall, Jamshedpur Crystal Mall Rajkot Elante Mall Mall De Goa	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"}],"text":"This is a list of shopping malls in India, sortable by name, location, year opened and gross leasable area.","title":"List of shopping malls in India"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Largest malls"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_View_of_Mall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vijayawada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayawada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_mall_guntur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guntur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntur"}],"text":"PVP Square Mall, VijayawadaPhoenix Boorugu Mall, Guntur","title":"Andhra Pradesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_mall_in_patna.jpg"},{"link_name":"P&M Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%26M_Mall"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mall_Patna.JPG"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patna_One_Mall_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patna_One_Mall.jpg"}],"text":"P&M Mall, Patna\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCentral Mall, Patna\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPatna One Mall, Patna\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tanother view of Patna One Mall","title":"Bihar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elante_Mall,_Chandigarh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elante Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elante_Mall"},{"link_name":"Chandigarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh"}],"text":"Elante Mall is the largest mall of Chandigarh","title":"Chandigarh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avinash_Times_Square_mall,_Naya_Raipur.png"},{"link_name":"Naya Raipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naya_Raipur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shopping_mall_in_Korba,_Chhattisgarh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korba,_Chhattisgarh"}],"text":"Avinash Times Square, Naya Raipur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Palm mall, Korba","title":"Chhattisgarh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SelectCityWalkMall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Select Citywalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_Citywalk"},{"link_name":"Saket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saket_(Delhi)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mgfcitysquare.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shivaji Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji_Place"},{"link_name":"Rajouri Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajouri_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TdiParagon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shivaji Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji_Place"},{"link_name":"Rajouri Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajouri_Garden"}],"text":"Select Citywalk, Saket\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMGF City Square, Shivaji Place, Rajouri Garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTDI Paragon Mall, Shivaji Place, Rajouri Garden","title":"Delhi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Goa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RRM_Front_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Mall_Rajkot_Road_View.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crystal Mall Rajkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Mall_Rajkot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Mall_Inside.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crystal Mall Rajkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Mall_Rajkot"}],"text":"RahulRaj Mall road view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrystal Mall Rajkot road view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrystal Mall Rajkot inside view","title":"Gujarat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Haryana"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Bazzar_,_Dhanbad,_Jharkhan_828127_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dhanbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bokaro_Mall_at_Sector_3C.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bokaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhanbad_0873.jpg"},{"link_name":"City Centre, Dhanbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Center_Dhanbad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindpiri,_Ranchi,_Jharkhand,_India_-_panoramio_(7).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ranchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harsh_Vardhan_Plaza,_Bokaro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bokaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City"}],"text":"Ozone Galleria Mall, Dhanbad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Bokaro Mall, Bokaro\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCity Centre, Dhanbad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJD Hi Street Mall, Ranchi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHarsh Vardhan Plaza, Bokaro","title":"Jharkhand"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mantri_Square_top_floor.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mantri Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantri_Square"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mantri_Square_food_court_seating.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mantri Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantri_Square"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mantri_Square_food_court_stalls.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mantri Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantri_Square"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix-marketcity-BLR-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Market City (Bangalore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Market_City_(Bangalore)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix-marketcity-BLR-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Market City (Bangalore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Market_City_(Bangalore)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orion_mall_Bangalore_2013-11-08_07-58.JPG"},{"link_name":"Orion Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Mall"},{"link_name":"Bangaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaluru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orion-mall-BLR-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orion Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orion-mall-BLR-4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orion Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orion-mall-BLR-5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orion Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forum-Fiza-Mall-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nexus Fiza Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Fiza_Mall"},{"link_name":"Mangaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaluru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forum-Fiza-Mall-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nexus Fiza Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Fiza_Mall"},{"link_name":"Mangaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaluru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The-Forum-Mall-BLR-3.png"},{"link_name":"Nexus Koramangala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum_(shopping_mall)"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The-Forum-Mall-BLR-4.png"},{"link_name":"Nexus Koramangala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum_(shopping_mall)"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The-Forum-Mall-BLR-5.png"},{"link_name":"Nexus Koramangala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum_(shopping_mall)"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forum-Mall-Whitefield-Bangalore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangalore_garuda_mall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Garuda Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Mall"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"}],"text":"Mantri Square top floor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMantri Square Food court seating\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMantri Square food court stalls\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhoenix Market City (Bangalore)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhoenix Market City (Bangalore) inside view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrion Mall is the second largest mall in Bangaluru\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside view of Orion Mall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInternal view of Orion Mall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior view of Orion Mall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior view of Nexus Fiza Mall, Mangaluru\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside view of Nexus Fiza Mall, Mangaluru\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial view of Nexus Koramangala, Bengaluru\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside Nexus Koramangala, Bengaluru\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOutside view of Nexus Koramangala, Bengaluru\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNexus Whitefield Mall, Bengaluru\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGaruda Mall Entrance, Bengaluru","title":"Karnataka"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mall_of_Travancore_main_entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mall of Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_Travancore"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RP_Mall,_Kollam.jpg"},{"link_name":"RP Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP_Mall,_Kollam"},{"link_name":"Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Kollam"},{"link_name":"Kollam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abad_Nucleus_Mall_Front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abad Nucleus Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_Nucleus_Mall"},{"link_name":"Maradu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maradu"},{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HiLITE_City_-_Mixed_Use_Development_Project_in_Calicut.jpg"},{"link_name":"HiLITE Mall, Calicut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilite_Mall"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoba_City_Mall,_Thrissur,_Kerala.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Sobha City Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobha_City_Mall"},{"link_name":"Puzhakkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzhakkal"},{"link_name":"Thrissur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrissur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_Centre_Mall_Thrissur_Kerala.jpg"}],"text":"Mall of Travancore in Chacka, Thiruvananthapuram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRP Mall in Downtown, Kollam\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAbad Nucleus Mall in Maradu, Kochi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHiLITE Mall, Calicut is the largest mall in northern Kerala\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSobha City Mall in Puzhakkal, Thrissur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCity Centre Mall Thrissur - The First Mall of Kerala since 1998","title":"Kerala"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Madhya Pradesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R_City_Mall_Ghatkopar.jpg"},{"link_name":"R City Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_City_Mall"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_Marketcity_Kurla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Marketcity_(Mumbai)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khandesh_Central.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prozone_Aurangabad_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prozone Mall Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozone_Mall_Aurangabad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prozone_Aurangabad_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prozone Mall Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prozone_Mall_Aurangabad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palladium_Mall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_Marketcity_Mumbai.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Marketcity_(Mumbai)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_Marketcity_(Mumbai)_-_First_Level.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Marketcity_(Mumbai)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_Marketcity_(Mumbai)_-_Seating_Areas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Marketcity_(Mumbai)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metromall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metro Junction Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Junction_Mall"},{"link_name":"Kalyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyan,_India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infiniti_Mall_-_Andheri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infiniti_Mall_-_Malad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inorbit_Mall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inorbit_Mall_Pics.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inorbit_Malad-9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raghuleela_Va_pop_07_Small.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raghuleela Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghuleela_Mall_Vashi"},{"link_name":"Navi Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KorumMallThane.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korum Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korum_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korum_Mall,_Thane.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korum Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korum_Mall"}],"text":"R City Mall, Mumbai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhoenix Marketcity (Mumbai), one of the largest malls in India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhandesh Central Mall, JalgaonProzone Mall Aurangabad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProzone Mall Aurangabad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalladium Mall, Mumbai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhoenix Marketcity (Mumbai) night view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMetro Junction Mall, Kalyan East, as seen from across the street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInfiniti Mall, Andheri, Mumbai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInfiniti Mall, Malad, Mumbai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInorbit Mall, Malad, Mumbai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInorbit Mall, Malad, Mumbai night view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInorbit Mall, Malad, Mumbai inside view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRaghuleela Mall, Navi Mumbai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKorum Mall, outside view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKorum Mall, inside view","title":"Maharashtra"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bmc_Bhawani_Mall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bhawani Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhawani_Mall"},{"link_name":"Bhubaneswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswar"}],"text":"Bhawani Mall, Bhubaneswar is one of the largest malls in Bhubaneswar","title":"Odisha"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_Mall_of_Amritsar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mall of Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_Amritsar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PVR_at_Silver_Arc_Mall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ludhiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludhiana"}],"text":"Aerial View of Mall of Amritsar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSilver Arc Mall, Ludhiana","title":"Punjab"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Trade_Park_Mall.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Trade_Park.jpg"}],"text":"World Trade Park Mall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWorld Trade Park Mall Aerial View","title":"Rajasthan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Express_avenue_chennai.jpg"},{"link_name":"Express Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FVM_front_facade.png"},{"link_name":"Nexus Vijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum_Vijaya"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shopping_Malls_India.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_Market_City_(21812542780).jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Marketcity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Marketcity_(Chennai)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_market.JPG"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Marketcity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Marketcity_(Chennai)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_Market_City_Chennai_(8494782733).jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Marketcity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Marketcity_(Chennai)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forum_Vijaya_Mall_Chennai_-_Interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nexus Vijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum_Vijaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forum_Vijaya_Mall_in_Chennai_(India).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nexus Vijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum_Vijaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spencer_Plaza_from_Anna_Salai.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spencer Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_FORUM_VIJAYA_Chennai_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg"}],"text":"Express Avenue is the second largest mall Chennai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNexus Vijaya Mall, Chennai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside Nexus Vijaya shopping mall, Vadapalani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaPhoenix Marketcity dusk view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside view of Phoenix Marketcity\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior view of Phoenix Marketcity\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNexus Vijaya Mall central atrium\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNexus Vijaya Mall inside view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpencer Plaza, Chennai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside the Nexus Vijaya, Chennai","title":"Tamil Nadu"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_Orbit_Mall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"}],"text":"Inside view, Inorbit Mall, Hyderabad","title":"Telangana"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Great_India_Place.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Great India Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_India_Place"},{"link_name":"Noida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida"},{"link_name":"National Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fun_Republic_Mall,_Gomti_Nagar,_Lucknow.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fun_Republic_Mall_Lucknow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fun Republic Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_Republic_Mall_(Lucknow)"},{"link_name":"Gomti Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomti_Nagar"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saharaganj_Mall,_Lucknow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"}],"text":"The Great India Place is one of the largest malls in Noida, National Capital Region\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFun Republic Mall, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaharaganj Mall, Lucknow","title":"Uttar Pradesh"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uttarakhand"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_City_Mall_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"South City Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_City_Mall"},{"link_name":"East India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quest_Mall_-_33_Syed_Amir_Ali_Avenue_-_Kolkata_20170927172429.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quest Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Mall"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mani_Square_-_Kolkata_2011-10-22_6059.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mani Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Square"},{"link_name":"Eastern Metropolitan Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Metropolitan_Bypass"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avani_Riverside_Mall_Howrah1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Howrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forum_Mall,_Elgin_Road.JPG"},{"link_name":"Forum Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_(Kolkata)"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC_Mall_night_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"South City Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_City_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC_Mall_atrium_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"South City Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_City_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC_Mall_interiors_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"South City Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_City_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_City_Mall_(6).jpg"},{"link_name":"South City Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_City_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_City_Mall_Panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"South City Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_City_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quest_-_Mall_-_33_Syad_Amir_Ali_Avenue_-_Kolkata_2014-01-23_7159.JPG"},{"link_name":"Quest Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ground_Floor_-_Quest_Mall_-_Kolkata_2017-09-27_4597.JPG"},{"link_name":"Quest Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Floor_-_Quest_Mall_-_Kolkata_2017-09-27_4612.JPG"},{"link_name":"Quest Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quest_Mall_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quest Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Mall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mani_Square_-_Aerial_View.png"},{"link_name":"Mani Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Square"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mani_Square_Mall_Interior_-_Ground_Floor_-_Kolkata_20180223153047.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mani Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Square"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mani_Square_Mall_Interior_-_Ground_Floor_-_Kolkata_20180223155702.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avani_Riverside_Mall_-_Howrah_2012-01-08_00948.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avani_Riverside_Mall_-_Howrah_2011-12-10_00890.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_Centre_-_Rajarhat_7481.JPG"},{"link_name":"New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Axis_Mall,_New_Town.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siliguri_city_centre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Siliguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:22_Camac_St_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Marwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_people"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_Centre_Mall_-_Salt_Lake_City_-_Kolkata_2012-11-14_1907.JPG"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond_plaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Mall_Under_Construction_-_Kolkata_2012-05-19_3100.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rashbehari Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashbehari_Avenue"},{"link_name":"South Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Mall.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Bazaar_Hiland_Park_-_Kolkata_7553.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forum_%26_Forum_Courtyard_Mall.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forum_%26_Forum_Courtyard_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forum_Mall_inside_view_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"Forum Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Mall_(Kolkata)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wood_square_mall.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_Arcade_-_Kolkata_2011-01-17_0235.JPG"}],"text":"South City Mall is the largest shopping mall in East India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQuest Mall is one of the largest malls of Kolkata\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMani Square is situated on Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Kolkata\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAvani Riverside Mall is the largest mall in Howrah\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tForum Mall was the first conventional mall-cum-multiplex to have been built in KolkataSouth City Mall at night\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth City Mall atrium view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth City Mall interior view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth City Mall inside view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth City Mall Panorama\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQuest Mall outside view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQuest Mall inside view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQuest Mall internal view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQuest Mall interior view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMani Square aerial view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMani Square inside view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMani Square interior view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAvani Mall inside view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAvani Mall interior view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCity Centre, New Town (City Centre 2)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAxis Mall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCity Centre, Siliguri\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t22 Camac Street Mall, Kolkata is an upscale mall in the Marwari-dominated neighborhood of the same name in Kolkata.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCity Centre, Salt Lake\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDiamond Plaza, Kolkata\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLake Mall in Rashbehari Avenue is a compact mall in South Kolkata, built on the premises of the century-old Lake Market.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAMP Baishakhi Mall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMetropolis Mall, Kolkata\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tForum & Forum Courtyard Mall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tForum & Forum Courtyard night view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tForum Mall inside view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWood Square Mall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSilver Arcade","title":"West Bengal"}]	[{"image_text":"PVP Square Mall, Vijayawada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Exterior_View_of_Mall.jpg/170px-Exterior_View_of_Mall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Phoenix Boorugu Mall, Guntur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Phoenix_mall_guntur.jpg/220px-Phoenix_mall_guntur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elante Mall is the largest mall of Chandigarh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elante_Mall%2C_Chandigarh.jpg/170px-Elante_Mall%2C_Chandigarh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bhawani Mall, Bhubaneswar is one of the largest malls in Bhubaneswar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bmc_Bhawani_Mall.jpg/170px-Bmc_Bhawani_Mall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inside view, Inorbit Mall, Hyderabad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/In_Orbit_Mall.jpg/170px-In_Orbit_Mall.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"About us – Sarath city capital mall\". Sarathcitycapitalmall.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023. It rises 8 floors into the sky and each floor is a humongous 27,00,000 square feet in expanse. That makes the mall retail space 19,31,000 square feet. The largest in the nation of India!","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144010/https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/","url_text":"\"About us – Sarath city capital mall\""},{"url":"https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lulu Mall Thiruvananthapuram - Kerala's biggest shopping mall inaugurated\". /. Retrieved 8 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lulugroupinternational.com/news/lulu-mall-thiruvananthapuram-keralas-biggest-shopping-mall-inaugurated/","url_text":"\"Lulu Mall Thiruvananthapuram - Kerala's biggest shopping mall inaugurated\""}]},{"reference":"Daily, Keralakaumudi. \"Lulu Mall in Thiruvananthapuram, one of largest shopping malls in country, will be inaugurated on December 16; these are main attractions\". Keralakaumudi Daily. Retrieved 8 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=680210&u=lulu-mall-in-thiruvananthapuram-one-of-largest-shopping-malls-in-country-will-be-inaugurated-on-december-16-these-are-main-attractions-680210","url_text":"\"Lulu Mall in Thiruvananthapuram, one of largest shopping malls in country, will be inaugurated on December 16; these are main attractions\""}]},{"reference":"\"LuLu Group Launches Lucknow's Biggest LuLu Mall\". /. Retrieved 8 August 2022. Spanning across 2.2 million sq. ft., Lulu Lucknow is home to some of the biggest national and international brands in India","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lulugroupinternational.com/news/lulu-group-launches-lucknow-s-biggest-lulu-mall/","url_text":"\"LuLu Group Launches Lucknow's Biggest LuLu Mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". DLF - Mall of India. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dlfmallofindia.com/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ambience Mall Gurgaon\". 19 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiaretailing.com/2016/05/18/retail/size-does-matter-5-biggest-shopping-malls-of-india/amp/","url_text":"\"Ambience Mall Gurgaon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ambience Mall Gurgaon Information\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiamallsinfo.com/ambience-mall-ambi-mall-gurgaon.html","url_text":"\"Ambience Mall Gurgaon Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"DB City Mall Bhopal\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dbcity.in/","url_text":"\"DB City Mall Bhopal\""}]},{"reference":"\"The rise and growth of Indian malls\". 24 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/business/economy-business/rise-and-growth-indian-malls-676834.html","url_text":"\"The rise and growth of Indian malls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore About HiLITE - Shopping Mall & Entertainment Center, Calicut\". hilitemall.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://hilitemall.com/","url_text":"\"Explore About HiLITE - Shopping Mall & Entertainment Center, Calicut\""}]},{"reference":"\"About-Us\|Largest Shopping Mall in Pune\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amanoramall.com/about-us/","url_text":"\"About-Us\|Largest Shopping Mall in Pune\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMBIENCE MALL, VASANT KUNJ \|\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ambiencegroup.in/ambience-mall-vasant-kunj/","url_text":"\"AMBIENCE MALL, VASANT KUNJ \|\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phoenix Mills\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thephoenixmills.com/businesses/retail","url_text":"\"Phoenix Mills\""}]},{"reference":"\"The city has it all\". R City. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100712103300/http://www.rcity.co.in/about_rcity.html","url_text":"\"The city has it all\""},{"url":"http://www.rcity.co.in/about_rcity.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"R City Mall Ghatkopar West\". Mumbai.","urls":[{"url":"https://mumbai.mallsmarket.com/malls/r-city-mall-ghatkopar-west","url_text":"\"R City Mall Ghatkopar West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best shopping malls 2015: R City Mall, Mumbai\". Indian Retailer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indianretailer.com/article/whats-hot/property/Best-shopping-malls-2015-R-City-Mall-Mumbai.a3394/","url_text":"\"Best shopping malls 2015: R City Mall, Mumbai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phoenix Malls\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thephoenixmills.com/businesses/retail","url_text":"\"Phoenix Malls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chandigarh gets its largest mall Elante - Indian Express\". archive.indianexpress.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chandigarh-gets-its-largest-mall-elante/1097564/","url_text":"\"Chandigarh gets its largest mall Elante - Indian Express\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elante Mall Details\". 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-chandigarh-elante-mall-bomb-threat-police-say-no-explosive-found-yet/story-tzbmc5eGP1dXYKInU44cgK.html","url_text":"\"Elante Mall Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phoenix Marketcity Mumbai\". 3 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiaretailing.com/2011/11/03/retail/phoenix-marketcity-mumbai-to-open-its-doors-on-nov-17-2011-2/","url_text":"\"Phoenix Marketcity Mumbai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fibre2Fashion intends to digitalise Texvalley\". 15 June 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031625/http://tea-india.org/news1/763-fibre2fashion-intends-to-digitalise-texvalley-15-06-2016","url_text":"\"Fibre2Fashion intends to digitalise Texvalley\""},{"url":"http://tea-india.org/news1/763-fibre2fashion-intends-to-digitalise-texvalley-15-06-2016","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mall – Magneto the Mall\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magnetothemall.com/the-mall/","url_text":"\"The Mall – Magneto the Mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mantri Square\". www.mantrisquare.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mantrisquare.com/about-us.php","url_text":"\"Mantri Square\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press Release - 'PHOENIX MILLS ANNOUNCES OPENING OF PHOENIX CITADEL, INDORE!'\" (PDF). thephoenixmills.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thephoenixmills.com/InvestorFiles/14cc4dc4-c8b6-41b0-b832-08a113dddebe.pdf","url_text":"\"Press Release - 'PHOENIX MILLS ANNOUNCES OPENING OF PHOENIX CITADEL, INDORE!'\""}]},{"reference":"Mehta, Kanika. \"Shopping Malls in Bangalore\". Tripoto.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tripoto.com/bangalore/trips/biggest-shopping-malls-in-bangalore","url_text":"\"Shopping Malls in Bangalore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phoenix Marketcity Chennai\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phoenixmarketcity.com/chennai/about-us","url_text":"\"Phoenix Marketcity Chennai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phoenix Marketcity Chennai Inauguration\". The Hindu. 25 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/the-phoenix-rises/article4344437.ece/amp/#aoh=15872191500374&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s","url_text":"\"Phoenix Marketcity Chennai Inauguration\""}]},{"reference":"\"South City Mall\".","urls":[{"url":"http://southcitymall.in/overview.php#","url_text":"\"South City Mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"South City Mall inaugurated in Kolkata\". www.projectstoday.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.projectstoday.com/News/South-City-Mall-inaugurated-in-Kolkata","url_text":"\"South City Mall inaugurated in Kolkata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gardens Galleria, Lucknow\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unitechgroup.com/pdfs/gardens-galleria-presentation.pdf","url_text":"\"Gardens Galleria, Lucknow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Viviana Mall, Thane - Largest Shopping Mall in India\". Viviana Mall.","urls":[{"url":"https://vivianamalls.com/","url_text":"\"Viviana Mall, Thane - Largest Shopping Mall in India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheth Developers inaugurates its flagship mall - Viviana\". IIFL Securities Ltd. Retrieved 13 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/sheth-developers-inaugurates-its-flagship-mall-viviana-113110810475_1.html","url_text":"\"Sheth Developers inaugurates its flagship mall - Viviana\""}]},{"reference":"Kamath, Raghavendra (18 March 2016). \"Singapore's GIC buys Rs 1,000-cr stake in mall\". Business Standard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/singapore-s-gic-buys-rs-1-000-cr-stake-in-mall-116031801348_1.html","url_text":"\"Singapore's GIC buys Rs 1,000-cr stake in mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"VR Ambarsar Mall Amritsar\". Punjab. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://punjab.mallsmarket.com/malls/vr-ambarsar-mall-amritsar","url_text":"\"VR Ambarsar Mall Amritsar\""}]},{"reference":"\"VR Chennai Details\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virtuousretail.com/pdfs/chennai-brochure.pdf","url_text":"\"VR Chennai Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"VR Chennai\". 20 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiaretailing.com/2017/09/20/shopping-centre/virtuous-retail-open-vr-chennai-2018/","url_text":"\"VR Chennai\""}]},{"reference":"\"VR Punjab \| Shopping Mall in Mohali Punjab\". vrpunjab.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://vrpunjab.com/home/AboutUs","url_text":"\"VR Punjab \| Shopping Mall in Mohali Punjab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Online Press Release Distribution site \| Business Wire India\". www.businesswireindia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswireindia.com/","url_text":"\"Online Press Release Distribution site \| Business Wire India\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Country Mall Inauguration\". 20 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiaretailing.com/2011/12/21/retail/zara-to-open-store-in-gumberg-indias-mall-in-mohali/","url_text":"\"North Country Mall Inauguration\""}]},{"reference":"Sur, Akash (20 March 2023). \"Seawoods Grand Central - Navi Mumbai's most Happening Mall\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/seawoods-grand-central/129840.html","url_text":"\"Seawoods Grand Central - Navi Mumbai's most Happening Mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Esplanade One\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gloopla.com/IN/Bhubaneswar/484494438425563/Esplanade-One","url_text":"\"Esplanade One\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Grand Venice\". www.adsversify.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adsversify.com/success-story/the-grand-venice-mall","url_text":"\"The Grand Venice\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Centre Nashik\". Nashikcitycentre.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100420230247/http://www.nashikcitycentre.com/about_mall.php","url_text":"\"City Centre Nashik\""},{"url":"http://www.nashikcitycentre.com/about_mall.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About The City Centre Mall in Nashik\". www.nashikcitycentre.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nashikcitycentre.com/aboutus.html","url_text":"\"About The City Centre Mall in Nashik\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Centre Nashik Details\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webindia123.com/city/maharashtra/nasik/destinations/shopping/citycentremall.htm","url_text":"\"City Centre Nashik Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Express Avenue\". 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Kolkata / Calcutta.","urls":[{"url":"https://kolkata.mallsmarket.com/malls/metropolis-mall-hiland-park","url_text":"\"Metropolis Mall Hiland Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mall with class for the mass - Convenience and price USP of retail-food-entertainment centre\". www.telegraphindia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mall-with-class-for-the-mass-convenience-and-price-usp-of-retail-food-entertainment-centre/cid/1084438","url_text":"\"Mall with class for the mass - Convenience and price USP of retail-food-entertainment centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"SENTRUM – KRISHNAGAR – shrishti\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shristicorp.com/property/sentrum-krishnagar/","url_text":"\"SENTRUM – KRISHNAGAR – shrishti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forum Mall\". Shopkhoj.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shopkhoj.com/malls-in-kolkata/forum-mall/","url_text":"\"Forum Mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salt Lake Downtown Mall\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECR_E_class	SECR E class	["1 Overview","2 E1 class","3 Operation","3.1 Withdrawal and preservation","4 Accidents and incidents","5 References","6 External links"]	SECR E classSECR E class 273 at Cannon StreetType and originPower typeSteamDesignerHarry WainwrightBuilderAshford WorksBuild date1906–1908Total produced26SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte4-4-0 • UICE: 2′B n2E1: 2′B h2Gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Leading dia.3 ft 6 in (1.067 m)Driver dia.6 ft 6 in (1.981 m)Length55 ft 3 in (16.840 m)Loco weight52 long tons 5 cwt (117,000 lb or 53.1 t)Tender weight39 long tons 2 cwt (87,600 lb or 39.7 t)Fuel typeCoalFuel capacity4 long tons 0 cwt (9,000 lb or 4.1 t)Water cap.3,450 imp gal (15,700 L; 4,140 US gal)Firebox: • Grate area21+1⁄4 sq ft (1.97 m2)Boiler pressure180 lbf/in2 (1.24 MPa)Heating surface: • Firebox136 sq ft (12.6 m2) • Tubes1,396 sq ft (129.7 m2) • Total surface1,532 sq ft (142.3 m2)CylindersTwo, insideCylinder size19 in × 26 in (483 mm × 660 mm)Valve gearStephensonCareerOperatorsSouth Eastern and Chatham Railway→ Southern Railway→ British RailwaysClassELocaleSouthern RegionWithdrawnE: 1951, 1953–1955E1: 1949–1951, 1958-1961Disposition11 rebuilt to E1 classall later scrapped; one replica in planning The SECR E class was a class of 4-4-0 tender locomotives designed by Harry Wainwright for express passenger trains on the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. It was a larger version of the D class incorporating a Belpaire firebox Overview Following the success of his D class 4-4-0 design, Wainwright obtained authority to build a further five similar locomotives incorporating a Belpaire firebox to provide additional power. These were built at Ashford railway works during the last few months of 1905 and entered traffic early in 1906. Once the design had proved to be successful, further orders were placed until 26 had been constructed at Ashford by April 1909. In 1911 and 1912 two examples of the class received boilers with superheaters, which significantly improved their fuel efficiency, but unfortunately the additional weight prevented them from working over the lines of the former London Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) and so no further examples were so treated. E1 class E1 31067 at Margate 1958. In 1917 the SECR Board decided that when the London to Dover and Folkestone boat trains were reinstated after the war, they would be centred on London Victoria railway station, using the LCDR lines. This created a serious problem of producing a locomotive with sufficient power but with an acceptable axle load. Richard Maunsell therefore ordered the rebuilding of one example with larger cylinders, boiler and firebox, while at the same time reducing unnecessary weight elsewhere in the locomotive. This work was largely undertaken by his Chief Locomotive Draughtsman James Clayton. The experimental rebuilding was implemented following the Armistice in November 1918 and proved to be successful. A further ten examples were rebuilt by Beyer, Peacock and Company during 1919 and 1920, and ten more were supposed to follow in 1921, although at the last minute ten D class locomotives were rebuilt instead following the same principles. Operation The class was used on the London to Dover and Folkestone boat trains and other Kent coast expresses on the South Eastern Main Line. Locomotive No 506 was used to haul the train containing the Cavell Van ( No 132) bringing back the remains of the Unknown Warrior from Dover to London on 10 November 1920. After 1914 they were replaced on the heaviest express trains by the L class 4-4-0 on the lines of the former South Eastern Railway but they remained the heaviest locomotives allowed on the LCDR lines until the rebuilt locomotives took over. Thereafter the remaining members of the class were employed on the secondary express trains on these lines. In the years immediately following the grouping of the SECR with other railways to form the Southern Railway (UK) in 1923 the E class locomotives continued with their existing duties, but in 1931 three examples were transferred to the Central Section to assist with expresses on the Brighton Main Line, followed by further examples. During the Second World War they were also regularly employed on the line between Redhill and Reading. The E1 class was replaced on the heaviest boat trains in the mid-1920s by the LSWR N15 class 4-6-0 locomotives. For a while they were used on expresses to Ramsgate but in the 1930s several of the class were transferred to the former London Brighton and South Coast Railway main lines in Sussex. Withdrawal and preservation The majority of the remaining E class locomotives were withdrawn during 1951 but one lasted until May 1955. The E1 rebuilds were withdrawn over a far longer period between May 1949 and November 1961, with three examples lasting until the 1960s. No examples have been preserved. The Brighton Atlantic Group at the Bluebell Railway has announced that, following the completion of new Brighton H2 class No. 32424 Beachy Head, it would begin construction on a new E class locomotive to take the number 516. Table of withdrawals Year Quantity inservice atstart of year Quantitywithdrawn Locomotive numbers Notes 1949 26 1 31163 E1 class 1950 25 2 31179, 31511 E1 class 1951 23 13 31036, 31157/59–60/75–76, 31273/75, 31514–16/47/87 31160 E1 class, remainder E class 1952 10 0 – 1953 10 1 31491 E class 1954 9 1 31315 E class 1955 8 1 31166 E class (last one) 1956–57 7 0 – 1958 7 2 31504/06 E1 class 1959 5 1 31165 E1 class 1960 4 1 31497 E1 class 1961 3 3 31019/67, 31507 E1 class Accidents and incidents On 5 March 1909, locomotive No. 165 was hauling a mail train that was in collision with an express passenger train hauled by locomotive No. 497 at Tonbridge Junction, Kent after the latter overran signals. Two people were killed and eleven were injured. References ^ Bradley 1980, p. 38. ^ Bradley 1980, p. 41. ^ Bradley 1980, p. 43. ^ Bradley 1980, p. 105. ^ "Steam Railway SR501 – on sale now!". Steam Railway. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ Cousins, Matthew (17 December 2019). "Bluebell gives green light for new-build SECR E class". No. 262. Heritage Railway. Retrieved 25 October 2020. ^ "Bluebell Railway Approves Project To Build Replica SECR 4-4-0". Steam Railway. Press Reader. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2020. ^ Bradley 1980, pp. 45, 108. ^ Earnshaw 1991, p. 12. Herring, Peter (2000) Classic British Steam Locomotives, Enderby: Abbeydale, ISBN 1-86147-057-6 Bradley, D. L. (1980). The locomotive history of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. London: Railway Correspondence and Travel Society. ISBN 0-901115-49-5. Earnshaw, Alan (1991). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7. Penryn: Atlantic Books. ISBN 0-906899-50-8. External links Class details RailUK Class E1 details RailUK vteSouth Eastern and Chatham Railway locomotivesSERB. Cubitt (1842–45) 13 1 (1841) 7 19 23 J. Cudworth (1845–76) 1 (1846) 88 68 115 144 27 81 134 152 47 95 6 21 113 59 179 118 19 205 10 235 (G1) 124 171 152 A. M. Watkin (1876–77) 259 R. C. Mansell (1877–78) 58 J. Stirling (1878–98) A B F O Q R LCDRJ. Cubitt & T. R. Crampton (1853–60) Sondes Tiger (G Class) Echo (K Class) Secondhand (1860–61) Meteor Swale Magnet Hercules Aeolus ex-LNWR 2-2-0s Brigand (O Class) Ruby (S Class) W. Martley (1860–74) Acis (H Class) Adrian (J Class) Huz New Aeolus (S Class) Rose (Q Class) Second Sondes (F Class) Scotchmen (E Class) Large Scotchmen (D Class) Dawn (N Class) Bluebell (P Class) Reindeer (L Class) Enigma (L Class) Europa (C Class) W. Kirtley (1874–99) A A1 A2 B B1 B2 M M1 M2 M3 R R1 T SECRHarry Wainwright (1899–1913) B1 C D E F1 H J L O1 P Q1 R1 R. E. L. Maunsell (1913–22) D1 E1 K and K1 N N1 S OthersWilliam Pickersgill (GNoS) G John Ramsbottom Ironclads William Stroudley A1 Southern Railway locomotives	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4-4-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-4-0"},{"link_name":"tender locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Harry Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"South Eastern and Chatham Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_and_Chatham_Railway"},{"link_name":"D class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECR_D_class"},{"link_name":"Belpaire firebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belpaire_firebox"}],"text":"The SECR E class was a class of 4-4-0 tender locomotives designed by Harry Wainwright for express passenger trains on the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. It was a larger version of the D class incorporating a Belpaire firebox","title":"SECR E class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECR_D_class"},{"link_name":"4-4-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-4-0"},{"link_name":"Belpaire firebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belpaire_firebox"},{"link_name":"Ashford railway works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_railway_works"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley198038-1"},{"link_name":"superheaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheater"},{"link_name":"London Chatham and Dover Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Chatham_and_Dover_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley198041-2"}],"text":"Following the success of his D class 4-4-0 design, Wainwright obtained authority to build a further five similar locomotives incorporating a Belpaire firebox to provide additional power. These were built at Ashford railway works during the last few months of 1905 and entered traffic early in 1906.[1] Once the design had proved to be successful, further orders were placed until 26 had been constructed at Ashford by April 1909.\nIn 1911 and 1912 two examples of the class received boilers with superheaters, which significantly improved their fuel efficiency, but unfortunately the additional weight prevented them from working over the lines of the former London Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) and so no further examples were so treated.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margate_station_geograph-2641334-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Marine_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone_Harbour_railway_station"},{"link_name":"boat trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_train"},{"link_name":"London Victoria railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_railway_station"},{"link_name":"axle load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle_load"},{"link_name":"Richard Maunsell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Maunsell"},{"link_name":"James Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clayton_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)"},{"link_name":"Beyer, Peacock and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyer,_Peacock_and_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley198043-3"},{"link_name":"D class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECR_D_class"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1980105-4"}],"text":"E1 31067 at Margate 1958.In 1917 the SECR Board decided that when the London to Dover and Folkestone boat trains were reinstated after the war, they would be centred on London Victoria railway station, using the LCDR lines. This created a serious problem of producing a locomotive with sufficient power but with an acceptable axle load. Richard Maunsell therefore ordered the rebuilding of one example with larger cylinders, boiler and firebox, while at the same time reducing unnecessary weight elsewhere in the locomotive. This work was largely undertaken by his Chief Locomotive Draughtsman James Clayton. The experimental rebuilding was implemented following the Armistice in November 1918 and proved to be successful. A further ten examples were rebuilt by Beyer, Peacock and Company during 1919 and 1920,[3] and ten more were supposed to follow in 1921, although at the last minute ten D class locomotives were rebuilt instead following the same principles.[4]","title":"E1 class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Marine_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone_Harbour_railway_station"},{"link_name":"boat trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_train"},{"link_name":"South Eastern Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"L class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECR_L_class"},{"link_name":"4-4-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-4-0"},{"link_name":"South Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(UK)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"grouping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_Act_1921"},{"link_name":"Southern Railway (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Brighton Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Downs_Line"},{"link_name":"Redhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Southern_railway_station"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"LSWR N15 class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR_N15_class"},{"link_name":"4-6-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-6-0"},{"link_name":"Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsgate_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Brighton and South Coast Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The class was used on the London to Dover and Folkestone boat trains and other Kent coast expresses on the South Eastern Main Line. Locomotive No 506 was used to haul the train containing the Cavell Van ( No 132) bringing back the remains of the Unknown Warrior from Dover to London on 10 November 1920. After 1914 they were replaced on the heaviest express trains by the L class 4-4-0 on the lines of the former South Eastern Railway but they remained the heaviest locomotives allowed on the LCDR lines until the rebuilt locomotives took over. Thereafter the remaining members of the class were employed on the secondary express trains on these lines.[citation needed]In the years immediately following the grouping of the SECR with other railways to form the Southern Railway (UK) in 1923 the E class locomotives continued with their existing duties, but in 1931 three examples were transferred to the Central Section to assist with expresses on the Brighton Main Line, followed by further examples. During the Second World War they were also regularly employed on the line between Redhill and Reading.[citation needed]The E1 class was replaced on the heaviest boat trains in the mid-1920s by the LSWR N15 class 4-6-0 locomotives. For a while they were used on expresses to Ramsgate but in the 1930s several of the class were transferred to the former London Brighton and South Coast Railway main lines in Sussex.[citation needed]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bluebell Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebell_Railway"},{"link_name":"H2 class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB%26SCR_H2_class"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Withdrawal and preservation","text":"The majority of the remaining E class locomotives were withdrawn during 1951 but one lasted until May 1955. The E1 rebuilds were withdrawn over a far longer period between May 1949 and November 1961, with three examples lasting until the 1960s. No examples have been preserved.[citation needed]The Brighton Atlantic Group at the Bluebell Railway has announced that, following the completion of new Brighton H2 class No. 32424 Beachy Head, it would begin construction on a new E class locomotive to take the number 516.[5][6][7]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonbridge Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarnshaw199112-9"}],"text":"On 5 March 1909, locomotive No. 165 was hauling a mail train that was in collision with an express passenger train hauled by locomotive No. 497 at Tonbridge Junction, Kent after the latter overran signals. Two people were killed and eleven were injured.[9]","title":"Accidents and incidents"}]	[{"image_text":"E1 31067 at Margate 1958.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Margate_station_geograph-2641334-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/220px-Margate_station_geograph-2641334-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Steam Railway SR501 – on sale now!\". Steam Railway. Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.steamrailway.co.uk/steamnews/2020/1/10/steam-railway-sr501-on-sale-now","url_text":"\"Steam Railway SR501 – on sale now!\""}]},{"reference":"Cousins, Matthew (17 December 2019). \"Bluebell gives green light for new-build SECR E class\". No. 262. Heritage Railway. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/article/440780429/Bluebell-Gives-Green-Light-For-New-Build-Secr-E-Class","url_text":"\"Bluebell gives green light for new-build SECR E class\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bluebell Railway Approves Project To Build Replica SECR 4-4-0\". Steam Railway. Press Reader. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/uk/steam-railway-uk/20191213/281900185082705","url_text":"\"Bluebell Railway Approves Project To Build Replica SECR 4-4-0\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, D. L. (1980). The locomotive history of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. London: Railway Correspondence and Travel Society. ISBN 0-901115-49-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Correspondence_and_Travel_Society","url_text":"Railway Correspondence and Travel Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901115-49-5","url_text":"0-901115-49-5"}]},{"reference":"Earnshaw, Alan (1991). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7. Penryn: Atlantic Books. ISBN 0-906899-50-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906899-50-8","url_text":"0-906899-50-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.steamrailway.co.uk/steamnews/2020/1/10/steam-railway-sr501-on-sale-now","external_links_name":"\"Steam Railway SR501 – on sale now!\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/article/440780429/Bluebell-Gives-Green-Light-For-New-Build-Secr-E-Class","external_links_name":"\"Bluebell gives green light for new-build SECR E class\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/uk/steam-railway-uk/20191213/281900185082705","external_links_name":"\"Bluebell Railway Approves Project To Build Replica SECR 4-4-0\""},{"Link":"http://www.railuk.info/steam/getsteamclass.php?item=E","external_links_name":"Class details"},{"Link":"http://www.railuk.info/steam/getsteamclass.php?item=E1-A","external_links_name":"Class E1 details"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Sold_Separately	Soul Sold Separately	["1 Background and concept","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 References"]	2022 studio album by Freddie Gibbs Soul Sold SeparatelyStudio album by Freddie GibbsReleasedSeptember 30, 2022 (2022-09-30)GenreHip hopLength46:05LabelESGNWarnerFreddie Gibbs chronology Alfredo(2020) Soul Sold Separately(2022) Singles from Soul Sold Separately "Too Much"Released: September 2, 2022 "Dark Hearted"Released: September 23, 2022 Soul Sold Separately (stylized as $oul $old $eparately) is the fifth studio album by rapper Freddie Gibbs. It was released through ESGN and Warner Records on September 30, 2022, making it his first to be released on a major label. Background and concept Soul Sold Separately is a concept album themed around the $$$ ("Triple-S") Resort and Casino, a fictional Las Vegas hotel where, according to the album's narrative, Gibbs is working in seclusion to complete the record. Gibbs has stated that the "gambling theme" of the album was chosen as a reference to the risks he needed to take to pursue his music career. The album's title originates from "Education", a track from the 2019 project Bandana. Gibbs describes the title's meaning as follows: In the last line of the rap, I said: 'Drugs for the free, soul sold separately.' What I meant by that line – 'Drugs for the free' – was that, yeah, I was selling drugs and making money, but what was I really making in the process? Like, in exchange for my soul? Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic78/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicHipHopDX4.1/5Pitchfork7.7/10Rolling Stone7.0/10SlantThe Telegraph At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Soul Sold Separately received an average score of 78 based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Critics generally described the album's prevailing moods as a juxtaposition of lavish aesthetics and dark, vulnerable lyrical content. Thomas Hobbs of Telegraph.co.uk characterizes the album's moods as a balance "between feeling like you're king of the world, unwinding in a presidential suites, and being... paranoid of jealous enemies". Paul Simpson of AllMusic notes that, despite "tales of luxurious excess", the album's lyrics predominantly "focus on the bleakest aspects of the struggle". The introspective aspects of the album have been generally praised, with Gibbs described as displaying "unflinching honesty" and "sincerity can be bracing". Matthew Ritchie of Pitchfork observes that "when homes in on his own words and self-critiques, he's razor sharp", although in a more critical review, Paul Attard of Slant comments that Gibbs mostly discusses his controversies "in ways that allow him to avoid explaining himself fully". Gibbs' technical skill on the album received widespread critical praise: in various reviews, he has been characterized as a "technically... flawless emcee", as utilizing "incredible rap pyrotechnics", and as "the eternal technician" with a "craftsman-like approach". The production on Soul Sold Separately has been noted for its variety, featuring a diverse lineup of producers who bring sounds inspired by various East Coast, Midwestern, and Southern regional scenes. Within this diversity, however, several commonalities were noted. Dash Lewis of HipHopDX describes a "pretty cohesive" usage of features like "spacey synths and lush soul samples that snake around tightly coiled drums", and Paul Attard of Slant characterizes the production as "uniformly lavish". This luxurious feel has received mixed reviews; the HipHopDX review states that "at times the glossiness makes the album buckle under its own pressure", while Matthew Ramirez of NPR states that the project "sometimes labors under the weight of a forced progression". The Slant review was particularly critical of the opulence, describing the album as having "a decidedly perfunctory whiff of excessive grandeur". A more positive appraisal of the production came from Paul Simpson of AllMusic, who described the album as "grander in scope than Gibbs' rightly praised single-producer efforts" while still being "nearly as consistent". The skits which take place between some songs were less positively reviewed. HipHopDX described the skits as the "most jarring" part of the album, and Pitchfork characterized them as "nonsense" that the listener must "make an effort to sort through". Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Couldn't Be Done" (featuring Kelly Price)Freddie GibbsBen "Lambo" LambertNorma "Va" DentonKelly PriceNorman SolomanSwoopeSuper MilesEdgar JV EtienneHarmony Samuels2:312."Blackest in the Room"GibbsLambertDentonDaniel MamanMichel RipochePhillip BricheThe AlchemistEtienneSamuels2:473."Pain & Strife" (featuring Offset)GibbsLambertDentonKiari CephusAnthony HendersonAntoine CarrabyBryon McCaneCharles ScruggsEric WrightMark GreenStanley HowseSteven HowseYomo SmithSevn ThomasFrakaEtienneSamuels1:574."Zipper Bagz"GibbsLambertDentonHareton SalvaniniKaytranadaEtienneSamuels2:545."Too Much" (featuring Moneybagg Yo)GibbsLambertDentonDeMario White Jr.Eldra DeBargeIV BeatsDentonEtienneSamuels3:086."Lobster Omelette" (featuring Rick Ross)GibbsLambertDentonWilliam RobertsBobby GoldboroJake OneEtienneSamuels3:047."Space Rabbit"GibbsLambertDentonBoi-1daJahaan SweetRogét ChahayedEtienneSamuels2:588."Feel No Pain" (featuring Anderson .Paak and Raekwon)GibbsLambertDentonBrandon Paak AndersonCorey WoodsJ.LBSAnderson .PaakTommy BrenneckEtienneSamuels3:179."Rabbit Vision"GibbsLambertDentonJ.U.S.T.I.C.E. LeagueEtienneSamuels3:1310."PYS" (featuring DJ Paul)GibbsLambertDentonPaul BeauregardJordan HoustonDJ PaulEtienneHoustonKingpin Skinny PimpSamuels2:4811."Dark Hearted"GibbsLambertDentonJames BlakeBlakeEtienneSamuelsKyle Evans3:2512."Gold Rings" (featuring Pusha T)GibbsLambertDentonTerrence ThorntonThomasSean MombergerSweetEtienneSamuels3:4213."Grandma's Stove" (featuring Musiq Soulchild)GibbsLambertDentonTaalib JohnsonNeenyoThomasEtienneSamuels4:1114."CIA"GibbsLambertDentonMadlibEtienneSamuels2:5615."Decoded" (featuring Scarface)GibbsLambertDentonBradley JordanDJ DahiEtienneSamuels3:14Total length:46:05 Bonus EditionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length16."Big Boss Rabbit"GibbsNasir JonesSixto RodriguezWilliam MitchellSwaggyono2:5817."4 Thangs" (featuring Big Sean and Hit-Boy)GibbsBig SeanHit-Boy1:4418."Gang Signs" (featuring ScHoolboy Q)GibbsQuincy HanleyPilgrimFaxxOnlyKevin "No Credit" Spencer2:4619."Ice Cream" (featuring Rick Ross)GibbsRobertsWoodsRobert DiggsKenny BeatsG Koop2:0320."Black Illuminati" (featuring Jadakiss)GibbsJason PhillipsAndre RobinsonArianna ReidRodney MontrealFortuneReidBizness Boi3:49Total length:59:36 Notes ^ signifies a co-producer ^ signifies an additional producer Personnel Musicians Freddie Gibbs – vocals Harmony Samuels – instruments Edgar JV Etienne – instruments Rania Nasreen White – additional vocals (tracks 2, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15) Swaggyono – programming (16) Hit-Boy – programming (17) Andre Robinson – programming (20) Arianna Reid – programming (20) Rodney Montreal – programming (20) Technical Kevin "No Credit" Spencer – mastering (1–16, 18–20), mixing (1–7, 9–16, 18–20) Mike Bozzi – mastering (17) Ari Morris – mixing (5) Jhair "JHA" Lazo – mixing, engineering (8) David Kim – mixing (17) Thurston "Thurst McGurst" McCrea – mixing (20), engineering (1–15, 18, 20) Matthew Herring – engineering (1–15) Daniel Escobar – engineering (3) Lauren D'Elia – engineering (4) Bobby Mota – engineering (11) Freddie Gibbs – executive production Ben "Lambo" Lambert – executive production Norva Denton – executive production Visuals Matthew Draeger – art direction Ben "Lambo" Lambert – creative direction Nick Walker – photography References ^ a b Centeno, Tony M. (2022-09-30). "Freddie Gibbs Drops 'Soul Sold Separately' LP With Pusha T, Offset & More". iHeartRadio. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ a b Mokoena, Tshepo (2022-10-04). "Rap powerhouse Freddie Gibbs: 'I was always the weird kid – a lot of people don't like that'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ a b c d Ramirez, Matthew (2022-10-01). "With '$oul $old $eparately,' Freddie Gibbs cashes in on his cachet". NPR. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ a b "$oul $old $eparately by Freddie Gibbs". Metacritic. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ a b c Simpson, Paul. "$oul $old $eparately by Freddie Gibbs \| Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ a b c d e f Lewis, Dash (2022-10-02). "Freddie Gibbs '$oul $old $eparately' is a Big Budget Victory Lap". HipHopDX. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ a b c d e Ritchie, Matthew (2022-10-05). "Freddie Gibbs: $oul $old $eparately". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ Reeves, Mosi (2022-09-30). "Freddie Gibbs Has Made It To the Penthouse. Now What?". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ a b c d Attard, Paul (2022-10-02). "Freddie Gibbs $oul $old $eparately Review: The Whiff of Excess". Slant. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ a b c Hobbs, Thomas (2022-09-30). "Keith Jarrett says farewell, Björk has a romantic reawakening – the week's best albums". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-10-11. ^ Feldstein, Josh (3 October 2022). "Freddie Gibbs' latest album '$oul $old $eparately' delivers in every department". The Daily Orange. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ "$oul $old $eperately (Bonus Edition) by Freddie Gibbs on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved October 29, 2022. vteFreddie GibbsStudio albums ESGN Shadow of a Doubt You Only Live 2wice Freddie Soul Sold Separately Collaborative albums Piñata (with Madlib) Fetti (with Currensy and The Alchemist) Bandana (with Madlib) Alfredo (with The Alchemist) Mixtapes Cold Day in Hell Baby Face Killa EPs Str8 Killa Lord Giveth, Lord Taketh Away Thuggin' Shame Deeper Knicks (Remix) Pronto Songs "Back to Me" OtherDiscography	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freddie Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Warner Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHR-1"}],"text":"Soul Sold Separately (stylized as $oul $old $eparately) is the fifth studio album by rapper Freddie Gibbs. It was released through ESGN and Warner Records on September 30, 2022, making it his first to be released on a major label.[1]","title":"Soul Sold Separately"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHR-1"},{"link_name":"Bandana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandana_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2"}],"text":"Soul Sold Separately is a concept album themed around the $$$ (\"Triple-S\") Resort and Casino, a fictional Las Vegas hotel where, according to the album's narrative, Gibbs is working in seclusion to complete the record.[2][3] Gibbs has stated that the \"gambling theme\" of the album was chosen as a reference to the risks he needed to take to pursue his music career.[1]The album's title originates from \"Education\", a track from the 2019 project Bandana. Gibbs describes the title's meaning as follows:In the last line of the rap, I said: 'Drugs for the free, soul sold separately.' What I meant by that line – 'Drugs for the free' – was that, yeah, I was selling drugs and making money, but what was I really making in the process? Like, in exchange for my soul?[2]","title":"Background and concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Telegraph.co.uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph.co.uk"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-10"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-3"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"Slant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HipHopDX-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HipHopDX-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-7"},{"link_name":"HipHopDX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HipHopDX-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-9"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HipHopDX-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HipHopDX-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork-7"}],"text":"At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Soul Sold Separately received an average score of 78 based on 8 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[4]Critics generally described the album's prevailing moods as a juxtaposition of lavish aesthetics and dark, vulnerable lyrical content.[11] Thomas Hobbs of Telegraph.co.uk characterizes the album's moods as a balance \"between feeling like you're king of the world, unwinding in a presidential suites, and being... paranoid of jealous enemies\".[10] Paul Simpson of AllMusic notes that, despite \"tales of luxurious excess\", the album's lyrics predominantly \"focus on the bleakest aspects of the struggle\".[5] The introspective aspects of the album have been generally praised, with Gibbs described as displaying \"unflinching honesty\" and \"sincerity [that] can be bracing\".[7][3] Matthew Ritchie of Pitchfork observes that \"when [Gibbs] homes in on his own words and self-critiques, he's razor sharp\", although in a more critical review, Paul Attard of Slant comments that Gibbs mostly discusses his controversies \"in ways that allow him to avoid explaining himself fully\".[7][9] Gibbs' technical skill on the album received widespread critical praise: in various reviews, he has been characterized as a \"technically... flawless emcee\", as utilizing \"incredible rap pyrotechnics\", and as \"the eternal technician\" with a \"craftsman-like approach\".[10][6][3]The production on Soul Sold Separately has been noted for its variety, featuring a diverse lineup of producers who bring sounds inspired by various East Coast, Midwestern, and Southern regional scenes.[6][7] Within this diversity, however, several commonalities were noted. Dash Lewis of HipHopDX describes a \"pretty cohesive\" usage of features like \"spacey synths and lush soul samples that snake around tightly coiled drums\", and Paul Attard of Slant characterizes the production as \"uniformly lavish\".[6][9] This luxurious feel has received mixed reviews; the HipHopDX review states that \"at times [...] the glossiness makes the album buckle under its own pressure\", while Matthew Ramirez of NPR states that the project \"sometimes labors under the weight of a forced progression\".[6][3] The Slant review was particularly critical of the opulence, describing the album as having \"a decidedly perfunctory whiff of excessive grandeur\".[9] A more positive appraisal of the production came from Paul Simpson of AllMusic, who described the album as \"grander in scope than Gibbs' rightly praised single-producer efforts\" while still being \"nearly as consistent\".[5]The skits which take place between some songs were less positively reviewed. HipHopDX described the skits as the \"most jarring\" part of the album, and Pitchfork characterized them as \"nonsense\" that the listener must \"make an effort to sort through\".[6][7]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelly Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Price"},{"link_name":"Freddie Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Kelly Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Price"},{"link_name":"Swoope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swoope"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"Harmony Samuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_Samuels"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Daniel Maman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemist_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Alchemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemist_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Offset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Kiari Cephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krayzie_Bone"},{"link_name":"Antoine Carraby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Yella"},{"link_name":"Bryon McCane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizzy_Bone"},{"link_name":"Charles Scruggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Thugs-n-Harmony"},{"link_name":"Eric Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eazy-E"},{"link_name":"Mark Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomo_%26_Maulkie"},{"link_name":"Stanley Howse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh-n-Bone"},{"link_name":"Steven Howse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layzie_Bone"},{"link_name":"Yomo Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomo_%26_Maulkie"},{"link_name":"Sevn Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevn_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Kaytranada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaytranada"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Moneybagg Yo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneybagg_Yo"},{"link_name":"DeMario White Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneybagg_Yo"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Rick Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Ross"},{"link_name":"William Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Ross"},{"link_name":"Jake One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_One"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Boi-1da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi-1da"},{"link_name":"Jahaan Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahaan_Sweet"},{"link_name":"Rogét Chahayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rog%C3%A9t_Chahayed"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Anderson .Paak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_.Paak"},{"link_name":"Raekwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raekwon"},{"link_name":"Brandon Paak Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_.Paak"},{"link_name":"Corey Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raekwon"},{"link_name":"Tommy Brenneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brenneck"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.U.S.T.I.C.E._League"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"DJ Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Paul"},{"link_name":"Paul Beauregard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Paul"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"James Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Pusha T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusha_T"},{"link_name":"Terrence Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusha_T"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Musiq Soulchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiq_Soulchild"},{"link_name":"Taalib Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiq_Soulchild"},{"link_name":"Neenyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenyo"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Madlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madlib"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Scarface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarface_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Bradley Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarface_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"DJ Dahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Dahi"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_c"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nasir Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas"},{"link_name":"Sixto Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixto_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Swaggyono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_on_Dying"},{"link_name":"Big Sean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sean"},{"link_name":"Hit-Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit-Boy"},{"link_name":"ScHoolboy Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScHoolboy_Q"},{"link_name":"Quincy Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScHoolboy_Q"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Robert Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RZA"},{"link_name":"Kenny Beats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Beats"},{"link_name":"G Koop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_Koop"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Jadakiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadakiss"},{"link_name":"Jason Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadakiss"},{"link_name":"^[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_c"},{"link_name":"^[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Couldn't Be Done\" (featuring Kelly Price)Freddie GibbsBen \"Lambo\" LambertNorma \"Va\" DentonKelly PriceNorman SolomanSwoopeSuper MilesEdgar JV Etienne[c]Harmony Samuels[a]2:312.\"Blackest in the Room\"GibbsLambertDentonDaniel MamanMichel RipochePhillip BricheThe AlchemistEtienne[c]Samuels[a]2:473.\"Pain & Strife\" (featuring Offset)GibbsLambertDentonKiari CephusAnthony HendersonAntoine CarrabyBryon McCaneCharles ScruggsEric WrightMark GreenStanley HowseSteven HowseYomo SmithSevn ThomasFrakaEtienne[c]Samuels[a]1:574.\"Zipper Bagz\"GibbsLambertDentonHareton SalvaniniKaytranadaEtienne[c]Samuels[a]2:545.\"Too Much\" (featuring Moneybagg Yo)GibbsLambertDentonDeMario White Jr.Eldra DeBargeIV BeatsDentonEtienne[c]Samuels[a]3:086.\"Lobster Omelette\" (featuring Rick Ross)GibbsLambertDentonWilliam RobertsBobby GoldboroJake OneEtienne[c]Samuels[a]3:047.\"Space Rabbit\"GibbsLambertDentonBoi-1daJahaan SweetRogét ChahayedEtienne[c]Samuels[a]2:588.\"Feel No Pain\" (featuring Anderson .Paak and Raekwon)GibbsLambertDentonBrandon Paak AndersonCorey WoodsJ.LBSAnderson .PaakTommy BrenneckEtienne[c]Samuels[a]3:179.\"Rabbit Vision\"GibbsLambertDentonJ.U.S.T.I.C.E. LeagueEtienne[c]Samuels[a]3:1310.\"PYS\" (featuring DJ Paul)GibbsLambertDentonPaul BeauregardJordan HoustonDJ PaulEtienne[c]Houston[c]Kingpin Skinny Pimp[c]Samuels[a]2:4811.\"Dark Hearted\"GibbsLambertDentonJames BlakeBlakeEtienne[c]Samuels[a]Kyle Evans[a]3:2512.\"Gold Rings\" (featuring Pusha T)GibbsLambertDentonTerrence ThorntonThomasSean MombergerSweetEtienne[c]Samuels[a]3:4213.\"Grandma's Stove\" (featuring Musiq Soulchild)GibbsLambertDentonTaalib JohnsonNeenyoThomasEtienne[c]Samuels[a]4:1114.\"CIA\"GibbsLambertDentonMadlibEtienne[c]Samuels[a]2:5615.\"Decoded\" (featuring Scarface)GibbsLambertDentonBradley JordanDJ DahiEtienne[c]Samuels[a]3:14Total length:46:05Bonus Edition[12]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length16.\"Big Boss Rabbit\"GibbsNasir JonesSixto RodriguezWilliam MitchellSwaggyono2:5817.\"4 Thangs\" (featuring Big Sean and Hit-Boy)GibbsBig SeanHit-Boy1:4418.\"Gang Signs\" (featuring ScHoolboy Q)GibbsQuincy HanleyPilgrimFaxxOnlyKevin \"No Credit\" Spencer[a]2:4619.\"Ice Cream\" (featuring Rick Ross)GibbsRobertsWoodsRobert DiggsKenny BeatsG Koop[a]2:0320.\"Black Illuminati\" (featuring Jadakiss)GibbsJason PhillipsAndre RobinsonArianna ReidRodney MontrealFortuneReidBizness Boi3:49Total length:59:36Notes^[c] signifies a co-producer\n^[a] signifies an additional producer","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freddie Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Harmony Samuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_Samuels"},{"link_name":"Swaggyono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_on_Dying"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"Hit-Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit-Boy"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"Mike Bozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bozzi"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"}],"text":"MusiciansFreddie Gibbs – vocals\nHarmony Samuels – instruments\nEdgar JV Etienne – instruments\nRania Nasreen White – additional vocals (tracks 2, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15)\nSwaggyono – programming (16)\nHit-Boy – programming (17)\nAndre Robinson – programming (20)\nArianna Reid – programming (20)\nRodney Montreal – programming (20)TechnicalKevin \"No Credit\" Spencer – mastering (1–16, 18–20), mixing (1–7, 9–16, 18–20)\nMike Bozzi – mastering (17)\nAri Morris – mixing (5)\nJhair \"JHA\" Lazo – mixing, engineering (8)\nDavid Kim – mixing (17)\nThurston \"Thurst McGurst\" McCrea – mixing (20), engineering (1–15, 18, 20)\nMatthew Herring – engineering (1–15)\nDaniel Escobar – engineering (3)\nLauren D'Elia – engineering (4)\nBobby Mota – engineering (11)\nFreddie Gibbs – executive production\nBen \"Lambo\" Lambert – executive production\nNorva Denton – executive productionVisualsMatthew Draeger – art direction\nBen \"Lambo\" Lambert – creative direction\nNick Walker – photography","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Centeno, Tony M. (2022-09-30). \"Freddie Gibbs Drops 'Soul Sold Separately' LP With Pusha T, Offset & More\". iHeartRadio. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iheart.com/content/2022-09-30-freddie-gibbs-drops-soul-sold-separately-lp-with-pusha-t-offset-more/","url_text":"\"Freddie Gibbs Drops 'Soul Sold Separately' LP With Pusha T, Offset & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio","url_text":"iHeartRadio"}]},{"reference":"Mokoena, Tshepo (2022-10-04). \"Rap powerhouse Freddie Gibbs: 'I was always the weird kid – a lot of people don't like that'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/oct/04/rapping-powerhouse-freddie-gibbs-weird-kid-drug-dealer","url_text":"\"Rap powerhouse Freddie Gibbs: 'I was always the weird kid – a lot of people don't like that'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Ramirez, Matthew (2022-10-01). \"With '$oul $old $eparately,' Freddie Gibbs cashes in on his cachet\". NPR. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/01/1126282898/freddie-gibbs-soul-sold-separately-review","url_text":"\"With '$oul $old $eparately,' Freddie Gibbs cashes in on his cachet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"\"$oul $old $eparately by Freddie Gibbs\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/oul-old-eparately/freddie-gibbs","url_text":"\"$oul $old $eparately by Freddie Gibbs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Paul. \"$oul $old $eparately by Freddie Gibbs \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/oul-old-eparately-mw0003806114","url_text":"\"$oul $old $eparately by Freddie Gibbs \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Dash (2022-10-02). \"Freddie Gibbs '$oul $old $eparately' is a Big Budget Victory Lap\". HipHopDX. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/reviews/id.3922/title.freddie-gibbs-oul-old-eparately-album-review","url_text":"\"Freddie Gibbs '$oul $old $eparately' is a Big Budget Victory Lap\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX","url_text":"HipHopDX"}]},{"reference":"Ritchie, Matthew (2022-10-05). \"Freddie Gibbs: $oul $old $eparately\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/freddie-gibbs-soul-sold-separately/","url_text":"\"Freddie Gibbs: $oul $old $eparately\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Reeves, Mosi (2022-09-30). \"Freddie Gibbs Has Made It To the Penthouse. Now What?\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/freddie-gibbs-oul-old-eparately-1234600935/","url_text":"\"Freddie Gibbs Has Made It To the Penthouse. Now What?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Attard, Paul (2022-10-02). \"Freddie Gibbs $oul $old $eparately Review: The Whiff of Excess\". Slant. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/freddie-gibbs-soul-sold-separately-album-review/","url_text":"\"Freddie Gibbs $oul $old $eparately Review: The Whiff of Excess\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_(magazine)","url_text":"Slant"}]},{"reference":"Hobbs, Thomas (2022-09-30). \"Keith Jarrett says farewell, Björk has a romantic reawakening – the week's best albums\". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/best-albums-week-keith-jarrett-bjork-slipknot-gabriels/","url_text":"\"Keith Jarrett says farewell, Björk has a romantic reawakening – the week's best albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph.co.uk","url_text":"Telegraph.co.uk"}]},{"reference":"Feldstein, Josh (3 October 2022). \"Freddie Gibbs' latest album '$oul $old $eparately' delivers in every department\". The Daily Orange. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyorange.com/2022/10/frank-gibbs-latest-album-oul-old-eparately-delivered-in-every-department/","url_text":"\"Freddie Gibbs' latest album '$oul $old $eparately' delivers in every department\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Orange","url_text":"The Daily Orange"}]},{"reference":"\"$oul $old $eperately (Bonus Edition) by Freddie Gibbs on Apple Music\". Apple Music. Retrieved October 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/%24oul-%24old-%24eparately-bonus-edition/1651136737","url_text":"\"$oul $old $eperately (Bonus Edition) by Freddie Gibbs on Apple Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iheart.com/content/2022-09-30-freddie-gibbs-drops-soul-sold-separately-lp-with-pusha-t-offset-more/","external_links_name":"\"Freddie Gibbs Drops 'Soul Sold Separately' LP With Pusha T, Offset & More\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/oct/04/rapping-powerhouse-freddie-gibbs-weird-kid-drug-dealer","external_links_name":"\"Rap powerhouse Freddie Gibbs: 'I was always the weird kid – a lot of people don't like that'\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2022/10/01/1126282898/freddie-gibbs-soul-sold-separately-review","external_links_name":"\"With '$oul $old $eparately,' Freddie Gibbs cashes in on his cachet\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/oul-old-eparately/freddie-gibbs","external_links_name":"\"$oul $old $eparately by Freddie Gibbs\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/oul-old-eparately-mw0003806114","external_links_name":"\"$oul $old $eparately by Freddie Gibbs \| Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"https://hiphopdx.com/reviews/id.3922/title.freddie-gibbs-oul-old-eparately-album-review","external_links_name":"\"Freddie Gibbs '$oul $old $eparately' is a Big Budget Victory Lap\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/freddie-gibbs-soul-sold-separately/","external_links_name":"\"Freddie Gibbs: $oul $old $eparately\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/freddie-gibbs-oul-old-eparately-1234600935/","external_links_name":"\"Freddie Gibbs Has Made It To the Penthouse. Now What?\""},{"Link":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/freddie-gibbs-soul-sold-separately-album-review/","external_links_name":"\"Freddie Gibbs $oul $old $eparately Review: The Whiff of Excess\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/best-albums-week-keith-jarrett-bjork-slipknot-gabriels/","external_links_name":"\"Keith Jarrett says farewell, Björk has a romantic reawakening – the week's best albums\""},{"Link":"https://dailyorange.com/2022/10/frank-gibbs-latest-album-oul-old-eparately-delivered-in-every-department/","external_links_name":"\"Freddie Gibbs' latest album '$oul $old $eparately' delivers in every department\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/%24oul-%24old-%24eparately-bonus-edition/1651136737","external_links_name":"\"$oul $old $eperately (Bonus Edition) by Freddie Gibbs on Apple Music\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Revolutions	The Three Revolutions	["1 References"]	Not to be confused with The Triple Revolution. The Three Revolutions refers to a political theory of Gamal Abdel Nasser highlighted during a speech to the National Union (NU) in Cairo on July 9, 1960. The three revolutions were first a national revolution which involves the overthrow of colonialism, second, the Arab revolution which involves the defeat of division and false frontiers created by outsiders, and third the social revolution which involves the creation of an honorable living in fulfilment of social equality for every member of Arab society. References ^ Egyptian Gazette (1960) 10 July cited in Middle East Record, Volume 1, 1960 Yitzhak Oron. The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 469-470 (Accessed July 2011)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Triple Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triple_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Gamal Abdel Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser"},{"link_name":"National Union (NU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)#Gamal_Abdel_Nasser_(1952%E2%80%931970)"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MER-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with The Triple Revolution.The Three Revolutions refers to a political theory of Gamal Abdel Nasser highlighted during a speech to the National Union (NU) in Cairo on July 9, 1960. The three revolutions were first a national revolution which involves the overthrow of colonialism, second, the Arab revolution which involves the defeat of division and false frontiers created by outsiders, and third the social revolution which involves the creation of an honorable living in fulfilment of social equality for every member of Arab society.[1]","title":"The Three Revolutions"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0LooyExir7EC&dq","external_links_name":"Middle East Record, Volume 1, 1960 Yitzhak Oron. The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 469-470"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prigogine%27s_greenbul	Prigogine's greenbul	["1 Taxonomy and systematics","2 Conservation","3 References","4 External links"]	Species of songbird Prigogine's greenbul Conservation status Endangered (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Infraorder: Passerides Family: Pycnonotidae Genus: Chlorocichla Species: C. prigoginei Binomial name Chlorocichla prigogineiDe Roo, 1967 Prigogine's greenbul (Chlorocichla prigoginei) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found only in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Taxonomy and systematics Prigogine's bulbul is one of five species of bulbul in the genus Chlorocichla. It was originally described as Chlorocichla prigoginei by Antoon de Roo in 1967. The generic name Chlorocichla comes from the Greek χλωρος (khlōros), meaning yellow, and κιχλη (kikhlē), meaning thrush. The specific epithet prigoginei is in honour of Alexandre Prigogine, a Russian-Belgian ornithologist. Alternate names for Prigogine's greenbul include the Butembo greenbul, Congo greenbul and Prigogine's bulbul. It is monotypic. Conservation The species is listed as endangered by the IUCN. References ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chlorocichla prigoginei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22712873A94352664. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22712873A94352664.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ Fishpool, Lincoln; Tobias, Joe (2020-03-04). "Prigogine's Greenbul (Chlorocichla prigoginei)". Birds of the World. External links BirdLife Species Factsheet. Taxon identifiersChlorocichla prigoginei Wikidata: Q2927897 Wikispecies: Chlorocichla prigoginei ADW: Chlorocichla_prigoginei Avibase: 38652F1726C4D275 BirdLife: 22712873 BOW: prigre1 CoL: 5Y7WM eBird: prigre1 GBIF: 2486178 iNaturalist: 14691 IRMNG: 10664872 ITIS: 559209 IUCN: 22712873 NCBI: 1002755 Open Tree of Life: 455558 Xeno-canto: Chlorocichla-prigoginei This Pycnonotidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"songbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird"},{"link_name":"bulbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"montane forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss"}],"text":"Prigogine's greenbul (Chlorocichla prigoginei) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae.\nIt is found only in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.\nIt is threatened by habitat loss.","title":"Prigogine's greenbul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chlorocichla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorocichla"},{"link_name":"Antoon de Roo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoon_Emeric_Marcel_De_Roo"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Prigogine's bulbul is one of five species of bulbul in the genus Chlorocichla. It was originally described as Chlorocichla prigoginei by Antoon de Roo in 1967. The generic name Chlorocichla comes from the Greek χλωρος (khlōros), meaning yellow, and κιχλη (kikhlē), meaning thrush. The specific epithet prigoginei is in honour of Alexandre Prigogine, a Russian-Belgian ornithologist. Alternate names for Prigogine's greenbul include the Butembo greenbul, Congo greenbul and Prigogine's bulbul. It is monotypic.[2]","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"}],"text":"The species is listed as endangered by the IUCN.","title":"Conservation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Chlorocichla prigoginei\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22712873A94352664. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22712873A94352664.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22712873/94352664","url_text":"\"Chlorocichla prigoginei\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22712873A94352664.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22712873A94352664.en"}]},{"reference":"Fishpool, Lincoln; Tobias, Joe (2020-03-04). \"Prigogine's Greenbul (Chlorocichla prigoginei)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Zalba_Bidegain	Pablo Zalba	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Political career","3.1 Second term","4 Publications","5 Seminars and symposiums","6 Polemic","7 References"]	Spanish economist and politician Pablo ZalbaPresident of the Official Credit InstituteIncumbentAssumed office 19 November 2016Preceded byEmma Navarro Aguilera Personal detailsBorn (1975-01-28) 28 January 1975 (age 49)Pamplona, Navarre, SpainOccupationpolitician Pablo Zalba Bidegain (born 28 January 1975) is a Spanish economist and politician and has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP), for the European People's Party, in office June 2009 to November 2016. From 2016 to 2018 he served as President of the Official Credit Institute (ICO). Early life Zalba Bidegain was born in Pamplona. In 1997, he graduated in Business Administration and Management from the University of Navarre. In 2007, he obtained an Executive MBA from London Business School. Career In 1998, he began working at Arcelor Mittal, both at its headquarters in Madrid and Pamplona, where he was active as head of International Business Development in the Construction Unit. From 2005 to 2009, he worked in Sic Lazaro in Pamplona as a Sales and Business Developer. Political career In 2008 he participated in the reconstitution of the Navarre Popular Party as a member of its executive committee. He has been president of the Navarre Popular Party since 29 July 2014. He was elected a Member of the European Parliament for the party in June 2009. In that term, he was Vice-President of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee of the European Parliament and a member of the Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China. He was also Vice-President of the Youth and Friends of Free Cuba Intergroups. He was implicated in the 2011 cash for influence scandal together with fellow MEPs Adrian Severin, Ernst Strasser and Zoran Thaler. He was the only one of the four accused MEPs who denied any wrongdoing. Pablo Zalba had a very important role in the approval of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the European Union and South Korea. He introduced safeguard measures to protect Europe's most sensitive sectors. The agreement came into force on 1 July 2011. Zalba was also the promoter of the Chamber of Commerce Korea-Spain with former Minister Josep Piqué. On 24 January 2012, he was named Vice-President of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee of the European Parliament, replacing José Manuel García-Margallo. On 25 September 2012, he was awarded the 2012 MEP Awards (MEP of the Year) in the category of Commerce for his work on the FTA EU-Korea. Parliament Magazine together with PlasticsEurope, an industry association, presents these awards each year to MEPs who have excelled in different areas of legislation. In November 2012, Zalba headed the delegation of the European Parliament in the Parliamentary Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva. In 2012 he was one of the main promoters in the European Parliament of the EU-Central America association agreement as rapporteur for the International Trade Committee. Second term On 25 May 2014, he was re-elected as a Member of the European Parliament for 2014 to 2019. He is the EPP Vicecoordinator of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee and a substitute member of the International Trade Committee. Zalba is Vice-President of the steering committee of the Parliamentary Conference on the World Trade Organization in the European Parliament, coordinator of the EPP Group Young Members Network. and Vice-President of SME Europe. He is also a member of the Advisory Board of the European Young Innovation Forum, a European nonprofit association that promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in society, especially among young people He is a member of the following Delegations of the European Parliament: Mercosur, People's Republic of China, Chile, Central America and the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly. He is also member of the following Intergroups of the European Parliament: Family, Child Rights, Development help, Youth, Sport, Automotive, SME (small and medium-sized enterprises), Minority Languages and Wine. He has signed the European Dementia Pledge which recognises the challenges faced by people with dementia and their carers, especially in the current context of demographic challenges, fragile sustainability of healthcare systems and the lack of treatment for such diseases. He has also joined the European Alzheimer’s Alliance and support the national association. In March 2015, he won the MEP Awards in the category of Economic & monetary affairs after being rapporteur for the Multilateral Interchange Fees Regulation as well as the European Central Bank report which is elaborated annually by the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee of the European Parliament Publications "Reflexiones europeas a mitad de camino. Una visión sobre Europa". Preface by José Manuel García-Margallo, Spain's Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. The book was presented in Pamplona in 2014. "Retos y logros en las relaciones de la UE con América Latina", Pablo Zalba and Julián Conthe, 2013 Seminars and symposiums - "Economic shock absorbers for the Eurozone. Deeping the debate on automatic stabilizers", European Commission and Bertelsmann Stiftung. June 2014, Brussels - "Iberian Conference on Europe Recovery and economic perspectives". June 2014, Madrid - "Spain on the road to recovery?", London School of Economics (LSE). March 2014, London Polemic In 2011 Zalba was caught in a trap created by a British newspaper The Sunday Times. He was urged by a lobby group to rewrite a European Law for 100.000 € per year as an adviser. The lobby was false, created by the newspaper to probe how European Law is amended by these lobby groups. After an investigation, the European Anti-Fraud Office OLAF declared Pablo Zalba had acted properly and had rejected the money. References ^ "Pablo Zalba Bidegain". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ Arroyo, R; Badía, D (23 January 2019). "Deloitte ficha al expresidente del ICO Pablo Zalba". Expansión. ^ "Pablo Zalba, el nuevo barón del PP". ELMUNDO. Jul 29, 2014. ^ "Economic and Monetary Affairs - Members". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "Spanish MEP named in 'influence-for-cash' scandal". European Voice (now Politico). 28 March 2011. Retrieved 2016-01-22. ^ "European Parliament offices sealed in corruption probe". EUbusiness. Retrieved 2016-01-22. ^ "La UE pacta medidas de salvaguardia en un acuerdo comercial con Corea del Sur". Noticias SIN. 2010-12-20. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "Annual Report on the Implementation of the EU Korea Free Trade Agreement" (PDF). Trade.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "Entra en vigor el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre UE y Corea del Sur - La Razón digital". Larazon.es. Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "El eurodiputado Pablo Zalba es el promotor de la Cámara de Comercio España-Corea con el ex ministro Piqué al frente \| La Celosía". Lacelosia.com. 2012-06-27. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "Zalba sustituye a García-Margallo como vicepresidente de la Comisión de Asuntos Económico de la UE". ABC.es. 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "MEP awards 2012 winners announced". theparliament.com. 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "World Trade Organization - Home page". Wto.org. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "MEPs back two major pacts with Latin America". Europarl.europa.eu. 12 November 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "Pablo Zalba, nuevo coordinador de la red de jóvenes miembros del Grupo Popular Europeo". Expansion.com. 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "XXX – About Us - SME Europe". Smeeurope.eu. Archived from the original on 2013-07-11. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "European Young Innovators Forum". Eyif.eu. Retrieved 2013-08-19. ^ "Advisory Board Announcement: Pablo Zalba Bidegain". eyif.wordpress.com. January 14, 2013. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2021. ^ "Zalba Bidegain Pablo - Members - European Alzheimer's Alliance - Policy in Practice - Alzheimer Europe". Archived from the original on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2014-10-24. ^ "MEP Awards 2015: A few words from the winners". The Parliament Magazine. Jun 29, 2020. ^ "Margallo dice que no tiene "la menor duda" de que Cañete "lucirá todas sus habilidades" en el debate con Valenciano". Europa Press. May 14, 2014. ^ Bidegain, Pablo Zalba; Yoldi, Julian Conthe. "RETOS Y LOGROS EN LAS RELACIONES DE LA UE CON AMÉRICA LATINA" (PDF). www.revistasice.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2021. ^ "Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. ^ "LECE - Agenda". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-01. ^ "Conference "Is Spain on the Road to Recovery?" London School of Economics 19/3/2014 \| dlacalle.com". www.dlacalle.com. ^ PAMPLONA, B. ARMENDÁRIZ (May 24, 2011). "La Oficina Europea contra el Fraude cierra el caso de Pablo Zalba". diariodenavarra.es. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"European People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Official Credit Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Credit_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Pablo Zalba Bidegain (born 28 January 1975) is a Spanish economist and politician and has been a Member of the European Parliament (MEP),[1] for the European People's Party, in office June 2009 to November 2016. From 2016 to 2018 he served as President of the Official Credit Institute (ICO).[2]","title":"Pablo Zalba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"},{"link_name":"University of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"London Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Business_School"}],"text":"Zalba Bidegain was born in Pamplona. In 1997, he graduated in Business Administration and Management from the University of Navarre. In 2007, he obtained an Executive MBA from London Business School.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arcelor Mittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcelor_Mittal"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"},{"link_name":"Sic Lazaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sic_Lazaro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"}],"text":"In 1998, he began working at Arcelor Mittal, both at its headquarters in Madrid and Pamplona, where he was active as head of International Business Development in the Construction Unit. From 2005 to 2009, he worked in Sic Lazaro in Pamplona as a Sales and Business Developer.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navarre Popular Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navarre_Popular_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Member of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs_Committee"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europa1-4"},{"link_name":"Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delegation_for_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2011 cash for influence scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_cash_for_influence_scandal"},{"link_name":"Adrian Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Severin"},{"link_name":"Ernst Strasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Strasser"},{"link_name":"Zoran Thaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Thaler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Free Trade Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Trade_Agreement"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Commerce Korea-Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamber_of_Commerce_Korea-Spain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Josep Piqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Piqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs"},{"link_name":"José Manuel García-Margallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa-Margallo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"MEP Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEP_Awards"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"MEP of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MEP_of_the_Year&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FTA EU-Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FTA_EU-Korea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parliament Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Magazine"},{"link_name":"PlasticsEurope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PlasticsEurope&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"WTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTO"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"EU-Central America association agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EU-Central_America_association_agreement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Trade Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Trade_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2008 he participated in the reconstitution of the Navarre Popular Party as a member of its executive committee. He has been president of the Navarre Popular Party since 29 July 2014.[3]He was elected a Member of the European Parliament for the party in June 2009. In that term, he was Vice-President of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee of the European Parliament[4] and a member of the Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China. He was also Vice-President of the Youth and Friends of Free Cuba Intergroups.[citation needed]He was implicated in the 2011 cash for influence scandal together with fellow MEPs Adrian Severin, Ernst Strasser and Zoran Thaler.[5] He was the only one of the four accused MEPs who denied any wrongdoing.[6]Pablo Zalba had a very important role in the approval of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the European Union and South Korea. He introduced safeguard measures to protect Europe's most sensitive sectors.[7][8] The agreement came into force on 1 July 2011.[9] Zalba was also the promoter of the Chamber of Commerce Korea-Spain with former Minister Josep Piqué.[10]On 24 January 2012, he was named Vice-President of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee of the European Parliament, replacing José Manuel García-Margallo.[11]On 25 September 2012, he was awarded the 2012 MEP Awards[12] (MEP of the Year) in the category of Commerce for his work on the FTA EU-Korea. Parliament Magazine together with PlasticsEurope, an industry association, presents these awards each year to MEPs who have excelled in different areas of legislation.In November 2012, Zalba headed the delegation of the European Parliament in the Parliamentary Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO)[13] in Geneva.In 2012 he was one of the main promoters in the European Parliament of the EU-Central America association agreement as rapporteur for the International Trade Committee.[14]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"Young Members Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Young_Members_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"SME Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SME_Europe"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"European Young Innovation Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Young_Innovation_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"European Alzheimer’s Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"MEP Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEP_Awards"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Second term","text":"On 25 May 2014, he was re-elected as a Member of the European Parliament for 2014 to 2019. He is the EPP Vicecoordinator of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee and a substitute member of the International Trade Committee.Zalba is Vice-President of the steering committee of the Parliamentary Conference on the World Trade Organization in the European Parliament, coordinator of the EPP Group Young Members Network.[15] and Vice-President of SME Europe.[16]He is also a member of the Advisory Board of the European Young Innovation Forum,[17] a European nonprofit association that promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in society, especially among young people[18]He is a member of the following Delegations of the European Parliament: Mercosur, People's Republic of China, Chile, Central America and the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly. He is also member of the following Intergroups of the European Parliament: Family, Child Rights, Development help, Youth, Sport, Automotive, SME (small and medium-sized enterprises), Minority Languages and Wine.He has signed the European Dementia Pledge which recognises the challenges faced by people with dementia and their carers, especially in the current context of demographic challenges, fragile sustainability of healthcare systems and the lack of treatment for such diseases. He has also joined the European Alzheimer’s Alliance[19] and support the national association.In March 2015, he won the MEP Awards in the category of Economic & monetary affairs after being rapporteur for the Multilateral Interchange Fees Regulation as well as the European Central Bank report which is elaborated annually by the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee of the European Parliament[20]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Manuel García-Margallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa-Margallo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"\"Reflexiones europeas a mitad de camino. Una visión sobre Europa\". Preface by José Manuel García-Margallo, Spain's Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. The book was presented in Pamplona in 2014.[21]\"Retos y logros en las relaciones de la UE con América Latina\", Pablo Zalba and Julián Conthe, 2013[22]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"- \"Economic shock absorbers for the Eurozone. Deeping the debate on automatic stabilizers\", European Commission and Bertelsmann Stiftung. June 2014, Brussels[23]- \"Iberian Conference on Europe Recovery and economic perspectives\". June 2014, Madrid[24]- \"Spain on the road to recovery?\", London School of Economics (LSE). March 2014, London[25]","title":"Seminars and symposiums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In 2011 Zalba was caught in a trap created by a British newspaper The Sunday Times. He was urged by a lobby group to rewrite a European Law for 100.000 € per year as an adviser. The lobby was false, created by the newspaper to probe how European Law is amended by these lobby groups.After an investigation, the European Anti-Fraud Office OLAF declared Pablo Zalba had acted properly and had rejected the money.[26]","title":"Polemic"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pablo Zalba Bidegain\". Europarl.europa.eu. 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Retrieved 2014-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215933/http://www.leceonline.org/agenda_detalle.asp?id=78","url_text":"\"LECE - Agenda\""},{"url":"http://www.leceonline.org/agenda_detalle.asp?id=78","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Conference \"Is Spain on the Road to Recovery?\" London School of Economics 19/3/2014 \| dlacalle.com\". www.dlacalle.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dlacalle.com/en/conference-is-spain-on-the-road-to-recovery-london-school-of-economics-1932014/","url_text":"\"Conference \"Is Spain on the Road to Recovery?\" London School of Economics 19/3/2014 \| dlacalle.com\""}]},{"reference":"PAMPLONA, B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_9:30	Live at 9:30	["1 Series summary","2 Production","3 Venue","4 Release","5 References"]	For the Animal Collective album, see Live at 9:30 (album). American TV series or program Live at 9:30LogoCountry of originUnited StatesProductionProduction locationsWashington, D.C.Production companyThe Content FarmOriginal releaseNetworkSyndicationRelease2016 (2016) –presentLive At 9:30 is a music variety show filmed at the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C. Each one-hour episode features a collection of acts from different genres, interspersed with interviews, short films, and comedic segments. Series summary The premiere season of Live at 9:30 features performances by Garbage, The Arcs, Tove Lo, Ibeyi, El Vy, MisterWives, The Jesus and Mary Chain, Frank Turner, MS MR, Cold War Kids, Youth Lagoon, and Jess Glynne. The twelve episode season also features a mix of contributors and hosts, including Henry Rollins, NPR Music's Bob Boilen, Hannibal Buress, Jill Kargman, Ralphie May and Tony Rock. Wayne White, of "Pee-wee's Playhouse" fame is the show's art director. Production Production of the series began in the fall of 2015. Venue The 9:30 Club opened in 1980 and was named after the club's original address, 930 F St. NW in downtown Washington, D.C. It later moved to its current location at 815 V Street NW, anchoring the eastern end of the U Street Corridor. Co-owned by Rich Heinecke and Seth Hurwitz, the club has a capacity of 1200 people. It won the Top Club awards at the 2007 through 2012 Billboard Touring Awards. Release Live at 9:30 is scheduled to air in the spring of 2016 on PBS. Full episodes and digital exclusive content will be available on the official Live At 9:30 website following each episode's TV debut. References ^ Codik, Emily (December 14, 2012). "The 9:30 Club is making a TV show. Here's the inside story on how it happened". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 1, 2016. ^ "Washington, D.C.'s 9:30 Club Launching Live Music Show on PBS". The Hollywood Reporter. February 9, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016. ^ "Hannibal Buress, Henry Rollins to Host 9:30 Club TV Show Featuring Jesus & Mary Chain, El Vy, Youth Lagoon, More". Pitchfork. February 9, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016. ^ "Henry Rollins, Hannibal Buress Tapped for 9:30 Club Variety Show". Rolling Stone. February 9, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016. ^ Andy Gensler (February 9, 2016). "9:30 Club Launching PBS TV Show With Garbage, Jesus & Mary Chain, Tove Lo". Billboard. Retrieved March 1, 2016. ^ "Washington, DC's 9:30 Club is launching its very own public access TV variety show". Consequence of Sound. February 9, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.	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It later moved to its current location at 815 V Street NW, anchoring the eastern end of the U Street Corridor. Co-owned by Rich Heinecke and Seth Hurwitz, the club has a capacity of 1200 people. It won the Top Club awards at the 2007 through 2012 Billboard Touring Awards.","title":"Venue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Live at 9:30 is scheduled to air in the spring of 2016 on PBS.[5] Full episodes and digital exclusive content will be available on the official Live At 9:30 website following each episode's TV debut.[6]","title":"Release"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Codik, Emily (December 14, 2012). \"The 9:30 Club is making a TV show. Here's the inside story on how it happened\". The Washington Post. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Princess_(ship)	Sun Princess (ship)	["1 References"]	A number of ships have been named Sun Princess including: MS Sun Princess (1974) a cruise ship launched in 1972, she served under this name from 1974 until 1988 MS Sun Princess (1995), a cruise ship launched in 1995, she served under this name until 2020 MS Sun Princess (2023), a cruise ship scheduled to be launched in 2023 and commence operations in 2024 References ^ "Princess Cruises Unveils Bespoke Next Generation Ship - Sun Princess®". List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MS Sun Princess (1974)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_London_(ship)"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float-out"},{"link_name":"MS Sun Princess (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_World"},{"link_name":"MS Sun Princess (2023)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere-class_cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"MS Sun Princess (1974) a cruise ship launched in 1972, she served under this name from 1974 until 1988\nMS Sun Princess (1995), a cruise ship launched in 1995, she served under this name until 2020\nMS Sun Princess (2023), a cruise ship scheduled to be launched in 2023 and commence operations in 2024[1]","title":"Sun Princess (ship)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Princess Cruises Unveils Bespoke Next Generation Ship - Sun Princess®\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princess-cruises-unveils-bespoke-next-generation-ship--sun-princess-301625874.html","url_text":"\"Princess Cruises Unveils Bespoke Next Generation Ship - Sun Princess®\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princess-cruises-unveils-bespoke-next-generation-ship--sun-princess-301625874.html","external_links_name":"\"Princess Cruises Unveils Bespoke Next Generation Ship - Sun Princess®\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Sun_Princess_(ship)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Collins_(governor)	Thomas Collins (governor)	["1 Early life and family","2 Military career","3 Professional and political career","4 Death and legacy","5 Almanac","6 References","7 External links"]	American politician Thomas Collins8th President of DelawareIn officeOctober 28, 1786 – March 29, 1789Preceded byNicholas Van DykeSucceeded byJehu Davis Personal detailsBorn1732 (1732)Duck Creek, Delaware ColonyDiedMarch 29, 1789 (aged 56–57)Smyrna, DelawareResting placeSaint Peter's Cemetery, SmyrnaSpouseSarahProfessionplanter Thomas Collins (1732 – March 29, 1789) was an American planter and politician from Smyrna, in Kent County, Delaware. He was an officer of the Delaware militia during the American Revolution, and served in the Delaware General Assembly and as President of Delaware. Early life and family Collins was born in Duck Creek, now Smyrna, Delaware, married Sarah, and had four children, William, Elizabeth, Mary, and Sarah. His sister was the wife of former Governor John Cook. Collins was trained in the law, but never practiced, and must have had considerable wealth available to him as he purchased several large tracts of land in the Duck Creek area early in life. They lived first at Gloster on the south side of Dawson's Branch and after 1771 at Belmont Hall, now on U.S. Highway 13, south of Smyrna. They were members of St. Peter's Episcopal Church. Military career Collins began his military career during the American Revolution as lieutenant colonel in Caesar Rodney's Upper Kent militia and within a year was a brigadier general of the Delaware Militia. Collins served with General George Washington in New Jersey in 1777, but returned home to contend with loyalist uprisings in Sussex County. He was probably involved in the efforts to block General William Howe on his march from the Elk River, but there is no evidence that he was at the actual Battle of Brandywine. Professional and political career Colonial Delaware currency (1776) signed by Collins. Collins served as Sheriff of Kent County from 1764 until 1767, and was a member of the Colonial Assembly in five of the nine annual sessions during the period from the 1767/68 session through the 1775/76 session. He was a member of the Delaware Constitutional Convention of 1776 and was elected to two terms in the Legislative Council beginning with the 1776/77 session and continuing through the 1782/83 session, serving as the Speaker in the 1778/79 session and in the 1781/82 session. In 1782 he became a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. The Delaware General Assembly unanimously elected him State President in 1786 and he served from October 28, 1786 until his death on March 29, 1789. It was during his term of office that Delaware became the first state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on December 7, 1787. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while President) Year Assembly Senate majority Speaker House majority Speaker 1786/87 11th non-partisan George Craighead non-partisan John Cook 1787/88 12th non-partisan Thomas McDonough non-partisan Thomas Rodney 1788/89 13th non-partisan George Mitchell non-partisan Jehu Davis Death and legacy Collins died at Duck Creek, now Smyrna. He was buried in the Collins Family Cemetery, but his remains were later moved into the St. Peter's Episcopal Church Cemetery at Smyrna. He was the first State President to die in office. The Thomas Collins state office building on U.S. Highway 13 in Dover is named in his honor. Almanac Elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. State Legislative Councilmen had a three-year term and State Assemblymen had a one-year term. The whole General Assembly chose the State President for a three-year term. The county sheriff also had a three-year term. Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas were also selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed. Public offices Office Type Location Began office Ended office notes Sheriff Judiciary Dover 1764 1767 Kent County Assemblyman Legislature New Castle October 20, 1767 October 21, 1768 Assemblyman Legislature New Castle October 21, 1768 October 20, 1769 Assemblyman Legislature New Castle October 21, 1769 October 20, 1770 Assemblyman Legislature New Castle October 21, 1772 October 20, 1773 Assemblyman Legislature New Castle October 21, 1775 June 15, 1776 Delegate Convention Dover August 27, 1776 September 20, 1776 State Constitution Councilman Legislature New Castle October 20, 1776 October 20, 1779 Councilman Legislature Dover October 20, 1779 October 20, 1782 Judge Judiciary Dover 1782 1786 Court of Common Pleas State President Executive Dover October 28, 1786 March 29, 1789 Delaware General Assembly service Dates Assembly Chamber Majority Governor Committees District 1776/77 1st State Council non-partisan John McKinly Kent at-large 1777/78 2nd State Council non-partisan George Read Kent at-large 1778/79 3rd State Council non-partisan Caesar Rodney Speaker Kent at-large 1779/80 4th State Council non-partisan Caesar Rodney Kent at-large 1780/81 5th State Council non-partisan Caesar Rodney Speaker Kent at-large 1781/82 6th State Council non-partisan John Dickinson Speaker Kent at-large References Conrad, Henry C. (1908). History of the State of Delaware. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Wickersham Company. Martin, Roger A. (1984). History of Delaware Through its Governors. Wilmington, Delaware: McClafferty Press. Martin, Roger A. (1995). Memoirs of the Senate. Newark, DE: Roger A. Martin. Munroe, John A. (1954). Federalist Delaware 1775–1815. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University. Racino, John W. (1980). Biographical Directory of American and Revolutionary Governors 1607–1789. Westport, CT: Meckler Books. ISBN 0-930466-00-4. Scharf, John Thomas (1888). History of Delaware 1609–1888. 2 vols. Philadelphia: L. J. Richards & Co. Ward, Christopher L. (1941). Delaware Continentals, 1776–1783. Wilmington, DE: Historical Society of Delaware. ISBN 0-924117-21-4. Wilson, Emerson. (1969). Forgotten Heroes of Delaware. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Deltos Publishing Company. External links Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery, Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover. Delaware’s Governors Delaware Historical Society; website University of Delaware; Library website Political offices Preceded byNicholas Van Dyke President of Delaware 1786–1789 Succeeded byJehu Davis vteGovernors and lieutenant governors of DelawareGovernors McKinly McKean Read Caesar Rodney Dickinson Cook Van Dyke T. Collins Davis Clayton Bedford Rogers Bassett Sykes D. Hall Mitchell Truitt Haslet D. Rodney Clark Molleston Stout J. Collins Caleb Rodney Haslet Thomas Paynter Polk Hazzard Bennett Polk Comegys Cooper Stockton Maull Temple Tharp Ross Causey Burton Cannon Saulsbury Ponder Cochran J. Hall Stockley Biggs Reynolds Marvil Watson Tunnell Hunn Lea Pennewill Miller Townsend Denney Robinson Buck McMullen Bacon Carvel Boggs Buckson Carvel Terry Peterson Tribbitt du Pont Castle Wolf Carper Minner Markell Carney Lieutenantgovernors Cannon Parker Mendinhall Ferguson Eliason Bush Anderson Hazel Corley Cooch MacCollum Carvel Bayard Rollins Buckson Lammot Tribbitt Bookhammer McGinnis Castle Woo Wolf Minner Carney Denn Hall-Long vteGovernment of Delaware U.S. senators U.S. representatives delegations Governors Lt. governors Attorneys general State senators State representatives Judges Mayors General Assembly Counties Hundreds Politics Elections Politicians Lawyers History Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Kent County, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Delaware militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"President of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Delaware"}],"text":"Thomas Collins (1732 – March 29, 1789) was an American planter and politician from Smyrna, in Kent County, Delaware. He was an officer of the Delaware militia during the American Revolution, and served in the Delaware General Assembly and as President of Delaware.","title":"Thomas Collins (governor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duck Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Creek_Village_(Smyrna,_Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"John Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cook_(governor)"}],"text":"Collins was born in Duck Creek, now Smyrna, Delaware, married Sarah, and had four children, William, Elizabeth, Mary, and Sarah. His sister was the wife of former Governor John Cook. Collins was trained in the law, but never practiced, and must have had considerable wealth available to him as he purchased several large tracts of land in the Duck Creek area early in life. They lived first at Gloster on the south side of Dawson's Branch and after 1771 at Belmont Hall, now on U.S. Highway 13, south of Smyrna. They were members of St. Peter's Episcopal Church.","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Caesar Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Rodney"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Sussex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"William Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe"},{"link_name":"Battle of Brandywine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine"}],"text":"Collins began his military career during the American Revolution as lieutenant colonel in Caesar Rodney's Upper Kent militia and within a year was a brigadier general of the Delaware Militia. Collins served with General George Washington in New Jersey in 1777, but returned home to contend with loyalist uprisings in Sussex County. He was probably involved in the efforts to block General William Howe on his march from the Elk River, but there is no evidence that he was at the actual Battle of Brandywine.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-Colonial_(DE-76)-Delaware-1_Jan_1776_OBV.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kent County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Delaware General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"State President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"U.S. Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"Colonial Delaware currency (1776) signed by Collins.Collins served as Sheriff of Kent County from 1764 until 1767, and was a member of the Colonial Assembly in five of the nine annual sessions during the period from the 1767/68 session through the 1775/76 session. He was a member of the Delaware Constitutional Convention of 1776 and was elected to two terms in the Legislative Council beginning with the 1776/77 session and continuing through the 1782/83 session, serving as the Speaker in the 1778/79 session and in the 1781/82 session. In 1782 he became a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. The Delaware General Assembly unanimously elected him State President in 1786 and he served from October 28, 1786 until his death on March 29, 1789. It was during his term of office that Delaware became the first state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on December 7, 1787.","title":"Professional and political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duck Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Creek_Village_(Smyrna,_Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_Delaware"}],"text":"Collins died at Duck Creek, now Smyrna. He was buried in the Collins Family Cemetery, but his remains were later moved into the St. Peter's Episcopal Church Cemetery at Smyrna. He was the first State President to die in office.The Thomas Collins state office building on U.S. Highway 13 in Dover is named in his honor.","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. State Legislative Councilmen had a three-year term and State Assemblymen had a one-year term. The whole General Assembly chose the State President for a three-year term. The county sheriff also had a three-year term. Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas were also selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed.","title":"Almanac"}]	[{"image_text":"Colonial Delaware currency (1776) signed by Collins.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/US-Colonial_%28DE-76%29-Delaware-1_Jan_1776_OBV.jpg/220px-US-Colonial_%28DE-76%29-Delaware-1_Jan_1776_OBV.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Conrad, Henry C. (1908). History of the State of Delaware. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Wickersham Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin, Roger A. (1984). History of Delaware Through its Governors. Wilmington, Delaware: McClafferty Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin, Roger A. (1995). Memoirs of the Senate. Newark, DE: Roger A. Martin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Munroe, John A. (1954). Federalist Delaware 1775–1815. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Racino, John W. (1980). Biographical Directory of American and Revolutionary Governors 1607–1789. Westport, CT: Meckler Books. ISBN 0-930466-00-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930466-00-4","url_text":"0-930466-00-4"}]},{"reference":"Scharf, John Thomas (1888). History of Delaware 1609–1888. 2 vols. Philadelphia: L. J. Richards & Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ward, Christopher L. (1941). Delaware Continentals, 1776–1783. Wilmington, DE: Historical Society of Delaware. ISBN 0-924117-21-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-924117-21-4","url_text":"0-924117-21-4"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Emerson. (1969). Forgotten Heroes of Delaware. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Deltos Publishing Company.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.state.de.us/research/Tour/information/Governors/govs-03.shtml","external_links_name":"Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery"},{"Link":"http://www.russpickett.com/history/delgov1.htm#tcollins","external_links_name":"Delaware’s Governors"},{"Link":"http://www.hsd.org/","external_links_name":"website"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.udel.edu/","external_links_name":"Library website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3672156858550949780009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxXPJWWbH8gwfd6BvJXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1194597157","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_System	Alfa System	["1 Games","2 Note","3 References"]	Japanese video game developer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Alfa System" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Alfa System" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Alfa SystemCompany typeVideo game developerIndustryVideo gamesFoundedJanuary 1988HeadquartersKumamoto City, JapanNumber of employees60 (2016)ParentMeteorise (2021–present)Websitehttp://www.alfasystem.net/ Alfa System is a video game development and planning company from Kumamoto City, Japan. The company was founded in 1988. In their early years Alfa System developed for NEC consoles with Hudson Soft and other publishers. They later worked closely with Sony Computer Entertainment and Bandai Namco on the Tales series. In February 2021, Alfa System was acquired by Meteorise. Games Title Release date Platform(s) Publisher NO.RI.KO December 4, 1988 PC Engine Hudson Soft Fighting Street December 4, 1988 CD-ROM² Hudson Soft Susano-o Densetsu April 27, 1989 PC Engine Hudson Soft Wonder Boy III: Monster Lair August 31, 1989 CD-ROM² Hudson Soft Ys I & II December 21, 1989 CD-ROM² Hudson Soft Cyber Core March 9, 1990 PC Engine, Sharp X68000 Information Global Service Shanghai II April 13, 1990 CD-ROM² Hudson Soft Down Load June 22, 1990 PC Engine NEC Corporation Daimakaimura July 27, 1990 PC Engine SuperGrafx NEC Corporation Sinistron December 14, 1990 PC Engine Information Global Service Ys III: Wanderers from Ys March 22, 1991 CD-ROM² Hudson Soft Down Load 2 March 29, 1991 CD-ROM² NEC Corporation Tricky Kick July 6, 1991 PC Engine Information Global Service Populous 1991 PC Engine Hudson Soft Psychic Storm March 19, 1992 CD-ROM² Laser Soft Exile: Wicked Phenomenon September 22, 1992 CD-ROM² Telenet Japan Kiaidan 00 October 23, 1992 CD-ROM² Telenet Japan Dragon Slayer: The Legend of Heroes II December 23, 1992 CD-ROM² Hudson Soft Quiz Caravan: Cult Q May 28, 1993 CD-ROM² Hudson Soft Godzilla: Battle Legends December 3, 1993 TurboDuo Toho Art of Fighting March 26, 1994 CD-ROM² Hudson Soft The Dynastic Hero May 20, 1994 CD-ROM² Hudson Soft Godzilla: Monster War December 9, 1994 Super NES Toho Emerald Dragon July 28, 1995 Super Famicom MediaWorks, Inc Linda³ October 9, 1995 CD-ROM² NEC Corporation Dream Change: Kokin-chan no Fashion Party 1995 Casio Loopy Casio Computer Wan Wan Aijō Monogatari 1995 Casio Loopy Casio Computer Project Horned Owl August 31, 1996 PlayStation Sony Computer Entertainment Karma: Curse of the 12 Caves November 22, 1996 PlayStation, Sega Saturn Patra Next King: Koi no Sennen Oukoku June 27, 1997 PlayStation, Sega Saturn Bandai Namco Linda³ Again September 25, 1997 PlayStation Sony Computer Entertainment Elemental Gearbolt December 11, 1997 PlayStation Sony Computer Entertainment Linda³: Kanzenban June 18, 1998 Sega Saturn ASCII Corporation Ore no Shikabane wo Koete Yuke June 17, 1999 PlayStation Sony Computer Entertainment Gunparade March September 20, 2000 PlayStation Sony Computer Entertainment Abarenbou Princess November 29, 2001 PlayStation 2 Kadokawa Shoten Shikigami no Shiro March 14, 2002 Arcade, Xbox, PlayStation 2 Taito (Xbox version: Mediaquest) Shikigami no Shiro EX August 8, 2002 Microsoft Windows Sourcenext Tales of the World: Narikiri Dungeon 2 October 25, 2002 Game Boy Advance Bandai Namco Shikigami no Shiro Evolution December 19, 2002 Xbox Mediaquest Castle Shikigami 2 October 23, 2003 Arcade, GameCube, PlayStation 2, Dreamcast, Xbox, Microsoft Windows Taito (Arcade & PS2) Neon Genesis Evangelion 2 November 20, 2003 PlayStation 2 Bandai Namco Castle Shikigami 2 January 29, 2004 PlayStation 2 Taito Vampire Panic June 24, 2004 PlayStation 2 Sammy Tales of the World: Narikiri Dungeon 3 January 6, 2005 Game Boy Advance Bandai Namco Shikigami no Shiro: Nanayozuki Gensoukyoku August 18, 2005 PlayStation 2 Kids Station Gunparade Orchestra: Shiro no Shou January 12, 2006 PlayStation 2 Sony Computer Entertainment Gunparade Orchestra: Midori no Shou March 30, 2006 PlayStation 2 Sony Computer Entertainment Neon Genesis Evangelion 2 -Another Cases- April 27, 2006 PlayStation Portable Bandai Namco Gunparade Orchestra: Ao no Shou July 20, 2006 PlayStation 2 Sony Computer Entertainment Castle of Shikigami III September 29, 2006 Arcade, Microsoft Windows Taito, Cyberfront (Windows version) Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology December 21, 2006 PlayStation Portable Bandai Namco Tales of Destiny 2 February 15, 2007 PlayStation Portable Bandai Namco Tales of Innocence December 6, 2007 Nintendo DS Bandai Namco Castle of Shikigami III December 13, 2007 Nintendo Wii Arc System Works Phantasy Star Portable July 31, 2008 PlayStation Portable Sega Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology 2 January 29, 2009 PlayStation Portable Bandai Namco Phantasy Star Portable 2 December 3, 2009 PlayStation Portable Sega Tales of the World: Radiant Mythology 3 February 10, 2011 PlayStation Portable Bandai Namco Phantasy Star Portable 2 Infinity February 24, 2011 PlayStation Portable Sega Oreshika: Tainted Bloodlines July 17, 2014 PlayStation Vita Sony Computer Entertainment Sisters Royale June 14, 2018 Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One Self Note ^ The conversion itself was done at Hudson Soft, but the person who actually ported Daimakaimura was an employee of Alfa System. References ^ a b "Meteorise acquires Alfa System". Gematsu. Retrieved February 8, 2021. vteTales seriesMain series Tales of Phantasia Destiny Eternia Destiny 2 Symphonia Dawn of the New World Rebirth Legendia Abyss Innocence Vesperia Hearts Graces Xillia Xillia 2 Zestiria Berseria Arise Spin-offsTales of the World series Narikiri Dungeon X 2 3 Summoner's Lineage Radiant Mythology 2 3 Dice Adventure Tactics Union Others Tales of the Tempest Tales of Mobile Tales of VS. Tales of the Heroes: Twin Brave Tales of Luminaria Anime Tales of the Abyss Tales of Vesperia: The First Strike Tales of Zestiria the X Characters Luke fon Fabre Yuri Lowell Music "Koibumi/Good Night" "Tao" "Supernova/Karma" "Follow the Nightingale" "Bōken Suisei" "Progress" "White Light" Related Venus & Braves Namco × Capcom Keroro RPG Project X Zone 2 List of Tales media Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other MusicBrainz label This Japanese video game corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC"},{"link_name":"Hudson Soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Soft"},{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Bandai Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Namco"},{"link_name":"Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meteorise-acquired-1"}],"text":"Alfa System is a video game development and planning company from Kumamoto City, Japan. The company was founded in 1988. In their early years Alfa System developed for NEC consoles with Hudson Soft and other publishers. They later worked closely with Sony Computer Entertainment and Bandai Namco on the Tales series. In February 2021, Alfa System was acquired by Meteorise.[1]","title":"Alfa System"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Hudson Soft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Soft"}],"text":"^ The conversion itself was done at Hudson Soft, but the person who actually ported Daimakaimura was an employee of Alfa System.","title":"Note"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Meteorise acquires Alfa System\". Gematsu. 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